FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Hill, C Mumolo, J Thang, J Tidrow, M LeVan, PD AF Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Hill, C Mumolo, J Thang, J Tidrow, M LeVan, PD BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI Mid-wavelength infrared 1024x1024 pixel QWIP focal plane array SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXX CY APR 12-16, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE QWIPs; MWIR; large format focal planes ID CAMERA AB A mid-wavelength 1024x1024 pixel quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array has been demonstrated with excellent imagery. Noise equivalent differential temperature (NETD) of 19 mK was achieved at 95K operating temperature with f/2.5 optics at 300K background. Ibis focal plane array has shown background limited performance (BLIP) at 90K operating temperature with the same optics and background conditions. In this paper, we will discuss its performance in quantum efficiency, NETD, uniformity, and operability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5329-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5406 BP 600 EP 604 DI 10.1117/12.540759 PN 1&2 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAX97 UT WOS:000224150900066 ER PT B AU Smith, JH Wertz, J Weisbin, C AF Smith, JH Wertz, J Weisbin, C BE KhosrowPour, M TI A decision support system for technology R&D planning: Connecting the dots from information to innovation SO Innovations Through Information Technology, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference of the Information-Resources-Management-Association CY MAY 23-26, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Informat Resources Management Assoc AB Investment in technology research and development (R&D) is a critical component of the strategic planning process for private and public sector organizations. The R&D planning process is fraught with uncertainties, risks, dependencies, and a host of interrelated complexities. Each of these elements often bring stores of information, both conflicting and synergistic, that serve to confound the R&D planning process. This paper describes an information technology, innovation developed to assist decision makers faced with complex R&D planning tasks. The decision support system (DSS) was developed and applied to the analysis of a 10-Year, 700 million dollar technology program for the exploration of Mars. The technologies were to enable a 4.8 billion dollar portfolio of exploration flight missions to Mars. NASA's Mars Exploration Program is charged with developing a series of missions to the planet Mars that will return a variety of scientific products [1, 2, 3]. Each of the mission concepts requires a host of innovative technologies to enable various levels of scientific return. While a recent critique of the program by the Office of Management and Budget found the program to be the highest rated government program (out of 234 programs), their report encouraged the program to '' Develop long-term, quantitative, outcome oriented performance measures [4].'' A decision support System was developed herein that implemented a solution approach to the R&D portfolio selection problem. The DSS was used to address the question, '' Given a Mars program composed of mission concepts dependent on a variety of alternative technology development programs, which combination of technologies would enable missions to maximize science return under a constrained budget?'' The decision support system provided a mechanism to focus and manage the vast assortment of science, mission, and technology information surrounding the problem. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING PI HERSHEY PA 1331 E CHOCOLATE AVE, HERSHEY, PA 17033-1117 USA BN 1-59140-261-1 PY 2004 BP 603 EP 606 PG 4 WC Business; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Business & Economics; Computer Science GA BDM38 UT WOS:000234266200154 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB Rozanov, AY Jerman, G Costen, J AF Hoover, RB Rozanov, AY Jerman, G Costen, J BE Hoover, RB Rozanov, AY TI Microfossils in Cl and CO Carbonaceous meteorites SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods and Missions for Astrobiology VII CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE meteorites; Cl; CO; Alais; Orgueil; Tagish Lake; DAG 749; Rainbow; microfossils ID EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM; ORGUEIL METEORITE; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; STONY METEORITES; CHONDRITES; HYDROCARBONS; MATTER; ORIGIN; PORPHYRINS; BACTERIA AB We have obtained x-ray spectral data and secondary/backscatter electron images of a suite of complex forms that we interpret as microfossils in several CI (Alais, Orgueil, and Tagish Lake) and CO3 (Rainbow and Dar al Gani 749) carbonaceous meteorites using the Field Emission and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopes. Many of these embedded and lithified or carbonized forms are similar to photoautrophs (cyanobacteria or purple nonsulfur bacteria) or extinct phytoplankton (acritarchs and hystrichospheres) that are not considered likely post-arrival contaminants and therefore we interpret them as indigenous microfossils. We discuss the meteorites and provide images of several biogenic forms found embedded in freshly fractured meteorite matrix. C1 NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 55 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5036-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5163 BP 7 EP 22 DI 10.1117/12.513431 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY69V UT WOS:000189441600002 ER PT S AU Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB AF Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB BE Hoover, RB Rozanov, AY TI Astrobiological significance of chemolithoautotrophic acidophiles SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods and Missions for Astrobiology VII CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE lithoautotroph; iron and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria; acidophile; bioleaching; astrobiology ID ACTIVE VOLCANISM; EUROPA; COMETS; EARTH; CAVE AB For more than a century (since Winogradsky discovered lithoautotrophic bacteria) there has been a dilemma in microbiology about life that first inhabited the Earth. Which types of life forms first appeared in the primordial oceans during the earliest geological period on Earth as the primary ancestors of modem biological diversity? How did a metabolism of ancestors evolve: from lithoautotrophic to litholieterotrophic and organoheterotrophic or from organoheterotrophic to organoautotrophic and lithomixotrophic types? At the present time, it is known that chemolitholieterotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic metabolizing bacteria are wide spread in different ecosystems. On Earth the acidic ecosystems are associated with geysers, volcanic fumaroles, hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents, caves, acid mine drainage and other technogenic ecosystems. Bioleaching played a significant role on a global geological scale during the Earth's formation. This important feature of bacteria has been successfully applied in industry. The lithoautotrophs include Bacteria and Archaea belonging to diverse genera containing thermophilic and mesophilic species. In this paper we discuss the lithotrophic microbial acidophiles and present some data with a description of new acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from the Chena Hot Springs in Alaska. We also consider the possible relevance of microbial acidophiles to Venus, Io, and acidic inclusions in glaciers and icy moons. C1 NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Pikuta, EV (reprint author), NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, SD-50,320 Sparkman St, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5036-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5163 BP 179 EP 190 DI 10.1117/12.513419 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY69V UT WOS:000189441600017 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB Pikuta, EV AF Hoover, RB Pikuta, EV BE Hoover, RB Rozanov, AY TI Microorganisms on comets, Europa and the polar ice caps of Mars SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods and Missions for Astrobiology VII CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE microbial extremophiles; psychrophiles; lake Vostok; comets; Europa; Mars; astrobiology ID CRYOCONITE HOLES; ALGAL MATS; PERMAFROST; LAKES; ANTARCTICA; BACTERIA; REMOVAL; ESCAPE; EARTH; CELLS AB Microbial extremophiles live on Earth wherever there is liquid water and a source of energy. Observations by ground-based observatories, space missions, and satellites have provided strong evidence that water ice exists today on comets, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede and in the snow, permafrost, glaciers and polar ice caps of Mars. Studies of the cryoconite pools and ice bubble systems of Antarctica suggest that solar heating of dark rocks entrained in ice can cause localized melting of ice providing ideal conditions for the growth of microbial communities with the creation of micro-environments where trapped metabolic gasses produce entrained isolated atmospheres as in the Antarctic ice-bubble systems. It is suggested that these considerations indicate that several groups of microorganisms should be capable of episodic growth within liquid water envelopes surrounding dark rocks in cometary ices and the permafrost and polar caps of Mars. We discuss some of the types of microorganisms we have encountered within the permafrost and snow of Siberia, the cryoconite pools of Alaska, and frozen deep within the Antarctic ice sheet above Lake Vostok. C1 NASA, Astrobiol Grp, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, Astrobiol Grp, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5036-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5163 BP 191 EP 201 DI 10.1117/12.513432 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY69V UT WOS:000189441600018 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB Jerman, G Rozanov, AY Sipiera, PP AF Hoover, RB Jerman, G Rozanov, AY Sipiera, PP BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Indigenous microfossils in carbonaceous meteorites SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Geol Soc Amer DE microfossils; meteorites; cyanobacteria; sulfur and sulfate reducing bacteria; Microcoleus; Orgueil; Ivuna; Murchison; bells; Mono Lake ID EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM; MURCHISON METEORITE; ORGUEIL METEORITE; AMINO-ACIDS; ORGANIZED ELEMENTS; SP-NOV.; ALIPHATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; PARENT BODY; MONO LAKE AB Indigenous embedded microbial filaments, bacterial cells and other microfossils were found in the Orgueil, Ivuna (CI1),. Murchison, and Bells (CM2) carbonaceous meteorites. Biominerals, biofilms, framboids, magnetite platelets, and curious elemental iron ovoids covered with minute fibrils and carbon sheaths were also found. The S-4100 Hitachi Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) were used for in situ investigations of freshly fractured interior meteorite surfaces. EDAX x-ray spectra shows the microfossils bear signatures of the meteorite matrix and possess elemental ratios indicating they are indigenous and not recent microbial contaminants. Many of the well-preserved biogenic remains in the meteorites are encased within carbon-rich, sometimes electron transparent, sheaths. Their size, morphology and ultra microstructure are comparable to microfossils known from the phosphorites of Khubsughul, Mongolia and to some of the living cyanobacteria and other sulfur- and sulfate-reducing bacteria known from the halophilic Microcoleus mats of Sivash Lagoon, Crimea and from Mono Lake in California. C1 NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, Astrobiol Lab, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 88 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5493-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5555 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1117/12.566491 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BBI76 UT WOS:000225670200001 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB Pikuta, EV Wickramasinghe, NC Wallis, MK Sheldon, RB AF Hoover, RB Pikuta, EV Wickramasinghe, NC Wallis, MK Sheldon, RB BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Astrobiology of comets SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Geol Soc Amer DE comets; cryoconite; extremophiles; Orgueil; carbonaceous chondrites; meteorites; cyanobacteria ID NUCLEUS; MICROORGANISMS; TEMPERATURE; EVOLUTION; EUROPA AB We review the current state of knowledge concerning microbial extremophiles and comets and the potential significance of comets to Astrobiology. We model the thermal history of a cometary body, regarded as an assemblage of boulders, dust.. ices and organics, as it approaches a perihelion distance of similar to 1AU. The transfer of incident energy from sunlight into the interior leads to the melting of near surface ices, some under stable porous crust., providing possible habitats for a wide range of microorganisms. We provide data concerning new evidence for indigenous microfossils in CI meteorites, which may be the remains of extinct cometary cores. We discuss the dominant microbial communities of polar sea-ice, Antarctic ice sheet, and cryoconite environments as possible analogs for microbial ecosystems that may grow in sub-crustal pools or in ice/water films in comets. C1 NASA, Astrobiol Lab, MSFC, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, Astrobiol Lab, MSFC, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5493-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5555 BP 93 EP 106 DI 10.1117/12.566496 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BBI76 UT WOS:000225670200009 ER PT S AU Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB AF Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Growth of the facultative anaerobes from Antarctica, Alaska, and Patagonia at low temperatures SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Geol Soc Amer DE psychrotolerance; facultative anaerobe; extremophile; low temperatures ID SEA-ICE DIATOMS; DEEP-SEA; SP NOV.; BACTERIA; ADAPTATION; MICROORGANISMS; MICROBIOLOGY; STRESS AB Psychrotolerance, as an adaptation for surviving in extreme environments, is widespread among mesophilic microorganisms. Physico-chemical factors such as pressure, red-ox potential, pH and salinity could significantly alter the features of ecosystems by providing liquid water at subzero temperatures. Furthermore, organisms can respond to temperature changes by several known mechanisms, including changing the conformation capacities of constitutional proteins or by the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides around the cell wall and membrane. Such protective mechanisms make it possible for cells to not only passively survive low temperatures in a state of anabiosis, but also to be capable of actively metabolizing substrates and reproducing normally. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of the species, as well as genetics, could be remarkably changed due to adaptation and surviving in extreme environments. The cold shock genes of some of the studied strains of psychrotolerant facultative anaerobes were reported previously. In this paper we present experimental data for psychrotolerant, non spore-forming, facultative anaerobes isolated from geographically different cold regions of our planet. We show the growth response on changing from anaerobic conditions to aerobic with cultivation at low temperatures. C1 NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Pikuta, EV (reprint author), NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5493-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5555 BP 180 EP 190 DI 10.1117/12.564382 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BBI76 UT WOS:000225670200017 ER PT S AU Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB AF Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Potential application of anaerobic extremophiles for hydrogen production SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Geol Soc Amer DE hydrogen; hydrogenase; anaerobe; fermentation; haloalkaliphilic Spirochaeta americana ID SP-NOV; CLOSTRIDIUM-BEIJERINCKII; METHANOGEN; DESULFOVIBRIO; BACTERIUM; TERMITES; STRAIN; LAKE AB In processes of the substrate fermentation most anaerobes produce molecular hydrogen as a waste end product, which often controls the culture growth as an inhibitor. Usually in nature the hydrogen is easily removed from an ecosystem, due to its physical features, and an immediate consumption by the secondary anaerobes that sometimes behave as competitors for electron donors; a classical example of this kind of substrate competition in anaerobic microbial communities is the interaction between methanogens and sulfate- or sulfur-reducers. Previously, on the mixed cultures of anaerobes at neutral pH, it was demonstrated that bacteria] hydrogen production could provide a good alternative energy source. At neutral pH the original cultures could easily contaminated by methanogens, and the most unpleasant side effect of these conditions is the development of pathogenic bacteria. In both cases the rate of hydrogen production was dramatically decreased since some part of the hydrogen was transformed to methane, and furthermore, the cultivation with pathogenic contaminants on an industrial scale would create an unsafe situation. In our laboratory the experiments with obligately alkaliphilic bacteria producing hydrogen as an end metabolic product were performed at different conditions. The mesophilic, halo alkaliphilic and obligately anaerobic bacterium Spirochaeta americana ASpG1(T) was studied and various cultivation regimes were compared for the most effective hydrogen production. In a highly mineralized media with pH 9.5-10.0 not many known methanogens are capable of growth, and the probability of developing pathogenic contaminants is theoretically is close to zero (in medicine carbonate- saturated solutions are applied as antiseptics). Therefore the Cultivation of alkaliphilic hydrogen producing bacteria could be considered as a safe and economical process for large-scale industrial bio-hydrogen production in the future. Here we present and discuss the experimental data with the rates of hydrogen productivity for S. americana ASpG1 isolated from soda Mono Lake in California. C1 NASA, NSSTC, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35802 USA. RP Pikuta, EV (reprint author), NASA, NSSTC, Astrobiol Lab, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35802 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5493-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5555 BP 203 EP 214 DI 10.1117/12.563703 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BBI76 UT WOS:000225670200019 ER PT S AU Hamlin, L Henry, C Adams, DS MacNeal, P Cardone, JM Holm, R AF Hamlin, L Henry, C Adams, DS MacNeal, P Cardone, JM Holm, R BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Current status of the terrestrial planet finder structurally connected interferometer concept SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Geol Soc Amer DE interferometry; terrestrial planets; nulling; structurally-connected; cryogenic structures AB This overview paper describes the system design of the structurally-connected interferometer (SCI) concept studied for the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) project. This paper covers progress since August 2003 and serves as an update to a paper presented at that month's SPIE conference, "Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets'." SCI trade studies conducted since mid-2003 have focused on key factors driving overall flight segment mass and performance.. including launch vehicle packaging, structural design, and instrument layout. This paper summarizes the results of the recent design trades, with discussion of the primary requirements that drive the baseline design concept. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hamlin, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5493-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5555 BP 231 EP 240 DI 10.1117/12.559907 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BBI76 UT WOS:000225670200021 ER PT S AU Mannucci, AJ Hajj, GA Iijima, BA Komjathy, A Meehan, T Pi, XQ Srinivasan, J Tsurutani, BT Wilson, LD Moldwin, M AF Mannucci, AJ Hajj, GA Iijima, BA Komjathy, A Meehan, T Pi, XQ Srinivasan, J Tsurutani, BT Wilson, LD Moldwin, M BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI GPS-based remote sensing of the geospace environment: horizontal and vertical structure of the ionosphere and plasmasphere SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE AB Transmissions of the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites can be used to measure the total electron content (TEC) between a receiver and several GPS satellites in view. This simple observable is yielding a wealth of new scientific information about ionosphere and plasmasphere dynamics. Data available from thousands of ground-based GPS receivers are used to image the large-scale and mesoscale ionospheric response to geospace forcings at high-precision covering all local times and latitudes. Complementary measurements from space-borne GPS receivers in low-Earth orbit provide information on both vertical and horizontal structure of the ionosphere/plasmasphere system. New flight hardware designs are being developed that permit simultaneous measurement of integrated electron content along new raypath orientations, including zenith, cross-track and nadir antenna orientations (the latter via bistatic reflection of the GPS signal off ocean surfaces). We will discuss a new data assimilation model of ionosphere, the Global Assimilative Ionosphere Model (GAIM), capable of integrating measurements from GPS and other sensors with a physics-based ionospheric model, to provide detailed global nowcasts of ionospheric structure, useful for science and applications. Finally, we discuss efforts underway to combine GPS space-based observations of plasmaspheric TEC, with ground-based magnetometer measurements, and satellite-based images from NASA's IMAGE satellite, to produce new dynamic models of the plasmasphere. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mannucci, AJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Moldwin, Mark/F-8785-2011 OI Moldwin, Mark/0000-0003-0954-1770 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1117/12.580048 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300001 ER PT S AU Lee, RB Wilson, RS Smith, GL Bush, KA Thomas, S Pandey, DK Paden, J AF Lee, RB Wilson, RS Smith, GL Bush, KA Thomas, S Pandey, DK Paden, J BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI On-orbit characterizations of Earth Radiation Budget Experiment broadband shortwave active cavity radiometer sensors' responses SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE ERBE; ERBS; NOAA-9; NOAA-10; radiometry; earth irradiances; total solar irradiance; OLF; IPTS-68 ID ENERGY SYSTEM CERES; CALIBRATION; CLOUDS; INSTRUMENTS AB The NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) missions were designed to monitor long-term changes in the earth radiation budget components which may cause climate changes. During the October 1984 through September 2004 period, the NASA Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)/ERBE nonscanning active cavity radiometers (ACR) were used to monitor long-term changes in the earth radiation budget components of the incoming total solar irradiance (TSI), earth-reflected TSI, and earth-emitted outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). The earth-reflected total solar irradiances were measured using broadband shortwave fused, waterless quartz (Suprasil) filters and ACR's that were covered with a black paint absorbing surface. Using on-board calibration systems, 1984 through 1999, long-term ERBS/ERBE ACR sensor response changes were determined from direct observations of the incoming TSI in the 0.2-5 micrometer shortwave broadband spectral region. During the October 1984 through September 1999 period, the ERBS shortwave sensor responses were found to decrease as much as 8.8% when the quartz filter transmittances decreased due to direct exposure to TSI. On October 6, 1999, the on-board ERBS calibration systems failed. To estimate the 19992004, ERBS sensor response changes, the 1984-1997 NOAA-9, and 1986-1995 NOAA-10 Spacecraft ERBE ACR responses were used to characterize response changes as a function of exposure time. The NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 ACR responses decreased as much as 10% due to higher integrated TSI exposure times. In this paper, for each of the ERBS, NOAA-9, and NOAA-10 Spacecraft platforms, the solar calibrations of the ERBE sensor responses are described as well as the derived ERBE sensor response changes as a function of TSI exposure time. For the 1984-2003 ERBS data sets, it is estimated that the calibrated ERBE earth-reflected TSI measurements have precisions approaching 0.2 Watts-per-squared-meter at satellite altitudes. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Lee, RB (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 23 EP 35 DI 10.1117/12.578822 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300003 ER PT S AU Johnson, WR Wilson, DW Bearman, G Backlund, J AF Johnson, WR Wilson, DW Bearman, G Backlund, J BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI An all-reflective computed tomography imaging spectrometer SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE imaging spectrometers; tomography; and computer generated holograms AB The computed tomographic imaging spectrometer (CTIS) is a passive non-scanning instrument which simultaneously records a scenes spectral content as well as its 2-D spatial. Simultaneously implies a time frame limited only by the frame rate and signal-to-noise of the imaging device. CTIS accomplishes this by feeding incident scene radiation through a computer generated hologram (CGH) in Fourier space. The resulting dispersion pattern is recorded on a conventional pixilated imager and is stored on a local computer for post processing using iterative reconstruction techniques. A virtual 3-D datacube is constructed with one dimension in terms of energy weights for each wavelength band. CTIS is ideal for observing rapidly varying targets and has found use in military, bio-medical and astronomical applications. For the first time we have built an entirely reflective design based on the popular Offner reflector using a computer generated hologram formed on a convex mirror surface. Furthermore, a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) has been uniquely incorporated as a dynamic field stop for smart scene selection. Both the MEMS and reflective design are discussed. The CTIS multiplexes spatial and spectral information, so the two quantities are interdependent and adjustments must be made to the design in order to allow adequate sampling for our given application. Optical aberrations arising from a tilted image plane are alleviated through design optimization. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91019 USA. RP Johnson, WR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91019 USA. EM Wilham.R.Johnson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 88 EP 97 DI 10.1117/12.568505 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300009 ER PT S AU Wright, HS Levine, JS Croom, MA Edwards, WC Qualls, GD Gasbarre, JF AF Wright, HS Levine, JS Croom, MA Edwards, WC Qualls, GD Gasbarre, JF BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI Measurements from an aerial vehicle: A new tool for planetary exploration SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE planetary; exploration; Venus; Mars; titan; airplane; airship; balloon; VTOL; helicopter ID PALEOATMOSPHERE; TITAN AB Aerial vehicles fill a unique planetary science measurement gap, that of regional-scale, near-surface observation, while providing a fresh perspective for potential discovery. Aerial vehicles used in planetary exploration bridge the scale and resolution measurement gaps between orbiters (global perspective with limited spatial resolution) and landers (local perspective with high spatial resolution) thus complementing and extending orbital and landed measurements. Planetary aerial vehicles can also survey scientifically interesting terrain that is inaccessible or hazardous to landed missions. The use of aerial assets for performing observations on Mars, Titan, or Venus will enable direct measurements and direct follow-ons to recent discoveries. Aerial vehicles can be used for remote sensing of the interior, surface and atmosphere of Mars, Venus and Titan. Types of aerial vehicles considered are airplane "heavier than air" and airships and balloons "lighter than air.". Interdependencies between the science measurements, science goals and objectives, and platform implementation illustrate how the proper balance of science, engineering, and cost, can be achieved to allow for a successful mission. Classification of measurement types along with how those measurements resolve science questions and how these instruments are accommodated within the mission context are discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wright, HS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 100 NASA Dr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1117/12.580360 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300014 ER PT S AU Madsen, SN Lou, YL Hensley, S Harvey, W McKinnon, WB AF Madsen, SN Lou, YL Hensley, S Harvey, W McKinnon, WB BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI Radar TopoMapper concept for planetary exploration SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE InSAR; topography; elevation mapping; planetary surfaces ID TOPOGRAPHY; MOUNTAINS AB Topographic information is key to interpreting the geology and geophysics of planetary bodies such as the icy Galilean satellites. Traditionally elevation information has been derived from stereo-photogrammetry, but the last couple of decades have offered new techniques, including radar interferometry, photoclinometry (shape from shading) and laser altimetry. Combining synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology with interferometry (InSAR) enables high resolution imaging with elevation information at each image point. With two appropriately spaced antennas on a spacecraft, single-pass imaging radar interferometry can provide wide swath topographic data, independent of solar illumination, as was recently demonstrated on Earth by the Shuttle Topographic Radar Mission (SRTM; www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm). We will present the science requirements, measurement principle, a straw-man's design, and the predicted performance of a "compact SRTM,, which could be flown on NASA missions such as the proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO). In this paper we discuss challenges, including the calibration strategy and critical technology elements such as the high power RF-amplifier. We expect that the performance, both in terms of elevation accuracy and mapping rate would suffice to 1) determine topography on local and regional scales; 2) search for active geological change on the time scale of JIMO's orbit around, e.g., Europa (30-60 days); and 3) determine the global tidal amplitude at Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede, which would constitute direct proof of the existence of oceans in all three icy moons. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Madsen, SN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 159 EP 167 DI 10.1117/12.578994 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300016 ER PT S AU Brasunas, JC AF Brasunas, JC BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI Future developments in planetary Fourier transform spectroscopy at NASA's Goddard space flight center SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE Fourier transform spectrometer; high Tc superconductor; bolometer; beam-splitter; solar system ID HIGH-T-C; INFRARED BEAM SPLITTER; ARTIFICIAL DIAMOND; BOLOMETER; PERFORMANCE; CONSTRUCTION; SAPPHIRE AB Planetary Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) has a long history at the Goddard Space Flight Center. Dr. Rudy Hanel developed a series of such instruments for Earth, Mars and the two Voyager spacecraft. More recently as part of the Cassini mission, the CIRS (Composite Infrared Spectrometer) FTS was launched in 1997 for the 2000-2001 Jupiter flyby and the 2004-2008+ Saturn tour. At about 40 kg, CIRS is both too heavy and too light for future planetary missions. It is too heavy for future Discovery and New Frontier missions, where the emphasis is on low-mass, low-power instrumentation. On the other hand, CIRS could be heavier to take full advantage of future Prometheus missions such as JIMO. Here we discuss future development of CIRS-like FTS's for both Discovery/New Frontier and for Prometheus flight opportunities. We also briefly discuss possible applications in the Moon/Mars exploration initiative. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Brasunas, JC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI brasunas, john/I-2798-2013 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 241 EP 250 DI 10.1117/12.579774 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300024 ER PT S AU Yen, AS Kim, SS AF Yen, AS Kim, SS BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI Radicals and oxidants instrument (ROXI) for Mars surface analyses SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE Mars; electron paramagnetic resonance ID ORGANIC POLYMER; OXIDE AB Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is likely the most sensitive technique for detection of elements and compounds with unpaired electrons. Typical analyses in the laboratory utilize a fixed microwave frequency and a scanning magnetic field to induce electron spin-state transitions in the sample. The location of the resonant absorption in the scan is a diagnostic property of the material, and the intensity of the signal is proportional to the concentration. We have developed a frequency scan EPR for planetary surface applications where a fixed magnetic field and tunable microwave sources are used to produce these characteristic resonant peaks. Our narrowband spectrometer covers 7.5 to 8.5 GHz at a field strength 2.8 kGauss and is specifically designed for the identification of organic radicals, minerals with radiation-induced defects, and reactive compounds in martian surface samples. Our wideband spectrometer covers 2.0 to 8.0 GRz at a field strength of 1.0 kGauss and is useful for the detection of paramagnetic cations. The detection limit of the narrowband and wideband spectrometers for species with impaired electrons is 50 PPB and 1 PPM, respectively. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yen, AS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 251 EP 258 DI 10.1117/12.578137 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300025 ER PT S AU Pitts, M Hostetler, C Hair, J Ferrare, R Yee, JH AF Pitts, M Hostetler, C Hair, J Ferrare, R Yee, JH BE Nardell, CA Lucey, PG Yee, JH Garvin, JB TI Combined active-passive remote sensing of aerosol optical properties SO INSTRUMENTS, SCIENCE, AND METHODS FOR GEOSPACE AND PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Science and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE aerosols; lidar; remote sensing ID MOLECULAR LINE ABSORPTION; SCATTERING ATMOSPHERE; BAND AB Recent assessments of global climate change conclude that the radiative effect of aerosols is one of the largest uncertainties in our ability to predict future climate change. A myriad of new sensors and satellite missions are being designed to address this major question confronting credible prediction of climate change. The NASA Langley Airborne A-Band Spectrometer (LAABS) is a recently developed aircraft instrument that provides high spectral resolution (similar to0.03 nm) radiance measurements of reflected sunlight over the oxygen A-band spectral region centered near 765 nm. High resolution O-2 A-band spectrometry of reflected sunlight is a promising new approach for remote sensing of aerosol and cloud optical properties. While the LAABS instrument provides valuable data on a stand-alone basis, greater scientific return may be realized by combining the A-band spectra with coincident lidar measurements that supply additional information on the vertical distribution of the aerosol. In particular, an instrument suite that combines LAABS with the new airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) has the potential to provide a comprehensive suite of aerosol and cloud optical property measurements never before achieved. In this paper, we investigate the combined use of LAABS and HSRL measurements to infer aerosol single scatter albedo. We explore the information content of the O-2, A-band reflectance spectra and, in particular, the advantages offered by high resolution A-band spectrometers such as LAABS. The approach for combined LAABS/HSRL retrievals is described and results from simulation studies are presented to illustrate their potential for retrieval of single scatter albedo. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Pitts, M (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5621-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5660 BP 280 EP 286 DI 10.1117/12.578918 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBP20 UT WOS:000226859300028 ER PT J AU Phillips, TA Bailey, M Ho, FD AF Phillips, TA Bailey, M Ho, FD TI A novel metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field-effect transistor memory cell design SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics/5th Korean Workshop on High Dielectric Devices and Materials CY APR 05-08, 2004 CL Gyeongju, SOUTH KOREA AB The use of a Metal-Ferroelectric-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MFSFET) in a resistive-load SRAM memory cell has been investigated. A typical two-transistor resistive-load SRAM memory cell architecture is modified by replacing one of the NMOS transistors with an n-channel MFSFET. The gate of the MFSFET is connected to a polling voltage pulse instead of the other NMOS transistor drain. The polling voltage pulses are of sufficient magnitude to saturate the ferroelectric gate material and force the MFSFET into a particular logic state. The memory cell circuit is further modified by the addition of a PMOS transistor and a load resistor in order to improve the retention characteristics of the memory cell. The retention characteristics of both the "1" and "0" logic states are simulated. The simulations show that the MFSFET memory cell design can maintain both the "1" and "0" logic states for a long period of time. C1 George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Tec Masters Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Phillips, TA (reprint author), George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, SD43, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2004 VL 67 BP 229 EP 234 DI 10.1080/10584580490899244 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 884MR UT WOS:000226089900027 ER PT J AU Macleod, TC Ho, FD AF Macleod, TC Ho, FD TI Ferroelectric field effect transistor model using partitioned ferroelectric layer and partial polarization SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics/5th Korean Workshop on High Dielectric Devices and Materials CY APR 05-08, 2004 CL Gyeongju, SOUTH KOREA AB A model of an n-channel ferroelectric field effect transistor has been developed based on both theoretical and empirical data. The model is based on an existing model that incorporates partitioning of the ferroelectric layer to calculate the polarization within the ferroelectric material. The model incorporates several new aspects that are useful to the user. It takes into account the effect of a non-saturating gate voltage only partially polarizing the ferroelectric material based on the existing remnant polarization. The model also incorporates the decay of the remnant polarization based on the time history of the FFET. A gate pulse of a specific voltage will not put the ferroelectric material into a single amount of polarization for that voltage. but instead vary with previous state of the material and the time since the last change to the gate voltage. The model also utilizes data from FFETs made from different types of ferroelectric materials to allow the user just to input the material being used and not recreate the entire model. The model also allows the user to input the quality of the ferroelectric material being used. The ferroelectric material quality can go from a theoretical perfect material with little loss and no decay to a less than perfect material with remnant losses and decay. This model is designed to be used by people who need to predict the external characteristics of a FFET before the time and expense of design and fabrication. It also allows the parametric evaluation of quality of the ferroelectric film on the overall performance of the transistor. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Macleod, TC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM todd-macleod@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2004 VL 64 BP 89 EP 100 DI 10.1080/10584580490893673 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 884ML UT WOS:000226089300009 ER PT J AU Batra, AK Currie, JR Aggarwal, MD Lal, RB Kotru, S Nistorica, C Pandey, RK AF Batra, AK Currie, JR Aggarwal, MD Lal, RB Kotru, S Nistorica, C Pandey, RK TI Predicted frequency response of integrated pyroelectric PNZT infrared detectors SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Meeting on Ferroelectricity CY AUG 03-08, 2003 CL Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Taylor & Francis, Aixacct, Radiant Technologies & Epichem Inorgtech HO Univ Cambridge DE pyroelectric IR detector; PNZT film; thermal modeling ID CERAMICS AB Numerous studies have been carried out on the fabrication of ferroelectric lead titanate (PT) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films and their applications to pyroelectric sensors [1-3]. Not many efforts have been made to integrate the films with silicon technology. In this article, we report on the growth of lead-zirconium-titanates films doped with niobium (PNZT) by a sol-gel method on platinized Si substrates along with its characteristics for use in infrared sensor applications. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Batra, AK (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Phys, POB 1268, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2004 VL 63 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1080/10584580490459459 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 835GO UT WOS:000222470900033 ER PT J AU Jain, M Majumder, SB Katiyar, RS Bhalla, AS Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW AF Jain, M Majumder, SB Katiyar, RS Bhalla, AS Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW TI Tailoring of BST and MgO layers for phase shifter applications SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE BST; sol-gel; thin film; phase-shifter; microwave; heterostructure ID TUNABLE MICROWAVE DEVICES; BARIUM STRONTIUM-TITANATE; THIN-FILM COMPOSITES; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; ARRAY ANTENNAS; BEHAVIOR; OXIDE AB Sol-gel technique has been utilized to deposit heterostructured Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 :MgO (BST:MgO) films with different BST/MgO layer sequences and thicknesses in order to achieve enhanced microwave properties. The correlation between the structure, microstructure, and the dielectric properties are presented. Eight element coupled microstrip phase-shifters were fabricated on these films and the performance of these coupled microstrip phase-shifters at microwave frequencies was evaluated in the 15-17 GHz frequency range. The high frequency figure of merit (kappa), dramatically improved to 87degrees/dB in the optimized heterostructured composite thin film measured at 533 kV/cm, which is the highest known value measured in the Ku band region for BST based thin films. These results represent the current state of the art technology. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. RP Jain, M (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. OI Jain, Menka/0000-0002-2264-6895 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2004 VL 60 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1080/10584580490441548 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 815DY UT WOS:000221024200005 ER PT J AU Anderson, GT Tunstel, E AF Anderson, GT Tunstel, E TI A special issue of intelligent automation and soft computing SO INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION AND SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Appl Sci, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Robot Vehicles Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Anderson, GT (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Appl Sci, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. EM gtanderson@ualr.edu; tunstel@robotics.jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AUTOSOFT PRESS PI ALBUGUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUGUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA SN 1079-8587 J9 INTELL AUTOM SOFT CO JI Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. PY 2004 VL 10 IS 4 BP 263 EP 265 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA 857GK UT WOS:000224104200001 ER PT S AU Schenker, PS AF Schenker, PS BE Casasent, DP Hall, EL Roning, J TI Human-robotic exploration of space and enabling technologies SO INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND COMPUTER VISION XXII: ALGORITHMS, TECHNIQUES, AND ACTIVE VISION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXII - Algorithms, Techniques and Active Vision CY OCT 25-27, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA SP SPIE, IEICE Commun Soc, IEICE Elect Soc DE space robotics; space exploration; mobile robots; telerobotics; human-robotic systems; intelligent robots AB Following on recent robotic exploration of Mars by twin Exploration Rovers (MER), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is now moving into a new program of human-robotic (H-R) exploration. This "National Space Vision" was introduced in January 2004 by the US White House. The range of such exploration spans the inner planets and Earth moon, to outer planets, their moons and small bodies. Applicable systems and technologies include autonomous mobile robots operating on-and-near solar system bodies, telerobotic servicers, and ultimately, H-R work crews operating at lower and higher gravitational libration points as well as sustaining outposts on lunar and planetary bodies. In this invited talk, we give a brief technical perspective on the evolution from robotic to H-R space exploration. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schenker, PS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5561-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5608 BP 338 EP 343 DI 10.1117/12.580134 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BBK03 UT WOS:000225856700035 ER PT S AU Baker, DI McKee, GT Schenker, PS AF Baker, DI McKee, GT Schenker, PS BE Casasent, DP Hall, EL Roning, J TI Network robotics, dynamic reconfigurable architectures SO INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND COMPUTER VISION XXII: ALGORITHMS, TECHNIQUES, AND ACTIVE VISION SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXII - Algorithms, Techniques and Active Vision CY OCT 25-27, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA SP SPIE, IEICE Commun Soc, IEICE Elect Soc DE networked robotics; reconfiguration; agents; task-directed robotics AB In this paper we present the Networked Robotics approach to dynamic robotic architecture creation. Building on our prior work we highlight the ease at which system and architecture creation can be moved from the single robot domain to the cooperative/multiple robotic domain; indeed under the Networked Robotic framework there are no differences between the two, a multiple, cooperative, robotic architecture simply emerges from a richer network environment (the module pool). Essentially task-driven architectures are instantiated on an as needed basis, allowing conceptualised designs to be run wherever a suitable framework (i.e. a module pool) exists. Using a basic scenario, that of mapping an environment, we show how radically different architectures for achieving the same task can emerge from the same building blocks. We highlight the flexibility and robustness of the instantiated architectures and the experimental freedom inherent in the approach. The approach has been implemented and tested experimentally. C1 Univ Reading, Dept Comp Sci, Reading RG6 6AY, Berks, England. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mobil Syst Concept Dev Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Univ Reading, Dept Comp Sci, Reading RG6 6AY, Berks, England. EM d.i.baker@reading.ac.uk; g.t.mckee@reading.ac.uk; Paul.S.Schenker@telerobotics.jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5561-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5608 BP 360 EP 369 DI 10.1117/12.580477 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BBK03 UT WOS:000225856700038 ER PT S AU Lekki, J Nguyen, QV Seibert, M Weiland, K Williams, J AF Lekki, J Nguyen, QV Seibert, M Weiland, K Williams, J BE Creath, K Schmit, J TI Single-photon non-diffracting Bessel beams SO INTERFEROMETRY XII: TECHNIQUES AND ANALYSIS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry XII - Techniques and Analysis CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Colorado Photon Ind Assoc ID INTERFERENCE AB We present the results from a non-diffracting optical beam experiment that utilizes extremely low power levels (single-photon). The non-diffracting beam has a Bessel spatial distribution and demonstrates interesting single-photon self-interference effects such as spatial confinement. The single-photon Bessel beam is aenerated using two means: (1) an attenuated HeNe laser beam that statistically provides a single photon flux through the optical system, and (2) one photon from a pair of quantum entangled twin photons produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in a Beta Barium Borate (BBO) crystal pumped by a UV laser. The entanaled nature of the single-photon Bessel beam using the SPDC source provides a high level of discrimination from ambient background noise photons that would otherwise severely limit the utility of such a technique to dark enclosures. The HeNe laser on the other hand, provides higher photon count rates and is more convenient to work with in contrast to the entangled photon source. We verify that a single-photon Bessel beam reforms itself beyond a circular obscuration by measuring the transmitted spatial distribution. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. RP Lekki, J (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5469-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5531 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.1117/12.562570 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BAY02 UT WOS:000224154100002 ER PT S AU Peters, RD Lay, OP Dubovitsky, S Burger, J Jeganathan, M AF Peters, RD Lay, OP Dubovitsky, S Burger, J Jeganathan, M BE Creath, K Schmit, J TI Design considerations and validation of the MSTAR absolute metrology system SO INTERFEROMETRY XII: TECHNIQUES AND ANALYSIS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry XII - Techniques and Analysis CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Colorado Photon Ind Assoc DE absolute metrology; interferometry; laser range measurement ID FREQUENCY STABILIZATION; LASER; INTERFEROMETRY; RESOLUTION; PRECISION AB Absolute metrology measures the actual distance between two optical fiducials. A number of methods have been employed, including pulsed time-of-flight, intensity-modulated optical beam, and two-color interferometry. The rms accuracy is currently limited to similar to5 microns. Resolving the integer number of wavelengths requires a 1-sigma range accuracy of similar to0.1 microns. Closing this gap has a large pay-off. the range (length measurement) accuracy can be increased substantially using the unambiguous optical phase. The MSTAR sensor (Modulation Sideband Technology for Absolute Ranging) is a new system for measuring absolute distance, capable of resolving the integer cycle ambiguity of standard interferometers, and making it possible to measure distance with sub-nanometer accuracy. In this paper, we present recent experiments that use dispersed white light interferometry to independently validate the zero-point of the system. We also describe progress towards reducing the size of optics, and stabilizing the laser wavelength for operation over larger target ranges. MSTAR is a general-purpose tool for conveniently measuring length with much greater accuracy than was previously possible, and has a wide range of possible applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Peters, RD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5469-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5531 BP 32 EP 43 DI 10.1117/12.560036 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BAY02 UT WOS:000224154100005 ER PT S AU Toland, RW AF Toland, RW BE Creath, K Schmit, J TI Absolute measurement of tilts via Fourier analysis of interferograms SO INTERFEROMETRY XII: TECHNIQUES AND ANALYSIS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry XII - Techniques and Analysis CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE, Colorado Photon Ind Assoc ID FRINGE-PATTERN ANALYSIS; TRANSFORM AB The Fourier method of interferogram analysis requires the introduction of a constant tilt into the interferogram to serve as a 'carrier signal' for information on the figure of the surface under test. This tilt is usually removed in the first steps of analysis and ignored thereafter. However, in the problem of aligning optical components and systems, knowledge of part orientation is crucial to proper instrument performance. This paper outlines an algorithm which uses the normally ignored carrier signal in Fourier analysis to compute an absolute tilt (orientation) of the test surface. We also provide a brief outline of how this technique, incorporated in a rotating Twyman-Green interferometer, can be used in alignment and metrology of optical systems. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Syst Alignment & Test Grp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Toland, RW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Syst Alignment & Test Grp, Code 551-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5469-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5531 BP 299 EP 303 DI 10.1117/12.559810 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BAY02 UT WOS:000224154100034 ER PT B AU Young, LA Pisanich, G AF Young, LA Pisanich, G BE Chu, HW Savoie, M Shkvarko, Y Ramos, F TI Aerial explorers and robotic ecosystems SO International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies, Vol 5, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies (CCCT 2004) CY AUG 14-17, 2004 CL Austin, TX SP Univ Texas Austin, Int Inst Informat & System, IEEE Comp Soc, Venezuela Chapter, Inter Amer Org Higher Educ DE UAV; aerial explorer; robotic ecosystem; planetary exploration; autonomy AB A unique bio-inspired approach to autonomous aerial vehicle, a.k.a aerial explorer technology is discussed The work is focused on defining and studying aerial explorer mission concepts, both as an individual robotic system and as a member of a small robotic "ecosystem" Members of this robotic ecosystem include the aerial explorer, air-deployed sensors and robotic symbiotes, and other assets such as rovers, landers, and orbiters. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Army NASA Rotorcraft Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Young, LA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Army NASA Rotorcraft Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 980-6560-17-5 PY 2004 BP 91 EP 98 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BBV08 UT WOS:000227983500018 ER PT B AU Robinson, DC AF Robinson, DC BE Chu, HW Savoie, M Shkvarko, Y Ramos, F TI Non-GPS geolocation for space and terrestrial applications SO International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies, Vol 5, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies (CCCT 2004) CY AUG 14-17, 2004 CL Austin, TX SP Univ Texas Austin, Int Inst Informat & System, IEEE Comp Soc, Venezuela Chapter, Inter Amer Org Higher Educ DE formation flying; geolocation; moon; space; exploration; ranging; tracking; surveillance AB Some near and far term space missions involve formation flying, which requires that the positions of multiple spacecraft be accurately known relative to a hub spacecraft. Many such missions will be located far outside the radius of the GPS constellation. So in such missions it will not be possible to derive position knowledge through the capabilities afforded by the GPS service, Consequently, in such missions, it is necessary to determine relative positions by other means. Depending on how well a position must be known, thus far it has appeared necessary to use means other than RF ranging, due to technical limitations. Once spacecraft have been crudely positioned using RF ranging, other tools such as star trackers, ccd cameras, and laser ranging are to be used for precise and accurate ranging. NASA Glenn is investigating an innovation in RF ranging that could be very useful for extending the capabilities of RF ranging in many circumstances. Currently, this innovation is a technical secret, but this paper will discuss the possibility of using RF triangulation for the purposes stated in its title, without disclosing any proprietary information. This paper includes a simulation that successfully illustrates how this technology could be used to perform vehicle tracking. C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Robinson, DC (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 980-6560-17-5 PY 2004 BP 137 EP 141 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BBV08 UT WOS:000227983500027 ER PT B AU Saganti, P Calvin, T Wilkins, R AF Saganti, P Calvin, T Wilkins, R BE Savoie, M Chu, HW Michael, J Pace, P TI Autonomous systems of the 21(st) century - Visualization of space radiation environment SO International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies, Vol 6, Post-Conference Issue, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies (CCCT 2004) CY AUG 14-17, 2004 CL Austin, TX SP Univ Texas Austin, Int Inst Informat & System, IEEE Comp Soc, Venezuela Chapter, Inter Amer Org Higher Educ ID PARTICLE-FLUX; HUMAN-BODY; MARS; SURFACE AB An important safety concern for long term space travel is the health effects from space radiation. Possible health risks include cancer, cataracts, acute radiation sickness, hereditary effects, and damage to the central nervous system. Developing an autonomous system to depict the variation in the dynamic space radiation environment has been a challenging task due to the lack of space radiation particle flux data and the knowledge of the biological interactions from the space radiation particles. Most recent advancements of NASA for characterizing the space radiation environment include the particle flux measurement in the deep-space with ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) [1] and at Mars with MARIE (Martian Radiation Environment Experiment) [2-4]. The primary radiation sources in the outer space are the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR), protons and electrons trapped in the earth's magnetic field, and the Solar Particle Events (SPE). The background radiation of the GCR permeates inter planetary space and includes 85% of protons, 14% of helium and about 1% from high-energy (E) and highcharge (Z = 3 through 28) ions called HZE particles [5]. Though the HZE particles are less abundant, they posses significantly higher ionizing power with a greater potential for radiation induced damage and greater penetration power. Energies of these particles range from a few electron volts (eV) for trapped electrons and albedo neutrons to in excess of 10(14) MeV for GCR ions. The space radiation environment is also modulated by spatial and temporal factors including the 11-year solar cycle and the solar wind, and Earth's magnetic field, which traps some particles and deflects other particles [5]. The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) of NASA launched in 1997 has been in orbit at the Sun-Earth libration point (LI) similar to 1.5 million km sunward of Earth. Several high-resolution spectrometers onboard the ACE measures the elemental, isotopic, and ionic charge state composition of nuclei from H to Ni (not less than or equal to Z <= 28) from solar wind energies (similar to 1 keV/nuc) to galactic cosmic ray energies (similar to 500 MeV/nuc). Data from the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) instrument onboard the ACE has been available from 1998 through the present time [1]. Data from the CRIS instrument is being analyzed to understand the variations in the particle spectrum during the current solar cycle phase. Our continued research efforts include the collection of all the particle spectrum data from 1998 through 2004 as available and generate the model calculated particle spectrum and their transport through. the conceptual space vehicles and then through the human body [6]. These analyses and visualization of the radiation environment in the human body is anticipated to complement our efforts in mitigating the radiation risk in the pursuit of deep space human explorations [7-9]. C1 Prairie View A&M Univ, NASA, Ctr Appl Radiat Res, Prairie View, TX USA. RP Saganti, P (reprint author), Prairie View A&M Univ, NASA, Ctr Appl Radiat Res, Prairie View, TX USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 980-6560-17-5 PY 2004 BP 456 EP 457 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BBV09 UT WOS:000227984100085 ER PT J AU Guo, J Datta, S Lundstrom, M Anantam, MP AF Guo, Jing Datta, Supriyo Lundstrom, Mark Anantam, M. P. TI Toward Multiscale Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Transistors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Multiscale simulation approaches are needed in order to address scientific and technological questions in the rapidly developing field of carbon nanotube electronics. In this paper, we describe an effort underway to develop a comprehensive capability for multiscale simulation of carbon nanotube electronics. We focus in this paper on one element of that hierarchy, the simulation of ballistic CNTFETs by self-consistently solving the Poisson and Schrodinger equations using the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. The NEGF transport equation is solved at two levels: a semiempirical atomistic level using the p, orbitals of carbon atoms as the basis, and ii) an atomistic mode space approach, which only treats a Jew subbands in the tube's circumferential direction while retaining an atomistic grid along the carrier transport direction. Simulation examples show that these approaches describe quantum transport effects in nanotube transistors. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how these semiempirical device-level simulations can be connected to ab initio, continuum, and circuit level simulations in the multiscale hierarchy. C1 [Guo, Jing; Datta, Supriyo; Lundstrom, Mark] Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Anantam, M. P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Guo, J (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. FU NSF Network for Computational Nanotechnology [EEC-0228390]; MARCO Focused Research Center on Materials, Structure, and Devices FX The authors are indebted to Dr. Mani Vaidyanathan, Dr. Diego Kienle, Dr. Avik Ghosh, and Sayed Hasan of Purdue University for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the NSF Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Grant No. EEC-0228390 and the MARCO Focused Research Center on Materials, Structure, and Devices. NR 26 TC 143 Z9 143 U1 2 U2 18 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1543-1649 J9 INT J MULTISCALE COM JI Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. PY 2004 VL 2 IS 2 BP 257 EP 276 DI 10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v2.i2.60 PG 20 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA V26NU UT WOS:000208553100007 ER PT J AU de Arellano-Lopez, AR Martinez-Fernandez, J Gonzalez, P Dominguez, C Fernandez-Quero, V Singh, M AF de Arellano-Lopez, AR Martinez-Fernandez, J Gonzalez, P Dominguez, C Fernandez-Quero, V Singh, M TI Biomorphic SiC: A new engineering ceramic material SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SILICON-CARBIDE CERAMICS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; PHASE INFILTRATION; WOOD PRECURSORS; YOUNGS MODULUS; COMPOSITES; MICROSTRUCTURE AB Biomorphic SiC (bioSiC) ceramics are a new class of materials produced with natural, renewable resources (wood or wood-based products). A wide variety of Si/SiC composites can be fabricated by melt Si-infiltration of wood and cellulose-derived carbonaceous templates. This technology provides a low-cost and eco-friendly route to advanced ceramic materials, with near-net shape potential. BioSiC materials have tailorable microstructure and properties, and behave like ceramic materials manufactured by conventional approaches. Several applications, with different technological levels and developed in collaboration with industry, are presented in this paper. C1 Univ Sevilla, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-41080 Seville, Spain. Univ Vigo, Dept Fis Aplicada, Vigo, Spain. Alfran SA, Alcala Guadaira, Seville, Spain. Solucar Energia SA, Dept I & D & I, ABENGOA, Seville, Spain. NASA, QSS Grp Inc, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP de Arellano-Lopez, AR (reprint author), Univ Sevilla, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, POB 1065, E-41080 Seville, Spain. RI New Materials Group, FA3/D-6799-2014; MARTINEZ FERNANDEZ, JULIAN/K-1826-2012; OI New Materials Group, FA3/0000-0003-4286-2015; MARTINEZ FERNANDEZ, JULIAN/0000-0002-1199-6638; GONZALEZ, PIO/0000-0002-7353-712X; R. de Arellano Lopez, Antonio/0000-0002-7443-0244 NR 61 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2004 VL 1 IS 1 BP 56 EP 67 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 914PI UT WOS:000228239500007 ER PT J AU Zhu, DM Miller, RA AF Zhu, DM Miller, RA TI Development of advanced low conductivity thermal barrier coatings SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMA-SPRAYED ZIRCONIA; MICROSTRUCTURES AB Advanced multi-component, low-conductivity oxide thermal barrier coatings have been developed using an approach that emphasizes real-time monitoring of thermal conductivity under conditions that are engine-Eke in terms of temperatures and heat fluxes. This is in contrast to the traditional approach where coatings are initially optimized in terms of furnace and burner rig durability with subsequent measurement in the as-processed or furnace-sintered condition. The present work establishes a laser high-heat-flux test as the basis for evaluating advanced plasma-sprayed and electron beam-physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) thermal barrier coatings under the NASA Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program. The candidate coating materials for this program are novel thermal barrier coatings that are found to have significantly reduced thermal conductivities and improved thermal stability due to an oxide defect-cluster design. Critical issues for designing advanced low-conductivity coatings with improved coating durability are also discussed. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zhu, DM (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 27 TC 83 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 32 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2004 VL 1 IS 1 BP 86 EP 94 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 914PI UT WOS:000228239500010 ER PT J AU Choi, SR Zhu, DM Miller, RA AF Choi, SR Zhu, DM Miller, RA TI Mechanical properties/database of plasma-sprayed ZrO2-8wt% Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODE-II FRACTURE; DEFORMATION-BEHAVIOR; ZIRCONIA; TOUGHNESS; CERAMICS; FATIGUE; COMPRESSION; MODULUS; TENSILE; ALUMINA AB Mechanical behavior of free-standing, plasma-sprayed ZrO2-8wt% Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings, including strength, fracture toughness, fatigue, constitutive relation, elastic modulus, and directionality, have been determined under various loading-specimen configurations. This paper presents and describes a summary of mechanical properties of the plasma-sprayed coating material to provide them as a design database. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM sung.r.choi@grc.nasa.gov NR 47 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2004 VL 1 IS 4 BP 330 EP 342 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 914PR UT WOS:000228240500004 ER PT J AU Prinzel, LJ Comstock, JR Glaab, LJ Kramer, LJ Arthur, JJ Barry, JS AF Prinzel, LJ Comstock, JR Glaab, LJ Kramer, LJ Arthur, JJ Barry, JS TI The efficacy of head-down and head-up synthetic vision display concepts for retro- and forward-fit of commercial aircraft SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The retrofit question concerns whether useful and effective synthetic vision displays are usable in aircraft that have limited-size display spaces. Two experiments were conducted to examine the efficacy of these displays and develop field-of-view and terrain texture recommendations for design. The first experiment examined issues of field of view and display size using an Asheville, North Carolina, synthetic vision database and fixed-based simulator. The second experiment was conducted on the NASA B-757 aircraft at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and investigated the efficacy of both head-down and head-up displays and generic and photorealistic terrain texture. Both experiments confirmed the retrofit capability and that all sizes and texturing methods were found to be viable candidates for synthetic vision displays. These results, future directions, and implications for meeting national aeronautic safety and capacity goals are discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Lockheed Martin, Hampton, VA USA. RP Prinzel, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 152, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM l.j.prinzel@larc.nasa.gov NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 53 EP 77 DI 10.1207/s15327108ijap1401_4 PG 25 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 775HG UT WOS:000189034200004 ER PT J AU Hobbs, A AF Hobbs, A TI Human factors: The last frontier of aviation safety? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB It has been claimed that human factors emerged as a significant challenge to flight safety only after the frequency of technical failures diminished in the early years of aviation. An examination of 100 aircraft accidents that occurred between 1921 and 1932 revealed that pilot factors contributed to most accidents, whereas technical failures contributed to significantly fewer accidents. Accident data from World War I also show this pattern. The results suggest that human factors have been the primary flight safety issue since the early days of aviation. C1 San Jose State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Hobbs, A (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SJSU Fdn, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ahobbs@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2004 VL 14 IS 4 BP 335 EP 341 PG 7 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 875BD UT WOS:000225393700001 ER PT J AU Rantanen, EM McCarley, JS Xu, XD AF Rantanen, EM McCarley, JS Xu, XD TI Time delays in air traffic control communication loop: Effect on controller performance and workload SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The impact of digital technology-induced delays in the pilot-controller communications on air traffic controllers' performance and workload was investigated in 2 experiments manipulating systemic audio delay (AD) and variable pilot delay (PD). Vectoring accuracy (Experiment 1), lateral separation between 2 aircraft on converging tracks (Experiment 2), and subjective workload (NASA-Task Load Index) were measured. In Experiment 1, the effect of AD was measurable but not statistically significant; PD reduced accuracy and resulted in earlier turn initiations. In Experiment 2, both AD and PD significantly reduced separation between aircratts. Short communication delays, however, did not substantially degrade controller performance in the experiments. C1 Univ Illinois, Inst Aviat, Aviat Human Factors Div, Savoy, IL 61874 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Rantanen, EM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Inst Aviat, Aviat Human Factors Div, Willard Airport 1 Airport Rd, Savoy, IL 61874 USA. EM rantanen@uiuc.edu NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2004 VL 14 IS 4 BP 369 EP 394 DI 10.1207/s15327108ijap1404_3 PG 26 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 875BD UT WOS:000225393700003 ER PT J AU Horta, LG Lyle, KH Lessard, WB AF Horta, LG Lyle, KH Lessard, WB TI Evaluation of a singular value decomposition approach for impact dynamic data correlation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRASHWORTHINESS LA English DT Article DE model validation; model correlation; impact dynamics; singular value decomposition AB Impact dynamic tests are used in the automobile and aircraft industries to assess survivability of occupants during crash, to assert adequacy of the design, and to gain federal certification. Although there is no substitute for experimental tests, analytical models are often developed and used to study alternate test conditions, to conduct trade-off studies, and to improve designs. To validate results from analytical predictions, test and analysis results must be compared to determine the model adequacy. Correlation of models for crash analysis often compares individual sensor responses to analytical predictions; a successful correlation effort is one that matched individual sensor magnitudes and times for peak values to occur. The mathematical approach evaluated in this paper decomposes observed time responses into dominant deformation shapes and their corresponding contribution to the measured response. To correlate results, orthogonality of test and analysis shapes is used as a criterion. Data from an impact test of a composite fuselage is used and compared to finite element predictions. In this example, the impact response was decomposed into multiple shapes but only two dominant shapes explained over 85% of the measured response. Test and analysis results revealed very similar deformation shapes (orthogonality values over 0.8). Using a vector norm criterion, maximum response values and peak time are also computed for all sensors. The norm criterion is contrasted with the commonly used single sensor criterion. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Horta, LG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 230, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM lucas.g.horta@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LIMITED PI LETCHWORTH PA BLACKHORSE RD, LETCHWORTH SG6 1HN, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 1358-8265 J9 INT J CRASHWORTHINES JI Int. J. Crashworthiness PY 2004 VL 9 IS 3 BP 255 EP 262 DI 10.1533/ijrc.2004.0286 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 836ZT UT WOS:000222596100003 ER PT J AU Srivastava, R Bakhle, MA Keith, TG Stefko, GL AF Srivastava, R Bakhle, MA Keith, TG Stefko, GL TI Aeroelastic analysis of turbomachinery Part I - phase lagged boundary condition methods SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL METHODS FOR HEAT & FLUID FLOW LA English DT Article DE Fourier analysis; time series analysis; multiple time series; aircraft engines AB In this two-part paper, aeroelastic analysis of turbomachinery blade rows and phase-lagged boundary conditions used for analysis are, described Part I of the paper describes a study of phase-lagged boundary condition methods used for non-zero interblade phase angle analysis. The merits of time-shifted (direct-store), Fourier decomposition and multiple passage methods are compared. These methods are implemented in a time marching EulerlNavier-Stokes solver and are applied to a fan for subsonic and supersonic inflow and to a turbine geometry with supersonic exitflow. Results showed good comparisons with published results and measured data. The time-shifted and Fourier decomposition methods compared favorably in computational costs with respect to multiple passage analysis despite a slower rate of convergence. The Fourier-decomposition method was found to be better suited for workstation environment as it required significantly less storage, although at the expense of slightly higher computational cost The time-shifted method was found to be better suited for computers where fast input-output devices are available. C1 Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Srivastava, R (reprint author), Univ Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0961-5539 J9 INT J NUMER METHOD H JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 366 EP 381 DI 10.1108/09615530410518002 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 854VX UT WOS:000223932800006 ER PT J AU Bednarcyk, BA Arnold, SM Aboudi, J Pindera, MJ AF Bednarcyk, BA Arnold, SM Aboudi, J Pindera, MJ TI Local field effects in titanium matrix composites subject to fiber-matrix debonding SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY LA English DT Article DE interfacial debonding; micromechanics; metal matrix composites; viscoplasticity; high-fidelity generalized method of cells (HFGMC) ID HIGHER-ORDER THEORY; MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS; REINFORCED COMPOSITES; TRANSVERSE TENSILE; INTERFACE FAILURE; DAMAGE; DEFORMATION; MODEL; PLASTICITY; SIMULATION AB This paper addresses fiber-matrix debonding in titanium matrix composites (TMCs) using a recently developed micromechanics model known as the high-fidelity generalized method of cells (HFGMC). By employing a higher-order displacement field, this model supercedes its predecessor, the generalized method of cells (GMC), in terms of micro-scale field accuracy. The import of this micro-scale accuracy is amplified in the case of fiber-matrix debonding as the debonding phenomenon is dominated by local field effects. Via inclusion of appropriate constitutive relations for inelastic deformation and fiber-matrix debonding, both HFGMC and GMC have been applied herein to model the transverse deformation of titanium matrix composites, which exhibit obvious effects of interfacial debonding. Results indicate that HFGMC is considerably more quantitatively accurate than GMC for analysis of composites with debonding, enabling realistic predictions of the TMC transverse response. The improved accuracy of the HFGMC local fields also enables investigation of some qualitative aspects of the debonding phenomenon within TMCs. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, OAI, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Solid Mech Mat & Syst, IL-59978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Bednarcyk, BA (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, OAI, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM bab7v@virginia.edu; steven.m.arnold@grc.nasa.gov; aboudi@eng.tau.ac.il; mp3g@virginia.edu NR 40 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0749-6419 J9 INT J PLASTICITY JI Int. J. Plast. PY 2004 VL 20 IS 8-9 BP 1707 EP 1737 DI 10.1016/j.ijplas.2003.11.019 PG 31 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 823RI UT WOS:000221630300014 ER PT J AU Saleeb, AF Arnold, SM AF Saleeb, AF Arnold, SM TI Specific hardening function definition and characterization of a multimechanism generalized potential-based viscoelastoplasticity model SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY LA English DT Article DE viscoplasticity; viscoelasticity nonlinear hardening; isothermal; deformation; multiaxial; correlations; predictions ID DEPENDENT CONSTITUTIVE MODEL; VISCOPLASTICITY; DEFORMATION; PLASTICITY; EQUATIONS; SENSITIVITY; INTEGRATION; VARIABLES; RECOVERY; METALS AB Given the previous complete-potential structure framework [see Int. J. Plasticity 10(3) (1994) 263], together with the notion of strain- and stress- partitioning in terms of separate contributions of several submechanisms (viscoelastic and viscoplastic) to the thermodynamic functions (stored energy and dissipation), see [Int. J. of Plasticity 17(10) (2001) 1305], a detailed viscoelastoplastic multimechanism characterization of a specific hardening functional form of the model is presented and discussed. TIMETAL 21S is the material of choice as a comprehensive test matrix, including creep, relaxation, constant strain-rate tension tests, etc. are available at various temperatures. Discussion of these correlations tests, together with comparisons to several other experimental results, are given to assess the performance and predictive capabilities of the present model particularly with regard to the notion of hardening saturation as well as the interaction of multiplicity of dissipative (reversible/irreversible) mechanisms. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Civil Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Saleeb, AF (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Civil Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM saleeb@uakron.edu NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0749-6419 J9 INT J PLASTICITY JI Int. J. Plast. PY 2004 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2111 EP 2142 DI 10.1016/j.ijplas.2004.04.002 PG 32 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 851ME UT WOS:000223688400003 ER PT J AU La Duc, MT Satomi, M Venkateswaran, K AF La Duc, MT Satomi, M Venkateswaran, K TI Bacillus odysseyi sp nov., a round-spore-forming bacillus isolated from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; GENUS BACILLUS; EMENDED DESCRIPTION; RESISTANCE; RADIATION; FACILITY; STRAINS AB A round-spore-forming Bacillus species that produces an exosporium was isolated from the surface of the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. This novel species has been characterized on the basis of phenotypic traits, 16S rDNA sequence analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization. According to the results of these analyses, this strain belongs to the genus Bacillus and is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-forming eubacterium. Ultrathin sections of the spores showed the presence of an exosporium, spore coat, cortex and core. 16S rDNA sequence similarities between this strain, Bacillus fusiformis and Bacillus silvestris were similar to96% and DNA-DNA reassociation values with these two bacilli were 23 and 17%, respectively. Spores of the novel species were resistant to desiccation, H2O2 and UV and gamma radiation. Of all strains tested, the spores of this strain were the most consistently resistant and survived all of the challenges posed, i.e. exposure to conditions of desiccation (100% survival), H2O2 (26% survival), UV radiation (10% survival at 660 J m(-2)) and gamma radiation (0(.)4% survival). The name proposed for this novel bacterium is Bacillus odysseyi sp. nov.; the type strain is 34hs-1(T) (= ATCC PTA-4993(T) = NRRL B-30641(T) = NBRC 1001 72(T)). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Div Food Proc, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan. RP La Duc, MT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mtladuc@jpl.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 54 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02747 PN 1 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 777BR UT WOS:000189154700028 PM 14742480 ER PT J AU Gagarin, N Huang, NE Oskard, MS Sixbey, DG Mekemson, JR AF Gagarin, N Huang, NE Oskard, MS Sixbey, DG Mekemson, JR TI The application of the Hilbert-Huang transform to the analysis of inertial profiles of pavements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VEHICLE DESIGN LA English DT Article DE cross-correlation; EMD; empirical mode decomposition; HHT; Hilbert-Huang transforms; inertial profiles of pavement; nonlinear; nonstationary filter; surface feature pattern recognition ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; SPECTRUM AB Inertial road profile measurements are widely used to assess the condition of existing pavements and monitor the quality control for smoothness of newly constructed pavements. A metric known as the International Roughness Index (IRI), computed from the inertial road profile quantifies the ride quality of the pavement. Within the inertial road profile, the variation of frequency-amplitude content versus distance is nonlinear and nonstationary. The HilbertHuang transform (HHT) and its Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is well suited for nonlinear and nonstationary data. In the application of the HHT to inertial profile analysis, the intrinsic mode functions and their Hilbert transform can be used to: 1) represent the frequency/wavelength content of a profile; 2) filter the data in the distance domain in preparation for secondary analyses, and 3) compare two profiles and assess their similarities by performing simultaneous distance-frequency synchronisation. C1 Starodub Inc, Kensington, MD 20895 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans & Ice Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Turner Fairbank Highway Res Ctr, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. Starodub Inc, Manassas, VA USA. RP Gagarin, N (reprint author), Starodub Inc, 3504 Littledale Rd, Kensington, MD 20895 USA. EM nicolas.gagarine@fhwa.dot.gov; Norden.E.Huang.1@Goddard.nasa.gov; Mort.Oskard@fhwa.dot.gov; Dennis.Sixbey@fhwa.dot.gov; jim.mekemson@fhwa.dot.gov NR 4 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0143-3369 J9 INT J VEHICLE DES JI Int. J. Veh. Des. PY 2004 VL 36 IS 2-3 BP 287 EP 301 DI 10.1504/IJVD.2004.005361 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA 863AL UT WOS:000224532500012 ER PT S AU de Mello, D AF de Mello, D CA GOODS Team BE StorchiBergmann, T Ho, LC Schmitt, HR TI Starbursts at intermediate redshifts SO INTERPLAY AMONG BLACK HOLES, STARS AND ISM IN GALACTIC NUCLEI SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 222nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY MAR 01-05, 2004 CL Gramado, BRAZIL SP Int Astron Union ID STAR-FORMATION; DEEP FIELD; GALAXIES AB In this work I present the survey which is searching for the rise in the volume-averaged star formation rate at intermediate redshifts (z < 1). This survey is a combination of the data taken with Advanced Camera for Surveys in parallel with WFPC2 (U band) of the GOODS fields. We use template fitting of the spectral energy distributions to obtain photometric redshifts and classify the objects as starbursts, early- and late-types. The colors of the starbursts were reproduced and ages were estimated with the stellar evolutionary synthesis code Starburst99. By matching the optical catalog with the Chandra X-ray catalog we have identified the Xray sources and possible candidates for having a combination of active nuclei and starburst at intermediate redshifts. Analysis of the light concentration, asymmetry and clumpiness, shows that this sample is a mixed bag, containing dwarf ellipticals, early and late-spirals and peculiar objects which resemble mergers in progress. These results have strong implications for galaxy evolution since it shows for the first time who are the candidates for the rise of the SFR at intermediate-z. C1 NASA, LASP, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP de Mello, D (reprint author), NASA, LASP, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 0-521-84803-2 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2004 IS 222 BP 505 EP 508 DI 10.1017/S1743921304003047 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBW85 UT WOS:000228180100168 ER PT S AU Reinisch, BW Bilitza, D AF Reinisch, BW Bilitza, D BE Reinisch, BW Bilitza, DK McKinnell, LA TI Karl Rawer's life and the history of IRI SO IRI: QUANTIFYING IONOSPERIC VARIABILITY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Workshop of the International-Reference-Ionosphere-Working-Group CY OCT 06-10, 2003 CL Rhodes Univ, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA SP URSI, COSPAR, Int Reference Ionosphere Working Grp HO Rhodes Univ DE Karl Rawer; International Reference Ionosphere; ionosphere ID PROFILE; MODEL AB This laudation is given in honor of the 90th birthday of Prof. Karl Rawer that coincides with the 35th anniversary of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The ionosphere was discovered during Karl Rawer's life, and he has dedicated his life to the exploration of this part of Earth's environment. The horrible events of world wars I and IT shaped his early life, but they also launched his career as one of the eminent geophysical scientists of the twentieth century. The paper looks back at Karl's life and the 35 years of research and development in the framework of the IRI project. K. Rawer initiated this international modeling effort and was the first chairman of the IRI Working Group. IRI is a joint project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio science (URSI) that has the goal to establish an international standard model of the ionospheric densities temperatures, and drifts. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Environm Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Atmospher Res, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. GSFC, Raytheon ITSS, SSDOO, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Reinisch, BW (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Environm Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Atmospher Res, 600 Suffolk St, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. EM Bodo_Reinisch@uml.edu; Bodo_Reinisch@uml.edu NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1845 EP 1850 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.09.002 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN80 UT WOS:000226373800001 ER PT S AU Bilitza, D Obrou, OK Adeniyi, JO Oladipo, O AF Bilitza, D Obrou, OK Adeniyi, JO Oladipo, O BE Reinisch, BW Bilitza, DK McKinnell, LA TI Variability of f(o)F2 in the equatorial ionosphere SO IRI: QUANTIFYING IONOSPERIC VARIABILITY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Workshop of the International-Reference-Ionosphere-Working-Group CY OCT 06-10, 2003 CL Rhodes Univ, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA SP URSI, COSPAR, Int Reference Ionosphere Working Grp HO Rhodes Univ DE equatorial ionosphere; variability; f(o)F2 AB We have used data from two equatorial stations in the African longitude sector to study the monthly variability of f(o)F2. Diurnal, seasonal, and solar activity effects were investigated. The data established by this study are proposed as equatorial input values for the development of a variability model for the International Reference Ionosphere. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NSSDC, GSFC, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Cocody, Lab Phys Atmosphere, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Univ Ilorin, Dept Phys, Ilorin, Nigeria. RP Bilitza, D (reprint author), NSSDC, GSFC, Raytheon ITSS, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bilitza@mail630.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1901 EP 1906 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.08.004 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN80 UT WOS:000226373800008 ER PT S AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Bilitza, D AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Bilitza, D BE Reinisch, BW Bilitza, DK McKinnell, LA TI Ionospheric variability for quiet and perturbed conditions SO IRI: QUANTIFYING IONOSPHERIC VARIABILITY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Workshop of the International-Reference-Ionosphere-Working-Group CY OCT 06-10, 2003 CL Rhodes Univ, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA SP URSI, COSPAR, Int Reference Ionosphere Working Grp HO Rhodes Univ DE ionosphere; ionospheric variability; ionospheric modelling; ionospheric storms ID HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE; CORRECTION MODEL; STORM; THERMOSPHERE; VALIDATION AB An F2 region critical frequency database, from 75 ionosonde stations and 25 storms, covering a full solar cycle, was built as the basis of the STORM Time Empirical Ionospheric Correction Model. This database has been sorted by season (five intervals from summer to winter, including intermediate seasons), geomagnetic latitude (four regions, 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80), and storm intensity (as a function of filtered a(p)). For each bin of latitude-season, the standard deviation was used to quantify the scatter around the fit, i.e. the geophysical variability. The first interval, between 0 and 500 units of the filtered a(p), corresponds to non-perturbed conditions; where approximately one half of the data lay. The rest of the intervals, with increments of 500 units, cover perturbed conditions. For quiet conditions, the lowest variability of the data was found to be about 0.15, in the summer hemisphere. The standard deviation of the data increases up to 0.23 for intermediate seasons, up to 0.22 for equinox, and up to 0.40 for the winter hemisphere. In general, low latitudes show higher variability for both perturbed and un-perturbed conditions, while the summer hemisphere, mid-latitudes have the lowest. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway R-SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM eduardo.araujo@noaa.gov NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1914 EP 1921 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.06.007 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN80 UT WOS:000226373800010 ER PT S AU Abraham, S Le Vine, DM AF Abraham, S Le Vine, DM BE Reinisch, BW Bilitza, DK McKinnell, LA TI Use of IRI to model the effect of ionosphere emission on earth remote sensing at L-band SO IRI: QUANTIFYING IONOSPHERIC VARIABILITY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Workshop of the International-Reference-Ionosphere-Working-Group CY OCT 06-10, 2003 CL Rhodes Univ, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA SP URSI, COSPAR, Int Reference Ionosphere Working Grp HO Rhodes Univ DE ionosphere emission; microwave remote sensing; L-band; IRI; radiometer ID SEA-SURFACE SALINITY; SPACE AB Microwave remote sensing in the window at 1.413 GHz (L-band) set aside for passive use only is important for monitoring sea surface salinity and soil moisture. These parameters are important for understanding ocean dynamics and energy exchange between the surface and atmosphere, and both NASA and ESA plan to launch satellite sensors to monitor these parameters at L-band (Aquarius, Hydros and SMOS). The ionosphere is an important source of error for passive remote sensing at this frequency. In addition to Faraday rotation, emission from the ionosphere is also a potential source of error at L-band. As an aid for correcting for emission, a regression model is presented that relates ionosphere emission to the total electron density (TEC). The goal is to use TEC from sources such as TOPEX, JASON or GPS to obtain estimates of emission over the oceans where the electron density profiles needed to compute emission are not available. In addition, data will also be presented to evaluate the use of the IRI for computing emission over the ocean. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Code 975 1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM saji.abraham@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2059 EP 2066 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.06.015 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN80 UT WOS:000226373800030 ER PT B AU Wong, P Jin, HQ Becker, J AF Wong, P Jin, HQ Becker, J GP ieee computer society TI Load balancing multi-zone applications on a heterogeneous cluster with multi-level parallelism SO ISPDC 2004: THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING/HETEROPAR '04: THIRD INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ALGORITHMS, MODELS AND TOOLS FOR PARALLEL COMPUTING ON HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (ISPDC 2004)/3rd International Workshop on Algorithms, Models and Tools for Parallel Computing on Heterogeneous Networks (HeteroPar 04) CY JUL 05-07, 2004 CL Cork, IRELAND SP Enterprise Ireland, Univ Coll Cork DE NAS Parallel Benchmarks; heterogeneous cluster; load balancing; hybrid parallel programming AB We investigate the feasibility of running parallel applications on heterogeneous clusters. The motivation for doing so is twofold. First, it is practical to be able to pull together existing machines to run a job that is too big for any one of them, especially if such jobs are run rarely. Second, in the event of an emergency, where a very large problem must be solved in a few days, it may not be feasible to purchase and install a new machine in time, and any existing machines will have to be brought to bear on the problem. We ran the Multi-zone versions of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) on a cluster composed of two SGI Origin 2000 servers, and an Intel SMP Xeon server connected by Gigabit Ethernet. We report on the results and their implications for running parallel applications on heterogeneous clusters. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wong, P (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2210-6 PY 2004 BP 388 EP 393 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBH16 UT WOS:000225488100050 ER PT J AU Mogilnikov, KP Baklanov, MR Shamiryan, D Petkov, MP AF Mogilnikov, KP Baklanov, MR Shamiryan, D Petkov, MP TI A discussion of the practical importance of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy percolation threshold in evaluation of porous low-K dielectrics SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS LA English DT Article DE low-K dielectric films; pore connectivity; diffusion; PALS ID THIN-FILMS; POROSITY CHARACTERIZATION; PORE-SIZE AB The pore connectivity threshold (percolation threshold) in porous low-K dielectric films measured by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) reflects only the interconnectivity of mesopores (2-50 nm size). Here we show direct evidence for molecular (toluene) diffusion at porosity values significantly below the PALS's percolation threshold. Therefore, the pores are still interconnected through intrinsic micropores (<2 nm) in the low-K film matrix. This implies that fundamental limitations may exist in the evaluation of pore interconnectivity and the integrity of diffusion barriers deposited on top of porous low-K films by the detection of Ps escape. C1 IMEC, Interuniv Microelect Ctr, Louvain, Belgium. Catholic Univ Louvain, IMEC, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Catholic Univ Louvain, Dept Elect Engn, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Baklanov, MR (reprint author), IMEC, Interuniv Microelect Ctr, Kapeldreef 75, Louvain, Belgium. EM baklanov@imec.be NR 9 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS PI TOKYO PA TOYOKAIJI BLDG NO. 12, 6-9-6 SHINBASHI, MINATO-KU, TOKYO, 105, JAPAN SN 0021-4922 J9 JPN J APPL PHYS 1 JI Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 - Regul. Pap. Short Notes Rev. Pap. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 247 EP 248 DI 10.1143/JJAP.43.247 PG 2 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 801JO UT WOS:000220092400055 ER PT B AU Suits, MW Leak, J Cox, D AF Suits, MW Leak, J Cox, D BE Acoff, V Indacochea, JE Dupont, JN TI Nondestructive inspection techniques for friction stir weld verification on the space shuttle external tank SO Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials VI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials CY OCT 13-15, 2003 CL Pittsburgh, PA AB Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has gained wide acceptance as a reliable joining process for aerospace hardware as witnessed by its recent incorporation into the Delta Launch vehicle cryotanks. This paper describes the development of nondestructive evaluation methods and techniques used to verify the FSW process for NASA's Space Shuttle. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Suits, MW (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, M-S ED32, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA 9503 KINSMAN RD, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073 USA BN 0-87170-801-9 PY 2004 BP 104 EP 111 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BDM49 UT WOS:000234272300016 ER PT J AU Williams, MK Melendez, O Palou, J Holland, D Smith, TM Weiser, ES Nelson, GL AF Williams, MK Melendez, O Palou, J Holland, D Smith, TM Weiser, ES Nelson, GL TI Characterization of polyimide foams after exposure to extreme weathering conditions SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE weathering; polyimide foam; photo-oxidation; thermal oxidation; foam density AB The weathering degradation of three closely related polyimide foams was studied by Xray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) after exposure at the NASA Kennedy Space Center's (KSC) Beach Corrosion Site. These foams were developed by NASA Langley Research Center for applications such as cryogenic insulation, flame retardant panels and structural subcomponents. The degradative environmental conditions at the KSC corrosion site include exposure to sunlight, exposure to changes in temperature and humidity, mechanical erosion by wind and rain, and high sodium chloride content due to the close proximity of the ocean. Other possible atmospheric contaminants include hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen chloride (the latter originating with exhausts from the launching of space vehicles). The foams were studied for a total of 17 months exposure, with samples taken at 3, 9 and 17 months. Data analyses of the weathered foams showed that chemical structure and density effects were the key variables in weathering performance. The carbonyl linkage in the dianhydride of the TEEK-L series polyimide foams is the most important factor in degradation. TEEK-H series foams, which contain an ether linkage in the dianhydride, showed much less degradation or more resistance to weathering in comparison to the TEEK-L series. In the same chemical series, the lower density foams were more degraded in comparison to higher density foams. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. CALTECH, Dept Chem 127 72, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Florida Inst Technol, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Williams, MK (reprint author), NASA, YA-C2-T, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Martha.K.WiIliams@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 8 PU VSP BV PI ZEIST PA PO BOX 346, 3700 AH ZEIST, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4243 J9 J ADHES SCI TECHNOL JI J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 18 IS 5 BP 561 EP 573 DI 10.1163/156856104839284 PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 838AQ UT WOS:000222685900003 ER PT J AU Holmes, BJ Durham, MH Tarry, SE AF Holmes, BJ Durham, MH Tarry, SE TI Small aircraft transportation system concept and technologies SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA ICAS International Symposium on Air and Spacer CY JUL 14, 2003 CL Dayton, NY SP AIAA, ICAS AB This paper summarizes both the vision and the early public-private collaborative research for the small aircraft transportation system (SATS). The paper outlines an operational definition of SATS, describes how SATS conceptually differs from current air transportation capabilities, introduces four SATS operating capabilities, and explains the relation between the SATS operating capabilities and the potential for expanded air mobility. The SATS technology roadmap encompasses on-demand, widely distributed, point-to-point air mobility, through hired-pilot modes in the nearer term,and through self-operated user modes in the farther term. The nearer-term concept is based on aircraft and airspace technologies being developed to make the use of smaller, more widely distributed community reliever and general aviation airports and their runways more useful in more weather conditions, in commercial hired-pilot service modes. The farther-term vision is based on technical concepts that could be developed to simplify or automate many of the operational functions in the aircraft and the airspace for meeting future public transportation needs in personally operated modes. NASA technology strategies form a roadmap between the nearer-term concept and the farther-term vision. This paper outlines a roadmap for scalable, on-demand, distributed air mobility technologies for vehicle and airspace systems. The audiences for the paper include general aviation manufacturers; small aircraft transportation service providers; the flight training industry; airport and transportation authorities at the federal, state, and local levels; and organizations involved in planning for future national airspace system advancements. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Nebraska, Aviat Inst, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. RP Holmes, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Bruce.J.Holmes@NASA.Gov; Michael.H.Durham@NASA.Gov; starry@unomaha.edu NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 41 IS 1 BP 26 EP 35 DI 10.2514/1.3257 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 776LV UT WOS:000189118200003 ER PT J AU Hemsch, MJ AF Hemsch, MJ TI Statistical analysis of computational fluid dynamics solutions from the drag prediction workshop SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 06, 2003 CL Reno, NV ID ERRORS AB A simple, graphical framework is presented for robust statistical evaluation of results obtained from N-version testing of a series of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics codes. The solutions were obtained by a variety of code developers and users for the June 2001 Drag Prediction Workshop sponsored by the AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Technical Committee. The aerodynamic configuration used for the computational tests is the DLR, German Aerospace Research Center DLR-F4 wing-body combination previously tested in several European wind tunnels and for which a previous N-version test had been conducted. The statistical framework is used to evaluate code results for 1) a single cruise design point, 2) a drag polar at a single Mach number, and 3) drag rise at three values of lift. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23188 USA. RP Hemsch, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 280, Hampton, VA 23188 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 41 IS 1 BP 95 EP 103 DI 10.2514/1.1796 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 776LV UT WOS:000189118200010 ER PT J AU Rand, O Khromov, V Peyran, RJ AF Rand, O Khromov, V Peyran, RJ TI Minimum-induced power loss of a helicopter rotor via circulation optimization SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE AB The paper summarizes a study aimed towards determining the lower limit of induced power of helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight. The current optimization study was not based on design parameters such as rotorblade chord, airfoil, and twist angle distributions. Instead, the rotor-disc bound circulation radial and azimuthal distributions were selected to be the independent unknowns in the minimization process of the induced power. Hence, the optimization results set the lower realistic bound of rotor-induced power. The results can serve as a useful reference for designers evaluating current and future rotor system performance. C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USA Aviat & Missile Command, Aeroflightdynam Directorate,Adv Design Team, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Rand, O (reprint author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 41 IS 1 BP 104 EP 109 DI 10.2514/1.9085 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 776LV UT WOS:000189118200011 ER PT J AU Broeren, AP Bragg, MB Addy, HE AF Broeren, AP Bragg, MB Addy, HE TI Effect of intercycle ice accretions on airfoil performance SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB Results are presented of an experimental study designed to characterize and evaluate the aerodynamic performance penalties of residual and intercycle ice accretions that result from the cyclic operation of a typical aircraft deicing system. Icing wind-tunnel tests were carried out on a 36-in. chord NACA 23012 airfoil section equipped with a pneumatic deicer for several different Federal Air Regulation 25 Appendix C cloud conditions. Results from the icing tests showed that the intercycle ice accretions were much more severe in terms of size and shape than the residual ice accretions. Molds of selected intercycle ice shapes were made and converted to castings that were attached to the leading edge of a 36-in. chord NACA 23012 airfoil model for aerodynamic testing. The aerodynamic testing revealed that the intercycle ice shapes caused a significant performance degradation. Maximum lift coefficients were typically reduced about 60% from 1.8 (clean) to 0.7 (iced) and stall angles were reduced from 17 deg (clean) to 9 deg (iced). Changes in the Reynolds number (from 2.0 x 10(6) to 10.5 x 10(6)) and Mach number (from 0.10 to 0.28) did not significantly affect the iced-airfoil performance. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut Engn, Talbot Lab 306, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Icing Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Broeren, AP (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut Engn, Talbot Lab 306, 104 S Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM broeren@uiuc.edu; mbragg@uiuc.edu; Gene.Addy@nasa.gov NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 41 IS 1 BP 165 EP 174 DI 10.2514/1.1683 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 776LV UT WOS:000189118200019 ER PT J AU Scott, RC Silva, WA Florance, JR Keller, DF AF Scott, RC Silva, WA Florance, JR Keller, DF TI Unsteady pressures associated with vortical flows and forced oscillation SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 43rd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference CY APR 22-25, 2002 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroelast Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Scott, RC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroelast Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 41 IS 1 BP 186 EP 189 DI 10.2514/1.9086 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 776LV UT WOS:000189118200021 ER PT J AU Tanelli, S Im, E Durden, SL Facheris, L Giuli, D Smith, EA AF Tanelli, S Im, E Durden, SL Facheris, L Giuli, D Smith, EA TI Rainfall Doppler velocity measurements from spaceborne radar: Overcoming nonuniform beam-filling effects SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID APERTURE IMAGING RADAR AB For vertical Doppler velocity measurements of a homogeneous rain field, the standard spectral moment estimation techniques commonly used by ground-based and airborne Doppler rain radars can be readily extended for spaceborne application, provided that the radar antenna size is chosen to adequately reduce the satellite motion-induced Doppler spectral broadening. When encountering an inhomogeneous rain field, on the other hand, the nonuniform beam filling (NUBF) causes additional biases on Doppler velocity estimates, which (i) often reach several meters per second, (ii) cannot be corrected with standard spectral moment techniques, and (iii) are strongly dependent on the along-track reflectivity profile within the radar footprint. One approach to overcome this difficulty is to further increase the antenna size such that the radar's horizontal resolution would be sufficiently small to resolve the inhomogeneity in rain cells. Unfortunately, this approach is very challenging in terms of antenna technology and spacecraft resources and accommodation. In this paper, an alternate data processing approach is presented to overcome the NUBF difficulty. This combined frequency-time (CFT) processing technique is used to process a series of Doppler spectra collected over measurement volumes that are partially overlapping in the along-track direction. Its expected performance is evaluated through a spaceborne simulation study using three case studies from high-resolution 3D rainfall datasets acquired by the NASA JPL airborne rain mapping radar. In each of these cases, each representing a different rain regime with a different degree of spatial variability, the CFT technique can effectively remove the NUBF-induced bias such that the mean Doppler velocity estimates achieve the desired accuracy of 1 m s(-1) for a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10 dB. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Elettron & Telecomunicaz, Florence, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 300-227,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM eastwood.im@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 27 EP 44 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0027:RDVMFS>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770CZ UT WOS:000188706800002 ER PT J AU Moen, JI Tsurutani, BT AF Moen, JI Tsurutani, BT TI Space weather in the declining phase of the solar cycle SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moen, JI (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, POB 1048, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM jmoen@fys.uio.no; bruce.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 123 EP 123 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2003.10.001 PG 1 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770PW UT WOS:000188740100001 ER PT J AU Wu, CC Liou, K Lepping, RP Meng, CI AF Wu, CC Liou, K Lepping, RP Meng, CI TI Identification of substorms within storms SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Magnetic Storm-Substorm Workshop CY JUN 17-22, 2002 CL HENNINGSVAER, NORWAY DE storm; substorm; magnetic cloud ID MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; MAGNETIC STORMS; SOLAR-WIND; ORIGIN AB The storm-substorm relationship is one of the central issues in magnetospheric physics. Whether there is a unique relationship between substorms and storms is still being debated. During geomagnetic storm periods, magnetic disturbances take place globally, and auroras become very active over the entire oval. These often make identification of a substorm, which has smaller magnetic and optical effects, difficult, if not impossible. This study is based on 23 storms and 167 concurrent substorms that occurred from May 1996 to October 1998 with simultaneous global ultraviolet auroral observations from NASA's Polar mission. It is found that the auroral breakups occurred more frequently in the main phase than in the recovery phase within the storms, similar to45% of the studied events occurring within 10 h before the end (start) of the storm main (recovery) phase; the storm intensity (D-st) does not affect the occurrence of auroral breakup; and D-st changes (DeltaD(st)) have no effect on the occurrence frequency of auroral breakup. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Wu, CC (reprint author), Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM wuc@cspar.uah.edu RI Liou, Kan/C-2089-2016 OI Liou, Kan/0000-0001-5277-7688 NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2003.09.012 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770PW UT WOS:000188740100002 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Gonzalez, WD Zhou, XY Lepping, RP Bothmer, V AF Tsurutani, BT Gonzalez, WD Zhou, XY Lepping, RP Bothmer, V TI Properties of slow magnetic clouds SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Magnetic Storm-Substorm Workshop CY JUN 17-22, 2002 CL HENNINGSVAER, NORWAY DE slow magnetic clouds; geoeffectiveness; interplanetary magnetic fields ID GEOMAGNETIC STORM; SOLAR-WIND AB Slow ( Vsw < 400 km s(-1) magnetic clouds have been analyzed to determine their characteristics and geoeffectiveness. It is found that slow clouds have mean magnetic field strengths of similar to 13 nT, peak Bs similar to 9 nT, and dawn-dusk electric fields of E-SW similar to 2.5 mV m(-1). The clouds are small in spatial size, typically similar to 0.18 AU. The slowest events may have been accelerated to their speeds by interaction with the slow solar wind. Slow clouds are surprisingly geoeffective. Five out of 27 events caused major (D-ST less than or equal to - 100 nT) magnetic storms. Likewise, these geoeffective clouds may have been decelerated to Vsw < 400 km s-1. The issue of interplanetary acceleration/deceleration will be examined with SOHO coronal mass ejection data in the near future. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201970 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bruce.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 147 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2003.09.007 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770PW UT WOS:000188740100004 ER PT J AU Zhou, XY Tsurutani, BT AF Zhou, XY Tsurutani, BT TI Dawn and dusk auroras caused by gradual, intense solar wind ram pressure events SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Magnetic Storm-Substorm Workshop CY JUN 17-22, 2002 CL HENNINGSVAER, NORWAY ID KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; MAGNETOTAIL BOUNDARY; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; VISCOUS INTERACTION; JANUARY 10; POLAR-CAP; MAGNETOSPHERE; PRECIPITATION AB Using Polar UVI data, dawn and dusk auroras are studied. The auroras are shown to be controlled by gradual (T > 30 min), intense (P-ram greater than or equal to 10 nPa) solar wind ram pressure events when the interplanetary magnetic field is northward. The UV auroral intensities vary linearly with the solar wind ram pressure (pV(2)). As the pressure rises, the auroral intensity increases, and as the pressure returns to normal values, the auroral intensity decreases. Linear regression analyses have been performed, and resultant correlation coefficients for different events have been found to be significant. R values lie in a range of 0.79-0.97. The peak auroral intensities occur at peak solar wind pressures. The dawn and dusk auroras are speculated to be generated by some form of viscous interaction occurring on the magnetopause flanks, such as the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, magnetic or by shearing, and Alfven wave heating. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhou, XY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM xiaoyan.zhou@jpl.nasa.gov NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 153 EP 160 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2003.09.008 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770PW UT WOS:000188740100005 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, WD Dal Lago, A de Gonzalez, ALC Vieira, LEA Tsurutani, BT AF Gonzalez, WD Dal Lago, A de Gonzalez, ALC Vieira, LEA Tsurutani, BT TI Prediction of peak-Dst from halo CME/magnetic cloud-speed observations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Magnetic Storm-Substorm Workshop CY JUN 17-22, 2002 CL HENNINGSVAER, NORWAY DE magnetic storms; ICMEs; Dst predictions; solar wind speeds ID MAGNETIC CLOUDS; SOLAR-WIND AB From the analysis of different sets of magnetic clouds and focusing on the most probable value found for the peak amplitude of their negative B-z fields, we present an estimate for the peak intensity of the associated geomagnetic storms (peak Dst). Since the key parameter for this prediction scheme turns out to be the peak amplitude of the solar wind speed, we extend this prediction to halo CME events observed near the Sun and associated with the magnetic clouds. Thus, a prediction scheme for peak Dst, based on halo CME-expansion speed observation near the Sun and associated with magnetic clouds, is suggested for the first time. Furthermore, the relationship between the cloud's total magnetic field and its B-s component, empirically found for the two sets of the studied clouds, is consistently supported by the results obtained from a numerical study of magnetic clouds. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201970 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Gonzalez, WD (reprint author), Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, CP 515, BR-12201970 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. EM gonzalez@dge.inpe.br RI Vieira, Luis Eduardo/A-5548-2008 OI Vieira, Luis Eduardo/0000-0002-9376-475X NR 15 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2003.09.006 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770PW UT WOS:000188740100006 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Gonzalez, WD Guarnieri, F Kamide, Y Zhou, XY Arballo, JK AF Tsurutani, BT Gonzalez, WD Guarnieri, F Kamide, Y Zhou, XY Arballo, JK TI Are high-intensity long-duration continuous AE activity (HILDCAA) events substorm expansion events? SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Magnetic Storm-Substorm Workshop CY JUN 17-22, 2002 CL HENNINGSVAER, NORWAY DE high speed solar wind streams; Alfven waves; HILDCAAs; substorms ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; AURORAL SUBSTORM; STORM; CYCLE AB High-intensity, long-duration, continuous AE activity (HILDCAA) are magnetospheric/ionospheric events that occur during high-speed solar wind streams. The AE increases are caused by intermittent magnetic reconnection between southward components of interplanetary Alfven wave fluctuations and magnetopause magnetic fields. During solar minimum, corotating interaction regions (CIRs) created by corotating stream interactions with slow-speed streams cause relatively short duration moderate to minor magnetic storms. These storms are followed by lengthy (days to weeks) of HILDCAA intervals characterized by low levels of enhanced ring current activity (D-ST). Shorter HILDCAA intervals are also noted following interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME)-related storm events. Two intervals were chosen to study in detail using POLAR UVI imaging data to identify substorms. The first was an interval not associated with a storm. The second was a short interval following an ICME-related magnetic storm. Although substorms were detected during the HILDCAA intervals, there was little or no relationship between substorm occurrences and AE (-AL) increases. One possible explanation is that prompt penetration of interplanetary electric fields associated with magnetic reconnection lead to enhanced ionospheric westward electrojet current densities (-AL increases). These same dawn-to-dusk electric fields could lead to the convection of nightside outer magnetospheric/plasmasheet plasma, causing particle injection and D-ST decreases. Substorms must be caused by other processes, such as self-organized criticality. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa, Aichi 442, Japan. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 169-506,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bruce.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 66 IS 2 BP 167 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.jastp.2003.08.015 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770PW UT WOS:000188740100007 ER PT J AU Ansari, RR AF Ansari, RR TI Ocular static and dynamic light scattering: a noninvasive diagnostic tool for eye research and clinical practice SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS LA English DT Article DE static light scattering; dynamic light scattering; cataract; age-related macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy; Alzheimer's disease; ophthalmology; early detection; bioastronautics; telemedicine; ocular disease ID A-CRYSTALLIN PROMOTER; HUMAN LENS; TRANSGENIC MICE; CATARACT; PROTEIN; INHIBITION; PANTETHINE; RADIATION; PROBE AB The noninvasive techniques of static and dynamic light scattering are emerging as valuable diagnostic tools for the early detection of ocular and systemic diseases. These include corneal abnormalities, pigmentary dispersion syndrome, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic vitreopathy, and possibly macular degeneration. Systemic conditions such as diabetes and possibly Alzheimer's disease can potentially be detected early via ocular tissues. The current state of development of these techniques for application to ophthalmic research and ultimately clinical practice is reviewed. (C) 2004 society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ansari, RR (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Mail Stop 333-1,2100 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM rafat.r.ansari@nasa.gov NR 48 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1083-3668 J9 J BIOMED OPT JI J. Biomed. Opt. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 9 IS 1 BP 22 EP 37 DI 10.1117/1.1626663 PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 765BR UT WOS:000188247700003 PM 14715055 ER PT J AU Ansari, RR Bockle, S Rovati, L AF Ansari, RR Bockle, S Rovati, L TI New optical scheme for a polarimetric-based glucose sensor SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS LA English DT Article DE noninvasive glucose sensor; diabetes; polarimetry ID LIVING HUMAN-EYE; LOW-COHERENCE INTERFEROMETRY; CORNEAL BIREFRINGENCE; IN-VIVO; POLARIZATION; HETERODYNE; LENGTH; LIQUID; MODEL; LENS AB A new optical scheme to detect glucose concentration in the aqueous humor of the eye is presented. The ultimate aim is to apply this technique in designing a new instrument for, routinely and frequently, noninvasively monitoring blood glucose levels in diabetic patients without contact (no index matching) between the eye and the instrument. The optical scheme exploits the Brewster reflection of circularly polarized light off of the lens of the eye. Theoretically, this reflected linearly polarized light on its way to the detector is expected to rotate its state of polarization, owing to the presence of glucose molecules in the aqueous humor of a patient's eye. An experimental laboratory setup based on this scheme was designed and tested by measuring a range of known concentrations of glucose solutions dissolved in water. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Modena, Natl Inst Phys Matter, I-41100 Modena, Italy. Univ Modena, Dept Informat Engn, I-41100 Modena, Italy. RP Ansari, RR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Mail Stop 333-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM rafat.r.ansari@grc.nasa.gov RI Rovati, Luigi/K-3445-2015 OI Rovati, Luigi/0000-0002-1743-3043 NR 40 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1083-3668 J9 J BIOMED OPT JI J. Biomed. Opt. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 9 IS 1 BP 103 EP 115 DI 10.1117/1.1626664 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Optics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 765BR UT WOS:000188247700009 PM 14715061 ER PT J AU Singh, M Yee, BM AF Singh, M Yee, BM TI Light weight biomorphous cellular ceramics from cellulose templates SO JOURNAL OF CERAMIC PROCESSING RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biomorphous; cellular; cellulose; ceramics; processing; characterization ID SILICON-CARBIDE CERAMICS; COMPRESSIVE MECHANICAL-BEHAVIOR; WOOD; MICROSTRUCTURE; COMPOSITES AB Biomorphous ceramics are a new class of materials that can be fabricated from the cellulose templates derived from natural biopolymers. These biopolymers are abundantly available in nature and are produced by a photosynthesis process. The wood cellulose derived carbon templates have three-dimensional interconnectivity. A wide variety of non-oxide and oxide-based ceramics have been fabricated by template conversion using infiltration and reaction-based processes. The cellular anatomy of the cellulose templates plays a key role in determining the processing parameters (pyrolysis, infiltration conditions, etc.) and resulting ceramic materials. The processing approach, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the biomorphous cellular ceramics (silicon carbide and oxide based) are discussed. C1 QSS Grp Inc, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Singh, M (reprint author), QSS Grp Inc, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 106-5, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM msingh@grc.nasa.gov NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU KOREAN ASSOC CRYSTAL GROWTH, INC PI SEOUL PA SUNGDONG POST OFFICE, P O BOX 27, SEOUL 133-600, SOUTH KOREA SN 1229-9162 J9 J CERAM PROCESS RES JI J. Ceram. Process. Res. PY 2004 VL 5 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 836FX UT WOS:000222542200005 ER PT J AU Boone, A Habets, F Noilhan, J Clark, D Dirmeyer, P Fox, S Gusev, Y Haddeland, I Koster, R Lohmann, D Mahanama, S Mitchell, K Nasonova, O Niu, GY Pitman, A Polcher, J Shmakin, AB Tanaka, K van den Hurk, B Verant, S Verseghy, D Viterbo, P Yang, ZL AF Boone, A Habets, F Noilhan, J Clark, D Dirmeyer, P Fox, S Gusev, Y Haddeland, I Koster, R Lohmann, D Mahanama, S Mitchell, K Nasonova, O Niu, GY Pitman, A Polcher, J Shmakin, AB Tanaka, K van den Hurk, B Verant, S Verseghy, D Viterbo, P Yang, ZL TI The Rhone-aggregation land surface scheme intercomparison project: An overview SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; SOIL WETNESS PROJECT; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; SUBGRID VARIABILITY; WATER-BUDGET; RAINFALL INTERCEPTION; CLIMATE MODELS; ENERGY-BALANCE; RIVER FLOWS; SCALE AB The Rhone-Aggregation (Rhone-AGG) Land Surface Scheme (LSS) intercomparison project is an initiative within the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX)/Global Land - Atmosphere System Study ( GLASS) panel of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It is a intermediate step leading up to the next phase of the Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP) ( Phase 2), for which there will be a broader investigation of the aggregation between global scales (GSWP-1) and the river scale. This project makes use of the Rhone modeling system, which was developed in recent years by the French research community in order to study the continental water cycle on a regional scale. The main goals of this study are to investigate how 15 LSSs simulate the water balance for several annual cycles compared to data from a dense observation network consisting of daily discharge from over 145 gauges and daily snow depth from 24 sites, and to examine the impact of changing the spatial scale on the simulations. The overall evapotranspiration, runoff, and monthly change in water storage are similarly simulated by the LSSs, however, the differing partitioning among the fluxes results in very different river discharges and soil moisture equilibrium states. Subgrid runoff is especially important for discharge at the daily timescale and for smaller-scale basins. Also, models using an explicit treatment of the snowpack compared better with the observations than simpler composite schemes. Results from a series of scaling experiments are examined for which the spatial resolution of the computational grid is decreased to be consistent with large-scale atmospheric models. The impact of upscaling on the domain-averaged hydrological components is similar among most LSSs, with increased evaporation of water intercepted by the canopy and a decrease in surface runoff representing the most consistent inter-LSS responses. A significant finding is that the snow water equivalent is greatly reduced by upscaling in all LSSs but one that explicitly accounts for subgrid-scale orography effects on the atmospheric forcing. C1 Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere, F-31401 Toulouse, France. Meteo France, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Toulouse, France. Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford, Oxon, England. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Water Problems, Moscow 103064, Russia. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Norwegian Water Resources & Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway. NASA, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia. Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geog, Moscow 109017, Russia. Kyoto Univ, DPRI, Water Resources Res Ctr, Gokasho, Japan. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Meteorol Serv Canada, Climate Res Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX USA. RP Boone, A (reprint author), Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere, 18 Ave Edouard Belin,Room 214, F-31401 Toulouse, France. EM aaron.boone@free.fr RI Clark, Douglas/A-6102-2010; Viterbo, Pedro/B-7184-2008; Yang, Zong-Liang/B-4916-2011; Pitman, Andrew/A-7353-2011; Koster, Randal/F-5881-2012; Nasonova, Olga/B-6093-2014; gusev, yugeniy/G-4711-2014; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016; Niu, Guo-Yue/B-8317-2011 OI Clark, Douglas/0000-0003-1348-7922; Viterbo, Pedro/0000-0001-6587-3062; Pitman, Andrew/0000-0003-0604-3274; Koster, Randal/0000-0001-6418-6383; gusev, yugeniy/0000-0003-3886-2143; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752; NR 71 TC 126 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 187 EP 208 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0187:TRLSSI>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 759MX UT WOS:000187742400014 ER PT J AU Walker, SP AF Walker, SP TI Thermal effects on the compressive behavior of IM7/PETI5 laminates SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE composite laminates; environmental effects; compression strength; thermal; cure stresses; residual stresses ID FREE-EDGE AB The effect of changing operating temperature on the compressive response of IM7/PET15 composite laminates is investigated within this paper. The three temperatures evaluated for this study were -129, 21, and 177degreesC, a spectrum from cryogenic to an elevated operating temperature. Laminate compressive-strength property testing was conducted to generate strength data at the three operating temperatures of interest for several lay-ups. The Wyoming Combined-Load Compression fixture was chosen for the compression testing. The current investigation determined that the torque applied with utilizing the fixture needs to be adjusted for changing operating temperature. A three-dimensional finite element analysis model of a [90/0](8s), composite laminate subject to compressive loading is developed. The model is used to study the key attributes of the laminate that significantly influence the state of stress in the laminate. Both the resin-rich layer located between lamina and the thermal residual stresses present in the laminate due to curing are included in the analysis model. For the laminate modeled, conducting nonlinear analyses using temperature-dependent material properties was determined to be unnecessary for the operating temperatures studied. Simply using the temperature-dependent material properties measured at the operating temperature of interest while conducting a more expeditious linear analysis was sufficient for predicting stresses accurately for the current problem. The unique three-dimensional analysis results revealed that the application of an applied compressive axial load in the 0-degree direction decreased the interlaminar stresses present in the laminate initially due to curing. Therefore, failure was concluded not be attributable to the interlaminar stresses in the composite laminate being studied when a compressive load is applied. The measured laminate strength increase with a decrease in temperature is determined to be due to the increase in the lamina compressive axial strength with a decrease in temperature. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Walker, SP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 396, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM sandra.p.walker@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 149 EP 162 DI 10.1177/0021998304038648 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 771QR UT WOS:000188798000004 ER PT J AU Shivakumar, KN Smith, SA AF Shivakumar, KN Smith, SA TI In situ fracture toughness testing of core materials in sandwich panels SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE fracture toughness; modified cracked sandwich bearn; glass face-sheet; carbon face-sheet; PVC core; balsa core ID INTERFACIAL FRACTURE; CRACK KINKING; BEAMS; ADHESION AB The in Situ fracture toughness of six core materials was measured using a new test method. The materials tested were seven composite sandwich panels fabricated using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The core materials were VC or balsa of different densities. All of the core materials were tested with E-glass-vinylester face-sheets, while one was tested with carbon-epoxy face-sheets. The fracture tests were conducted using a modified Cracked Sandwich Beam (CSB) test configuration. The cracks in the foam-core panels grew in the sub-interface region and paralleled the interface. The distance from the interface to the location of the sub-interface crack was related to the mismatch in the material properties between the face-sheet and core. The fracture toughness of the PVC core materials ranged from 367 to 1350 J/m(2). The results for the sandwich specimens with PVC cores were compared to the Mode I fracture toughness of the neat PVC foam-core materials and values obtained from in situ testing of foam-cored sandwich panels using the Tilted Sandwich Debond (TSD) specimen with no tilt angle. The in Situ fracture toughness of the core materials in a sandwich panel was found to be significantly higher than the Mode I fracture toughness of core material even though the cracks grew completely within the core. The crack growth in the balsa-cored panels was significantly different than that of the cracks in the foam panels. The cracks in the balsa panels grew in one of the three distinct fashions: as an interface crack when bonding between face-sheet and core was weak, or when the bonding was strong. as a through-the-thickness crack, or a sub-interface crack. The fracture toughness of the sandwich specimens with balsa-core materials ranged from 693 to 1008 J/m(2). The results from the balsa-cored panels were compared to results obtained from similar balsa-cored sandwich materials using the Single Cantilever Beam (SCB) specimen. C1 N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Shivakumar, KN (reprint author), N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. EM kunnigal@garfield.ncat.edu NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2004 VL 38 IS 8 BP 655 EP 668 DI 10.1177/0021998304042392 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 820BY UT WOS:000221362700003 ER PT J AU Williams, RB Inman, DJ Schultz, MR Hyer, MW Wilkie, WK AF Williams, RB Inman, DJ Schultz, MR Hyer, MW Wilkie, WK TI Nonlinear tensile and shear behavior of macro fiber composite actuators SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE piezoceramic fibers; elastic properties; material nonlinearities ID END-TAB DESIGN AB The Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuator, developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, offers much higher flexibility and induced strain levels (similar to2000 muepsilon, peak-to-peak) than its monolithic piezoceramic predecessors. The focus of this work is twofold; to measure the four independent linear elastic engineering constants of the orthotropic MFC actuator under short-circuit electrical boundary conditions using standard tensile testing procedures, and to use these experimental results to characterize the nonlinear tensile and shear stress-strain behavior and Poisson effects using various plastic deformation models. The results can then be readily incorporated into the piezoelectric constitutive equation and ultimately into structural actuation models that accurately consider nonlinear mechanical behavior. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, CIMSS Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Struct Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Williams, RB (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, CIMSS Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM rowilli6@vt.edu NR 11 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 13 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2004 VL 38 IS 10 BP 855 EP 869 DI 10.1177/0021998304040555 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 824QY UT WOS:000221702300003 ER PT J AU Rahman, ZU Jobson, DJ AF Rahman, ZU Jobson, DJ TI Retinex processing for automatic image enhancement SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING LA English DT Article ID MULTISCALE RETINEX; INFORMATION-THEORY; COLOR-VISION; LIGHTNESS AB There has been a revivification of interest in the Retinex computation in the last six or seven years, especially in its use for image enhancement. In his last published concept (1986) for a Retinex computation, Land introduced a center/surround spatial form, which was Inspired by the receptive field structures of neurophysiology. With this as our starting point, we develop the Retinex concept into a full scale automatic image enhancement algorithm-the multiscale Retinex with color restoration (MSRCR)-which combines color constancy with local contrast/lightness enhancement to transform digital images into renditions that approach the realism of direct scene observation. Recently, we have been exploring the fundamental scientific questions raised by this form of image processing. 1. Is the linear representation of digital images adequate in visual terms in capturing the wide scene dynamic range? 2. Can visual quality measures using the MSRCR be developed? 3. Is there a canonical, i.e., statistically ideal, visual image? The answers to these questions can serve as the basis for automating visual assessment schemes, which, in turn, are a primitive first step in bringing visual intelligence to computers. (C) 2004 SPIE and IST. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Rahman, ZU (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. EM zrahman@as.wm.edu NR 38 TC 197 Z9 274 U1 5 U2 43 PU I S & T - SOC IMAGING SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PI SPRINGFIELD PA 7003 KILWORTH LANE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151 USA SN 1017-9909 J9 J ELECTRON IMAGING JI J. Electron. Imaging PD JAN PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 100 EP 110 DI 10.1117/1.1636183 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 803GZ UT WOS:000220220900012 ER PT J AU Verrilli, MJ Brewer, D AF Verrilli, MJ Brewer, D TI Characterization of ceramic matrix composite fasteners exposed in a combustor linear rig test SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 47th International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 03-06, 2002 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS AB Combustion tests on SiC/SiC CMC components were performed in an aircraft combustion environment using the rich-burn, quick-quench, lean-burn (RQL) sector rig. SiC/SiC fasteners were used to attach several of these components to the metallic rig structure. The effect of combustion exposure on the fastener material was characterized via microstructural examination. Fasteners were also destructively tested, after combustion exposure, and the failure loads of fasteners exposed in the sector rig were compared to those of as-manufactured fasteners. Combustion exposure reduced the average fastener failure load by 50% relative to the as-manufactured fasteners,for exposure times ranging from 50 to 260 hours. The fasteners exposed in the combustion environment demonstrated failure loads that varied with failure mode. Fasteners that had the highest average failure load, failed in the same manner as the unexposed fasteners. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Verrilli, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1 BP 45 EP 49 DI 10.1115/1.1639005 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 803NF UT WOS:000220237100008 ER PT J AU Kenny, A Palazzolo, A Montague, GT Kascak, AF AF Kenny, A Palazzolo, A Montague, GT Kascak, AF TI Theory and test correlation for laminate stacking factor effect on homopolar bearing stiffness SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA AB The effect of the laminate stacking factor on homopolar magnetic bearing performance is examined. Stacked laminates are used on the bearing rotor and in the stator. These laminate stacks have anisotropic permeability. Equations,for the effect of the stacking factor on homopolar bearing position stiffness are derived. Numerical results are calculated and compared to measurements. These results provide an answer for the common discrepancy between test and theory for homopolar magnetic bearing position stiffnesses. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kenny, A (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4795 J9 J ENG GAS TURB POWER JI J. Eng. Gas. Turbines Power-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1 BP 142 EP 146 DI 10.1115/1.1615258 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 803NF UT WOS:000220237100021 ER PT J AU Freed, AD AF Freed, AD TI Transverse-isotropic elastic viscoelastic solids SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID FINITE STRAIN AB A set of invariants are presented,for transverse-isotropic materials whose gradients produce strain fields, instead of deformation fields as is typically the case. Finite-strain theories,for elastic and K-BKZ-type viscoelastic solids are derived. Shear free and simple shearing deformations are employed to illustrate the constitutive theory. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res, Div Mat,Ctr Lewis Field, Polymers Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Biomed Engn, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. RP Freed, AD (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res, Div Mat,Ctr Lewis Field, Polymers Branch, MS 49-3,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Alan.D.Freed@nasa.gov OI Freed, Alan/0000-0002-3492-0628 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0094-4289 J9 J ENG MATER-T ASME JI J. Eng. Mater. Technol.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 DI 10.1115/1.1631030 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 770FD UT WOS:000188711800006 ER PT J AU Yang, JN Lei, Y Lin, S Huang, N AF Yang, JN Lei, Y Lin, S Huang, N TI Hilbert-Huang based approach for structural damage detection SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article DE damage assessment; structural safety; bench marks; data analysis ID IDENTIFICATION; SPECTRUM AB When measured data contain damage events of the structure, it is important to extract the information of damage as much as possible from the data. In this paper, two methods are proposed for such a purpose. The first method, based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), is intended to extract damage spikes due to a sudden change of structural stiffness from the measured data thereby detecting the damage time instants and damage locations. The second method, based on EMD and Hilbert transform is capable of (1) detecting the damage time instants, and (2) determining the natural frequencies and damping ratios of the structure before and after damage. The two proposed methods are applied to a benchmark problem established by the ASCE Task Group on Structural Health Monitoring. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods provide new and useful tools for the damage detection and evaluation of structures. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yang, JN (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Lei, ying/C-8567-2013 NR 28 TC 182 Z9 209 U1 2 U2 33 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2004 VL 130 IS 1 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.1061/(ACSE)0733-9399(2004)130:1(85) PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 759EE UT WOS:000187724700008 ER PT J AU Keckhut, P McDermid, S Swart, D McGee, T Godin-Beekmann, S Adriani, A Barnes, J Baray, JL Bencherif, H Claude, H di Sarra, AG Fiocco, G Hansen, G Hauchecorne, A Leblanc, T Lee, CH Pal, S Megie, G Nakane, H Neuber, R Steinbrecht, W Thayer, J AF Keckhut, P McDermid, S Swart, D McGee, T Godin-Beekmann, S Adriani, A Barnes, J Baray, JL Bencherif, H Claude, H di Sarra, AG Fiocco, G Hansen, G Hauchecorne, A Leblanc, T Lee, CH Pal, S Megie, G Nakane, H Neuber, R Steinbrecht, W Thayer, J TI Review of ozone and temperature lidar validations performed within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Review ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH; NEW-ZEALAND; STOIC 1989; PROFILER ASSESSMENT; VOLCANIC AEROSOLS; THERMAL STRUCTURE; GAS EXPERIMENT; RAMAN LIDAR; LAUDER AB The use of assimilation tools for satellite validation requires true estimates of the accuracy of the reference data. Since its inception, the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change ( NDSC) has provided systematic lidar measurements of ozone and temperature at several places around the world that are well adapted for satellite validations. Regular exercises have been organised to ensure the data quality at each individual site. These exercises can be separated into three categories: large scale intercomparisons using multiple instruments, including a mobile lidar; using satellite observations as a geographic transfer standards to compare measurements at different sites; and comparative investigations of the analysis software. NDSC is a research network, so each system has its own history, design, and analysis, and has participated differently in validation campaigns. There are still some technological differences that may explain different accuracies. However, the comparison campaigns performed over the last decade have always proved to be very helpful in improving the measurements. To date, more efforts have been devoted to characterising ozone measurements than to temperature observations. The synthesis of the published works shows that the network can potentially be considered as homogeneous within +/- 2% between 20 - 35 km for ozone and +/- 1 K between 35 - 60 km for temperature. Outside this altitude range, larger biases are reported and more efforts are required. In the lower stratosphere, Raman channels seem to improve comparisons but such capabilities were not systematically compared. At the top of the profiles, more investigations on analysis methodologies are still probably needed. SAGE II and GOMOS appear to be excellent tools for future ozone lidar validations but need to be better coordinated and take more advantage of assimilation tools. Also, temperature validations face major difficulties caused by atmospheric tides and therefore require intercomparisons with the mobile systems, at all sites. C1 Serv Aeron IPSL, Verrieres Le Buisson, France. Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CNR, Ist Fis Atmosfera, Rome, Italy. Mauna Loa Observ, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Hilo, HI USA. Univ La Reunion, Lab Phys Atmosphere, St Denis Messageries, Reunion. Meteorol Observ Hohenpeissenberg, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Rome, Italy. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. Kyung Hee Univ, Lidar Ctr, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Alfred Wegener Inst, Potsdam, Germany. SRI Int, Ctr Geospace Studies, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Keckhut, P (reprint author), Serv Aeron IPSL, Verrieres Le Buisson, France. RI Bencherif, Hassan/F-1671-2010; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/G-6113-2010; Hauchecorne, Alain/A-8489-2013; McGee, Thomas/G-4951-2013; Neuber, Roland/B-4923-2014; THAYER, JEFFREY P./B-7264-2016; di Sarra, Alcide/J-1491-2016; OI Hauchecorne, Alain/0000-0001-9888-6994; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/0000-0003-0680-6729; Neuber, Roland/0000-0001-7382-7832; THAYER, JEFFREY P./0000-0001-7127-8251; di Sarra, Alcide/0000-0002-2405-2898; Adriani, Alberto/0000-0003-4998-8008; Nakane, Hideaki/0000-0002-9032-6105 NR 59 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 9 BP 721 EP 733 DI 10.1039/b404256e PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 851BF UT WOS:000223659700001 PM 15346175 ER PT J AU Rothschild, LJ AF Rothschild, LJ TI Introductory remarks: Protozoology (protistology) at the dawn of the 21st century SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID APICOMPLEXAN PARASITES; EUKARYOTE; GENOME; OCEANOGRAPHY; DIVERSITY; EVOLUTION; BACTERIA; CLIMATE; PROTEIN; MALARIA C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Rothschild, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Mail Stop 239-20, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Lynn.J.Rothschild@nasa.gov NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 51 IS 1 BP 3 EP 7 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00155.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 775GH UT WOS:000189032000001 PM 15068260 ER PT J AU Thomas, RH AF Thomas, RH TI Force-perturbation analysis of recent thinning and acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbr ae, Greenland SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEST GREENLAND; GLACIER; ANTARCTICA; VELOCITIES; ALTIMETRY AB Observations between 1997 and 2001, of a 30% velocity increase and up to 60 in thinning of downstream parts of Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland, immediately following calving of about 4 km of its 15 km floating ice tongue, suggest that acceleration may have been initiated by the calving. Assuming that the force perturbation associated with such weakening is swiftly transmitted far up-glacier, I develop equations to estimate the perturbation. Initially, the observed changes are consistent with the comparatively small perturbation associated with the calving. Thereafter, it was probably sustained by thinning of the remaining ice tongue at rates of about 80 m a(-1). Otherwise, the force perturbation would soon have been balanced by reduction in the hydrostatic driving force for longitudinal creep as the glacier thinned, with velocities dropping to their former values. The calculated force perturbation increases to a maximum about 10 km inland of the grounding line, consistent with decreasing weight forces as the glacier thins over bedrock that slopes uphill seawards. Further inland, it progressively decreases, probably because marginal drag increased as the glacier accelerated. Both here and on the floating tongue, marginal ice appears to have been softened by the influence of locally intense shear on ice temperature and/or fabric. More recent observations show continued acceleration and thinning, and most of the remaining ice tongue calved away in April 2003, so thinning is likely to continue. C1 NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, EG&G Serv, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Ctr Estudios Cient, Valdivia, Chile. RP Thomas, RH (reprint author), NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, EG&G Serv, Bldg N-159, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM thomas@osb.wff.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 104 Z9 104 U1 3 U2 12 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2004 VL 50 IS 168 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.3189/172756504781830321 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 888YI UT WOS:000226409900006 ER PT J AU Joughin, I Tulaczyk, S MacAyeal, DR Engelhardt, H AF Joughin, I Tulaczyk, S MacAyeal, DR Engelhardt, H TI Melting and freezing beneath the Ross ice streams, Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEST ANTARCTICA; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; BASAL MECHANICS; MASS-BALANCE; SHEET; FLOW; STAGNATION; SHELF; RADAR; MODEL AB We have estimated temperature gradients and melt rates at the bottom of the ice streams in West Antarctica. Measured velocities were used to include the effects of horizontal advection and strain heating in the temperature model and to determine shear heating at the bed. Our modeled temperatures agree well with measured temperatures from boreholes in regions of steady flow. We find that ice-stream tributaries and the inland ice account for about 87% of the total melt generated beneath the Ross ice streams and their catchments. Our estimates indicate that the ice plains of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Stream C (even when active) have large areas subject to basal freezing, confirming earlier estimates that import of water from upstream is necessary to sustain motion. The relatively low melt rates on Whillans Ice Stream are consistent with observations of deceleration over the last few decades and suggest a shutdown may take place in the future, possibly within this century. While there are pockets of basal freezing beneath Ice Streams D and E, there are larger areas of basal melt that produce enough melt to more than offset the freezing, which is consistent with inferences of relatively steady flow for these ice streams over the last millennium. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Joughin, I (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. EM ian@apl.washington.edu RI Joughin, Ian/A-2998-2008; OI Joughin, Ian/0000-0001-6229-679X; MacAyeal, Douglas/0000-0003-0647-6176 NR 54 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 16 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2004 VL 50 IS 168 BP 96 EP 108 DI 10.3189/172756504781830295 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 888YI UT WOS:000226409900010 ER PT J AU Larour, E Rignot, E Aubry, D AF Larour, E Rignot, E Aubry, D TI Processes involved in the propagation of rifts near Hemmen Ice Rise, Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRACTURE-MECHANICS APPROACH; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; FILCHNER; PENETRATION; CREVASSES; GLACIERS; DYNAMICS; FRONT AB Interferometric radar images collected by ERS-1, ERS-2 and RADARSAT-1 are used to observe the rupture tip of rifts that propagate along Hemmen Ice Rise on the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Interferograms generated in 1992 and 1997 allow for the observation of ice deformation accumulated over 9 and 24 days respectively. These interferograms are combined, in order to separate the continuous process of creep deformation from the more cyclic motion caused by variations in ocean tide. An examination of local gradients in creep deformation reveals the pattern of ice deformation around and near the rupture tips and rifts with great precision (up to 10 cm a(-1)). We compare the observations with a deformation model for ice and obtain the following results: (1) The tidal oscillation of the Ronne Ice Shelf only yields small deformations along the rifts and near the rupture tips. (2) Along the ice front, the rifts and at the rupture tips, vertical bending is observed which is well explained by a model of viscous deformation of ice. Furthermore, the model indicates that the deformation pattern observed at the rupture tips is a sensitive indicator of the propagation state of the rifts (i.e. active vs inactive). (3) The viscous adjustment of ice is the dominant mode of deformation, masking the deformation pattern predicted by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). (4) Yet, at a spatial scale equivalent to the length of a rift, the propagation rate is well predicted by LEFM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ecole Cent Paris, Lab Mecan Sols Struct & Mat, UMR 8579, F-92295 Chatenay Malabry, France. RP Larour, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM eric.larour@jpl.nasa.gov RI Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; Aubry, Denis/M-7880-2014 OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2004 VL 50 IS 170 BP 329 EP 341 DI 10.3189/172756504781829837 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 939NR UT WOS:000230080200003 ER PT J AU Nghiem, SV Leshkevich, GA Stiles, BW AF Nghiem, SV Leshkevich, GA Stiles, BW TI Wind fields over the Great Lakes measured by the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; wind fields; storm; remote sensing; satellite; scatterometer ID RADAR CROSS-SECTION; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; MODEL FUNCTION; NSCAT OBSERVATIONS; GENERATED WAVES; OCEAN; SURFACE; STORM; BACKSCATTER; IMPACTS AB This paper demonstrates the utility of satellite scatterometer measurements for wind retrieval over the Great Lakes on a daily basis. We use data acquired by the SeaWinds Scatterometer on the QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite launched in June 1999 to derive wind speeds and directions over the lakes at a resolution of 12.5 km, which is two times finer than the QSCAT standard ocean wind product at a resolution of 25 km. To evaluate QSCAT performance for high-resolution measurements of lake wind vectors, we compare QSCAT results with Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System (GLCFS) nowcast windfields and with standard QSCAT measurements of ocean wind vectors. Although the satellite results over the Great Lakes are obtained with an ocean model function, QSCAT and GLCFS windfields compare well together for low to moderate wind conditions (4-32 knots). For wind speed, the analysis shows a correlation coefficient of 0.71, a bias of 2.6 knots in mean wind speed difference (nowcast wind is lower) with a root-mean-square (rms) deviation of 3.8 knots. For wind direction, the correlation coefficient is 0.94 with a very small value of 1.3degrees in mean wind direction bias and an rms deviation of 38degrees for all wind conditions. When excluding the low wind range of 4-12 knots, the rms deviation in wind direction reduces to 22degrees. Considering QSCAT requirements designed for ocean wind measurements and actual evaluations of QSCAT performance over ocean, results for high-resolution lake wind vectors indicate that QSCAT performs well over the Great Lakes. Moreover, we show that windfields derived from satellite scatterometer data before, during, and after a large storm in October 1999, with winds stronger than 50 knots, can monitor the storm development over large scales. The satellite results for storm monitoring are consistent with GLCFS nowcast winds and lake buoy measurements. A geophysical model function can be developed specifically for the Great Lakes using long-term data from satellite scatterometers, to derive more accurate wind fields for operational applications as well as scientific studies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Nghiem, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 300-235, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA. EM Son.V.Nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov NR 55 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 148 EP 165 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812SF UT WOS:000220858500014 ER PT J AU Mitchell, DG Doman, DB Key, DL Klyde, DH Leggett, DB Moorhouse, DJ Mason, DH Raney, DL Schmidt, DK AF Mitchell, DG Doman, DB Key, DL Klyde, DH Leggett, DB Moorhouse, DJ Mason, DH Raney, DL Schmidt, DK TI Evolution, revolution, and challenges of handling qualities SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article C1 Hoh Aeronaut Inc, Lomita, CA 90717 USA. USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Key Qual, Oceanside, CA 92056 USA. Syst Technol Inc, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA. Boeing Co, Philadelphia, PA 19078 USA. NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA. RP Mitchell, DG (reprint author), Hoh Aeronaut Inc, Lomita, CA 90717 USA. NR 88 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 27 IS 1 BP 12 EP 28 DI 10.2514/1.3252 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 765BE UT WOS:000188246600001 ER PT J AU Wang, PKC Yee, J Sayegh, EG Hadaegh, FY AF Wang, PKC Yee, J Sayegh, EG Hadaegh, FY TI Rule-based cooperative control of optically linked model spacecraft: Experimental study SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article AB An experimental study is made on the alignment of an optically linked autonomous model-spacecraft triad with features similar to those in a separated-spacecraft interferometer. Each model spacecraft is magnetically levitated and free to rotate about a fixed axis. Two laser beams are used to simulate the light from a distant star impinging on the collectors of a space interferometer. The laser beams reflected from the servo-controlled mirrors on the collector model spacecraft impinge on an optical sensor array mounted on the combiner model spacecraft. Simple rule-based cooperative controls are developed for optical alignment in the presence of rotational drift induced by external impulsive or persistent disturbances. These controls are driven by events defined by the laser-beam activation of certain sensors. The resulting controlled system is a hybrid continuous-time and discrete-event system. Experimental results show that the derived control laws are effective in achieving optical alignment of the model spacecraft triad, using only a small number of optical sensors with binary outputs, provided that the relative angular drift speeds are sufficiently small. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wang, PKC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 27 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.2514/1.9288 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 765BE UT WOS:000188246600008 ER PT J AU Wiemann, IM Ueno, T Schwartz, AK Yost, WT Hargens, AR AF Wiemann, IM Ueno, T Schwartz, AK Yost, WT Hargens, AR TI Noninvasive measurements of intramuscular pressure using ultrasound for detecting compartment syndromes. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Western Regional Meeting of the American-Federation-for-Medical-Research CY JAN 28-31, 2004 CL CARMEL, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Federat Med Res C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Med Ctr, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1 BP S93 EP S93 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 765ER UT WOS:000188254600104 ER PT J AU Wiemann, JM Ueno, T Schwartz, AK Yost, WT Hargens, AR AF Wiemann, JM Ueno, T Schwartz, AK Yost, WT Hargens, AR TI Noninvasive measurements of intramuscular pressure using ultrasound for detecting compartment syndromes. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Western Regional Meeting of the American-Federation-for-Medical-Research CY JAN 28-31, 2004 CL CARMEL, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Federat Med Res C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Med Ctr, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1 BP S161 EP S161 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 765ER UT WOS:000188254600488 ER PT J AU Corcovilos, TA Strayer, DM Asplund, N Yeh, NC AF Corcovilos, TA Strayer, DM Asplund, N Yeh, NC TI Multi-frequency superconducting cavity stabilized oscillators (SCSO) for quantum-gas measurements and gravitational physics SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Quantum Fluids and Solids CY AUG 03-08, 2003 CL UNIV NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO HO UNIV NEW MEXICO ID VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; HE-4 AB We report on the development of a superconducting cavity stabilized oscillator (SCSO) for use as a high-stability frequency source and for precision measurements. The SCSO system in its optimized condition has a potential frequency stability of parts in 10(17) to 10(18) over short measurement times (up to 10(3) s). It can also operate in two resonant modes, which provides useful diagnostics of sources of frequency instability. This paper describes the progress of applying our SCSO to precise measurements of the equation of state of He-4 gas near T-lambda and the concepts of using SCSO in conjunction with other ground and space clocks to perform tests of gravitational and relativistic physics. C1 CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Corcovilos, TA (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Corcovilos, Theodore/G-8699-2012 OI Corcovilos, Theodore/0000-0001-5716-1188 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 134 IS 1-2 BP 431 EP 436 DI 10.1023/B:JOLT.0000012591.58110.9c PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 764ZV UT WOS:000188241800065 ER PT J AU Lee, RAM Chatto, AR Sergatskov, DA Babkin, AV Boyd, STP Churilov, AM McCarson, TD Chui, TCP Day, PK Duncan, RV Goodstein, DL AF Lee, RAM Chatto, AR Sergatskov, DA Babkin, AV Boyd, STP Churilov, AM McCarson, TD Chui, TCP Day, PK Duncan, RV Goodstein, DL TI 'Heat from above' heat capacity measurements in liquid He-4 SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Quantum Fluids and Solids CY AUG 03-08, 2003 CL UNIV NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO HO UNIV NEW MEXICO ID SUPERFLUID TRANSITION; T-LAMBDA; HE-4; TEMPERATURE; DEPRESSION; ANOMALIES AB We have made heat, capacity measurements of superfluid He-4 at temperatures very close to the lambda point, T-lambda, in a constant heat flux, Q, when the helium sample is heated from above. In this configuration the helium enters a self-organized (SOC) heat transport state at a temperature T-SOC(Q), which for Q greater than or equal to 100 nW/cm(2) lies below T-lambda. At low Q we observe little or no deviation from the Q = 0 heat capacity up to T-SOC(Q); beyond this temperature the heat capacity appears to be sharply depressed, deviating dramatically from its bulk behaviour. This marks the formation and propagation of a SOC/superfluid two phase state, which we confirm with a simple model. The excellent agreement between data and model serves as an independent confirmation of the existence of the SOC state. As Q is increased (up to 6 muW/cm(2)) we observe a Q dependent depression in the heat capacity that occurs just below T-SOC(Q), when the entire sample is still superfuid. This is due to the emergence of a large thermal resistance in the sample, which we have measured and used to model the observed heat capacity depression. Our measurements of the superfluid thermal resistivity are a factor of ten larger than previous measurements by Baddar et al. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, RAM (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 134 IS 1-2 BP 495 EP 505 DI 10.1023/B:JOLT.0000012601.63124.60 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 764ZV UT WOS:000188241800075 ER PT J AU Zhou, JC Chuang, MH Lan, EH Dunn, B Gillman, PL Smith, SM AF Zhou, JC Chuang, MH Lan, EH Dunn, B Gillman, PL Smith, SM TI Immunoassays for cortisol using antibody-doped sol-gel silica SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ATRAZINE ANTIBODIES; MATRICES; ENCAPSULATION; PROTEINS; GLASS; SPACEFLIGHT; STABILITY; AFFINITY; FILMS AB Anti-cortisol was encapsulated in optically transparent sol - gel silica matrices and competitive immunoassays for cortisol were conducted using the antibody-doped silica material as sensing elements. Calibration curves were derived in the physiological relevant range for cortisol of 1 to 100 mug dl(-1). Sensing elements were prepared in both monolith and thin-film forms, and results show that with thin films, accessibility of antigen to the encapsulated antibody was improved leading to a significant reduction in the required assay time. Moreover, non-specific binding to the sol - gel silica matrix was well controlled. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Enterprise Advisory Serv Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Dunn, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM bdunn@ucla.edu NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2004 VL 14 IS 14 BP 2311 EP 2316 DI 10.1039/b401902d PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 845VH UT WOS:000223272900032 ER PT J AU Dutta, AK Penumadu, D Files, B AF Dutta, AK Penumadu, D Files, B TI Nanoindentation testing for evaluating modulus and hardness of single-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy composites SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LOAD AB Instrumented indentation testing was used to evaluate the changes in mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube composite specimens with varying weight percentage (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) of nanotubes using a low-viscosity liquid epoxy resin. The nanotubes were prepared using laser ablation technique. Reference tensile tests were also performed on the same samples, and relevant comparisons with indentation results were made. The variations in modulus and hardness obtained using nanoindentation (considering time effects) showed quantifiable differences between the various composite specimens, but differed from tensile test: data. The small changes in the observed stiffness and breaking strength of carbon nanotube composites was due to the formation of bundles, their curvy morphology, and microporosity in the specimens. Interesting fluctuations obtained from the interpreted values of modulus with depth of indentation is attributed to varying degrees of the local confining effect of nanotube bundles. Creep exponents for these nanocomposites were also evaluated and indicate considerable improvements. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, ES4 Mat & Proc Branch, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Dutta, AK (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 13 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 12 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 158 EP 164 DI 10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.158 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 833DH UT WOS:000222316100019 ER PT J AU Mehta, SK Cohrs, RJ Forghani, B Zerbe, G Gilden, DH Pierson, DL AF Mehta, SK Cohrs, RJ Forghani, B Zerbe, G Gilden, DH Pierson, DL TI Stress-induced subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in astronauts SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE human herpesvirus-3; DNA; PCR; saliva; space flight ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; RAMSAY-HUNT-SYNDROME; FACIAL PALSY; DNA; SPACEFLIGHT; GANGLIA; REINFECTION; PREVALENCE; VZV AB Varicella zoster virus (VZV) becomes latent in human ganglia after primary infection. VZV reactivation occurs primarily in elderly individuals, organ transplant recipients, and patients with cancer and AIDS, correlating with a specific decline in cell-mediated immunity to the virus. VZV can also reactivate after surgical stress. The unexpected occurrence of thoracic zoster 2 days before space flight in a 47-year-old healthy astronaut from a pool of 81 physically fit astronauts prompted our search for VZV reactivation during times of stress to determine whether VZV can also reactivate after non-surgical stress. We examined total DNA extracted from 312 saliva samples of eight astronauts before, during, and after space flight for VZV DNA by polymerase chain reaction: 112 samples were obtained 234-265 days before flight, 84 samples on days 2 through 13 of space flight, and 116 samples on days 1 through 15 after flight. Before space flight, only one of the 112 saliva samples from a single astronaut was positive for VZV DNA. In contrast, during and after space flight, 61 of 200 (30%) saliva samples were positive in all eight astronauts. No VZV DNA was detected in any of 88 saliva samples from 10 healthy control subjects. These results indicate that VZV can reactivate subclinically in healthy individuals after non-surgical stress. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Neurol, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Enterprise Advisory Serv Inc, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab Sect, Richmond, CA USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Denver, CO USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Gilden, DH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Neurol, Mail Stop B182,4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 06127]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS 32623] NR 26 TC 122 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 72 IS 1 BP 174 EP 179 DI 10.1002/jmv.10555 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 748TE UT WOS:000186876500025 PM 14635028 ER PT J AU Bertino, MF Hund, JF Sosa, J Zhang, G Sotiriou-Leventis, C Leventis, N Tokuhiro, AT Terry, J AF Bertino, MF Hund, JF Sosa, J Zhang, G Sotiriou-Leventis, C Leventis, N Tokuhiro, AT Terry, J TI High resolution patterning of silica aerogels SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Letter AB Three-dimensional metallic structures are fabricated with high spatial resolution in silica aerogels. In our method, silica hydrogels are prepared with a standard base-catalyzed route, and exchanged with an aqueous solution typically containing Ag+ ions (1 M) and 2-propanol (0.2 M). The metal ions are reduced photolytically with a table-top ultraviolet lamp, or radiolytically, with a focused Xray beam. We fabricated dots and lines as small as 30x70 mum, protruding for several min into the bulk of the materials. The hydrogels are eventually supercritically dried to yield aerogels, without any measurable change in the shape and spatial resolution of the lithographed structures. Transmission electron microscopy shows that illuminated regions are composed by Ag clusters with a size of several mum, separated by thin layers of silica. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Phys, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Div Mat, Polymers Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Nucl Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Bertino, MF (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Phys, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. RI ID, MRCAT/G-7586-2011 NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 333 IS 1 BP 108 EP 110 DI 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003-09-039 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 759FG UT WOS:000187727200016 ER PT J AU van Tuinen, M Hedges, SB AF van Tuinen, M Hedges, SB TI The effect of external and internal fossil calibrations on the avian evolutionary timescale SO JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; MODERN BIRDS; MOLECULAR EVIDENCE; PLACENTAL MAMMALS; DNA EVOLUTION; AQUATIC BIRDS; DIVERGENCE; ORIGIN; SEQUENCES; BIOGEOGRAPHY AB Molecular clocks can provide insights into the evolutionary timescale of groups with unusually biased or fragmentary fossil records, such as birds. In those cases, it is advantageous to establish internal anchor points-molecular time estimates-using the best external fossil calibrations. In turn, those anchor points can be used as calibrations for more detailed time estimation within the group under study. This method also avoids the inherent problems in drawing conclusions about the evolution of a group based on data tied to the poor fossil record of that same group. The galliform-anseriform divergence (similar to90 million years ago) is an example of such an ideal anchor point for molecular clock analyses in birds. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Penn State Univ, Mueller Lab 208, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Astrobiol Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP van Tuinen, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 63 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3360 J9 J PALEONTOL JI J. Paleontol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 45 EP 50 DI 10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0045:TEOEAI>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 761VU UT WOS:000187936800005 ER PT J AU Drouin, BJ Fischer, J Garnache, RR AF Drouin, BJ Fischer, J Garnache, RR TI Temperature dependent pressure induced lineshape of O-3 rotational transitions in air SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE ozone; linewidths; pressure broadening; atmospheric spectra; lineshape ID HCL VIBRATION-ROTATION; SPECTRAL-LINES; PURE ROTATION; IMPACT THEORY; OZONE LINES; BROADENING COEFFICIENTS; MULTIPOLE MOMENTS; WATER-VAPOR; SHIFTS; WIDTHS AB The pressure induced broadening of a series of pure rotational transitions of ozone have been measured as a function of temperature. Results of experiments are compared with calculations employing the complex semiclassical theory of Robert and Bonamy. This set of rotational transitions is the dominant feature of the millimeter and submillimeter ozone spectra to be measured in the upcoming EOS-MLS mission. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Environm Earth & Atmospher Sci, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. RP Drouin, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 51 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 83 IS 1 BP 63 EP 81 AR PII S0022-4073(02)00293-5 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(02)00293-5 PG 19 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 725RK UT WOS:000185556000004 ER PT J AU Meier, A Goldman, A Manning, PS Stephen, TM Rinsland, CP Jones, NB Wood, SW AF Meier, A Goldman, A Manning, PS Stephen, TM Rinsland, CP Jones, NB Wood, SW TI Improvements to air mass calculations for ground-based infrared measurements SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS; KITT PEAK; OZONE AB High-resolution ground-based infrared solar spectra are routinely recorded at the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) stations. These data sets play a key role in providing a long-term record of atmospheric composition and their links to climate change. The analysis of observed infrared spectra involves comparison to a computer-modeled atmosphere where knowledge of the air mass distribution is an essential component. This note summarises improvements made to an existing and widely used computer code (FSCATM) to perform refractive ray-tracing and calculation of the air mass distribution. Changes were made towards higher vertical resolution in the troposphere and increased numerical precision. The revised FSCATM improves the analysis of infrared spectra mostly through the more accurate representation of the temperature profile. Air mass differences with respect to earlier versions are documented and are typically <0.7%, exceptions being extreme cases of inversion layers. The current version provides ray tracing and air mass calculations for any terrestrial observation site. The output files are reported in a format compatible with the SFIT and SFIT2 retrieval algorithms, which are widely used for NDSC infrared atmospheric studies. The improved computer code, documentation, reference profiles, and test cases are available electronically. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Wollongong, Dept Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Univ Denver, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NIWA Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Central Otago, New Zealand. RP Meier, A (reprint author), Univ Wollongong, Dept Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. RI Jones, Nicholas/G-5575-2011 OI Jones, Nicholas/0000-0002-0111-2368 NR 15 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 83 IS 1 BP 109 EP 113 AR PII S0022-4073(02)00018-3 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(02)00018-3 PG 5 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 725RK UT WOS:000185556000007 ER PT J AU Zhao, WM Minnetyan, L Chamis, CC AF Zhao, WM Minnetyan, L Chamis, CC TI Fracture propagation in composites with biaxial fiber reinforcement SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE braided composite; C(T) specimen; notch angle; computational simulation; fracture characteristics ID PROGRESSIVE FRACTURE AB Fracture characteristics such as damage progression, work of fracture, ultimate fracture loads. and failure modes are evaluated by computational simulation for composites with biaxial braided fiber reinforcements. Several Graphite-Epoxy Mode I compact tension (C(T)) specimens with different biaxial fiber orientations are modeled and simulated. Damage initiation, growth, and propagation processes at the microscopic level are tracked, enabling a more insightful interpretation of the test results. The effects of ply-layup with various orientations of the braid axis with reference to the notch directions are investigated with respect to their influences on damage and fracture progression characteristics. Results validate the computational simulation method and identify fracture characteristics for biaxially reinforced composites. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Minnetyan, L (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. EM levon@clarkson.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 221 EP 234 DI 10.1177/0731684404031654 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 770EN UT WOS:000188710400009 ER PT J AU Kim, HS Ghoshal, A Chattopadhyay, A Prosser, WH AF Kim, HS Ghoshal, A Chattopadhyay, A Prosser, WH TI Development of embedded sensor models in composite laminates for structural health monitoring SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE embedded sensing; composite laminates; acoustic emission; delaminations AB A framework is developed to study the transient analysis of composite laminated plates with embedded discrete and continuous sensors in the presence of delaminations. The computational modeling involves development of a finite element scheme using an improved layerwise laminate theory to model laminates of arbitrary thickness. Parametric studies are conducted using laminated plates with both embedded sensors and continuous sensor architecture. The response of the plates under both low-frequency vibration and high-frequency acoustic emission are investigated. The effects on plate displacement and sensor outputs due to delaminations are studied. The scattering of the acoustic emission caused by the presence of delaminations is also investigated. It is expected that the developed model would be a useful tool in simulation studies aimed at characterizing the presence of delaminations in composite laminated structures. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Ghoshal, A (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch, MS 231,3B E Taylor St,Bldg 1230B-Rm 190, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM anindo_ghoshal@yahoo.com RI Kim, Heung Soo /F-6611-2011 OI Kim, Heung Soo /0000-0001-7057-5174 NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 2004 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1207 EP 1240 DI 10.1177/0731684404039703 PG 34 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 842MQ UT WOS:000223008800007 ER PT J AU Williams, RB Grimsley, BW Inman, DJ Wilkie, WK AF Williams, RB Grimsley, BW Inman, DJ Wilkie, WK TI Manufacturing and cure kinetics modeling for macro fiber composite actuators SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE macro fiber composite; manufacturing; cure kinetics; DSC AB The use of piezoelectric ceramic materials for structural actuation is a fairly well-developed practice that has found use in a wide variety of applications. However, just as advanced composites offer many benefits over traditional engineering materials for structural design, actuators that utilize the active properties of piezoelectric fibers can improve upon many of the limitations encountered with monolithic piezoceramic devices used to control structural dynamics. This paper discusses the Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuator, which utilizes piezoceramic fibers, for example, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), embedded in an epoxy matrix for structural actuation. An overview of the MFC assembly process is presented, followed by a cure kinetics model that describes the behavior of the thermosetting epoxy matrix. This empirical model is seen to agree closely with the experimental data. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Mech Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA USA. NASA Langley Res Ctr, Struct Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA USA. RP Williams, RB (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Mech Engn, 310 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM rowilli6@vt.edu NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 2004 VL 23 IS 16 BP 1741 EP 1754 DI 10.1177/0731684404040171 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 876FE UT WOS:000225481100006 ER PT J AU Korte, JJ AF Korte, JJ TI Introduction: New methods for architecture selection and conceptual design SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Korte, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 41 IS 1 BP 9 EP 9 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 777CM UT WOS:000189156900001 ER PT J AU Morscher, GN Yun, HM DiCarlo, JA Thomas-Ogbuji, L AF Morscher, GN Yun, HM DiCarlo, JA Thomas-Ogbuji, L TI Effect of a boron nitride interphase that debonds between the interphase and the matrix in SiC/SiC composites SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID INTERMEDIATE-TEMPERATURE; STRESS-RUPTURE; MINICOMPOSITES; INTERFACES; BEHAVIOR; STRENGTH; CRACKING; STRAIN; AIR AB Typically, the debonding and sliding interface enabling fiber pullout for SiC-fiber-reinforced SiC-matrix composites with BN-based interphases occurs between the fiber and the interphase. Recently, composites have been fabricated where interface debonding and sliding occur between the BN interphase and the matrix. This results in two major improvements in mechanical properties. First, significantly higher failure strains were attained due to the lower interfacial shear strength with no loss in ultimate strength properties of the composites. Second, significantly longer stress-rupture times at higher stresses were observed in air at 815degreesC. In addition, no loss in mechanical properties was observed for composites that did not possess a thin carbon layer between the fiber and the interphase when subjected to burner-rig exposure. Two primary factors were hypothesized for the occurrence of debonding and sliding between the BN interphase and the SiC matrix: a weaker interface at the BN/matrix interface than the fiber/BN interface and a residual tensile/shear stress-state at the BN/matrix interface of melt-infiltrated composites. Also, the occurrence of outside debonding was believed to occur during composite fabrication, i.e., on cooldown after molten silicon infiltration. C1 Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH USA. QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. RP Morscher, GN (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 104 EP 112 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 767FH UT WOS:000188429200017 ER PT J AU Booth, ER Wilbur, ML AF Booth, ER Wilbur, ML TI Acoustic aspects of Active-Twist Rotor control SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 58th Annual Forum of the American-Helicopter-Society CY JUN 11-13, 2002 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Helicopter Soc ID HIGHER HARMONIC CONTROL; NOISE; VIBRATION AB The use of an Active Twist Rotor system to provide both vibration reduction and performance enhancement has been explored in recent analytical and experimental studies. Effects of active-twist control on rotor noise, however, had not been determined. During a recent wind tunnel test of an active-twist rotor system, a set of acoustic measurements were obtained to assess the effects of active-twist control on noise produced by the rotor, especially blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise. It was found that for rotor operating conditions where BVI noise is dominant, active-twist control provided a reduction in BVI noise level up to about 3 dB. However, low frequency noise was found to increase up to 7 dB and vibration levels were usually adversely affected, in some cases doubling the amplitude, for operating conditions favoring minimum BVI noise. Conversely, operating conditions favoring minimum vibration levels affected BVI noise levels, with both increases and reductions on the order of 3 dB, and also incurred low frequency noise increases up to 7 dB. Minimum vibration levels representing a 90% reduction from baseline loads were observed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, AAAC, Aeriaciyst Brabcg, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Res Lab, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Booth, ER (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, AAAC, Aeriaciyst Brabcg, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 766JA UT WOS:000188372200001 ER PT J AU Brooks, TF Burley, CL AF Brooks, TF Burley, CL TI Blade Wake Interaction noise for a main rotor SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION; AIRFOIL; VORTEX; FLOW AB Fundamental characteristics of Blade Wake Interaction (BWI) noise are determined, and a prediction method is developed, using acoustic and blade pressure data from a 4-bladed BO-105 model helicopter main rotor. BWI is a broadband noise source caused by the blade interactions with turbulence in the rotor wake, particularly about tip vortices. The data are from the rotor aeroacoustic test program called HART that was jointly conducted by European and American government agencies in the German-Dutch Wind Tunnel, DNW. The test data include simultaneous measurements of instantaneous blade pressures and acoustic time histories. The statistical character of the BWI is determined from the instantaneous surface pressures. A BWI noise metric is developed and BWI noise directivity contours (similar to those typically presented for BVI noise) are presented and shown to be a function of rotor tip-path-plane angle. Similarly, BWI blade pressure contours over the rotor disk are presented. Causality relations between the blade pressures and acoustic data are developed for the prediction of BWI noise. The predictions use blade response coherence functions obtained using cross-spectral methods. Comparison between predicted and measured noise shows good agreement over the large range of rotor flight tilt angles of the test. This success demonstrates that the causality of the BWI noise problem is established and the prediction code can form a basis of a comprehensive rotor broadband noise capability. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Brooks, TF (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1 BP 11 EP 27 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 766JA UT WOS:000188372200002 ER PT J AU Burley, CL Brooks, TF AF Burley, CL Brooks, TF TI Rotor broadband noise prediction with comparison to model data SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/CEAS 7th Aeroacoustics Conference CY MAY 28-30, 2001 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, CEAS ID BLADE-VORTEX INTERACTION; TRAILING EDGE NOISE; AIRFOIL AB This paper reports new analysis and prediction development of rotor broadband noise. The two primary components of this noise are blade-wake interaction (BWI) noise, due to the blades' interaction with the turbulent wakes of the preceding blades, and "Self" noise, due to the development and shedding of turbulence within the blades' boundary layers. Emphasized in this report is new modeling and code development for rotor blade self noise. The analysis and validation employs data from the HART program, a model BO-105 rotor test conducted in the German-Dutch Wind Tunnel (DNW). The BWI noise predictions are based on measured pressure response coherence functions using cross-spectral methods. The self noise predictions are based on previously reported semi-empirical modeling obtained from isolated airfoil sections but include new modeling and code developments for higher speeds, inclusion of all Doppler effects and capability to define performance and local blade segment flow conditions and positions from advanced comprehensive rotorcraft analysis such as CAMRAD.Mod1. Both BWI and self noise from individual blade segments are now Doppler shifted and summed at the observer positions. Prediction comparisons with measurements show good agreement for a range of rotor operating conditions from climb to steep descent. The broadband noise predictions, along with those of harmonic and impulsive Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise predictions, demonstrate a significant advance in predictive capability for main rotor noise. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroacoust Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Burley, CL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroacoust Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1 BP 28 EP 42 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 766JA UT WOS:000188372200003 ER PT J AU Goins, GD Yorio, NC Wheeler, RM AF Goins, GD Yorio, NC Wheeler, RM TI Influence of nitrogen nutrition management on biomass partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency indices in hydroponically grown potato SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; tuber initiation; pH control; fertilization; nitrate; ammonium; electrical conductivity ID SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM-L; NITRATE UPTAKE; DRY-MATTER; AMMONIUM-NITRATE; PLANTS; YIELD; WATER; ASSIMILATION; FERTILIZER; METABOLISM AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been conducting controlled environment research with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in recirculating nutrient film technique (NFT)-hydroponic systems as a human life support component during long-duration spaceflight. Standard nutrient solution management approaches include constant pH regulation with nitric acid (HNO3) and daily adjustment of electrical conductivity (EC) equivalent to half-strength modified Hoagland's solution, where nitrate (NO3-) is the sole nitrogen (N) source. Although tuber yields have been excellent with such an approach, N use efficiency indices are expected to be low relative to tuber biomass production. Furthermore, the high amount of N used in NFT-hydroponics, typically results in high inedible biomass, which conflicts with the need to minimize system mass, volume, and expenditure of resources for long-duration missions. More effective strategies of N fertilization need to be developed to more closely match N supply with demand of the crop. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to identify the optimal N management regime and plant N requirement to achieve high yields and to avoid inefficient use of N and excess inedible biomass production. In separate 84-day cropping experiments, three N management protocols were tested. Treatments which decreased NO3--N supply indirectly through lowering nutrient solution EC (Expt. 1), or disabling pH control, and/or supplying NH4+-N (Expt. 111) did not significantly benefit tuber yield, but did influence N use efficiency indices. When supplied with an external 7.5 mm NO3--N for the first 42 days after planting (DAP), lowered to 1.0 mm NO3--N during the final 42 days (Expt. 11), plants were able to achieve yields on par with plants which received constant 7.5 mm NO3--N (control). By abruptly decreasing N supply at tuber initiation in Expt. 11, less N was taken up and accumulated by plants compared to those which received high constant N (control). However, proportionately more plant accumulated N was used (N use efficiency) to produce tuber biomass when N supply was abruptly lowered at tuber initiation in Expt. II. Hence, a hydroponic nutrient solution N management system may be modified to elicit greater plant N-use while maintaining overall high tuber yield as opposed to achieving high tuber yields through excess N supply and shoot growth. C1 Dynamac Corp, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Goins, GD (reprint author), Dynamac Corp, Mail Code DYN-3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 47 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 28 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 129 IS 1 BP 134 EP 140 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 752RZ UT WOS:000187182100021 PM 15880890 ER PT J AU Juang, JN Kim, HY Junkins, JL AF Juang, JN Kim, HY Junkins, JL TI An efficient and robust singular value method for star pattern recognition and attitude determination SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; ALGORITHM AB A new star pattern recognition method is developed using singular value decomposition of a measured unit column vector matrix in a measurement frame and the corresponding cataloged vector matrix in a reference frame. It is shown that singular values and right singular vectors are invariant with respect to coordinate transformation and robust under uncertainty. One advantage of singular value comparison is that a pairing process for individual measured and cataloged stars is not necessary, and the attitude estimation and pattern recognition process are not separated. An associated method for mission catalog design is introduced and simulation results are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Aerosp & Ocean Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Juang, JN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 12 U2 13 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-JUN PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 211 EP 220 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 902XQ UT WOS:000227390400012 ER PT J AU Markley, FL AF Markley, FL TI Attitude estimation or quaternion estimation? SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID VECTOR OBSERVATIONS; SPACECRAFT; REPRESENTATIONS; CONSTRAINT; FILTER AB The absence of a globally nonsingular three-parameter representation of the rotation group forces attitude Kalman filters to estimate either a singular or a redundant attitude representation. We compare two filtering strategies using simplified kinematics and measurement models. Our favored strategy estimates a three-parameter representation of attitude deviations from a reference attitude specified by a higher-dimensional nonsingular parameterization. The deviations from the reference are assumed to be small enough to avoid any singularity or discontinuity of the three-dimensional parameterization. We point out some disadvantages of the other strategy, which directly estimates the four-component quaternion representation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Markley, FL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Syst Engn Branch, Code 591, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM landis.markley@nasa.gov NR 32 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-JUN PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 221 EP 238 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 902XQ UT WOS:000227390400013 ER PT J AU Bhagwat, V Langer, JP Bhat, I Dutta, PS Refaat, T Abedin, MN AF Bhagwat, V Langer, JP Bhat, I Dutta, PS Refaat, T Abedin, MN TI A comparison of dry plasma and wet chemical etching of GaSb photodiodes SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE; III-V SEMICONDUCTORS; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; ALGAAS; GAAS; DIODES; DISCHARGES; ANTIMONIDE; MIXTURES; DEVICES AB We report on the performance of GaSb pn junction photodiodes fabricated using electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching using Cl-2 /Ar recipe, a mixed gas recipe consisting of Cl-2 /BCl3 /CH4 /Ar/H-2 and wet chemical etching. Diodes fabricated using Cl-2 /BCl3 /CH4 /Ar/H-2 recipe show an order of magnitude lower leakage current density and lower ideality factor. The highest value of the zero bias dynamic resistance-area product was obtained for Cl-2/BCl3/CH4 /Ar/H-2 etched diodes and was equal to 830 Omega cm(2) as compared to 300 Omegacm(2) for Cl-2 /Ar and 330 Omega cm(2) for wet etching. Spectral responsivity of Cl-2/BCl3/CH4/Ar/H-2 etched diodes was observed to be three times that of Cl-2/Ar and wet etched diodes. Overall, the diodes etched using the recently reported Cl-2/BCl3/CH4/Ar/H-2 recipe provided the best optical and electrical characteristics. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Integrated Elect, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Bhagwat, V (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Ctr Integrated Elect, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM duttap@rpi.edu NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 5 BP A728 EP A730 DI 10.1149/1.1691551 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 821CI UT WOS:000221436900011 ER PT J AU Ratnakumar, BV Smart, MC Whitcanack, LD Davies, ED Chin, KB Deligiannis, F Surampudi, S AF Ratnakumar, BV Smart, MC Whitcanack, LD Davies, ED Chin, KB Deligiannis, F Surampudi, S TI Behavior of Li-ion cells in high-intensity radiation environments SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LOW-TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE; ELECTROLYTES; BATTERIES; GRAPHITE AB Planetary exploration missions to Jupiter and its moons require that the power system components, including batteries, be tolerant to high intensities, about 4 Mrad, of gamma-radiation. In view of the several polymeric materials used as separators and binders and the use of organic electrolyte solutions in Li-ion cells, it is difficult to predict their response to such radiation environments. Therefore, a detailed experimental evaluation was undertaken to determine the performance of Li-ion cells after exposure to various levels of cumulative radiation levels up to 25 Mrad, at different levels of intensities. Prototype cells, obtained from two domestic sources for aerospace lithium-ion batteries and consisting of two different chemistries, were used as test articles. Discharge performances, at ambient and low temperatures, as well as, electrical impedance spectroscopy responses were determined after each exposure, and analyses were made for the impedance characteristics and their changes upon irradiation. Postradiation cycling tests were carried out on these cells to assess their cyclability subsequent to radiation exposure. Although control measurements were not made on cells without radiation, these studies reveal that the lithium-ion cells display good tolerance to radiation, with only marginal decline in their capacity, and with no significant change in capacity fade rate during subsequent cycling. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Electrochem Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ratnakumar, BV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Electrochem Technol Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rvbugga@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 4 BP A652 EP A659 DI 10.1149/1.1666128 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 808HR UT WOS:000220560700024 ER PT J AU Nguyen, QN Opila, EJ Robinson, RC AF Nguyen, QN Opila, EJ Robinson, RC TI Oxidation of ultrahigh temperature ceramics in water vapor SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs) including HfB2+20 vol % SiC (HS), ZrB2+20 vol % SiC (ZS), and ZrB2+30 vol % C+14 vol % SiC (ZCS) have been investigated for use as potential aeropropulsion engine materials. These materials were oxidized in water vapor (90%) using a cyclic vertical furnace at 1 atm. The total exposure time was 10 h at temperatures of 1200, 1300, and 1400degreesC. Chemically vapor deposited SiC was also evaluated as a baseline for comparison. Weight change, X-ray diffraction analyses, surface and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were performed. These results are compared with tests conducted in a stagnant air furnace at temperatures of 1327degreesC for 100 min, and with high pressure burner rig (HPBR) results at 1100 and 1300degreesC at 6 atm for 50 h. Low velocity water vapor does not contribute significantly to the oxidation rates of UHTCs when compared to stagnant air. The parabolic rate constants at 1300degreesC, range from 0.29-16.0 mg(2)/cm(4) h for HS and ZCS, respectively, with ZS results between these two values. Comparison of results for UHTCs tested in the furnace in 90% water vapor with HPBR results was difficult due to significant sample loss caused by spallation in the increased velocity of the HPBR. Total recession measurements are also reported for the two test environments. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nguyen, QN (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM QuynhGiao.N.Nguyen@NASA.gov NR 11 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2004 VL 151 IS 10 BP B558 EP B562 DI 10.1149/1.1786929 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 865BW UT WOS:000224678500040 ER PT J AU Singh, M Yee, BM AF Singh, M Yee, BM TI Reactive processing of environmentally conscious, biomorphic ceramics from natural wood precursors SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Ceramic Processing Science (8 ICCPS) CY SEP 02-05, 2002 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY SP FCRA, NEDO, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Europea Commiss COST 528 Program DE biomorphic materials; infiltration; SiC; wood precursors; ZrO2 ID SILICON-CARBIDE CERAMICS; MICROSTRUCTURE; COMPOSITES AB Environmentally conscious, biomorphic ceramics (Ecoceramics) are a new class of materials that are manufactured from renewable resources and wastes. In this study, silicon carbide and oxide-based biomorphic ceramics have been fabricated from pine and jelutong wood precursors. A carbonaceous preform is produced through wood pyrolysis and subsequent infiltration with oxides (ZrO2 sols) and liquid silicon to form ceramics. These biomorphic ceramics show a wide variety of microstructures, densities, and hardness behavior that are determined by the type of wood and infiltrants selected. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Singh, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 19 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00244-9 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 739LT UT WOS:000186348500008 ER PT J AU Mishchenko, MI Hovenier, JW Mackowski, DW AF Mishchenko, MI Hovenier, JW Mackowski, DW TI Single scattering by a small volume element SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-SCATTERING; ORIENTED PARTICLES; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; MATRICES; BISPHERES AB Starting from first principles, we present a detailed analysis of the concept of single scattering of light by a small volume element filled with sparsely and randomly positioned particles. We first derive the formulas of the far-field single-scattering approximation, which treats the volume element as a single scatterer, and discuss its range of applicability, using for illustration exact T-matrix results for randomly oriented two-sphere clusters. Our second approach is to treat the volume element as a small cloud of particles and apply the so-called first-order-scattering approximation. We demonstrate that although the two approaches are based on somewhat different sets of assumptions, they give essentially the same result for the electromagnetic response of a sufficiently distant polarization-sensitive detector. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Astronom Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Auburn Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Mishchenko, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2800 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM crmim@giss.nasa.gov RI Mackowski, Daniel/K-1917-2013; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 NR 34 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 71 EP 87 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.21.000071 PG 17 WC Optics SC Optics GA 761BW UT WOS:000187880400008 PM 14725399 ER PT J AU Lundblad, N Aveline, DC Thompson, RJ Kohel, JM Ramirez-Serrano, J Klipstein, WM Enzer, DG Yu, N Maleki, L AF Lundblad, N Aveline, DC Thompson, RJ Kohel, JM Ramirez-Serrano, J Klipstein, WM Enzer, DG Yu, N Maleki, L TI Two-species cold atomic beam SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; ULTRACOLD COLLISIONS; GAS AB We generate a bright atomic beam containing laser-cooled rubidium and cesium, and we use this beam to load a mixed-species ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) magneto-optical trap. We have characterized our two-species atomic beam over a range of operating conditions, and we obtain similar atom fluxes for each species. Within the UHV trap, interspecies inelastic collisions are observed in the form of enhanced decay rates of a given species in the presence of a second trapped species. We analyze the trap decays to obtain a loss rate due to heteronuclear cold collisions, and we compare our result to similar measurements in vapor-cell traps. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lundblad, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Lundblad, Nathan/A-9965-2009 OI Lundblad, Nathan/0000-0003-0430-8064 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 3 EP 6 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.21.000003 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 759EH UT WOS:000187725000001 ER PT J AU Cowen, JE Riga, AT Hepp, AF Duraj, SA Banger, K McClarnon, R AF Cowen, JE Riga, AT Hepp, AF Duraj, SA Banger, K McClarnon, R TI Synthesis and characterization of CuInS2 single source precursors for chemical vapor deposition SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY LA English DT Article DE DSC; NMR; precursors; TG; thin films AB A family of single source precursors, for the spray chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of chalcopyrite thin films (CuInS2), has been synthesized in good yields (ca. 65%). Newly synthesized compounds include [{L}(2)Cu(SR)(2)In(SR)(2)], (R=alkyl, aryl; L=neutral donor ligand). The use of the single source precursors provides an attractive alternative over conventionally used multi-source precursors, which are often toxic, air sensitive and pyrophoric. However, it is desirable that these thin films be processed on flexible polymer substrates such as Kapton(TM). Therefore, milder deposition temperatures are needed to maintain the structural integrity of the underlying polymer substrates. By selective manipulation of the steric and electronic properties of the precursor, milder processing temperatures may be employed, while mainting the desired stoichiometry of the deposited films. Elucidation of the structures have been confirmed by the use of NMR. Thermal analytical techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), have been employed to determine thermal profiles of each candidate compound. C1 Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. Ohio Aeorspace Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Cowen, JE (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, 2351 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. EM Jonathan.E.Cowen@grc.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-6150 J9 J THERM ANAL CALORIM JI J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. PY 2004 VL 75 IS 3 BP 929 EP 935 DI 10.1023/B:JTAN.0000027186.42050.ed PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 807OL UT WOS:000220510700020 ER PT J AU Levin, E Wright, MJ AF Levin, E Wright, MJ TI Collision integrals for ion-neutral interactions of nitrogen and oxygen SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT CROSS-SECTIONS; DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS; POTENTIAL PARAMETERS; HIGH-TEMPERATURES; CHARGE-TRANSFER; AIR; SYSTEMS; POLARIZABILITY; HYDROGEN; FORCES AB Diffusion and viscosity collision integrals are computed for all ion-neutral binary interactions that occur in high-temperature partially ionized air, using a Tang-Toennies interaction potential. Resonant charge transfer effects are included as appropriate. Results are compared to more accurate computations where available. The computed collision integrals are estimated to be accurate to within +/-25% over a temperature range from room temperature to 12,000 K. The data are presented in tabular form, making them immediately useful for engineering computations such as computational-fluid-dynamics simulations of reentry vehicles. C1 ELORET Corp, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 USA. RP Levin, E (reprint author), ELORET Corp, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 230-3,Moffett Field, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 USA. NR 35 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 143 EP 147 DI 10.2514/1.2552 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 766HQ UT WOS:000188371300019 ER PT J AU Kapadia, S Roy, S Heidmann, J AF Kapadia, S Roy, S Heidmann, J TI First hybrid turbulence modeling for turbine blade cooling SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID HOLES C1 Kettering Univ, Computat Plasma Dynam Lab, Flint, MI 48504 USA. NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kapadia, S (reprint author), Kettering Univ, Computat Plasma Dynam Lab, Flint, MI 48504 USA. EM kapa9202@kettering.edu; sroy@kettefing.edu; heidmann@nasa.gov RI Roy, Subrata/A-7493-2009 NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 154 EP 156 DI 10.2514/1.2824 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 766HQ UT WOS:000188371300022 ER PT J AU DellaCorte, C Zaldana, AR Radil, KC AF DellaCorte, C Zaldana, AR Radil, KC TI A systems approach to the solid lubrication of foil air bearings for oil-free turbomachinery SO JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT STLE/ASME Joint International Tribology Conference CY OCT 26-29, 2003 CL PONTE VEDRA, FLORIDA SP STLE, ASME AB Foil air bearings are self-acting hydrodynamic bearings which rely upon solid lubricants to reduce friction and minimize wear during sliding which occurs at start-up and shutdown when surface speeds are too low to allow the formation of a hydrodynamic air film. This solid lubrication is typically accomplished by coating the nonmoving foil surface with a thin, soft polymeric film. The following paper introduces a systems approach in which the solid lubrication is provided by a combination of self lubricating shaft coatings coupled with various wear resistant and lubricating foil coatings. The use of multiple materials, each providing different functions is modeled after oil-lubricated hydrodynamic sleeve bearing technology which utilizes various coatings and surface treatments in conjunction with oil lubricants to achieve optimum performance. In this study, room temperature load capacity tests are performed on journal foil air bearings operating at 14,000 rpm. Different shaft and foil coating technologies such as plasma sprayed composites, ceramic, polymer and inorganic lubricant coatings are evaluated as foil bearing lubricants. The results indicate that bearing performance is improved through the individual use of the lubricants and treatments tested. Further combining several solid lubricants together yielded synergistically better results than any material alone. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. USA, Res Lab, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP DellaCorte, C (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 14 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4787 J9 J TRIBOL-T ASME JI J. Tribol.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1 BP 200 EP 207 DI 10.1115/1.1609485 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 767TR UT WOS:000188469200024 ER PT J AU Culley, DE Bright, MM Prahst, PS Strazisar, AJ AF Culley, DE Bright, MM Prahst, PS Strazisar, AJ TI Active flow separation control of a stator vane using embedded injection in a multistage compressor experiment SO JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 16-19, 2003 CL ATLANTA, GA AB Active flow control has been applied to the suction surface of stator vanes in a low speed axial compressor Injection from the suction surface has been shown to reduce separation on vanes that were induced to separate by increasing the vane stagger angle by 3degrees deg. Various configurations were investigated including injector geometry (slots versus holes) and type of injection (steady versus unsteady). Unsteady injection was realized using two different approaches; external actuation through a high frequency valve and embedded actuation using a fluidic device internal to the vane. Using total pressure loss through the vane passage as a metric, reductions in area-averaged loss of 25% were achieved using injected mass flow rates on the order of 1% of compressor throughflow. The development of a tracking control algorithm was also explored for the purpose of closed-loop control. A reliable method of detecting surface separation was implemented using unsteady pressure measurements on the compressor casing near the vane suction surface. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Culley, DE (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0889-504X J9 J TURBOMACH JI J. Turbomach.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1 BP 24 EP 34 DI 10.1115/1.1643912 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 809ZG UT WOS:000220674000003 ER PT J AU Giel, PW Boyle, RJ Bunker, RS AF Giel, PW Boyle, RJ Bunker, RS TI Measurements and predictions of heat transfer on rotor blades in a transonic turbine cascade SO JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 16-19, 2003 CL ATLANTA, GA ID TURBULENCE; TRANSITION; NUMBER; FLOWS AB Detailed heat transfer measurements and predictions are given for a power generation turbine rotor with 127 deg of nominal turning and an axial chord of 130 mm. Data were obtained for a set of four exit Reynolds numbers comprised of the facility maximum point of 2.50 10(6), as well as conditions which represent 50%, 25%, and 15% of this maximum condition. Three ideal exit pressure ratios were examined including the design point of 1.443, as well as conditions which represent -25% and +20% of the design value. Three inlet flow angles were examined including the design point and +/-5 deg off-design angles. Measurements were made in a linear cascade with highly three-dimensional blade passage flows that resulted from the high flow turning and thick inlet boundary layers. Inlet turbulence was generated with a blown square bar grid. The purpose of the work is the extension of three-dimensional predictive modeling capability for airfoil external heat transfer to engine specific conditions including blade shape, Reynolds numbers, and Mach numbers. Data were obtained by a steady-state technique using a thin-foil heater wrapped around a low thermal conductivity blade. Surface temperatures were measured using calibrated liquid crystals. The results show the effects of strong secondary vortical flows, laminar-to-turbulent transition, and also show good detail in the stagnation region. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, OSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. GE Co, Global Res Ctr, Schenectady, NY 12301 USA. RP Giel, PW (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, OSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Paul.W.Giel@grc.nasa.gov; Robert.J.Boyle@grc.nasa.gov; bunker@crd.ge.com NR 33 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0889-504X J9 J TURBOMACH JI J. Turbomach.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1 BP 110 EP 121 DI 10.1115/1.1643383 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 809ZG UT WOS:000220674000012 ER PT J AU Yun, MH Bock, J Holmes, W Koch, T Mulder, J Vasquez, RP Wild, L Lange, A AF Yun, MH Bock, J Holmes, W Koch, T Mulder, J Vasquez, RP Wild, L Lange, A TI Microfabrication of silicon-nitride micromesh bolometric detectors for planck high frequency instrument SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 49th International AVS Symposium CY NOV 04-08, 2002 CL DENVER, COLORADO AB The high frequency instrument (HFI) on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/European Space, Agency Planck Surveyor, scheduled for launch in 2007, will map the entire sky in six frequency bands ranging from 100 to 857 GHz to probe cosmic microwave background anisotropy and polarization with angular resolution ranging from 9' to 5'. The HFI focal plane will contain 48 silicon-nitride micromesh bolometers operating from a 100 mK heat sink. Four detectors in each of the six bands will detect unpolarized radiation. An additional four pairs of detectors will provide sensitivity to linear polarization of emissions at 143, 217, and 353 GHz. We have fabricated and developed sensitive Si3N4 micromesh spider-web bolometers for submillimeter observation using microelectromechanical system techniques. The spiderweb architecture in this research provides high infrared absorption with minimal heat capacity and volume. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Yun, MH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM minhee.yun@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 220 EP 225 DI 10.1116/1.1642644 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 808MS UT WOS:000220573800044 ER PT J AU Wang, DW Tzou, HS Lee, HJ AF Wang, DW Tzou, HS Lee, HJ TI Control of nonlinear electro/elastic beam and plate systems (Finite element formulation and analysis) SO JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND ACOUSTICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID TRIANGULAR SHELL ELEMENTS; MULTIFIELD ACTUATIONS; MODAL VOLTAGES; PIEZOTHERMOELASTICITY; DYNAMICS; SHEAR AB linear theory and they should be treated as "nonlinear" structures. A generic nonlinear finite element formulation for vibration sensing and control analysis of laminated electro/elastic nonlinear shell structures is derived based on the virtual work principle. A generic curved triangular piezoelectric shell element is proposed based on the layerwise constant shear angle theory. The dynamic system equations, equations of electric potential output and feedback control fore I e defined in a matrix form are derived. The modified Newton-Raphson method is adopted for nonlinear dynamic analysis of large and complex piezoelectric/elastic/control structures. A finite element code for vibration sensing and control analysis of nonlinear active piezoelectric structronic systems is developed. The developed piezoelectric shell element and finite element code are validated and then applied to control analysis of flexible electro-elastic (piezoelectric/elastic) structural systems. Vibration control of constant-curvature electro/elastic beam and plate systems are studied. Time-history responses of free and controlled nonlinear electro/elastic beam and plate systems are presented and nonlinear effects discussed. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Mech Engn, StrucTron Lab, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Struct & Acoust Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Wang, DW (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Mech Engn, StrucTron Lab, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1048-9002 J9 J VIB ACOUST JI J. Vib. Acoust.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2004 VL 126 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1115/1.1640357 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 800OF UT WOS:000220036900008 ER PT J AU Crespo, LG Sun, JQ AF Crespo, LG Sun, JQ TI On the feedback linearization of the Lorenz system SO JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND CONTROL LA English DT Article DE feedback linearization; differential flatness; Lorenz system; composite controllers; chaos control AB In this paper we present a control study of the Lorenz system via feedback linearization using the Rayleigh number as a control variable. The effects of the state transformation on the dynamics of the system are studied first. Then, composite controls are derived for both stabilization and tracking problems. The transition through the manifold where the state transformation is singular and the system is insensitive to the control is achieved by inducing the natural chaotic response of the system within a boundary layer. Outside the boundary layer, the control designed via feedback linearization is applied. Tracking problems that involve single and cooperative objectives are studied by using differential flatness. A good understanding of the system dynamics proves to be invaluable in the design of better controls. C1 ICASE, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Engn Mech, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Crespo, LG (reprint author), ICASE, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 132C, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1077-5463 J9 J VIB CONTROL JI J. Vib. Control PD JAN PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 85 EP 100 DI 10.1177/107754604030944 PG 16 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 770BF UT WOS:000188702800005 ER PT J AU Brooks, KR Stone, LS AF Brooks, KR Stone, LS TI Stereomotion speed perception: Contributions from both changing disparity and interocular velocity difference over a range of relative disparities SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE binocular vision; motion in depth; 3D motion; depth perception ID MOTION-IN-DEPTH; VISUAL-FIELD; DISCRIMINATION; DIRECTION; VERGENCE; CONTRAST; THRESHOLDS; MECHANISMS; STEREOPSIS; MOVEMENT AB The role of two binocular cues to motion in depth - changing disparity (CD) and interocular velocity difference (IOVD) - was investigated by measuring stereomotion speed discrimination and static disparity discrimination performance (stereoacuity). Speed discrimination thresholds were assessed both for random dot stereograms (RDS), and for their temporally uncorrelated equivalents, dynamic random dot stereograms (DRDS), at relative disparity pedestals of - 19, 0, and +19 arcmin. While RDS stimuli contain both CD and IOVD cues, DRDS stimuli carry only CD information. On average, thresholds were a factor of 1.7 higher for DRDS than for RDS stimuli with no clear effect of relative disparity pedestal. Results were similar for approaching and receding targets. Variations in stimulus duration had no significant effect on thresholds, and there was no observed correlation between stimulus displacement and perceived speed, confirming that subjects responded to stimulus speed in each condition. Stereoacuity was equally good for our RDS and DRDS stimuli, showing that the difference in stereomotion speed discrimination performance for these stimuli was not due to any difference in the precision of the disparity cue. In addition, when we altered stereomotion stimulus trajectory by independently manipulating the speeds and directions of its monocular half-images, perceived stereomotion speed remained accurate. This finding is inconsistent with response strategies based on properties of either monocular half-image motion, or any ad hoc combination of the monocular speeds. We conclude that although subjects are able to discriminate stereomotion speed reliably on the basis of CD information alone, IOVD provides a precise additional cue to stereomotion speed perception. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Informat Proc Res Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Brooks, KR (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychol, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. EM k.brooks@unsw.edu.au OI Brooks, Kevin/0000-0003-1424-4092 NR 42 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2004 VL 4 IS 12 BP 1061 EP 1079 DI 10.1167/4.12.6 PG 19 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 897WS UT WOS:000227037300006 PM 15669911 ER PT J AU Davoudzadeh, F Liu, NS AF Davoudzadeh, F Liu, NS TI Mach number distribution and plume direction prediction of a rocket thruster operating at four different combustion chamber pressures SO JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Davoudzadeh, F (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 5-10,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Farhad.Davoudzadeh@grc.nasa.gov; Nan-Suey.Liu1@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1343-8875 J9 J VISUAL-JAPAN JI J. Vis. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 1 BP 7 EP 7 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 772CK UT WOS:000188822900006 ER PT J AU Davoudzadeh, F Liu, NS AF Davoudzadeh, F Liu, NS TI Numerical simulation of shock waves and their interaction in a supersonic rocket engine operating at different conditions SO JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Davoudzadeh, F (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 5-10,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Farhad.Davoudzadeh@grc.nasa.gov; Nan-Suey.Liu-1@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1343-8875 J9 J VISUAL-JAPAN JI J. Vis. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 2 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 816YK UT WOS:000221145000003 ER PT J AU Davoudzadeh, F Liu, NS AF Davoudzadeh, F Liu, NS TI Computational fluid dynamics simulation of a supersonic rocket thruster flow compared with experimental data SO JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Davoudzadeh, F (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 5-10,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Farhad.Davoudzadeh@grc.nasa.gov; Nan-Suey.Liu-1@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1343-8875 J9 J VISUAL-JAPAN JI J. Vis. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 3 BP 173 EP 173 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 842EH UT WOS:000222985500002 ER PT S AU Jones, HP AF Jones, HP BE Negoita, MG Howlett, RJ Jain, LC TI Counting magnetic bipoles on the sun by polarity inversion SO KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 3, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems CY SEP, 2004 CL Wellington Inst Technol, Wellington, NEW ZEALAND SP Royal Soc New Zealand, IPENZ, New Zealand Trade & Enterprise, Telecom, Allied Telesyn, Positively Wellington Business HO Wellington Inst Technol ID ACTIVE REGIONS AB This paper presents a simple and efficient algorithm for deriving images of polarity inversion from NSO/Kitt Peak magnetograms without use of contouring routines and shows by example how these maps depend upon the spatial scale for filtering the raw data. Smaller filtering scales produce many localized closed contours in mixed polarity regions while supergranular and larger filtering scales produce more global patterns. The apparent continuity of an inversion line depends on how the spatial filtering is accomplished, but its shape depends only on scale. The total length of the magnetic polarity inversion contours varies as a power law of the filter scale with fractal dimension of order 1.9. The amplitude but not the exponent of this power-law relation varies with solar activity. The results are compared to similar analyses of areal distributions of bipolar magnetic regions. C1 NASA, Natl Solar Observ, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab,SW Solar Stn, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. RP Jones, HP (reprint author), NASA, Natl Solar Observ, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab,SW Solar Stn, POB 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. EM hjones@nso.edu NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23205-2 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2004 VL 3215 BP 433 EP 438 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BBB77 UT WOS:000224585500058 ER PT S AU Malanushenko, O Jones, HP AF Malanushenko, O Jones, HP BE Negoita, MG Howlett, RJ Jain, LC TI Correlation of the He I 1083 nm line width and intensity as a coronal hole identifier SO KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 3, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems CY SEP, 2004 CL Wellington Inst Technol, Wellington, NEW ZEALAND SP Royal Soc New Zealand, IPENZ, New Zealand Trade & Enterprise, Telecom, Allied Telesyn, Positively Wellington Business HO Wellington Inst Technol AB The locations of coronal holes are usually based on equivalent width images in the He 1 1083 urn line. However, it is difficult to differentiate coronal holes from the centers of quiet chromospheric network without complementary data and the skill of an experienced observer. Analysis of imaging spectroscopy shows that line width and central intensity are oppositely correlated in coronal holes and quiet Sun. This fact can be used to form images of linear combinations of these quantities in which coronal holes are easily identified. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, SW Solar Stn,Natl Solar Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Malanushenko, O (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, SW Solar Stn,Natl Solar Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM elena@noao.edu; hjones@noao.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23205-2 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2004 VL 3215 BP 439 EP 445 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BBB77 UT WOS:000224585500059 ER PT B AU Tratt, DM AF Tratt, DM BE Singh, UN TI Laser remote sensing: Addressing key measurement challenges in the Earth sciences SO LASER RADAR TECHNIQUES FOR ATMOSPHERIC SENSING SE BBA LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Techniques for Atmospheric Sensing CY SEP 14-16, 2004 CL Maspalomas, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt, NASA, European Opt Soc DE lidar; laser radar; laser altimetry; Earth remote sensing ID LIDAR EXPERIMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SPACE; TOPOGRAPHY; MISSION; ALTIMETER; CLIMATE; WINDS; ICE; AIR AB Although laser remote sensing techniques have been applied to a variety of environmental measurement tasks for several decades, it has not been until relatively recently that the promise held by lidar and laser radar has begun to be exploited for global measurements from an Earth-orbiting vantage point. Notwithstanding the successful demonstration of high-resolution laser altimetry and cloud/aerosol profiling from orbital platforms in the last decade, full realization of the potential for these techniques to address important Earth science questions awaits the availability of next generation instruments incorporating durable, high-performance laser transmitters and advanced receiver technologies. Some of the most critical, high-impact Earth science measurement applications are enabled by lidar techniques - in some cases uniquely so. This paper describes some of these scenarios and also the philosophy underlying the investment that the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is making in order to pro-actively accelerate technology development in certain key areas that will contribute to our future ability to field advanced laser remote sensing instrumentation in space. C1 NASA, Earth Sci Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tratt, DM (reprint author), NASA, Earth Sci Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI Tratt, David/0000-0002-3942-6848 NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-5522-9 J9 BBA LIB PY 2004 VL 5575 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1117/12.568748 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBN57 UT WOS:000226283500001 ER PT B AU Winker, DM Hunt, W Hostetler, C AF Winker, DM Hunt, W Hostetler, C BE Singh, UN TI Status and performance of the CALIOP lidar SO LASER RADAR TECHNIQUES FOR ATMOSPHERIC SENSING SE BBA LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Techniques for Atmospheric Sensing CY SEP 14-16, 2004 CL Maspalomas, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt, NASA, European Opt Soc AB The Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) is the primary instrument on the CALIPSO satellite, which is scheduled to launch in 2005. CALIOP will provide profiles of total backscatter at two wavelengths, from which aerosol and cloud profiles will be derived. The instrument also measures the linear depolarization of the backscattered return, allowing discrimination of cloud phase and the identification of the presence of non-spherical aerosols. CALIOP is complete and has been tested in a ground-based configuration. This paper provides information on basic characteristics and performance of CALIOP. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Winker, DM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS-435, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 2 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-5522-9 J9 BBA LIB PY 2004 VL 5575 BP 8 EP 15 DI 10.1117/12.571955 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBN57 UT WOS:000226283500002 ER PT B AU Vaughan, M Young, S Winker, D Powell, K Omar, A Liu, ZY Hu, YX Hostetler, C AF Vaughan, M Young, S Winker, D Powell, K Omar, A Liu, ZY Hu, YX Hostetler, C BE Singh, UN TI Fully automated analysis of space-based lidar data: an overview of the CALIPSO retrieval algorithms and data products SO LASER RADAR TECHNIQUES FOR ATMOSPHERIC SENSING SE BBA LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Techniques for Atmospheric Sensing CY SEP 14-16, 2004 CL Maspalomas, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt, NASA, European Opt Soc ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CIRRUS CLOUDS; EXTINCTION RATIOS; BACKSCATTER; SCATTERING; AEROSOLS; PROFILES; LAYERS; LITE AB The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations(1) (CALIPSO) satellite will be launched in April of 2005, and will make continuous measurements of the Earth's atmosphere for the following three years. Retrieving the spatial and optical properties of clouds and aerosols from the CALIPSO lidar backscatter data will be confronted by a number of difficulties that are not faced in the analysis of ground-based data. Among these are the very large distance from the target, the high speed at which the satellite traverses the ground track, and the ensuing low signal-to-noise ratios that result from the mass and power restrictions imposed on space-based platforms. In this work we describe an integrated analysis scheme that employs a nested, multi-grid averaging technique designed to optimize tradeoffs between spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. We present an overview of the three fundamental retrieval algorithms (boundary location, feature classification, and optical properties analysis), and illustrate their interconnections using data product examples that include feature top and base altitudes, feature type (i.e., cloud or aerosol), and layer optical depths. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SAIC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Vaughan, M (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SAIC, Mail Stop 435, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Young, Stuart/A-8641-2011; Liu, Zhaoyan/B-1783-2010; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012; Omar, Ali/D-7102-2017 OI Young, Stuart/0000-0001-6434-9816; Liu, Zhaoyan/0000-0003-4996-5738; Omar, Ali/0000-0003-1871-9235 NR 33 TC 160 Z9 163 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-5522-9 J9 BBA LIB PY 2004 VL 5575 BP 16 EP 30 DI 10.1117/12.572024 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBN57 UT WOS:000226283500003 ER PT S AU Koch, GJ Petros, M Barnes, BW Beyon, JY Amzajerdian, F Yu, JR Kavaya, MJ Singh, UN AF Koch, GJ Petros, M Barnes, BW Beyon, JY Amzajerdian, F Yu, JR Kavaya, MJ Singh, UN BE Kamerman, GW TI Validar: a testbed for advanced 2-micron Doppler lidar SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications IX CY APR 13-15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE lidar; coherent lidar; DIAL; wind; solid-state lasers ID TM-YLF LASER; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SPACE AB High-energy 2-mum lasers have been incorporated in a breadboard coherent Doppler lidar to test component technologies and explore applications for remote sensing of the atmosphere. Design of the lidar is presented including aspects in the laser transmitter, receiver, photodetector, and signal processing. Sample data is presented on wind profiling and CO2 concentration measurements. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Koch, GJ (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5335-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5412 BP 87 EP 98 DI 10.1117/12.542116 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAZ39 UT WOS:000224312200009 ER PT S AU Hu, YX AF Hu, YX BE Werner, C TI Circular component measurements and particle shape determination: A Monte Carlo simulation study SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY FOR REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology for Remote Sensing CY SEP 08-09, 2003 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt, NASA, European Opt Soc DE circular polarization; lidar; ice; water ID LIDAR RETURNS; ICE CRYSTALS; SCATTERING; DEPOLARIZATION; POLARIZATION; PHASE; LIGHT AB Monitoring aviation safety hazards, such as icing conditions, and retrieving cloud physical properties for climate modeling studies requires cloud thermodynamic phase (water/ice) discrimination. Polarization information from lidar measurement provide such information. Depolarization of lidar backscattering indicates that the scattering cloud particles are non-spherical (i.e., ice clouds). For space based lidar measurements, backscatter from water cloud particles is also depolarized because of multiple scattering. Thus cloud water/ice discrimination is not straight-forward. An alternative method which is less sensitive to multiple scattering is proposed in this study. The new approach is based on the fact that there are big differences in P-44 (an element of the scattering phase matrix) at 1800 between spherical and non-spherical particles. When the incident beam is left-hand-circularly polarized, backscattering by a nonspherical particle is also left handed. Circular component of backscattering by a spherical particle is right-handed for left-hand-circularly polarized incident beam. Monte Carlo simulations with full Stokes vector indicate that multiple scattering does not affect the sphere/non-sphere determination with this new circular polarization approach. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hu, YX (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS 435, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5123-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5240 BP 94 EP 103 DI 10.1117/12.510268 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BY56P UT WOS:000189409800011 ER PT S AU Vaughan, M AF Vaughan, M BE Werner, C TI Algorithm for retrieving lidar ratios at 1064 nm from space-based lidar backscatter data SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY FOR REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology for Remote Sensing CY SEP 08-09, 2003 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt, NASA, European Opt Soc DE lidar; lidar ratio; extinction; algorithm ID 2-COMPONENT ATMOSPHERE; INVERSION ALGORITHM; EXTINCTION; CIRRUS; CLOUDS AB Accurate estimation of cloud and aerosol optical depths using backscatter lidar data requires knowledge of the particulate lidar ratio (i.e., the extinction-to-backscatter ratio). In those cases for which a measurement of molecular backscatter can be made on the far side of a layer, knowledge of the lidar ratio can be derived directly from the data. However, obtaining a reliable clear air constraint is a function of layer optical depth, system sensitivity and overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To date, the design constraints imposed on space-based lidars such as LITE and CALIPSO have rendered the use of this retrieval technique virtually impossible for measurements made at 1064 nm. Layers to which the constraint method can be successfully applied are assumed to be homogeneous with respect to particle composition and size distribution, and therefore are characterized by lidar ratios that are range-invariant throughout the layer. By extending this assumption of homogeneity to include the layer backscatter color ratio, this work derives a new technique that simultaneously retrieves both the color ratio and the 1064 nm lidar ratio from two wavelength elastic backscatter lidar measurements of transmissive clouds and/or lofted aerosol layers. Retrieval examples are illustrated using data obtained from LITE. Initial error estimates derived from numerical experiments using simulated data show the retrieval of the backscatter color ratio to be stable, even in the presence of considerable noise in the data. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, SAIC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Vaughan, M (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, SAIC, Mail Stop 435, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5123-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5240 BP 104 EP 115 DI 10.1117/12.510770 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BY56P UT WOS:000189409800012 ER PT S AU Omar, AH Winker, D Won, JG AF Omar, AH Winker, D Won, JG BE Werner, C TI Aerosol models for the CALIPSO lidar inversion algorithms SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY FOR REMOTE SENSING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology for Remote Sensing CY SEP 08-09, 2003 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt, NASA, European Opt Soc DE aerosol types; optical properties; cluster analysis; aerosol measurements and models ID INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; 6-WAVELENGTH LIDAR; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; IN-SITU; RADIATION; CLIMATE; PLUME; SENSITIVITY; AERONET AB We use measurements and models to develop aerosol models for use in the inversion algorithms for the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Imager Pathfinder Spaceborne Observations (CALIPSO). Radiance measurements and inversions of the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET (1,2)) are used to group global atmospheric aerosols using optical and microphysical parameters. This study uses more than 105 records of radiance measurements, aerosol size distributions, and complex refractive indices to generate the optical properties of the aerosol at more 200 sites worldwide. These properties together with the radiance measurements are then classified using classical clustering methods to group the sites according to the type of aerosol with the greatest frequency of occurrence at each site. Six significant clusters are identified: desert dust, biomass burning, urban industrial pollution, rural background, marine,, and dirty pollution. Three of these are used in the CALIPSO aerosol models to characterize desert dust, biomass burning. and polluted continental aerosols. The CALIPSO aerosol model also uses the coarse mode of desert dust and the fine mode of biomass burning to build a polluted dust model. For marine aerosol, the CALIPSO aerosol model uses measurements from the SEAS experiment (3). In addition to categorizing the aerosol types, the cluster analysis provides all the column optical and microphysical properties for each cluster. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 401 A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM ali.h.omar@nasa.gov RI Omar, Ali/D-7102-2017 OI Omar, Ali/0000-0003-1871-9235 NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5123-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5240 BP 153 EP 164 DI 10.1117/12.511067 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BY56P UT WOS:000189409800017 ER PT S AU Maria, MS Winker, D AF Maria, MS Winker, D BE Werner, C TI Applications of theorerical optical parameters from a transport model to the quantification and qualification of aerosol populations of a lidar in space data retrieval SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY FOR REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology for Remote Sensing CY SEP 08-09, 2003 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt, NASA, European Opt Soc DE aerosols; CALIPSO; chemical and transport model; climate; lidar AB The Lidar In space Technology Experiment (LITE) provided for the first time highly detailed vertical profiles of aerosol and clouds from the Earth's surface to the middle stratosphere. Validated theoretical results from a Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) can help quantify and qualify the aerosol population as well as identify some consistent patterns of aerosol components for a certain region. The goal of this work is to estimate the degree of confidence on MATCH's theoretical results, comparing them to the data set retrieved by LITE, in order to improve the lidar aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio retrieval algorithm to be applied to the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), NASA's next mission that will be orbiting a Lidar around the Earth. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Maria, MS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5123-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5240 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.1117/12.529172 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BY56P UT WOS:000189409800027 ER PT S AU Savchenkov, AA Ilchenko, VS Matsko, AB Maleki, L AF Savchenkov, AA Ilchenko, VS Matsko, AB Maleki, L BE Paxton, AH TI Nonlinear optics and crystalline whispering gallery mode resonators SO LASER RESONATORS AND BEAM CONTROL VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control VII CY JAN 27-29, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE whispering gallery modes; parametric frequency conversion; tunable optical filter; high-order optical filter; periodically poled lithium niobate ID COUPLED MICRORING RESONATORS; 2ND-ORDER FILTER RESPONSE; FUSED-SILICA MICROSPHERES; DENSE WDM NETWORKS; RAYLEIGH-SCATTERING; MICROWAVE RECEIVER; RING-RESONATOR; RESONANCES; STRAIN; PHOTOSENSITIVITY AB We report on our recent results concerning fabrication of high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) crystalline resonators, and discuss some possible applications of lithium niobate WGM resonators in nonlinear optics and photonics. In particular, we demonstrate experimentally a tunable third-order optical filter fabricated from the three metalized resonators; and report observation of parametric frequency doubling in a WGM resonator made of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 57 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5241-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5333 BP 154 EP 166 DI 10.1117/12.538445 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAJ61 UT WOS:000222590500020 ER PT S AU Nguyen, H Ngo, D Atiquzzaman, M Sluss, J Slaveski, F Alam, MF AF Nguyen, H Ngo, D Atiquzzaman, M Sluss, J Slaveski, F Alam, MF BE Thompson, WE Brunson, RL TI Fiber-optic communication links suitable for on-board use in modern aircraft SO LASER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Systems Technology II CY APR 13, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE AB The role of the Advanced Air Transportation Technologies program undertaken at the NASA Glenn Research Centers has been focused mainly on the improvement of air transportation safety, with particular emphasis on air transportation communication systems in on-board aircraft. The conventional solutions for digital optical communications systems specifically designed for local/metro area networks are, unfortunately, not capable of transporting the microwave and millimeter RF signals used in avionics systems. Optical networks capable of transporting RIF signals are substantially different from the standard digital optical communications systems. The objective of this paper is to identify a number of different communication link architectures for RF/fiber optic transmission using a single backbone fiber for carrying VHF and UHF RF signals in the aircraft. To support these architectures, two approaches derived from both hybrid RF-optical and all-optical processing methodologies are discussed with single and multiple antennas for explicitly transporting VBF and UHF signals, while the relative merits and demerits of each architecture are also addressed. Furthermore, the experimental results of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) link architecture from our test-bed platform, configured for aircraft environment to support simultaneous transmission of multiple RF signals over a single optical fiber, exhibit no appreciable signal degradation at wavelengths of both 1330 and 1550 nm, respectively. Our measurements of signal to noise ratio carried out for the transmission of FM and AM analog modulated signals at these wavelengths indicate that WDM is a fiber optic technology which is potentially suitable for avionics applications. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Antenna Microwave & Opt Syst Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nguyen, H (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Antenna Microwave & Opt Syst Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5336-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5413 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1117/12.541412 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BAZ43 UT WOS:000224314300011 ER PT B AU Johnson, TV AF Johnson, TV BE Seckbach, J ChelaFlores, J Owen, T Raulin, F TI Introduction to life in the universe - "Are we alone?" SO Life in the Universe: From the Miller Experiment to the Search for Life on Other Worlds SE CELLULAR ORIGIN AND LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life CY SEP 15-19, 2003 CL Trieste, ITALY SP Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, CNR, NASA Inst Astrobiol, European Space Agcy, NASA Washington, Univ Paris, Osservat Astron, Lab Immaginar Sci C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Johnson, TV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-2371-5 J9 CELL ORIGIN LIFE EXT JI Cell. Orig. Life Extrem. Habitats Astrobiol. PY 2004 VL 7 BP 3 EP 5 PG 3 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BCS08 UT WOS:000230988300001 ER PT B AU Mukai, K Kinkhabwala, A Peterson, JR Kahn, SM Paerels, F AF Mukai, K Kinkhabwala, A Peterson, JR Kahn, SM Paerels, F BE Vrielmann, S Cropper, M TI Two types of X-ray spectra in cataclysmic variables SO MAGNETIC CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAU Colloquium 190 Workshop on Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables CY DEC 08-13, 2002 CL Univ Cape Town, Grad Sch Business, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Cape Town, Grad Sch Business ID AM-HERCULIS; WHITE-DWARF; GINGA DATA; ACCRETION; ASCA; PLASMA; SPECTROSCOPY; DIAGNOSTICS; REFLECTION; REGION AB We present Chandra HETC spectra of seven cataclysmic variables, including four intermediate polars. We find that they divide unambiguously into two distinct types. Spectra of the first type (nonmagnetic systems and EX Hya) are remarkably well fit by a simple cooling flow model, which assumes only steady-state isobaric radiative cooling. The maximum temperature, kT(max), and the normalization, which provides a highly precise measurement of the accretion rate, are the only free parameters of this model. Spectra of the second type (the three other IPs) are grossly inconsistent with a cooling flow model. They instead exhibit a hard continuum, and show strong H-like and He-like ion emission but little Fe L-shell emission, which is consistent with expectations for line emission from a photoionized plasma. Using a simple photoionization model, we argue that the observed line emission for these sources can be driven entirely by the hard continuum. The physical significance of these two distinct types of X-ray spectra is also explored. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mukai, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-170-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 315 BP 113 EP 119 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBN89 UT WOS:000226409300016 ER PT B AU Still, M Horne, K Knigge, C AF Still, M Horne, K Knigge, C BE Vrielmann, S Cropper, M TI Can the propeller outflow from AE Aquarii be imaged directly? SO MAGNETIC CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAU Colloquium 190 Workshop on Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables CY DEC 08-13, 2002 CL Univ Cape Town, Grad Sch Business, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Cape Town, Grad Sch Business AB We calculate the Ha luminosity of an outflow nebula resulting from propeller action in AE Aqr. While the outflow is bright enough to be detected as an extended source, 1 arcsec across, it is dominated by the point-spread function (PSF) wings of the central object. By subtracting a PSF model from HST PC data we rule out the extreme models of high mass-loss rate combined with narrow-angle outflow, but more precise measurements are required to explore the propeller parameter space further. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Still, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-170-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 315 BP 293 EP 299 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BBN89 UT WOS:000226409300047 ER PT B AU Kiessling, E Tippett, DD Shivers, H AF Kiessling, E Tippett, DD Shivers, H BE Swan, N TI Improving performance of the system safety function at Marshall Space Flight Center SO Managing in a Dangerous World: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF TECHNICAL CONFERENCES: BRIDGING BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th National Conference of the American-Society-for-Engineering-Management CY OCT 20-23, 2004 CL Alexandria, VA SP Amer Soc Engn Management AB The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) determined that organizational and management issues were significant contributors to the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia. In addition, the CAIB observed similarities between the organizational and management climate that preceded the Challenger accident and the climate that preceded the Columbia accident. To prevent recurrence of adverse organizational and management climates, effective implementation of the system safety function is suggested. Attributes of an effective system safety program are presented. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) system safety program is analyzed using the attributes. Conclusions and recommendations for improving the MSFC system safety program are offered in this case study. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Kiessling, E (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING MANAGEMT PI ROLLA PA 310 HARRIS HALL, UMR, ROLLA, MO 65401 USA PY 2004 BP 321 EP 330 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA BBZ87 UT WOS:000228423300043 ER PT B AU Hamaker, JW Componation, PJ AF Hamaker, JW Componation, PJ BE Swan, N TI Improving space project cost estimating with engineering management variables SO Managing in a Dangerous World: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF TECHNICAL CONFERENCES: BRIDGING BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th National Conference of the American-Society-for-Engineering-Management CY OCT 20-23, 2004 CL Alexandria, VA SP Amer Soc Engn Management AB Current aerospace parametric cost models attempt to predict space project costs using regression equations. The equations typically relate the historical cost of projects to key technical variables, such as weight and power. While improvements in parametric cost modeling have been made, there is still significant variability in the estimates. This is particularly true when estimating the costs for complex systems. Part of this variability may be due to the models inability to capture the impacts of the engineering management systems required to develop these complex systems. This paper lays the groundwork for the introduction of engineering management variables into current cost models in an effort to improve their predictive capabilities. C1 NASA, Headquarters, Cost Anal Div, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Hamaker, JW (reprint author), NASA, Headquarters, Cost Anal Div, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ENGINEERING MANAGEMT PI ROLLA PA 310 HARRIS HALL, UMR, ROLLA, MO 65401 USA PY 2004 BP 575 EP 581 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA BBZ87 UT WOS:000228423300075 ER PT J AU Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G AF Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G TI Tracking turtles to their death - reply to Hays et al. SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID MORTALITY C1 Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv, POB 6150, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@uq.edu.au NR 3 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 283 BP 301 EP 302 DI 10.3354/meps283301 PG 2 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 886BE UT WOS:000226200600024 ER PT J AU Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G AF Chaloupka, M Parker, D Balazs, G TI Modelling post-release mortality of loggerhead sea turtles exposed to the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE loggerhead sea turtles; pelagic longline fisheries; satellite telemetry; post-release; mortality; failure time modelling; competing risks ID SATELLITE TELEMETRY; INCIDENTAL CAPTURE; CARETTA-CARETTA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; NORTH PACIFIC; SURVIVAL; CATCH; CALIFORNIA; RESIDENT; BYCATCH AB Loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta are an endangered species exposed to anthropogenic hazards such as pelagic longline fisheries. Many loggerheads caught in these fisheries are alive when released from the gear, but many probably die soon after because of hook injuries or line entanglement. Robust estimates of post-release mortality are essential for stock assessment and evaluating the benefit of releasing turtles caught alive in the gear, yet none are available for any sea turtle species. Here, the post-release mortality of 40 loggerheads caught in the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery was investigated using satellite telemetry deployed by a National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) observer program. We modelled time-to-failure of all transmitters using nonparametric statistical modelling (Kaplan-Meier-Turnbull, local regression) to derive survival and hazard functions for light and deep hooked loggerheads. There was a significant difference between the survival functions for light and deep hooked loggerheads within 90 d of release, but no difference between survival functions after this time. But satellite transmitters fail for many reasons (defects, battery failure, transmitter detachment, turtle death), which results in a hazard function that confounds these competing risks. Hence we propose that it might not be possible to infer true post-release mortality based on satellite telemetry unless the cause of each transmitter failure is known, which is rarely the case. We discuss other survey design and statistical modelling challenges involved in the evaluation of post-release mortality based on satellite telemetry. C1 Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Chaloupka, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Ecol Modelling Serv Pty Ltd, POB 6150, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM m.chaloupka@uq.edu.au NR 44 TC 45 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 19 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 280 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps280285 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 873GS UT WOS:000225268500024 ER PT J AU Porter, ET Sanford, LP Gust, G Porter, FS AF Porter, ET Sanford, LP Gust, G Porter, FS TI Combined water-column mixing and benthic boundary-layer flow in mesocosms: key for realistic benthic-pelagic coupling studies SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE benthic-pelagic coupling; flow; turbulence; shear velocity; mesocosm; experimental ecosystem resale ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CLAM MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; MYTILUS-EDULIS-L; MASS-TRANSFER; MICROCOSM EXPERIMENTS; PARTICULATE MATTER; SEDIMENT STABILITY; LIMITED RELEVANCE; ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY; MARINE ECOSYSTEM AB We developed 2 scaled linked mesocosms that realistically mimicked both water-column mixing and benthic boundary-layer flow, enabling more realistic benthic-pelagic coupling experiments. The first was a 'large' 1000 l system linking a mesocosm with an annular flume; the second a 'small' 100 l system linking a mesocosm with a Gust microcosm. We compared bottom shear velocity, flow speeds, and internal mixing energies between linked and isolated mesocosms that were the same in volume and shape, and compared them to nature. In addition, we performed scaled 4 wk long comparative ecosystem experiments with oysters in the large and small mesocosms to determine if a realistically mimicked benthic boundary-layer flow and system shape could significantly affect ecosystem processes. We scaled all 4 systems to have the same realistic water-column turbulence levels and increased bottom shear velocity to moderate levels in the linked mesocosms. Bottom shear remained unrealistically low compared to nature in the isolated tanks. In addition, the water column and the sediment-water interface were more realistically connected in the linked than in the isolated mesocosms. The linked mesocosms had a similar scaling relationship of turbulence intensity and bottom shear velocity of 1.6, as found in nature. System shape and bottom shear significantly affected ecosystem properties through changes in light, microphytobenthos biomass growth and erosion, sediment inorganic nutrient fluxes, oyster growth, and water column nutrient dynamics. In this study we show that a commonly used system shape in ecosystem studies and unrealistically low bottom shear in mesocosms both produce significant artifacts in benthic-pelagic coupling studies. We also demonstrate improved systems without these artifacts. System shape, bottom shear, water-column turbulence levels, and their ratios should all be considered in designing mesocosms to mimic natural processes. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. Tech Univ Hamburg, D-22305 Hamburg, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Porter, ET (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, 1 Williams St, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. EM porter@cbl.umces.edu RI Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119; Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 80 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 271 BP 43 EP 60 DI 10.3354/meps271043 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 827DT UT WOS:000221879800004 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH Stoner, AW Titgen, RH AF Ryer, CH Stoner, AW Titgen, RH TI Behavioral mechanisms underlying the refuge value of benthic habitat structure for two flatfishes with differing anti-predator strategies SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE habitat complexity; Pacific halibut; rock sole; predator-prey interaction; behavior; essential fish habitat ID FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; GENERALIZED ADDITIVE-MODELS; CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; JUVENILE WINTER FLOUNDER; EASTERN BERING SEA; TIDAL MARSH CREEK; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SEDIMENT PREFERENCES; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; ALASKA FLATFISHES AB Juvenile flatfish habitat is usually modeled on the basis of sediment grain-size, depth and temperature. Recent evidence indicates that some juvenile flatfishes associate with emergent structures such as sponge, shell and other biogenic and bed-form features of otherwise low-relief shelf habitats. In laboratory experiments we examined the habitat preference and effects of habitat structure upon predation vulnerability of sub-yearling (Age-0) Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis and northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra. When given the choice between bare sand or sand with 16% sponge coverage, halibut demonstrated strong preference for sponge, while rock sole showed no preference. Larger Age-2 halibut (used as predators in the subsequent experiment) also preferred sponge, but this preference declined with increasing hunger. When allowed to forage for Age-0 flatfishes in either bare sand or sponge, predators consumed more prey in sand and consumed more Age-0 halibut than rock sole. We were able to determine which behavioral processes in the predator-prey interaction were modified by the presence of habitat structure. Predator-prey encounter rates decreased in the sponge habitat as predator search was impeded: predators paused more frequently and swam more slowly to maneuver through the sponges. Sponges also tended to hinder the pursuit of prey. Rock sole utilized stereotypic flatfish defense-mechanisms, relying upon immobility, burial and crypsis, and were less likely to flush at a predator's approach than halibut. Halibut have a less developed ability to mimic sediments, but a deeper/narrower body that confers greater swimming speed, and were more likely to flush as a predator approached. Once they had flushed and were pursued by a predator, halibut were more likely to escape than were rock sole. These experiments support an accumulating body of evidence that emergent structure, in otherwise low-relief benthic habitats, may play an important role in the ecology of some juvenile flatfishes. Removal of emergent structure by towed fishing gear and other anthropogenic and/or natural disturbance may influence patterns of distribution for juvenile halibut, as fish redistribute to less preferred habitat, and may decrease survival rates through increased losses to predation. C1 NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@noaa.gov NR 56 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 25 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 268 BP 231 EP 243 DI 10.3354/meps268231 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 810YG UT WOS:000220739000020 ER PT J AU Desai, SD Haines, BJ AF Desai, Shailen D. Haines, Bruce J. TI Monitoring Measurements from the Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer and Independent Validation with GPS SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometer; GPS; satellite altimetry; wet troposphere AB The Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR) provides measurements of the wet troposphere content to correct the altimetric range measurement for the associated path delay. Various techniques are used to monitor the JMR wet troposphere path delays, with measurements of zenith troposphere content from terrestrial GPS sites used as an independent verification technique. Results indicate that an unexpected offset of approximately +4.1 +/- 1.2 mm (drier) emerged in the JMR measurements of wet path delay between cycles 28-32 of the Jason-1 mission, and that the measurements may be drifting at a rate of approximately -0.5 mm/year. These anomalies are shown to be caused by a -0.7 K offset in 23.8 GHz brightness temperatures between cycles 28-32, and a 0.16 +/- 0.04 and -0.45 +/- 0.08 K/year drift in the 18.7 and 34.0 GHz brightness temperatures, respectively. Intercomparison of the 3-Hz JMR brightness temperature measurements show that they have been drifting with respect to each other, and that a dependence on yaw-steering regime is present in these measurements. An offset of 0.5 m/s between cycles 28-32 and a drift of approximately 0.5 m/s/year in the JMR wind speed measurements is also associated with these anomalies in the 1-Hz brightness temperatures. These errors in JMR wind speeds presently have a negligible impact on the retrieved JMR path delays. C1 [Desai, Shailen D.; Haines, Bruce J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Desai, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 238-600, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM shailen.desai@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments. We would also like to thank Jason Science Data Team at JPL, led by A. Badea, for providing us with the JMR Level 1 data in a timely manner. The work described in this article was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 221 EP 240 DI 10.1080/01490410490465337 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V24ZP UT WOS:000208448600014 ER PT J AU Zlotnicki, V Desai, SD AF Zlotnicki, Victor Desai, Shailen D. TI Assessment of the Jason Microwave Radiometer's Measurement of Wet Tropospheric Path Delay Using Comparisons to SSM/I and TMI SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimetry; Jason; microwave; water vapor AB The Jason microwave radiometer (JMR) provides a crucial correction due to water vapor in the troposphere, and a much smaller correction due to liquid water, to the travel time of the Jason-1 altimeter radar pulse. An error of any size in the radiometer's measurement of wet path delay translates as an error of equal size in the measurement of sea surface height, the ultimate quantity that the altimetric system should yield. The estimate of globally-averaged sea surface height change associated with climate change, requires that uncertainties in the trends in such a global average be accurate to much better than the signal of 1-2 mm/yr. We first compare the JMR observations to those from the TOPEX/Poseidon radiometer (TMR) over approximately six months, since the intent of Jason is to continue the 10-year time series of precision ocean surface topography initiated by T/P. We then assess the stability of the JMR measurement by comparing its wet path delay to those of other orbiting radiometers over 22 months, specifically the Special Sensor Microwave Imager aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP-SSM/I) series of satellites, and the Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission's Microwave Imager (TMI), as well as the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting's (ECMWF) atmospheric numerical model estimate of water vapor. From the combined set, we obtain a robust assessment of the stability of JMR measurements. We find, that JMR is in remarkable agreement with TMR, only 2.5 mm longer, and 6-7 mm standard deviation on their difference in 0.5 degree averages; that JMR has experienced a globally-averaged step-function change, yielding an apparent shortening in wet path delay estimates of 4-5 mm around October 2002 (Jason cycles 28-32); that this step-function is visible only in the 23.8 GHz channel; and that the 34 GHz channel appears to drift at a rate of -0.4K/year. In addition, we find that, while in 2002 there was no evidence of sensitivity to the Jason satellite's attitude (a correlation of the wet path delay with yaw state), in 2003 there are strong (2-3 mm, up to 7 mm globally averaged) changes associated with such yaw state. These JMR issues were all found in the first 22 months of Jason's geophysical data records (GDR) data, and thus they apply to any investigations that use such data without further corrections. C1 [Zlotnicki, Victor; Desai, Shailen D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zlotnicki, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 300-323,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Victor.Zlotnicki@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA; NASA's Earth Science Information Partnerships (ESIP): a federation of information sites for Earth Science; NASA's TRMM Science Team; NASA Oceanography Program; NASA Pathfinder Program for EOS products; NASA Earth Science Information Partnerships program FX SSM/I data were produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by the NASA Pathfinder Program for early Earth Observing System (EOS) products. TMI data were produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by NASA's Earth Science Information Partnerships (ESIP): a federation of information sites for Earth Science; and by NASA's TRMM Science Team. The authors were sponsored by the NASA Oceanography Program, the NASA Pathfinder Program for EOS products, and the NASA Earth Science Information Partnerships program. We thank Phil Callahan, Estelle Obligis, Robert Stewart, and Bruce Haines for very helpful discussions. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 241 EP 253 DI 10.1080/01490410490465625 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V24ZP UT WOS:000208448600015 ER PT J AU Haines, B Bar-Sever, Y Bertiger, W Desai, S Willis, P AF Haines, Bruce Bar-Sever, Yoaz Bertiger, Willy Desai, Shailen Willis, Pascal TI One-Centimeter Orbit Determination for Jason-1: New GPS-Based Strategies SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE precise orbit determination; GPS; satellite altimetry; Jason-1 AB The U.S./French Jason-1 satellite is carrying a state-of-the-art GPS receiver to support precise orbit determination (POD) requirements. The performance of the Jason-1 "BlackJack" GPS receiver was strongly reflected in early POD results from the mission, enabling radial accuracies of 1-2 cm soon after the satellite's 2001 launch. We have made further advances in the GPS-based POD for Jason-1, most notably in describing the phase center variations of the on-board GPS antenna. We have also adopted new geopotential models from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). The new strategies have enabled us to better exploit the unique contributions of the BlackJack GPS tracking data in the POD process. Results of both internal and external (e. g., laser ranging) comparisons indicate that orbit accuracies of 1 cm (radial RMS) are being achieved for Jason-1 using GPS data alone. C1 [Haines, Bruce; Bar-Sever, Yoaz; Bertiger, Willy; Desai, Shailen; Willis, Pascal] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Haines, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Bruce.J.Haines@jpl.nasa.gov RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679 FU NASA Physical Oceanography Program; Jason-1 Project at JPL FX We are grateful to Marek Ziebart and his colleagues at University College London for providing the high-resolution surface force model for Jason-1. We thank Jean-Paul Berthias and the CNES POD team for providing satellite-specific models for Jason-1 and for supplying the DORIS data. We are grateful to John Ries at The University of Texas for providing the precise SLR/DORIS orbit solutions, and SLR station coordinate and eccentricity information. Finally, we thank Scott Luthcke and his colleagues at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for insightful discussion on their experiences with the processing of the Jason-1 BlackJack data. The results described in this article were enabled by a long-term investment in GPS infrastructure and technology by the NASA Offices of Solid Earth and Natural Hazards and Earth Science Technology. Additional support was provided by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program and the Jason-1 Project at JPL. The work described was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 39 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 299 EP 318 DI 10.1080/01490410490465300 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V24ZP UT WOS:000208448600018 ER PT J AU Beckley, BD Zelensky, NP Luthcke, SB Callahan, PS AF Beckley, B. D. Zelensky, N. P. Luthcke, S. B. Callahan, P. S. TI Towards a Seamless Transition from TOPEX/Poseidon to Jason-1 SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Jason-1; TOPEX/Poseidon; satellite altimetry; calibration; verification AB The Jason-1 verification phase has proven to be a unique and successful calibration experiment to quantify the agreement with its predecessor TOPEX/Poseidon. Although both missions have met prescribed error budgets, comparison of the mean and time-varying sea surface height profiles from near simultaneous observations derived from the missions' Geophysical Data Records exhibit significant basin scale differences. Several suspected sources causing this disagreement are identified and improved upon, including (a) replacement of TOPEX and Jason project POE with enhanced orbits computed at GSFC within a consistent ITRF2000 terrestrial reference frame, (b) application of waveform retracking corrections to TOPEX significant wave height and sea surface heights, (c) resultant improved efficacy of the TOPEX sea state bias estimation from the value added sea surface height, and (d) estimation of Jason-1 sea state bias employing dual TOPEX/Jason crossover and collinear sea surface height residuals unique to the validation mission. The resultant mean sea surface height comparison shows improved agreement at better than 60 percent level of variance reduction with a standard deviation less then 0.5 cm. C1 [Beckley, B. D.] Raytheon ITSS NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Zelensky, N. P.] Raytheon ITSS, Upper Marlboro, MD USA. [Luthcke, S. B.] NASA GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Callahan, P. S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Beckley, BD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 971, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM brianb@nemo.gsfc.nasa.gov FU U. S. National Aeronautics Administration FX The authors would like to thank V. Zlotnicki, S. Desai, D. Chambers, R. Scharroo, S. Labroue, P. Vincent, D. Vandemark, R. Ray, and N. Pavlis for numerous discussions and friendly debates regarding Jason-1 validation issues. We also thank Jarir Saleh and Matthew Beckley for their assistance with the graphics. This work was funded by the U. S. National Aeronautics Administration under a Jason-1 science investigation. NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 373 EP 389 DI 10.1080/01490410490889148 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V43ZF UT WOS:000209718600003 ER PT J AU Callahan, PS Rodriguez, E AF Callahan, Philip S. Rodriguez, Ernesto TI Retracking of Jason-1 Data SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimeter waveform; retracking; sea state bias AB We present the results of retracking 18 cycles (15 from the Jason-TOPEX collinear period) of Jason-1 data. We used the retracking method of Rodriguez which simultaneously solves for all relevant waveform parameters using a 26 Gaussian model of the altimeter point target response. We find significant differences from the Jason-1 Project retracking in the key parameters of range and significant wave height (SWH) in the second version of the Project SGDRs. The differences from the Jason-1 data have a strong dependence on off-nadir angle and some dependence on SWH. The dependence of range on SWH is what is called sea state bias. The retracking technique also estimates surface skewness. For Jason-1 with its very clean waveforms we make the first direct estimates of the skewness effect on altimeter data. We believe that the differences found here and thus in overall sea surface height are the result of the standard project processing using a single Gaussian approximation to the Point Target Response (PTR) and not solving simultaneously for off nadir angle. We believe that the relatively large sea state bias errors estimated empirically for Jason-1 during the cal/val phase result from sensitivity of quantities, particularly SWH, in project GDRs to off nadir angle. The TOPEX-Jason-1 bias can be determined only when a full retracking of Jason-1 is done for the collinear period. C1 [Callahan, Philip S.; Rodriguez, Ernesto] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Callahan, PS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 300-319, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM philip.s.callahan@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We thank Brian Beckley for encouragement to write this article by early sharing of his results. We thank the referees for suggestions which have greatly improved it. We also thank Patrick Vincent for clarifications on the use of the SGDR. This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 391 EP 407 DI 10.1080/01490410490902098 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V43ZF UT WOS:000209718600004 ER PT J AU Macmillan, DS Beckley, BD Fang, P AF Macmillan, D. S. Beckley, B. D. Fang, P. TI Monitoring the TOPEX and Jason-1 Microwave Radiometers with GPS and VLBI Wet Zenith Path Delays SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometer; satellite altimetry; calibration; wet path delay; GPS; VLBI; Jason-1; TOPEX; sea level AB Monitoring of altimeter microwave radiometer measurements is necessary in order to identify radiometer drifts or offsets that if uncorrected will introduce systematic errors into ocean height measurements. To examine TOPEX Microwave Radiometer (TMR) and Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR) behavior, we have used coincident wet zenith delay estimates from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic sites near altimeter ground tracks. We derived a TMR path delay drift rate of -1.1 +/- 0.1 mm/yr using GPS data for the period from 1993.0-1999.0 and -1.2 +/- 0.5 mm/yr using VLBI data. Thereafter, the drift appears to have leveled off. Already after 2.3 years (82 cycles) of the Jason-1 mission, it is clear that there have been significant systematic errors in the JMR path delay measurements. From comparison with GPS wet delays, there is an offset of -5.2 +/- 0.6 mm at about cycle 30 and a more abrupt offset of -11.5 +/- 0.8 mm at cycle 69. If we look at the behavior of the JMR coldest brightness temperatures, we see that the offsets near cycle 30 and cycle 69 are mainly caused by corresponding offsets in the 23.8 GHz channel of -0.49 +/- 0.12 K and -1.18 +/- 0.13 K, although there is a small 34.0 GHz offset at cycle 69 of 0.75 +/- 0.22 K. Drifts in the 18.0 and 34.0 GHz channels produce a small path delay drift of 0.3 +/- 0.5 mm/yr. C1 [Macmillan, D. S.] NASA, NVI Inc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Beckley, B. D.] NASA, Raytheon ITSS, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Fang, P.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Macmillan, DS (reprint author), NASA, NVI Inc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dsm@leo.gsfc.nasa.gov FU U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We thank the reviewers for their helpful comments. We also thank C. Ruf for advice on radiometer land contamination. This work was funded by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration under a Jason-1 science investigation. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 703 EP 716 DI 10.1080/01490410490904780 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V43ZF UT WOS:000209718600019 ER PT J AU Zhao, CY Shum, CK Yi, YC Ge, SJ Bilitza, D Callahan, P AF Zhao, Changyin Shum, C. K. Yi, Yuchan Ge, Shengjie Bilitza, Dieter Callahan, Philip TI Accuracy Assessment of the TOPEX/Poseidon Ionosphere Measurements SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; Global Ionosphere Map; TEC; satellite altimetry; sea level AB We conducted an assessment of the TOPEX dual-frequency nadir ionosphere observations in the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) GDR by comparing TOPEX with the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) Global Ionosphere Map (GIM), the climatological model IRI2001, and the DORIS (onboard T/P) relative ionosphere delays. We investigated the TOPEX (TOPEX Side A and TOPEX Side B altimeters, TSA and TSB, respectively) ionosphere observations for the time period 1995-2001, covering periods of low, intermediate, and high solar activity. Here, we use absolute path delays (at Ku-band frequency of the TOPEX altimeter and with positive signs) rather than Total Electron Content (TEC). We found significant biases between GIM and TOPEX (GIM-TOPEX) nadir ionosphere path delays: -8.1 +/- 0.4 mm formal uncertainties and equivalent to 3.7 TECu) and -9.0 +/- 0.7 mm (4.1 TECu) for TSA and TSB, respectively, indicating that the TOPEX path delay is longer (or with higher TECu) than GIM. The estimated relative biases vary with latitude and with daytime or nighttime passes. The estimated biases in the path delays (DORIS-TOPEX) are: -10.9 +/- 0.4 mm (5.0 TECu) and -14.8 +/- 0.6 mm (6.7 TECu), for TSA and TSB, respectively. There is a distinct jump of the DORIS path delays (-3.9 +/- 0.7 mm, TSA delays longer than TSB delays) at the TSB altimeter switch in February 1999, presumably due to inconsistent DORIS processing. The origin of the bias between GIM (GPS, L-band) and TOPEX (radar altimeter, Ku-band) is currently unknown and warrants further investigation. Finally, the estimated drift rates between GIM and TSA, DORIS and TSA ionosphere path delays for the 6-year study span are -0.4 mm/yr and -0.8 mm/yr, respectively, providing a possible error bound for the TOPEX/Poseidon sea level observations during periods of low and intermediate solar activity. C1 [Zhao, Changyin] Purple Mt Astron Observ, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Shum, C. K.; Yi, Yuchan; Ge, Shengjie] Ohio State Univ, Lab Space Geodesy & Remote Sensing, 470 Hitchcock Hall,2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Bilitza, Dieter] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Callahan, Philip] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Shum, CK (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Lab Space Geodesy & Remote Sensing, 470 Hitchcock Hall,2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM ckshum@osu.edu FU NOAA's Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry; NASA's Interdisciplinary Science Program; NSF's Aeronomy program; NSF's Aeronomy program [ATM-0418844] FX The Ohio State University team is supported by NOAA's Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, NASA's Interdisciplinary Science Program, NSF's Aeronomy program and NSF's Aeronomy program (ATM-0418844). TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data products are provided by JPL PO-DAAC and the Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) data are provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). We thank Attila Komjathy of NASA/JPL, two anonymous reviewers, and George Born (the editor) for their constructive reviews and comments. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 729 EP 739 DI 10.1080/01490410490889076 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V43ZF UT WOS:000209718600021 ER PT J AU Ping, JS Matsumoto, K Heki, K Saito, A Callahan, P AF Ping, Jinsong Matsumoto, Koji Heki, Kosuke Saito, Akinori Callahan, Philip TI Validation of Jason-1 Nadir Ionosphere TEC Using GEONET SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Jason-1; GPS; TEC; GONET; TOPEX/Poseidon AB The Jason-1 dual-frequency nadir ionosphere Total Electron Content (TEC) for 10-day cycles 1-67 is validated using absolute TEC measured by Japan's GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET), or the GEONET Regional Ionosphere Map (RIM). The bias estimates (Jason-RIM) are small and statistically insignificant: 1.62 +/- 9 TECu (TEC unit or 10(16) electrons/m(2), 1 TECu = 2.2 mm delay at Ku-band) and 0.73 +/- 0.05 TECu, using the along-track difference and Gaussian distribution method, respectively. The bias estimates are -3.05 +/- 10.44 TECu during daytime passes, and 0.02 +/- 8.05 TECu during nighttime passes, respectively. When global Jason-1 TEC is compared with the Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (or CODE) TEC, the bias (Jason-GIM) estimate is 0.68 +/- 1.00 TECu, indicating Jason-1 ionosphere delay at Ku-band is longer than GIM by 3.1 mm, which is at present statistically insignificant. Significant zonal distributions of biases are found when the differences are projected into a sun-fixed geomagnetic reference frame. The observed biases range from -7 TECu (GIM larger by 15.4 mm) in the equatorial region, to + 2 TECu in the Arctic region, and to + 7 TECu in the Antarctica region, indicating significant geographical variations. This phenomena is primarily attributed to the uneven and poorly distributed global GPS stations particularly over ocean and near polar regions. Finally, when the Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) TECs were compared during Jason-1 cycles 1-67 (where cycles 1-21 represent the formation flight with T/P, cycles 22-67 represent the interleave orbits), the estimated bias is 1.42 +/- 0.04 TECu. It is concluded that the offset between Jason/TOPEX and GPS (RIM or GIM) TECs is < 4 mm at Ku-band, which at present is negligible. C1 [Ping, Jinsong] Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Ping, Jinsong] Natl Inst Nat Sci, Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa Astrogeodynam Observ, Mizusawa, Iwate 0230861, Japan. [Matsumoto, Koji] Natl Inst Nat Sci, Natl Astron Observ Japan, Misusawa Astrogeodynam Observ, Mizusawa, Iwate 0230861, Japan. [Heki, Kosuke] Hokkaido Univ, Div Earth & Planetary Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. [Saito, Akinori] Kyoto Univ, Dept Geophys, Kyoto, Japan. [Callahan, Philip] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ping, JS (reprint author), Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai, Peoples R China. EM jsping@miz.nao.ac.jp FU Japanese RISE/SELENE project; JSPS program; NASA's Earth Science Enterprise Interdisciplinary Science program; NOAA's Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry; NSF's Aeronomy program; NSF's Aeronomy program [ATM 0418844] FX The first two authors acknowledge the support by the Japanese RISE/SELENE project and a grant from JSPS program. We thank Japan's Geographical Survey Institute for providing the GEONET data. The data processing using the IBM supercomputer and other platforms were carried out at the National Astronomical Observatory in Mizusawa and the Earth Science School in Kyoto University. TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 altimeter data have been provided by NASA/JPL's PO-DAAC. The Ohio State University researchers acknowledge supports from grants by NASA's Earth Science Enterprise Interdisciplinary Science program, NOAA's Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, NSF's Aeronomy program and NSF's Aeronomy program (ATM 0418844). NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 741 EP 752 DI 10.1080/01490410490889049 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V43ZF UT WOS:000209718600022 ER PT J AU Yoon, YT Nerem, RS Watkins, MM Haines, BJ Kruizinga, GL AF Yoon, Yoke T. Nerem, R. Steven Watkins, Michael M. Haines, Bruce J. Kruizinga, Gerhard L. TI The Effects of GPS Carrier Phase Ambiguity Resolution on Jason-1 SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE GPS; ambiguity resolution; orbit determination; Jason-1 AB We have used GPS carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution to investigate improvements in the orbit determination for the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission. The technique has been implemented in the GIPSY orbit determination software developed by JPL. The radial accuracy of the Jason-1 orbits is already near 1 cm, and thus it is difficult to detect the improvements gained when the carrier phase ambiguities are resolved. Nevertheless, each of the metrics we use to evaluate the orbit accuracy (orbit overlaps, orbit comparisons, satellite laser ranging residuals, altimeter crossover residuals, orbit centering) show modest improvement when the ambiguities are resolved. We conservatively estimate the improvement in the radial orbit accuracy is at the 10-20% level. C1 [Yoon, Yoke T.; Nerem, R. Steven] Univ Colorado, CCAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Watkins, Michael M.; Haines, Bruce J.; Kruizinga, Gerhard L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Yoon, YT (reprint author), Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, German Space Operat Ctr, D-82230 Wesling, Germany. EM Yoke.Yoon@dlr.de FU Orbiter and Radiometric Systems group at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Satellite Geodesy and Geodynamics Systems group at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; NASA-funded Jason Science Investigation FX The author would like to thank the Orbiter and Radiometric Systems, and Satellite Geodesy and Geodynamics Systems groups at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory for their support and guidance in this study. Special thanks to Shailen Desai for providing JPL's reduced-dynamic orbit solutions, Da Kuang for assisting in the POD processing, and Yoaz Bar-Sever for providing the resources that make ambiguity resolution possible for Jason-1. The author is also grateful to John Ries at the University of Texas at Austin for providing the SLR/DORIS orbit solutions. A portion of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. This work was supported by a NASA-funded Jason Science Investigation (PI: M. M. Watkins). NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 773 EP 787 DI 10.1080/01490410490889058 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V43ZF UT WOS:000209718600024 ER PT S AU McKay, CP AF McKay, CP BE Cockell, CS TI Scientific goals for Martian expeditions SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC ID LIQUID WATER; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; MARS; ECOSYSTEMS; DURATION; HABITATS AB Science will be an important goal for martian expeditions, as it has been for past and present expeditions on Earth. The search for evidence of a second genesis of life on Mars, and investigating the biochemical nature of that life are the scientific questions that are most compelling and capable of sustaining major scientific expeditions. Promising target sites include subsurface ecosystems and ancient organisms preserved in salt deposits or frozen in permafrost. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP McKay, CP (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 25 EP 32 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500002 ER PT S AU Cockell, CS Braham, S Clancey, B Lee, P Lim, DSS AF Cockell, CS Braham, S Clancey, B Lee, P Lim, DSS BE Cockell, CS TI Exobiological protocol and laboratory for the human exploration of Mars - Lessons from a polar impact crater SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC ID ANTARCTICA; ECOLOGY; CANADA; ALGAE AB The search for life (or the examination of the reasons for its absence) is one of the most compelling scientific activities to be undertaken in diverse environments on Mars. We describe the study of the microbiology of the Haughton impact crater in the Canadian Arctic, from a simulated Mars lander (the FMARS). Impacts events have had a profound influence on Mars, and thus on any putative microbial habitats that future explorers might seek. The study of microbial habitats was accomplished under simulated EVA time constraints and with simulated Mars communications. The work was catalogued to develop a computer model for Mars mission planning - 'Brahms'. We implemented a program of cosmic ray dosimeter deployment and we describe how sampling of paleolake deposits might be accomplished from a lander. We demonstrate that science on the surface of Mars can be accomplished from the testing of hypotheses through to the preparation (and submission) of peer-reviewed manuscripts during a long-duration stay, a significant difference to merely sampling as on the Apollo expeditions. The design of a Martian surface exobiology laboratory is described. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cockell, CS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 33 EP 52 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500003 ER PT S AU Cockell, CS AF Cockell, CS BE Cockell, CS TI The desert crossings of Mars SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC ID DUNES AB Apart from the polar caps, regions in the Tharsis quadrangle and the Valles Marineris, similar to80% of the martian surface can essentially be classified as 'desert'. The methods used to explore Mars, the scientific priorities and the philosophical and historical precedents that drive human exploration on Mars will primarily come from our experiences in terrestrial deserts. Here, the methods and approaches used for terrestrial desert expeditions are discussed with reference to Mars. Some of the physical challenges such as low temperature and frost formation will be akin to cold polar desert exploration on Earth. However, some challenges, such as dust storms and lack of liquid water will be akin to hot desert exploration. Expeditions that draw the appropriate lessons from both hot and cold desert terrestrial expeditions will succeed. Examples of regions on Mars that might be regarded as significant exploratory challenges for expeditions are identified. Key parameters of these expeditions including distance and plausible scientific objectives are provided. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cockell, CS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 163 EP 173 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500009 ER PT S AU Cockell, CS AF Cockell, CS BE Cockell, CS TI The Trans-Mars Expedition - A long-distance, long-duration scientific eva SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC ID HELLAS REGION; GEOLOGY; DUNES; EVOLUTION; VOLCANOS; DEPOSITS; PATERA; ICE AB Of Martian expeditionary accomplishments, the Trans-Mars Expedition is the most audacious in terms of the logistical challenges imposed upon it and diversity of scientific foci it could encompass. The similar to21,000 km expedition requires two transpolar assaults on the Martian north and south geographical poles, a traverse across the summit of Mount Olympus and traverses across the interconnecting desert regions of Mars. Taking lessons suggested for Martian desert, polar and mountain expeditions, I describe this expedition using a 120degreesW, 300degreesW longitudinal route. I quantify the in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) requirements for oxygen, water and fuel. Calculations suggest that ISRU of the martian atmosphere can be used to supply vehicle fuel and to replenish oxygen and water throughout the expedition duration at mean rates of progress and with certain assumptions on oxygen and water usage. Equipment requirements are reviewed with a special focus on equipment that can be modified for use in all of the environments encountered. As its scientific objective, the expedition would undertake a study of volcanism, desert and polar processes over a planetary transect contributing significantly to the inventory of samples gathered across the Martian surface. The planning of such an expedition provides a reference expedition for considering ISRU and scientific requirements for any long-duration, long-distance scientific expeditionary EVA on Mars. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cockell, CS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 175 EP 197 PG 23 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500010 ER PT S AU Cockell, CS AF Cockell, CS BE Cockell, CS TI Field innovations in support of Martian polar expeditions SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC AB The Martian poles present a challenging environment for expedition planners. I review and describe new innovations in support of human Martian polar expeditions that are a direct extrapolation of terrestrial polar exploration equipment. Ball tents provide an environment for de-suiting at the end of daily expedition traverse and can be used to establish temporary field camps and depots for transpolar expeditions or deep-field scientific outposts. Sublimation poles, netting and heating boxes allow for the harvesting of polar ices for water, oxygen and fuel production. Pressurization of ices prior to melting allows liquid water to be collected, thus reducing energy expenditure compared to ice vaporization. Sublimation nets additionally are used for the removal Of CO2 frost from expedition equipment. Human mobility can be achieved with sledges and rovers. These innovations, when combined, make possible the planning of human scientific and expeditionary EVAs on the Martian polar ice. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cockell, CS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 245 EP 255 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500014 ER PT S AU Clancey, WJ AF Clancey, WJ BE Cockell, CS TI Automating CapCom: Pragmatic operations and technology research for human exploration of Mars SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC AB During the Apollo program, NASA and the scientific community used terrestrial analog sites for understanding planetary features and for training astronauts to be scientists. More recently, computer scientists and human factors specialists have followed geologists and biologists into the field, learning how science is actually done on expeditions in extreme environments. Research stations have been constructed by the Mars Society in the Arctic and American southwest, providing facilities for hundreds of researchers to investigate how small crews might live and work on Mars. Combining these interests-science, operations, and technology-in Mars analog field expeditions provides tremendous synergy and authenticity to speculations about Mars missions. By relating historical analyses of Apollo and field science, engineers are creating experimental prototypes that provide significant new capabilities, such as a computer system that automates some of the functions of Apollo's CapCom. Thus, analog studies have created a community of practice-a new collaboration between scientists and engineers-so that technology begins with real human needs and works incrementally towards the challenges of the human exploration of Mars. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Clancey, WJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 411 EP 430 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500025 ER PT S AU Jones, JA Barratt, M Effenhauser, R Cockell, CS Lee, P AF Jones, JA Barratt, M Effenhauser, R Cockell, CS Lee, P BE Cockell, CS TI Medical issues for a human mission to Mars and Martian surface expeditions SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC ID RADIATION AB The medical issues for an exploratory class mission to Mars are myriad and challenging. They include hazards from the space environment, such as space vacuum and radiation; hazards on the planetary surface such as micrometeoroids and Martian dust, and constitutional medical hazards, like appendicitis and tooth abscess. They include hazards in the transit vehicle like foreign bodies and toxic atmospheres, and hazards in the habitat like decompression and combustion events. They also include human physiological adaptation to variable conditions of reduced gravity and prolonged isolation and confinement. The health maintenance program for a Mars mission will employ strategies of disease prevention, early detection, and contingency management, to mitigate the risks of space-flight and exploration. Countermeasures for altered gravity conditions will allow crewmembers to maintain high levels of performance and nominal physiologic functioning. Despite all of these issues, given sufficient redundancy in on-board life support systems, there are no medical show-stoppers for the first human exploratory class missions. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, FACS, FACPM, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Jones, JA (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, FACS, FACPM, Mail Code SD2,2101 NASA Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 441 EP 467 PG 27 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500027 ER PT S AU Cockell, CS AF Cockell, CS BE Cockell, CS TI Martian expedition medicine SO MARTIAN EXPEDITION PLANNING SE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Martian Expedition Planning CY FEB 24, 2003 CL BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC, LONDON, ENGLAND HO BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOC AB Medical requirements for Mars missions are generally focused on the outward and return journey, not on the requirements for expeditionary medicine on the Martian surface during EVAs away from the main station. On the surface of Mars, expedition medicine can be seen as an extrapolation and modification of expedition medicine on Earth. In this paper I attempt a synthesis of existing terrestrial expedition medicine into an overview for Martian explorers. I use existing literature, which represents the amalgam of many decades of expeditionary medicine experience in diverse environments on Earth to describe some of the problems expected on Martian expeditions. I suggest contents for a Martian expedition medical box. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cockell, CS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0278-4017 BN 0-87703-507-5 J9 SCI TECH PY 2004 VL 107 BP 469 EP 478 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY90K UT WOS:000189491500028 ER PT J AU Li, BQ Shu, Y Li, K de Groh, HC AF Li, BQ Shu, Y Li, K de Groh, HC TI Fluid flow and solidification under combined action of magnetic fields and microgravity SO MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Materials Processing Under the Influence of Electric and Magnetic Fields CY MAR 03-05, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Mat Proc & Mfg Div, Process Modeling, Analy & Controls Comm, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Extract & Proc Div, Process Fundanentals Comm DE solidification; laser-based PIV; fluid flow; crystal growth; magnetic damping; finite element modeling; g-jitter; microrgavity ID CONVECTION AB Mathematical models, both 2-D and 3-D, are developed to represent g-jitter induced fluid flows and their effects on solidification under combined action of magnetic fields and microgravity. The numerical model development is based on the finite element solution of governing equations describing the transient g-jitter driven fluid flows, heat transfer, and solutal transport during crystal growth with and without an applied magnetic field in space vehicles. To validate the model predictions, a ground-based g-jitter simulator is developed using the oscillating wall temperatures where timely oscillating fluid flows are measured using a laser PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) system. The measurements are compared well with numerical results obtained from the numerical models. Results show that a combined action derived from magnetic damping and microgravity can be an effective means to control the melt flow and solutal transport of single crystal growth in space environment. C1 Washington State Univ, Washington, WA 99163 USA. NASA, Glenn Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Li, BQ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Washington, WA 99163 USA. EM li@mme.wsu.edu NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1042-6914 J9 MATER MANUF PROCESS JI Mater. Manuf. Process. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 679 EP 694 DI 10.1081/LMMP-200028109 PG 16 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 860SL UT WOS:000224363300010 ER PT J AU Ogbuji, LUJT AF Ogbuji, LUJT TI The general isothermal oxidation behavior of Cu-8Cr-4Nb SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article DE GRCop-84; NARloy-Z; Cu; oxidation kinetics; oxides; reservoir effect ID ALLOYS; KINETICS; COPPER AB Oxidation kinetics and oxide morphologies of Cu-8Cr-4Nb ('GRCop-84') were investigated by TGA and microscopy/microanalysis, and compared to those of 'NARloy-Z' (a Cu-Ag-Zr Cu alloy) between 500 and 900degreesC. NARloy-Z and Cu had identical oxidation behavior; but Cu-8Cr-4Nb differed strongly, with slower kinetics below similar to700degreesC and a markedly complex oxidation behavior at all temperatures. Explanations are offered for Cu-8Cr-4Nb oxidation behavior, in the various temperature regimes, in terms of oxide types and their morphologies, with emphasis on a kinetic control at intermediate temperatures by a reservoir effect. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ogbuji, LUJT (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM thomas-ogbuji@grc.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2004 VL 21 IS 2 BP 101 EP 109 DI 10.3184/096034004782749953 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 839EE UT WOS:000222765300005 ER PT S AU Alterovitz, SA Mueller, CH Croke, ET Ponchak, GE AF Alterovitz, SA Mueller, CH Croke, ET Ponchak, GE BE Muralt, P Cho, YS Klee, M Maria, JP Randall, CA Hoffmann, C TI High electron mobility SiGe/Si transistor structures on sapphire substrates SO MATERIALS, INTEGRATION AND PACKAGING ISSUES FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials, Integration and Packaging Issues for High-Frequency Devices held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-03, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc, DuPont Elect Technologies, EPCOS, Philips Res Labs Aachen ID TECHNOLOGY AB SiGe/Si n-type modulation doped field effect structures and transistors (n-MODFETs) have been fabricated on r-plane sapphire substrates. The structures were deposited using molecular beam epitaxy, and antimony dopants were incorporated via a delta doping process. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) indicates that the peak antimony concentration was approximately 4 x 10(19) cm(-3). The electron mobility was over 1,200 and 13,000 cm(2)/V-sec at room temperature and 0.25 K, respectively. At these two temperatures, the electron carrier densities were 1.6 and 1.33 x 10(12) cm(-2), thus demonstrating that carrier confinement was excellent. Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations were observed at 0.25 K, thus confirming the two-dimensional nature of the carriers. Pr Transistors, with gate lengths varying from I micron to 5 microns, were fabricated using these structures and dc characterization was per-formed at room temperature. The saturated drain current region extended over a wide source-to-drain voltage (V-DS) range, with V-DS knee voltages of approximately 0.5 V and increased leakage starting at voltages slightly higher than 4 V. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Alterovitz, SA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-721-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2004 VL 783 BP 205 EP 210 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BAD30 UT WOS:000221648200029 ER PT J AU Kammer, DC Tinker, ML AF Kammer, DC Tinker, ML TI Optimal placement of triaxial accelerometers for modal vibration tests SO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article ID LARGE SPACE STRUCTURES; SENSOR PLACEMENT; IDENTIFICATION AB Proper pretest planning is a vital component of any successful vibration test. An extremely important part of the pretest exercise is the placement of sensors, usually in the form of accelerometers. The accelerometers must be placed such that all of the important dynamic information is obtained during the course of the test. The resulting sensor configuration must be optimal in some sense such that test resources are conserved. The state-of-the-practice is to select individual sensor location/directions from a candidate set based upon one of several available criteria. Triaxial accelerometers are then placed at the corresponding locations. In general, this results in the non-optimal placement of many of the accelerometers. This paper presents a new technique, based upon Effective Independence, that places triaxial accelerometers as single units in an optimal fashion. The technique is applied and compared with standard approaches using the X-33 vehicle. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Engn Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Struct Dynam & Loads Grp, Struct Mech & Thermal Dept, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Kammer, DC (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Engn Phys, 539 Eng Res Bldg,1500 Engn Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 13 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0888-3270 J9 MECH SYST SIGNAL PR JI Mech. Syst. Signal Proc. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 29 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0888-3270(03)00017-7 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 750LN UT WOS:000186992300002 ER PT J AU Benedikt, B Kumosa, M Armentrout, D Kumosa, L Sutter, JK Predecki, PK AF Benedikt, B Kumosa, M Armentrout, D Kumosa, L Sutter, JK Predecki, PK TI Analysis of stresses in aluminum particles embedded inside unidirectional and woven graphite/polyimide composites subjected to large bending loads SO MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; RESIDUAL THERMAL-STRESSES AB The effect of large bending loads on strains and stresses inside aluminum particles embedded in unidirectional and woven eight harness satin (8HS) graphite/PMR-15 composites has been examined. The stresses and strains in the particles were determined by performing X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. It has been shown in this work that when the composites are subjected to large four-point bending loads, above certain critical loads, the normal stresses and strains in the particles no longer respond to an increase in the bending moments. The stabilization of the normal X-ray stresses and strains under large bending conditions was attributed to the onset of plastic deformation of the particles. It has also been shown in this study that the aluminum particles do not noticeably affect the mechanical behavior of the composites under four-point bending conditions. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Ctr Adv Mat & Struct, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Kumosa, M (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Ctr Adv Mat & Struct, 2450 S Gaylord St, Denver, CO 80208 USA. EM mkumosa@du.edu NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1537-6494 J9 MECH ADV MATER STRUC JI Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 31 EP 49 DI 10.1080/15376490490257648 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 751PG UT WOS:000187075700003 ER PT J AU Doman, G Pelligra, R AF Doman, G Pelligra, R TI A unifying concept of seizure onset and termination SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID CEREBRAL-BLOOD-FLOW; SPREADING DEPRESSION; EPILEPSY; POTASSIUM; CHANNELS; K+ AB Recent discoveries in molecular biology and human genetics have contributed greatly to an understanding of the nature of seizure (ictal) activity. However, two questions of fundamental clinical importance continue to resist scientific inquiry: when and why does a seizure begin; and when and why does a seizure end? This paper cites evidence from the medical literature in support of two counterintuitive concepts that address this issue. First, that despite the diversity of conditions that are associated with seizures, the ictal response results from disturbances of a mitochondrial metabolic pathway that is common to them all. Second, that the seizure is not inherently harmful but is, instead, associated with massive intracerebral circulatory changes that are intended to restore impaired mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that the protogenic pathophysiological condition leading to neuronal hyperexitability and seizures results from inadequate mitochondrial energy production due to hypoxia or a hypoxia-equivalent state. Failure to generate sufficient adenosine triphosphate compromises ionic pump function and the ability to maintain neuronal homeostasis and stability. The seizure cascade is a heroic effort to perfuse the brain when local mechanisms fail to restore energy production and ionic equilibrium. In summary, a seizure starts when the neuron's aerobic machinery fails to maintain effective ionic pump function and terminates when increased cerebral perfusion, associated with the seizure response, restores adequate supplies of metabolic nutrients required for mitochondrial respiration. This unorthodox unifying concept that views ictogenesis as part of a restorative process rather than as a life threatening event may provide the basis for a much needed paradigm shift in the management of seizures. Current antiepileptic drugs are associated with many serious side effects, including death, and fail to control seizures in 20% of patients with primary generalized epilepsy and 35% of patients with partial epilepsy. We propose that efforts to prevent and control seizures should be directed away from pharma-chemical suppression towards removing the causes of disturbed neuronal energy production and developing methods and bioactive agents that promote an optimized physiological milieu within the brain. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Achievement Human Potent, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Pelligra, R (reprint author), NASA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ralph.pelligra-1@nasa.gov NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0306-9877 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PY 2004 VL 62 IS 5 BP 740 EP 745 DI 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.10.020 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 820HA UT WOS:000221376900018 PM 15082099 ER PT S AU Cremonese, G Capria, MT Achilli, V Angrilli, F Baggio, P Barbieri, C Baumgardner, J Bistacchi, N Capaccioni, F Caporali, A Casanova, I De Bei, S Forlani, G Fornasier, S Hunten, D Ip, WH Lazzarin, M Longhi, I Marinangeli, L Marzari, F Massironi, P Masson, P Mendillo, M Pain, B Preti, G Ragazzoni, R Raitala, J Salemi, G Sgavetti, M Sprague, A Suetta, E Tordi, M Verani, S Wilson, JK Wilson, L AF Cremonese, G Capria, MT Achilli, V Angrilli, F Baggio, P Barbieri, C Baumgardner, J Bistacchi, N Capaccioni, F Caporali, A Casanova, I De Bei, S Forlani, G Fornasier, S Hunten, D Ip, WH Lazzarin, M Longhi, I Marinangeli, L Marzari, F Massironi, P Masson, P Mendillo, M Pain, B Preti, G Ragazzoni, R Raitala, J Salemi, G Sgavetti, M Sprague, A Suetta, E Tordi, M Verani, S Wilson, JK Wilson, L BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI MEMORIS: a wide angle camera for the BepiColombo mission SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE space mission; imaging system; Mercury; geology; exosphere ID MERCURIAN VOLCANISM; MOON; MARINER-10 AB MEMORIS (MErcury Moderate Resolution Imaging System) is a wide angle camera (WAC) concept for the ESA mission BepiColombo. The main scientific objectives consist of observing the whole surface of Mercury in the spectral range of 400-1000 run, with a spatial resolution of 50 m per pixel at peri-Herm (400 km) and 190 m at apo-Herm (1500 km). It will obtain a map of Mercury in stereo mode allowing the determination of a digital elevation model with a panchromatic filter through two different channels. The camera will also perform multispectral imaging of the surface with a set of 8-12 different broad band filters. A third channel dedicated to limb observations will provide images of the atmosphere. MEMORIS will thus monitor the surface and the atmosphere during the entire mission, providing a unique opportunity to study the relationship between surface regions and the atmosphere, as suggested by ground-based observations and theory. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Astron Observ Padova, INAF, I-35122 Padua, Italy. IASF, CNR, Area Ric Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Padua, DAUR, Lab Survey & Geomat, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Univ Padua, CISAS, I-35131 Padua, Italy. Univ Padua, Dept Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy. Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Padua, Dept Geol Paleontol & Geophys, Padua, Italy. Univ Politecn Catalunya, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. Univ Parma, Dept Civil Engn, I-43100 Parma, Italy. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Inst Astron & Space Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. Univ Parma, Dept Earth Sci, I-43100 Parma, Italy. Univ Annunzio, IRSPS, I-65127 Pescara, Italy. Univ Padua, Dept Phys, I-35131 Padua, Italy. Univ Paris 11, Dept Earth Sci, F-91405 Orsay, France. JPL, Pasadena, CA 91100 USA. Galileo Avionics, I-50013 Florence, Italy. Astron Observ Arcetri, INAF, Florence, Italy. Univ Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland. Univ Lancaster, Environm Nat Sci Dept, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. RP Cremonese, G (reprint author), Astron Observ Padova, INAF, Vic Osserv 5, I-35122 Padua, Italy. EM cremonese@pd.astro.it RI Mendillo, Michael /H-4397-2014; OI Casanova, Ignasi/0000-0003-0462-4147; Salemi, Giuseppe/0000-0002-2382-1173; Cremonese, Gabriele/0000-0001-9021-1140; Ragazzoni, Roberto/0000-0002-7697-5555; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314; Massironi, Matteo/0000-0002-7757-8818 NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2182 EP 2188 DI 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00448-4 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600011 ER PT S AU Zeitlin, C Cleghorn, T Cucinotta, F Saganti, P Andersen, V Lee, K Pinsky, L Atwell, W Turner, R Badhwar, G AF Zeitlin, C Cleghorn, T Cucinotta, F Saganti, P Andersen, V Lee, K Pinsky, L Atwell, W Turner, R Badhwar, G BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI Overview of the Martian radiation environment experiment SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res AB Space radiation presents a hazard to astronauts, particularly those journeying outside the protective influence of the geomagnetosphere. Crews on future missions to Mars will be exposed to the harsh radiation environment of deep space during the transit between Earth and Mars. Once on Mars, they will encounter radiation that is only slightly reduced, compared to free space, by the thin Martian atmosphere. NASA is obliged to minimize, where possible, the radiation exposures received by astronauts. Thus, as a precursor to eventual human exploration, it is necessary to measure the Martian radiation environment in detail. The MARIE experiment, aboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, is returning the first data that bear directly on this problem. Here we provide an overview of the experiment, including introductory material on space radiation and radiation dosimetry, a description of the detector, model predictions of the radiation environment at Mars, and preliminary dose-rate data obtained at Mars. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Boeing Co, Houston, TX 77059 USA. ANSER, Arlington, VA 22206 USA. RP Zeitlin, C (reprint author), Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM cjzeitlin@lbl.gov NR 9 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2204 EP 2210 DI 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00514-3 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600014 PM 15791732 ER PT S AU Lee, KT Cleghorn, T Cucinotta, F Pinsky, L Zeitlin, C AF Lee, KT Cleghorn, T Cucinotta, F Pinsky, L Zeitlin, C BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI Heavy ion observations by MARIE in cruise phase and Mars orbit SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE MARIE; space radiation AB The charged particle spectrum for nuclei from protons to neon, (charge Z = 10) was observed during the cruise phase and orbit around Mars by the MARIE charged particle spectrometer on the Odyssey spacecraft. The cruise data were taken between April 23, 2001 and mid-August 2001. The Mars orbit data were taken March 5, 2002 through May 2002 and are scheduled to continue until August 2004. Charge peaks are clearly separated for charges up to Z = 10. Especially prominent are the carbon and oxygen peaks, with boron and nitrogen also clearly visible. Although heavy ions are much less abundant than protons in the cosmic ray environment, it is important to determine their abundances because their ionization energy losses (proportional to Z(2)) are far more dangerous to humans and to instruments. Thus the higher charged nuclei make a significant contribution to dose and dose equivalent received in space. Results of the charged particle spectrum measurements will be reported. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lee, KT (reprint author), Univ Houston, 4800 Calhoun, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM ktlee@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2211 EP 2214 DI 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00519-2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600015 PM 15791733 ER PT S AU Cleghorn, TF Saganti, PB Zeitlin, CJ Cucinotta, FA AF Cleghorn, TF Saganti, PB Zeitlin, CJ Cucinotta, FA BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI Solar particle events observed at Mars: dosimetry measurements and model calculations SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE cosmic rays; solar particle events; Mars radiation environment AB During the period from March 13, 2002 to mid-September, 2002, six solar particle events (SPE) were observed by the MARIE instrument onboard the Odyssey Spacecraft in Martian Orbit. These events were observed also by the GOES 8 satellite in Earth orbit, and thus represent the first time that the same SPE have been observed at these separate locations. The characteristics of these SPE are examined, given that the active regions of the solar disc from which the event originated can usually be identified. The dose rates at Martian orbit are calculated, both for the galactic and solar components of the ionizing particle radiation environment. The dose rates due to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) agree well with the HZETRN model calculations. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Lockheed Martin Space Syst, Webster, TX 77598 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Cleghorn, TF (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Rd 1,Mail Code SN3, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM tcleghor@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2215 EP 2218 DI 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00518-0 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600016 PM 15791734 ER PT S AU Atwell, W Saganti, P Cucinotta, FA Zeitlin, CJ AF Atwell, W Saganti, P Cucinotta, FA Zeitlin, CJ BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI A space radiation shielding model of the Martian radiation environment experiment (MARIE) SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE radiation shielding model; Mars radiation environment; MARIE AB The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft was launched towards Mars on April 7, 2001. Onboard the spacecraft is the Martian radiation environment experiment (MARIE), which is designed to measure the background radiation environment due to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar protons in the 20-500 MeV/n energy range. We present an approach for developing a space radiation-shielding model of the spacecraft that includes the MARIE instrument in the current mapping phase orientation. A discussion is presented describing the development and methodology used to construct the shielding model. For a given GCR model environment, using the current MARIE shielding model and the high-energy particle transport codes, dose rate values are compared with MARIE measurements during the early mapping phase in Mars orbit. The results show good agreement between the model calculations and the MARIE measurements as presented for the March 2002 dataset. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Boeing Co, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Atwell, W (reprint author), Boeing Co, 13100 Space Ctr Blvd,Mail Code HZ1-10, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM bigshot@houston.rr.com NR 2 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2219 EP 2221 DI 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00527-1 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600017 PM 15791735 ER PT S AU Verigin, M Vignes, D Crider, D Slavin, J Acuna, M Kotova, G Remizov, A AF Verigin, M Vignes, D Crider, D Slavin, J Acuna, M Kotova, G Remizov, A BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI Martian obstacle and bow shock: origins of boundaries anisotropy SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE mars; obstacle to solar wind; bow shock; Modeling; anisotropy; rain pressure dependence ID SOLAR-WIND INTERACTION; PHOBOS-2 OBSERVATIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; RAM PRESSURE; 3-D SHAPE; MARS; POSITION; MAGNETOPAUSE; VENUS AB The origin of the anisotropy in the shape of the Martian obstacle and bow shock is analyzed using Mars Global Surveyor observations. The influence of MHD or ion pick-up effects on Martian obstacle position was to be small found, however, localized Martian crustal magnetization increases the thickness of the downstream planetary magnetotail by 500-1000 km in agreement with earlier Phobos 2 observations. A new analytical model is presented for Martian obstacle shape variation for different solar wind ram pressure. Elongation of the Martian BS cross-section in the direction perpendicular to IMF was confirmed while the shift of this cross section in the +Y direction of Martian interplanetary medium reference frame was discovered. The shift of BS cross section in the direction of interplanetary electric field was not revealed thus not conforming the idea that mass-loading play some role in BS control. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Moscow 117997, Russia. RP Verigin, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 696, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM verigin@iki.rssi.ru RI Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Hurley, Dana/F-4488-2015 OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Hurley, Dana/0000-0003-1052-1494 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2222 EP 2227 DI 10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00522-2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600018 ER PT S AU Chassefiere, E Nagy, A Mandea, M Primdahl, F Reme, H Sauvaud, JA Lin, R Barabash, S Mitchell, D Zurbuchen, T Leblanc, F Berthelier, JJ Waite, H Young, DT Clarke, J Parrot, M Trotignon, JG Bertaux, JL Quemerais, E Barlier, F Szego, K Szalai, S Boughar, S Forget, F Lilensten, J Barriot, JP Chanteur, G Luhmann, J Hulot, G Purucker, M Breuer, D Srnrekar, S Jakosky, B Menvielle, M Sasaki, S Acuna, M Keating, G Touboul, P Gerard, JC Rochus, P Orsini, S Cerutti-Maori, G Porteneuve, J Meftah, M Malique, C AF Chassefiere, E Nagy, A Mandea, M Primdahl, F Reme, H Sauvaud, JA Lin, R Barabash, S Mitchell, D Zurbuchen, T Leblanc, F Berthelier, JJ Waite, H Young, DT Clarke, J Parrot, M Trotignon, JG Bertaux, JL Quemerais, E Barlier, F Szego, K Szalai, S Boughar, S Forget, F Lilensten, J Barriot, JP Chanteur, G Luhmann, J Hulot, G Purucker, M Breuer, D Srnrekar, S Jakosky, B Menvielle, M Sasaki, S Acuna, M Keating, G Touboul, P Gerard, JC Rochus, P Orsini, S Cerutti-Maori, G Porteneuve, J Meftah, M Malique, C BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI DYNAMO: a Mars upper atmosphere package for investigating solar wind interaction and escape processes, and mapping Martian fields SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Mars; upper atmosphere; escape; magnetic field; gravity field AB DYNAMO is a small multi-instrument payload aimed at characterizing current atmospheric escape, which is still poorly constrained, and improving gravity and magnetic field representations, in order to better understand the magnetic, geologic and thermal history of Mars. The internal structure and evolution of Mars is thought to have influenced climate evolution. The collapse of the primitive magnetosphere early in Mars history could have enhanced atmospheric escape and favored transition to the present and climate. These objectives are achieved by using a low periapsis orbit. DYNAMO has been proposed in response to the AO released in February 2002 for instruments to be flown as a complementary payload onboard the CNES Orbiter to Mars (MO-07), foreseen to be launched in 2007 in the framework of the French PREMIER Mars exploration program. MO-07 orbital phase 2b (with an elliptical orbit of periapsis 170 km), and in a lesser extent 2a, offers an unprecedented opportunity to investigate by in situ probing the chemical and dynamical properties of the deep ionosphere, thermosphere, and the interaction between the atmosphere and the solar wind, and therefore the present atmospheric escape rate. Ultraviolet remote sensing is an essential complement to characterize high, tenuous, layers of the atmosphere. One Martian year of operation, with about 5,000 low passes, should allow DYNAMO to map in great detail the residual magnetic field, together with the gravity field. Additional data on the internal structure will be obtained by mapping the electric conductivity, sinergistically with the NETLANDER magnetic data. Three options have been recommended by the International Science and Technical Review Board (ISTRB), who met on July 1st and 2nd, 2002. One of them is centered on DYNAMO. The final choice, which should be made before the end of 2002, will depend on available funding resources at CNES. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Paris 06, IPSL, Pole Planetol, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Paris 06, Inst Phys Globe, F-75252 Paris 5, France. Danish Tech Univ, Danish Space Res Inst, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Swedish Inst Space Phys, IRF, SE-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. LPCE, F-45071 Orleans 2, France. CRGS, CREGA, Observ Cote Azur, F-06130 Grasse, France. KFKI, Dept Space Technol, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary. Lab Planetol Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. Observ Midi Pyrenees, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. George Washington Univ, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, F-92322 Chatillon, France. Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. IFSI, I-00133 Rome, Italy. RP Chassefiere, E (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, IPSL, Pole Planetol, Serv Aeron, Boite 102,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France. EM eric.chassefiere@aero.jussieu.fr RI Hulot, Gauthier/A-5627-2011; MANDEA, Mioara/E-4892-2012; Clarke, John/C-8644-2013; OI GERARD, Jean-Claude/0000-0002-8565-8746 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2228 EP 2235 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00528-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600019 ER PT S AU Cabane, M Coll, P Szopa, C Israel, G Raulin, F Sternberg, R Mahaffy, P Person, A Rodier, C Navarro-Gonzalez, R Niemann, H Harpold, D Brinckerhoff, W AF Cabane, M Coll, P Szopa, C Israel, G Raulin, F Sternberg, R Mahaffy, P Person, A Rodier, C Navarro-Gonzalez, R Niemann, H Harpold, D Brinckerhoff, W BE Grard, R Masson, PL Gombosi, TI TI Did life exist on Mars? Search for organic and inorganic signatures, one of the goals for "SAM" (sample analysis at Mars) SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Mars; astrobiology; organic matter; derivatisation; pyrolysis; gas chromatography ID IN-SITU; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ACP EXPERIMENT; SPACE; CARBONATES; HUYGENS; SURFACE; SOIL AB Observation of Mars shows signs of a past Earth-like climate, and, in that case, there is no objection to the possible development of life, in the underground or at the surface, as in the terrestrial primitive biosphere. Sample analysis at Mars (SAM) is an experiment which may be proposed for atmospheric, ground and underground in situ measurements. One of its goals is to bring direct or indirect information on the possibility for life to have developed on Mars, and to detect traces of past or present biological activity. With this aim, it focuses on the detection of organic molecules: volatile organics are extracted from the sample by simple heating, whereas refractory molecules are made analyzable (i.e. volatile), using derivatization technique or fragmentation by pyrolysis. Gaseous mixtures thus obtained are analyzed by gas chromatography associated to mass spectrometry. Beyond organics, carbonates and other salts are associated to the dense and moist atmosphere necessary to the development of life, and might have formed and accumulated in some places on Mars. They represent another target for SAM. Heating of the samples allows the analysis of structural gases of these minerals (CO(2) from carbonates, etc.), enabling to identify them. We also show, in this paper, that it may be possible to discriminate between abiotic minerals, and minerals (shells, etc.) created by living organisms. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, SA IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Paris 12, LISA, F-94010 Creteil, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Paris 06, Lab Geol Sedimentaire, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Poitiers, Lab Synth & Reactivites Chim, F-86000 Poitiers, France. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Lab Quim Plasmas & Estudios Planetarios, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Cabane, M (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, SA IPSL, Serv Aeron, T45-B102,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France. EM michel.cabane@aero.jussieu.fr RI Gonzalez, Rafael/D-1748-2009; Mahaffy, Paul/E-4609-2012; Harpold, Dan/I-3345-2013; Brinckerhoff, William/F-3453-2012; szopa, cyril/C-6865-2015 OI Brinckerhoff, William/0000-0001-5121-2634; szopa, cyril/0000-0002-0090-4056 NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 5 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 12 BP 2240 EP 2245 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00523-4 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ38 UT WOS:000222530600021 ER PT J AU Ferkul, P Kleinhenz, J Shih, HY Pettegrew, R Sacksteder, K T'ien, J AF Ferkul, P Kleinhenz, J Shih, HY Pettegrew, R Sacksteder, K T'ien, J TI Solid fuel combustion experiments in microgravity using a continuous fuel dispenser and related numerical simulations SO MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPEED CONCURRENT FLOW; FLAME SPREAD; DIFFUSION FLAME; THIN SOLIDS; EXTINCTION; RATES AB The conventional way of determining the flammability characteristics of a material involves a number of tedious single-sample tests to distinguish flammable from non-flammable conditions. A novel test device and fuel configuration has been developed that permits multiple successive tests for indefinite lengths of thin solid materials. In this device, a spreading flame can be established and held at a fixed location in front of optimized diagnostics while continuous variations of test parameters are made. This device is especially well-suited to conducting experiments in space (e.g. aboard the International Space Station) where the limited resources of stowage, volume, and crew time pose major constraints. A prototype version of this device was tested successfully in both a normal gravity laboratory and during low-gravity aircraft trials. As part of this ongoing study of material flammability behavior, a numerical model of concurrent-flow flame spread is used to simulate the flame. Two and three-dimensional steady-state forms of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with chemical reactions and gas and solid radiation are solved. The model is used to assist in the design of the test apparatus and to interpret the results of microgravity experiments. This paper describes details of the fuel testing device and planned experiment diagnostics. A special fuel, developed to optimize use of the special testing device, is described. Some results of the numerical flame spread model are presented to explain the three-dimensional nature of flames spreading in concurrent flow and to show how the model is used as an experiment design tool. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Chang Gung Univ, Taoyuan, Taiwan. RP Ferkul, P (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, MS 110-3,2100 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM pferkul@grc.nasa.gov OI Shih, Hsin-Yi/0000-0003-1053-2169 NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU Z A R M TECHNIK PUBLISHING DIV PI BREMEN PA AM FALLTURM, 28359 BREMEN, GERMANY SN 0938-0108 J9 MICROGRAVITY SCI TEC JI Microgravity Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 15 IS 2 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1007/BF02870953 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 849SG UT WOS:000223560400001 ER PT S AU Jamison, TL Kornriech, P Yu, C AF Jamison, TL Kornriech, P Yu, C BE Johnson, EG Nordin, GP TI A novel inter core-cladding lithium niobate thin film coated fiber modulator/sensor SO MICROMACHINING TECHNOLOGY FOR MICRO-OPTICS AND NANO-OPTICS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining Technology for Micro-Optics and Nano-Optics II CY JAN 27-29, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE lithium niobate; fiber Modulator/Sensor; sol gel fiber; electrooptic modulator; acoustooptic sensor AB A fiber modulator/sensor has been fabricated by depositing a lithium niobate sol-gel thin film between the core and cladding of a fiber preform. The preform is then drawn into 125 urn fiber. The proposed design of lithium niobate cylinder fibers can enhance the existing methodology for detecting sound waves under water utilizing the acoustooptic properties of lithium niobate. Upon. application of a stress or strain, light propagating inside the core, according to-the principle of total internal reflection, escapes into the cladding because of the photoelastic boundary layer of lithium niobate. Test results of the lithium niobate fiber reveal a reduction in the 1550 nm, 4mW source with applied tension. The source power from an ordinary quartz fiber under the same stress condition remained invariant to applied tens-ion. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Parts Packaging & Assembly Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jamison, TL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Parts Packaging & Assembly Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5255-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5347 BP 118 EP 125 DI 10.1117/12.524650 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY72E UT WOS:000189447300015 ER PT S AU Tanelli, S Meagher, JP Durden, SL Im, E AF Tanelli, S Meagher, JP Durden, SL Im, E BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Processing of high resolution, multiparametric radar data for the airborne dual-frequency precipitation radar APR-2 SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE precipitation; airborne Doppler radar AB Following the successful Precipitation Radar (PR) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(1), a new airborne, 14/35 GHz rain profiling radar, known as Airborne Precipitation Radar - 2 (APR-2)(2), has been developed as a prototype for an advanced, dual-firequency spaceborne radar for a future spaceborne precipitation measurement mission 3. This airborne instrument is capable of making simultaneous measurements of rainfall parameters, including co-pol and cross-pol rain reflectivities and vertical Doppler velocities, at 14 and 35 GHz. Furthermore, it also features several advanced technologies for performance improvement, including real-time data processing, low-sidelobe dual-frequency pulse compression, and dual-frequency scanning antenna. Since August 2001, APR-2 has been deployed on the NASA P3 and DC8 aircrafts in four experiments including CAMIX-4 and the Wakasa Bay Experiment. Raw radar data are first processed to obtain reflectivity, LDR (linear depolarization ratio), and Doppler velocity measurements. The dataset is then processed iteratively to accurately estimate the true aircraft navigation parameters and to classify the surface return. These intermediate products are then used to refine reflectivity and LDR calibrations (by analyzing clear air ocean surface returns), and to correct Doppler measurements for the aircraft motion. Finally, the melting layer of precipitation is detected and its boundaries and characteristics are identified at the APR-2 range resolution of 30m. The resulting 3D dataset will be used for validation of other airborne and spaceborne instruments, development of multiparametric rain/snow retrieval algorithms and melting layer characterization and statistics. In this paper the processing approach is described in detail together with an overview of the resulting data quality and known issues. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tanelli, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1117/12.579015 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200003 ER PT S AU Jackson, GS Wang, JR AF Jackson, GS Wang, JR BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Passive remote sensing of cloud ice particles SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE microwave; sub; mill imeterwave; clouds. remote sensing. passive; rain; precipitating snow ID SPHERES AB Hurricanes, blizzards and other weather events are important to understand not only for disaster preparation, but also to track the global energy balance and to improve weather and climate forecasts. For several decades, passive radiometers and active radars on aircraft and satellites have been employed to remotely sense rain rates and the properties of liquid particles. In the past few years the relationships between frozen particles and millimeter-wave observations have become understood well enough to estimate the properties of ice in clouds. In this paper, a brief background of passive remote sensing of precipitation will be presented followed by a focused discussion of recent research at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center estimating the properties of frozen particles in clouds. The retrievals are for (1) ice that will eventually melt into rain, (2) for solid precipitation falling in northern climates, and (3) cirrus ice clouds. The electromagnetic absorption and scattering properties and differences of liquid rain versus frozen particles will be summarized for frequencies from 6 to 340+ GHz. Challenges of this work including surface emissivity variability, nonlinear and under-constrained relationships, and frozen particle unknowns will be discussed. Retrieved cloud particle contents and size distributions for ice above the melting layer in hurricanes, retrieved snowfall rates for a blizzard, and cirrus ice estimates will be presented. Future directions of this work will also be described. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jackson, GS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 975, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 38 EP 47 DI 10.1117/12.579028 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200005 ER PT S AU Kobayashi, S Tanelli, S Iguchi, T Im, E AF Kobayashi, S Tanelli, S Iguchi, T Im, E BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Backscattering enhancement with a finite beam width for millimeter-wavelength weather radars SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE backscattering enhancement; multiple scattering; weather radar ID COHERENT BACKSCATTERING; WEAK-LOCALIZATION; DISORDERED MEDIA; LIGHT; SCATTERERS; POLARIZATION; REFLECTION; SIGNALS AB Backscattering enhancement from random hydrometeors should increase as wavelengths of radars reach millimeter re-ions. For 95 GHz radars, the reflectivity of backscattering is expected to increase by 2 dB. due to multiple scattering, including backscattering, enhancement, for water droplets of diameter of 1 min with a density of 5 x 10(3) m(-3) Previous theoretical studies of backscattering enhancement considered infinitely extending plane waves. In this paper, we expand the theory to spherical waves with a Gaussian antenna pattern, including depolarizing effects. While the differences from the plane wave results are not great when the optical thickness is small, as the latter increases the differences become significant, and essentially depend on the ratio of radar footprint radius to the mean free path of hydrometeors. In this regime, for a radar footprint that is smaller than the mean free path, the backscattering-enhancement reflectivity corresponding to spherical waves is significantly less pronounced than in the case of the plane wave theory. Hence this reduction factor must be taken into account when analyzing radar reflectivity factors for use in remote sensing applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kobayashi, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 300-243, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 106 EP 113 DI 10.1117/12.578995 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200012 ER PT S AU Le Vine, D Lagerloef, GSE Colomb, FR Chao, Y AF Le Vine, D Lagerloef, GSE Colomb, FR Chao, Y BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI AQUARIUS: A passive/active microwave sensor to monitor sea surface salinity globally from space SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE sea surface salinity; remote sensing; microwave radiometer; microwave scatterometer ID L-BAND; OCEAN SALINITY; TEMPERATURE AB Salinity is important for understanding ocean dynamics, energy exchange with the atmosphere and the global water cycle. Existing data is limited and much of the ocean has never even been sampled. Sea surface salinity can be measured remotely by satellite and a three year mission for this purpose called Aquarius/SAC-D has recently been selected by NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) program. The objective is to map the salinity field globally with a spatial resolution of 100 kin and a monthly average accuracy of 0.2 psu.. The mission, scheduled for launch in 2008, is a partnership of the United States National Aeronauatics and Space Agency (NASA) and the Argentine Comision Nacional de Actividades Epaciales (CONAE). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Le Vine, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 975, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1117/12.579424 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200014 ER PT S AU Tanelli, S Im, E AF Tanelli, S Im, E BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Spaceborne Doppler precipitation radar: system configurations and performance analysis SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE precipitation; spacebome Doppler radar ID VELOCITY-MEASUREMENTS; SIGNALS AB Knowledge of the global distribution of the vertical velocity of precipitation is important in the study of energy transportation in the atmosphere, the climate and weather. Such knowledge can only be directly acquired with the use of spaceborne Doppler precipitation radars (DPR). Although the high relative speed of the radar with respect to the rainfall particles introduces significant broadening in the Doppler spectrum.. recent studies have shown that the average vertical velocity can be measured to acceptable accuracy levels by appropriate selection of radar parameters. Furthermore, methods to correct for specific errors arising from non-uniform beam filling (NUBF) effects and pointing uncertainties have recently been developed. In this paper we will present the results of the trade studies on the performances of a spaceborne Doppler radar with different system parameters configurations. Particular emphases will be placed on the choices of: 1) the PRF vs. antenna size ratio, 2) the observational strategy, 3) the operating frequency; and 4) processing strategy. The results show that accuracies of 1 m/s or better can be achieved with the currently available technology. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tanelli, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 140 EP 148 DI 10.1117/12.579021 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200016 ER PT S AU McDonald, KC Kimball, JS Zhao, MS Njoku, E Zimmermann, R Running, SW AF McDonald, KC Kimball, JS Zhao, MS Njoku, E Zimmermann, R Running, SW BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Spaceborne microwave remote sensing of seasonal freeze-thaw processes in the terrestrial high latitudes: Relationships with land-atmosphere CO2 exchange SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE remote sensing; boreal; arctic; growing season; net primary production; freeze/thaw; SSM/I; carbon cycle ID BOREAL FOREST; CYCLE; VARIABILITY; LANDSCAPE AB Landscape transitions between seasonally frozen and thawed conditions occur each year over roughly 50 million square kilometers of Earth's Northern Hemisphere. These relatively abrupt transitions represent the closest analog to a biospheric and hydrologic on/off switch existing in nature, affecting surface meteorological conditions, ecological trace gas dynamics, energy exchange and hydrologic activity profoundly. We utilize time series satellite-borne microwave remote sensing measurements from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) to examine spatial and temporal variability in seasonal freeze/thaw cycles for the pan-Arctic basin and Alaska. Regional measurements of spring thaw timing are derived using daily brightness temperature measurements from the 19 GHz, horizontally polarized channel, separately for overpasses with 6 AM and 6 PM equatorial crossing times. Spatial and temporal patterns in regional freeze/thaw dynamics show distinct differences between North America and Eurasia, and boreal forest and Arctic tundra biomes. Annual anomalies in the timing of thawing in spring also correspond closely to seasonal atmospheric CO2 concentration anomalies derived from NOAA CMDL arctic and subarctic monitoring stations. Classification differences between AM and PM overpass data average approximately 5 days for the region, though both appear to be effective surrogates for monitoring annual growing seasons at high latitudes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP McDonald, KC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 167 EP 178 DI 10.1117/12.578906 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200019 ER PT S AU Krimchansky, S Patel, P AF Krimchansky, S Patel, P BE Jackson, GS Uratsuka, S TI Predicted performance for first flight unit of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment IV CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE AB The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) meteorological flight instruments for use on board the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) spacecraft and the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), is a multi-channel microwave radiometer. The ATMS is a total power radiometer system that passively monitors the radiation from the earth's surface and atmosphere in the microwave potion of the spectrum. It is a cross-track, line-scanned instrument designed to measure scene radiance's in twenty two discrete frequency channels. The paper presents instruments predicted performance for first flight unit. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Krimchansky, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5615-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5654 BP 208 EP 213 DI 10.1117/12.572935 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBP16 UT WOS:000226856200023 ER PT S AU Sinderson, E Magapu, V Mak, R AF Sinderson, E Magapu, V Mak, R BE Jacobsen, HA TI Middleware and web services for the Collaborative Information Portal of NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers Mission SO MIDDLEWARE 2004, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Middleware Conference CY OCT, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA SP ACM, IFIP, USENIX, Cybermation, IONA, BBN Technologies, IBM Res, Siemens AB We describe the design and deployment of the middleware for the Collaborative Information Portal (CIP), a mission critical J2EE application developed for NASA's 2003 Mars Exploration Rover mission. CIP enabled mission personnel to access data and images sent back from Mars, staff and event schedules, broadcast messages and clocks displaying various Earth and Mars time zones. We developed the CIP middleware in less than two years time using cutting-edge technologies, including EJBs, servlets, JDBC, JNDI and JMS. The middleware was designed and implemented as a collection of independent, hot-deployable web services, providing secure access to back end file systems and databases. This service-oriented approach to developing an integrated system is an example of cutting edge middleware design. Throughout the middleware we enabled crosscutting capabilities such as runtime service configuration, security, logging and remote monitoring. This paper presents our approach to mitigating the challenges we faced, concluding with a short review of the lessons we learned from this project and noting some of the things we would do differently and why. C1 Comp Sci Corp, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Comp Sci Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sinderson, E (reprint author), Comp Sci Corp, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM esinderson@mail.arc.nasa.gov; vmagapu@mail.arc.nasa.gov; rmak@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23428-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3231 BP 1 EP 17 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBB68 UT WOS:000224583200001 ER PT S AU Mehdi, I AF Mehdi, I BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI THz local oscillator technology SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE LO sources; multipliers; THz technology ID MIXER; GHZ AB The last decade has seen a number of technological advancements that have now made it possible to implement fully solid state local oscillator chains up to 2 THz. These chains are composed of cascaded planar multiplier stages that are pumped with W-band high power sources. The high power W-band sources are achieved by power combining MMIC amplifiers and can provide in access of 150 mW with about 10% bandwidth. Planar diode technology has also enabled novel circuit topologies that can take advantage of the high input power and demonstrate significant efficiencies well into the THz range. Cascaded chains to 1.9 THz have now been demonstrated with enough output power to successfully pump hot-electron bolometer mixers in this frequency range. An overview of the current State-of-the-Art of the local oscillator technology will be presented along with highlighting future trends and challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mehdi, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-w 168-314,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM imran@merlin.jpl.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1117/12.552296 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800009 ER PT S AU Silverberg, RF Allen, CA Babu, SR Benford, DJ Chuss, DT Dotson, JL Dowell, CD Harper, DA Jhabvala, MD Loewenstein, RF Moseley, SH Staguhn, JG Voellmer, G Wollack, EJ AF Silverberg, RF Allen, CA Babu, SR Benford, DJ Chuss, DT Dotson, JL Dowell, CD Harper, DA Jhabvala, MD Loewenstein, RF Moseley, SH Staguhn, JG Voellmer, G Wollack, EJ BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Two bolometer Arrays for far-infrared and submillimeter astronomy SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometer; far-infrared; sub-millimeter; detector arrays; instrumentation; CSO; SOFIA AB We describe the development, construction, and testing of two 384 element arrays of ion-implanted semi-conducting cryogenic bolometers designed for use in far-infrared and submillimeter cameras. These two dimensional arrays are assembled from a number of 32 element linear arrays of monolithic Pop-Up bolometer Detectors (PUD) developed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. PUD technology allows the construction of large, high filling factor, arrays that make efficient use of available focal plane area in far-infrared and submillimeter astronomical instruments. Such arrays can be used to provide a significant increase in mapping speed over smaller arrays. A prototype array has been delivered and integrated into a ground-based camera, the Submillimeter High Angular Resolution Camera (SHARC II), a facility instrument at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). A second array has recently been delivered for integration into the High-resolution Airborne Widebandwidth Camera (HAWC), a far-infrared imaging camera for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). HAWC is scheduled for commissioning in 2005. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Silverberg, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Chuss, David/D-8281-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1117/12.552422 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800017 ER PT S AU Nguyen, HT Bock, JJ Ringold, P Battle, J Elliott, SC Turner, AD Weilert, M Hristov, VV Schulz, B Ganga, K Zhang, L Beeman, JW Ade, PAR Hargrave, PC AF Nguyen, HT Bock, JJ Ringold, P Battle, J Elliott, SC Turner, AD Weilert, M Hristov, VV Schulz, B Ganga, K Zhang, L Beeman, JW Ade, PAR Hargrave, PC BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI A report on laboratory performance of the spectroscopic detector arrays for SPIRE/HSO SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE AB We report the performance of the flight bolometer arrays for the Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE) instrument to be on board of the Herschel Space Observatory (HSO). We describe the test setup for the flight Bolometric Detector Assembly (BDA) that allows the characterization of its performance, both dark and optical, in one instrument's cool down. We summarize the laboratory procedure to measure the basic bolometer parameters, optical response time, optical efficiency of bolometer and feedhorn, dark and optical noise, and the overall thermal conductance of the BDA unit. Finally, we present the test results obtained from the two flight units, Spectroscopic Long Wavelength (SLW) and Spectroscopic Short Wavelength (SSW). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nguyen, HT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 196 EP 207 DI 10.1117/12.548974 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800018 ER PT S AU Benford, DJ Dicker, SR Wollack, EJ Supanich, MP Staguhn, JG Moseley, SH Irwin, KD Devlin, MJ Chervenak, JA Chen, TC AF Benford, DJ Dicker, SR Wollack, EJ Supanich, MP Staguhn, JG Moseley, SH Irwin, KD Devlin, MJ Chervenak, JA Chen, TC BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI A planar two-dimensional superconducting bolometer array for the Green Bank Telescope SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometer array; transition edge sensor; superconducting multiplexer; SQUID multiplexer; GBT ID TRANSITION EDGE SENSORS; MO/AU TES BOLOMETERS; GALAXIES; NOISE; SYSTEM AB In order to provide high sensitivity rapid imaging at 3.3 mm (90 GHz) for the Green Bank Telescope - the world's largest steerable aperture - a camera is being built by the University of Pennsylvania, NASA/GSFC, and NRAO. The heart of this camera is an 8x8 close-packed, Nyquist-sampled detector array. We have designed and are fabricating a functional superconducting bolometer array system using a monolithic planar architecture. Read out by SQUID multiplexers, the superconducting transition edge sensors will provide fast, linear, sensitive response for high performance imaging. This will provide the first ever superconducting bolometer array on a facility instrument. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 208 EP 219 DI 10.1117/12.552094 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800019 ER PT S AU Lawrence, CR Gaier, T Seiffert, M AF Lawrence, CR Gaier, T Seiffert, M BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Millimeter-wave MMIC cameras and the QUIET experiment SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE cosmic background radiation; polarization; cryogenics; amplifiers; detector arrays ID MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION; REIONIZATION HISTORY AB A breakthrough in the packaging of cryogenic millimeterwave circuits enables mass production of radiometer or polarimeter array elements, leading to low cost, high performance, and straightforward scaling to arbitrarily large arrays. The Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET) will measure the polarization of the cosmic microvave background from the ground using such large arrays of coherent polarimeters. With two different optical systems, angular scales from ten degrees to 4' can be covered. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lawrence, CR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 220 EP 231 DI 10.1117/12.553771 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800020 ER PT S AU Bradford, CM Ade, P Aguirre, J Bock, JJ Dragovan, M Duband, L Earle, L Glenn, J Matsuhara, H Naylor, BJ Nguyen, H Yun, M Zmuidzinas, J AF Bradford, CM Ade, P Aguirre, J Bock, JJ Dragovan, M Duband, L Earle, L Glenn, J Matsuhara, H Naylor, BJ Nguyen, H Yun, M Zmuidzinas, J BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Z-Spec: a broadband millimeter-wave grating spectrometer - design, construction, and first cryogenic measurements SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE millimeter-wave; spectroscopy; bolometers; cryogenic; waveguide; diffraction grating; redshift AB We present the design, integration, and first cryogenic testing of our new broad-band millimeter-wave spectrometer, ZSpec. Z-Spec uses a novel architecture called WaFIRS (Waveguide Far-IR Spectrometer), which employs a curved diffraction grating in a parallel-plate waveguide propagation medium. The instrument will provide a resolving power between 200 and 350 across an instantaneous bandwidth of 190-310 GHz, all packaged within a cryostat that is of order I meter in size. For background-limited astronomical observations in the I mm terrestrial window, Z-Spec uses 160 silicon nitride micro-mesh bolometers and the detectors and waveguide grating are cooled to similar to0.1 K. Our first cryogenic meausurements at 225 GHz show resolving power greater than 200, and the end-to-end throughput is estimated to be greater than 30%, possibly as high as 40%. Z-Spec represents the first systematic approach to cosmological redshift measurement that is not based on optical or near-IR identifications. With its good sensitivity and large bandwidth, ZSpec provides a new capability for millimeter-wave astrophysics. The instrument will be capable of measuring rotational carbon monoxide line emission from bright dusty galaxies at redshifts of up to 4, and the broad bandwidth insures that at least two lines will be simultaneously detected, providing an unambiguous redshift determination. In addition to Z-Spec's observations over the next 1-3 years, the WaFIRS spectrometer architecture makes an excellent candidate for mid-IR to millimeter-wave spectrometers on future space-bome and suborbital platforms such as SPICA and SAFIR. The concept is dramatically more compact and lightweight than conventional free-space grating spectrometers, and no mirrors or lenses are used in the instrument. After the progress report on Z-Spec, we highlight this capability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bradford, CM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 2 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 257 EP 267 DI 10.1117/12.552182 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800023 ER PT S AU Staguhn, JG Benford, DJ Chervenak, JA Moseley, SH Allen, CA Stevenson, R Hsieh, WT AF Staguhn, JG Benford, DJ Chervenak, JA Moseley, SH Allen, CA Stevenson, R Hsieh, WT BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Design techniques for improved noise performance of superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometers; TES; fundamental noise; submillimeter astronomy AB We have investigated the noise performance of MoAu-bilayer TES bolometers designed for infrared detectors. A set of devices with variations in geometry were fabricated at the NASA/GSFC detector development facility. These detectors have different bilayer aspect ratios and have varieties of normal metal regions deposited on top of the bilayer to study the effects of geometry on noise. These normal metal regions are oriented either parallel or transverse to the direction of current flow, or both. The lowest noise detectors are found to have normal metal regions oriented transversely. Our detectors with the most favorable design feature negligible excess noise in the in-band region, only slight excess noise in the out-of-band region, and low 1/f noise. The detectors are successfully used in the Submillimeter Broadband Spectrometer FIBRE which is used for astronomical observations at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Staguhn, JG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 390 EP 395 DI 10.1117/12.552102 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800035 ER PT S AU Voellmer, GM Allen, CA Babu, SR Bartels, AE Dowell, CD Dotson, J Al Harper, D Moseley, SH Rennick, T Shirron, P Smith, WW Wollack, EJ AF Voellmer, GM Allen, CA Babu, SR Bartels, AE Dowell, CD Dotson, J Al Harper, D Moseley, SH Rennick, T Shirron, P Smith, WW Wollack, EJ BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI A two-dimensional, semiconducting bolometer array for HAWC SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE ID CAMERA AB The Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy's (SOFIA's) High resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) will use an ion-implanted silicon bolometer array developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The GSFC Pop-Up Detectors (PUDs) use a unique "folding" technique to enable a 12 x 32 element close-packed array of bolometers with a filling factor greater than 95%. The HAWC detector uses a resistive metal film on silicon to provide frequency independent, similar to50% absorption over the 40 - 300 micron band. The silicon bolometers are manufactured in 32-element rows within silicon frames using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) silicon etching techniques. The frames are then cut, "folded", and glued onto a metallized, ceramic, thermal bus "bar". Optical alignment using micrometer jigs ensures their uniformity and correct placement. The rows are then stacked side-by-side to create the final 12 x 32 element array. A kinematic Kevlar suspension system isolates the 200 mK bolometer cold stage from the rest of the 4K detector housing. GSFC - developed silicon bridge chips make electrical connection to the bolometers, while maintaining thermal isolation. The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) preamplifiers for all the signal channels operate at 120 K, yet they are electrically connected and located in close proximity to the bolometers. The JFET module design provides sufficient thermal isolation and heat sinking for these, so that their heat is not detected by the bolometers. Preliminary engineering results from the flight detector dark test run are expected to be available in July 2004. This paper describes the array assembly and mechanical and thermal design of the HAWC detector and the JFET module. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Voellmer, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 543, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 428 EP 437 DI 10.1117/12.552016 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800039 ER PT S AU Staguhn, J Benford, D Pajot, F Ames, T Allen, C Chervenak, J Lefranc, S Maher, S Moseley, H Phillips, T Shafer, R Voellmer, G AF Staguhn, J Benford, D Pajot, F Ames, T Allen, C Chervenak, J Lefranc, S Maher, S Moseley, H Phillips, T Shafer, R Voellmer, G BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI FIBRE: A broadband submillimeter spectrometer using superconducting bolometer arrays SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE detectors; bolometers; multiplexers; sub-mm instruments; spectrometers ID TELESCOPE AB The Fabry-Perot Interferometer Bolometer Research Experiment FIBRE, a protoype submillimeter spectrometer for astronomical observations, is based on a helium-cooled scanning Fabry-Perot and superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers (TES). The TES design takes advantage of a recently discovered method of excess noise reduction by depositing lateral normal metal bars on these devices. A SQUID multiplexer is used to read out the individual detector pixels. The spectral resolving power of the instrument is provided by a Fabry-Perot spectrometer. The outgoing light from the Fabry-Perot passes onto a low resolution grating for order sorting. A linear bolometer array consisting of 16 elements detects this dispersed light, capturing 5 orders simultaneously from one position on the sky. With tuning of the Fabry-Perot over one free spectral range, a spectrum covering Deltalambda/lambda = 1/7 at a resolution of similar to1/1200 can be achieved. This spectral resolution is sufficient to resolve doppler broadened line emission from external galaxies. FIBRE operates in the 350 gm and 450 gm bands. These bands cover line emission from the important PDR tracers neutral carbon [C-I] and carbon monoxide CO. The spectrometer is used at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory for astronomical observations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Staguhn, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 438 EP 445 DI 10.1117/12.552128 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800040 ER PT S AU Pearson, JC Mehdi, I Ward, JS Maiwald, F Ferber, RR Leduc, HG Schlecht, ET Gill, JJ Hatch, WA Kawamura, JH Stern, JA Gaier, TC Samoska, LA Weinreb, S Bumble, B Pukala, DM Javadi, HH Finamore, BP Lin, RH Dengler, RJ Velebir, JR Luong, EM Tsang, R Peralta, A Wells, M Chun, W Zmuidzinas, J Karpov, A Phillips, TG Miller, D Maestrini, AE Erickson, N Swift, G Liao, KT Paquette, M AF Pearson, JC Mehdi, I Ward, JS Maiwald, F Ferber, RR Leduc, HG Schlecht, ET Gill, JJ Hatch, WA Kawamura, JH Stern, JA Gaier, TC Samoska, LA Weinreb, S Bumble, B Pukala, DM Javadi, HH Finamore, BP Lin, RH Dengler, RJ Velebir, JR Luong, EM Tsang, R Peralta, A Wells, M Chun, W Zmuidzinas, J Karpov, A Phillips, TG Miller, D Maestrini, AE Erickson, N Swift, G Liao, KT Paquette, M BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI THz instrumentation for the Herschel Space Observatory's heterodyne instrument for far infrared SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE THz receivers; local oscillators; GaAs amplifiers; multiplied sources ID HIGH-RESOLUTION; WIDE-BAND; SPECTROMETER; HIFI AB The Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infrared (HIFI) on ESA's Herschel Space Observatory utilizes a variety of novel RF components in its five SIS receiver channels covering 480- 1250 GHz and two HEB receiver channels covering 1410-1910 GHz. The local oscillator unit will be passively cooled while the focal plane unit is cooled by superfluid helium and cold helium vapors. HIFI employs W-band GaAs amplifiers, InP HEMT low noise IF amplifiers, fixed tuned broadband planar diode multipliers, high power W-band Isolators, and novel material systems in the SIS mixers. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is managing the development of the highest frequency (1119-1250 GHz) SIS mixers, the local oscillators for the three highest frequency receivers as well as W-band power amplifiers, high power W-band isolators, varactor diode devices for all high frequency multipliers and InP HEMT components for all the receiver channels intermediate frequency amplifiers. The NASA developed components represent a significant advancement in the available performance. This paper presents an update of the performance and the current state of development. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pearson, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-429, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 486 EP 497 DI 10.1117/12.552397 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800046 ER PT S AU Benford, DJ Staguhn, JG Stacey, GJ Page, LA Moseley, SH Irwin, KD Chervenak, JA Allen, CA AF Benford, DJ Staguhn, JG Stacey, GJ Page, LA Moseley, SH Irwin, KD Chervenak, JA Allen, CA BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Design and fabrication of two-dimensional superconducting bolometer arrays SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometer array; superconducting transition edge sensor; SQUID multiplexer; SOFIA; AST/RO; ACT ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; BAND CAMERA HAWC; SHARC-II; SPECTROMETER; TELESCOPE AB We have been developing an architecture for producing large format, two-dimensional arrays of close-packed bolometers, which will enable far-infrared to millimeter wavelength (lambda=100 mum-2 mm) cameras and spectrometers to obtain images and spectra orders of magnitude faster than present instruments. The low backgrounds achieved in these instruments require very sensitive detectors with NEPs ranging from 10(-17) to 10(-19) W/rootHz. Superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers can be close-packed using the Pop-Up Detector (PUD) format, and SQUID multiplexers operating at the detector base temperature can be intimately coupled to them. The array unit cell is 8x32 pixels, using 32-element detector and multiplexer components. We have fabricated an engineering model array with this technology featuring a very compact, modular approach for large format arrays. We report on the production of the 32-element components for the arrays. Planned instruments using this array architecture include the Submillimeter and Far-InfraRed Experiment (SAFIRE) on the SOFIA airborne observatory, the South Pole Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer (SPIFI) for the AST/RO observatory, the Millimeter Bolometer Camera for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (MBC/ACT), and the Redshift "Z" Early Universe Spectrometer (ZEUS). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 647 EP 658 DI 10.1117/12.552108 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800063 ER PT S AU Silverberg, RF Campano, B Chen, TC Cheng, ES Cottingham, DA Crawford, TM Downes, T Finkbeiner, FM Fixsen, DJ Logan, D Meyer, SS Perera, T Sharp, EH Wilson, GW AF Silverberg, RF Campano, B Chen, TC Cheng, ES Cottingham, DA Crawford, TM Downes, T Finkbeiner, FM Fixsen, DJ Logan, D Meyer, SS Perera, T Sharp, EH Wilson, GW BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI A bolometer array for the SPEctral energy distribution (SPEED) camera SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometer; FIR detectors; detector arrays; cosmology; HHSMT ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS AB The SPEED camera is being developed to study the spectral energy distributions of high redshift galaxies, Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in X-ray clusters and other cold objects in the universe. Its initial runs will be done on the 10 m Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope (HHSMT), with later runs using the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). SPEED requires a 2x2 pixel cryogenic detector array of Frequency Selective Bolometers (FSB). Each of the pixels will have four frequency bands in the similar to150-350 GHz range. Here we describe the development of the detector array of these high efficiency FSBs. The FSB design provides the multi-pixel multi-spectral band capability required for SPEED in a compact, light weight, stackable array. The SPEED FSB bolometers will use proximity effect superconducting transition edge sensors (TES) as their temperature-sensing element permitting significantly higher levels of electronic multiplexing in future applications where larger numbers of detectors may be required. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Silverberg, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Robert.Silverberg@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 659 EP 666 DI 10.1117/12.552477 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800064 ER PT S AU Benford, DJ Dipirro, MJ Forgione, JB Jackson, CE Jackson, ML Kogut, A Moseley, SH Shirron, PJ Shafer, RA AF Benford, DJ Dipirro, MJ Forgione, JB Jackson, CE Jackson, ML Kogut, A Moseley, SH Shirron, PJ Shafer, RA BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI A rapid turnaround cryogenic detector characterization system SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometer array; transition edge sensor; superconducting multiplexer; SQUID multiplexer; adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator; cryogenics ID ADIABATIC DEMAGNETIZATION REFRIGERATORS; CAMERA; ARRAYS; HAWC AB Upcoming major NASA missions such as the Einstein Inflation Probe and the Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory require arrays of detectors with thousands of elements, operating at temperatures near 100 mK and sensitive to wavelengths from similar to50 mum to similar to3 mm. Such detectors represent a substantial enabling technology for these missions, and must be demonstrated soon in order for them to proceed. In order to make rapid progress on detector development, the cryogenic testing cycle must be made convenient and quick. We have developed a cryogenic detector characterization system capable of testing superconducting detector arrays in formats up to 8x32, read out by SQUID multiplexers. The system relies on the cooling of a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator immersed in a liquid helium bath. This approach permits a detector to be cooled from 300 K to 50 mK in about 4 hours, so that a test cycle begun in the morning will be over by the end of the day. The system is modular, with two identical immersible units, so that while one unit is cooling, the second can be reconfigured for the next battery of tests. We describe the design, construction, and predicted performance of this cryogenic detector testing facility. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 775 EP 783 DI 10.1117/12.552119 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800076 ER PT S AU Forgione, J Benford, DJ Buchanan, ED Moseley, SH Rebar, J Shafer, RA AF Forgione, J Benford, DJ Buchanan, ED Moseley, SH Rebar, J Shafer, RA BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Enhancements to a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) multiplexer readout and control system SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometer array; transition edge sensor; superconducting multiplexer; SQUID multiplexer; cryogenics AB Far-infrared detector arrays such as the 1602 superconducting bolometer array for the SAFIRE instrument (flying on the SOFIA airborne observatory) require systems of readout and control electronics to provide translation between a user-driven, digital PC and the cold, analog world of the cryogenic detector. In 2001, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed their Mark III electronics for purposes of control and readout of their 1x32 SQUID Multiplexer chips. We at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center acquired a Mark III system and subsequently designed upgrades to suit our and our collaborators' purposes. We developed an arbitrary, programmable multiplexing system that allows the user to cycle through rows in a SQUID array in an infinite number of combinations. We provided 'hooks' in the Mark III system to allow readout of signals from outside the Mark III system, such as telescope status information. Finally, we augmented the heart of the system with a new feedback algorithm implementation, flexible diagnostic tools, and informative telemetry. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Forgione, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 3 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 784 EP 795 DI 10.1117/12.552266 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800077 ER PT S AU Day, PK LeDuc, H Goldin, A Dowell, CD Zmuidzinas, J AF Day, PK LeDuc, H Goldin, A Dowell, CD Zmuidzinas, J BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Far infrared/submillimeter imager-polarimeter using distributed antenna-coupled transition edge sensors SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE bolometer; TES; detector array; slot antenna ID INTERFERENCE DEVICE MULTIPLEXER; HOT-ELECTRON MICROBOLOMETER; ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK; ARRAYS AB We describe a new concept for a detector for the submillimeter and far infrared that uses a distributed hot-electron transition edge sensor (TES) to collect the power from a focal-plane-filling slot antenna array. Because superconducting transmission lines are lossy at frequencies greater than about 1 Thz, the sensors must directly tap the antenna, and therefore must match the antenna impedance (similar to 30 ohms). Each pixel contains many TESs that are all wired in parallel as a single distributed TES, which results in a low impedance that can match to a multiplexed SQUID readout. These detectors are inherently polarization sensitive, with very low cross-polarization, but can also be easily configured to sum both polarizations for imaging applications. The single polarization version can have a very wide bandwidth of greater than 10:1 with a quantum efficiency greater than 50%. The dual polarization version is narrow band, but can have a higher quantum efficiency. The use of electron-phonon decoupling obviates the need for micro-machining, making the focal plane much easier to fabricate than with absorber-coupled, geometrically isolated pixels. An array of these detectors would be suitable for an imager for the Single Aperture Far Infrared (SAFIR) observatory. We consider two near-term applications of this technology, a 32 x 32 element imaging polarimeter for SOFIA and a 350mum camera for the CSO. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Day, PK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 857 EP 865 DI 10.1117/12.552440 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800086 ER PT S AU Stevenson, TR Cao, NT Henry, RM Hsieh, WT Isenberg, HD Mitchell, RR Moseley, SH Schneider, G Stahle, CM Travers, DE Wollack, EJ AF Stevenson, TR Cao, NT Henry, RM Hsieh, WT Isenberg, HD Mitchell, RR Moseley, SH Schneider, G Stahle, CM Travers, DE Wollack, EJ BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S TI Silicon hot-electron bolometers SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II CY JUN 23-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE thermistor; variable range hopping; Coulomb gap; terahertz; microcalorimeter; antenna coupled detectors ID DOPED SEMICONDUCTOR THERMISTORS; HOPPING CONDUCTION; 1/F NOISE; TRANSISTOR; GE AB We discuss a new type of direct detector, a silicon hot-electron bolometer, for measurements in the far-infrared and submillimeter spectral ranges. High performance bolometers can be made using the electron-phonon conductance in heavily doped silicon to provide thermal isolation from the cryogenic bath. Noise performance is expected to be near thermodynamic limits, allowing background limited performance for many far infrared and submillimeter photometric and spectroscopic applications. We report measurements of device I-V characteristics and terahertz surface impedance. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Detector Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stevenson, TR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Detector Syst Branch, Code 553, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5430-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5498 BP 866 EP 875 DI 10.1117/12.552459 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBC37 UT WOS:000224749800087 ER PT S AU Pasareanu, CS Visser, W AF Pasareanu, CS Visser, W BE Graf, S Mounier, L TI Verification of Java programs using symbolic execution and invariant generation SO MODEL CHECKING SOFTWARE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking Software CY APR 01-03, 2004 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP ACM SIGPLAN AB Software verification is recognized as an important and difficult problem. We present a novel framework, based on symbolic execution, for the automated verification of software. The framework uses annotations in the form of method specifications and loop invariants. We present a novel iterative technique that uses invariant strengthening and approximation for discovering these loop invariants automatically. The technique handles different types of data (e.g. boolean and numeric constraints, dynamically allocated structures and arrays) and it allows for checking universally quantified formulas. Our framework is built on top of the Java PathFinder model checking toolset and it was used for the verification of several non-trivial Java programs. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Kestrel Technol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Pasareanu, CS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Kestrel Technol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pcorina@email.arc.nasa.gov; wvisser@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 33 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-21314-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 2989 BP 164 EP 181 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY86N UT WOS:000189481700013 ER PT S AU Ruys, TC Holzmann, GJ AF Ruys, TC Holzmann, GJ BE Graf, S Mounier, L TI Advanced SPIN tutorial SO MODEL CHECKING SOFTWARE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking Software CY APR 01-03, 2004 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP ACM SIGPLAN AB SPIN [9] is a model checker for the verification of distributed systems software. The tool is freely distributed, and often described as one of the most widely used verification systems. The Advanced SPIN Tutorial is a sequel to [7] and is targeted towards intermediate to advanced SPIN users. C1 Univ Twente, Dept Comp Sci, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. NASA, JPL, Lab Reliable Software, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ruys, TC (reprint author), Univ Twente, Dept Comp Sci, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-21314-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 2989 BP 304 EP 305 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY86N UT WOS:000189481700021 ER PT S AU Duren, R Dragon, K Gunter, S Gautier, N Bachtell, E Peters, D Harvey, A Enos, A Koch, D Borucki, B Sobeck, C Mayer, D Jenkins, J Thompson, R AF Duren, R Dragon, K Gunter, S Gautier, N Bachtell, E Peters, D Harvey, A Enos, A Koch, D Borucki, B Sobeck, C Mayer, D Jenkins, J Thompson, R BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI Systems engineering for the Kepler Mission: A search for terrestrial planets SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE systems engineering; extra-solar planets; Kepler mission; validation & verification; performance modeling AB The Kepler mission will launch in 2007 and determine the distribution of earth-size planets (0.5 to 10 earth masses) in the habitable zones (HZs) of solar-like stars. The mission will monitor > 100,000 dwarf stars simultaneously for at least 4 years. Precision differential photometry will be used to detect the periodic signals of transiting planets. Kepler will also support asteroseismology by measuring the pressure-mode (p-mode) oscillations of selected stars. Key mission elements include a spacecraft bus and 0.95meter, wide-field, CCD-based photometer injected into an earth-trailing heliocentric orbit by a 3-stage Delta II launch vehicle as well as a distributed Ground Segment and Follow-up Observing Program. The project is currently preparing for Preliminary Design Review (October 2004) and is proceeding with detailed design and procurement of long-lead components. In order to meet the unprecedented photometric precision requirement and to ensure a statistically significant result, the Kepler mission involves technical challenges in the areas of photometric noise and systematic error reduction, stability, and false-positive rejection. Programmatic and logistical challenges include the collaborative design, modeling, integration, test, and operation of a geographically and functionally distributed project. A very rigorous systems engineering program has evolved to address these challenge. This paper provides an overview of the Kepler systems engineering program, including some examples of our processes and techniques in areas such as requirements synthesis, validation & verification, system robustness design, and end-to-end performance modeling. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Duren, R (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 300-450, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 16 EP 27 DI 10.1117/12.550276 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200003 ER PT S AU Stahl, HP Rowell, GH Reese, G Byberg, A AF Stahl, HP Rowell, GH Reese, G Byberg, A BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI Multivariable parametric cost model for ground-based telescopes SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE cost modeling; segmentation factor; ground telescopes AB A parametric cost model for ground-based telescopes is developed using multi-variable statistical analysis of both engineering and performance parameters. While diameter continues to be the dominant cost driver, diffraction limited wavelength is found to be a secondary driver. Other parameters such as radius of curvature were examined. The model includes an explicit factor for primary mirror segmentation and/or duplication (i.e. multi-telescope phased-array systems). Additionally, single variable models based on aperture diameter were derived. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Stahl, HP (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 173 EP 180 DI 10.1117/12.552167 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200017 ER PT S AU Levine, M Moore, G Basinger, SA Kissil, A Bloemhof, E Gunter, S AF Levine, M Moore, G Basinger, SA Kissil, A Bloemhof, E Gunter, S BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI Integrated modeling approach for the terrestrial planet finder mission SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE AB Because of the complexity of the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) design concepts, the project will rely heavily on the use of engineering and science simulations to predict on-orbit performance. Furthermore, current understanding of these missions indicates that the 3m to 8m class optical systems need to be as stable as picometers in wavefront and sub-milli arcsec in pointing. These extremely small requirements impose on the models a level of predictive accuracy heretofore never achieved, especially in the area of microgravity effects, material property accuracy, thermal solution convergence, and all other second order modeling effects typically ignored. New modeling tools and analysis paradigms are developed which emphasize computational accuracy and fully integrated analytical simulations. The process is demonstrated on sample problems using the TPF Coronagraph design concept. The TPF project is also planning a suite of testbeds through which various aspects of the models and simulations will be verified. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Levine, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1117/12.553813 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200018 ER PT S AU Ware, B Henry, C AF Ware, B Henry, C BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI Modeling the TPF interferometer SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE integrated modeling; interferometer; TPF; planet detection; simulation AB The Terrestrial Planet Finder interferometer design concepts are large and complex systems that must operate in environments that are impractical to reproduce in preflight testing. The structurally-connected design is 36 meters long-longer than all but one thermal vacuum chamber in existence. The formation flying design will be comprised of up to five separate spacecraft, each with a sunshield over 15 meters on a side, and is designed to operate with formation sizes spanning 60-100 meters. System-level verification of the performance of the designs will rely on analytical modeling. The effort to model the many physical aspects of the designs under study is under way*. This paper describes the program of modeling for the TPF-I concepts. The program includes a number of types of models, such as the standard stand-alone optics, thermal, and structural models, as well as an end-to-end performance model of the project system called the Observatory Simulation. Aspects of each model are discussed including the purpose, methods of implementation (software applications), and approaches to validation. Program-level considerations (such as model-to-model integration and configuration management) are also discussed. Given that there are at least seven different organizations contributing to model developments and more than twenty separate models, these are special challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ware, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.1117/12.550265 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200019 ER PT S AU Jenkins, JM Peters, DJ Murphy, DW AF Jenkins, JM Peters, DJ Murphy, DW BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI An efficient end-to-end model for the Kepler photometer SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE extrasolar planets; planet detection; transit photometry; performance modeling; Kepler Mission; space astronomy ID MILKY-WAY DISC; VARIABILITY; CONSTRAINTS; EVOLUTION; PLANETS AB The Kepler Mission is designed to characterize the frequency of Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones of solar-like stars in the solar galactic neighborhood by observing > 100,000 main-sequence stars in a > 100 square degree field of view (FOV) and seeking evidence of transiting planets. As part of the system engineering effort, we have developed an End-ToEnd Model (ETEM) of the photometer to better characterize the expected performance of the instrument and to guide us in making design trades. This model incorporates engineering information such as the point spread function, time histories of pointing offsets, operating temperature, quantization noise, the effects of shutterless readout, and read noise. Astrophysical parameters, such as a realistic distribution of stars vs. magnitude for the chosen FOV, zodiacal light, and cosmic ray events are also included. For a given set of design and operating parameters, ETEM generates pixel time series for all pixels of interest for a single CCD channel of the photometer. These time series are then processed to form light curves for the target stars and the impact of various noise sources on the combined differential photometric precision can be determined. This model is of particular value when investigating the effects of noise sources that cannot be easily subjected to direct analysis, such as residual pointing offsets, thermal drift or cosmic ray effects. This version of ETEM features extremely efficient computation times relative to the previous version while maintaining a high degree of fidelity with respect to the realism of the relevant phenomena. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Jenkins, JM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, M-S 244-30, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 202 EP 212 DI 10.1117/12.551845 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200020 ER PT S AU Liu, KC Blaurock, C Mosier, GE AF Liu, KC Blaurock, C Mosier, GE BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI Pointing control system design and performance evaluation of TPF coronagraph SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE coronagraph; jitter; reaction wheels; attitude control system; slew performance AB The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) project aims to detect and characterize extra-solar Earth-like planets. The coronagraph telescope is one of the two mission concepts being studied. To reject the star flux and detect the planet flux in the visible light range, the coronagraph telescope must achieve a rejection ratio on the order of a billion to one. Dynamic jitter, introduced by environmental and on-board mechanical disturbances, degrades the optical performance, as characterized primarily by contrast ratio. The feasibility of using passive vibration isolation combined with active attitude and line-of-sight (LOS) control systems to stabilize the spacecraft and the optical components to the requisite level is being studied. The telescope is also required to slew between targets or rotate around the LOS. The slew mode control law must be designed to balance the need for efficient large-angle maneuvers while simultaneously avoiding the excitation of flexible modes in order to minimize settling time. This paper provides an overview of the current control design concept and sensor/actuator topology for TPF Coronagraph and illustrates the fine pointing performance of the telescope. This performance is primarily a function of the rejection of high-frequency dynamic disturbances, in this case due to reaction wheel disturbance forces/torques transmitted through the passive isolation stage. Trade studies between isolator force rejection and disturbance level reduction via wheel redesign are also presented to illustrate the requirements imposed on current technologies. Finally, the paper summarizes preliminary results on the slew/settle performance of the telescope. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Liu, KC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 437 EP 448 DI 10.1117/12.552204 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200042 ER PT S AU Hyde, TT Liu, KC Blaurock, C Bolognese, J Howard, JM Danchi, W AF Hyde, TT Liu, KC Blaurock, C Bolognese, J Howard, JM Danchi, W BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI Requirements formulation and dynamic jitter analysis for the Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometer; nulling; jitter; dynamics; vibration; RWA; modeling AB The Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer (FKSI) has been proposed to detect and characterize extra solar giant planets. The baseline configuration for FKSI is a two-aperture, structurally connected nulling interferometer, capable of providing null depth less than 10(-4) in the infrared. The objective of this paper is to summarize the process for setting the top level requirements and the jitter analysis performed on FKSI to date. The first part of the paper discusses the derivation of dynamic stability requirements, necessary for meeting the FKSI nulling demands. An integrated model including structures, optics, and control systems has been developed to support dynamic jitter analysis and requirements verification. The second part of the paper describes how the integrated model is used to investigate the effects of reaction wheel disturbances on pointing and optical path difference stabilities. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hyde, TT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenberl Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 553 EP 564 DI 10.1117/12.552186 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200053 ER PT S AU Murphy, DW Meier, DL AF Murphy, DW Meier, DL BE Craig, SC Cullum, MJ TI SIMsim: an end-to-end simulator for the SIM Mission SO MODELING AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Systems Engineering for Astronomy CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE astrometry; modeling; simulations; Space Interferometry Mission; SIM AB In this paper we discuss the use of an innovative SIM simulator, called SIMsim, to perform end-to-end simulations of the SIM mission. The inputs to the simulator are a physically-based parameterization of the major SIM error sources and the output is the mission astrometric accuracy for various observing scenarios such as narrow-angle (NA) and wide-angle (WA) observations. The primary role of SIMsim is to validate the SIM astrometric error budget (AEB), but it is also being used to study a variety of mission performance issues as well as being a test-bed for prototype data reduction algorithms. SIMsim is giving us confidence that the SIM AEB is a valid estimate of mission performance. It also is illustrating where analytical formulas for estimating certain effects breakdown and a numerical approach has to be adopted. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Murphy, DW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5429-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5497 BP 577 EP 585 DI 10.1117/12.551825 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BBB64 UT WOS:000224579200055 ER PT S AU Roe, FD Howard, RT Murphy, L AF Roe, FD Howard, RT Murphy, L BE Motaghedi, P TI Automated rendezvous and capture system development and simulation for NASA SO MODELING, SIMULATION, AND CALIBRATION OF SPACE-BASED SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Calibration of Space-based Systems CY APR 15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE automated rendezvous and capture; docking; video guidance sensor; AR&C; AR&D AB The United States does not have an Automated Rendezvous and Capture/Docking (AR&C) capability and is reliant on manned control for rendezvous and docking of orbiting spacecraft. This reliance on the labor intensive manned interface for control of rendezvous and docking vehicles has a significant impact on the cost of the operation of the International Space Station (ISS) and precludes the use of any U.S. expendable launch capabilities for Space Station resupply. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has conducted pioneering research in the development of an automated rendezvous and capture (or docking) (AR&C) system for U.S. space vehicles. This AR&C system was tested extensively using hardware-in-the-loop simulations in the Flight Robotics Laboratory, and a rendezvous sensor, the Video Guidance Sensor was developed and successfully flown on the Space Shuttle on flights STS-87 and STS-95, proving the concept of a video- based sensor. Further developments in sensor technology and vehicle and target configuration have lead to continued improvements and changes in AR&C system development and simulation. A new Advanced Video Guidance Sensor (AVGS) with target will be utilized as the primary navigation sensor on the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technologies (DART) flight experiment in 2004. Realtime closed-loop simulations will be performed to validate the improved AR&C systems prior to flight. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ED19 Simulat Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Roe, FD (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ED19 Simulat Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5343-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5420 BP 118 EP 125 DI 10.1117/12.542529 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAX96 UT WOS:000224150300012 ER PT S AU Thirumalainambi, R Bardina, J AF Thirumalainambi, R Bardina, J BE Motaghedi, P TI Human health risk assessment simulations in a distributed environment for Shuttle launch SO MODELING, SIMULATION, AND CALIBRATION OF SPACE-BASED SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Calibration of Space-based Systems CY APR 15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE human health risk; shuttle launch; virtual test bed; modeling and simulation AB During the launch of a rocket under prevailing weather conditions, commanders at Cape Canaveral Air Force station evaluate the possibility of whether wind blown toxic emissions might reach civilian and military personnel in the near by area. In our model, we focused mainly on Hydrogen chloride (HCL), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Nitric acid (HNO3), which are non-carcinogenic chemicals as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) classification. We have used the hazard quotient model to estimate the number of people at risk. It is based on the number of people with exposure above a reference exposure level that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects. The risk to the exposed population is calculated by multiplying the individual risk and the number in exposed population. The risk values a re compared against the acceptable risk values and GO or NO-go situation is decided based on risk values for the Shuttle launch. The entire model is simulated over the web and different scenarios can be generated which allows management to choose an optimum decision. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SAIC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bardina, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SAIC, Mail Stop 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5343-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5420 BP 126 EP 135 DI 10.1117/12.544851 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAX96 UT WOS:000224150300013 ER PT S AU Bardina, J Thirumalainambi, R AF Bardina, J Thirumalainambi, R BE Motaghedi, P TI Web-based toxic gas dispersion model for shuttle launch operations SO MODELING, SIMULATION, AND CALIBRATION OF SPACE-BASED SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Calibration of Space-based Systems CY APR 15, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE toxic gas dispersion; shuttle launch; virtual test bed; modeling and simulation AB During the launch of the Space Shuttle vehicle, the burning of liquid hydrogen fuel with liquid oxygen at extreme high temperatures inside the three space shuttle main engines, and the burning of the solid propellant mixture of ammonium perchlorate oxidizer, aluminum fuel, iron oxide catalyst, polymer binder, and epoxy curing agent in the two solid rocket boosters result in the formation of a large cloud of hot, buoyant toxic exhaust gases near the ground level which subsequently rises and entrains into ambient air until the temperature and density of the cloud reaches an approximate equilibrium with ambient conditions. In this paper, toxic gas dispersion for various gases are simulated over the web for varying environmental conditions which is provided by rawinsonde data. The model simulates chemical concentration at ground level up to 10 miles (1 KM grids) in downrange up to an hour after launch. The ambient concentration of the gas dispersion and the deposition of toxic particles are used as inputs for a human health risk assessment model. The advantage of the present model is the accessibility and dissemination of model results to other NASA centers over the web. The model can be remotely operated and various scenarios can be analyzed. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bardina, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5343-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5420 BP 136 EP 144 DI 10.1117/12.544853 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BAX96 UT WOS:000224150300014 ER PT S AU Ouzounov, D Freund, F AF Ouzounov, D Freund, F BE Singh, RP TI Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data SO MONITORING OF CHANGES RELATED TO NATURAL AND MANMADE HAZARDS USING SPACE TECHNOLOGY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res DE remote sensing and electromagnetic processes; satellite thermal image; convective heat flux; earthquake dynamics and mechanics; creep and deformation AB Solid Earth-atmosphere interactions and possibly solid Earth-seafloor interactions prior to major earthquakes are the subject of this study. Using data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard National Aeronautical Space Agency (NASA) Terra and Aqua satellites, we have begun to analyze infrared (IR) emissivity, land surface temperature (LST) and sea surface temperature (SST) data. Specifically, we look for correlations between solid Earth processes and atmosphere/ocean dynamics prior to strong earthquakes, selecting examples from 2001 and 2000. We find evidence for such correlations, specifically for a thermal anomaly LST pattern that is apparently related to pre-seismic activity. A new mechanism has recently been proposed based on positive hole-type charge carriers in rocks, which become activated when rocks are subjected to high levels of stress prior [J. Geodyn. 33 (2002) 545-572]. The appearance of these electronic charge carriers within a finite rock volume leads to enhanced IR emission from the rock surface in the 8-12 mum region. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Phys, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ouzounov, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, MS 902, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ouzounov@eosdata.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Ouzounov, Dimitar/A-5929-2012 NR 14 TC 151 Z9 182 U1 4 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 3 BP 268 EP 273 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00486-1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BY96G UT WOS:000189505600005 ER PT J AU Charnley, SB Ehrenfreund, P Millar, TJ Boogert, ACA Markwick, AJ Butner, HM Ruiterkamp, R Rodgers, SD AF Charnley, SB Ehrenfreund, P Millar, TJ Boogert, ACA Markwick, AJ Butner, HM Ruiterkamp, R Rodgers, SD TI Observational tests for grain chemistry: posterior isotopic labelling SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE molecular processes; ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; ISM : molecules ID DENSE INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS; STAR-FORMING REGIONS; ORION COMPACT RIDGE; HOT MOLECULAR CORES; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION; CARBON; ICE; CO; FRACTIONATION AB We propose a series of detailed observations that should allow current ideas concerning the important catalytic pathways to interstellar molecules on interstellar dust grains to be tested. The atoms and molecules that accrete on cold grains and take part in surface reactions will be selectively fractionated in (13)C. Deeply embedded hot cores are surrounded by cold envelopes which still contain molecular ices that reflect the composition of the material evaporated into the hot gas. Recent Infrared Space Observatory observations of carbon dioxide ices towards embedded protostars have allowed the solid [(12)C/(13)C] ratio in CO(2) to be measured for the first time. We therefore now have a means to test theories of grain chemistry by comparing the isotopic signature of abundant ice molecules with that of species derived from them and which are only detectable in the gas - isotopic labelling a posteriori. If atom addition reactions to solid CO and HCO are the origin of the organic molecules detected in hot molecular cores, these molecules should still possess the same [(12)C/(13)C] ratio. The theory that methanol ice is produced by reduction of CO ice can be tested by radio-astronomical observations of several protostellar sources with known [(12)CO(2)/(13)CO(2)](ice) ratios to see if the observed trend in [(12)CO(2)/(13)CO(2)](ice) is reflected in [(12)CH(3)OH/(13)CH(3)OH]. We also critically discuss observations designed to elucidate the origin of solid OCS, as well as of many other larger organic molecules. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Univ Manchester, Dept Phys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. CALTECH, Downs Lab Phys, Submillimeter Astrophys Grp, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, SMTO, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Charnley, SB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM charnley@dusty.arc.nasa.gov RI Charnley, Steven/C-9538-2012; OI Butner, Harold/0000-0003-4899-2064; Millar, Tom/0000-0001-5178-3656 NR 52 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 347 IS 1 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07188.x PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 753XN UT WOS:000187257000017 ER PT J AU Page, KL O'Brien, PT Reeves, JN Turner, MJL AF Page, KL O'Brien, PT Reeves, JN Turner, MJL TI An X-ray Baldwin effect for the narrow FeK lines observed in active galactic nuclei SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; quasars : emission lines; X-rays : galaxies ID XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATION; SEYFERT-GALAXIES; EMISSION-LINE; COLD MATTER; IRON LINE; ALPHA LINE; QUASARS; LUMINOSITY; CONTINUUM; CHANDRA AB The majority of active galactic nuclei (AGN) observed by XMM-Newton reveal narrow Fe Kalpha lines at similar to6.4 keV, due to emission from cold (neutral) material. There is an X-ray Baldwin effect in type I AGN, in that the equivalent width (EW) of the line decreases with increasing luminosity, with weighted linear regression giving EW proportional to L-0.17+/-0.08 (Spearman Rank probability of > 99.9 per cent). With current instrumental capabilities it is not possible to determine the precise origin for the narrow line, with both the broad-line region and putative molecular torus being possibilities. A possible explanation for the X-ray Baldwin effect is a decrease in the covering factor of the material forming the fluorescence line. C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Xray & Observat Astron Grp, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Page, KL (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Xray & Observat Astron Grp, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NR 63 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 347 IS 1 BP 316 EP 322 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07203.x PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 753XN UT WOS:000187257000031 ER PT J AU Balucinska-Church, M Church, MJ Smale, AP AF Balucinska-Church, M Church, MJ Smale, AP TI The orbital period of the dipping, bursting, globular cluster X-ray source XB 1746-371 from Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observations SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion discs; binaries : close; stars : individual : XB 1746-371; stars : neutron; X-rays : binaries ID PROPORTIONAL COUNTER; BEPPOSAX OBSERVATION; NEUTRON-STAR; NGC 6441; DIPS; SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; DISCOVERY; SPECTRUM AB We present results from two long observations of XB 1746-371 by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) in 2002 January and May, lasting 4 and 5 d, respectively. Dips are observed in the X-ray light curves with a depth of 25 per cent, largely independent of energy within the usable band of the PCA instrument of 2.1-16.0 keV. X-ray bursting and flaring activity are also evident. The dips define the orbital period of the system, and using a power spectral analysis and a cycle counting technique, we derive an accurate period of P-orb = 5.16 +/- 0.01 h. The previously reported candidate period of 5.73 +/- 0.15 h, obtained using Ginga data, is inconsistent with our determination, perhaps owing to the weakness of the dipping and the variability of the source during that observation. The dips in the RXTE observations presented here do not align with the Ginga period; however, our improved period is consistent with a wide range of archival data. C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA Headquarters, Off Space Sci, Astron & Phys Div, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Balucinska-Church, M (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 347 IS 1 BP 334 EP 338 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07218.x PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 753XN UT WOS:000187257000033 ER PT J AU Qian, JH Tao, WK Lau, KM AF Qian, JH Tao, WK Lau, KM TI Mechanisms for torrential rain associated with the mei-yu development during SCSMEX 1998 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; LAND-SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION; NCAR MESOSCALE MODEL; CHINA SEA MONSOON; UNITED-STATES; SUMMER; PRECIPITATION; CIRCULATION; SIMULATION; FLOOD AB A case of torrential precipitation associated with the mei-yu front, an Asian summer monsoon system east of the Tibetan Plateau, is studied using the coupled fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Parameterization for Land-Atmosphere-Cloud Exchange model. The impact of both remote and local sources of water vapor on the location and intensity of mei-yu precipitation are studied by numerical experiments. The results demonstrate that the main source of water vapor for this heavy precipitation event over the Yangtze River Valley is the Bay of Bengal. Moisture is transported by a southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ) southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Although the LLJ is largely manipulated by large-scale forcing, the mesoscale circulation that results from mei-yu condensational heating acts to increase the maximum wind speed of the jet. The condensation-induced local circulation strengthens the moisture transport in the LLJ, providing a positive feedback that sustains the mei-yu precipitation system. Precipitation recycling increases the total precipitation in the Yangtze River Valley only slightly, but it tends to shift the maximum rainfall center toward the warmer side of the mei-yu rain belt. This shift is due to the pronounced increase in atmospheric moisture and decrease in surface temperature over the warm side of the rain belt. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Qian, JH (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Lamont Campus,POB 1000,61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM jqian@iri.columbia.edu RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 48 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 1 BP 3 EP 27 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0003:MFTRAW>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 765BK UT WOS:000188247100001 ER PT J AU Marshall, CH Pielke, RA Steyaert, LT Willard, DA AF Marshall, CH Pielke, RA Steyaert, LT Willard, DA TI The impact of anthropogenic land-cover change on the Florida peninsula sea breezes and warm season sensible weather SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; ANCILLARY DATA SOURCES; THEMATIC MAPPER DATA; SOUTH FLORIDA; SOIL-MOISTURE; RAINFALL; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; PREDICTION; FLUXES AB During the twentieth century, the natural landscape of the Florida peninsula was transformed extensively by agriculture, urbanization, and the diversion of surface water features. The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical modeling study in which the possible impacts of this transformation on the warm season climate of the region were investigated. For three separate July-August periods ( 1973, 1989, and 1994), a pair of simulations was performed with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. Within each pair, the simulations differed only in the specification of land-cover class. The two different classes were specified using highly detailed datasets that were constructed to represent pre- 1900 natural land cover and 1993 land-use patterns, thus capturing the landscape transformation within each pair of simulations. When the pre- 1900 natural cover was replaced with the 1993 land-use dataset, the simulated spatial patterns of the surface sensible and latent heat flux were altered significantly, resulting in changes in the structure and strength of climatologically persistent, surface-forced mesoscale circulations-particularly the afternoon seabreeze fronts. This mechanism was associated with marked changes in the spatial distribution of convective rainfall totals over the peninsula. When averaged over the model domain, this redistribution was reflected as an overall decrease in the 2-month precipitation total. In addition, the domain average of the diurnal cycle of 2-m temperature was amplified, with a noted increase in the daytime maximum. These results were consistent among all three simulated periods, and largely unchanged when subjected to a number of model sensitivity factors. Furthermore, the model results are in reasonable agreement with an analysis of observational data that indicates decreasing regional precipitation and increasing daytime maximum temperature during the twentieth century. These results could have important implications for water resource and land-use management issues in south Florida, including efforts to restore and preserve the natural hydroclimate of the Everglades ecosystem. This study also provides more evidence for the need to consider anthropogenic land-cover change when evaluating climate trends. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, EROS Data Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Marshall, CH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM curtis@atmos.colostate.edu RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009 NR 49 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 132 IS 1 BP 28 EP 52 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0028:TIOALC>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 765BK UT WOS:000188247100002 ER PT S AU Kluver, M Sierhuis, M Stoica, C AF Kluver, M Sierhuis, M Stoica, C BE Lindemann, G Denzinger, J Timm, IJ Unland, R TI The emergence of social order in a robotic society SO MULTIAGENT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd German Conference on Multiagent System Technologies (MATES 2004) CY SEP 29-30, 2004 CL Erfurt, GERMANY SP German Special Interest Grp Distributed Artificial Intelligence DE emergence of order; neural nets; robotics; multi-agent; systems; emergent programming AB The article presents a general model of the emergence of social order in multi-agent-systems (MAS). The agents consist of two types of neural networks that have the task to generate social actions as their output and to adjust these actions to the actions of other agents. The result is a form of social order, i.e., a set of rules of interaction. The agents can generalize these rules by applying them on new but similar agents. An example is given how this model could be applied to the interaction of humans and roboters for some tasks of NASA. C1 Univ Essen Gesamthsch, D-45117 Essen, Germany. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kluver, M (reprint author), Univ Essen Gesamthsch, D-45117 Essen, Germany. EM juergen.kluever@uni-essen.de; msierhuis@mail.arc.nasa.gov; christina.stoica@uni-essen.de NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23222-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3187 BP 29 EP 46 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BAZ84 UT WOS:000224324200003 ER PT B AU Kireitseu, M Hui, D Bochkareva, L Eremeev, S Nedavniy, I AF Kireitseu, M Hui, D Bochkareva, L Eremeev, S Nedavniy, I BE Nastac, L Li, BQ TI Computer simulation of 3D virtual reality for dynamical modeling and video imaging of nanocomposite SO MULTIPHASE PHENOMENA AND CFD MODELING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on CFD Modeling and Simulation of Engineering Process/Multi-Scale Phenomena in Materials Processing Conference CY MAR 14-18, 2004 CL Charlotte, NC SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc DE nanocomposites; mechanics; fracture; software modeling AB The principal goal of the present paper is to demonstrate an application of modern software engineering tools for modeling virtual reality and molecular dynamics of novel nanocomposites. The main technical components of presented system are 1) software and nanoengineering tools for modeling of virtual reality, molecular dynamic and 3D video images of novel diamonds-containing nanocomposites and 2) Problem tracking system to be used during modeling of virtual reality. A computational scheme and software, which utilizes neural networks and/or Microsoft.Net technique was developed to predict properties of nano-structured materials and optimization and control of nano-devices. Developed software and IT nanoengineering tools can be used by both industrial and private single users. For commercial companies proposed technology may provide better cost-effective alternative to the existing solutions for nanoengineering and modeling their virtual realit. For private users (students, professors, and engineers) proposed technology and IT tools can provide simple and cost-effective solution for nanoengineering while studying, exploring virtual reality and modeling novel nanostructures and its properties leading to an innovation or a discovery. Because of using novel software and methodologies, users can easily operate proposed technologies by available computers and operating systems (Pentium III or IV). In addition, users can upgrade it by their own self-written models, if necessary. The proposed technologies could replace or be used along with technologies for modeling such as 3D max studio and others. C1 Univ New Orleans, Composite Mat Res Lab, NASA, NCAM Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RP Kireitseu, M (reprint author), Univ New Orleans, Composite Mat Res Lab, NASA, NCAM Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RI Eremeev, Sergey/A-8347-2014 OI Eremeev, Sergey/0000-0002-9477-3017 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-570-0 PY 2004 BP 471 EP 478 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA BAA65 UT WOS:000221357100045 ER PT S AU Oza, NC AF Oza, NC BE Roli, F Kittler, J Windeatt, T TI AveBoost2: Boosting for noisy data SO MULTIPLE CLASSIFIER SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems CY JUN 09-SEP 11, 2004 CL Cagliari, ITALY SP Univ Cagliari, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Univ Surrey, Ctr Vis, Speech & Signal Proc, Int Assoc Pattern Recognit, IAPR Tech Comm TC1 AB AdaBoost [4] is a well-known ensemble learning algorithm that constructs its base models in sequence. AdaBoost constructs a distribution over the training examples to create each base model. This distribution, represented as a vector, is constructed with the goal of making the next base model's mistakes uncorrelated with those of the previous base model [5]. We previously [71 developed an algorithm, AveBoost, that first constructed a distribution the same way as AdaBoost but then averaged it with the previous models' distributions to create the next base model's distribution. Our experiments demonstrated the superior accuracy of this approach. In this paper, we slightly revise our algorithm to obtain non-trivial theoretical results: bounds on the training error and generalization error (difference between training and test error). Our averaging process has a regularizing effect which leads us to a worse training error bound for our algorithm than for AdaBoost but a better generalization error bound. This leads us to suspect that our new algorithm works better than AdaBoost on noisy data. For this paper, we experimented with the data that we used in [71 both as originally supplied and with added label noise - some of the data has its original label changed randomly. Our algorithm's experimental performance improvement over AdaBoost is even greater on the noisy data than the original data. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Oza, NC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Mail Stop 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM oza@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-22144-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3077 BP 31 EP 40 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAH27 UT WOS:000222210200003 ER PT B AU Szabo, A AF Szabo, A BE Sauvaud, JA Nemecek, Z TI Interplanetary discontinuities and shocks in the Earth's magnetosheath SO MULTISCALE PROCESSES IN THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE: FROM INTERBALL TO CLUSTER SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Multiscale Processes in the Earth's Magnetosphere - From Interball to Cluster CY SEP 09-12, 2003 CL Charles Univ, Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP NATO Sci Affairs Div HO Charles Univ DE interplanetary magnetic field; interplanetary shock; magnetosheath; interplanetary discontinuity ID HOT FLOW ANOMALIES; BOW SHOCK; SOLAR-WIND; ROTATIONAL DISCONTINUITIES; MAGNETOSPHERIC RESPONSE; MAGNETOPAUSE STRUCTURE; PRESSURE PULSES; MAGNETIC STORM; SEPTEMBER 24; PLASMA AB The study of the propagation of interplanetary disturbances, shocks and discontinuities, through the magnetosheath is critical to improve our understanding of the Sun-Earth connected system. In this paper, the current status of both theoretical and observational studies in this crucial area is reviewed separately for interplanetary shocks and discontinuities. It is suggested that tangential and rotational discontinuities suffer significant geometrical distortions traveling between the Earth's bow shock and magnetopause. On the other hand, the pressure fronts of the transmitted interplanetary shocks most likely remain unaltered promising the possibility of improved space weather forecasting accuracies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Szabo, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 59 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-2766-4 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2004 VL 178 BP 57 EP 71 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BBP08 UT WOS:000226831200004 ER PT B AU Sibeck, DG AF Sibeck, DG BE Sauvaud, JA Nemecek, Z TI Pressure pulses and cavity mode resonances SO MULTISCALE PROCESSES IN THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE: FROM INTERBALL TO CLUSTER SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Multiscale Processes in the Earth's Magnetosphere - From Interball to Cluster CY SEP 09-12, 2003 CL Charles Univ, Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP NATO Sci Affairs Div HO Charles Univ DE foreshock; cavity mode resonances; pulsations ID FIELD-LINE RESONANCES; WAVE-GUIDE MODES; GLOBAL MAGNETOSPHERIC OSCILLATIONS; LATITUDE-DEPENDENT CHARACTERISTICS; SOLAR-WIND; BOW SHOCK; GEOMAGNETIC PULSATIONS; ULF WAVES; MICROPULSATIONS; EXCITATION AB Theory predicts that abrupt variations in the solar wind dynamic pressure trigger widespread compressional cavity mode resonances within the magnetosphere. We inspect solar wind and magnetospheric observations at the times of previously reported events seen in ground magnetograms. We find evidence for abrupt solar wind pressure variations in the form of direct observations of solar wind dynamic pressure, motion of the bow shock, or fluctuations in the location of the foreshock. We also find evidence for widespread compressions of the magnetospheric magnetic field in observations by geosynchronous spacecraft. However, in contrast to the predictions of the model for an abrupt increase in wave activity followed by a gradual decay, we find that the periodicity seen in previously reported events occurs primarily in response to repeated impulsive excitations. If cavity mode resonances are present, they dissipate very rapidly within two cycles. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sibeck, DG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-2766-4 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2004 VL 178 BP 95 EP 110 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BBP08 UT WOS:000226831200006 ER PT J AU Poggi, MA Bottomley, LA Lillehei, PT AF Poggi, MA Bottomley, LA Lillehei, PT TI Measuring the adhesion forces between alkanethiol-modified AFM cantilevers and single walled carbon nanotubes SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; MICROSCOPY; FUNCTIONALIZATION; COMPOSITES; SPECTROSCOPY; INTEGRATION; DISPERSION; MOLECULES; SURFACES; ROPES AB Nanotube/polymer composite interfaces are of interest for next generation composites. We have examined the adhesion between thiolated AFM cantilever tips and single walled carbon nanotube paper using chemical force microscopy. We have observed a direct correlation of adhesion force with respect to the thiol terminal group (NH2 > CH3 > OH). Our findings demonstrate that the interfacial interactions between single walled carbon nanotubes and terminally functionalized hydrocarbons can be evaluated with an atomic force microscope, provided that one accounts for variations in contact area caused by tip shape and sample topology. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Bottomley, LA (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM lawrence.bottomley@chemistry.gatech.edu RI Lillehei, Peter/C-9196-2009; OI Lillehei, Peter/0000-0001-8183-9980; Bottomley, Lawrence/0000-0002-2325-9862 NR 42 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 4 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1021/nl0348701 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 764YA UT WOS:000188233200012 ER PT S AU Ye, Q Cassell, AM Liu, HB Han, J Meyyappan, M AF Ye, Q Cassell, AM Liu, HB Han, J Meyyappan, M BE Taylor, DP Liu, J McIlroy, D Merhari, L Pendry, JB Borenstein, JT Grodzinski, P Lee, LP Wang, ZL TI Integrating carbon nanotubes for atomic force microscopy imaging applications SO NANOENGINEERED ASSEMBLIES AND ADVANCED MICRO/NANOSYSTEMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanoengineered Assemblies and Advanced Micro/Nanosystems held at the 2004 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-16, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Carbon nanotube (CNT) related nanostructures possess remarkable electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. To produce these nanostructures for real world applications, a large-scale controlled growth of carbon nanotubes is crucial for the integration and fabrication of nanodevices and nanosensors. We have taken the approach of integrating nanopatterning and nanomaterials synthesis with traditional silicon microfabrication techniques. This integration requires a catalyst or nanomaterial protection scheme. In this paper, we report our recent work on fabricating wafer-scale carbon nanotube AFM cantilever probe tips, We will address the design and fabrication considerations in detail, and present the preliminary scanning probe test results. This work may serve as an example of rational design, fabrication, and integration of nanomaterials for advanced nanodevice and nanosensor applications. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ye, Q (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-770-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2004 VL 820 BP 107 EP 112 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BBA61 UT WOS:000224423500014 ER PT S AU Yun, M Lee, C Vasquez, RP Penner, R Bangar, M Mulchandani, A Myung, NV AF Yun, M Lee, C Vasquez, RP Penner, R Bangar, M Mulchandani, A Myung, NV BE Islam, MS Dutta, AK TI Electrochemically grown single nanowire sensors SO NANOSENSING: MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanosensing CY OCT 25-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE nanowire; conducting polymer nanowires; hydrogen sensor ID CHEMICAL SENSORS; ARRAYS; WIRES AB We report a fabrication technique that is potentially capable of producing arrays of individually addressable nanowire sensors with controlled dimensions, positions, alignments, and chemical compositions. The concept has been demonstrated with electrodeposition of palladium wires with 75 nm to 350 nm widths. We have also fabricated single and double conducting polymer nanowires (polyaniline and polypyrrole) with 100 nm and 200 nm widths using electrochemical direct growth. Using single Pd nanowires, we have also demonstrated hydrogen sensing. It is envisioned that these are the first steps towards nanowire sensor arrays capable Of Simultaneously detecting Multiple chemical species. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Minhee.Yun@jpl.nasa.gob RI Mulchandani, Ashok/B-9692-2016 OI Mulchandani, Ashok/0000-0002-2831-4154 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5546-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5593 BP 200 EP 206 DI 10.1117/12.568948 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BBP00 UT WOS:000226789700021 ER PT S AU Li, J Lu, YJ AF Li, J Lu, YJ BE Islam, MS Dutta, AK TI Nanostructure engineered chemical sensors for hazardous gas and vapor detection SO NANOSENSING: MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanosensing CY OCT 25-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE nanostructures; nanosensors; chemical sensing devices; carbon nanotubes; gas and vapor detection ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; CIRCUITS AB A nanosensor technology has been developed using nanostructures, Such as single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and metal oxides nanowires or nanobelts, on a pair of interdigitated electrodes (ME) processed with a siliconbased microfabrication and micromachining technique. The IDE fingers were fabricated using thin film metallization techniques. Both in-situ growth of nanostructure materials and casting of the nanostructure dispersions were used to make chemical sensing devices. These sensors have been exposed to hazardous gases and vapors, Such as acetone, benzene, chlorine, and ammonia in the concentration range of ppm to ppb at room temperature. The electronic molecular sensing in our sensor platform can be understood by electron modulation between the nanostructure engineered device and gas Molecules. As a result of the electron modulation, the conductance of nanodevice will change. Due to the large surface area, low surface energy barrier and high thermal and mechanical stability, nanostructured chemical sensors potentially can offer higher sensitivity, lower power consumption and better robustness than the state-of-the-art systems, which make them more attractive for defense and space applications. Combined with MEMS technology, light weight and compact size sensors can be made in wafer scale with low cost. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5546-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5593 BP 222 EP 231 DI 10.1117/12.570528 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BBP00 UT WOS:000226789700024 ER PT S AU Svizhenko, A Mehrez, H Anantram, MP Maiti, A AF Svizhenko, A Mehrez, H Anantram, MP Maiti, A BE Islam, MS Dutta, AK TI Sensing mechanical deformation in carbon nanotubes by electrical response: a computational study SO NANOSENSING: MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanosensing CY OCT 25-28, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE carbon nanotubes; NEMS; deformation; modeling ID SIMULATIONS; MANIPULATION; MOLECULES AB Recent experimental advances have made carbon nanotubes promising material for utilizing as nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS). The key feature of CNT-based NEMS is the ability to drastically change electrical conductance due to a mechanical deformation. The deformation effects can be divided into two major groups: bond stretching of sp(2) coordinated nanotubes and transition from sp(2) to sp(3) coordination. The purpose of this work is to review the change in electrical response of nanotubes to different types of mechanical deformation. The modeling consists of a combination of universal force-field molecular dynamics (UFF), density functional theory (DFT) and Green's function theory. We show that conductance of metallic carbon nanotubes can decrease by 2-3 orders of magnitude, when deformed by an AFM tip, but is insensitive to bending. These results can explain the experiment of Ref. [1]. Such a decrease is chirality dependent, being maximum for zigzag nanotubes. In contrast, twisting and radial deformation result in bandgap openning only in armchair nanotubes. In addition, radial deformation of armchair nanotubes leads to dramatic oscillations of conductance. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Svizhenko, A (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, MS 229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM svizhenk@nas.nasa.gov; hmehrez@mail.arc.nasa.gov; anant@mail.arc.nasa.gov; amaiti@accelrys.com NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5546-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5593 BP 416 EP 428 DI 10.1117/12.571306 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BBP00 UT WOS:000226789700043 ER PT J AU Cassell, AM Ye, Q Cruden, BA Li, J Sarrazin, PC Ng, HT Han, J Meyyappan, M AF Cassell, AM Ye, Q Cruden, BA Li, J Sarrazin, PC Ng, HT Han, J Meyyappan, M TI Combinatorial chips for optimizing the growth and integration of carbon nanofibre based devices SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; FIELD-EMISSION; NANOTUBE GROWTH; PLASMA; ARRAYS; OPTIMIZATION; CATHODE; DISCOVERY; CATALYSTS; UNIFORM AB The growth of carbon nanofibres (CNF) by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) and the integration of CNFs into devices are studied using high throughput methodology. A growth compatibility chip containing candidate metal contact underlayers and transition metal catalyst layers are used to explore growth activity from various pairings of these two layers. In addition, catalyst density microarray chips (CDMCs) where each chip consists of catalyst patterns with various feature sizes and densities were used to investigate CNF growth and integration. The CDMCs were used to efficiently explore CNF growth conditions as well as subsequent downstream integration and testing for applications in ultrasensitive biosensing and field emission. The methodology described here is widely applicable as a general approach for optimizing the bottom-up growth and integration of nanostructures. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cassell, AM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM acassell@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Li, Jun/H-7771-2013 OI Li, Jun/0000-0002-3689-8946 NR 35 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD JAN PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/15/1/002 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 767QF UT WOS:000188463600003 ER PT B AU Weiler, EJ AF Weiler, EJ BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI NASA space science - Our commitment to education and public outreach - Edited transcription SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 NASA Headquarters, NASA Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Weiler, EJ (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, NASA Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 5 EP 16 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000001 ER PT B AU DeVore, EK Bennett, M AF DeVore, EK Bennett, M BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Professional development for SOFIA's E/PO program SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, SOFIA E,PO Program, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP DeVore, EK (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, SOFIA E,PO Program, MS 144-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 77 EP 84 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000008 ER PT B AU Adams, M Gallagher, DL AF Adams, M Gallagher, DL BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI NASA/MSFC/NSSTC science communication roundtable SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci AB The Science Directorate at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) conducts a diverse program of Internet-based science communication through a Science Roundtable process. The Roundtable includes active researchers, writers, NASA public relations staff, educators, and administrators. The Science@NASA award-winning family of Web sites features science, mathematics, and space news to inform, involve, and inspire students and the public about science. We describe here the process of producing stories, results from research to understand the science communication process, and we highlight each member of our Web family. C1 NASA, MSFC, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Adams, M (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 235 EP 236 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000045 ER PT B AU Adams, M Gallagher, DL Whitt, A AF Adams, M Gallagher, DL Whitt, A BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Issues in informal education: Event-based science communication involving planetaria and the Internet SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci AB For the past four years the Science Directorate at Marshall Space Flight Center has carried out a diverse program of science communication through the web resources on the Internet. The program includes extended stories about NASA science, a curriculum resource for teachers tied to national education standards, on-line activities for students, and webcasts of real-time events. Events have involved meteor showers, solar eclipses, natural very low frequency radio emissions, and amateur balloon flights. In some cases broadcasts accommodate active feedback and questions from Internet participants. We give here examples of events, problems, and lessons learned from these activities. C1 NASA, MSFC, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Adams, M (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 237 EP 238 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000046 ER PT B AU Asplund, SE AF Asplund, SE BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Discovery missions: Unique approaches to education and public outreach SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Asplund, SE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 156-230, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 241 EP 243 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000048 ER PT B AU Betrue, R AF Betrue, R BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Working with informal education: A partnership with the girl scouts of the USA (GSUSA) on a national level SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Solar Syst Explorat Educ & Publ Outreach Forum, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Betrue, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Solar Syst Explorat Educ & Publ Outreach Forum, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 249 EP 251 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000051 ER PT B AU Bowman, CD Boyer, F Hering, J Leon, MJ AF Bowman, CD Boyer, F Hering, J Leon, MJ BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI NASA robotics education project SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bowman, CD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, M-S 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 252 EP 253 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000052 ER PT B AU Hammon, A AF Hammon, A BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Elements of successful websites for educators SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci AB NASA creates many websites intended for educators. These websites contain essential elements that may be valuable for educators. The success of a website depends on the building process that is used to create educator websites. By identifying frameworks for websites and the sequential steps that are part of the website design process, the use by educators of this electronic dissemination and information tool is increased. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Off Educ & Publ Outreach, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Hammon, A (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Off Educ & Publ Outreach, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 305 EP 306 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000072 ER PT B AU Klein, MJ Roller, JP AF Klein, MJ Roller, JP BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Pre-college students contribute to the Cassini-Jupiter millennium flyby SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Klein, MJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 321 EP 322 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000078 ER PT B AU Knudsen, R Hammon, A AF Knudsen, R Hammon, A BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI The national education standards "quilts": A display method aiding teachers to link NASA educational materials to national education standards SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Knudsen, R (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 326 EP 328 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000080 ER PT B AU Knudsen, R AF Knudsen, R BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI NASA educational CD-ROMs - Research and evaluation SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Knudsen, R (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 329 EP 332 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000081 ER PT B AU Kuhlman, KR Hecht, MH Brinza, DE Feldman, JE Fuerstenau, SD Meloy, TP Moller, LE Trowbridge, K Sherman, J Friedman, L Kelly, L Oslick, J Polk, K Lewis, C Gyulai, C Powell, G Waldron, AM Batt, CA Towner, MC AF Kuhlman, KR Hecht, MH Brinza, DE Feldman, JE Fuerstenau, SD Meloy, TP Moller, LE Trowbridge, K Sherman, J Friedman, L Kelly, L Oslick, J Polk, K Lewis, C Gyulai, C Powell, G Waldron, AM Batt, CA Towner, MC BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI SNOOPY: A novel payload integrated education and public Outreach project SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kuhlman, KR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 333 EP 336 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000082 ER PT B AU Liggett, P Dobinson, E Hughes, D Martin, M Martin, D Sword, B AF Liggett, P Dobinson, E Hughes, D Martin, M Martin, D Sword, B BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI NASA planetary data: Applying planetary satellite remote sensing data in the classroom SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Liggett, P (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 337 EP 340 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000083 ER PT B AU Lochner, JC AF Lochner, JC BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI The imagine the universe! E/PO program SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lochner, JC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 345 EP 347 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000085 ER PT B AU Lowes, LL Jew, G AF Lowes, LL Jew, G BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Customer interviews to improve NASA office of space science education and public outreach leveraging success SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lowes, LL (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 180-109, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 348 EP 351 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000086 ER PT B AU Miner, ED AF Miner, ED BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Working with scientists in the AAS division for planetary sciences SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 NASA, OSS Solar Syst Explorat E PO Forum, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Miner, ED (reprint author), NASA, OSS Solar Syst Explorat E PO Forum, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 230-260,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 355 EP 358 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000088 ER PT B AU O'Guinn, C AF O'Guinn, C BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Astro-Venture: Using astrobiology missions and interactive technology to engage students in the learning of standards-based concepts SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ames Educ Technol Team, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP O'Guinn, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ames Educ Technol Team, MS 204-14, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 361 EP 363 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000090 ER PT B AU Sakimoto, PJ AF Sakimoto, PJ BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI NASA space science diversity initiatives SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 NASA Headquarters, Space Sci Educ & Publ Outreach Program, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Sakimoto, PJ (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Space Sci Educ & Publ Outreach Program, 300 E St,SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 380 EP 383 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000098 ER PT B AU Sohus, AM Wessen, AS AF Sohus, AM Wessen, AS BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI The art and science of storytelling in presenting complex information to the public, or, give 'em more than just the facts SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sohus, AM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 390 EP 393 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000103 ER PT B AU Taylor, WWL Thieman, JR AF Taylor, WWL Thieman, JR BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI Integrating radio physics projects into education: INSPIRE and radio JOVE SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci AB INSPIRE and Radio JOVE are scientific and educational projects whose objectives are to bring the excitement of building kits and observing radio waves to students. INSPIRE radios observe natural and manmade radio waves in the Very Low Frequency (VLF, audio) region and Radio JOVE radios observe 20 MHz radio waves from Jupiter and the Sun. Underlying these objectives is the conviction that science, mathematics and technology are the underpinnings of our modern society and that only with an understanding of science, mathematics and technology can people make correct decisions in their lives, public, professional, and private. Stimulating students to learn and understand science, mathematics and technology is key to them fulfilling their potential in the best interests of our society. C1 NASA, ITSS, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Taylor, WWL (reprint author), NASA, ITSS, GSFC, Code 630, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 397 EP 399 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000105 ER PT B AU Rosendhal, JD Sakimoto, PJ Pertzborn, RA Cooper, L AF Rosendhal, JD Sakimoto, PJ Pertzborn, RA Cooper, L BE Narasimham, C BeckWinchatz, B Hawkins, I Runyon, C TI The NASA Office of Space Science education and public outreach program - Presented at the 2002 Conference of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) in Houston SO NASA OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH CONFERENCE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA OSS Conference on Education and Public Outreach CY JUN 12-14, 2002 CL Chicago, IL SP NASA Off Space Sci AB Over the past six years, NASA's Office of Space Science has implemented what may well be the largest single program in astronomy and space science education ever undertaken. The program goals include the public sharing of the excitement of space science discoveries, enhancement of the quality of science, mathematics and technology education particularly at the precollege level-and supporting the creation of our 21st century scientific and technical workforce. This paper provides an overview of the program origins, policies and philosophies, and describes the development and growth of the program. Program accomplishments and the challenges that remain are discussed along with potential opportunities for international collaboration. C1 NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Rosendhal, JD (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, 300 E St,SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-181-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2004 VL 319 BP 423 EP 437 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BBP82 UT WOS:000226966000113 ER PT J AU Weissel, JK Czuchlewski, KR Kim, Y AF Weissel, JK Czuchlewski, KR Kim, Y TI Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based mapping of volcanic flows: Manam Island, Papua New Guinea SO NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POLARIMETRY; SAR AB We present new radar-based techniques for efficient identification of surface changes generated by lava and pyroclastic flows, and apply these to the 1996 eruption of Manam Volcano, Papua New Guinea. Polarimetric L- and P-band airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, along with a C-band DEM, were acquired over the volcano on 17 November 1996 during a major eruption sequence. The L-band data are analyzed for dominant scattering mechanisms on a per pixel basis using radar target decomposition techniques. A classification method is presented, and when applied to the L-band polarimetry, it readily distinguishes bare surfaces from forest cover over Manam volcano. In particular, the classification scheme identifies a post-1992 lava flow in NE Valley of Manam Island as a mainly bare surface and the underlying 1992 flow units as mainly vegetated surfaces. The Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Network reports allow us to speculate whether the bare surface is a flow dating from October or November in the early part of the late-1996 eruption sequence. This work shows that fully polarimetric SAR is sensitive to scattering mechanism changes caused by volcanic resurfacing processes such as lava and pyroclastic flows. By extension, this technique should also prove useful in mapping debris flows, ash deposits and volcanic landslides associated with major eruptions. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Weissel, JK (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM jeffw@ldeo.columbia.edu NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1561-8633 J9 NAT HAZARD EARTH SYS JI Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2004 VL 4 IS 2 BP 339 EP 346 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 847QQ UT WOS:000223410400016 ER PT J AU Miley, GK Overzier, RA Tsvetanov, ZI Bouwens, RJ Benitez, N Blakeslee, JP Ford, HC Illingworth, GD Postman, M Rosati, P Clampin, M Hartig, GF Zirm, AW Rottgering, HJA Venemans, BP Ardila, DR Bartko, F Broadhurst, TJ Brown, RA Burrows, CJ Cheng, ES Cross, NJG De Breuck, C Feldman, PD Franx, M Golimowski, DA Gronwall, C Infante, L Martel, AR Menanteau, F Meurer, GR Sirianni, M Kimble, RA Krist, JE Sparks, WB Tran, HD White, RL Zheng, W AF Miley, GK Overzier, RA Tsvetanov, ZI Bouwens, RJ Benitez, N Blakeslee, JP Ford, HC Illingworth, GD Postman, M Rosati, P Clampin, M Hartig, GF Zirm, AW Rottgering, HJA Venemans, BP Ardila, DR Bartko, F Broadhurst, TJ Brown, RA Burrows, CJ Cheng, ES Cross, NJG De Breuck, C Feldman, PD Franx, M Golimowski, DA Gronwall, C Infante, L Martel, AR Menanteau, F Meurer, GR Sirianni, M Kimble, RA Krist, JE Sparks, WB Tran, HD White, RL Zheng, W TI A large population of 'Lyman-break' galaxies in a protocluster at redshift z approximate to 4.1 SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SPECTRUM RADIO-SOURCES; PROTO-CLUSTER; EVOLUTION; Z-SIMILAR-TO-3 AB The most massive galaxies and the richest clusters are believed to have emerged from regions with the largest enhancements of mass density(1-4) relative to the surrounding space. Distant radio galaxies may pinpoint the locations of the ancestors of rich clusters, because they are massive systems associated with 'over-densities' of galaxies that are bright in the Lyman-alpha line of hydrogen(5-7). A powerful technique for detecting high-redshift galaxies is to search for the characteristic 'Lyman break' feature in the galaxy colour, at wavelengths just shortwards of Lyalpha, which is due to absorption of radiation from the galaxy by the intervening intergalactic medium. Here we report multicolour imaging of the most distant candidate(7-9) protocluster, TNJ1338-1942 at a redshift zapproximate to4.1. We find a large number of objects with the characteristic colours of galaxies at that redshift, and we show that this excess is concentrated around the targeted dominant radio galaxy. Our data therefore indicate that TNJ1338-1942 is indeed the most distant cluster progenitor of a rich local cluster, and that galaxy clusters began forming when the Universe was only ten per cent of its present age. C1 Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Bartko Sci & Technol, Mead, CO 80542 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Astron & Astrofis, Santiago 22, Chile. RP Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. EM miley@strw.leidenuniv.nl RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012; OI Menanteau, Felipe/0000-0002-1372-2534; De Breuck, Carlos/0000-0002-6637-3315; Benitez, Narciso/0000-0002-0403-7455; Blakeslee, John/0000-0002-5213-3548 NR 27 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 427 IS 6969 BP 47 EP 50 DI 10.1038/nature02125 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 758YP UT WOS:000187710000028 PM 14702079 ER PT S AU Swain, MR AF Swain, MR BE Traub, WA TI Observing NGC 4151 with the Keck interferometer SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometer; AGN ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; NGC 4151; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; SEYFERT-GALAXIES; LINE REGION; RADIO JET; CONTINUUM; QUASARS; SPECTRA AB Observations of the nucleus of NGC 4151 at 2.2 mum using the two 10-meter Keck telescopes as an interferometer show a marginally resolved source less than or equal to 0.1 pc in diameter. These observations are the first measurement of an extragalactic source with an optical/IR interferometer. These observations represent a ten-fold improvement in angular resolution when compared to previous near-infrared measurements of AGN and make it possible to test the subparsecscale, near-infrared emission models of NGC 4151. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Swain, MR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1117/12.551881 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000001 ER PT S AU Mennesson, B Johnston, K Serabyn, E AF Mennesson, B Johnston, K Serabyn, E BE Traub, WA TI Science capabilities of the TPF interferometer: the first iteration SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; nulling; exoplanets; protoplanetary systems AB Over the last year, a set of well defined science requirements has been established for the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) mission. They consist of top level specifications, such as the number and charateristics of stars to be observed, the planetary sizes and orbital phase spaces to be searched for, the desired completeness of the search, etc. For each of the concurrent observing techniques considered - thermal infrared nulling interferometry and optical coronagraphy-, dedicated spectroscopy requirements have also been formulated. On the interferometry side, the most promising design studied so far consists of a free flyer assembly of four 4 m class telescopes. It basically allows to thoroughly search for planets in the habitable zone of - 160 nearby main sequence F,G and K dwarfs in I year of continuous integration (- 2 years of operation). Over 1.5 year of subsequent observation, this design would also enable low resolution (20) spectroscopic characterization of up to 10 exo-planetary atmospheres in the [6.5 - 17] micron range, assuming 260K exo-planets with Earth albedo, and at least half the Earth area are present around the target stars. With only minor additions to the nulling design, and taking advantage of a spatial resolution 10 to 50 times higher than JWST, the free flyer design would also provide fantastic contributions in the fields of comparative planetology, the study of very young stellar objects and high-z galaxies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mennesson, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 136 EP 145 DI 10.1117/12.550670 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000016 ER PT S AU Swain, MR Walker, CK Traub, WA Storey, JW du Foresto, VC Fossat, E Vakili, F Stark, AA Lloyd, JP Lawson, PR Burrows, AS Ireland, M Millan-Gabet, R van Belle, GT Lane, B Vasisht, G Travouillon, T AF Swain, MR Walker, CK Traub, WA Storey, JW du Foresto, VC Fossat, E Vakili, F Stark, AA Lloyd, JP Lawson, PR Burrows, AS Ireland, M Millan-Gabet, R van Belle, GT Lane, B Vasisht, G Travouillon, T BE Traub, WA TI The Antarctic planet interferometer SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometer; infrared; Antarctica; exoplanets ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS; PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; HIGH-SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; HERBIG AE/BE STARS; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; SECONDARY ECLIPSE; SEYFERT-GALAXIES; LINE REGION; HD 209458B AB The Antarctic Planet Interferometer is a concept for an instrument designed to detect and characterize extrasolar planets by exploiting the unique potential of the best accessible site on earth for thermal infrared interferometry. High-precision interferometric techniques under development for extrasolar planet detection and characterization (differential phase, nulling and astrometry) all benefit substantially from the slow, low-altitude turbulence, low water vapor content, and low temperature found on the Antarctic plateau. At the best of these locations, such as the Concordia base being developed at Dome C, an interferometer with two-meter diameter class apertures has the potential to deliver unique science for a variety of topics, including extrasolar planets, active galactic nuclei, young stellar objects, and protoplanetary disks. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Swain, MR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 176 EP 185 DI 10.1117/12.552221 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000021 ER PT S AU Leisawitz, D Allen, R Baker, CL Benford, D Bombardelli, C DiPirro, MJ Ehrenfreund, P Evans, N Harwit, M Hyde, TT Labeyrie, A Leitner, J Liu, A Lorenzini, E Lyon, RG Martino, A Mather, JC Menten, K Moseley, SH Mundy, LG Nakagawa, T Ollendorf, S Pearson, J Quinn, DA Rinehart, SA Roman, J Satyapal, S Silverberg, RF Stahl, HP Swain, M Swanson, TD Traub, W Wright, EL Yorke, HW AF Leisawitz, D Allen, R Baker, CL Benford, D Bombardelli, C DiPirro, MJ Ehrenfreund, P Evans, N Harwit, M Hyde, TT Labeyrie, A Leitner, J Liu, A Lorenzini, E Lyon, RG Martino, A Mather, JC Menten, K Moseley, SH Mundy, LG Nakagawa, T Ollendorf, S Pearson, J Quinn, DA Rinehart, SA Roman, J Satyapal, S Silverberg, RF Stahl, HP Swain, M Swanson, TD Traub, W Wright, EL Yorke, HW BE Traub, WA TI A SPECS update: Engineering and technology requirements for a space-based far-IR imaging interferometer SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE infrared; submillimeter; interferometry; detectors; formation flying; cryogenic optics AB The Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS) is a space-based imaging and spectral ("double Fourier") interferometer with kilometer maximum baseline lengths for imaging. This NASA "vision mission" will provide spatial resolution in the far-IR and submillimeter spectral range comparable to that of the Hubble Space Telescope, enabling astrophysicists to extend the legacy of current and planned far-IR observatories. The astrophysical information uniquely available with SPECS and its pathfinder mission SPIRIT will be briefly described, but that is more the focus of a companion paper in the Proceedings of the Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes conference. Here we present an updated design concept for SPECS and for the pathfinder interferometer SPIRIT (Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope) and focus on the engineering and technology requirements for far-IR double Fourier interferometry. We compare the SPECS optical system requirements with those of existing ground-based and other planned space-based interferometers, such as SIM and TPF-I/Darwin. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leisawitz, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 212 EP 226 DI 10.1117/12.552104 PN 1-3 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000025 ER PT S AU Danchi, WC Allen, RJ Benford, DJ Deming, D Gezari, DY Kuchner, M Leisawitz, DT Linfield, R Millan-Gabet, R Monnier, JD Mundy, LG Noecker, C Rajagopal, J Richardson, LJ Rinehart, S Seager, S Traub, WA Wallace, D AF Danchi, WC Allen, RJ Benford, DJ Deming, D Gezari, DY Kuchner, M Leisawitz, DT Linfield, R Millan-Gabet, R Monnier, JD Mundy, LG Noecker, C Rajagopal, J Richardson, LJ Rinehart, S Seager, S Traub, WA Wallace, D BE Traub, WA TI The Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferomieter: A practical interferometer for the detection and characterization of extrasolar giant planets SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE mid-infrared; nulling interferometer; extrasolar planets; giant planets; space interferometer AB The Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer (FKSI) is a mission concept for a nulling interferometer for the near-to-mid-infrared spectral region (3-8mum). FKSI is conceived as a scientific and technological precursor to TPF. The scientific emphasis of the mission is on the evolution of protostellar systems, from just after the collapse of the precursor molecular cloud core, through the formation of the disk surrounding the protostar, the formation of planets in the disk, and eventual dispersal of the disk material. FKSI will answer key questions about extrasolar planets: What are the characteristics of the known extrasolar giant planets? What are the characteristics of the extrasolar zodiacal clouds around nearby stars? Are there giant planets around classes of stars other than those already studied? We present preliminary results of a detailed design study of the FKSI. Using a nulling interferometer configuration, the optical system consists of two 0.5m telescopes on a 12.5m boom feeding a Mach-Zender beam combiner with a fiber wavefront error reducer to produce a 0.01% null of the central starlight. With this system, planets around nearby stars can be detected and characterized using a combination of spectral and spatial resolution. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Danchi, WC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Kuchner, Marc/E-2288-2012; OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Monnier, John D/0000-0002-3380-3307 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 236 EP 242 DI 10.1117/12.552077 PN 1-3 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000027 ER PT S AU Carpenter, KG Schrijver, CJ Allen, RJ Brown, A Chenette, D Danchi, WC Karovska, M Kilston, S Lyon, RG Marzouk, J Mazzuca, LM Moe, RV Walter, F Murphy, N AF Carpenter, KG Schrijver, CJ Allen, RJ Brown, A Chenette, D Danchi, WC Karovska, M Kilston, S Lyon, RG Marzouk, J Mazzuca, LM Moe, RV Walter, F Murphy, N CA SI Team BE Traub, WA TI The Stellar Imager (SI): A revolutionary large-baseline imaging interferometer at the sun-earth L2 point SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; Fizeau; optical; detectors ID SURFACE AB The Stellar Imager (SI) is a far-horizon or "Vision" mission in the NASA Sun-Earth Connection (SEC) Roadmap, conceived for the purpose of understanding the effects of stellar magnetic fields, the dynamos that generate them, and the internal structure and dynamics of the stars in which they exist. The ultimate goal is to achieve the best possible forecasting of solar/stellar activity and its impact on life in the Universe. The science goals of SI require an ultra-high angular resolution, at ultraviolet wavelengths, on the order of 0.1 milliarcsec and thus baselines on the order of 500 meters. These requirements call for a large, multi-spacecraft (>20) imaging interferometer, utilizing precision formation flying in a stable environment, such as in a Lissajous orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. SI's resolution (several 100 times that of HST) will make it an invaluable resource for many other areas of astrophysics, including studies of AGN's, supernovae, cataclysmic variables, young stellar objects, QSO's, and stellar black holes. In this paper, we present an update on the ongoing mission concept and technology development studies for SI. These studies are designed to refine the mission requirements for the science goals, define a Design Reference Mission, perform trade studies of selected major technical and architectural issues, improve the existing technology roadmap, and explore the details of deployment and operations, as well as the possible roles of astronauts and/or robots in construction and servicing of the facility. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Carpenter, KG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 243 EP 254 DI 10.1117/12.550572 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000028 ER PT S AU Henry, C Lay, O Aung, MM Gunter, SM Dubovitsky, S Blackwood, G AF Henry, C Lay, O Aung, MM Gunter, SM Dubovitsky, S Blackwood, G BE Traub, WA TI Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer: architecture, mission design and technology development SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; terrestrial planets; nulling; formation-flying; cryogenic structures AB This overview paper is a progress report about the system design and technology development of two interferometer concepts studied for the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) project. The two concepts are a structurally-connected interferometer (SCI) intended to fulfill minimum TPF science goals and a formation-flying interferometer (FFI) intended to fulfill full science goals. Described are major trades, analyses, and technology experiments completed. Near tern plans are also described. This paper covers progress since August 2003 and serves as an update to a paper presented at that month's SPIE conference, "Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets(i)." C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Henry, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1117/12.552345 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000030 ER PT S AU Dubovitsky, S Lay, OP AF Dubovitsky, S Lay, OP BE Traub, WA TI Architecture selection and optimization for planet-finding interferometers SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE stellar interferometry; nulling; planet detection ID NULLING INTERFEROMETER; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS AB A number of stellar systems that can be searched for presence of Earth-like planets in a given mission lifetime is a key figure of merit for planet hunting stellar interferometers. We have developed a method to calculate the number of stellar systems that can be searched and characterized. Using this method we have evaluated the performance of a number of architectures. We conclude that simpler second-order null architectures outperform more complicated fourth-order null architectures. We also quantify the advantages of the variable length formation-flying configurations vs. fixed length structurally connected configurations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dubovitsky, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 284 EP 295 DI 10.1117/12.552256 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000032 ER PT S AU Shao, M AF Shao, M BE Traub, WA TI Science overview and status of the SIM project SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE AB This paper describes the broad goals and the current status of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). SIM was endorsed in the 1990 decadal report of the Astronomy and Astrophysics survey committee of the National Research Council. The SIM mission would be the first long baseline interferometer in space. The goals of SIM represent not factors of two or three improvement in astronometric accuracy, but two to three orders of magnitude improvement. The current most accurate astrometric measurements are from the Hipparcos satellite launched by ESA in 1990. Hipparchos achieved slightly better than 1 milliarcsec global astrometric accuracy. SIM's goal is 4 microarcsec accuracy for global astrometry (for a nominal 5 yr mission) and I microarcsec for single measurement narrow angle accuracy. The narrow angle precision translates to the ability to measure the "wobble" of stars with an error of 0.14 uas, if the target is observed 50 times during the 5 year mission. The paper gives an overview of the type of scientific questions SIM will address, concentrating on the planet detection aspects of SIM. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shao, M (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 328 EP 333 DI 10.1117/12.551201 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000036 ER PT S AU Laskin, RA AF Laskin, RA BE Traub, WA TI Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) - technology completion and transition to flight SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; metrology; pointing; control; nanometer; picometer; optics; lasers ID SPATIAL INTERFEROMETRY; METROLOGY GAUGES; KECK INTERFEROMETER AB Optical interferometry will open new vistas for astronomy over the next decade. The Space Interferometry Mission, operating unfettered by the Earth's atmosphere, will offer unprecedented astrometric precision that promises the discovery of Earth-class extra-solar planets as well as a wealth of important astrophysics. Optical interferometers also present severe technological challenges: laser metrology systems must perform with sub-nanometer precision; mechanical vibrations must be controlled to nanometers requiring orders of magnitude disturbance rejection; a multitude of actuators and sensors must operate flawlessly and in concert. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory along with its industry partners, Northrop Grumman Space Technology, and Lockheed Martin, are addressing these challenges with a technology development program that is nearing completion. Emphasis is shifting from technology demonstration to technology transfer to the flight team that will build and launch the space system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Laskin, RA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 119 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 334 EP 352 DI 10.1117/12.550796 PN 1-3 PG 19 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000037 ER PT S AU Pan, XP Goullioud, R Yu, J Shao, M AF Pan, XP Goullioud, R Yu, J Shao, M BE Traub, WA TI SIM spectral characteristics and accuracy analysis SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE space inteferometry; instruments; spectrum; white light fringe AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) will perform global astrometry (full sky), local wide-angle (15 degree) and narrow-angle (I degree) observations to search extra-solar planets, and can calibrate stellar and galactic evolution theories. The astrometric accuracy of the SIM mission depends on spectral characteristics of the optics, detectors and targets. This paper will discuss the photometric throughput of the SIM instrument, and analyze effects of wavefront errors, optical mismatches and control biases as a function of wavelength. The color dependence models of the instrument optics including mirrors, lenses, field-stop and beam-splitter are presented. The performances of different detectors with a variety of coatings are compared. A model of the SPA fringe spectrometer is created. For early and late types of stars, brightness dependency errors are analyzed for different combinations of optics and detectors. Visibility loss due to imperfect optics is investigated in detail. Based on the models of instrument and estimated visibilities, the astrometric accuracies for various kinds of stars are evaluated. It is important to emphasize that not only light sources, mirrors, lenses, field stop and detectors are all wavelength dependent, but also fringe visibility loss, wavefront error, optics control error, etc. are all a function of wavelengths. For the first time the estimate of SIM performance is based on spectral analysis of all factors above, rather than monochromatic approximations of detected fringes, or simply adopted constants. This paper summarizes the astrometric accuracies for a wide range of stars and various combinations of optical design and detector configurations. It has been verified that SIM has astrometric accuracy of about 4 gas for targets with different spectra. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pan, XP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 353 EP 360 DI 10.1117/12.550196 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000038 ER PT S AU Korechoff, RP Hoppe, DJ Wang, X AF Korechoff, RP Hoppe, DJ Wang, X BE Traub, WA TI Sub-nanometer level model validation of the SIM interferometer SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE SIM; MAM; interferometer; modeling; astrometry ID ALGORITHM AB The Space Interferometer Mission (SIM) fight instrument will not undergo a full performance, end-to-end system test on the ground due to a number of constraints. Thus, analysis and physics-based models will play a significant role in providing confidence dig SIM will meet its science goals on orbit. The various models themselves are validated against the experimental results of several "picometer" testbeds. In this paper we describe a set of models that are used to predict the magnitude and functional form of a class of field-dependent systematic errors for the science and guide interferometers. This set of models is validated by comparing predictions with the experimental results obtained from the MicroArcsecond Metrology (MAM) testbed and the Diffraction testbed (DTB). The metric for validation is provided by the SIM astrometric error budget. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Korechoff, RP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 361 EP 372 DI 10.1117/12.550153 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000039 ER PT S AU Colavita, MM Wizinowich, PL Akeson, RL AF Colavita, MM Wizinowich, PL Akeson, RL BE Traub, WA TI Keck Interferometer status and plans SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometers; adaptive optics; nulling; differential phase AB Keck Interferometer is a NASA-funded project to combine the two 10 in Keck telescopes for high sensitivity near-infrared fringe visibility measurements, nulling interferometry at 10 mum to measure the quantity of exozodiacal emission around nearby stars, and differential-phase measurements to detect "hot-Jupiters" by their direct emission. It is being developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the W. M. Keck Observatory, and the Michelson Science Center. Recent activity has included formal visibility mode commissioning, as well as science observations, and we briefly review some of the significant technical aspects and updates to the system. We have also completed laboratory development of the miller. The nuller uses two modified Mach-Zehnder input millers, a Michelson cross combiner, and a 10 gm array camera to produce background-limited null measurements. To provide required temporal stability for the miller, the system incorporates end-to-end laser metrology with phase referencing from two 2.2 mum fringe trackers. The miller recently completed its pre-ship review and is being installed on the summit. After miller integration and test, the differential phase mode will be deployed, which will use a 2-5 mum fringe detector in combination with a precision path length modulator and a vacuum delay line for dispersion control. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Colavita, MM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 454 EP 463 DI 10.1117/12.552149 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000049 ER PT S AU Vasisht, G Colavita, MM AF Vasisht, G Colavita, MM BE Traub, WA TI Differential phase interferometry with the Keck telescopes SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE Stellar Interferometer; fringe tracking; group-delay tracking; Keck Interferometer; infrared detectors; differential phase AB We summarize the implementation of the Differential Phase (DP) mode at the Keck Interferometer. Multicolor phase measurements are potentially a powerful astrophysical probe - and can allow direct detection of Roaster-type exoplanets from the ground. The Keck Interferometer will measure differential phases between H-K, and K-L bands to levels of 3 mrad or better. At JPL, we are engaged in development and testing of instrumentation that will enable these extremely sensitive measurements. First on-sky observations are expected to start in middle 2005. In this article we describe DP and other related techniques, provide an outline of the instrument and present results from preliminary laboratory experiments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Vasisht, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 567 EP 576 DI 10.1117/12.550981 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000062 ER PT S AU Serabyn, E Booth, A Colavita, MM Creech-Eakman, M Crawford, S Garcia, J Johnson, R Hovland, E Koresko, C Ligon, R Martin, SR Mennesson, B Moore, J Palmer, D Paine, C Shao, M Swain, M Smythe, R Vasisht, G AF Serabyn, E Booth, A Colavita, MM Creech-Eakman, M Crawford, S Garcia, J Johnson, R Hovland, E Koresko, C Ligon, R Martin, SR Mennesson, B Moore, J Palmer, D Paine, C Shao, M Swain, M Smythe, R Vasisht, G BE Traub, WA TI The Keck Interferometer Nuller: System architecture and laboratory performance SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE AB The first high-dynamic-range interferometric mode planned to come on line at the Keck Observatory is mid-infrared nulling. This observational mode, which is based on the cancellation of the on-axis starlight arriving at the twin Keck telescopes, will be used to examine nearby stellar systems for the presence of circumstellar exozodiacal emission. This paper describes the system level layout of the Keck Interferometer Nuller (KIN), as well as the final performance levels demonstrated in the laboratory integration and test phase at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory prior to shipment of the nuller hardware to the Keck Observatory in mid-June 2004. On-sky testing and observation with the mid-infrared nuller are slated to begin in August 2004. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Serabyn, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 806 EP 815 DI 10.1117/12.552195 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000085 ER PT S AU Wallace, JK Babtiwale, V Bartos, R Brown, K Gappinger, R Loya, F MacDonald, D Martin, S Negron, J Truong, T Vasisht, G AF Wallace, JK Babtiwale, V Bartos, R Brown, K Gappinger, R Loya, F MacDonald, D Martin, S Negron, J Truong, T Vasisht, G BE Traub, WA TI Mid-IR interferometric nulling for TPF SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE nulling; stellar interferometry; planet detection; astronomy ID CORONAGRAPHY; METROLOGY AB By the middle of 2006, the Interferometry Technology development program for NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) Mission has the goal of demonstrating deep and stable interferometric nulling of broadband Mid-IR thermal radiation under conditions that are traceable to the expected on-orbit conditions. Specifically, the task is to demonstrate null levels of 10(-6), with a 50% bandwidth centered at 10 gm, with null stabilities of 10(-7) all at cryogenic temperatures for observational periods of a couple of hours. The Achromatic Nulling activity at JPL addresses this concern in two testbeds: the warm nulling testbed and the cryonulling testbed. The warm nulling testbed will demonstrate the physics of nulling broadband thermal sources in an environment that is conducive to efficient research. We'll explore nulling techniques, opticalmechanical alignment methods, motion control, and path-length metrology for a single beam interferometer, as well as preliminary planet detection techniques. Ultimate nulling capabilities under conditions that are more flight-like will be demonstrated in the cryogenic nulling testbed. Knowledge gained from operation at room temperature will be applied to the cryogenic experiment where we face the additional challenges of extreme temperatures, cryogenic actuators, component survivability and fluxes that are within an order of magnitude of expected flux levels on orbit. Concurrently, we will develop a low flux mid-IR camera that will allow us to measure the nulls at these faint photon fluxes. This talk will review this development activity and will include recent nulling experimental results and plans for future work. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wallace, JK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 862 EP 873 DI 10.1117/12.551558 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000091 ER PT S AU Lay, OP Dubovitsky, S AF Lay, OP Dubovitsky, S BE Traub, WA TI Nulling interferometers: the importance of systematic errors and the X-array configuration SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE optical interferometry; nulling; planet detection ID EXTRASOLAR PLANETS AB The nulling interferometers proposed for planet detection are arrays of collector telescopes whose amplitudes and phases are carefully controlled to generate a null response at the star. Perturbations in the amplitude and phase response of the instrument lead to time-dependent fluctuations in the stellar leakage that can mimic a planet signal. Understanding these non-linear systematic errors is important, since they drive most of the instrument requirements for missions such as the Terrestrial Planet Finder and Darwin. We show that 'amplitude-phase' errors are the dominant source of instrument noise. They are unaffected by the technique of phase chopping, increase rapidly at short wavelengths, are largely independent of the size and transmission efficiency of the collector optics, and depend only weakly on the nulling configuration and distance to the target system. Detection of an Earth around a G-type star like the sun requires similar to1.5 nm of path control and similar to0.1% control of the amplitude, integrated over all frequencies, including DC. This paper also introduces the X-Array - a new nulling configuration with 4 collectors and a central combiner arranged in an X pattern. This has a number of advantages over the standard dual Bracewell layout, and over other configurations that have been proposed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lay, OP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 874 EP 885 DI 10.1117/12.552109 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000092 ER PT S AU Lawson, PR Cotton, WD Hummel, CA Monnier, JD Zhao, M Young, JS Thorsteinsson, H Meimon, SC Mugnier, L Le Besnerais, G Thiebaut, E Tuthill, PG AF Lawson, PR Cotton, WD Hummel, CA Monnier, JD Zhao, M Young, JS Thorsteinsson, H Meimon, SC Mugnier, L Le Besnerais, G Thiebaut, E Tuthill, PG BE Traub, WA TI An interferometry imaging beauty contest SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE astronomical software; closure phase; aperture synthesis; imaging; optical; infrared; interferometry AB We present a formal comparison of the performance of algorithms used for synthesis imaging with optical/infrared long-baseline interferometers. Five different algorithms are evaluated based on their performance with simulated test data. Each set of test data is formatted in the OI-FITS format. The data are calibrated power spectra and bispectra measured with an array intended to be typical of existing imaging interferometers. The strengths and limitations of each algorithm are discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lawson, PR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Mugnier, Laurent/A-7630-2012; OI Mugnier, Laurent/0000-0002-8364-4957; Young, John/0000-0001-6583-7643 NR 24 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 886 EP 899 DI 10.1117/12.550710 PN 1-3 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000093 ER PT S AU Rinehart, SA Armstrong, T Frey, BJ Kirk, J Leisawitz, DT Leviton, DB Lobsinger, L Lyon, R Martino, AJ Pauls, T Mundy, LG Sears, E AF Rinehart, SA Armstrong, T Frey, BJ Kirk, J Leisawitz, DT Leviton, DB Lobsinger, L Lyon, R Martino, AJ Pauls, T Mundy, LG Sears, E BE Traub, WA TI The Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed I: Progress, results, and future plans SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; Michelson interferometer; Wide-Field Imaging; synthesis imaging; Testbed AB We present recent results from the Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT). Using a multi-pixel detector for spatial multiplexing, WIIT has demonstrated the ability to acquire wide-field imaging interferometry data. Specifically, these are "double Fourier"' data that cover a field of view much larger than the subaperture diffraction spot size. This ability is of great import for a number of proposed missions, including the Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope (SPIRIT), the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS), and the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF-I)/DARWIN. The recent results are discussed and analyzed, and future study directions are described. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council Associate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rinehart, SA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council Associate, Mail Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Lyon, Richard/D-5022-2012 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 920 EP 931 DI 10.1117/12.551693 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000096 ER PT S AU Goullioud, R Shen, TPJ Catanzarite, JH AF Goullioud, R Shen, TPJ Catanzarite, JH BE Traub, WA TI SIM narrow and wide angle astrometric demonstration on the MAM testbed. SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; SIM; metrology; astrometry; picometer AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) requires fringe measurements to the level of picometers in order to produce astrometric data at the micro-arc-second level. To be more specific, it is necessary to measure both the position of the starlight central fringe and the change in the internal optical path of the interferometer to tens of picometers. The internal path is measured with a small heterodyne metrology beam, whereas the starlight fringe position is estimated with a CCD sampling a large concentric annular beam. One major challenge for SIM is to align the metrology beam with the starlight beam to keep the consistency between these two sensors at the system level while articulating the instrument optics over the field of regard. The Micro-Arcsecond Metrology testbed (MAM), developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, features an optical interferometer with a white light source, all major optical components of a stellar interferometer and heterodyne metrology sensors. The setup is installed inside a large vacuum chamber in order to mitigate the atmospheric and thermal disturbances. Astrometric observations are simulated by articulating the optics over the 15 degrees field of regard to generate multiple artificial stars. Recent data show agreement between the metrology and starlight paths to 20pm in the narrow angle field and to 350pm in the full wide angle field of regard of SIM. This paper describes the MAM optical setup, the observation process, the current data and how the performance relates to SIM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Goullioud, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 965 EP 978 DI 10.1117/12.549589 PN 1-3 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000100 ER PT S AU Alvarez-Salazar, OS Goullioud, R Azizi, A AF Alvarez-Salazar, OS Goullioud, R Azizi, A BE Traub, WA TI SIM System Testbed: 3-baseline stellar interferometer on a 9-meter long flexible structure SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE stellar interferometry; AFF; PFF; metrology; SIM AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) System Testbed-3 has been integrated in JPL's new Optical & Interferometry Development Laboratory. The testbed consists of a three baseline stellar interferometer whose optical layout is functionally equal to SIM's current flight layout. The main testbed objective is to demonstrate nanometer class stability of fringes in the dim star, or science, interferometer while using path length & angle feed-forward control, and while the instrument is integrated atop a flight-like flexible structure. This work marks the first time an astrometric 3-baseline interferometer is tested in air and on a flight-like structure rather than on rigid optical tables. This paper discusses the system architecture, dim star fringe tracking, and the testbed's latest experimental results. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Alvarez-Salazar, OS (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 979 EP 990 DI 10.1117/12.549690 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000101 ER PT S AU Dekens, FG Alvarez-Salazar, O Azizi, A Moser, S Nemati, B Negron, J Neville, T Ryan, D AF Dekens, FG Alvarez-Salazar, O Azizi, A Moser, S Nemati, B Negron, J Neville, T Ryan, D BE Traub, WA TI Kite: Status of the external metrology testbed for SIM. SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE SIM; metrology AB Kite is a system level testbed for the External Metrology System of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The External Metrology System is used to track the fiducials that axe located at the centers of the interferometer's siderostats. The relative changes in their positions needs to be tracked to an accuracy of tens of picometers in order to correct for thermal deformations and attitude changes of the spacecraft. Because of the need for such high precision measurements, the Kite testbed was build to test both the metrology gauges and our ability to optically model the system at these levels. The Kite testbed is a redundant metrology truss, in which 6 lengths are measured, but only 5 axe needed to define the system. The RMS error between the redundant measurements needs to be less than 140 pm for the SIM Wide-Angle observing scenario and less than 8 pm for the Narrow-Angle observing scenario. With our current testbed layout, we have achieved an RMS of 85 pm in the Wide-Angle case, meeting the goal. For the Narrow-Angle case, we have reached 5.8 pm, but only for on-axis observations. We describe the testbed improvements that have been made since our initial results, and outline the future Kite changes that will add further effects that SIM faces in order to make the testbed more representative of SIM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dekens, FG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1020 EP 1033 DI 10.1117/12.549797 PN 1-3 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000105 ER PT S AU Mazzuca, LM Carpenter, KG Lyon, RG Marzouk, J Petrone, P Cottle, P Dogoda, P Huet, H Liiva, P Mozurkewich, D Armstrong, JT Zhang, XL Solyar, G Mundy, L AF Mazzuca, LM Carpenter, KG Lyon, RG Marzouk, J Petrone, P Cottle, P Dogoda, P Huet, H Liiva, P Mozurkewich, D Armstrong, JT Zhang, XL Solyar, G Mundy, L BE Traub, WA TI The Fizeau Interferometer Testbed (FIT): Developing and testing the technologies needed for space-based interferometric Imaging systems SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; Fizeau; optical; detectors AB The Fizeau Interferometer Testbed (FIT) is a ground-based laboratory experiment at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) designed to develop and test technologies that will be needed for future interferometric spacecraft missions. Specifically, the research from this experiment is a proof-of-concept for optical accuracy and stability, closed-loop control algorithms, optimal sampling methodology of the Fourier UV-plane, computational models for system performance, and image synthesis techniques for a sparse array of 7 to 30 mirrors. It will assess and refine the technical requirements on hardware, control, and imaging algorithms for the Stellar Imager (SI), its pathfinder mission, and other sparse aperture and interferometric imaging mission concepts. This ground-based optical system is a collaborative effort between NASA's GSFC, Sigma Space Corporation, the Naval Research Laboratory, and the University of Maryland. We present an overview of the FIT design goals and explain their associated validation methods. We further document the design requirements and provide a status on their completion. Next, we show the overall FIT design, including the optics and data acquisition process. We discuss the technologies needed to insure success of the testbed as well as for an entire class of future mission concepts. Finally, we compare the expected performance to the actual performance of the testbed using the initial array of seven spherical mirrors. Currently, we have aligned and phased all seven mirrors, demonstrated excellent system stability for extended periods of time, and begun open-loop operations using "pinhole" light sources. Extended scenes and calibration masks are being fabricated and will shortly be installed in the source module. Installation of all the different phase retrieval/diversity algorithms and control software is well on the way to completion, in preparation for future tests of closed-loop operations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mazzuca, LM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1034 EP 1042 DI 10.1117/12.550450 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000106 ER PT S AU Lay, OP Dubovitsky, S Peters, RD Burger, J Steier, WH Ahn, SW Fetterman, HR AF Lay, OP Dubovitsky, S Peters, RD Burger, J Steier, WH Ahn, SW Fetterman, HR BE Traub, WA TI MSTAR: an absolute metrology system with submicrometer accuracy SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE absolute metrology; distance measurement ID FREQUENCY STABILIZATION; LASER; INTERFEROMETRY; RESOLUTION; PRECISION AB Laser metrology systems are a key component of stellar interferometers, used to monitor path lengths and dimensions internal to the instrument. Most interferometers, use 'relative' metrology, in which the integer number of wavelengths along the path is unknown, and the measurement of length is ambiguous. Changes in the path length can be measured relative to an initial calibration point, but interruption of the metrology beam at any time requires a re-calibration of the system. The MSTAR sensor (Modulation Sideband Technology for Absolute Ranging) is a new system for measuring absolute distance, capable of resolving the integer cycle ambiguity of standard interferometers, and making it possible to measure distance with sub-nanometer accuracy. We describe the design of the system, show results for target distances up to 1 meter, and demonstrate how the system can be scaled to kilometer-scale distances. In recent experiments, we have used white light interferometry to augment the 'truth' measurements and validate the zero-point of the system. MSTAR is a general-purpose tool for conveniently measuring length with much greater accuracy than was previously possible, and has a wide range of possible applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lay, OP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1068 EP 1078 DI 10.1117/12.552166 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000111 ER PT S AU Rajagopal, J Barry, R Lopez, B Danchi, WC Monnier, JD Tuthill, PG Townes, CH AF Rajagopal, J Barry, R Lopez, B Danchi, WC Monnier, JD Tuthill, PG Townes, CH BE Traub, WA TI Adaptive optics and aperture-masking: a comparison SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE ID IMAGES AB We present a comparative study of aperture-masking on the Keck-I telescope and adaptive optics with the Keck-II telescope. Recent results from an aperture-masking program at the Keck Observatory in the near-infrared amply demonstrate that this method occupies an important niche in achieving diffraction-limited images despite the many advances in adaptive optics technology. Examples of the efficacy of aperture-masking are the images of the persistent dust-producing Wolf-Rayet star WR 104 and the massive young star with IR excess, MWC 349A. Both these objects were resolved, providing fundamental new insights into their nature. Here we present images of these objects made using adaptive optics in the same wavelength band. These provide a unique opportunity for a direct comparison of two important and competing techniques for ground-based high-resolution imaging. From the AO images, we are unable to recover the gross morphology or detail seen in the aperture-masking results. We note that the AO program might have been hindered by less than ideal observing conditions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rajagopal, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1120 EP 1128 DI 10.1117/12.552170 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000117 ER PT S AU Peters, RD Hirai, A Jeganathan, M Lay, OP AF Peters, RD Hirai, A Jeganathan, M Lay, OP BE Traub, WA TI Near-IR demonstration of adaptive nuller based on deformable mirror SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE Nulling interferometry; planet detection; deformable mirror; dispersion compensator; nulling; amplitude and phase correction; adaptive nuller AB Deep, stable nulling of starlight requires careful control of the amplitudes and phases of the beams that are being combined. The detection of earth-like planets using the interferometer architectures currently being considered require that the electric field amplitudes are balanced at the level of similar to 0.1% and the phases are controlled at the level of 1 mrad (corresponding to similar to 1.5 nm for a wavelength of 10 microns). These conditions must be met simultaneously at all wavelengths across the science band and for both polarization states, imposing unrealistic tolerances on the symmetry between the optical beamtrains. Lay et. al. proposed the concept of a compensator that is inserted into the beamtrain, which can adaptively correct for the mismatches across the spectrum enabling deep nulls with realistic, imperfect optics. This proposed design uses a deformable mirror to adjust the amplitude and phase of the electric field that couples into the single-mode spatial filter. We have demonstrated amplitude and phase control at a single wavelength in the near-IR. We are preparing to demonstrate control with our deformable mirror actuator in the near-IR and in parallel are preparing a demonstration in the mid-IR where the compensator will be required to operate. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Peters, RD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1630 EP 1638 DI 10.1117/12.550672 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000174 ER PT S AU Serabyn, G AF Serabyn, G BE Traub, WA TI Nulling interferometry with three telescopes: Triple beam-combiners, virtual telescope arrays and phased arrays SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE AB Suppression of starlight by nulling interferometry has the potential to enable the direct detection of planets around nearby stars, and several interferometer configurations have been proposed which meet, to varying degrees, the numerous associated experimental goals, such as high sensitivity, high angular resolution, high stellar rejection, and extraneous signal rejection. However, the more capable approaches involve fairly complex systems, so that minimization of complexity is vital if a space-based nulling interferometry mission is to become a reality. The simplest case, the two-aperture nulling interferometer, possesses fairly limited capabilites, but-most other configurations being considered for nulling interferometry missions involve four or more apertures. Another relatively simple case which has not received much attention to date is that of the three-aperture nulling interferometer. In this paper, the three-telescope case is discussed in detail, from the-necessary triple-beam nulling beamcombiners, to the properties of the pupil plane configurations. It is concluded that three-telescope nullers share many of the desirable capabilities of four-telescope nullers, such as a phase modulation capability, and so in fact represent a very capable "simplest case" nulling interferometer configuration. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Serabyn, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1639 EP 1648 DI 10.1117/12.552208 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000175 ER PT S AU Alvarez-Salazar, OS Azizi, A Gursel, Y Sun, G Fischer, J Avanesyan, A Shaw, J AF Alvarez-Salazar, OS Azizi, A Gursel, Y Sun, G Fischer, J Avanesyan, A Shaw, J BE Traub, WA TI Metrology system for Space Interferometry Mission's System Testbed 3 SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE Stellar Interferometry; AFF; PFF; metrology; SIM AB The Space Interferometry mission's nano-meter class System Testbed has implemented an external metrology system to monitor changes in the length & orientation of the science interferometer baseline vector, which cannot be monitored directly. The output of the system is used in real time fringe tracking of dim stars. This paper describes the external metrology system, its mathematical representation, limitations, and method for estimating the length & orientation of the science baseline vector. Simulations and current system performance are presented and discussed. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Alvarez-Salazar, OS (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1748 EP 1759 DI 10.1117/12.549694 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000188 ER PT S AU Rinehart, SA Armstrong, T Frey, BJ Kirk, J Leisawitz, DT Leviton, DB Lobsinger, L Lyon, R Martino, J Pauls, T Mundy, LG Sears, E AF Rinehart, SA Armstrong, T Frey, BJ Kirk, J Leisawitz, DT Leviton, DB Lobsinger, L Lyon, R Martino, J Pauls, T Mundy, LG Sears, E BE Traub, WA TI The Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed II: Characterization and calibration SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; Michelson interferometer; wide-field Imaging; synthesis Imaging; testbedichelson interferometer; wide-field Imaging; synthesis Imaging; testbed AB We discuss the procedure used to characterize the Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT) components and system, including spectral transmission, throughput, wavefront quality, mechanical and thermal stability, and susceptibility to turbulence. The sources of uncertainty and visibility loss are identified and evaluated, and we briefly discuss measures taken to mitigate these effects. We further discuss calibration techniques which can be used to compensate for visibility loss factors, and describe the applicability of these calibration techniques to the future space-based far-IR interferometry missions SPIRIT (Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope) and SPECS (Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council Associate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rinehart, SA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council Associate, Mail Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Lyon, Richard/D-5022-2012 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1790 EP 1801 DI 10.1117/12.552076 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000192 ER PT S AU Smythe, RF Swain, MR Alvarez-Salazar, O Moore, JD AF Smythe, RF Swain, MR Alvarez-Salazar, O Moore, JD BE Traub, WA TI Terrestrial planet finder cryogenic delay line development SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE nulling; interferometer; cryogenic; path-length AB Delay lines provide the path-length compensation that makes the measurement of interference fringes, possible. When used for nulling interferometry, the delay line must control path-lengths so that the null is stable and controlled throughout the measurement. We report on a low noise, low disturbance, and high bandwidth optical delay line capable of meeting the TPF interferometer optical path length control requirements at cryogenic temperatures. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smythe, RF (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1802 EP 1812 DI 10.1117/12.552260 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000193 ER PT S AU Milman, MH Regher, M Shen, TP AF Milman, MH Regher, M Shen, TP BE Traub, WA TI White light modeling, algorithm development, and validation on the micro-arcsecond metrology testbed SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE ID INTERFEROMETRY AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), scheduled for launch in early 2010, is an optical interferometer that will perform narrow angle and global wide angle astrometry with unprecedented accuracy, providing differential position accuracies of 1uas, and 4uas global accuracies in position, proper motion and parallax. SIM astrometric measurements are synthesized from pathlength delay measurements provided by three Michelson-type, white light interferometers. Two of the interferometers are used for making precise measurements of variations in the spacecraft attitude, while the third interferometer performs the science measurement. The ultimate performance of SIM relies on a combination of precise fringe measurements of the interfered starlight with picometer class relative distance measurements made between a set of fiducials that define the interferometer baseline vectors. The focus of the present paper is on the development and analysis of algorithms for accurate white light estimation, and on the preliminary validation of these algorithms on the MicroArcsecond Testbed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Milman, MH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1813 EP 1822 DI 10.1117/12.550660 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000194 ER PT S AU Nemati, B Kuan, GM AF Nemati, B Kuan, GM BE Traub, WA TI Model validation of SIM external metrology at the sub-nanometer level SO NEW FRONTIERS IN STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE interferometry; metrology; corner cubes; SIM; astrometry; model; validation; testbed AB In order to achieve micro-arcsecond astrometry, SIM must make measurements of various optical path lengths at the picometer level. In this regime of precision, nearly every simplifying assumption in optics must be reexamined as a potential source of systematic error. SIM makes extensive use of physics-based models to predict the form and level of systematic errors affecting instrument performance. Since many of the modeling areas represent new frontiers in optical modeling, the validation of these physical models is a significant challenge that SIM must meet. In the case of the external metrology truss, the model must account for the imperfections in the corner cubes as well as the distance measuring interferometers ("beam launchers"). This model is being validated using the Kite testbed, a 2-D metrology truss with picometer-level accuracy in displacement measurements. We present the model and the results of the model validation tests on the Kite testbed. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nemati, B (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5423-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5491 BP 1823 EP 1834 DI 10.1117/12.549700 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBG18 UT WOS:000225390000195 ER PT S AU Mushotzky, R AF Mushotzky, R BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI The entropy in groups - a clue to galaxy formation SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE the entropy in groups; galaxy formation; hot X-ray gas ID X-RAY-CLUSTERS; EVOLUTION; GAS; IMPACT AB The entropy in the hot X-ray gas in groups of galaxies is a fossil of the process of galaxy formation The amount of entropy in these low mass systems considerably exceeds that predicted from structure formation models. To explain these results requires "extra" energy which is a relic of the process of star formation and active galaxy heating. We present new XMM results on the entropy and entropy profiles. These results are inconsistent with pre-heating scenarios which have been developed to explain the entropy floor in groups but are broadly consistent with models of structure formation which include the effects of heating and/or the cooling of the gas. The total entropy in these systems provides a strong constraint on all models of galaxy and group formation, and on the poorly defined feedback process which controls the transformation of gas into stars and thus the formation of structure in the universe. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Mushotzky, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM richard.f.mushotzky@nasa.gov NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2492 EP 2498 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.03.075 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800004 ER PT S AU Furusho, T Yamasaki, NY Ohashi, T AF Furusho, T Yamasaki, NY Ohashi, T BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI Chandra imaging spectroscopy of the central region of AWM7 SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Chandra imaging spectroscopy; galaxy cluster AWM7; astrophysics ID CENTAURUS CLUSTER; GALAXIES; CORE; TEMPERATURE; MAPS AB We report on the results of Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster AWM7. The ACIS image reveals new substructures with a spatial extent of more than 8" (4 kpc at AWM7) near the cD galaxy center, represented by a hard sub-peak and a soft peak. These substructures suggest that a dynamical process related to the formation of the cD galaxy is now taking place. Inside the cluster core within a radius of 2', annular spectra with every 10" step are fitted well by single temperature models. The temperature gradually drops from 4.2 keV at a radius of 60 kpc (2') to 1.8 keV at the cluster center. The radial abundance profile shows a gradient with a peak metallicity of 1.5 solar at a radius of about 15" (7 kpc). A two-dimensional map shows two high metallicity blob-like regions, which may be the gas expelled from the cD galaxy. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Phys, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan. RP Furusho, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM furusho@astro.isas.jaxa.jp RI Yamasaki, Noriko/C-2252-2008 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2530 EP 2534 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.02.078 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800011 ER PT S AU White, NE Petre, R AF White, NE Petre, R BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI The Constellation X-ray mission: science goals and mission implementation SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Constellation X-ray mission; X-ray spectroscopy; astronomy; astrophysics ID TRANSITION-EDGE-MICROCALORIMETER; EV ENERGY RESOLUTION AB The Constellation-X mission is a large collecting area X-ray observatory emphasizing high spectral resolution (R = E/DeltaE from 300 to 3000) and a broad energy band (0.25-60 keV). By increasing the telescope aperture and utilizing efficient spectrometers the mission will achieve a factor of 20-100 increased sensitivity over current high resolution X-ray spectroscopy missions. The use of focusing optics across the 10-60 keV band will provide a similar factor of 100 increased sensitivity in this band. The Constellation-X design divides the collecting area across four separate spacecraft, launched two at a time. Constellation-X will address many topics including observing the formation and evolution of clusters of galaxies, constraining the Baryon content of the Universe, observing the effects of strong gravity close to the event horizon of super-massive black holes and the evolution of AGN with redshift. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP White, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Code 660, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nicholas.e.white@nasa.gov RI White, Nicholas/B-6428-2012 OI White, Nicholas/0000-0003-3853-3462 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2618 EP 2622 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.04.067 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800027 ER PT S AU White, NE AF White, NE BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI The X-ray evolution of galaxies: implications for future X-ray observatories SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE X-ray evolution of galaxies; astrophysics; astronomy; X-ray observatories ID HUBBLE DEEP FIELD; LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES; MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; STAR-FORMATION RATE; NORTH; LUMINOSITIES; EMISSION AB The X-ray evolution of the luminosity of normal galaxies is primarily driven by the evolution of their X-ray binary populations. The imprints left by a cosmological evolution of the star formation rate (SFR) will cause the average X-ray luminosity of galaxies to appear higher in the redshift range 1-3. As reported by White and Ghosh [ApJ, 504 (1998) L31] the profile of X-ray luminosity with redshift can both serve as a diagnostic probe of the SFR profile and constrain evolutionary models for X-ray binaries. In order to observe the high redshift (z > 3) universe in the X-ray band, it is necessary to avoid confusion from foreground field galaxies. We report on the predictions of these models of the X-ray flux expected from galaxies and the implications for the telescope parameters of future deep universe X-ray observatories. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP White, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Code 660, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nicholas.e.white@nasa.gov RI White, Nicholas/B-6428-2012 OI White, Nicholas/0000-0003-3853-3462 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2632 EP 2636 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.04.066 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800030 ER PT S AU Kallman, T AF Kallman, T BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI Astrophysical motivation for X-ray polarimetry SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE X-ray polarimetry; astrophysics; X-ray spectra ID BLACK-HOLES; NEUTRON-STARS; POLARIZATION; RADIATION; PULSARS; SEARCH; ACCRETION; EMISSION; SPECTRUM; MODEL AB In this paper I will review the motivation for measuring polarization in the X-ray band from astrophysical source. Emission models designed to reproduce X-ray spectra can be tested using polarization. and polarization detected in other wavelength bands makes clear predictions as to the X-ray polarization. Polarization is a powerful tool to infer geometrical properties of sources which are too small to be spatially resolved. At the same time, there has been recent progress in instrumentation which is likely to allow searches for X-ray polarization at levels significantly below what was possible for early detectors. This paperwill review the history of X-ray polarimetry, discuss some experimental techniques and the scientific problems which can be addressed by future experiments. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kallman, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM tim@xstar.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 55 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2673 EP 2677 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.03.059 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800036 ER PT S AU Okajima, T Tawara, Y Ogasaka, Y Tamura, K Furuzawa, A Yamashita, K Kunieda, H AF Okajima, T Tawara, Y Ogasaka, Y Tamura, K Furuzawa, A Yamashita, K Kunieda, H BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI Hard X-ray focusing optics up to 80 keV for the future missions SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE hard X-ray telescopes; X-ray astronomy; supermirrors; multilayers ID TELESCOPE AB X-ray telescopes have been providing high sensitivity X-ray observations in numerous missions. For X-ray telescopes in the future, one of the key technologies is to expand the energy band beyond 10 keV. We designed depth-graded multilayer, so-called supermirrors, for a hard X-ray telescope in the energy band up to 40 keV using lightweight thin-foil optics. They were successfully flown in a balloon flight and obtained a hard X-ray image of Cyg X-I in the 20-40 keV band. Now supermirrors are promising to realize a hard X-ray telescope. We have estimated the performance of a hard X-ray telescope using a platinum-carbon supermirror for future satellite missions, such as NeXT (Japan) and XEUS (Europe). According to calculations, they will have a significant effective area up to 80 keV, and their effective areas will be more than 280 cm(2) even at 60 keV. Limiting sensitivity will be down to 1.7 x 10(-13) erg cm(-2) s(-1) in the 10-80 keV band at a 100 ks, observation. In this paper, we present the results of the balloon experiment with the first supermirror flown and projected effective areas of hard X-ray telescopes and action items for future missions. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Phys, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan. Inst Space & Astron Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Okajima, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM okajima@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2682 EP 2687 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.03.057 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800038 ER PT S AU Jahoda, K AF Jahoda, K BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI DUET - The dark universe exploration telescope SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jahoda, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM keith@rosserv.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Jahoda, Keith/D-5616-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2691 EP 2691 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.03.055 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800040 ER PT S AU Pian, E Giommi, P Amati, L Costa, E Danziger, J Feroci, M Fiocchi, MT Frontera, F Kouveliotou, C Masetti, N Nicastro, L Palazzi, E Piro, L Tavani, M Zand, JJM AF Pian, E Giommi, P Amati, L Costa, E Danziger, J Feroci, M Fiocchi, MT Frontera, F Kouveliotou, C Masetti, N Nicastro, L Palazzi, E Piro, L Tavani, M Zand, JJM BE Done, C Garcia, M Pian, E Masetti, N Piro, L TI XMM-Newton observations of the field of gamma-ray burst 980425 SO NEW X-RAY RESULTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF X-RAY OBSERVATORIES AND GAMMA RAY BURST AFTERGLOW PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE gamma-ray burst 980425; XMM-NEWTON observations; astrophysics ID 25 APRIL 1998; GRB 980425; SN 1993J; X-RAYS; CIRCUMSTELLAR MEDIUM; ERROR BOX; SUPERNOVA; AFTERGLOW; EMISSION; BURSTS AB The error box of GRB980425 has been observed by XMM-Newton in March 2002. with the aim of measuring the late epoch Xray emission of the supernova 1998bw, and of clarifying its Supposed association with the GRB itself. We present here the preliminary results obtained with the EPIC PN camera. Our observations confirm the association between SN 1998bw and GRMW425. The EPIC PN measurement of the SN 1998bw, flux is significantly below the extrapolation of the power-law temporal trend fined to the BeppoSAX points and implies a faster temporal decay. We propose different physical interpretations of the SN X-ray light curve. according to whether it is produced by one or more radiation components. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. ESRIN, ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. CNR, IASF, Sez Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. IASF, CNR, Sez Roma, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Ferrara, Phys Dept, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. CNR, IASF, Sez Palermo, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. Space Res Org, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Pian, E (reprint author), Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, Via GB Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. EM pian@ts.astro.it; pian@ts.astro.it RI Nicastro, Luciano/F-5866-2015; Palazzi, Eliana/N-4746-2015; Amati, Lorenzo/N-5586-2015; OI Nicastro, Luciano/0000-0001-8534-6788; Amati, Lorenzo/0000-0001-5355-7388; Costa, Enrico/0000-0003-4925-8523; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Feroci, Marco/0000-0002-7617-3421; Palazzi, Eliana/0000-0002-8691-7666; Pian, Elena/0000-0001-8646-4858 NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2711 EP 2714 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.04.072 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBN87 UT WOS:000226379800043 ER PT S AU Smith, IS AF Smith, IS BE Jones, WV TI The NASA Balloon Program: looking the future SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; long duration ballooning; NASA Balloon Program AB The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Balloon Program continues to support the scientific community providing enhanced capabilities across a spectrum of balloon related disciplines. Long Duration Ballooning (LDB) continues to be a prominent element of the program with a mission model of a two flight campaign in each the Northern and Southern Hemispheres per year. A new LDB endurance record was achieved in Antarctica with the LDB/TIGER mission. Both polar and mid-latitude LDB capabilities continue to be on-going operational elements of the flight program. Recently, the balloon LDB platform has been included as a carrier option for the SMEX (SMall EXplorer) and MIDEX (MIDdle EXplorer) Mission announcements of opportunities. Balloon technology efforts have continued to broaden in scope and new plans for activities to provide advancements have been initiated. A new balloon volume record was established with the successful flight of a 1,700,000 m(3) volume zero-pressure balloon. The Ultra-Long Duration Balloon (ULDB) project for the development of a 100-day duration balloon capability has been progressing with additional ground and flight tests having been conducted. The Program has also continued to introduce new technology and improvements into flight systems, ground systems and operational techniques. An overview of the various aspects of the NASA Balloon Program will be presented as well as the outlook for the future. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Smith, IS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM ira.s.smith@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1588 EP 1593 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.052 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800001 ER PT S AU Jones, WV AF Jones, WV BE Jones, WV TI Global balloon flight obstacles and opportunities SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; stratospheric balloons; global ballooning; international scientific agreement ID MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPY; RADIATION; MAXIMA-1 AB Global ballooning is inherently an international activity with the need for international agreements to fly over sovereign territories. Tests of super-pressure balloons indicate that 60-100 day flights will be demonstrated in the near future, although there are some additional technical issues that limit mission performance, such as measurable trajectory control, wide-band telemetry and night time power systems. If these issues can be resolved, scientists will be able to reap the benefits of more frequent access to near-space for cutting-edge research and technology development. The cost effectiveness of long-duration balloon missions compared to orbital missions allows more scientists to focus on research topics that need the space environment. Following the 2000 Warsaw meeting, the COSPAR Bureau agreed to constitute a task group to look into the complex issues associated with long-duration stratospheric balloon flights. The international scientific community should support this study and reach out to potential users of this new capability. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Jones, WV (reprint author), NASA, Off Space Sci, Code SZ, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM w.vernon.jones@nasa.gov; w.vernon.jones@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1600 EP 1607 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.013 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800003 ER PT S AU Gregory, DD Stepp, WE AF Gregory, DD Stepp, WE BE Jones, WV TI NASA's long duration balloon program: the last ten years and the next ten years SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific balloons; NASA balloons; long duration balloon; LDB; National Scientific Balloon Facility; NSBF; future balloons; balloon altitude; balloon trajectory; balloon flight duration; zero pressure balloon; super pressure balloon AB This document chronicles the last ten years of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Long Duration Balloon (LDB) program and offers insight into the next ten years. Along with some of the LDB accomplishments, an overview of present and future flight support capabilities is presented. An outline of the current process for obtaining LDB mission support, along with a typical schedule is presented. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Balloon Program Off, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Natl Sci Balloon Facil, Palestine, TX 75803 USA. RP Gregory, DD (reprint author), NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Balloon Program Off, Code 820, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM david.d.gregory@nasa.gov NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1608 EP 1612 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.06.020 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800004 ER PT S AU Said, MA Stuchlik, D Corbin, B Smolinski, M Abresch, B Shreves, C Stancil, R Cathey, HM Cannon, S AF Said, MA Stuchlik, D Corbin, B Smolinski, M Abresch, B Shreves, C Stancil, R Cathey, HM Cannon, S BE Jones, WV TI Overview of the development of the pathfinder ultra-long duration balloon system SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; ultra-long duration balloon system; pathfinder balloons; tridium based communication system AB The ultra-long duration balloon (ULDB) Pathfinder Project is developing a small pumpkin balloon system and a new communication package based on the iridium satellites technology to demonstrate a global, 100-day duration capability that is scalable to the full-scale ULDB. A set of trade studies has been conducted to determine the volume, mass and cost of the balloon system to support up to 90 kg payload mass to an altitude of 35 km. The Pathfinder test balloons will provide valuable data in the development of performance models for future ULDB flights. The iridium based communication package will include a power subsystem, a command and data-handling unit, a GPS receiver, and an iridium L-Band Transceiver (LBT) for global communications. The flight data will include, at a minimum: latitude, longitude, altitude, horizontal and vertical speeds, heading, time, and other balloon performance parameters (i.e., system voltages, temperatures, etc.). Although the system will be designed for global launch capability, initial flights will be launched from the proposed full-scale ULDB mission launch locations. This paper will present and discuss the initial series of trade studies conducted for the development of the pathfinder balloon and the design concept of the iridium based communication package. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Said, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM magdia.a.said.1@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1627 EP 1632 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.10.031 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800008 ER PT S AU Cathey, HM AF Cathey, HM BE Jones, WV TI Test flights of the NASA Ultra-Long Duration Balloon SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; NASA Ultra-Long Duration Balloon; super-pressure balloon; pumpkin balloon ID DESIGN AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ultra-Long Duration Balloon development project is attempting to extend the potential flight durations for large scientific balloon payloads. The culmination of each of the development steps has been the fabrication and test flight of progressively larger balloons. This new super-pressure balloon is a pumpkin balloon design. This paper concentrates on the super-pressure balloon development test flights that have been, and are currently being planned by the NASA Balloon Program Office at Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility. Descriptions of two test flights from early 2001 are presented along with lessons learned. Results are also presented of a July 2002 test flight of a full-scale 610,500 m(3) balloon with a 2800 kg suspended load that incorporated the lessons learned. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 Univ New Mexico, NASA, GSFC Wallops Flight Facil, Lab Phys Sci, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Cathey, HM (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, NASA, GSFC Wallops Flight Facil, Lab Phys Sci, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM henry.m.cathey.l@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1633 EP 1641 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.036 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800009 ER PT S AU Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Chadwick, RB Moody, RA Cooper, J Ganoe, G Katzberg, S Johnson, T Russ, B Zavorotny, V AF Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Chadwick, RB Moody, RA Cooper, J Ganoe, G Katzberg, S Johnson, T Russ, B Zavorotny, V BE Jones, WV TI Results of the recent GAINS flight test SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; GAINS; GAINS flight test AB A demonstration flight of the Global Atmosphere-ocean IN-situ System Prototype III balloon occurred on 21 and 22 June 2002. The 18-m diameter PIII superpressure balloon carried a 147-kg payload and floated above 15 km for 10 h. This paper discusses the performance of the balloon's systems over the 15.5-h flight. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Basic Automat, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Global Solut Sci & Learning Inc, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Lab Phys Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Aerosp Innovat, Yorktown, VA 23692 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Girz, CMIR (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM cecilia.girz@noaa.gov RI Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1642 EP 1647 DI 10.1016/j.ars.2003.06.021 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800010 ER PT S AU Stuchlik, DW Black, RK Thompson, LD AF Stuchlik, DW Black, RK Thompson, LD BE Jones, WV TI Results of the Ultra-Long Duration Balloon flight support system development SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; Ultra-Long Duration Balloon flight; support system development AB NASA/Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) developed an Ultra-Long Duration Balloon (ULDB) balloon support system that was flown on a balloon test flight at Fort Sumner, NM in May of 2001. The objectives were to develop a flight support system that would meet the generic requirements of supporting ULDB missions for up to 100 days. The flight system consists of hardware and software elements including RF communications, power system, attitude control, command and data handling, thermal control and mechanical structures. An overview of the flight support systems is presented along with the results from the balloon test flight. A key result of this test flight was the proven capability to transmit 150 kbps through a newly developed TDRSS high gain antenna. In addition, the balloon flight support system is currently being reconfigured to support the Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass (CREAM) mission scheduled for launch out of Antarctica in December 2003. The technical capabilities and performance of the flight support system has been analyzed in light of limited resources to support the CREAM mission. A discussion of the technical trade-offs that has resulted in a baseline design to meet the CREAM mission requirements will be presented. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Stuchlik, DW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Code 820 Bldg E107, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM david.w.stuchlik@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1676 EP 1681 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.040 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800016 ER PT S AU Schur, WW AF Schur, WW BE Jones, WV TI Experimental investigation of undesired stable equilibria in pumpkin shape super-pressure balloon designs SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; investigation of undesired stable equilibria; pumpkin shape super-pressure balloons AB Excess in skin material of a pneumatic envelope beyond what is required for minimum enclosure of a gas bubble is a necessary but by no means sufficient condition for the existence of multiple equilibrium configurations for that pneumatic envelope. The very design of structurally efficient super-pressure balloons of the pumpkin shape type requires such excess. Undesired stable equilibria in pumpkin shape balloons have been observed on experimental pumpkin shape balloons. These configurations contain regions with stress levels far higher than those predicted for the cyclically symmetric design configuration under maximum pressurization. Successful designs of pumpkin shape super-pressure balloons do not allow such undesired stable equilibria under full pressurization. This work documents efforts made so far and describes efforts still underway by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Balloon Program Office to arrive on guidance on the design of pumpkin shape super-pressure balloons that guarantee full and proper deployment. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 New Mexico State Univ, PSL, Field Engn Grp, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Schur, WW (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, PSL, Field Engn Grp, Wallops Flight Facil, Code 820,Bldg E-107, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM willi.w.schur.l@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1682 EP 1687 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.041 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800017 ER PT S AU Said, MA AF Said, MA BE Jones, WV TI Special considerations for qualifying thin films for super pressure pumpkin ultra long duration balloon missions SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; super pressure pumpkin; ultra long duration ballon missions; balloon films; thin polymeric films AB The assessment of creep and dynamic response behaviors on materials intended for ultra long duration balloon (ULDB) applications is essential. The first provides needed information for design and fabrication. The second ensures that the film is sufficiently tough to survive the dynamic events during launch and ascent. Characterization and assessment of these two important parameters are discussed in this paper. Visco-elastic behavior of materials in a loaded structure, such as the ULDB film change their geometry significantly over time under load causing possible changes in the load path and the stress distribution. These changes must be held in check to satisfy the functional requirements of the structure over its service life. Typically, the balloon experiences during its service life various environmental conditions each with a different creep response. These are characterized by a simplified load temperature history for the purpose of lifetime response assessment. At mid-latitudes a significant portion of the service life is spent at night, i.e., at low temperature and low load; for the ULDB film this night-time contribution to creep is negligible. By contrast, flight exposure in an Antarctic summer is at an almost constant high temperature and corresponding high pressure. This paper presents the creep behavior of the ULDB film as a function of load, temperature, and time along with an overview of its implementation in the design. In addition, it presents a quantitative assessment on the toughness of the material under dynamic "Snatch" loading. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Said, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Mail Code 820, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM magdi.a.said@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1700 EP 1704 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.10.032 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800020 ER PT S AU Franco, H Cathey, HM AF Franco, H Cathey, HM BE Jones, WV TI Thermal performance modeling of NASA's scientific balloons SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; thermal performance modeling AB Initial studies of the thermal profiles on scientific balloons along with preliminary results are discussed in this paper. This document also emphasizes the impact thermal modeling will have on the design and future development of the scientific balloons. Progress of study and future steps to keep up with the design criteria is also included in this document. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 New Mexico State Univ, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Franco, H (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM hugo.franco.l@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1717 EP 1721 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.043 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800023 ER PT S AU Yoshida, T Yamamoto, A Mitchell, J Abe, K Fuke, H Haino, S Hams, T Ikeda, N Itazaki, A Izumi, K Lee, MH Maeno, T Makida, Y Matsuda, S Matsumoto, H Moiseev, A Nishimura, J Nozaki, M Omiya, H Ormes, JF Sasaki, M Seo, ES Shikaze, Y Stephens, A Streitmatter, R Suzuki, J Takasugi, Y Tanaka, K Tanizaki, K Yamagami, T Yamamoto, Y Yamato, K Yoshimura, K AF Yoshida, T Yamamoto, A Mitchell, J Abe, K Fuke, H Haino, S Hams, T Ikeda, N Itazaki, A Izumi, K Lee, MH Maeno, T Makida, Y Matsuda, S Matsumoto, H Moiseev, A Nishimura, J Nozaki, M Omiya, H Ormes, JF Sasaki, M Seo, ES Shikaze, Y Stephens, A Streitmatter, R Suzuki, J Takasugi, Y Tanaka, K Tanizaki, K Yamagami, T Yamamoto, Y Yamato, K Yoshimura, K BE Jones, WV TI BESS-polar experiment SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; BESS-polar experiment; superconducting spectrometer; low-energy antiprotons ID COSMIC-RAY ANTIPROTONS; PRIMORDIAL BLACK-HOLES; SOLAR MINIMUM; ONBOARD BESS; FLUX; SPECTROMETER; ANTIHELIUM; SPECTRUM; LIMIT AB In order to investigate elementary particle phenomena in the early Universe, the BESS-polar experiment is proposed. It will study low-energy antiprotons and search for antinuclei in the galactic cosmic rays at the constant altitude maintained by a scientific balloon. A new superconducting spectrometer is being developed for long-duration balloon flights. In order to extend the detectable energy range of antiprotons down to 100 MeV, the thickness of materials along the trajectory of the incident particle is minimized. The spectrometer will be completed in 2003, and the first long-duration flight is planned in 2004. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 High Energy Accelerator Res Org KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ISAS, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Yoshida, T (reprint author), High Energy Accelerator Res Org KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. EM tetsuya.yoshida@kek.jp OI Seo, Eun-Suk/0000-0001-8682-805X NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1755 EP 1762 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.017 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800030 ER PT S AU Guzik, TG Adams, JH Ahn, HS Bashindzhagyan, G Chang, J Christl, M Fazely, AR Ganel, O Granger, D Gunasingha, R Han, YJ Isbert, JB Kim, HJ Kim, KC Kim, SK Kouznetsov, E Panasyuk, M Panov, A Price, B Samsonov, G Schmidt, WKH Seo, ES Sina, R Sokolskaya, N Stewart, M Voronin, A Wang, JZ Wefel, JP Wu, J Zatsepin, V AF Guzik, TG Adams, JH Ahn, HS Bashindzhagyan, G Chang, J Christl, M Fazely, AR Ganel, O Granger, D Gunasingha, R Han, YJ Isbert, JB Kim, HJ Kim, KC Kim, SK Kouznetsov, E Panasyuk, M Panov, A Price, B Samsonov, G Schmidt, WKH Seo, ES Sina, R Sokolskaya, N Stewart, M Voronin, A Wang, JZ Wefel, JP Wu, J Zatsepin, V BE Jones, WV TI The ATIC Long Duration Balloon project SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; ATIC Long Duration Balloon project ID SPECTRUM; PROTON AB Long Duration Balloon (LDB) scientific experiments, launched to circumnavigate the south pole over Antarctica, have particular advantages compared to Shuttle or other Low Earth Orbit (LEO) missions in terms of cost, weight, scientific "duty factor" and work force development. The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) cosmic-ray astrophysics experiment is a good example of a university-based project that takes full advantage of current LDB capability. The ATIC experiment is currently being prepared for its first LDB science flight that will investigate the charge composition and energy spectra of primary cosmic-rays over the energy range from about 10(10) to 10(14) eV. The instrument is built around a fully active, Bismuth-Germanate (BGO) ionization calorimeter to measure the energy deposited by cascades formed by particles interacting in a thick carbon target. A highly segmented silicon matrix, located above the target, provides good incident charge resolution plus rejection of "backscattered" particles from the cascade. Trajectory reconstruction is based on the cascade profile in the BGO calorimeter, plus information from the three pairs of scintillator hodoscope layers in the target section above it. A full evaluation of the experiment was performed during a test flight occurring between 28 December 2000 and 13 January 2001 where ATIC was carried to an altitude of similar to37 km above Antarctica by a similar to850.000 m(3) helium filled balloon for one circumnavigation of the continent. All systems behaved well, the detectors performed as expected, >43 GB of engineering and cosmic-ray event data were returned and these data are now undergoing preliminary data analysis. During the coming 2002-2003 Antarctica summer season, we are preparing for an ATIC science flight with similar to15 to 30 days of data collection in the near-space environment of Long Duration Balloon (LDB) float altitudes. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow 119899, Russia. Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. So Univ, Dept Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. RP Guzik, TG (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 327 C Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM guzik@phunds.phys.lsu.edu RI Panasyuk, Mikhail/E-2005-2012; Panov, Alexander/K-3952-2012; OI Panov, Alexander/0000-0003-2290-6498; Seo, Eun-Suk/0000-0001-8682-805X NR 13 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1763 EP 1770 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.018 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800031 ER PT S AU Tucker, GS Ade, PAR Block, JJ Devlin, M Griffin, M Gundersen, J Halpern, M Hargrave, P Hughes, D Klein, J Mauskopf, P Netterfield, CB Olmi, L Scott, D AF Tucker, GS Ade, PAR Block, JJ Devlin, M Griffin, M Gundersen, J Halpern, M Hargrave, P Hughes, D Klein, J Mauskopf, P Netterfield, CB Olmi, L Scott, D BE Jones, WV TI The balloon-borne large aperture sub-millimeter telescope SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE BLAST; scientific ballooning; sub-millimeter surveys; galaxies ID STAR-FORMATION; HIGH-REDSHIFT; EVOLUTION AB The balloon-borne large aperture sub-millimeter telescope (BLAST) is a new instrument to study galaxies at high redshift and to help answer questions about our galaxy and star formation. BLAST will fly from a long duration balloon. The telescope design incorporates a 2-m primary mirror with large-format bolometer arrays operating at 250, 350 and 500 pm with 149, 88 and 43 detectors, respectively. By providing the first sensitive large-area (much greater than 10 deg(2)) sub-mm surveys at these wavelengths, BLAST will address some of the most important galactic and cosmological questions regarding the formation and evolution of stars, galaxies and clusters. Galactic and extragalactic BLAST surveys will do the following: (i) identify large numbers of high-redshift galaxies; (ii) measure photometric redshifts, rest-frame far-infrared luminosities and star formation rates thereby constraining the evolutionary history of the galaxies that produce the far-infrared and sub-mm background; (iii) measure cold pre-stellar sources associated with the earliest stages of star and planet formation; (iv) make high-resolution maps of diffuse galactic emission over a wide range of galactic latitudes. The BLAST long duration balloon experiment will also provide catalogues of 3000-5000 extragalactic sub-mm sources and a much greater than100 deg(2) = sub-mm galactic plane survey which will serve as a legacy to be followed at other wavelengths and resolutions, including sub-arcsecond imaging with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33126 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. INAOE, Puebla 72000, Mexico. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Univ Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR 00931 USA. RP Tucker, GS (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Phys, 182 Hope St,Box 1843, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM tucker@physics.brown.edu RI Klein, Jeffrey/E-3295-2013; OI Olmi, Luca/0000-0002-1162-7947; Scott, Douglas/0000-0002-6878-9840 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1793 EP 1796 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.022 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800036 ER PT S AU Kerzhanovich, VV Cutts, JA Cooper, HW Hall, JL McDonald, BA Pauken, MT White, CV Yavrouian, AH Castano, A Cathey, HM Fairbrother, DA Smith, IS Shreves, M Lachenmeier, T Rainwater, E Smith, M AF Kerzhanovich, VV Cutts, JA Cooper, HW Hall, JL McDonald, BA Pauken, MT White, CV Yavrouian, AH Castano, A Cathey, HM Fairbrother, DA Smith, IS Shreves, M Lachenmeier, T Rainwater, E Smith, M BE Jones, WV TI Breakthrough in Mars balloon technology SO NEXT GENERATION IN SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE scientific ballooning; superpressure balloons; pumpkin balloon; Mars AB Two prototypes of Mars superpressure balloons were flight tested for aerial deployment and inflation in the Earth's stratosphere in June, 2002. One was an 11.3 m diameter by 6.8 m high pumpkin balloon constructed from polyethylene film and Zylon (PBO) tendons, the second was a 10 m diameter spherical balloon constructed from 12 mum thick Mylar film. Aerial deployment and inflation occurred under parachute descent at 34 km altitude, mimicing the dynamic pressure environment expected during an actual Mars balloon mission. Two on-board video cameras were used on each flight to provide real-time upward and downward views of the flight train. Atmospheric pressure and temperature were also recorded. Both prototypes successfully deployed from their storage container during parachute descent at approximately 40 m/s. The pumpkin balloon also successfully inflated with a 440 g charge of helium gas injected over a 1.5-min period. Since the helium inflation system was deliberately retained after inflation in this test, the pumpkin balloon continued to fall to the ocean where it was recovered for post-flight analysis. The less robust spherical balloon achieved only a partial (similar to70%) inflation before a structural failure occurred in the balloon film resulting in the loss of the vehicle. This structural failure was diagnosed to result from the vigorous oscillatory motion of the partially inflated balloon, possibly compounded by contact between the balloon film and an instrumentation box above it on the flight train. These two flights together represent significant progress in the development of Mars superpressure balloon technology and pave the way for future flight tests that will include post-deployment flight of the prototype balloons at a stable altitude. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. GSSL Inc, Tillamook, OR 97141 USA. Raven Ind, Sulfur Springs, TX 75482 USA. RP Kerzhanovich, VV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM viktor.v.kerzhanovich@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1836 EP 1841 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.023 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAI27 UT WOS:000222365800043 ER PT S AU Smelyanskiy, VN Luchinsky, DG AF Smelyanskiy, VN Luchinsky, DG BE Gingl, Z Sancho, JM SchimanskyGeier, L Kertesz, J TI Inference of stochastic nonlinear oscillators with applications to physiological problems SO NOISE IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS AND STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Noise in Complex Systems and Stochastic Dynamics II CY MAY 26-28, 2004 CL Maspalomas, SPAIN SP SPIE, Soc Espanola Opt DE inference; time-series analysis; cardio-respiratory interaction; chaotic dynamics ID RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA; CHAOTIC DYNAMICAL-SYSTEMS; CARDIOVASCULAR-SYSTEM; NOISE; HUMANS; MODELS AB A new method of inferencing of coupled stochastic nonlinear oscillators is described. The technique does not require extensive global optimization, provides optimal compensation for noise-induced errors and is robust in a broad range of dynamical models. We illustrate the main ideas of the technique by inferencing a model of five globally and locally coupled noisy oscillators. Specific modifications of the technique for inferencing hidden degrees of freedom of coupled nonlinear oscillators is discussed in the context of physiological applications. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Smelyanskiy, VN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Luchinsky, Dmitry/N-4177-2014 NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5393-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5471 BP 344 EP 354 DI 10.1117/12.546875 PG 11 WC Physics, Mathematical; Statistics & Probability SC Physics; Mathematics GA BAR02 UT WOS:000223226600037 ER PT S AU Lavelle, JP Schuet, SR Schuet, DJ AF Lavelle, JP Schuet, SR Schuet, DJ BE Shull, PJ Gyekenyesi, AL TI High-speed 3D scanner with real-time 3D processing SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND HEALTH MONITORING OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials and Composites III CY MAR 16-17, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE 3D scanner; real time; laser triangulation AB A novel 3D sensing system with real-time 3D processing has been developed which is capable of scanning an object at very high speeds (greater than 500,000 3D points/second) and creating high-resolution 3D surface maps. Laser triangulation is used in conjunction with a high-resolution camera, a laser diode, and processing electronics all incorporated into a small sensor package that traverses linearly or rotates from a fixed position to scan an object. Processing is done on board the instrument and the resultant 3D data is transmitted to a PC. This results in rapid scans, with 3D images produced as the instrument is scanning. The sensing system was developed for the NASA Mars rover program and for the inspection of Shuttle Thermal Protection System (tiles), radiator, and structures. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lavelle, JP (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Code SFT, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5310-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5393 BP 19 EP 28 DI 10.1117/12.544430 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAS13 UT WOS:000223344200003 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Ghosn, LJ Baaklini, GY Rauser, RW Zima, JD AF Abdul-Aziz, A Ghosn, LJ Baaklini, GY Rauser, RW Zima, JD BE Shull, PJ Gyekenyesi, AL TI A combined NDE-Fatigue testing and three-dimensional image processing study of a SiC/SiC composite system SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND HEALTH MONITORING OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials and Composites III CY MAR 16-17, 2004 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE computed tomography; ceramic matrix composites; non destructive evaluation; fatigue testing; tensile testing AB Non destructive evaluation (NDE) is a critical technology for improving the quality of a component in a cost-sparing production environment. NDE detects variations in a material or a component without altering or damaging the test piece. Using these techniques to improve the production process requires characterization of the faults and their influence on the component performance. This task depends on the material properties and on the complexity of the component geometry. Hence, the NDE technique is applied to study the structural durability of ceramic matrix composite materials used in gas turbine engine applications. These materials are composed of coated 2 D woven high strength fiber toes and melt infiltrated ceramic matrix. Matrix voids are common anomalies generated during the melt infiltration process. The effects of these matrix porosities are usually associated with a reduction in the initial overall composite stiffness and an increase in the thermal conductivity of the component. Furthermore, since the role of the matrix as well as the coating is to protect the fibers from the harsh engine environments, the current design approach is to limit the design stress level of CMC components to always be below the first matrix cracking stress. In this study, the effect of matrix porosity on the matrix cracking stress is evaluated using a combined fatigue tensile testing, NDE, and 3 D image processing approach. Computed Tomography (CT) is utilized as the NDE technique to characterize the initial matrix porosity's locations and sizes in various CMC test specimens. ne three dimensional volume rendering approach is exercised to construct the 3 D volume of the specimen based on the geometric modeling of the specimen's CT results using image analysis and geometric modeling software. The same scanned specimens are then fatigue tested to various maximum loads and temperatures to depict the matrix cracking locations in relation to the initial damage. The specimen are then re-scanned and checked for further anomalies and obvious changes in the damage state. Finally, rendered volumes of the gauge region of the specimen is generated and observed to check damage progression with increasing cycles. Observations and critical findings related to this material are reported. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5310-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5393 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1117/12.538241 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BAS13 UT WOS:000223344200012 ER PT J AU Pickett, JS Kahler, SW Chen, LJ Huff, RL Santolik, O Khotyaintsev, Y Decreau, PM Winningham, D Frahm, R Goldstein, ML Lakhina, GS Tsurutani, BT Lavraud, B Gurnett, DA Andre, M Fazakerley, A Balogh, A Reme, H AF Pickett, JS Kahler, SW Chen, LJ Huff, RL Santolik, O Khotyaintsev, Y Decreau, PM Winningham, D Frahm, R Goldstein, ML Lakhina, GS Tsurutani, BT Lavraud, B Gurnett, DA Andre, M Fazakerley, A Balogh, A Reme, H TI Solitary waves observed in the auroral zone: the Cluster multi-spacecraft perspective SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshops on Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasmas CY MAR 02-07, 2003 CL Mumbai, INDIA ID WEAK DOUBLE-LAYERS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; EARTHS MAGNETOSPHERE; ELECTRIC-FIELD; PLASMA; POLAR; ION; INSTABILITIES; MAGNETOTAIL; ALTITUDE AB We report on recent measurements of solitary waves made by the Wideband Plasma Wave Receiver located on each of the four Cluster spacecraft at 4.5-6.5 R(E) (well above the auroral acceleration region) as they cross field lines that map to the auroral zones. These solitary waves are observed in the Wideband data as isolated bipolar and tripolar waveforms. Examples of the two types of pulses are provided. The time durations of the majority of both types of solitary waves observed in this region range from about 0.3 up to 5 ms. Their peak-to-peak amplitudes range from about 0.05 up to 20 mV/m. with a few reaching up to almost 70 mV/m. There is essentially no potential change across the bipolar pulses. There appears to be a small, measurable potential change, up to 0.5 V. across the tripolar pulses, which is consistent with weak or hybrid double layers. A limited cross-spacecraft correlation study was carried out in order to identify the same solitary wave on more than one spacecraft. We found no convincing correlations of the bipolar solitary waves. In the two cases of possible correlation of the tripolar pulses, we found that the solitary waves are propagating at several hundred to a few thousand km/s and that they are possibly evolving (growing, decaying) as they propagate from one spacecraft to the next. Further, they have a perpendicular (to the magnetic field) width of 50 km or greater and a parallel width of about 2-5 km. We conclude, in general, however, that the Cluster spacecraft at separations along and perpendicular to the local magnetic field direction of tens of kin and greater are too large to obtain positive correlations in this region. Looking at the macroscale of the auroral zone at 4.5-6.5 R(E), we find that the onsets of the broadband electrostatic noise associated with the solitary waves observed in the spectrograms of the WBD data are generally consistent with propagation of the solitary waves up the field lines (away from Earth), or with particles or waves propagating up the field line, which leads to local generation of the solitary waves all along the field lines. A discussion of the importance of these solitary waves in magnetospheric processes and their possible generation mechanisms, through electron beam instabilities and turbulence, is provided. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Prague, Czech Republic. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala Div, Uppsala, Sweden. LPCE, Orleans, France. Univ Orleans, Orleans, France. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CESR, F-32018 Toulouse 4, France. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, London, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London, England. RP Pickett, JS (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM pickett@uiowa.edu RI Khotyaintsev, Yuri/C-4745-2008; Chen, Li-Jen/C-2106-2012; Lakhina, Gurbax /C-9295-2012; Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008; Santolik, Ondrej/F-7766-2014; OI Lakhina, Gurbax /0000-0002-8956-486X NR 32 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 BP 183 EP 196 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 821OQ UT WOS:000221471600004 ER PT J AU Lakhina, GS Tsurutani, BT Pickett, J AF Lakhina, GS Tsurutani, BT Pickett, J TI Association of Alfven waves and proton cyclotron waves with electrostatic bipolar pulses: magnetic hole events observed by Polar SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshops on Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasmas CY MAR 02-07, 2003 CL Mumbai, INDIA ID TURBULENT-BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOLITARY WAVES; PLASMA-WAVES; MAGNETOPAUSE; FIELD; SPACECRAFT; GEOTAIL; INSTABILITIES; MAGNETOTAIL; SIMULATION AB Two macynetic hole events observed by Polar on 20 May 1996 when it was in the polar cap/polar cusp boundary layer are studied. Low-frequency waves, consisting of nonlinear Alfven waves and large amplitude (+/-14 nT peakto-peak) obliquely propagating proton cyclotron waves (with frequency f similar to0.6 to 0.7f(cp)), accompanied by electric bipolar pulses (electron holes) and electron heating have been observed located within magnetic holes. It is shown that lowfrequency waves can provide free energy to drive some high frequency instabilities which saturate by trapping electrons, thus. leading to the generation of electron holes. C1 Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Lakhina, GS (reprint author), Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. EM lakhina@iig.iigm.res.in RI Lakhina, Gurbax /C-9295-2012; OI Lakhina, Gurbax /0000-0002-8956-486X NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 BP 205 EP 213 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 821OQ UT WOS:000221471600006 ER PT J AU Khazanov, GV Krivorutsky, EN Gamayunov, KV Avanov, LA AF Khazanov, GV Krivorutsky, EN Gamayunov, KV Avanov, LA TI The nonlinear coupling of electromagnetic ion cyclotron and lower hybrid waves in the ring current region: the magnetic storm 1-7 May 1998 SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshops on Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasmas CY MAR 02-07, 2003 CL Mumbai, INDIA ID FREQUENCY WAVES; PLASMA; MODEL; ACCELERATION; OSCILLATIONS; INSTABILITY; EXCITATION; ELECTRONS; TRANSPORT; VIKING AB The excitation of lower hybrid waves (LHWs) is a widely discussed mechanism of interaction between plasma species in space, and is one of the unresolved questions of magnetospheric multi-ion plasmas. In this paper we present the morphology, dynamics, and level of LHW activity generated by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves during the 2-7 May 1998 storm period on the global scale. The LHWs were calculated based on a newly developed selfconsistent model (Khazanov et. al., 2002) that couples the system of two kinetic equations: one equation describes the ring current (RC) ion dynamic, and another equation describes the evolution of EMIC waves. It is found that the LHWs are excited by helium ions due to their mass dependent drift in the electric field of EMIC waves. The level of LHW activity is calculated assuming, that the induced scattering process is the main saturation mechanism for these waves. The calculated LHWs electric fields are consistent with the observational data. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Moscow V71, Russia. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM george.khazanov@msfc.nasa.gov RI Gamayunov, Konstantin/A-8505-2009 OI Gamayunov, Konstantin/0000-0002-8768-8527 NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 BP 229 EP 239 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 821OQ UT WOS:000221471600009 ER PT J AU Thejappa, G MacDowall, RJ AF Thejappa, G MacDowall, RJ TI High frequency ion sound waves associated with Langmuir waves in type III radio burst source regions SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BEAM-PLASMA INTERACTION; NON-LINEAR STABILITY; SOLAR-WIND; EMISSION MECHANISMS; STRONG TURBULENCE; ELECTRON-BEAM; COLLAPSE; SOLITONS; EXCITATION; FORESHOCK AB Short wavelength ion sound waves (2-4 kHz) are detected in association with the Langmuir waves (similar to15-30 kHz) in the source regions of several local type III radio bursts. They are most probably not due to any resonant wave-wave interactions such as the electrostatic decay instability because their wavelengths are much shorter than those of Langmuir waves. The Langmuir waves occur as coherent field structures with peak intensities exceeding the Langmuir collapse thresholds. Their scale sizes are of the order of the wavelength of an ion sound wave. These Langnmir wave field characteristics indicate that the observed short wavelength ion sound waves are most probably generated during the thermalization of the burnt-out cavitons left behind by the Langmuir collapse. Moreover, the peak intensities of the observed short wavelength ion sound waves are comparable to the expected intensities of those ion sound waves radiated by the burnt-out cavitons. However, the speeds of the electron beams derived from the frequency drift of type III radio bursts are too slow to satisfy the needed adiabatic ion approximation. Therefore, some non-linear process such as the induced scattering on thermal ions most probably pumps the beam excited Langmuir waves towards the lower wavenumbers, where the adiabatic ion approximation is justified. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thejappa, G (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM golla@urap.gsfc.nasa.gov RI MacDowall, Robert/D-2773-2012 NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2004 VL 11 IS 3 BP 411 EP 420 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 866VP UT WOS:000224801800014 ER PT J AU Burlaga, LF AF Burlaga, LF TI Multifractal structure of the large-scale heliospheric magnetic field strength fluctuations near 85 AU SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COSMIC-RAY MODULATION; SOLAR-WIND; TURBULENCE; FRACTALS; ULYSSES; EVOLUTION AB During 2002, the Voyager 1 spacecraft was in the heliosphere between 83.4 and 85.9AU (1 AU is the mean distance from the Sun to Earth) at 34degrees N heliographic latitude. The magnetic field strength profile observed in this region had a multifractal structure in the range of scales from 2 to 16 days. The multifractal spectrum observed near 85 AU is similar to that observed near 40 AU, indicating relatively little evolution of the multifractal structure of the magnetic field with increasing distance in the distant heliosphere in the epoch near solar maximum. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burlaga, LF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Code 692, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM leonard.f.buriaga@nasa.gov NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PY 2004 VL 11 IS 4 BP 441 EP 445 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 878YO UT WOS:000225683700003 ER PT S AU Yang, RQ Hill, CJ Wong, CM AF Yang, RQ Hill, CJ Wong, CM BE Gmachl, CF Bour, DP TI Recent progress in development of mid-IR interband cascade lasers SO NOVEL IN-PLANE SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Novel In-Plane Semiconductor Lasers III CY JAN 26-28, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE mid-infrared. lasers; semiconductors; quantum wells ID DISTRIBUTED-FEEDBACK LASERS; HEAT-SINKING; OPERATION; TEMPERATURE AB Type-II interband cascade lasers are promising in becoming efficient and compact mid-infrared (3-5 mum) light sources for many applications. Significant progress toward such a goal has recently been made in terms of lowering their threshold current densities (e.g. similar to9 A/cm(2) at 80 K) and raising operation temperature (e.g. 325 K in pulsed and 200 K in cw modes). Also, continuous wave operation of single-mode distributed feedback interband cascade lasers has been demonstrated. We review the recent progress of the Sb-based mid-IR interband cascade lasers and present some latest results. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yang, RQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5273-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5365 BP 218 EP 227 DI 10.1117/12.529714 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BAI00 UT WOS:000222345500024 ER PT S AU Kolokolov, KL Ning, CZ AF Kolokolov, KL Ning, CZ BE Gmachl, CF Bour, DP TI Doping-induced type-II to type-I transition and mid-IR optical gain in InAs/AlSb quantum wells SO NOVEL IN-PLANE SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Novel In-Plane Semiconductor Lasers III CY JAN 26-28, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE optical gain; quantum wells; mid infrared; type-II; heterostructures; multiband Hamiltonian ID PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; HETEROSTRUCTURES AB We study effects of modulation doping in a type-II quantum well by performing a self-consistent band structure calculation using the 8-band k (.) p theory. We show that modulation doping can convert a type-II quantum well structures into type-I. The associated band bending and charge redistribution lead to strong interband transition in such type-II structures comparable to that of a type-I quantum well. The results are shown for InAs/AlSb quantum,ell, where TM mode optical gain can be as high as 4000cm(-1). We also studied effects of doping on differential gain. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kolokolov, KL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Mail Stop N229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5273-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5365 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1117/12.530465 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BAI00 UT WOS:000222345500028 ER PT S AU Howard, JM AF Howard, JM BE Sasian, JM Koshel, RJ Manhart, PK Juergens, RC TI Optical design study for NASA's Spherical Primary Optical Telescope (SPOT) SO NOVEL OPTICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE optical design; telescopes; spherical mirrors; segmented mirrors ID ABERRATION CORRECTOR AB Several of NASA's future space telescopes project teams have chosen or are considering segmented primary mirrors as a part of their architecture. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) design employs a 6.5-meter conic primary mirror constructed of 18 hexagonal segments, where each hex is one of three off-axis surface profiles corresponding to its radial distance to the parent mirror axis. Other future mission concepts such as SAFIR (Single Aperture Far-Infra Red) and SUVO (Space Ultra Violet Optical telescope) are considering even larger segmented primary mirrors. The goal of the Spherical Primary Optical Telescope (SPOT) project discussed in this paper is to investigate the option of a spherical primary mirror for such future large aperture NASA missions. Ground-based telescopes such as the Hobby-Eberly have realized this design option, and the current baseline design for ESO's OWL project incorporates a 100-meter segmented spherical primary mirror. While the benefits of fabricating large numbers of identical spherical surface segments are obvious, the optical design for the telescope becomes more complex in order to correct the significant aberration resulting from a spherical primary surface. This paper briefly surveys design approaches of spherical primary telescopes. Image based performance comparisons are made, and examples are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Howard, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5462-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5524 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1117/12.559945 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BBJ09 UT WOS:000225735800001 ER PT S AU Breckinridge, JB AF Breckinridge, JB BE Sasian, JM Koshel, RJ Manhart, PK Juergens, RC TI Space optics: Challenge and opportunity SO NOVEL OPTICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE AB Innovative optical designs are needed to create the space sensor systems of the future. The NASA mission development process has created several very challenging design and engineering problems. Three of these are discussed: The SAFIR is a 15 to 25 meter clear aperture telescope cooled to 4 degrees Kelvin, with spectrographs and imaging systems cooled to 1 degree Kelvin. The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) will detect and characterize planets in orbit about other stars, The Stellar Interferometer (SI) will image across the surfaces of distant stars. Issues related to optical design & engineering and image quality will be discussed. This paper reviews the optical systems and engineering needs for next generation astrophysics missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Breckinridge, JB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5462-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5524 BP 9 EP 13 DI 10.1117/12.560474 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BBJ09 UT WOS:000225735800002 ER PT B AU Cozmuta, I O'Keeffe, JT Stolc, V AF Cozmuta, I O'Keeffe, JT Stolc, V BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Hybrid MD-PNP simulations of the alpha-hemolysin open channel ionic current SO NSTI NANOTECH 2004, VOL 1, TECHNICAL PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2004) CY MAR 07-11, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Nano Sci & Technol Inst, Intel Corp, Motorola, Texas Instruments, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, iMediasoft Grp, Frontier Carbon Corp, Veeco Instruments, Hitachi High Technologies Amer Inc, Racepoint Grp Inc, Int SEMATECH, FEI Co, Keithley, St Gobain High Performance Mat, Zyvex Corp, Accelrys, ANSYS Inc, Atomistix, PolyInsight, GA Dept Ind & Trade, Swiss Business Hub USA, Australian Govt, Invest Australia, State Bavaria, Germany, United States Off Econ Dev, m+w zander, Engis Corp, COMSOL, Engelhard Corp, Nanonex Inc, nanoTITAN, Tegal Corp, Umech Technologies, MEMSCAP, Swiss House Adv Res & Educ SHARE, Basel Area Business, Dev, Dev Econ Western Switzerland, Nanoworld AG, Nanosensors, Nanofair, Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, LLP, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, PC, Jackson Walker LLP, Greater Zurich Area DE ionic current; alpha-hemolysin; molecular dynamics; Poisson Nernst Planck theory; ion channel ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; PORE AB Experiments have shown that single stranded nucleic acids polymers can be transported through the alpha-hemolysin ion channel under the action of an applied electric field. The translocation of the nucleic acid polymers causes transient blockade of the ionic current. The physical and chemical details of the interactions between polymer, channel and ionic solution that control the blockade events are not yet fully understood. To study such interactions, a hybrid MD-PNP model is proposed. The diffusion coefficient of the ions (0.78(.)10(-9) m(2)/s) and pore wall charges are determined from MD simulations. These values are used in the PNP model to calculate open channel ionic currents. The calculated value for ionic current (101 pA) is close to the experimental value (120 pA) only when pore-wall charges are included in the model in addition to the pore geometry. This validates the present approach of bridging time scales by combining a microscopic and macroscopic model. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Eloret Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cozmuta, I (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Eloret Corp, Mail Stop 230-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NANO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INST PI CAMBRIDGE PA ONE KENDALL SQUARE, PMB 308, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-7-6 PY 2004 BP 143 EP 146 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BAO45 UT WOS:000223073000037 ER PT B AU Watkins, AN Ingram, JL Jordan, JD Wincheski, RA Smits, JM Williams, PA AF Watkins, AN Ingram, JL Jordan, JD Wincheski, RA Smits, JM Williams, PA BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Single wall carbon nanotube-based structural health sensing materials SO NSTI NANOTECH 2004, VOL 3, TECHNICAL PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2004) CY MAR 07-11, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Nano Sci & Technol Inst, Intel Corp, Motorola, Texas Instruments, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, iMediasoft Grp, Frontier Carbon Corp, Veeco Instruments, Hitachi High Technologies Amer Inc, Racepoint Grp Inc, Int SEMATECH, FEI Co, Keithley, St Gobain High Performance Mat, Zyvex Corp, Accelrys, ANSYS Inc, Atomistix, PolyInsight, GA Dept Ind & Trade, Swiss Business Hub USA, Australian Govt, Invest Australia, State Bavaria, Germany, United States Off Econ Dev, m+w zander, Engis Corp, COMSOL, Engelhard Corp, Nanonex Inc, nanoTITAN, Tegal Corp, Umech Technologies, MEMSCAP, Swiss House Adv Res & Educ SHARE, Basel Area Business, Dev, Dev Econ Western Switzerland, Nanoworld AG, Nanosensors, Nanofair, Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, LLP, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, PC, Jackson Walker LLP, Greater Zurich Area ID FIELD AB Single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based materials represent the future aerospace vehicle construction material of choice based primarily on predicted strength-to-weight advantages and inherent multifunctionality. The multifunctionality of SWCNTs arises from the ability of the nanotubes to be either metallic or semi-conducting based on their chirality. Furthermore, simply changing the environment around a SWCNT can change its conducting behavior. This phenomenon is being exploited to create sensors capable of measuring several parameters related to vehicle structural health (i.e. strain, pressure, temperature, etc.) The structural health monitor is constructed using conventional electron-beam lithographic and photolithographic techniques to place specific electrode patterns on a surface. SWCNTs are then deposited between the electrodes using a dielectrophoretic alignment technique. Prototypes have been constructed on both silicon and polyimide substrates, demonstrating that surface-mountable and multifunctional devices based on SWCNTs can be realized. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 493, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM a.n.watkins@larc.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU NANO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INST PI CAMBRIDGE PA ONE KENDALL SQUARE, PMB 308, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-9-2 PY 2004 BP 149 EP 152 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BAO52 UT WOS:000223078200040 ER PT J AU Parsons, A Barthelmy, S Bartlett, L Gehrels, N Naya, J Stahle, CM Tueller, J Teegarden, B AF Parsons, A Barthelmy, S Bartlett, L Gehrels, N Naya, J Stahle, CM Tueller, J Teegarden, B TI CdZnTe background measurements at balloon altitudes with PoRTIA SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE CdZnTe; X-ray; gamma ray; detector background; balloons ID GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETERS; BORNE GE SPECTROMETERS; DETECTORS AB Measurements of the CdZnTe internal background at balloon altitudes are essential to determine which physical processes make the most important background contributions. We present results from CdZnTe background measurements made by PoRTIA, a small CdZnTe balloon instrument that was flown three times in three different shielding configurations. PoRTIA was passively shielded during its first flight from Palestine, Texas and actively shielded as a piggyback instrument on the GRIS balloon experiment during its second and third flights from Alice Springs, Australia, using the thick GRIS NaI anticoincidence shield. A significant CdZnTe background reduction was achieved during the third flight with PoRTIA placed completely inside the GRIS shield and blocking crystal, and thus completely surrounded by 15 cm of NaI. A unique balloon altitude background data set is provided by CdZnTe and Ge detectors simultaneously surrounded by the same thick anticoincidence shield; the presence of a single coaxial Ge detector inside the shield next to PoRTIA allowed a measurement of the ambient neutron flux inside the shield throughout the flight. These neutrons interact with the detector material to produce isomeric states of the Cd, Zn, and Te nuclei that radiatively decay; calculations are presented to determine the relative contribution of these decays to the fully shielded CdZnTe background measured by PoRTIA. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Parsons, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ann.m.parsons@nasa.gov RI Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Tueller, Jack/D-5334-2012; Parsons, Ann/I-6604-2012 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 516 IS 1 BP 80 EP 95 DI 10.1016/j.nima.2003.07.023 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 761LD UT WOS:000187909500008 ER PT S AU Beugnard, A Fiege, L Filman, R Jul, E Sadou, S Yoneki, E AF Beugnard, A Fiege, L Filman, R Jul, E Sadou, S Yoneki, E BE Malenfant, J Ostvold, BM TI Communication abstractions for distributed systems SO OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2004) CY JUN 14-18, 2004 CL Oslo, NORWAY SP Univ Oslo, Norwegian Comp Ctr, Sintef, AITO, ACM SIGPLAN AB Communication is the foundation of many systems. Understanding communication is a key to building a better understanding of the interaction of software entities such as objects, components, and aspects. This workshop was an opportunity to exchange points of view on many facets of communication and interaction. The workshop was divided in two parts: the first dedicated to the presentation of eight position papers, and the second to the selection and discussion of three critical topics in the communication abstraction domain. C1 ENST Bretagne, Brest, France. Tech Univ Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Bretagne Sud, Vannes, France. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, England. RP Beugnard, A (reprint author), ENST Bretagne, Brest, France. EM antoine.beugnard@enst-bretagne.fr; fiege@gkec.tu-darmstadt.de; rfilman@mail.arc.nasa.gov; eric@diku.dk; sadou@iu-vannes.fr; eiko.yoneki@cl.cam.ac.uk NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23988-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3344 BP 67 EP 75 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBR06 UT WOS:000227335400007 ER PT B AU Poli, P Ao, CO Joiner, J Juarez, MT Hoff, R AF Poli, P Ao, CO Joiner, J Juarez, MT Hoff, R BE Kirchengast, G Foelsche, U Steiner, AK TI Evaluation of refractivity profiles from CHAMP and SAC-C GPS radio occultation SO OCCULTATIONS FOR PROBING ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate (OPAC-1) CY SEP 16-20, 2002 CL Graz, AUSTRIA ID TEMPERATURE AB Since their launch, CHAMP and SAC-C have collected thousands of CPS radio occultations. In order to evaluate the refractivity derived from these radio occultation measurements by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) using geometrical optics, we compare CHAMP and SAC-C refractivity with refractivity calculated from the Data Assimilation Office (DAO) 6-hour forecast global fields of temperature and humidity. We show that the differences between DAO and CHAMP refractivity present biases and standard deviation very similar to those of the differences between DAO and SAC-C refractivity. We also demonstrate a seasonal cycle in the standard deviation of the differences for altitudes below 12 km. Furthermore, the histograms of the differences for CHAMP and SAC-C are very similar, which is important for future assimilation and climate studies using CPS radio occultation from various missions. The skewed distributions usually translate into an apparent refractivity bias. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Poli, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22350-9 PY 2004 BP 375 EP 382 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBF14 UT WOS:000225184200033 ER PT J AU Schmidt, GA Bitz, CM Mikolajewicz, U Tremblay, LB AF Schmidt, GA Bitz, CM Mikolajewicz, U Tremblay, LB TI Ice-ocean boundary conditions for coupled models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE general circulation models; sea ice thermodynamics; sea ice dynamics; ocean; ice-ocean; coupling; artic ID SEA-ICE; SNOW ICE; CLIMATE; GROWTH; EVOLUTION; THICKNESS; COVER; SHELF AB Coupled general circulation models are becoming more sophisticated, particularly with respect to the sea ice component and the increasing use of free surface formulations in the ocean. It is therefore timely to revisit the boundary conditions at the sea ice-ocean interface to ensure that (a) mass and energy are conserved, (b) the physics represented is as realistic as possible, and (c) numerical instabilities are avoided. We present here an overview of recent practice from the GISS, NCAR CCSM2.0 and MPI Hamburg coupled models. A new formulation of the basal sea ice fluxes, discussions of lateral melt and snow-ice formation, coupling strategies for the sea ice dynamics component, and interactions with dynamic free surfaces are presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Schmidt, GA (reprint author), Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM gschmidt@giss.nasa.gov; bitz@apl.washington.edu; mikolajewicz@dkrz.de; tremblay@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Tremblay, Bruno/I-4497-2012; Bitz, Cecilia/S-8423-2016 OI Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; Bitz, Cecilia/0000-0002-9477-7499 NR 29 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 1-2 BP 59 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00030-1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 824TQ UT WOS:000221710000004 ER PT J AU Canuto, VM Howard, A Hogan, P Cheng, Y Dubovikov, MS Montenegro, LM AF Canuto, VM Howard, A Hogan, P Cheng, Y Dubovikov, MS Montenegro, LM TI Modeling ocean deep convection SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CIRCULATION MODELS; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITIES; 3RD-ORDER MOMENTS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; LABRADOR SEA; PARAMETERIZATION; TURBULENCE AB The goal of this study is to assess models for Deep Convection with special emphasis on their use in coarse resolution ocean general circulation models. A model for deep convection must contain both vertical transport and lateral advection by mesoscale eddies generated by baroclinic instabilities. The first process operates mostly in the initial phases while the second dominates the final stages. Here, the emphasis is on models for vertical mixing. When mesoscales are not resolved, they are treated with the Gent and McWilliams parameterization. The model results are tested against the measurements of Lavender, Davis and Owens, 2002 (LDO) in the Labrador Sea. Specifically, we shall inquire whether the models are able to reproduce the region of "deepest convection," which we shall refer to as DC (mixed layer depths 800-1300 m). The region where it was measured by Lavender et al. (2002) will be referred to as the LDO region. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. (1) 3degrees x 3degrees resolution. A GFDL-type OGCM with the GISS vertical mixing model predicts DC in the LDO region where the vertical heat diffusivity is found to be 10 m(2) s(-1), a value that is quite close to the one suggested by heuristic studies. No parameter was changed from the original GISS model. However, the GISS model also predicts some DC in a region to the east of the LDO region. (2) 3degrees x 3degrees resolution. A GFDL-type OGCM with the KPP model (everything else being the same) does not predict DC in the LDO region where the vertical heat diffusivity is found to be 0.5 x 10(-4) m(2) s(-1) which is the background value. The KPP model yields DC only to the east of the LDO region. (3) 1degrees x 1degrees resolution. In this case, a MY2.5 mixing scheme predicts DC in the LDO region. However, it also predicts DC to the west, north and south of it, where it is not observed. The behavior of the KPP and MY models are somewhat anti-symmetric. The MY models yield too low a mixing in stably stratified flows since they predict a critical Richardson number Ri(cr) = 0.19 which is five times smaller than the value Ri(cr) = O(1) needed to obtain realistic ML depths. However, as discussed above, in unstable stratifications the MY models yield better results. On the other hand, the KPP model, which was motivated primarily by the need to overcome the MY "too low mixing" in stable stratification, yields at coarse resolution, no DC in the LDO region. In this respect, the GISS model, yields both a correct Ri(cr) = O(1) in stable stratification and correct results in the unstable configuration in the LDO region. (4) 1/3degrees x 1/3degrees resolution. In this case, KPP predicts mixed layer depths up to 1.7 km inside the LDO region where at coarse resolution none existed. However, the model still produces DC at locations outside the LDO region where it is not observed. However, since these regions are intermingled with very shallow mixed layer depths, the resulting mean mixed layer depths turn out to be less than 800 m almost everywhere outside the LDO region. (5) 1/12degrees x 1/12degrees resolution. In this case, KPP predicts mixed layer depths up to 3 km both inside and outside the LDO region. These regions are, here too, intermingled with very shallow mixed layer depths with resulting mean mixed depths greater than 800 m both inside and outside the LDO region. In conclusion, as for a model for deep convection to be used in coarse resolution, these results indicate that the GISS mixing model fares well with observations in both stable and unstable stratifications but overestimates its geographical extent. This leads to the problem of future improvements of the model. It must be generalized to include the following physically important features: (a) rotation that becomes important in the later phases of deep convection when it acts to slow down the rate of mixed layer deepening, (b) non-locality, in particular skewness which is large (negative) in the initial phases of deep convection and becomes small in the final stages, and finally, (c) a new model to treat lateral advection by baroclinic eddies that in the final stages of deep convection dominates over vertical transport. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. CUNY, BCC, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10453 USA. USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Canuto, VM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM vcanuto@giss.nasa.gov NR 57 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00038-6 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 824TQ UT WOS:000221710000005 ER PT J AU Song, YT Chao, Y AF Song, YT Chao, Y TI A theoretical study of topographic effects on coastal upwelling and cross-shore exchange SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE coastal upwelling; topographic variations; theoretical model ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; WIND-DRIVEN CURRENTS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; EASTERN BOUNDARY; TRAPPED WAVES; MODEL; OREGON; UNDERCURRENT; VARIABILITY; BOTTOM AB The effects of topographic variations on coastal upwelling and cross-shore exchange are examined with a theoretical, continuously stratified, three-dimensional coastal ocean model. The model takes into account topographic variations in both alongshore and cross-shore directions and allows analytical solutions with an Ekman surface layer that faithfully represents the physical nature of the coastal upwelling system. Theoretical solutions with any analytical form of alongshore-varying topography can be solved based on the perturbation method of Killworth [J. Phys. Oceanogr. 8 (1978) 188]. Analyses of the model solutions lead to the following conclusions: (1) The variation of upwelling fronts and currents is shown to be caused by the combined effect of topography and stratification. Topographic variation causes uneven upwelling distribution and leads to density variation, which results in a varying horizontal pressure gradient field that causes the meandering currents. The variation index is dependent upon a bilinear function of their physical parameters-the ratio of the topographic variation depth to the total depth and Burger's number of stratification. (2) Cross-shore slope is found to play a role in maintaining the meandering structure of the alongshore currents. The anticyclonic circulations can further induce downwelling on the offshore side of the current, while the cyclonic circulations enhance upwelling and form upwelling centers on the inshore side of the current. (3) Alongshore topography does not change the total upwelled water, i.e., the total Ekman pumping is conserved. However, it increases cross-exchange of water masses by transporting inshore (offshore) water near topographic features far offshore (inshore) from the mean position of the front. The applicability and limitations of the theory are also discussed.(C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Song, YT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 2 BP 151 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00064-1 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 725RU UT WOS:000185556800003 ER PT J AU Steiner, N Holloway, G Gerdes, R Hakkinen, S Holland, D Karcher, M Kauker, F Maslowski, W Proshutinsky, A Steele, M Zhang, J AF Steiner, N Holloway, G Gerdes, R Hakkinen, S Holland, D Karcher, M Kauker, F Maslowski, W Proshutinsky, A Steele, M Zhang, J TI Comparing modeled streamfunction, heat and freshwater content in the Arctic Ocean SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Arctic Ocean; freshwater; heat content; streamfunction; model intercomparison ID SMALL IMPLICIT DIFFUSION; SEA-ICE COVER; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS; ATLANTIC; HYDROGRAPHY; ALGORITHM; SCHEMES; CO2 AB Within the framework of the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project results from several coupled sea ice-ocean models are compared in order to investigate vertically integrated properties of the Arctic Ocean. Annual means and seasonal ranges of streamfunction, freshwater and heat content are shown. For streamfunction the entire water column is integrated. For heat and freshwater content integration is over the upper 1000 m. The study represents a step toward identifying differences among model approaches and will serve as a base for upcoming studies where all models will be executed with common forcing. In this first stage only readily available outputs are compared, while forcing as well as numerical parameterizations differ. The intercomparison shows streamfunctions differing in pattern and by several Sverdrups in magnitude. Differences occur as well for the seasonal range, where streamfunction is subject to large variability. Annual mean heat content, referenced to 0 degreesC, in the Canada Basin varies from -3.5 to +1.8 GJ m(-2) among the models, representing both colder and warmer solutions compared to the climatology. Seasonal range is highest in regions with seasonal or no ice cover. Corresponding freshwater content, referenced to 34.8 ppt, shows differences most obviously in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin where maximum values vary between 6 and 24 m for the individual models. Maxima in the seasonal range are related to river inflow. In the current stage of the project, applied windstress contributes significantly to the differences. However differences due to model resolutions and model parameterizations can already be detected. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NYU, New York, NY USA. AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Steiner, N (reprint author), Inst Ocean Sci, 9860 W Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. EM steinern@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca RI Hakkinen, Sirpa/E-1461-2012 NR 35 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 265 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00013-1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 766VX UT WOS:000188397000004 ER PT S AU Marshall, CJ Marshall, PW Waczynski, A Polidan, E Johnson, S Campbell, A AF Marshall, CJ Marshall, PW Waczynski, A Polidan, E Johnson, S Campbell, A BE Garnett, JD Beletic, JW TI Comparisons of the proton-induced dark current and charge transfer efficiency responses of n- and p-channel CCDs SO OPTICAL AND INFRARED DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy CY JUN 21-22, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE p-channel CCDs; p-channel CCDs; focal plane arrays; radiation effects; CCD; proton displacement damage ID RADIATION-DAMAGE; SILICON AB The proton-induced charge transfer efficiency (CTE) behavior for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) p-channel CCD (being developed for the SuperNova Acceleration Probe (SNAP)) is compared with the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) n-channel CCDs CTE using Fe-55 x-rays, first pixel edge response (FPR), and extended pixel edge response (EPER) techniques. The pre- and post-proton radiation performance parameters of p-channel CCDs designed by LBNL and fabricated at Dalsa Semiconductor, Inc.are compared with n-channel CCDs from E2V, Inc. LBNL p-channel CCDs both with and without notched parallel registers are compared with the E2V CCD43 (a notched, multi-phase pinned (MPP) device) and the E2V CCD44 (an un-notched, non-NTP device), using the same readout timing and measured over the same range of temperatures. The CTE performance of the p-channel CCD is about an order of magnitude better than similar n-channel CCDs for the conditions measured here after a 63 MeV proton fluence of 2.5 x 10(9) cm(-2), which is equivalent to 2.5 years in the HST orbit behind shielding comparable to about 2.5 cm Al. Our measurements are compared with previous CTE measurements at 12 MeV by Bebek et al. [1]. The similar to 10 x CTE improvements relative to n-channel CCDs is seen at -83 degreesC, a temperature which is optimized for n-channel CCD performance. Advantages from p-channel CCDs should be greater at other temperatures. Dark current measurements and hot pixel issues are also discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 561, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Cmarshall2@aol.com NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5431-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5499 BP 542 EP 552 DI 10.1117/12.551914 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB41 UT WOS:000224539300055 ER PT S AU Andrews, R Mah, R Da Silva, L AF Andrews, R Mah, R Da Silva, L BE Alfano, RR Katz, A TI The NASA Smart Probe project for real time multiple microsensor tissue recognition SO OPTICAL BIOPSY V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Biopsy V CY JAN 27-28, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE impedance; neural networks; optical spectroscopy; tumors ID SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY AB The NASA Smart Probe employs multiple microsensors, together with fuzzy logic and neural networks, to provide a unique tissue "signature" in real time. We here review the Smart Probe concept and summarize early data from small animal studies on tissue identification. Recent clinical information gathered from women undergoing biopsy for suspected breast cancer by the NASA licensee, BioLuminate Inc., is also presented. The sensors employed in the Smart Probe for breast cancer include electrical impedance and optical spectroscopy (both broadband or white light, and laser light (infrared and blue/fluorescence)). Data are acquired 100 times per second; a typical breast "biopsy" typically generates 500 MB of data. The multiparameter breast cancer probe - one millimeter in diameter - can clearly differentiate normal breast, benign lesions, and breast carcinoma. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Smart Syst Lab, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Andrews, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Smart Syst Lab, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5234-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5326 BP 92 EP 97 DI 10.1117/12.528574 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BAS05 UT WOS:000223341600013 ER PT S AU Ohl, RG Dow, TA Sohn, A Garrard, K AF Ohl, RG Dow, TA Sohn, A Garrard, K BE AtadEttedgui, E Dierickx, P TI Highlights of the ASPE 2004 Winter topical meeting on free-form optics - Design, fabrication, metrology, assembly SO OPTICAL FABRICATION, METROLOGY, AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Fabrication, Metrology and Material Advancements for Telescopes CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE free-form; asphere; asymmetric; design; fabrication; metrology; alignment AB We present highlights from the American Society for Precision Engineering's 2004 Winter Topical Meeting entitled "Free-Form Optics: Design, Fabrication, Metrology, Assembly." We emphasize those papers that are most relevant to astronomical optics. Optical surfaces that transcend the bounds of rotational symmetry have been implemented in novel optical systems with fantastic results since the release of Polaroid's first instant camera. Despite these successes, free-form optics have found only a few niche applications and have yet to enter the mainstream. The purpose of this meeting was to identify the state of the art of free-form optics design, fabrication, metrology and assembly and to identify the technical and logistical challenges that inhibit their widespread use. Issues that were addressed include: What are free-form optics? How can optical systems be made better with free-form optics? How can designers use free-form optics? How can free-form optics be fabricated? How can they be measured? How are free-form optical systems assembled? C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ohl, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5426-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5494 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.551469 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB39 UT WOS:000224537400006 ER PT S AU Blake, P Mink, RG Chambers, J Robinson, FD Content, D Davila, P AF Blake, P Mink, RG Chambers, J Robinson, FD Content, D Davila, P BE AtadEttedgui, E Dierickx, P TI High-accuracy surface figure measurement of silicon mirrors at 80 K SO OPTICAL FABRICATION, METROLOGY, AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Fabrication, Metrology and Material Advancements for Telescopes CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE ID UNCERTAINTY AB This report describes the equipment, experimental methods, and first results at a new facility at the Goddard Space Flight Center Optics Branch for interferometric measurement of cryogenically-cooled spherical mirrors. A mirror is cooled to 80 K and 20 K within a cryostat; and its surface figure error is measured through a fused-silica window using standard phase-shifting interferometry. The first mirror tested was a concave spherical silicon foam-core mirror with a clear aperture of 120 mm. The optic surface was measured at room temperature outside the dewar using standard "absolute" techniques; and then the change in surface figure error within the dewar from room temperature to 80 K was measured, and the two measurements added to create a representation of the two-dimensional surface figure error at 80 K, with a combined standard uncertainty of 3.4 nm, rms. The facility and techniques will be used to measure the surface figure error at 20 K of prototype lightweight silicon carbide and Cesic(TM) mirrors developed by Galileo Avionica (Italy) for the European Space Agency (ESA). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Blake, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5426-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5494 BP 122 EP 131 DI 10.1117/12.551738 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB39 UT WOS:000224537400014 ER PT S AU Antonille, S Content, D Rabin, D Wallace, T Stevens, C AF Antonille, S Content, D Rabin, D Wallace, T Stevens, C BE AtadEttedgui, E Dierickx, P TI High precision metrology on the ultra-lightweight 51cm f/1.25 parabolic SHARPI primary mirror using a CGH null lens SO OPTICAL FABRICATION, METROLOGY, AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Fabrication, Metrology and Material Advancements for Telescopes CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE computer-generated hologram; lightweight mirror; null corrector; aspheric testing; null certification AB For potential use on the SHARPI mission, Eastman Kodak has delivered a 50.8cm CA f/1.25 ultra-lightweight UV parabolic mirror with a surface figure error requirement of 6nm RMS. We address the challenges involved in verifying and mapping the surface error of this large lightweight mirror to 3nm RMS using a diffractive CGH null lens. Of main concern is removal of large systematic errors resulting from surface deflections of the mirror due to gravity as well as smaller contributions from system misalignment and reference optic errors. We present our efforts to characterize these errors and remove their wavefront error contribution in post-processing as well as minimizing the uncertainty these calculations introduce. Data from Kodak and preliminary measurements from NASA Goddard will be included. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Antonille, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, MC551,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5426-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5494 BP 132 EP 140 DI 10.1117/12.552614 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB39 UT WOS:000224537400015 ER PT S AU Cohen, E Hull, T AF Cohen, E Hull, T BE AtadEttedgui, E Dierickx, P TI Selection of a mirror technology for the 1.8m terrestrial planet finder demonstrator mission SO OPTICAL FABRICATION, METROLOGY, AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Fabrication, Metrology and Material Advancements for Telescopes CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE extrasolar planet detection; coronagraph; PSD; lightweight mirrors; mirror print-through AB Detection of extrasolar planets should be possible with a telescope that has the required resolution and a coronagraph to block the starlight. The resolution that is needed suggests that the diameter of the primary mirror be at least 6 m. For use in space, the mirror would need to be moderately lightweighted, with an areal density of roughly 50 kg/m(2) or lower. Most important is the surface quality of the mirror over the spatial frequency range of roughly 10 cm to 4 m. A ripple in the surface of the mirror, with a spatial scale in this range, would cause starlight to diffract onto the region where a planet may be located. In terms of an rms surface error the mirror would need to be better than 5 nm rms in this range. The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) project realized that to demonstrate that a coronagraphic telescope concept could be used for terrestrial planet detection there needs to be a demonstration that a mirror of the required technology could be built. There are several concepts that could be used for designing and fabricating such a mirror but in order to select the most promising technology a survey of the best mirror concepts from the best large mirror builders was needed. This paper describes what was learned from this study and the rational for the mirror concept that was selected. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cohen, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5426-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5494 BP 350 EP 365 DI 10.1117/12.552329 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB39 UT WOS:000224537400035 ER PT S AU Morgan, RM Agnes, GS Barber, D Dooley, J Dragovan, M Hatheway, AE Marcin, M AF Morgan, RM Agnes, GS Barber, D Dooley, J Dragovan, M Hatheway, AE Marcin, M BE AtadEttedgui, E Dierickx, P TI The DART cylindrical, infrared, 1 meter membrane reflector SO OPTICAL FABRICATION, METROLOGY, AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Fabrication, Metrology and Material Advancements for Telescopes CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE anamorphic; cylindrical reflector; membrane optics; space telescopes; metrology AB The Dual Anamorphic Reflector Telescope (DART) is an architecture for large aperture space telescopes that enables the use of membranes. A membrane can be readily shaped in one direction of curvature using a combination of boundary control and tensioning, yielding a cylindrical reflector. Two cylindrical reflectors (orthogonal and confocal) comprise the 'primary mirror' of the telescope system. The aperture is completely unobstructed and ideal for infrared and high contrast observations. The DART high precision testbed researches fabrication, assembly, adjustment and characterization of 1 meter cylindrical membrane reflectors made of copper foil or kapton. We have implemented two metrology instruments: a non-contacting, scanning profilometer and an infrared interferometer. The profilometer is a laser confocal displacement measuring unit on an XYZ scanning stage. The infrared interferometer uses a cylindrical null lens that tests a subaperture of the membrane at center of curvature. Current surface figure achieved is 25 mum rms over a 50 cm diameter aperture. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Morgan, RM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5426-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5494 BP 406 EP 417 DI 10.1117/12.562451 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB39 UT WOS:000224537400041 ER PT S AU Gubarev, MV O'Dell, SL Kester, TJ Lehner, DL Jones, WD Smithers, ME Content, DA Reid, PB AF Gubarev, MV O'Dell, SL Kester, TJ Lehner, DL Jones, WD Smithers, ME Content, DA Reid, PB BE AtadEttedgui, E Dierickx, P TI Incoming metrology of segmented x-ray mandrels at MSFC SO OPTICAL FABRICATION, METROLOGY, AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Fabrication, Metrology and Material Advancements for Telescopes CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE X-ray optics; metrology; long-trace profilometer; figure measurements ID LONG TRACE PROFILER; CALIBRATION AB The baseline design of the Constellation-X Spectroscopy X-ray telescope (SXT) employs segmented x-ray mirrors, to be replicated from precision mandrels. Thus far, the Constellation-X Project has procured and received three (3) flight-scale mandrels, for use in development of mirror technologies. Complementary to 30degrees sections of 10-m-focal-length Wolter-1 optics of diameters 1.6, 1.2, and 1.0 m, the mandrels' primary (parabolic) and secondary (hyperbolic) optical surfaces are each 0.5-m long. In order to generate surface maps for x-ray performance predictions, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is conducting incoming metrology. Using a combination of instruments, this metrology measures axial-slope deviations and axial profiles, slope differences, roundness, absolute radius, and micro-roughness. This paper describes the mandrels, the metrology requirements, and MSFC's metrology instrumentation and procedures. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gubarev, MV (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, SD70, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5426-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5494 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1117/12.551902 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB39 UT WOS:000224537400045 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ AF Leviton, DB Frey, BJ BE AtadEttedgui, E Dierickx, P TI Cryogenic, high-accuracy, refraction measuring system (CHARMS) - a new facility for cryogenic infrared through far-ultraviolet refractive index measurements SO OPTICAL FABRICATION, METROLOGY, AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR TELESCOPES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Fabrication, Metrology and Material Advancements for Telescopes CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE cryogenic; refractometer; infrared; far ultraviolet; optical properties; refractive index AB The infrared optics community continually expresses its desire for high accuracy, cryogenic, infrared, refractive index data for a wide variety of materials, as well as knowledge of index variability for each species. The Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will not only provide astronomical scientific imaging in the 0.6 to 5 micron wavelength range but it will also serve as the observatory's wavefront control sensor. The provision of accurate, infrared (IR) cryogenic index data for optimizing the refractive optical design of NIRCam will be an important component in mission risk reduction. To this end, we have built the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS). This paper is the fourth covering the design and construction of CHARMS and highlights the significant design changes culminating in the finished refractometer. Aspects which make CHARMS a high accuracy system, one which will measure refractive index more accurately than previous refractometers, are presented along with sub-system performance data. Finally, we present our "first light," cryogenic, infrared refractive index data for lithium fluoride (LiF) for temperatures down to 25 K, relating it to previously published ambient data for this material. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5426-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5494 BP 492 EP 504 DI 10.1117/12.563795 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBB39 UT WOS:000224537400049 ER PT S AU Gallagher, DB Irace, WR Werner, MW AF Gallagher, DB Irace, WR Werner, MW BE Mather, JC TI The development and mission of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr AB The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) was successfully launched on August 25, 2003. SIRTF is an observatory for infrared astronomy from space. It has an 85cm diameter beryllium telescope operating at 5.5 K and a projected cryogenic lifetime of 4 to 6 years based on early flight performance. SIRTF has completed its in-orbit checkout and has become the first mission to execute astronomical observations from a solar orbit. SIRTF's three instruments with state of the art detector arrays provide imaging, photometry, and spectroscopy over the 3-180 micron wavelength range. SIRTF is achieving major advances in the study of astrophysical phenomena from the solar system to the edge of the Universe. SIRTF completes NASA's family of Great Observatories and serves as a cornerstone of the Origins program. Over 75% of the observing time will be awarded to the general scientific community through the usual proposal and peer review cycle. SIRTF has demonstrated major advances in technology areas critical to future infrared missions. These include lightweight cryogenic optics, sensitive detector arrays, and a high performance thermal system, combining radiative and cryogenic cooling, which allows a telescope to be launched warm and to be cooled in space. These thermal advances are enabled by the use of an Earth-trailing solar orbit which will carry SIRTF to a distance of similar to0.6 AU from Earth in 5 years. The SIRTF project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory which employs a novel JPL-industry team management approach. This paper provides an overview of the SIRTF mission, telescope, cryostat, instruments, spacecraft, orbit, operations and project management approach; and this paper serves as an introduction to the accompanying set of detailed papers about specific aspects of SIRTF. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gallagher, DB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 13 EP 25 DI 10.1117/12.562381 PN 1-3 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600002 ER PT S AU Roellig, T Werner, M Gallagher, D Irace, W Fazio, G Houck, J Rieke, G Wilson, R Soifer, T AF Roellig, T Werner, M Gallagher, D Irace, W Fazio, G Houck, J Rieke, G Wilson, R Soifer, T BE Mather, JC TI On-orbit performance of the Spitzer Space Telescope SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE Spitzer mission; infrared; astronomy; telescope ID FACILITY; SIRTF AB The Spitzer Space Telescope (formally known as SIRTF) was successfully launched on August 25, 2003, and has completed its initial in-orbit checkout and science validation and calibration period. The measured performance of the observatory has met or exceeded all of its high-level requirements, it entered normal operations in January 2004, and is returning high-quality science data. A superfluid-helium cooled 85 cm, diameter telescope provides extremely low infrared backgrounds and feeds three science instruments covering wavelengths ranging from 3.6 to 160 microns. The telescope optical quality is excellent, providing diffraction-limited performance down to wavelengths below 6.5 microns. Based on the first helium mass and boil-off rate measurements, a cryogenic lifetime in excess of 5 years is expected. This presentation will provide a summary of the overall performance of the observatory, with an emphasis on those performance parameters that have the greatest impact on its ultimate science return. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Roellig, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 38 EP 49 DI 10.1117/12.551037 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600004 ER PT S AU Mainzer, AK Young, ET AF Mainzer, AK Young, ET BE Mather, JC TI On-orbit performance testing of the pointing calibration & reference sensor for the Spitzer Space Telescope SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE infrared; cryogenic; optical; telescope; SIRTF; Spitzer; guidance; centroiding; pointing ID FACILITY; SIRTF AB We present the on-orbit performance results of the Pointing Calibration and Reference Sensor (PCRS) for the Spitzer Space Telescope. A cryogenic optical (center wavelength 0.55 mum) imager, the PCRS serves as the Observatoryis fine guidance sensor by providing an alignment reference between the telescope boresight and the external spacecraft attitude determination system. The PCRS makes precision measurements of the positions of known guide stars; these are used to calibrate measurements from Spitzeris star tracker and gyroscopes to obtain the actual pointing of the Spitzer telescope. The PCRS calibrates out thermomechanical drifts between the 300 K spacecraft bus and the 5.5 K telescope. By using only 16 pixels, the PCRS provides high precision centroiding with extremely low (similar to64 muW) power dissipation, resulting in minimal impact to Spitzeris helium lifetime. We have demonstrated that the PCRS meets its centroiding accuracy requirement of 0.14 arcsec 1-sigma radial, which represents similar to1/100 pixel centroiding. The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched on 25 August, 2003 and completed its In-Orbit Checkout phase two months later; the PCRS has been operating failure-free ever since. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mainzer, AK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1117/12.552525 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600008 ER PT S AU Duval, VG Irace, WR Mainzer, AK Wright, EL AF Duval, VG Irace, WR Mainzer, AK Wright, EL BE Mather, JC TI The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE infrared; brown dwarfs; ultraluminous galaxies; asteroids AB The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), a NASA MIDEX mission, will survey the entire sky in four bands from 3.5 to 23 microns with a sensitivity 1000 times greater than the IRAS survey. The WISE survey will extend the Two Micron All Sky Survey into the thermal infrared and will provide the essential catalog for the James Webb Space Telescope. Using 1024 2 HgCdTe and Si:As arrays at 3.5, 4.6, 12 and 23 microns, WISE will find the most luminous galaxies in the universe, the closest stars to the Sun, and it will detect most of the main belt asteroids larger than 3 km. The single WISE instrument consists of a 40 cm. diamond-turned aluminum three mirror anastigmatic telescope, a two-stage solid hydrogen cryostat, a scan mirror mechanism, and reimaging optics giving 5" resolution (full-width-half-maximum). The use of dichroics and beamsplitters allows four color images of a 47'x47' field of view to be taken ever), 8.8 seconds, synchronized with the orbital motion to provide total sky coverage with overlap between revolutions. WISE will be placed into a Sun-synchronous polar orbit on a Taurus 2210 launch vehicle. The WISE survey approach is simple and efficient. The three-axis-stabilized spacecraft rotates at a constant rate while the scan mirror freezes the telescope line of sight during each exposure. WISE has been selected by NASA to execute an extended Phase A study which will be completed in August, 2004. WISE is scheduled to launch in mid 2008. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Duval, VG (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.568552 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600009 ER PT S AU Patel, KC Spath, SR AF Patel, KC Spath, SR BE Mather, JC TI Spitzer Space Telescope: Observatory description and performance SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE Spitzer; spacecraft; subsystems; design AB The Spitzer Space Telescope, the last of the four Great Observatories commissioned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, was successfully launched on August 25, 2003 from Kennedy Space Center. The engineering systems for Spitzer were developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, and Ball Aerospace & Technology Corp. This paper provides an overview of Spitzer, a technical description of all the engineering subsystems, and the associated challenges involved in developing them to satisfy the mission requirements. In addition, this paper describes the performance of the engineering subsystems during the In-Orbit Checkout phase, the Science Verification phase, and the early portions of the Nominal Mission. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Spitzer Flight Engn Off Manager, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Patel, KC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Spitzer Flight Engn Off Manager, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 112 EP 123 DI 10.1117/12.555277 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600010 ER PT S AU Lawrence, CR Finley, PT AF Lawrence, CR Finley, PT BE Mather, JC TI Optimizing cryogen utilization on Spitzer Space Telescope SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE cryogenics.; infrared telescopes AB The instruments of the Spitzer Space Telescope are cooled directly by liquid helium, while the optical system is cooled by helium vapor. The greater the power dissipation into the liquid helium, the more vapor is produced, and the colder the telescope. Observations at shorter wavelengths do not require telescope temperatures as low as those required at longer wavelengths. By varying the telescope temperature with observing wavelength, we are extending the mission lifetime by an estimated 9%. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lawrence, CR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 124 EP 133 DI 10.1117/12.551949 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600011 ER PT S AU Bayard, DS Kang, BH Brugarolas, PB Boussalis, D AF Bayard, DS Kang, BH Brugarolas, PB Boussalis, D BE Mather, JC TI An integrated optimal estimation approach to Spitzer Space Telescope focal plane survey SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE Spitzer Space Telescope; SIRTF; calibration; focal plane survey; optimal estimation ID OPTICAL-PERFORMANCE TEST AB This paper discusses an accurate and efficient method for focal plane survey that was used for the Spitzer Space Telescope. The approach is based on using a high-order 37-state Instrument Pointing Frame (IPF) Kalman filter that combines both engineering parameters and science parameters into a single filter formulation. In this approach, engineering parameters such as pointing alignments, thermomechanical drift and gyro drifts are estimated along with science parameters such as plate scales and optical distortions. This integrated approach has many advantages compared to estimating the engineering and science parameters separately. The resulting focal plane survey approach is applicable to a diverse range of science instruments such as imaging cameras, spectroscopy slits, and scanning-type arrays alike. The paper will summarize results from applying the IPF Kalman filter to calibrating the Spitzer Space Telescope focal plane, containing the MIPS, IRAC, and the IRS science instrument arrays. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bayard, DS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 146 EP 157 DI 10.1117/12.552394 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600013 ER PT S AU Kwok, JH Garcia, MD Bonfiglio, E Long, SM AF Kwok, JH Garcia, MD Bonfiglio, E Long, SM BE Mather, JC TI Spitzer Space Telescope mission design SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE Spitzer; SIRTF; mission design; earth trailing orbit; solar orbit AB This paper gives a description of the mission design, launch, orbit, and navigation results for the Spitzer space telescope mission. The Spitzer telescope was launched by the Delta II Heavy launch vehicle into a heliocentric Earth trailing orbit. This orbit is flown for the first time and will be used by several future astronomical missions such as Kepler, SIM, and LISA. This paper describes the launch strategy for a winter versus a summer launch and how it affects communications. It also describes how the solar orbit affects the design and operations of the Observatory. It describes the actual launch timeline. launch vehicle flight performance, and the loner term behavior of the as flown orbit. It also provides the orbit knowledge from in-flight navigation data. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kwok, JH (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1117/12.551598 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600018 ER PT S AU Kimble, RA MacKenty, JW O'Connell, RW AF Kimble, RA MacKenty, JW O'Connell, RW CA WFC3 Team BE Mather, JC TI Status and performance of HST wide field camera 3 SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE space instrumentation; ultraviolet; optical; infrared; Hubble Space Telescope; CCDs; infrared arrays AB Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is a panchromatic UV/visible/near-infrared camera whose development is currently nearing completion, for a planned installation into the Hubble Space Telescope. WFC3 provides two imaging channels. The UVIS channel features a 4096 x 4096 pixel CCD focal plane with sensitivity from 200 to 1000 nm and a 160 x 160 arcsec field of view. The UVIS channel provides unprecedented sensitivity and field of view in the near ultraviolet for HST. The IR channel features a 1014 x 1014 pixel HgCdTe focal plane covering 800 to 1700 nm with a 139 x 123 arcsec field of view, providing a substantial advance in IR survey efficiency for HST. The construction of WFC3 is nearly complete, and the instrument is well into its integration and test program. At the time of this writing (July 2004) the manned HST Servicing Mission 4 that was intended to install WFC3 and other hardware has been cancelled, but a robotic servicing possibility is under intensive investigation. We present the current status and performance of the instrument and also describe some aspects of WFC3 that are relevant to a robotic installation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Randy.A.Kimble@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 266 EP 280 DI 10.1117/12.552866 PN 1-3 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600024 ER PT S AU Polidan, EJ Waczynski, A Marshall, P Johnson, SD Marshall, C Reed, R Kimble, RA Delo, G Schlossberg, D Russell, AM Beck, T Wen, YT Yagelowich, J Hill, RJ AF Polidan, EJ Waczynski, A Marshall, P Johnson, SD Marshall, C Reed, R Kimble, RA Delo, G Schlossberg, D Russell, AM Beck, T Wen, YT Yagelowich, J Hill, RJ BE Mather, JC TI A study of hot pixel annealing in the hubble space telescope wide field camera 3 CCDs SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE detector; CCD; hot pixels; hot pixel annealing; radiation damage; WFC3; HST; e2v AB A Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) CCD detector was tested for radiation effects while operating at -83degreesC. The goal of the experiment was to evaluate the introduction and annealing rates of hot pixels and to assess the dynamics of that process. The device was irradiated while cold and warmed to +30degreesC for a 4 hour soak, then cooled back down to -83degreesC. Hot pixel populations were tracked during warm up and cool down. The results showed that the hot pixels begin to anneal around -40degreesC and the anneal process was largely completed before the detector reached +30degreesC. It was also found that, although a large fraction of the hot pixels dropped below the threshold, they remained warmer than the remaining population. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Polidan, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Polidan, Elizabeth/F-4052-2014 OI Polidan, Elizabeth/0000-0002-4940-9638 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 289 EP 298 DI 10.1117/12.552111 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600026 ER PT S AU Sabelhaus, PA Decker, J AF Sabelhaus, PA Decker, J BE Mather, JC TI An overview of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Project SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE James Webb; space telescope; JWST; hubble; HST AB The JWST project at the GSFC is responsible for the development, launch, operations and science data processing for the James Webb Space Telescope. The JWST project is currently in phase B with its launch scheduled for August 2011. The project is a partnership between NASA, ESA and CSA. The U.S. JWST team is now fully in place with the recent selection of Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST) as the prime contractor for the telescope and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) as the mission operations and science data processing lead. This paper will provide an overview of the current JWST architecture and mission status including technology developments and risks. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sabelhaus, PA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 443, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 7 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 550 EP 563 DI 10.1117/12.549895 PN 1-3 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600051 ER PT S AU Gardner, JP Mather, JC Clampin, M Greenhouse, MA Hammel, HB Hutchings, JB Jakobsen, P Lilly, SJ Lunine, JI McCaughrean, MJ Mountain, M Rieke, GH Rieke, MJ Smith, EP Stiavelli, M Stockman, HS Windhorst, RA Wright, GS AF Gardner, JP Mather, JC Clampin, M Greenhouse, MA Hammel, HB Hutchings, JB Jakobsen, P Lilly, SJ Lunine, JI McCaughrean, MJ Mountain, M Rieke, GH Rieke, MJ Smith, EP Stiavelli, M Stockman, HS Windhorst, RA Wright, GS BE Mather, JC TI The science requirements of the James Webb Space Telescope SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE JWST; Webb; space telescope; infrared; science; instrumentation ID INITIAL MASS FUNCTION; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; STAR-FORMATION; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; AMBIPOLAR DIFFUSION; COLLAPSE; FRAGMENTATION; EXTINCTION; TURBULENT; EVOLUTION AB The scientific requirements of the James Webb Space Telescope fall into four themes. The End of the Dark Ages: First Light and Reionization seeks to identify the first luminous sources to form and to determine the ionization history of the Universe. The Assembly of Galaxies seeks to determine how galaxies and the dark matter, gas, stars, metals, morphological structures, and active nuclei within them evolved from the epoch of reionization to the present. The Birth of Stars and Protoplanetary Systems seeks to unravel the birth and early evolution of stars, from infall onto dustenshrouded protostars, to the genesis of planetary systems. Planetary Systems and the Origins of Life seeks to determine the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems including our own, and investigate the potential for life in those systems. These themes will guide the design and construction of the observatory. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LASP, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gardner, JP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LASP, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012 NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 564 EP 575 DI 10.1117/12.550657 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600052 ER PT S AU Hyde, TT Ha, KQ Johnston, JD Howard, JM Mosier, GE AF Hyde, TT Ha, KQ Johnston, JD Howard, JM Mosier, GE BE Mather, JC TI Integrated modeling activites for the James Webb Space Telescope opticle jitter analysis SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE jitter; dynamics; optical; integrated modeling; LOS; WFE; image quality; telescope AB This is a continuation of a series of papers on the integrated modeling activities for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Starting with the linear optical model discussed in part one, and using the optical sensitivities developed in part two, we now assess the optical image motion and wavefront errors from the structural dynamics. This is often referred to as "jitter" analysis. The optical model is combined with the structural model and the control models to create a linear structural/optical/control model. The largest jitter is due to spacecraft reaction wheel assembly disturbances which are harmonic in nature and will excite spacecraft and telescope structural. The structural/optic response causes image quality degradation due to image motion (centroid error) as well as dynamic wavefront error. Jitter analysis results are used to predict imaging performance, improve the structural design, and evaluate the operational impact of the disturbance sources. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hyde, TT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 588 EP 599 DI 10.1117/12.551806 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600054 ER PT S AU Johnston, JD Howard, JM Mosier, GE Parrish, KA McGinnis, MA Bluth, AM Kim, K Ha, KQ AF Johnston, JD Howard, JM Mosier, GE Parrish, KA McGinnis, MA Bluth, AM Kim, K Ha, KQ BE Mather, JC TI Integrated modeling activities for the James Webb Space Telescope structural-thermal-optical analysis SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE JWST; thermal distortion; optics; integrated modeling; image quality; telescope AB The James Web Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope scheduled for launch in 2011. This is a continuation of a series of papers on modeling activities for JWST. The structural-thermal-optical, often referred to as "STOP", analysis process is used to predict the effect of thermal distortion on optical performance. The benchmark STOP analysis for JWST assesses the effect of an observatory slew on wavefront error. Temperatures predicted using geometric and thermal math models are mapped to a structural finite element model in order to predict thermally induced deformations. Motions and deformations at optical surfaces are then input to optical models, and optical performance is predicted using either an optical ray trace or a linear optical analysis tool. In addition to baseline performance predictions, a process for performing sensitivity studies to assess modeling uncertainties is described. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Johnston, JD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 600 EP 610 DI 10.1117/12.551704 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600055 ER PT S AU Davila, P Bos, B Contreras, J Evans, C Greenhouse, M Hobbs, G Holota, W Huff, LW Hutchings, J Jamieson, TH Lightsey, P Morbey, C Murowinski, R Rieke, M Rowlands, N Steakley, B Wells, M Plate, MT Wright, G AF Davila, P Bos, B Contreras, J Evans, C Greenhouse, M Hobbs, G Holota, W Huff, LW Hutchings, J Jamieson, TH Lightsey, P Morbey, C Murowinski, R Rieke, M Rowlands, N Steakley, B Wells, M Plate, MT Wright, G BE Mather, JC TI The James Webb Space Telescope science instrument suite: An overview of optical designs SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE James Webb Space Telescope; telescope; science instrument; optical design AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Observatory, the follow-on mission to the Hubble Space Telescope and to the Spitzer Space Facility, will yield astounding breakthroughs in the realms of infrared space science. The science instrument suite for this Observatory will consist of a Near-Infrared Camera, a Near-Infrared Spectrograph, a Mid-Infrared Instrument with imager, coronagraph and integral field spectroscopy modes, and a Fine Guider System Instrument with both a Guider module and a Tunable Filter Module. In this paper we present an overview of the optical designs of the telescope and instruments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Davila, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 611 EP 627 DI 10.1117/12.552053 PN 1-3 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600056 ER PT S AU Moseley, SH Arendt, R Boucarut, RA Jhabvala, M King, T Kletetschka, G Kutyrev, AS Li, M Meyer, S Rapchun, D Silverberg, RF AF Moseley, SH Arendt, R Boucarut, RA Jhabvala, M King, T Kletetschka, G Kutyrev, AS Li, M Meyer, S Rapchun, D Silverberg, RF BE Mather, JC TI Microshutters arrays for the JWST near infrared spectrograph SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE microshutter array; MEMS; JWST; Infrared Spectroscopy; early universe; Galaxy formation ID MULTIOBJECT AB The Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a multi-object spectrograph operating in the 0.6-5.0 mum spectral range. One of the primary scientific objectives of this instrument is to measure the number and density evolution of galaxies following the epoch of initial formation. NIRSpec is designed to allow simultaneous observation of a large number of sources, vastly increasing the capability of JWST to carry out its objectives. A critical element of the instrument is the programmable field selector, the Microshutter Array. The system consists of four 175 x 384 close packed arrays of individually operable shutters, each element subtending 0.2" x 0.4" on the sky. This device allows simultaneous selection of over 200 candidates for study over the 3.6' x 3.6' field of the NIRSpec, dramatically increasing its efficiency for a wide range of investigations. Here, we describe the development, production, and test of this critical element of the NIRSpec. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Moseley, SH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Kletetschka, Gunther/C-9996-2011 OI Kletetschka, Gunther/0000-0002-0645-9037 NR 5 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 645 EP 652 DI 10.1117/12.552431 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600059 ER PT S AU Rauscher, BJ Figer, DF Regan, MW Boker, T Garnett, J Hill, RJ Bagnasco, G Balleza, J Barney, R Bergeron, LE Brambera, C Connelly, J Derro, R DiPirro, M Doria-Warner, C Ericsson, A Glazer, S Greene, C Hall, DNB Jacobson, S Jakobsen, P Johnson, E Johnson, SD Krebs, C Krebs, DJ Lambros, S Likins, B Manthripragada, S Martineau, RJ Morse, E Moseley, SH Mott, DB Muench, T Park, H Parker, S Polidan, E Rashford, R Shakoorzadeh, K Sharma, R Strada, P Waczynski, A Wen, YT Wong, S Yagelowich, J Zuray, M AF Rauscher, BJ Figer, DF Regan, MW Boker, T Garnett, J Hill, RJ Bagnasco, G Balleza, J Barney, R Bergeron, LE Brambera, C Connelly, J Derro, R DiPirro, M Doria-Warner, C Ericsson, A Glazer, S Greene, C Hall, DNB Jacobson, S Jakobsen, P Johnson, E Johnson, SD Krebs, C Krebs, DJ Lambros, S Likins, B Manthripragada, S Martineau, RJ Morse, E Moseley, SH Mott, DB Muench, T Park, H Parker, S Polidan, E Rashford, R Shakoorzadeh, K Sharma, R Strada, P Waczynski, A Wen, YT Wong, S Yagelowich, J Zuray, M BE Mather, JC TI Detectors for the James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared spectrograph SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE JWST; NIRSpec; infrared; detectors; HAWAII-2RG; popcorn mesa noise AB The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) is the James Webb Space Telescope's primary near-infrared spectrograph. NASA is providing the NIRSpec detector subsystem, which consists of the focal plane array, focal plane electronics, cable harnesses, and software. The focal plane array comprises two closely-butted lambda(infinity) similar to 5 mum Rockwell HAWAII-2RG sensor chip assemblies. After briefly describing the NIRSpec instrument, we summarize some of the driving requirements for the detector subsystem, discuss the baseline architecture (and alternatives), and presents some recent detector test results including a description of a newly identified noise component that we have found in some archival JWST test data. We dub this new noise component, which appears to be similar to classical two-state popcorn noise in many aspects, "popcom mesa noise." We close with the current status of the detector subsystem development effort. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rauscher, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 710 EP 726 DI 10.1117/12.549573 PN 1-3 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600065 ER PT S AU Park, H Swinyard, B Jakobsen, P Moseley, SH Greenhouse, M AF Park, H Swinyard, B Jakobsen, P Moseley, SH Greenhouse, M BE Mather, JC TI Slit function measurements of an imaging spectrograph using Fourier transform techniques SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE slit function; spectrograph; Fourier transform spectrometer; imaging spectrometer ID SPECTROMETER; CALIBRATION AB Knowledge of a spectrograph slit function is necessary to interpret unresolved lines and spectral features in an observed spectrum. In a scanning spectrometer with a single exit slit, the slit function is easily measured by illuminating the entrance slit with a broadband source and scanning the dispersive element. In a fixed grating/or disperser spectrograph, the slit functions have been measured by illuminating the entrance slit with a monochromatic light using a pre-monochromator or a tunable laser and by varying the wavelength of the incident light. Generally these techniques are very expensive, complex or subject to a poor signal-to-noise ratio so that an accurate measurement is often not possible. Also it would be very laborious and prohibitive to an imaging spectrograph or a multi-object spectrograph that has many sets of entrance and exit slit equivalents. We explore an alternative technique that is manageable for the measurements and where the measurement is not limited by the available signal. In the proposed technique, a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) is used instead of a pre-monochromator with variable wavelengths in the conventional techniques. This approach can be extended to the visible and ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range and to imaging spectrographs and multi-object spectrograph where multiple entrance slits and multiple exit slit equivalents (detectors) produce numerous different slit functions. In this approach, the advantages of FTS are fully utilized for available signals and the computer-assisted nature of FTS makes the data processing of the measurements manageable. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Park, H (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 727 EP 733 DI 10.1117/12.552285 PN 1-3 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600066 ER PT S AU Bos, BJ Davila, PS Jurotich, M Hobbs, G Lightsey, P Contreras, J Whitman, T AF Bos, BJ Davila, PS Jurotich, M Hobbs, G Lightsey, P Contreras, J Whitman, T BE Mather, JC TI The James Webb Space Telescope instrument suite layout: optical system engineering considerations for a large, deployable space telescope SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE space telescope; infrared; optical engineering; field of view; cryogenic AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space-based, infrared observatory designed to study the early stages of galaxy formation in the Universe. The telescope will be launched into orbit about the second Lagrange point and passively cooled to 30-50 K to enable astronomical observations from 0.6 to 28 mum. A group from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and the Northrop Grumman Space Technology prime contractor team has developed an optical and mechanical layout for the science instruments within the JWST field of view that satisfies the mission requirements. Four instruments required accommodation within the telescope's field of view: a Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), a Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec), a Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) and a Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) with a tunable filter module. The size and position of each instrument's field of view allocation were developed through an iterative, concurrent engineering process involving key observatory stakeholders. While some of the system design considerations were those typically encountered during the development of an infrared observatory, others were unique to the deployable and controllable nature of JWST. This paper describes the optical and mechanical issues considered during the field of view layout development, as well as the supporting modeling and analysis activities. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bos, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 734 EP 745 DI 10.1117/12.550548 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600067 ER PT S AU Greenhouse, MA Sullivan, PC Boyce, LA Glazer, SD Johnson, EL McCloskey, JC Voyton, MF AF Greenhouse, MA Sullivan, PC Boyce, LA Glazer, SD Johnson, EL McCloskey, JC Voyton, MF BE Mather, JC TI The James Webb Space Telescope integrated science instrument module SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE JWST; instrumentation AB The Integrated Science Instrument Module of the James Webb Space Telescope is described from a systems perspective with emphasis on unique and advanced technology aspects. The major subsystems of this flight element are described including: structure, thermal, command and data handling, and software. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Greenhouse, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 754 EP 764 DI 10.1117/12.550452 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600069 ER PT S AU Feinberg, LD AF Feinberg, LD BE Mather, JC TI James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) optical telescope element (OTE) development status SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Optical Telescope Element (OTE) is a segmented, cryogenic telescope scheduled for launch in 2011. In September of 2002, NASA selected prime contractor Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST) to build the observatory including management of the OTE. NGST is teamed with subcontractors Ball Aerospace, Alliant Techsystems (ATK), and Kodak. The team has completed several significant design, technology, architecture definition, and manufacturing milestones in the past year that are summarized in this paper. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Feinberg, LD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 443, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 814 EP 817 DI 10.1117/12.562564 PN 1-3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600075 ER PT S AU Stahl, HP Feinberg, L Texter, S AF Stahl, HP Feinberg, L Texter, S BE Mather, JC TI JWST primary mirror material selection SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE Space Telescopes; primary mirror segments; beryllium AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) conducted a phased down select for its primary mirror. Using the results of the Advanced Mirror System Demonstrator (AMSD) as a basis, the Mirror Recommendation Board (MRB) assessed the suitability for JWST of candidate mirrors in the areas of performance, schedule, cost and risk. Beryllium was selected for the JWST primary mirror. This paper summarizes the evaluation and selection process. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Stahl, HP (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 818 EP 824 DI 10.1117/12.549582 PN 1-3 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600076 ER PT S AU Howard, JM Ha, KQ AF Howard, JM Ha, KQ BE Mather, JC TI Optical modeling activities for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) project: II. Determining image motion and wavefront error over an extended field of a view with a segmented optical system SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE optics; integrated modeling; image motion analysis; jitter; thermal analysis; image quality; telescope AB This is the second of a series on the optical modeling activities for the JWST government systems engineering integrated modeling team. Starting with the linear optical model discussed in the first installment, we develop centroid and wavefront error sensitivities for the special case of a segmented optical system such as JWST, where the primary mirror consists of 18 individual segments. Our approach extends standard sensitivity matrix methods used for systems consisting of monolithic optics, where the image motion is approximated by averaging ray coordinates at the image and residual wavefront error is determined with global tip/tilt removed. We develop an exact formulation using the linear optical model, and extend it to cover multiple field points for performance prediction at each instrument aboard JWST. This optical model is then driven by thermal and dynamic structural perturbations in an integrated modeling environment. Results are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Howard, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 850 EP 858 DI 10.1117/12552032 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600080 ER PT S AU Shi, F Redding, DC Green, JJ Ohara, CM AF Shi, F Redding, DC Green, JJ Ohara, CM BE Mather, JC TI Performance of segmented mirror coarse phasing with a dispersed fringe sensor: modeling and simulations SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE wavefront sensing and control; dispersed fringe sensor; segmented mirrors; JWST AB Dispersed Fringe Sensing (DFS) is an efficient and robust method for coarse phasing of a segmented primary mirror such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Results from testbed experiments and modeling have shown that among the many factors that affect the performance of DFS, the diffraction from segment aperture and the interference between the segment wavefronts have the most intrinsic influence on the DFS performance. In this paper, modeling and simulations based on diffraction are used to study the formation of DFS fringe and fringe properties such as visibility. We examine the DFS piston detection process and explore the limitation of DFS wavefront piston detection accuracy and the DFS dynamic range under different segment aperture geometries, aperture orientations, and image samplings. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shi, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 897 EP 908 DI 10.1117/12.552323 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600085 ER PT S AU Green, JJ Dean, BH Ohara, CM Redding, DC Zhang, Y AF Green, JJ Dean, BH Ohara, CM Redding, DC Zhang, Y BE Mather, JC TI Target selection and imaging requirements for JWST fine phasing SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE wavefront sensing; focus diversity; James Webb Space Telescope AB To achieve and maintain the fine alignment of its segmented primary mirror the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) plans to use focus-diverse wavefront sensing (WFS) techniques with science camera imagery. The optical requirements for JWST are such that the error contribution from the WFS itself must be limited tp 10nm rms over the controllable degrees of freedom of the telescope. In this paper, we will explore the requirements on the target selection and imaging requirements necessary to achieve the desired level of WFS accuracy. Using Monte Carlo simulations we explore the WFS error as a function of wavefront aberrations level, defocus-diversity level, optical bandwidth and imaging signal-to-noise ratio to establish the key imaging requirements. By taking into account practical integration time limits along with the distribution of the defocused point-spread functions, we establish the bright and faint star magnitude limits suitable for WFS target selection. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Green, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 306-336, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 944 EP 953 DI 10.1117/12.552433 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600089 ER PT S AU Ohara, CM Faust, JA Lowman, AE Green, JJ Redding, DC Basinger, SA Cohen, D Shi, F AF Ohara, CM Faust, JA Lowman, AE Green, JJ Redding, DC Basinger, SA Cohen, D Shi, F BE Mather, JC TI Phase retrieval camera optical testing of the advanced mirror system demonstrator (AMSD) SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE JWST; space telescope; wavefront sensing; optical testing; phase retrieval ID SPACE TELESCOPE; PERFORMANCE AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will use image-based wavefront sensing to align the telescope optics and achieve diffraction-limited performance at 2 mum. The Phase Retrieval Camera (PRC) is a high-accuracy, image-based wavefront sensor that was built for the optical characterization of JWST technology-demonstrator mirrors. Recently, experiments with the PRC were performed at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to measure the cryogenic surface figure of the beryllium Advanced Mirror System Demonstrator (AMSD). This paper describes the results of these experiments. Using the Modified Gerchberg-Saxton phase retrieval algorithm (JWST's baseline method for fine-phasing), the PRC measured wavefront aberrations that were as large as 10 waves peak-to-valley (wavefront) in the optical system. A comparison between the PRC results and measurements acquired with an Instantaneous Phase Interferometer will also be presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ohara, CM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 954 EP 962 DI 10.1117/12.551793 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600090 ER PT S AU Lyon, RG AF Lyon, RG BE Mather, JC TI Fizeau interferometry testbed: Wavefront control SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE imaging interferometry; wavefront sensing; optical control; phase retrieval; phase diversity ID PHASE RETRIEVAL AB Stellar Imager (SI) is a potential NASA space-based UV imaging interferometer to resolve the stellar disks of nearby stars. SI would consist of 20 - 30 separate spacecraft flying in formation at the Earth-Sun L2 libration point. Onboard wavefront control would be required to initially align the formation and maintain alignment during science observations and after array reconfiguration. The Fizeau Interferometry Testbed (FIT) is a testbed currently under development at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center to develop and study the wavefront control methodologies for Stellar Imager and other large, sparse aperture telescope systems. FIT consists of 7 articulated spherical mirrors in a Golay pattern, expandable upto 30 elements, and reconfigurable into multiple array patterns. FIT's purpose is to demonstrate image quality versus array configuration and to develop and advance the wavefront control for SI. FIT uses extended scene wavelength, focus and field diversity to estimate the wavefront across the set of apertures. The recovered wavefront is decomposed into the eigenmodes of the control matrix and actuators are moved to minimize the wavefront piston, tip and tilt. Each mirror's actuators are 3 degrees of freedom, however, they do not move each of the mirrors about a point on each mirrors surface, thus the mapping from wavefront piston, tip/tilt to mirror piston, tip/tilt is not diagonal. We initially estimate this mapping but update it as part of wavefront sensing and control process using system identification techniques. We discuss the FIT testbed, wavefront control methodology, and show initial results from FIT. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lyon, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 935, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Carpenter, Kenneth/D-4740-2012 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 963 EP 974 DI 10.1117/12.552198 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600091 ER PT S AU Lyon, RG Herman, JR Abuhassan, N Marx, CT Kizhner, S Crooke, J Toland, R Mariano, A Salerno, C Brown, G Cazeau, T Petrone, P Mamakos, B Tournois, S AF Lyon, RG Herman, JR Abuhassan, N Marx, CT Kizhner, S Crooke, J Toland, R Mariano, A Salerno, C Brown, G Cazeau, T Petrone, P Mamakos, B Tournois, S BE Mather, JC TI Solar viewing interferometer prototype SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE imaging interferometry; wavefront sensing; optical control; turbulence; spectroscopy AB The Earth Atmospheric Solar-Occultation Imager (EASI) is a proposed interferometer with 5 telescopes on an 8-meter boom in a 1D Fizeau configuration. Placed at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, EASI would perform absorption spectroscopy of the Earth's atmosphere occulting the Sun. Fizeau interferometers give spatial resolution comparable to a filled aperture but lower collecting area. Even with the small collecting area the high solar flux requires most of the energy to be reflected back to space. EASI will require closed loop control of the optics to compensate for spacecraft and instrument motions, thermal and structural transients and pointing jitter. The Solar Viewing Interferometry Prototype (SVIP) is a prototype ground instrument to study the needed wavefront control methods. SVIP consists of three 10 cm aperture telescopes, in a linear configuration, on a 1.2-meter boom that will estimate atmospheric abundances Of O-2, H2O, CO2, and CH4 versus altitude and azimuth in the 1.25 - 1.73 micron band. SVIP measures the Greenhouse Gas absorption while looking at the sun, and uses solar granulation to deduce piston, tip and tilt misalignments from atmospheric turbulence and the instrument structure. Tip/tilt sensors determine relative/absolute telescope pointing and operate from 0.43 - 0.48 microns to maximize contrast. Two piston sensors, using a robust variation of dispersed fringes, determine piston shifts between the baselines and operate from 0.5 - 0.73 microns. All sensors are sampled at 800 Hz and processed with a DSP computer and fed back at 200 Hz (3 dB) to the active optics. A 4 Hz error signal is also fed back to the tracking platform. Optical performance will be maintained to better than lambda/8 rms in closed-loop. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lyon, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 935, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI Herman, Jay/0000-0002-9146-1632 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1181 EP 1188 DI 10.1117/12.552237 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600113 ER PT S AU Coulter, DR AF Coulter, DR BE Mather, JC TI NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder missions SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr AB NASA has decided to move forward with two complementary Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) missions, a visible coronagraph and an infrared formation flying interferometer in collaboration with ESA. These missions are major missions in the NASA Office of Space Science Origins Theme. The primary science objectives of the TPF missions are to search for, detect, and characterize planets and planetary systems beyond our own Solar System, including specifically Earth-like planets. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Coulter, DR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1207 EP 1215 DI 10.1117/12.553056 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600116 ER PT S AU Unwin, SC Beichman, CA AF Unwin, SC Beichman, CA BE Mather, JC TI Terrestrial Planet Finder: Science overview SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE extrasolar planets; coronagraph; interferometer; comparative planetology ID KECK INTERFEROMETER; MASS AB The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) seeks to revolutionize our understanding of humanity's place in the universe - by searching for Earth-like planets using reflected light, or thermal emission in the mid-infrared. Direct detection implies that TPF must separate planet light from glare of the nearby star, a technical challenge which has only in recent years been recognized as surmountable. TPF will obtain a low-resolution spectrum of each planet it detects, providing some of its basic physical characteristics and its main atmospheric constituents, thereby allowing us to assess the likelihood that habitable conditions exist there. NASA has decided the scientific importance of this research is so high that TPF will be pursued as two complementary space observatories: a visible-light coronagraph and a mid-infrared formation-flying interferometer. The combination of spectra from both wavebands is much more valuable than either taken separately, and it will allow a much fuller understanding of the wide diversity of planetary atmospheres that may be expected to exist. Measurements across a broad wavelength range will yield not only physical properties such as size and albedo, but will also serve as the foundations of a reliable and robust assessment of habitability and the presence of life. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Unwin, SC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 301-486,480 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1216 EP 1225 DI 10.1117/12.550949 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600117 ER PT S AU Lindensmith, CA AF Lindensmith, CA BE Mather, JC TI Terrestrial Planet Finder: Technology development plans SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr AB One of humanity's oldest questions is whether life exists elsewhere in the universe. The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) mission will survey stars in our stellar neighborhood to search for planets and perform spectroscopic measurements to identify potential biomarkers in their atmospheres. In response to the recently published President's Plan for Space Exploration, TPF has plans to launch a visible-light coronagraph in 2014, and a separated-spacecraft infrared interferometer in 2016. Substantial funding has been committed to the development of the key technologies that are required to meet these goals for launch in the next decade. Efforts underway through industry and university contracts and at JPL include a number of system and subsystem testbeds, as well as components and numerical modeling capabilities. The science, technology, and design efforts are closely coupled to ensure that requirements and capabilities will be consistent and meet the science goals. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lindensmith, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 79-24,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1226 EP 1233 DI 10.1117/12.552284 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600118 ER PT S AU White, M Shaklan, S Lisman, PD Ho, T Mouroulis, P Basinger, S Ledeboer, B Kwack, E Kissil, A Mosier, G Liu, A Bowers, C Blaurock, C Cafferty, T AF White, M Shaklan, S Lisman, PD Ho, T Mouroulis, P Basinger, S Ledeboer, B Kwack, E Kissil, A Mosier, G Liu, A Bowers, C Blaurock, C Cafferty, T BE Mather, JC TI Design and performance of the Terrestrial Planet Finder coronagraph SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr AB Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph, one of two potential architectures, is described. The telescope is designed to make a visible wavelength survey of the habitable zones of at least thirty stars in search of earth-like planets. The preliminary system requirements, optical parameters, mechanical and thermal design, operations scenario and predicted performance is presented. The 6-meter aperture telescope has a monolithic primary mirror, which along with the secondary tower, are being designed to meet the stringent optical tolerances of the planet-finding mission. Performance predictions include dynamic and thermal finite element analysis of the telescope optics and structure, which are used to make predictions of the optical performance of the system C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP White, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1234 EP 1245 DI 10.1117/12.552335 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600119 ER PT S AU Lowman, AE Trauger, JT Gordon, B Green, JJ Moody, D Niessner, AF Shi, F AF Lowman, AE Trauger, JT Gordon, B Green, JJ Moody, D Niessner, AF Shi, F BE Mather, JC TI High-contrast imaging testbed for the Terrestrial Planet Finder coronagraph SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE TPF; coronagraph; wavefront sensing; active optics; deformable mirror ID WAVE-FRONT PHASE; PERFORMANCE; TELESCOPE; MASKS; SPACE AB The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) mission is planning to launch a visible coronagraphic space telescope in 2014. To achieve TPF science goals, the coronagraph must have extreme levels of wavefront correction (less than 1 Angstrom rms over controllable spatial frequencies) and stability to get the necessary suppression of diffracted starlight (similar to10(-10) contrast at an angular separation similar to4 lambda/D). TPF Coronagraph's primary platform for experimentation is the High Contrast Imaging Testbed, which will provide laboratory validation of key technologies as well as demonstration of a flight-traceable approach to implementation. Precision wavefront control in the testbed is provided by a high actuator density deformable mirror. Diffracted light control is achieved through use of occulting or apodizing masks and stops. Contrast measurements will establish the technical feasibility of TPF requirements, while model and error budget validation will demonstrate implementation viability. This paper describes the current testbed design, development approach, and recent experimental results. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lowman, AE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 306-451,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1246 EP 1254 DI 10.1117/12.547710 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600120 ER PT S AU Ford, VG Lisman, D Shaklan, S Trauger, J Ho, T Hoppe, D Lowman, A AF Ford, VG Lisman, D Shaklan, S Trauger, J Ho, T Hoppe, D Lowman, A BE Mather, JC TI The Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph: technology and mission design studies SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr AB The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) Coronagraph study involves exploring the technologies that enable a coronagraph-style instrument to image and characterize earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars. Test beds have been developed to demonstrate the emerging technologies needed for this effort and an architecture study has resulted in designs of a facility that will provide the environment needed for the technology to function in this role. A broad community of participants is involved in this work through studies, analyses, fabrication of components, and participation in the design effort. The scope of activities - both on the technology side and on the architecture study side - will be presented in this paper. The status and the future plans of the activities will be reviewed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ford, VG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1274 EP 1283 DI 10.1117/12.551539 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600123 ER PT S AU Shao, M Wallace, JK Levine, BM Liu, DC AF Shao, M Wallace, JK Levine, BM Liu, DC BE Mather, JC TI Visible nulling interferometer SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE Direct Planet detection; nulling; coronagraph AB The direct detection of Earthlike planets in the visible is a very challenging goal This paper describes a new concept for visible direct detection of Earths using a nulling interferometer instrument behind a 4m telescope in space. The basic concept is described along with the key advantages of the nulling interferometer over more traditional approaches, an apodized aperture telescope or coronagraph. In the baseline design, a 4 beam nuller produces a very deep theta<^>4 null. With perfect optics, the stellar leakage is less than 1e-11 of the starlight at the location of the planet. With diffraction limited (lambda/20) telescope optics suppression of the starlight to similar to1e-10 would be possible. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shao, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1296 EP 1303 DI 10.1117/12.552527 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600125 ER PT S AU Shiri, S Lyon, RG Woodruff, RA Antosik, R AF Shiri, S Lyon, RG Woodruff, RA Antosik, R BE Mather, JC TI A vector diffraction model of wave propagation in a coronagraphic terrestrial planet finder SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr AB In this work we study vector electromagnetic wave propagation in a visible-light coronagraph for applications to the design and analysis of Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). A visible light coronagraph in TPF requires detection of a terrestrial planet which is similar to10(10) dimmer than the central stellar source. Consequently, any theory used to design and analyze TPF requires accuracy better than 10(-10) in intensity or 10(-5) in electric field. Current coronagraphic approaches to TPF have relied on scalar diffraction theory. However, the vector nature of light requires a vector approach to the problem. In this study we employ a time-harmonic vector theory to study the electromagnetic field propagation through metallic focal plane occulting mask on dielectric substrate. We use parallelized edge-based vector finite element model to compute the wave propagation in a three-dimensional tetrahedral grid representing the geometry of the coronagraph. The edge-based finite element method overcomes the problem of modal propagation and rigorously enforces the field divergence to be zero. The reflectivity and transmittivity in the geometry are computed through the gold metal in various shapes using a planar incident beam. Subsequently, the near-field beam diffraction around the mask is investigated. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shiri, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1322 EP 1329 DI 10.1117/12.552163 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600128 ER PT S AU Trauger, J Burrows, C Gordon, B Green, J Lowman, A Moody, D Niessner, A Shi, F Wilson, D AF Trauger, J Burrows, C Gordon, B Green, J Lowman, A Moody, D Niessner, A Shi, F Wilson, D BE Mather, JC TI Coronagraph contrast demonstrations with high contrast imaging testbed SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE active optics; coronagraphs; space astronomy AB Predictions of contrast performance for the Eclipse coronagraphic telescope are based on computational models that are tested and validated with laboratory experience. We review recent laboratory work in the key technology areas for an actively-corrected space telescope designed for extremely high-contrast imaging of nearby planetary systems. These include apodized coronagraphic masks, precision deformable mirrors, and coronagraphic algorithms for wavefront sensing and correction, as integrated in the high contrast imaging testbed at JPL. Future work will focus on requirements for the Terrestrial Planet Finder coronagraph mission. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Trauger, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1330 EP 1336 DI 10.1117/12.552520 PN 1-3 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600129 ER PT S AU Breckinridge, JB AF Breckinridge, JB BE Mather, JC TI Image formation in high-contrast optical systems: The role polarization SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr ID THIN-FILMS; ANISOTROPY AB To find evidence of life in the Universe outside our solar system is one of the most compelling and visionary adventures of the 21st century. The technologies to create the telescopes and instruments that will enable this discovery are now within the grasp of mankind. Direct imaging of a very faint planet around a neighboring bright star requires high contrast or a hypercontrast optical imaging system capable of controlling unwanted radiation within the system to one part in ten to the 11th. This paper identifies several physical phenomena that affect image quality in high contrast imaging systems. Polarization induced at curved metallic surfaces and by anisotropy in the deposition process (Smith-Purcell effect) along with beam shifts introduced by the Goos-Hachen effect are discussed. A typical configuration is analyzed, and technical risk mitigation concepts are discussed. C1 NASA, Origins Program, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Breckinridge, JB (reprint author), NASA, Origins Program, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1337 EP 1345 DI 10.1117/12.548932 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600130 ER PT S AU Green, JJ Shaklan, SB Vanderbei, RJ Kasdin, NJ AF Green, JJ Shaklan, SB Vanderbei, RJ Kasdin, NJ BE Mather, JC TI The sensitivity of shaped pupil corongraphs to optical aberrations SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE shaped pupil; coronagraphic telescope; error modeling; optical aberrations; extrasolar planets ID MASKS; CORONAGRAPH AB Unlike focal-plane coronagraphs that use occulting spots and Lyot stops to eliminate diffraction, pupil-plane coronagraphs operate by shaping the pupil to redirect the diffracted stellar light into a tight core. As with focal-plane coronagraphs, the optical aberrations in the telescope must be sufficiently corrected to enable high contrast imaging. However, in shaped-pupil coronagraphs, the low-order aberrations resulting from misaliginnent and optical figure drift have a much smaller influence upon the contrast at the inner working angle. These weaker sensitivities greatly relax the strict low-order wavefront stability required for high-contrast imaging at the cost of some throughput. In this paper, we present the simulated performance of the concentric ring shaped pupil concepts comparing them to focal-plane coronagraphs that are optimized for the same inner working angles. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Green, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1358 EP 1367 DI 10.1117/12.552328 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600132 ER PT S AU Koch, D Borucki, W Dunham, E Geary, J Gilliland, R Jenkins, J Latham, D Bachtell, E Berry, D Deininger, W Duren, R Gautier, TN Gillis, L Mayer, D Miller, C Shafer, D Sobeck, C Stewart, C Weiss, M AF Koch, D Borucki, W Dunham, E Geary, J Gilliland, R Jenkins, J Latham, D Bachtell, E Berry, D Deininger, W Duren, R Gautier, TN Gillis, L Mayer, D Miller, C Shafer, D Sobeck, C Stewart, C Weiss, M BE Mather, JC TI Overview and status of the Kepler Mission SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE extra-solar planets; Earth-size planets; planet detection; photometry; transit method; Kepler Mission AB The Kepler Mission is a search for terrestrial planets specifically designed to detect Earth-size planets in the habitable zones of solar-like stars. In addition, the mission has a broad detection capability for a wide range of planetary sizes, planetary orbits and spectral types of stars. The mission is in the midst of the developmental phase with good progress leading to the preliminary design review later this year. Long lead procurements are well under way. An overview in all areas is presented including both the flight system (photometer and spacecraft) and the ground system. Launch is on target for 2007 on a Delta II. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Koch, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1491 EP 1500 DI 10.1117/12.552346 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600147 ER PT S AU Leisawitz, D Abel, T Allen, R Benford, D Blain, A Bombardelli, C Calzetti, D DiPirro, MJ Ehrenfreund, P Evans, N Fischer, J Harwit, M Hyde, TT Kuchner, MJ Leitner, J Lorenzini, E Mather, JC Menten, K Moseley, SH Mundy, LG Nakagawa, T Neufeld, D Pearson, JC Rinehart, SA Roman, J Satyapal, S Silverberg, RF Stahl, HP Rinehart, SA Roman, J Satyapal, S Silverberg, RF Stahl, HP Swain, M Swanson, TD Traub, W Wright, EL Yorke, HW AF Leisawitz, D Abel, T Allen, R Benford, D Blain, A Bombardelli, C Calzetti, D DiPirro, MJ Ehrenfreund, P Evans, N Fischer, J Harwit, M Hyde, TT Kuchner, MJ Leitner, J Lorenzini, E Mather, JC Menten, K Moseley, SH Mundy, LG Nakagawa, T Neufeld, D Pearson, JC Rinehart, SA Roman, J Satyapal, S Silverberg, RF Stahl, HP Rinehart, SA Roman, J Satyapal, S Silverberg, RF Stahl, HP Swain, M Swanson, TD Traub, W Wright, EL Yorke, HW BE Mather, JC TI SPECS: The kilometer-baseline Far-IR interferometer in NASA's space science roadmap SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE infrared; subn-tillimeter; interferometry; detectors; formation flying; cryogenic optics AB Ultimately, after the Single Aperture Far-IR (SAFIR) telescope, astrophysicists will need a far-IR observatory that provides angular resolution comparable to that of the Hubble Space Telescope. At such resolution galaxies at high I protostars, and nascent planetary systems will be resolved, and theoretical models for galaxy, star, and planet redshift. formation and evolution can be subjected to important observational tests. This paper updates information provided in a 2000 SPIE paper on the scientific motivation and design concepts for interferometric missions SPIRIT (the Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope) and SPECS (the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure). SPECS is a kilometer baseline far-IR/submillimeter imaging and spectral interferometer that depends on formation flying, and SPIRIT is a highly-capable pathfinder interferometer on a boom with a maximum baseline in the 30 - 50 m range. We describe recent community planning activities, remind readers of the scientific rationale for space-based far-infrared present updated design concepts for the SPIRIT and SPECS missions, and describe the main imaging interferometry. issues currently under study. The engineering and technology requirements for SPIRIT and SPECS, additional design details. recent technology developments, and technology roadmaps are given in a companion paper in the Proceedings of the conference on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leisawitz, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Kuchner, Marc/E-2288-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1527 EP 1537 DI 10.1117/12.552150 PN 1-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600151 ER PT S AU Clampin, M Melnick, G Lyon, R Ford, H Angel, R Gezari, D Golimowski, D Hartig, G Harwit, M Holman, M Illingworth, G Kenyon, S Lin, D Marley, M Olivier, S Petro, L Sasselov, D Schneider, J Seager, S Shao, M Sparks, W Tolls, V Weinberger, A Smith, H Carter, R Woodruff, R Hyatt, B Kendrick, S Purmot, D AF Clampin, M Melnick, G Lyon, R Ford, H Angel, R Gezari, D Golimowski, D Hartig, G Harwit, M Holman, M Illingworth, G Kenyon, S Lin, D Marley, M Olivier, S Petro, L Sasselov, D Schneider, J Seager, S Shao, M Sparks, W Tolls, V Weinberger, A Smith, H Carter, R Woodruff, R Hyatt, B Kendrick, S Purmot, D BE Mather, JC TI Extrasolar planetary imaging coronagraphy (EPIC) SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE HST; ACS; CCDs; WFC; HRC; SBC; coronagraph; grism; nulling AB The Extrasolar Planetary Imaging Coronagraph (EPIC) will provide the first direct measurements of a broad range of fundamental physical characteristics of giant planets in other solar systems. These characteristics include orbital inclination, mass, brightness, color, the presence (or absence) of CH4 and H20, and orbital or rotational-driven variability. EPIC utilizes a 1.5 meter telescope coupled to a Visible Nulling Coronagraph to achieve these science goals. EPIC has been proposed as a Discovery Mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Clampin, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012; Lyon, Richard/D-5022-2012; OI Petro, Larry/0000-0001-8879-528X NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1538 EP 1544 DI 10.1117/12.552314 PN 1-3 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600152 ER PT S AU Ennico, KA Sandford, SA AF Ennico, KA Sandford, SA CA ABE Sci Team BE Mather, JC TI Identifying organic molecules in space - The AstroBiology Explorer (ABE) mission concept SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE astrobiology; infrared; Explorers; interstellar organics; telescope; spectrometer; space; infrared detectors ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY AB The AstroBiology Explorer (ABE) mission concept consists of a dedicated space observatory having a 60 cm class primary mirror cooled to T < 50 K equipped with medium resolution cross-dispersed spectrometers having cooled large format near- and mid-infrared detector arrays. Such a system would be capable of addressing outstanding problems in Astrochemistry and Astrophysics that are particularly relevant to Astrobiology and addressable via astronomical observation. The mission's observational program would make fundamental scientific progress in establishing the nature. distribution, formation and evolution of organic and other molecular materials in the following extra-terrestrial environments: 1) The Outflow of Dying Stars, 2) The Diffuse Interstellar Medium, 3) Dense Molecular Clouds, Star Formation Regions, and Young Stellar/Planetary Systems, 4) Planets, Satellites, and Small Bodies within the Solar System, and 5) The Interstellar Media of Other Galaxies. ABE could make fundamental progress in all of these areas by conducting, a 1 to 2 year mission to obtain a coordinated set of infrared spectroscopic observations over the 2.5-20 micron spectral range at a spectral resolution of R > 2000 of about 1500 objects including galaxies, stars, planetary nebulae, young stellar objects, and solar system objects. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ennico, KA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Ennico, Kimberly/L-9606-2014 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1553 EP 1562 DI 10.1117/12.550236 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600154 ER PT S AU Gautier, TN Gilliland, R AF Gautier, TN Gilliland, R BE Mather, JC TI Expected effects of hot CCD pixels on detection of transits of extra-solar planets with the Kepler Mission SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE extra-solar planets; planet detection; photometry; CCDs; space observatories; transit method; Kepler Mission; hot pixels AB Detection of Earth sized extra-solar planets by the transit method requires measurement of quite small variations (similar to8 x 10(-5)) in the brightness of candidate stars. Noise contributed by hot pixels in CCD detectors operating in the space environment, among other noise sources, must be understood and controlled in order to design transit experiments like the Kepler Mission, which will attempt to measure the distribution of planets as small as the Earth around solar type stars from space. We have analyzed the hot pixel statistics for CCD detectors on several operating space instruments and conclude that neither the amplitude nor the variability of hot pixels will significantly impair the ability of the Kepler Mission to detect transits of earth sized planets transiting solar type stars. The Kepler Mission is currently in the design stage and is expected to begin operation in 2007. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gautier, TN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1572 EP 1580 DI 10.1117/12.552051 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600156 ER PT S AU Stahl, HP AF Stahl, HP BE Mather, JC TI Mirror requirements for SAFIR SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE cryogenic optics; mirror requirements; space telescopes AB Large-aperture lightweight low-cost cryogenic mirrors are an enabling technology for planned infrared, far-infrared and sub-millimeter missions such as CMB-POL, SAFIR, TPF-I and SPECS. This paper examines the mirror requirements for such telescopes and issues associated with their design, manufacture and test. Candidate mirrors must be able to survive launch and operate at temperatures below 10K. They must have a surface figure error of 1 mum rms, an areal density of less than 10 kg/m2, apertures of 1 to 2 meters and an areal cost of less than $500K per square meter. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stahl, HP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1613 EP 1616 DI 10.1117/12.552155 PN 1-3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600161 ER PT S AU Yorke, HW Paine, C Bradford, M Dragovan, M Nash, A Dooley, J Lawrence, C AF Yorke, HW Paine, C Bradford, M Dragovan, M Nash, A Dooley, J Lawrence, C BE Mather, JC TI Thermal design trades for SAFIR architecture concepts SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE SAFIR; thermal control; large apertures; infrared telescopes; submillimeter telescopes AB SAFIR is a 10-meter, 4 K space telescope optimized for wavelengths between 20 microns and 1 mm. The combination of aperture diameter and telescope temperature will provide a raw sensitivity improvement of more than a factor of 1000 over presently-planned missions. The sensitivity will be comparable to that of the JWST and ALMA, but at the critical far infrared wavelengths, where much of the universe's radiative energy has emerged since the origin of stars and galaxies. We examine several of the critical technologies for SAFIR which enable the large cold aperture, and present results of studies examining the spacecraft thermal architecture. Both the method by which the aperture is filled, and the overall optical design for the telescope can impact the potential scientific return of SAFIR. Thermal architecture that goes far beyond the sunshades developed for the James Webb Space Telescope will be necessary to achieve the desired sensitivity of SAFIR. By optimizing a combination of active and passive cooling at critical points within the observatory, a significant reduction of the required level of active cooling can be obtained. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yorke, HW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1617 EP 1624 DI 10.1117/12.551995 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600162 ER PT S AU Hasan, H AF Hasan, H BE Mather, JC TI NASA's astronomy & physics technology research program SO OPTICAL, INFRARED, AND MILLIMETER SPACE TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes CY JUN 21-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, European Astron Soc, European Opt Soc, European SO Observ, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Int Astron Union, Jet Propuls Lab, Max-Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Astron Obser Network, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Adv Radio Astron Europe, Royal Astron Soc, Scottish Enterprise, Smart Opt Faraday Partnership, UK Astron Technol Ctr DE explorer program; technology development; NASA AB NASA has an active research program for technology development to address the needs of Astronomy and Physics mission needs. This paper outlines the strategic scientific and technical goals for the Astronomical Search for Origins and Extrasolar Planets and the Structure and Evolution of the Universe science themes. Technology development opportunities are discussed and examples given of some research programs. Research areas currently being funded include detectors, lightweight mirrors, holographic gratings, filters, and instruments for sounding rocket flights. The Explorer program, which offers opportunities for building and flying focused science missions is also described. C1 NASA, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Hasan, H (reprint author), NASA, Off Space Sci, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5419-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5487 BP 1657 EP 1668 DI 10.1117/12.568233 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBE11 UT WOS:000225098600166 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Hanan, J Zhou, HY Reyes, G AF Chao, TH Hanan, J Zhou, HY Reyes, G BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Portable 512 x 512 Grayscale Optical Correlator SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recongnition XV CY APR 15-16, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE 512 x 512 Grayscale Optical Correlator; portable systems; CMOS photodetector array with FPGA peak; detection processor; automatic target detection AB JPL is developing a portable 512 x 512 Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC) system for target data mining and identification applications. This GOC system will utilized a pair of 512 x 512 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator (FLCSLM) to achieve 1000 frames/sec data throughput. Primary system design issues including: optics design to achieve compact system volume with fine tuning capability, photodetector array with onboard post-processing for peak detection and target identification. These issues and corresponding solutions will be discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5360-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5437 BP 13 EP 16 DI 10.1117/12.548059 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAI04 UT WOS:000222349200002 ER PT S AU Zhou, HY Hughlett, C Hanan, JC Chao, TH AF Zhou, HY Hughlett, C Hanan, JC Chao, TH BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI On the development of filter management module for grayscale optical correlator SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recongnition XV CY APR 15-16, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE filter synthesis; gray-scale optical correlator AB An Optical Processing for the Mining and Identification of Targets (OPMIT) system is being proposed to significantly reduce broad area search workload for NIMA imagery analysts. Central to the system is a Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC), developed by JPL in recent years. In this paper we discuss some preliminary development of an important system component - the filter management module - that is critical for the success of GOC operation. The emphasis is on the streamlining the OT-MACH filter synthesis/testing procedure for effective and efficient filter design while maintaining filter performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhou, HY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 303-300, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5360-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5437 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1117/12.548066 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAI04 UT WOS:000222349200009 ER PT S AU Hanan, JC Chao, TH Reyes, GF AF Hanan, JC Chao, TH Reyes, GF BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Performance of multi level error correction in binary holographic memory SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recongnition XV CY APR 15-16, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE error correction; holographic memory; data storage; parity; bit matrix; particle analysis AB At the Optical Computing Lab in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) a binary holographic data storage system was designed and tested with methods of recording and retrieving the binary information. Levels of error correction were introduced to the system including pixel averaging, thresholding, and parity checks. Errors were artificially introduced into the binary holographic data storage system and were monitored as a function of the defect area fraction, which showed a strong influence on data integrity. Average area fractions exceeding one quarter of the bit area caused unrecoverable errors. Efficient use of the available data density was discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hanan, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5360-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5437 BP 109 EP 114 DI 10.1117/12.548068 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAI04 UT WOS:000222349200011 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Zhou, HY Xia, XW Serati, S AF Chao, TH Zhou, HY Xia, XW Serati, S BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Hyperspectral Imaging using Electro-Optic Fourier Transform Spectrometer SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recongnition XV CY APR 15-16, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Hyperspectral Imaging; solid-state Imaging Fourier transform spectrometer; birefringent phase retarder; liquid crystal achromatic phase switch AB JPL and BNS Inc. are jointly developing a compact, low mass, Electro-Optic Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (E-O IFTS) for hyperspectral imaging applications. The spectral region of this spectrometer will be 1 similar to 2.5; mum. (1000 - 4000 cm(-1)) to allow high-resolution, high-speed hyperspectral imaging applications. The specific applications for NASA's missions will focus on the measurement of a large number of different atmospheric gases simultaneously in the same airmass. Due to the use of a combination of birefringent phase retarders and multiple achromatic phase switches to achieve phase delay, this spectrometer is capable of hyperspectral measurements similar to that of the conventional Fourier transform spectrometer but without any moving parts. In this paper, the principle of operations, system architecture and recent experimental progress will be presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5360-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5437 BP 163 EP 170 DI 10.1117/12.548075 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAI04 UT WOS:000222349200017 ER PT S AU Talukder, A Morookian, JM Monacos, S Lam, R Lebaw, C Bond, A AF Talukder, A Morookian, JM Monacos, S Lam, R Lebaw, C Bond, A BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Fast non-invasive eyetracking and eye-gaze determination for biomedical and remote monitoring applications SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recongnition XV CY APR 15-16, 2004 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE detection; CCD (Charge coupled device); eyetracking; human-computer interaction (HCI); tracking; image processing hardware; field programmable gate array (FPGA) ID MOVEMENTS AB Eyetracking is one of the latest technologies that has shown potential in several areas including human-computer interaction for people with and without disabilities, and for noninvasive monitoring, detection, and even diagnosis of physiological and neurological problems in individuals. Current non-invasive eyetracking methods achieve a 30 Hz rate with possibly low accuracy in gaze estimation, that is insufficient for many applications. We propose a new non-invasive visual eyetracking system that is capable of operating at speeds as high as 6-12 KHz. A new CCD video camera and hardware architecture is used, and a novel fast image processing algorithm leverages specific features of the input CCD camera to yield a real-time eyetracking system. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is used to control the CCD camera and execute the image processing operations. Initial results show the excellent performance of our system under severe head motion and low contrast conditions. C1 Jet Prop Lab, In Situ Instruments Sect, Intelligent Instruments & Syst Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Talukder, A (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, In Situ Instruments Sect, Intelligent Instruments & Syst Technol Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 300-123, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5360-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5437 BP 179 EP 190 DI 10.1117/12.548073 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BAI04 UT WOS:000222349200019 ER PT S AU Lakew, B Aslam, S Brasunas, JC AF Lakew, B Aslam, S Brasunas, JC BE Culshaw, B Mignani, AG Riesenberg, R TI Performance of a far-IR TES bolometer on monolithic sapphire membrane. SO OPTICAL SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Sensing CY APR 27-29, 2004 CL Strasbourg, FRANCE SP SPIE DE monolithic sapphire membrane; high Tc superconductor; TES bolometer; far infrared; detection; YBCO ID SUPERCONDUCTING BOLOMETER AB The performance of a high Tc (similar to90 K) transition-edge superconducting (TES) bolometer on a monolithic sapphire membrane is presented and discussed. It is compared to the performance of a previous TES bolometer on non-monolithic sapphire substrate. The development and optimization of monolithic sapphire membranes is critical for the fabrication of I and 2-D arrays of TES bolometers. Moderately cooled and optimized TES bolometers are expected to be the replacements of choice for thermopiles and other room temperature thermal sensors on far IR instruments on future planetary missions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lakew, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Aslam, Shahid/D-1099-2012; brasunas, john/I-2798-2013 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5381-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5459 BP 76 EP 80 DI 10.1117/12.546611 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBA69 UT WOS:000224430900008 ER PT S AU Minor, J Wood, BE Green, BD Yung, SK AF Minor, J Wood, BE Green, BD Yung, SK BE Chen, PTC Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI NASA's SEE program review and satellite contamination and materials outgassing knowledgebase update SO OPTICAL SYSTEMS DEGRADATION, CONTAMINATION, AND STRAY LIGHT: EFFECTS, MEASUREMENTS, AND CONTROL SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination and Stray Light CY AUG 02-05, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE AB This paper provides a review and discussion of current and future efforts associated with the NASA's Space Environments and Effects (SEE) Program. An update of the Satellite Contamination and Materials Outgassing Knowledgebase is also presented. Recent additions to the Knowledgebase are discussed. C1 NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Minor, J (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5464-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5526 BP 91 EP 97 DI 10.1117/12.562673 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBH60 UT WOS:000225563500010 ER PT S AU Flittner, DE Janz, SJ Hilsenrath, E McPeters, RD AF Flittner, DE Janz, SJ Hilsenrath, E McPeters, RD BE Chen, PTC Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Stray light characterization of the Limb Ozone Retrieval Experiment SO OPTICAL SYSTEMS DEGRADATION, CONTAMINATION, AND STRAY LIGHT: EFFECTS, MEASUREMENTS, AND CONTROL SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination and Stray Light CY AUG 02-05, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE stray light; limb scatter; ozone profile ID RADIANCE CALIBRATIONS; INSTRUMENTS AB One retrieval technique of ozone profiles using scattered light from the limb of the atmosphere utilizes measurements made high in the atmosphere as a reference.(1) While this procedure relaxes the radiometric accuracy required, it accentuates the need for stray light characterization. In addition, when the entire limb (all altitudes of interest) is imaged simultaneously, as done by the Limb Ozone Retrieval Experiment (LORE) with a linear diode array, the stray light must be characterized for the reference altitude to within 1.0e-04 of the maximum signal in the field of regard (typically at the lowest altitudes). For this system this further translates into the need to know the spatial point-spread function over 5-6 orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the use of pre-flight laboratory instrument characterization, in flight observations and radiative transfer modeling to characterize the stray light of LORE during STS107. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Flittner, DE (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RI McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013 OI McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5464-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5526 BP 220 EP 227 DI 10.1117/12.558368 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBH60 UT WOS:000225563500023 ER PT S AU Lowman, AE Stauder, JL AF Lowman, AE Stauder, JL BE Chen, PTC Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Stray light lessons learned from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Optical Navigation Camera SO OPTICAL SYSTEMS DEGRADATION, CONTAMINATION, AND STRAY LIGHT: EFFECTS, MEASUREMENTS, AND CONTROL SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination and Stray Light CY AUG 02-05, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE stray light; lenses ID OFF-AXIS RESPONSE AB The Optical Navigation Camera (ONC) is a technical demonstration slated to fly on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2005. Conventional navigation methods have reduced accuracy in the days immediately preceding Mars orbit insertion. The resulting uncertainty in spacecraft location limits rover landing sites to relatively safe areas, away from interesting features that may harbor clues to past life on the planet. The ONC will provide accurate navigation on approach for future missions by measuring the locations of the satellites of Mars relative to background stars. Because Mars will be a bright extended object just outside the camera's field of view, stray light control at small angles is essential. The ONC optomechanical design was analyzed by stray light experts and appropriate baffles were implemented. However, stray light testing revealed significantly higher levels of light than expected at the most critical angles. The primary error source proved to be the interface between ground glass surfaces (and the paint that had been applied to them) and the polished surfaces of the lenses. This paper will describe troubleshooting and correction of the problem, as well as other lessons learned that affected stray light performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lowman, AE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 306-451, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5464-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5526 BP 240 EP 248 DI 10.1117/12.566080 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BBH60 UT WOS:000225563500025 ER PT S AU Decker, AJ Anderson, RC Weiland, KE Wrbanek, SY AF Decker, AJ Anderson, RC Weiland, KE Wrbanek, SY BE Dholakia, K Spalding, GC TI Neural network for image-to-image control of optical tweezers SO OPTICAL TRAPPING AND OPTICAL MICROMANIPULATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE neural networks; spatial light modulators; nanotechnology; calibration AB A method is discussed for using neural networks to control optical tweezers. Neural-net outputs are combined with scaling and tiling to generate 480X480-pixel control patterns for a spatial light modulator (SLM). The SLM can be combined in various ways with a microscope to create movable tweezers traps with controllable profiles. The neural nets are intended to respond to scattered light from carbon and silicon carbide nanotube sensors. The nanotube sensors are to be held by the traps for manipulation and calibration. Scaling and tiling allow the 100X100-pixel maximum resolution of the neural-net software to be applied in stages to exploit the full 480X480-pixel resolution of the SLM. One of these stages is intended to create sensitive null detectors for detecting variations in the scattered fight from the nanotube sensors. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Decker, AJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 2100 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5452-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5514 BP 150 EP 159 DI 10.1117/12.559564 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BBN52 UT WOS:000226283000017 ER PT S AU Ramsey, B Elsner, R Engelhaupt, D Gubarev, M Kolodziejczak, J O'Dell, S Speegle, C Weisskope, M AF Ramsey, B Elsner, R Engelhaupt, D Gubarev, M Kolodziejczak, J O'Dell, S Speegle, C Weisskope, M BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI The development of hard-X-ray optics at MSFC SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB We have developed the electroformed-nickel replication process to enable us to fabricate light-weight, high-quality mirrors for the hard-x-ray region. Two projects currently utilizing this technology are the production of 240 mirror shells, of diameters ranging from 50 to 94 mm, for our HERO balloon payload, and 150- and 230-mm-diameter shells for a prototype Constellation-X hard-x-ray telescope module. The challenge for the former is to fabricate, mount, align and fly a large number of high-resolution mirrors within the constraints of a modest budget. For the latter, the challenge is to maintain high angular resolution despite weight-budget-driven mirror shell thicknesses (100 gm) which make the shells extremely sensitive to fabrication and handling stresses, and to ensure that the replication process does not degrade the ultra-smooth surface finish (similar to3 Angstrom) required for eventual multilayer coatings. We present a progress report on these two programs. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ramsey, B (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 3 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 129 EP 135 DI 10.1117/12.509619 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500014 ER PT S AU Zhang, W Content, D Saha, T Petre, R O'Dell, S Jones, W Davis, W Podgorski, W AF Zhang, W Content, D Saha, T Petre, R O'Dell, S Jones, W Davis, W Podgorski, W BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI Development of X-ray reflectors for the Constellation-X observatory SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID MIRROR SEGMENTS; GLASS AB The Constellation-X observatory is planned to have four identical satellites, each of which carries, among other instruments, a Spectroscopic X-ray Telescope (SXT). The SXT has a 10m focal length and 1.6m diameter aperture. It has a total effective X-ray collection area of similar to7,500cm(2) at 1 keV. Mission science requirements call for an angular resolution of 15" half-power diameter (HPD) at the observatory level. Combining the large collection area requirement, the angular resolution requirement, and a mass requirement, we are faced with an unprecedented task of fabricating X-ray mirror segments with an areal density of only 1 kg/m(2) which is typically called gossamer optics. We have adopted a two-step process for fabricating the mirror segments: (1) first slump a flat sheet of glass onto a forming mandrel to create a substrate, and then (2) epoxy-replicate the substrate off a precision replication mandrel to eliminate any defects or errors on its surface. As of the writing of this paper in late August 2003, we have demonstrated a process for reliably making excellent substrates. Best mirror segments fabricated so far, if aligned and mounted without error, have an angular resolution in the vicinity of 20" HPD, close to, but not quite, meeting requirements. We expect that in the next year, when forming mandrels that meet requirements are procured, we will be able to fabricate mirror segments that actually meet and even possibly exceed the SXT requirements. In this paper, we report on the baseline mirror fabrication method and the status of its development as of August 2003. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhang, W (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 168 EP 179 DI 10.1117/12.509131 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500018 ER PT S AU Petre, R Content, D O'Dell, S Owens, S Podgorsky, W Stewart, J Saha, T Zhang, W AF Petre, R Content, D O'Dell, S Owens, S Podgorsky, W Stewart, J Saha, T Zhang, W BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI Recent progress on the Constellation-X spectroscopy X-ray telescope (SXT) SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray mirrors; constellation-X AB The Constellation X-ray Observatory consists of four identical spacecraft, each carrying a complement of high sensitivity X-ray instrumentation. At the heart of each is the grazing incidence mirror of the Spectroscopy X-ray Telescope (SXT). This mirror has a diameter of 1.6 m, a focal length of 10 m, mass not exceeding similar to650 kg. The required angular resolution is 15 arc seconds and the effective area at 1 keV must exceed 7,500 cm(2). Achieving these performance requirements in a cost effective way within the allocated mass is accomplished via a modular design, incorporating lightweight, multiply-nested, segmented Wolter Type I X-ray mirrors. The reflecting elements are composed of thin, thermally formed glass sheets, with epoxy-replicated X-ray reflecting surfaces. Co-alignment of groups of reflectors to the required sub-micron accuracy is I assisted by precision silicon microstructures. Optical alignment incorporates the Centroid Detector Assembly (CDA) originally developed for aligning the Chandra mirror. In this talk we present an overview of recent progress in the SXT technology development program. Recent efforts have concentrated on producing an engineering unit that demonstrates all the key fabrication and alignment processes, and meets the angular resolution performance goal. Additionally, we describe the initial steps toward flight mirror production, anticipating a Constellation-X launch early in the next decade. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Xray Astrophys Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Petre, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Xray Astrophys Branch, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM robert.petre-1@nasa.gov OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 196 EP 206 DI 10.1117/12.506784 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500020 ER PT S AU Content, D Colella, D Fleetwood, C Hadjimichael, T Saha, T Wright, G Zhang, W AF Content, D Colella, D Fleetwood, C Hadjimichael, T Saha, T Wright, G Zhang, W BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI Optical metrology for the segmented optics on the Constellation-X Soft X-ray telescope SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical metrology; X-ray optics; Constellation-X AB We present the metrology requirements and metrology implementation necessary to prove out the mirror technology for the Constellation-X (C-X) soft x-ray telescope (SXT). This segmented, 1.6m diameter highly nested Wolter-1 telescope presents many metrology and alignment challenges. A variety of contact and non-contact optical shape measurement, profiling and interferometric methods are combined to test the forming mandrels, some of the replication mandrels, the formed glass substrates before replication and the replicated mirror segments. The mirror segments are tested both stand-alone and in-situ in mirror assemblies. Some of these methods have not been used on prior x-ray telescopes and some are feasible only because of the segmented approach used on the SXT. Methods to be discussed include axial interferometric profiling, azimuthal circularity profiling, midfrequency error profiling, and axial roughness profiling. The most critical measurement is axial profiling, and we compare the method in use to previous methods such as the long trace profilometer (LTP). A companion paper discusses the method of non-contact 3D profiling using a laser sensor and distance measuring interferometers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Content, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 207 EP 218 DI 10.1117/12.508144 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500021 ER PT S AU Gubarev, M Ramsey, B Kester, T Speegle, C Engelhaupt, D Martin, G AF Gubarev, M Ramsey, B Kester, T Speegle, C Engelhaupt, D Martin, G BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI Figure measurements of high-energy-X-ray replicated optics SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE x-ray optics instrumentation; electroform-nickel replication; long trace profilometer; figure measurements ID LONG TRACE PROFILER; SURFACES; MIRRORS AB We are developing grazing incidence x-ray optics for a balloon-borne hard-x-ray telescope (HERO). The HERO mirror shells are fabricated using electroform-nickel replication off super-polished cylindrical mandrels. One of the sources for mirror resolution error is departure of the shell figure from prescription. We have modified a Vertical-scan Long Trace Profilometer (VLTP) in order to measure the figure of the inner surface of the HERO mirror shells for diameters as small as 74 mm. Metrology of the figure, the microroughness, tilt angle, the circularity for the shell mirrors and the mandrels, as well as alignment procedures are discussed. Comparison of metrology of the mandrel and the shells is presented together with results from x-ray tests. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gubarev, M (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.1117/12.508336 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500023 ER PT S AU Owens, SM Hair, J Stewart, J Petre, R Zhang, W Podgorski, W Glenn, P Content, D Saha, T Nanan, G AF Owens, SM Hair, J Stewart, J Petre, R Zhang, W Podgorski, W Glenn, P Content, D Saha, T Nanan, G BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI The Constellation-X SXT optical alignment pathfinder 2 - Design, implementation and alignment SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE segmented optics; optic alignment; optical metrology; centroid detector assembly AB The Constellation-X SXT mirrors and housings continue to evolve toward a flight-like design. Our second-generation alignment housing, the Optical Alignment Pathfinder 2 (OAP2), is a monolithic titanium structure that is nested inside the OAP I alignment jig, described in a previous paper (J. Hair, et. al., SPIE 20021). In order to perform x-ray tests in a configuration where the optical axis is horizontal, and continue to develop more flight-like structures, we needed to design a strong, but lightweight housing that would impart minimal deformations on the thin segmented mirrors when it is rotated from the vertical orientation used for optical alignment to the horizontal orientation that is used for x-ray testing. This paper will focus on the design of the OAP2 housing, and the assembly and alignment of the optics within the OAP1 plus OAP2 combination using the Centroid Detector Assembly (CDA). The CDA is an optical alignment tool that was successfully used for the HRMA alignment on the Chandra X-ray Observatory. In addition, since the glass we are using is so thin and flexible, we will present the response of the optical alignment quality of a Wolter-I segment to known deformations introduced in by the OAP1 alignment housing. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Owens, SM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1117/12.509366 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500025 ER PT S AU O'Dell, SL Baker, MA Carter, JM Content, DA Davis, WN Freeman, MD Glenn, PE Gubarev, M Hair, JH Kolodziejczak, JJ Jones, WD Joy, MK McCracken, JE Nanan, G Owens, SM Petre, R Podgorski, WA Ramsey, BD Saha, TT Stewart, JW Swartz, DA Zhang, WW Zirnstein, G AF O'Dell, SL Baker, MA Carter, JM Content, DA Davis, WN Freeman, MD Glenn, PE Gubarev, M Hair, JH Kolodziejczak, JJ Jones, WD Joy, MK McCracken, JE Nanan, G Owens, SM Petre, R Podgorski, WA Ramsey, BD Saha, TT Stewart, JW Swartz, DA Zhang, WW Zirnstein, G BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI X-ray testing Constellation-X optics at MSFC's 100-m facility SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE x-ray telescopes; optics testing; x-ray astronomy AB As NASA's next facility-class x-ray mission, Constellation X will provide high-throughput, high-resolution spectroscopy for addressing fundamental astrophysical and cosmological questions. Key to the Constellation-X mission is the development of lightweight grazing-incidence optics for its Spectroscopy X-ray Telescopes (SXT) and for its Hard X-ray Telescopes (HXT). In preparation for x-ray testing Constellation-X SXT and HXT development and demonstration optics, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is upgrading its 100-m x-ray test facility, including development of a five degree-of-freedom (5-DoF) mount for translating and tilting test articles within the facility's large vacuum chamber. To support development of alignment and assembly procedures for lightweight x-ray optics, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has prepared the Optical Alignment Pathfinder Two (OAP2), which will serve as a surrogate optic for developing and rehearsing x-ray test procedures. In order to minimize thermal distortion of the mirrors during x-ray testing, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) has designed and implemented a thermal control and monitoring system for the OAP2. CfA has also built an aperture wheel for masking and sub-aperture sampling of the OAP2 to aid in characterizing x-ray performance of test optics. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP O'Dell, SL (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 306 EP 317 DI 10.1117/12.509584 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500031 ER PT S AU Saha, TT Content, DA Zhang, WW AF Saha, TT Content, DA Zhang, WW BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI Equal-curvature X-ray telescope designs for Constellation-X mission SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray optics; X-ray telescopes; Constellation-X ID I TELESCOPE; MIRRORS; ABERRATION AB We study grazing incidence equal-curvature telescope designs for the Constellation-X mission. These telescopes have nearly spherical axial surfaces. The telescopes are designed so that the axial curvature is the same on the primary and secondary. The optical performance of these telescopes is for all practical purposes identical to the equivalent Wolter telescopes. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Saha, TT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 346 EP 351 DI 10.1117/12.506094 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500034 ER PT S AU Gendreau, KC Cash, WC Shipley, AF White, N AF Gendreau, KC Cash, WC Shipley, AF White, N BE Citterio, O ODell, SL TI The MAXIM X-ray interferometry mission SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB The MicroArcsecond Imaging Mission (MAXIM) will resolve the event horizons of black holes with 0.1 microarcsecond imaging in the X-ray bandpass. In the NASA "Beyond Einstein,, roadmap, MAXIM takes it place as the "Black hole Imager,,. In this paper, we will outline the scientific goals for this mission. We will describe the current state of the technology- including a discussion of several laboratory demonstrations of X-ray interferometry. We will describe some engineering studies we have performed over the past two years. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gendreau, KC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI White, Nicholas/B-6428-2012 OI White, Nicholas/0000-0003-3853-3462 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5041-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5168 BP 420 EP 434 DI 10.1117/12.506198 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY61L UT WOS:000189421500042 ER PT S AU Koratkar, A Grosvenor, S Jung, J Pell, M Matusow, D Bailyn, C AF Koratkar, A Grosvenor, S Jung, J Pell, M Matusow, D Bailyn, C BE Quinn, PJ Bridger, A TI Science Goal Monitor - science goal driven automation for NASA missions SO OPTIMIZING SCIENTIFIC RETURN FOR ASTRONOMY THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optimizing Scientific Return for Astronomy through Information Technologies CY JUN 24-25, 2004 CL Glasgow, SCOTLAND SP SPIE DE science optimization; data communications; onboard analysis; spacecraft autonomy; science goals AB Infusion of automation technologies into NASA's future missions will be essential because of the need to: (1) effectively handle an exponentially increasing volume of scientific data, (2) successfully meet dynamic, opportunistic scientific goals and objectives, and (3) substantially reduce mission operations staff and costs. While much effort has gone into automating routine spacecraft operations to reduce human workload and hence costs, applying intelligent automation to the science side, i.e., science data acquisition, data analysis and reactions to that data analysis in a timely and still scientifically valid manner, has been relatively under-emphasized. In order to introduce science driven automation in missions, we must be able to: capture and interpret the science goals of observing programs, represent those goals in machine interpretable language; and allow spacecrafts' onboard systems to autonomously react to the scientist's goals. In short, we must teach our platforms to dynamically understand, C, recognize, and react to the scientists' goals. The Science Goal Monitor (SGM) project at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is a prototype software tool being developed to determine the best strategies for implementing science goal driven automation in missions. The tools being developed in SGM improve the ability to monitor and react to the changing status of scientific events. The SGM system enables scientists to specify what to look for and how to react in descriptive rather than technical terms. ne system monitors streams of science data to identify occurrences of key events previously specified by the scientist. When an event occurs, the system autonomously coordinates the execution of the scientist's desired reactions. Through SGM, we will improve our understanding about the capabilities needed onboard for success, develop metrics to understand the potential increase in science returns, and develop an "operational" prototype so that the perceived risks associated with increased use of automation can be reduced. SGM is currently focused on two collaborations: 1. Yale University's SMARTS (Small and Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System) observing program Modeling and testing ways in which SGM can be used to improve scientific returns on observing pro-rams involving intrinsically variable astronomical targets. 2. The EO-1 (Earth Observing - 1) mission - Modeling and testing ways in which SGM can be used to autonomously coordinate multiple platforms based on a set of scientific criteria. In this paper, we will discuss the status of the SGM project focusing primarily on our progress with the SMARTS collaboration. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Koratkar, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, 3002 South Campus,1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5425-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5493 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1117/12.550545 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BBB38 UT WOS:000224536800005 ER PT S AU Flahault, A Viboud, C Pakdaman, K Boelle, PY Wilson, ML Myers, M Valleron, AJ AF Flahault, A Viboud, C Pakdaman, K Boelle, PY Wilson, ML Myers, M Valleron, AJ BE Kawaoka, Y TI Association of influenza epidemics in France and the USA with global climate variability SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA V SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY OCT 07-11, 2003 CL Okinawa, JAPAN SP Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc Tokyo, Pharmaceut Assoc Osaka, Wyeth Vaccine, MedImmune, Fujirebio, Nagoya City Univ, Takara Bio, Rikaken, Japan Bio Sci Lab, Japanese Soc Control Influenza, Japanese Fdn Promot Int Med Res Corp, Japanese Soc Virol, Japanese Soc Clin Virol, NPO Biomed Sci Assoc, WHO, Minist Hlth, Labor & Welfare Japan DE influenza; epidemic; climate; El Nino; mortality; ENSO ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; FEVER EPIDEMICS; BORNE DISEASE; MALARIA; TRANSMISSION; DYNAMICS; PERIODS; IMPACT AB Background: The reasons for the seasonality and annual changes in the impact of influenza epidemics remain poorly understood. A strong coherence of influenza epidemics at a hemispheric level may suggest the role of global factors, such as climate, as a driving force of seasonality. The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) represents the largest signal in inter-annual climate variation, affecting global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. The phenomenon undergoes cycles between warm ENSO conditions (which are extreme during El Nino episodes) and cold ENSO conditions (extreme during La Nina episodes). Materials and methods: We investigated the covariations between ENSO and the impact of influenza as measured by the number of pneumonia and influenza (P&I) excess deaths in France and the USA during the winter epidemics of 1971-1997. Results: On average in France (60.2 (M) million inhabitants in 2003), 2500 P&I excess deaths occurred per season (range 0-9500) during the 1971-1997 period. An average of 6215 excess deaths (range 0-13,600) occurred in the USA (290.3 M inhabitants in 2003). In both countries, the number of P&I excess deaths was significantly higher during the 10 seasons with cold ENSO conditions (mean+/-S.E.; 3530+/-654 excess deaths in France; 8290+/-900 in the USA) than during the 16 seasons with warm ENSO conditions (1856+/-574; 4919+/-977) (Wilcoxon rank test for France P=0.05 and for the USA P=0.03). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the impact of influenza epidemics, in terms of excess mortality, is associated with the ENSO conditions. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this association could lead to improved early warning and better control of influenza. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 CHU St Antoine, INSERM, U444, Fac Med St Antoine, F-75571 Paris 12, France. WHO Collaborating Ctr Elect Dis Surveillance, F-75571 Paris, France. Univ Michigan, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Flahault, A (reprint author), CHU St Antoine, INSERM, U444, Fac Med St Antoine, 27 Rue Chaligny, F-75571 Paris 12, France. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-51639-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2004 VL 1263 BP 73 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.034 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BAU81 UT WOS:000223655000015 ER PT J AU Paloski, WH Black, TO Metter, EJ AF Paloski, WH Black, TO Metter, EJ TI Postflight balance control recovery in an elderly astronaut: A case report SO OTOLOGY & NEUROTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE balance; posturography; elderly; plasticity; astronaut; space flight; adaptation ID SPATIAL ORIENTATION; POSTURAL CONTROL; OLDER ADULTS; POSTUROGRAPHY; AGE AB Objective: To examine the sensorimotor adaptive response of a 77-year-old man exposed to the gravito-inertial challenges of orbital space flight. Study Design: Prospective case study with retrospective comparisons. Setting: NASA Neurosciences Laboratory (Johnson Space Center) and Baseline Data Collection Facility (Kennedy Space Center). Primary Participant: One 77-year-old mate shuttle astronaut. Intervention: Insertion into low Earth orbit was used to remove 2 : gravitational stimuli and thereby trigger sensorimotor adaptation to the microgravity environment. Graviceptor stimulation was reintroduced at landing, and sensorimotor readaptation to the terrestrial environment was tracked to completion. Main Outcome Measures: Computerized dynamic posturography tests were administered before and after orbital flight to determine the magnitude and time course of recovery. Results: The elderly astronaut exhibited balance control performance decrements on landing day; however, there were no significant differences between his performance and that of younger astronauts tested on the same shuttle mission or on previous shuttle missions of similar duration. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the physiological changes attributed to aging do not necessarily impair adaptive sensorimotor control processes. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Neurosci Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Legacy Clin Res & Technol Ctr, Portland, OR USA. NIA, Clin Invest Lab, Gerontol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP Paloski, WH (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Neurosci Lab, Mail Code SK, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM wpaloski@ems.jsc.nasa.gov FU NIA NIH HHS [1ZO1AG00014-41]; PHS HHS [00205] NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1531-7129 J9 OTOL NEUROTOL JI Otol. Neurotol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 1 BP 53 EP 56 DI 10.1097/00129492-200401000-00011 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 780JZ UT WOS:000189378700013 PM 14724493 ER PT B AU Frumkin, MA Shabanov, LV AF Frumkin, MA Shabanov, LV BE Bader, DA Khokhar, AA TI Benchmarking memory performance with the data cube operator SO PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems CY SEP 15-17, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP Int Soc Comp & Their Applicat AB Data movement across a computer memory hierarchy and across computational grids is known to be a limiting factor for applications processing large data sets. We use the Data Cube Operator on an Arithmetic Data Set, called ADC, to benchmark capabilities of computers and of computational grids to handle large distributed data sets. We present a prototype implementation of a parallel algorithm for computation of the operator. The algorithm follows a known approach for computing views from the smallest parent. The ADC stresses all levels of grid memory and storage by producing some of 21 views of an Arithmetic Data Set of d-tuples described by a small number of integers. We control data intensity of the ADC by selecting the tuple parameters, the sizes of the views, and the number of realized views. Benchmarking results of memory performance of a number of computer architectures and of a small computational grid are presented. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Frumkin, MA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY COMPUTER S & THEIR APPLICATIONS (ISCA) PI RALEIGH PA 8820 SIX FORKS ROAD, RALEIGH, NC 27615 USA BN 1-880843-52-8 PY 2004 BP 165 EP 171 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBF38 UT WOS:000225222200026 ER PT B AU Zima, HP AF Zima, HP BE Joubert, G Nagel, WE Peters, FJ Walter, WV TI Introspection in a massively parallel PIM-based architecture SO PARALLEL COMPUTING: SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY, ALGORITHMS, ARCHITECTURES AND APPLICATIONS SE ADVANCES IN PARALLEL COMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Parallel Computing (ParCo2003) CY SEP 02-05, 2003 CL Tech Univ Dresden, Ctr High Performance Comp, Dresden, GERMANY SP AMD GmbH, Cray Comp Deutschland GmbH, Hewlett Packard GmbH, Geschaftsstelle Berlin, IBM Deutschland GmbH, Fachb Lehre Forsch, Megware Comp GmbH, NEC High Performance Comp Europe GmbH, Pallas GmbH, Silicon Graph GmbH, SUN Microsyst GmbH HO Tech Univ Dresden, Ctr High Performance Comp AB Processing-In-Memory (PIM) architectures avoid the von Neumann bottleneck by integrating high-density DRAM and CMOS logic on the same chip. Parallel systems based on this new technology are expected to provide higher scalability, adaptability, robustness. fault tolerance and lower power consumption than current MPPs or commodity clusters. In this paper we discuss the capability of PIM-based architectures to create a large number of lightweight threads that can be efficiently managed via special hardware support. We focus on the use of lightweight threads for the implementation of asynchronous agents that perform introspective monitoring of the application program for such purposes as program validation, performance analysis. or automatic performance tuning. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Zima, HP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-444-51689-1 J9 ADV PAR COM PY 2004 VL 13 BP 441 EP 448 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBM01 UT WOS:000226096700054 ER PT S AU Platnick, S Pincus, R Wind, B King, MD Gray, M Hubanks, P AF Platnick, S Pincus, R Wind, B King, MD Gray, M Hubanks, P BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI An initial analysis of the pixel-level uncertainties in global MODIS cloud optical thickness and effective particle size retrievals SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE clouds; remote sensing; uncertainty; MODIS; terra; aqua ID VALIDATION AB Operational Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals of cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius employ well-known solar reflectance techniques using pre-calculated reflectance look-up tables. We develop a methodology for evaluating the quantitative uncertainty in simultaneous retrievals of cloud optical thickness and particle size for this type of algorithm and present example results. The technique uses retrieval sensitivity calculations derived from the reflectance look-up tables, coupled with estimates for the effect of various error terms on the uncertainty in inferring the reflectance at cloud-top. The error terms include the effects of the measurements, surface spectral albedos, and atmospheric corrections on both water and ice cloud retrievals. Results will deal exclusively with pixel-level uncertainties associated with plane-parallel clouds; real-world radiative departures from a plane-parallel model are an additional consideration. While we demonstrate the uncertainty technique with operational 1 km MODIS retrievals from the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua satellite platforms, the technique is generally applicable to any reflectance-based satellite- or air-borne sensor retrieval using similar spectral channels. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Platnick, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI King, Michael/C-7153-2011; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI King, Michael/0000-0003-2645-7298; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 30 EP 40 DI 10.1117/12.578353 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000005 ER PT S AU Diner, DJ Kahn, RA Bruegge, CJ Martonchik, JV Abdou, WA Gaitley, BJ Helmlinger, MC Kalashnikova, OV Li, WH AF Diner, DJ Kahn, RA Bruegge, CJ Martonchik, JV Abdou, WA Gaitley, BJ Helmlinger, MC Kalashnikova, OV Li, WH BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI Refinements to MISR's radiometric calibration and implications for establishing a climate-quality aerosol observing system SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE MISR; calibration; aerosols; climate ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MISR; OPTICAL DEPTH; RETRIEVALS; SPECTRALON; AERONET; PARAGON AB A number of factors affect the accuracy of aerosol retrievals from satellite imaging radiometers, including algorithm assumptions, the quality of the associated cloud masks, the prescribed aerosol optical and microphysical models, and calibration uncertainties. In this paper, we highlight a concerted effort by the Terra Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) team to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the instrument's radiometric calibration, with the twofold objective of (1) making improvements in the absolute and relative calibration where supported by multiple lines of evidence, and (2) evaluating the effect of those calibration refinements on aerosol retrievals. Aspects of the instrument's onboard calibrator design, including careful pre-flight handling of the Spectralon diffusers and the novel use of detector-based standards, have contributed to excellent long-term radiometric stability. In addition, multiple methodologies, including comparisons with other Terra sensors, in-flight and laboratory tests involving AirMISR (the airborne counterpart to MISR), lunar observations, camera-to-camera radiometric comparisons at specialized viewing geometries, and investigations using surface-based radiometer data over dark water sites have provided a detailed picture of radiometric performance at the low light levels typical of a large fraction of global aerosol observations. We examine the sensitivity of aerosol property retrievals to small band-to-band and camera-to-camera calibration adjustments, and demonstrate the importance of calibration in meeting climate-quality accuracy requirements. Because combining downward-looking (satellite-based) and upward-looking (surface-based) radiometers can constrain the optical properties of an aerosol column to a greater extent than possible from either vantage point by itself, achieving radiometric consistency, or "closure" between them is essential to establishing a long-term aerosol/climate observing system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Diner, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1117/12.579041 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000008 ER PT S AU Dubovik, O Lapyonok, T Kaufman, YJ Chin, M Ginoux, P Remer, L Holben, BN AF Dubovik, O Lapyonok, T Kaufman, YJ Chin, M Ginoux, P Remer, L Holben, BN BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI Retrieving sources of fine aerosols from MODIS and AERONET observations by inverting GOCART model SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE aerosol sources inversion; aerosol transport model; adjoint; inverse modeling ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; SPECTRAL RADIANCES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; TRANSPORT MODEL; SATELLITE; INVERSION; SUN; CO2 AB The knowledge of the global distribution of tropospheric aerosols is important for studying effects of natural aerosols on global climate. Chemical transport models relying on assimilated meteorological fields and accounting for aerosol advection by winds and removal processes can simulate such distribution of atmospheric aerosols. However, the accuracy of global aerosol modeling is yet limited. The uncertainty in location and strength of the aerosol emission sources is a major factor limiting accuracy of global aerosol transport modeling. This paper describes an effort to retrieve global sources of fine mode aerosol from global satellite observations by inverting GOCART aerosol transport model. The method uses an adjoint operation to the aerosol transport model that allows performing inversion with original space (2 x 2.5 degrees) and time (20-60 minutes) resolution of GOCART model. The approach is illustrated by numerical tests and applied to the retrieval global aerosol sources (location and strength) from a combination of MODIS and AERONET observations C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 66 EP 75 DI 10.1117/12.579069 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000009 ER PT S AU Heaps, WS Kawa, SR Georgieva, E Wilson, E AF Heaps, WS Kawa, SR Georgieva, E Wilson, E BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI Ultra-precise measurement of CO2 from space SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE atmospheric observations; remote sensing; Fabry-Perot interferometric devices; O-2; absorption; spectroscopy; gas detection; climate change AB The experimental data on CO2 and O-2 detection in atmosphere using Fabry-Perot technique are presented. The atmosphere's irradiance measurements are an important tool for the remote sensing study. We show results from lab, ground and flight testing of a new instrument called FPICC (Fabry-Perot Interferometer for Column COD which is intended for a very precise measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen. The optical setup consists of three channels. The first channel is build to measure the carbon dioxide. This channel operates using the reflected sunlight off the ground and solid Fabry-Perot etalon to restrict the measurement to light in CO2 absorption bands. The free spectral range of the etalon is calculated to be equal to the almost regular spacing between the CO2 spectral bands located near 1,571 mum, R band, where CO2 absorption is significant. The precise alignment of the transmission peaks of the Fabry-Perot etalon to the CO2 absorption lines is achieved through altering the refractive index of the material (fused silica) using its temperature dependence. The second and third channels focus on the O-2 A band (759-771 nm) composed of about 300 absorption lines, which vary in strength and width according to pressure and temperature. We performed measurements using solid Fabry-Perot etalons with different FSR and two different pre-filters. The first pre-filter selects a spectral range around 762 nm which is between the P and R branches, where the absorption coefficient is insensitive to temperature, but is sensitive to pressure changes and therefore to the variations in the O-2 column. The second pre-filter is selecting several absorption bands between 765 and 770 nm, which are more sensitive to temperature changes. The experimental data presented show excellent agreement with our theoretical expectations. They are recorded at different gas pressures, temperatures and different weather conditions. Some of the major advantages of the optical setup are its compactness, high sensitivity, high signal-to-noise ratio, and stability. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heaps, WS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 554, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Wilson, Emily/C-9158-2012; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012 OI Wilson, Emily/0000-0001-5634-3713; NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 136 EP 145 DI 10.1117/12.578521 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000017 ER PT S AU Lambrigtsen, B Fetzer, E Lee, SY Irion, F Hearty, T Gaiser, S AF Lambrigtsen, B Fetzer, E Lee, SY Irion, F Hearty, T Gaiser, S BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI The atmospheric infrared sounder - An overview SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE atmospheric sounding; infrared; microwave; Aqua; EOS AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) was launched in May 2002. Along with two companion microwave sensors, it forms the AIRS Sounding Suite. This system is the most advanced atmospheric sounding system to date, with measurement accuracies far surpassing those available on current weather satellites. The data products are calibrated radiances from all three sensors and a number of derived geophysical parameters, including vertical temperature and humidity profiles, surface temperature, cloud fraction, cloud top pressure, and ozone burden. These products are generated under cloudy as well as clear conditions. An ongoing calibration/validation effort has confirmed that the system is very accurate and stable, and most of the geophysical parameters have been validated. AIRS is in some cases more accurate than any other source and can therefore be difficult to validate, but this offers interesting new research opportunities. The applications for the AIRS products range from numerical weather prediction to atmospheric research - where the AIRS water vapor products near the surface and in the mid to upper troposphere will make it possible to characterize and model phenomena that are key for short-term atmospheric processes, such as weather patterns, to long-term processes, such as interannual cycles (e.g., El Nino) and climate change. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lambrigtsen, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4900 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1117/12.578987 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000019 ER PT S AU Waluschka, E Xiong, XX Moyer, D Guenther, B Barnes, W Salomonson, VV AF Waluschka, E Xiong, XX Moyer, D Guenther, B Barnes, W Salomonson, VV BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI MODIS solar calibration transmission screen modeling SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE TERRA; AQUA; MODIS; radiometry; solar; calibration; simulation AB A computer model of the MODIS attenuated (with screen down) solar calibration has been developed. Observed (visible) focal plane variations are presented and compared with modeled results. The agreement is quite good over the full range of scan mirror and solar motions. Causes for discrepancies are discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Waluschka, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 189 EP 199 DI 10.1117/12.578334 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000023 ER PT S AU Xiong, X Salomonson, V Chiang, K Wu, A Guenther, B Barnes, W AF Xiong, X Salomonson, V Chiang, K Wu, A Guenther, B Barnes, W BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI On-orbit characterization of RVS for MODIS thermal emissive bands SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE MODIS; Terra; radiometer; on-board calibrators; response versus scan angle; RVS calibration; blackbody ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; PERFORMANCE AB Response versus scan angle (RVS) is a key calibration parameter for remote sensing radiometers that make observations using a scanning optical system, such as a doubled sided scan mirror (MODIS and GLI) or a rotating telescope (SeaWiFS and VIIRS). This is because the calibration is typically performed at a fixed viewing angle whereas the Earth scene observations are made over a range of viewing angles and the system's response is a function of the scan angle. The NASA EOS Terra MODIS has been in operation for more than four years since its launch in December 1999. It has 36 spectral bands covering wavelengths from visible (VIS) to long-wave infrared (LWIR). It is a cross-track scanning radiometer with a two-sided paddle wheel scan mirror, making observations over a wide field of view (FOV) of +/-55degrees from nadir thereby enabling frequent global coverage. Due to pre-launch measurement limitations, the Terra MODIS thermal emissive bands (TEB) RVS characterization did not produce valid data sets that could be used to derive a reliable system level RVS. Because of this, a RVS was developed for use at launch and subsequent efforts have been made to characterize the RVS using on-orbit observations. This paper describes the Terra MODIS on-orbit characterization of TEB RVS, including the data from scanning the instrument's closed nadir aperture door (CNAD) and the use of Earth view data collected during spacecraft deep space maneuvers (DSM). Comparisons of pre-launch analysis and early on-orbit measurements are also provided. Noticeable improvements have been made for several thermal emissive bands for observations at large angles of incidence (AOI). Using the correct RVS improves the image quality and the radiometric calibration accuracy. For bands 34-36, an adjustment of as much as 0.5-1.5K can be made at the end of scan (worst case) for mirror side 2. The impacts at smaller AOI and from mirror side 1 are much smaller. Based on RVS comparison studies and science test results, the on-orbit derived DSM RVS has been chosen for the ongoing L1B data processing and future reprocessing. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 210 EP 218 DI 10.1117/12.578344 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000025 ER PT S AU Kalashnikova, OV Diner, DJ Kahn, R Gaitley, B AF Kalashnikova, OV Diner, DJ Kahn, R Gaitley, B BE Tsay, SC Yokota, T Ahn, MH TI Dust aerosol retrieval results from MISR SO PASSIVE OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE MISR retrievals; atmospheric dust; optical properties of nonspherical particles AB Satellite measurements provide important tools for understanding the effect of mineral dust aerosols on past and present climate and climate predictions. Multi-angle instruments such as Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) provide independent constraints on aerosol properties based on their sensitivity to the shape of aerosol scattering phase functions. The current MISR operational retrieval algorithm (version 16 and higher) was modified by incorporating new non-spherical dust models that account for naturally occurring dust shapes and compositions. We present selected examples of MISR version 16 retrievals over AERONET sunphotometer land and ocean sites during the passage of dust fronts. Our analysis shows that during such events MISR retrieves Angstrom exponents characteristic of large particles, having little spectral variation in extinction over the MISR wavelength range (442, 550, 672 and 866 nm channels), as expected. The retrieved fraction of non-spherical particles is also very high. This quantity is not retrieved by satellite instruments having only nadir-viewing cameras. Our comparison of current (version 16) MISR-retrieved aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with AERONET instantaneous AOT shows better coverage and stronger correlations than when making identical comparisons with previous AOT retrievals (version 15). The MISR algorithm successful mixtures include a non-spherical dust component with high frequency in retrievals over dark water and slightly lower frequency over land. Selection frequencies of non-spherical dust models also decrease in dusty regions affected by pollution. C1 NASA, JPL, Natl Res Council, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kalashnikova, OV (reprint author), NASA, JPL, Natl Res Council, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5613-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5652 BP 309 EP 317 DI 10.1117/12.606657 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBP15 UT WOS:000226854000036 ER PT S AU Huang, XQ Reinisch, BW Song, P Green, JL Gallagher, DL AF Huang, XQ Reinisch, BW Song, P Green, JL Gallagher, DL BE Bilitza, DK Rawer, KM Reinisch, B TI Developing an empirical density model of the plasmasphere using IMAGE/RPI observations SO PATH TOWARD IMPROVED IONOSPHERE SPECIFICATION AND FORECAST MODELS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE radio plasma images; IMAGE satellite; plasmasphere AB The radio plasma imager (RPI) on the IMAGE satellite performs radio sounding in the magnetosphere, transmitting coded signals stepping through the frequency range of interest and receiving the returned echoes. The measurements provide the echo amplitude as a function of frequency and echo delay time on a so-called plasmagram. A newly developed algorithm inverts the echo traces on a plasmagram to electron density spatial distributions. Based on these observed density distributions, an empirical model is constructed to describe the two-dimensional density distribution in the inner magnetosphere. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Atmospher Res, Environm Earth & Atmospher Sci Dept, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Reinisch, BW (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Atmospher Res, Environm Earth & Atmospher Sci Dept, 600 Suffolk St, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. EM bodo_reinisch@uml.edu NR 10 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 6 BP 829 EP 832 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.007 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAF39 UT WOS:000221995500001 ER PT S AU Bilitza, D AF Bilitza, D BE Bilitza, DK Rawer, KM Reinisch, B TI A correction for the IRI topside electron density model based on Alouette/ISIS topside sounder data SO PATH TOWARD IMPROVED IONOSPHERE SPECIFICATION AND FORECAST MODELS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE electron density model; ionosphere; topside data; Alouette/ISIS ID PROFILES AB The topside segment of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) electron density model (and also of the Bent model) is based on the limited amount of topside data available at the time (similar to40,000 Alouette 1. profiles). Being established from such a small database it is therefore not surprising that these models have well-known shortcomings, for example, at high solar activities. Meanwhile a large data base of close to 200,000 topside profiles from Alouette 1, 2, and ISIS 1, 2 has become available online. A program of automated scaling and inversion of a large volume of digitized ionograms adds continuously to this data pool. We have used the currently available ISIS/Alouette topside profiles to evaluate the IRI topside model and to investigate ways of improving the model. The IRI model performs generally well at middle latitudes and shows discrepancies at low and high latitudes and these discrepancies are largest during high solar activity. In the upper topside IRI consistently overestimates the measurements. Based on averages of the data-model ratios we have established correction factors for the IRI model. These factors vary with altitude, modified dip latitude, and local time. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 GSFC, NSSDC, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bilitza, D (reprint author), GSFC, NSSDC, Raytheon ITSS, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bilitza@mail630.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 6 BP 838 EP 843 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.009 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAF39 UT WOS:000221995500003 ER PT S AU Minow, JI AF Minow, JI BE Bilitza, DK Rawer, KM Reinisch, B TI Development and implementation of an empirical ionosphere variability model SO PATH TOWARD IMPROVED IONOSPHERE SPECIFICATION AND FORECAST MODELS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE ionosphere-; ionospheric specification; iono variability model ID INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE AB Spacecraft designers and operations personnel conducting space environment analysis for low Earth orbit missions require ionospheric specification and forecast models that provide not only average ionospheric plasma parameters for a given set of geophysical conditions but the statistical variations about the mean as well. This paper provides preliminary results from an effort to develop empirical plasma variability models intended for use with the International Reference Ionosphere model. An electron number density and temperature database is derived from historical spacecraft measurements. Comparing observations with the IRI-2001 model provides mean deviations from the model as well as the range of possible values that may correspond to a given IRI output. Incorporation of the statistical variations in software to be run with the IRI model is described. An application of a specialized prototype variability model is described where the worst-case sunrise and daytime electron temperature and density values required for estimates of spacecraft charging in low Earth orbit are obtained from the variability model. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr Grp, Jacobs Sverdrup, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Minow, JI (reprint author), George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr Grp, Jacobs Sverdrup, MSFC-ED44, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM joseph.minow@msfc.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 6 BP 887 EP 892 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAF39 UT WOS:000221995500012 ER PT J AU Eckstein, M Pham, BT Beutter, BR AF Eckstein, M Pham, BT Beutter, BR TI Saccadic learning and template tuning SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Psychol, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM eckstein@psych.ucsb.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2004 VL 33 SU S BP 12 EP 12 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 858NN UT WOS:000224198700036 ER PT J AU Beutter, B Eckstein, MP Stone, LS AF Beutter, B Eckstein, MP Stone, LS TI Saccadic and perceptual classification images have similar receptive-field shapes in a contrast-discrimination visual-search task SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Informat Proc Res Branch, MS 2622, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Psychol, Santa Barbara, CA 93016 USA. EM Brent.R.Beutter@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2004 VL 33 SU S BP 166 EP 166 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 858NN UT WOS:000224198700522 ER PT S AU Vorperian, V AF Vorperian, V GP ieee TI A ripple theorem for PWM dc-to-dc converters operating in continuous conduction mode SO PESC 04: 2004 IEEE 35TH ANNUAL POWER ELECTRONICS SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE RECORDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC 04) CY JUN 20-25, 2004 CL Aachen, GERMANY SP IEEE Power Elect Soc, IEEE Joint IAS, PELS IES German Chapter, Yaskawa, Mitsubishi Elect, GE AB It is well known that the switching ripple information is lost in a linearized average model of a PWM converter. In this work it is shown that the switching ripple component of any state in a PWM dc-to-dc converter operating in continuous conduction mode can be recovered with remarkable accuracy from the linearized, average, small-signal model of the converter by replacing the duty-ratio control signal, (d) over cap, with the ac component of the switching PWM drive signal, (D) over tildes(t)-D, in the control-to-state transfer function. The theorem is very useful for estimating the peak-to-peak ripple in any state of a converter and is used here to determine, for the first time, the actual ripple in the zero-ripple, coupled Cuk converter as a function of the load. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Vorperian, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0275-9306 BN 0-7803-8399-0 J9 IEEE POWER ELECTRON PY 2004 BP 28 EP 35 DI 10.1109/PESC.2004.1355708 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BBB78 UT WOS:000224587600005 ER PT J AU Li, RX Di, KC Matthies, LH Arvidson, RE Folkner, WM Archinal, BA AF Li, RX Di, KC Matthies, LH Arvidson, RE Folkner, WM Archinal, BA TI Rover localization and landing-site mapping technology for the 2003 Mars Exploration rover mission SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID PATHFINDER MISSION; RADIO TRACKING AB The technology and experiments planned for rover localization and landing site mopping in the 2003 Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission are described. We introduce the Mars global and landing site local reference systems. For global rover localization in the Mars body-fixed reference system, a triangulation can be performed using observations of common landmarks on satellite images and the very first set of surface images. Alternatively, ultra-high frequency (UHF) two-way Doppler tracking technology can determine the location. For localization of the rover in the landing site area, onboard rover localization techniques will be performed in real time. A visual odometry experiment will improve localization by overcoming problems associated with wheel odometry such as slippage and low accuracy. Finally, a bundle-adjustment-based rover localization method will build an image network acquired by Pancam, Navcam, and Hazcam cameras. The developed incremental and integrated bundle adjustment models will supply improved rover locations and image orientation parameters, which are critical for the generation of high quality landing site topographic mapping products, Based on field tests performed on Earth and Mars (MPF mission data), a relative localization accuracy of one percent of the traversing distance from the landing center is expected to be achieved during this mission. In addition, the bundle adjustment results will also enable us to produce high precision landing site topographic mapping products, including seamless panoramic image Mosaics, DTMS, and orthophotos. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, 470 Hitchcock Hall,2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM li.282@osu.edu NR 42 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 77 EP 90 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 820PX UT WOS:000221402900004 ER PT S AU Bol'shakov, AA Cruden, BA Sharma, SP AF Bol'shakov, AA Cruden, BA Sharma, SP BE Herman, PR Fieret, J Pique, A Okada, T Bachmann, FG Hoving, W Washio, K Xu, X Dubowski, JJ Geohegan, DB Trager, F TI Sensor for monitoring plasma parameters SO PHOTON PROCESSING IN MICROELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photon Processing in Microelectronics and Photonics III CY JAN 26-29, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE diode laser; plasma processing; optical diagnostics; 2-D simulation; gas temperature ID DIODE-LASER ABSORPTION; FREQUENCY-MODULATION SPECTROSCOPY; SITU COMBUSTION MEASUREMENTS; INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMAS; DEPOSITION PROCESS-CONTROL; SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS; EXCITED-STATE DENSITIES; CARBON NANOTUBES; GRAPHITE-FURNACE; LOW-PRESSURE AB A spectrally tunable VCSEL (vertical cavity surface-emitting laser) was used as part of sensing hardware for measurements of the radial-integrated gas temperature inside an inductively coupled plasma reactor. The data were obtained by profiling the Doppler-broadened absorption of metastable Ar atoms at 763.51 rim in argon and argon/nitrogen plasmas (3, 45, and 90% N-2 in Ar) at pressure 0.5-70 Pa and inductive power of 100 and 300 W. The results were compared to rotational temperature derived from the N-2, emission at the (0,0) transition of the C(3)Pi(u)-B(3)Pi(g) system. The differences in integrated rotational and Doppler temperatures were attributed to non-uniform spatial distributions of both temperature and thermometric species (Ar* and N-2*) that varied depending on conditions. A two-dimensional, two-temperature fluid plasma simulation was employed to explain these differences. This work should facilitate further development of a miniature sensor for non-intrusive acquisition of data (temperature and densities of multiple plasma species) during micro- and nano-fabrication plasma processing, thus enabling the diagnostic-assisted continuous optimization and advanced control over the processes. Such sensors would also enable tracking the origins and pathways of damaging contaminants, thereby providing real-time feedback for adjustment of processes. Our work serves as an example of how two line-of-sight integrated temperatures derived from different thermometric species make it possible to characterize the radial non-uniformity of the plasma. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bol'shakov, AA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bcruden@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Bol'shakov, Alexander/A-9258-2015 OI Bol'shakov, Alexander/0000-0002-6034-7079 NR 79 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5247-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5339 BP 415 EP 426 DI 10.1117/12.528991 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAR96 UT WOS:000223331300046 ER PT S AU Edwards, DL Semmel, C Hovater, M Nehls, M Gray, P Hubbs, W Wertz, G AF Edwards, DL Semmel, C Hovater, M Nehls, M Gray, P Hubbs, W Wertz, G BE Taylor, EW TI Solar sail material performance property response to space environmental effects SO PHOTONICS FOR SPACE ENVIRONMENTS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonics for Space Environments IX CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE solar Sail; electrons; protons; Ultraviolet; space environment; hypervelocity impact AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) continues research into the utilization of photonic materials for spacecraft propulsion. Spacecraft propulsion, using photonic materials, will be achieved using a solar sail. A solar sail operates on the principle that photons, originating from the sun, impart pressure to the sail and therefore provide a source for spacecraft propulsion. The pressure imparted to a solar sail can be increased, up to a factor of two, if the sun-facing surface is perfectly reflective. Therefore, these solar sails are generally composed of a highly reflective metallic sun-facing layer, a thin polymeric substrate and occasionally a highly emissive back surface. Near term solar sail propelled science missions are targeting the Lagrange point 1 (L1) as well as locations sunward of L I as destinations. These near term missions include the Solar Polar Imager(1) and the L1 Diamond 2. The Environmental Effects Group at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) continues to actively characterize solar sail material in preparation for these near term solar sail missions. Previous investigations indicated that space environmental effects on sail material thermo-optical properties were minimal and would not significantly affect the propulsion efficiency of the sail(3-5). These investigations also indicated that the sail material mechanical stability degrades with increasing radiation exposure. This paper will further quantify the effect of space environmental exposure on the mechanical properties of candidate sail materials. Candidate sail materials for these missions include Aluminum coated Mylar(TM), Teonex(TM), and CP1 (Colorless Polyimide). These materials were subjected to uniform radiation doses of electrons and protons in individual exposures sequences. Dose values ranged from 100 Mrads to over 5 Grads. The engineering performance property responses of thermo-optical and mechanical properties were characterized. The contribution of Near Ultraviolet (NUV) radiation combined with electron and proton radiation was also investigated. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Edwards, DL (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ED31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5492-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5554 BP 80 EP 91 DI 10.1117/12.562809 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BBI18 UT WOS:000225599700009 ER PT S AU Watson, MD Minow, J Altstatt, R Wertz, G Semmel, C Edwards, D Ashley, PR AF Watson, MD Minow, J Altstatt, R Wertz, G Semmel, C Edwards, D Ashley, PR BE Taylor, EW TI Space application requirements for organic avionics SO PHOTONICS FOR SPACE ENVIRONMENTS IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonics for Space Environments IX CY AUG 02-03, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE DE nonlinear optics; polymer; electret; space radiation; space environment; avionics ID MICRORING RESONATORS; POLYCARBONATE; RADIATION; DOSIMETER; MODEL AB The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is currently evaluating polymer based components for application in launch vehicle and propulsion system avionics systems. Organic polymers offer great advantages over inorganic corollaries. Unlike inorganics with crystalline structures defining their sensing characteristics, organic polymers can be engineered to provide varying degrees of sensitivity for various parameters including electro-optic response, second harmonic generation, and piezoelectric response. While great advantages in performance can be achieved with organic polymers, survivability in the operational environment is a key aspect for their practical application. The space environment in particular offers challenges that must be considered in the application of polymer based devices. These challenges include: long term thermal stability for long duration missions, extreme thermal cycling, space radiation tolerance, vacuum operation, low power operation, high operational reliability. Requirements for application of polymer based devices in space avionics systems will be presented and discussed in light of current polymer materials. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Watson, MD (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM michael.d.watson@nasa.gov NR 53 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5492-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2004 VL 5554 BP 92 EP 105 DI 10.1117/12.562132 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BBI18 UT WOS:000225599700010 ER PT B AU Mishchenko, MI Travis, LD AF Mishchenko, MI Travis, LD BE Videen, G Yatskiv, Y Mishchenko, M TI Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, and Stokes parameters SO PHOTOPOLARIMETRY IN REMOTE SENSING SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-OCT 04, 2003 CL Yalta, UKRAINE SP NATO, Adv Study Inst ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Mishchenko, MI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. RI Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-2366-9 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2004 VL 161 BP 1 EP 44 PG 44 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBD01 UT WOS:000224954200001 ER PT B AU Dubovik, O AF Dubovik, O BE Videen, G Yatskiv, Y Mishchenko, M TI Optimization of numerical inversion in photopolarimetric remote sensing SO PHOTOPOLARIMETRY IN REMOTE SENSING SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-OCT 04, 2003 CL Yalta, UKRAINE SP NATO, Adv Study Inst ID FREDHOLM INTEGRAL-EQUATIONS; AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; FIRST KIND; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; REGULARIZATION; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; NETWORK; OCEAN AB Remote sensing is one primary tool for studying the interactions of solar radiation with the atmosphere and surface and their influence on the Earth radiation balance. During the past three decades the radiation measured from satellite, aircraft and ground have been employed successfully for characterizing radiative properties of land, ocean, atmospheric gases, aerosols, clouds, etc. One of the challenges in implementing remote sensing is the development of a reliable inversion procedure required for deriving information about the atmospheric or surface component interaction with the measured radiation. The inversion is particularly crucial and demanding for interpreting high complexity measurements where many unknowns should be derived simultaneously. Therefore the deployment of remote-sensing sensors of the next generation with diverse observational capabilities inevitably would be coupled with significant investments into inverse-algorithm development. Numerous publications offer a wide diversity of inversion methodologies suggesting somewhat different inversion methods. Such uncertainty in methodological guidance leads to excessive dependence of inversion algorithms on the personalized input and preferences of the developer. This study is an attempt to outline unified principles addressing such important aspects of inversion optimization as accounting for errors in the data used, inverting multi-source data with different levels of accuracy, accounting for a priori and ancillary information, estimating retrieval errors, clarifying potential of employing different mathematical inverse operations (e.g. comparing iterative versus matrix inversion), accelerating iterative convergence, etc. The described concept uses the principles of statistical estimation and suggests a generalized multi-term least-square-type formulation that complementarily unites advantages of a variety of practical inversion approaches, such as Phillips-Tikhonov-Twomey constrained inversion, Kalman filters, Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt iterations, etc. The proposed methodology has resulted from the multi-year efforts of developing inversion algorithms for retrieving comprehensive aerosol properties from ground-based remote sensing observations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dubovik, O (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460 NR 50 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-2366-9 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2004 VL 161 BP 65 EP 106 PG 42 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBD01 UT WOS:000224954200003 ER PT J AU Havelkova-Dousova, H Prasil, O Behrenfeld, MJ AF Havelkova-Dousova, H Prasil, O Behrenfeld, MJ TI Photoacclimation of Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae) under fluctuating irradiance SO PHOTOSYNTHETICA LA English DT Article DE absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra; carotenoids; chlorophylls; diurnal course; fluorescence induction; growth rate; photosystem 2 antenna size; phytoplankton; vertical mixing; xanthophyll cycle pigments ID NATURAL LIGHT REGIMES; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; UNICELLULAR ALGAE; PHOTIC ZONE; UPPER OCEAN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYTOPLANKTON; PHOTOINHIBITION; PHOTOADAPTATION; FLUORESCENCE AB We investigated photoacclimation of Dunaliella tertiolecta (Butcher) in irradiance (I) regimes simulating mixed layer conditions of turbid estuarine waters or lakes. D. tertiolecta was exposed to a range of fixed I regimes to establish baseline physiology-I relationships that were compared with subsequent photoacclimation to a simulated mixed layer. Measured indices of photoacclimation included cellular pigmentation, chlorophyll variable fluorescence, and effective photosystem 2 antenna size. While D. tertiolecta grown under fluctuating I maintained division rates comparable to cells grown at high I, the cells exhibited characteristics of photoacclimation consistent with cells grown under a stable regimes at irradiances considerably lower than the average I of the simulated mixed layer. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Microbiol, Trebon 37981, Czech Republic. Univ S Bohemia, Fac Biol, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Univ S Bohemia, Inst Phys Biol, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Prasil, O (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Microbiol, Opatovicky Mlyn, Trebon 37981, Czech Republic. EM prasil@alga.cz RI Prasil, Ondrej/H-2454-2014 OI Prasil, Ondrej/0000-0002-0012-4359 NR 37 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC, INST EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY PI PRAGUE 6 PA NA KARLOVCE 1A, PRAGUE 6 CZ-160 00, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0300-3604 J9 PHOTOSYNTHETICA JI Photosynthetica PY 2004 VL 42 IS 2 BP 273 EP 281 DI 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000040600.04502.32 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 852MH UT WOS:000223758900015 ER PT J AU Vroom, PS Abbott, IA AF Vroom, PS Abbott, IA TI Acrosymphyton brainardii sp nov (Gigartinales, rhodophyta) from French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO PHYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Acrosymphyton brainardii sp. nov. is described from the remote and unpopulated French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The new species is distinguished from other known species of Acrosymphyton by its extremely long carpogonial and auxiliary-cell branches, uncoiled trichogynes, auxiliary-cell branches organized into dense fascicles, ovoid to ellipsoidal gonimoblasts, and thick outer cortex. Gametophytes are assumed to be spring or summer annuals, because populations disappear during autumn months. Male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes remain unknown. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Coral Reef Ecosyst Invest, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Vroom, PS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Coral Reef Ecosyst Invest, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM pvroom@mail.nmfs.hawaii.edu NR 16 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT PHYCOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA NEW BUSINESS OFFICE, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0031-8884 J9 PHYCOLOGIA JI Phycologia PD JAN PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.2216/i0031-8884-43-1-66.1 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 772GE UT WOS:000188832800007 ER PT J AU Li, JZ Ning, CZ AF Li, JZ Ning, CZ TI Many-body effects on intersubband resonances in narrow InAs/AlSb quantum wells SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Narrow Gap Semiconductors CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL UNIV BUFFALO, BUFFALO, NEW YORK HO UNIV BUFFALO DE intersubband resonance; quantum wells; nonparabolicity; many-body effects AB Intersubband polarization couples to collective excitations of the interacting electron gas confined in a semiconductor quantum well (QW) structure. Such excitations include correlated pair excitations (repellons) and intersubband plasmons. The oscillator strength of intersubband resonances (ISBRs) strongly varies with QW parameters and electron density because of this coupling. Using the intersubband semiconductor Bloch equations for a two-conduction-subband model, we show that intersubband absorption spectra for narrow wells are dominated by the Fermi-edge singularity (via coupling to repellons) when the electron gas becomes degenerate and in the presence of large nonparabolicity. Thus the resonance peak position appears at the Fermi edge and the peak is greatly narrowed, enhanced, and red shifted as compared to the free particle result. Our results uncover a new perspective for ISBRs and indicate the necessity of proper many-body theoretical treatment in order for modeling and prediction of ISBR line shape. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, JZ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, M-S N229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jianzhng@nas.nasa.gov RI Ning, C. Z./D-4699-2009 OI Ning, C. Z./0000-0003-4583-8889 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 264 EP 267 DI 10.1016/j.physe.2003.08.015 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 768VF UT WOS:000188555200016 ER PT J AU Li, J Kolokolov, KI Ning, CZ Larrabee, DC Khodaparast, GA Kono, J Ueda, K Nakajima, Y Sasa, S Inoue, M AF Li, J Kolokolov, KI Ning, CZ Larrabee, DC Khodaparast, GA Kono, J Ueda, K Nakajima, Y Sasa, S Inoue, M TI Microscopic modeling of intersubband resonances in InAs/AlSb quantum wells SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Narrow Gap Semiconductors CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL UNIV BUFFALO, BUFFALO, NEW YORK HO UNIV BUFFALO DE intersubband resonance; quantum wells; InAs/AlSb; many-body effects ID ELECTRON ACCUMULATION; ABSORPTION LINEWIDTH; INTERFACE ROUGHNESS; SCATTERING; TRANSITIONS; LAYERS AB Linear absorption spectra from intersubband resonance in InAs/AlSb quantum wells are analyzed theoretically using the intersubband semiconductor Bloch equation approach. Our model goes beyond the Hartree-Fock approximation and treats particle-particle correlations under the second Born approximation. Electron-electron and longitudinal optical phonon scatterings from such a treatment describe intrinsic line broadening to the intersubband resonance. Electron subbands are determined self-consistently with a spurious-state-free 8-band k (.) p Hamiltonian under the envelope function approximation. To compare with experimental measurements, we also included line broadening due to electron-interface roughness scattering. Excellent agreement was achieved for temperature-dependent absorption spectra in the mid-infrared frequency range, after taking into careful account the interplay of material parameters, nonparabolicity in bandstructure, and many-body effects. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Osaka Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Osaka, Japan. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, M-S N229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jianzhng@nas.nasa.gov RI Ning, C. Z./D-4699-2009 OI Ning, C. Z./0000-0003-4583-8889 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 268 EP 271 DI 10.1016/j.physe.2003.08.016 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 768VF UT WOS:000188555200017 ER PT J AU Ting, DZY Cartoixa, X AF Ting, DZY Cartoixa, X TI InAs/GaSb/AlSb resonant tunneling spin device concepts SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Narrow Gap Semiconductors CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL UNIV BUFFALO, BUFFALO, NEW YORK HO UNIV BUFFALO DE spin filter; spin pump; resonant tunneling; bulk inversion asymmetry; structural inversion asymmetry; Rashba effect ID HETEROSTRUCTURES AB We discuss device concepts for creating spin-polarized current sources without external magnetic fields, using non-magnetic 6.1 Angstrom semiconductor resonant tunneling structures. Spin filters, spin pumps, and spin transistors that exploit structural and bulk inversion asymmetries will be examined. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Dept Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ting, DZY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.z.ting@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 350 EP 354 DI 10.1016/j.physe.2003.08.032 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 768VF UT WOS:000188555200033 ER PT J AU Hill, CJ Yang, BH Yang, RQ AF Hill, CJ Yang, BH Yang, RQ TI Low-threshold interband cascade lasers operating above room temperature SO PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Narrow Gap Semiconductors CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL UNIV BUFFALO, BUFFALO, NEW YORK HO UNIV BUFFALO DE Mid-IR lasers; interband cascade; antimonide lasers AB Mid-IR type-II interband cascade lasers were demonstrated in pulsed mode at temperatures up to 325 K and in continuous mode up to 200 K. At 80 K, the threshold current density was 8.9 A/cm(2) and a continuous wave output power of similar to140 mW/facet was obtained. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yang, RQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rui.q.yang@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-9477 J9 PHYSICA E JI Physica E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 486 EP 490 DI 10.1016/j.physe.2003.08.064 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 768VF UT WOS:000188555200060 ER PT J AU Chutjian, A AF Chutjian, Ara TI Ion collisions in the highly charged Universe SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article AB The phenomenal output of high-resolution infrared, visible, EUV, and X-ray spectra from NASA and ESA satellites, and the marked improvement in ground-based observations, has led to a parallel need for accurate atomic data. This need is in large part being addressed, thanks to the equally remarkable development of laboratory facilities. The astrophysics observations include measurements at the Sun, stars, the interstellar medium, and the recent surprising discovery of X-ray emissions from comets. The required database includes cross sections for electron-impact excitation of highly charged ions (HCIs), direct and indirect electron-ion recombination, photoionization, single and multiple charge exchange of HCIs with neutral gases, and X-ray emission. In addition, the observed photon emissions result from a balance between collisional excitation and radiative decay. Hence accurate lifetimes, branching fractions, and Einstein A and B coefficients are required. Some recent spacecraft observations will be reviewed, the underlying atomic physics summarized, and the need for relevant atomic data in HCIs discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chutjian, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ara.chutjian@jpl.nasa.gov NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 2004 VL T110 BP 203 EP 211 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.110a00203 PG 9 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V63EY UT WOS:000204271600034 ER PT J AU Bingham, R Shukla, PK Spicer, DS AF Bingham, R. Shukla, P. K. Spicer, D. S. TI Coronal heating by dissipating current sheets SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article AB It is shown that the lower-hybrid turbulence produced by the lower-hybrid-drift wave instability at current sheets can heat electrons and ions in the solar corona. The waves heat the plasma particles by collisionless Landau damping. The waves resonate with electrons moving in the direction of the magnetic field, while they resonate with ions moving in the perpendicular direction. C1 [Bingham, R.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Bingham, R.] Univ Strathclyde, Dept Phys, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. [Shukla, P. K.] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Phys & Astron, Inst Theoret Phys 4, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. [Shukla, P. K.] Umea Univ, Dept Plasma Phys, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden. [Spicer, D. S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ctr Computat Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bingham, R (reprint author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RI Shukla, Padma Kant/E-9077-2011 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 2004 VL T107 BP 247 EP 249 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.107a00247 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V62QB UT WOS:000204232900051 ER PT J AU Greenwood, JB Mawhorter, RJ Cadez, I Lozano, J Smith, SJ Chutjian, A AF Greenwood, J. B. Mawhorter, R. J. Cadez, I. Lozano, J. Smith, S. J. Chutjian, A. TI The contribution of charge exchange to extreme ultra-violet and X-ray astronomy SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article AB Charge exchange (also referred to also charge transfer or electron capture) has been studied by the atomic collisions community for many years. Apart from the fundamental interest in the subject, much of the research has been driven by the needs of the fusion community where it plays an important role in radiative heat loss and diagnostics in tokamak plasmas. It is therefore surprising that it has generally not been applied as extensively in astrophysical plasmas. Atomic data for astrophysics includes comprehensive data for electron process but little for charge exchange, due to the fact that the data does not exist or is not considered important. However, it has been shown in the last few years that charge exchange is the dominant mechanism for X-ray production for a number of newly discovered X-ray sources in the solar system. These results have demonstrated the need to understand this mechanism for the particular species of interest. Recent experimental work in our laboratory, complimented by other groups, has shown that the relative intensities of these X-ray and extreme ultra-violet lines can be highly dependent on the nature of the neutral target and the collision velocity. C1 [Greenwood, J. B.] Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. [Lozano, J.; Smith, S. J.; Chutjian, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Mawhorter, R. J.] Pomona Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. [Cadez, I.] Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana, Slovenia. RP Greenwood, JB (reprint author), Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. EM j.greenwood@qub.ac.uk RI Greenwood, Jason/L-4799-2014 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 2004 VL T110 BP 358 EP 363 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.110a00358 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA V63EY UT WOS:000204271600064 ER PT J AU Lee, S Oyafuso, F von Allmen, P Klimeck, G AF Lee, S Oyafuso, F von Allmen, P Klimeck, G TI Boundary conditions for the electronic structure of finite-extent embedded semiconductor nanostructures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INAS/GAAS QUANTUM DOTS; SIMULATIONS AB The modeling of finite-extent semiconductor nanostructures that are embedded in a host material requires a proper boundary treatment for a finite simulation domain. For the study of a self-assembled InAs dot embedded in GaAs, three kinds of boundary conditions are examined within the empirical tight-binding model: (i) the periodic boundary condition, (ii) raising the orbital energies of surface atoms, and (iii) raising the energies of dangling bonds at the surface. The periodic boundary condition requires a smooth boundary and consequently a larger GaAs buffer than the two nonperiodic boundary conditions. Between the nonperiodic conditions, the dangling-bond energy shift is more numerically efficient than the orbital-energy shift, in terms of the elimination of nonphysical surface states in the energy region of interest for interior states. A dangling-bond energy shift larger than 5 eV efficiently eliminates all of the surface states and leads to interior states that are highly insensitive to the choice of the energy shift. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 17 TC 143 Z9 143 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 4 AR 045316 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.045316 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 775RV UT WOS:000189075200061 ER PT J AU Baker, J Campanelli, M Lousto, CO Takahashi, R AF Baker, J Campanelli, M Lousto, CO Takahashi, R TI Coalescence remnant of spinning binary black holes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID INITIAL DATA; GRAVITATIONAL-WAVES; COLLISIONS; MERGERS; MASS AB We compute the gravitational radiation generated in the evolution of a family of close binary black hole configurations, using a combination of numerical and perturbative approximation methods. We evolve the binaries with spins s aligned or counteraligned with the orbital angular momentum from near the innermost stable circular orbit down to the final single rotating black hole. For the moderately spinning holes studied here the remnant Kerr black holes formed at the end of an inspiral process have rotation parameters a/Mapproximate to0.72+0.32(s/m(H)), suggesting it is difficult (though not excluded) to end up with near maximally rotating holes from such scenarios. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Phys & Astron, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Gravitat Wave Astron, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. Theoret Astrophys Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. RP Baker, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI Lousto, Carlos/0000-0002-6400-9640 NR 18 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2821 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 2 AR 027505 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.69.027505 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 772WK UT WOS:000188864800066 ER PT J AU Shaddock, DA AF Shaddock, DA TI Operating LISA as a Sagnac interferometer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID TIME-DELAY INTERFEROMETRY AB A phase-locking configuration for LISA is proposed that provides a significantly simpler mode of operation. The scheme provides one Sagnac signal readout inherently insensitive to laser frequency noise and optical bench motion for a nonrotating LISA array. This Sagnac output is also insensitive to clock noise, requires no time shifting of data, nor absolute arm length knowledge. As all measurements are made at one spacecraft, neither clock synchronization nor exchange of phase information between spacecraft is required. The phase-locking configuration provides these advantages for only one Sagnac variable yet retains compatibility with the baseline approach for obtaining the other TDI combinations. The orbital motion of the LISA constellation is shown to produce a 14-km path length difference between the counterpropagating beams in the Sagnac interferometer. With this length difference a laser frequency noise spectral density of 1 Hz/rootHz would consume the entire optical path noise budget of the Sagnac variables. A significant improvement of laser frequency stability (currently at 30 Hz/rootHz) would be needed for full-sensitivity LISA operation in the Sagnac mode. Alternatively, an additional level of time-delay processing could be applied to remove the laser frequency noise. The new time-delayed combinations of the phase measurements are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaddock, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Shaddock, Daniel/A-7534-2011 OI Shaddock, Daniel/0000-0002-6885-3494 NR 14 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2821 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 2 AR 022001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.69.022001 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 772WK UT WOS:000188864800005 ER PT J AU Booth, NA Chernov, AA Vekilov, PG AF Booth, NA Chernov, AA Vekilov, PG TI Interplay of impurities and solution flow as determinants of step pattern dynamics SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID PHASE-SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY; IN-SITU; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; SOLUTION GROWTH; KDP CRYSTALS; VICINAL FACE; MORPHOLOGICAL STABILITY; CALCITE GROWTH; RAPID GROWTH; KINETICS AB The first theory of step pattern evolution, the kinematic wave theory, employed the assumption of impurity effects on step kinetics. On the other hand, recent results have been considered within a framework linking step patterns to the mutual orientation of the solution flow and step motion directions in arbitrarily pure solutions. We explore the consequences of combining impurity and solution flow effects on the dynamics of the surface morphology of the (101) face of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals. We employ phase-shifting interferometry for real time in situ monitoring of these dynamics. We find that, at solution supersaturations sigmaless than or equal to0.035, step bunches form on all three vicinals of the (101) face regardless of the mutual orientation of the step motion and solution flow directions. Testing the mechanism of impurity-step pattern interactions, we show that bunching is caused by impurity molecules that adsorb on the surface and slow down and destabilize step trains without inducing growth cessation, i.e., the mechanism is inherently different from the one established for the (100) KDP face. We show that at sigma>0.040 impurities do not affect step bunching, and it is controlled by the direction of the solution flow, i.e., two distinct regimes of step bunching exist. The transition between the two regimes is governed by the exposure times of the terraces between steps tau : shorter tau's at higher growth rates lead to lower surface concentration of impurities and suppress the impurity effects on step kinetics and bunching. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, BAE Syst, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Booth, NA (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1 AR 011604 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.011604 PN 1 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 773WC UT WOS:000188946500034 PM 14995630 ER PT J AU Wolpert, D Tumer, K Bandari, E AF Wolpert, D Tumer, K Bandari, E TI Improving search algorithms by using intelligent coordinates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID OPTIMIZATION AB We consider algorithms that maximize a global function G in a distributed manner, using a different adaptive computational agent to set each variable of the underlying space. Each agent eta is self-interested; it sets its variable to maximize its own function g(eta). Three factors govern such a distributed algorithm's performance, related to exploration/exploitation, game theory, and machine learning. We demonstrate how to exploit all three factors by modifying a search algorithm's exploration stage: rather than random exploration, each coordinate of the search space is now controlled by a separate machine-learning-based "player" engaged in a noncooperative game. Experiments demonstrate that this modification improves simulated annealing (SA) by up to an order of magnitude for bin packing and for a model of an economic process run over an underlying network. These experiments also reveal interesting small-world phenomena. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wolpert, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM dhw@email.arc.nasa.gov; kagan@email.arc.nasa.gov; bandari@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JAN PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1 AR 017701 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.017701 PN 2 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 773WD UT WOS:000188946700102 PM 14995760 ER PT J AU Kohout, T Kletetschka, G Kobr, M Pruner, P Wasilewski, PJ AF Kohout, T Kletetschka, G Kobr, M Pruner, P Wasilewski, PJ TI The influence of terrestrial processes on meteorite magnetic records SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Assembly of the EGS/AGU/EUG CY 2003 CL Nice, FRANCE SP EGS, AGU, EUG DE meteorite magnetism; fusion crust; terrestrial residence; meteorite fall ID SOLAR NEBULA; MURCHISON METEORITE; AMINO-ACIDS; REMANENCE; CHONDRITES; ROCKS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; DISCHARGES; DUST AB In early solar system history there are several electromagnetic processes (electric discharges, pressure shock waves, electric discharges and currents) capable of magnetizing the primitive solid particles condensating from the solar nebula. The record of these magnetic events is the main objective of rock magnetic laboratory studies of meteorites found on the Earth. However, terrestrial environment can affect the magneto-mineralogy, can cause changes in magnetic parameters and can overprint the primary magnetic record. The entry of a meteorite into the terrestrial atmosphere causes surface heating and pressure effects due to large initial velocity. The effect of surface heating was the subject of the study with the CM2 Murchison meteorite. Results show the remagnetised zone to be at least 6 mm thick. On CM3, Allende meteorite we studied an effect of pressure during the atmospheric entry. According to our results the pressure does not seem to be a source responsible for meteorite remagnetization. Some meteorites are found several days after the fall, some are deposited in a desert or on the Antarctic ice for thousands of years. Most of them contain visible traces of terrestrial oxidation and weathering. We used the sample of an L6 chondrite DaG 979 found in the Libya desert, sample of the iron meteorite Campo del Cielo (found in Argentina 5000 years after the fall), and sample of the H5 Zebrak meteorite (found several days after the fall) for weathering simulations. Weathering plays an important role in the meteorite terrestrial history and is capable of complete remagnetization of the meteoritic material. To document the terrestrial processes that influence meteorite magnetism we monitored changes in magnetic remanence and magnetic hysteresis parameters. Our results indicate that the terrestrial processes are capable of changing magnetic properties and can overprint the primary magnetic record. Therefore, an extreme care is required when selecting the meteorite samples for primary magnetic component study. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Charles Univ Prague, Dept Appl Geophys, Fac Sci, Prague 12843 2, Czech Republic. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Geol, Prague, Czech Republic. Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kohout, T (reprint author), Charles Univ Prague, Dept Appl Geophys, Fac Sci, Albertov 6, Prague 12843 2, Czech Republic. EM kohout@natur.cuni.cz RI Kletetschka, Gunther/C-9996-2011; Kohout, Tomas/C-1394-2008; Pruner, Petr/I-8786-2014 OI Kletetschka, Gunther/0000-0002-0645-9037; Kohout, Tomas/0000-0003-4458-3650; NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2004 VL 29 IS 13-14 BP 885 EP 897 DI 10.1016/j.pce.2004.06.004 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 859KJ UT WOS:000224261800004 ER PT S AU Ng, HT Nguyen, P Chen, YP Mao, A Han, J Meyyappan, M AF Ng, HT Nguyen, P Chen, YP Mao, A Han, J Meyyappan, M BE Osinski, M Amano, H Henneberger, F TI Epitaxial single crystalline inorganic nanowires and nanowalls: Growth morphogenesis and applications in nano-optoelectronics SO PHYSICS AND SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XII CY JAN 26-29, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, USA Res Off DE nanowires; nanowalls; inorganic; directional growth; zinc oxide; indium oxide; tin oxide; metal oxide; resonance Raman spectroscopy; photoluminescence spectroscopy ID IN2O3 NANOWIRES; ZINC-OXIDE; ZNO; LUMINESCENCE; FABRICATION; JUNCTIONS; SAPPHIRE; NETWORKS; FILMS AB Inorganic single crystal nanowires and nanowalls which exhibit rich growth morphogenesis are shown. More specifically, these were grown on lattice-matched substrates, which facilitate their specific growth directions with respect to the substrates' planes. Structural and optical characterizations suggest high single crystallinity of these nanostructures and possible applications in nano-optoelectronics are discussed. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ng, HT (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5257-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5349 BP 11 EP 17 DI 10.1117/12.530012 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAJ84 UT WOS:000222604400002 ER PT S AU Maslov, AV Ning, CZ AF Maslov, AV Ning, CZ BE Osinski, M Amano, H Henneberger, F TI Modal properties of semiconductor nanowires for laser applications SO PHYSICS AND SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XII CY JAN 26-29, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, USA Res Off DE lasers; nanowires; guided waves; far-field diagram; confinement factors AB We review the basic electromagnetic properties of semiconductor nanowires which are required to evaluate their performance as lasers. These properties include the dispersions for guided modes, mode spacing, reflectivities from the nanowire facets, directionality and polarization of far fields, and confinement factors. We also discuss features that distinguish nanowire lasers from the usual heterostructure lasers. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maslov, AV (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Mail Stop 229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Maslov, Alexey/E-5158-2011 OI Maslov, Alexey/0000-0002-7835-2474 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5257-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5349 BP 24 EP 30 DI 10.1117/12.529364 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAJ84 UT WOS:000222604400004 ER PT S AU Li, JZ Ning, CZ AF Li, JZ Ning, CZ BE Osinski, M Amano, H Henneberger, F TI Microscopic theory and simulation of quantum-well intersubband absorption: A three-subband model SO PHYSICS AND SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XII CY JAN 26-29, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, USA Res Off DE intersubband transition; linear absorption; semiconductor heterostructure; InAs quantum well ID LASER; TRANSITIONS; INP AB We study the linear intersubband absorption spectra of a 15 nm InAs quantum well using the intersubband semiconductor Bloch equations with a three-subband model and a constant dephasing rate. We demonstrate the evolution of intersubband absorption spectral line shape as a function of temperature and electron density. Through a detailed examination of various contributions, such as the phase space filling effects, the Coulomb many-body effects and the nonparabolicity effect, we illuminate the underlying physics that shapes the spectra. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, JZ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Mail Stop N299-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5257-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5349 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1117/12.537775 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BAJ84 UT WOS:000222604400012 ER PT S AU Suess, ST AF Suess, ST BE Florinksi, V Pogorelov, NV Zank, GP TI The magnetic field in the outer heliosphere SO PHYSICS OF THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference of the Institute-of-Geophysics-and-Planetary-Physics CY FEB 08-13, 2004 CL Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA SP Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys HO Univ Calif Riverside ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; FLOW DOWNSTREAM; TERMINAL SHOCK; SOLAR-WIND; HELIOPAUSE AB Properties of the magnetic field near the termination shock and in the (inner) heliosheath are summarized. These ideas are based on Parker's [1] prediction of the spiral magnetic field and a simple analytic model of flow in the heliosheath. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Suess, ST (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space & Technol Ctr, Mail Stop SD50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0199-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2004 VL 719 BP 10 EP 15 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BBC23 UT WOS:000224724400002 ER PT S AU Opher, M Liewer, PC Velli, M Gombosi, TI Manchester, W DeZeeuw, DL Toth, G Sokolov, I AF Opher, M Liewer, PC Velli, M Gombosi, TI Manchester, W DeZeeuw, DL Toth, G Sokolov, I BE Florinksi, V Pogorelov, NV Zank, GP TI Magnetic effects change our view of the heliosheath SO PHYSICS OF THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference of the Institute-of-Geophysics-and-Planetary-Physics CY FEB 08-13, 2004 CL Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA SP Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys HO Univ Calif Riverside ID HELIOSPHERIC TERMINAL SHOCK; FLOW DOWNSTREAM; FIELD; SYSTEM AB There is currently a controversy as to whether Voyager 1 has already crossed the termination Shock, the first boundary of the heliosphere. The region between the termination shock and the heliopause, the heliosheath, is one of the most unknown regions theoretically. In the heliosheath magnetic effects are crucial, as the solar magnetic field is compressed at the termination shock by the slowing flow. Recently, our simulations showed that the heliosheath presents remarkable dynamics, with turbulent flows and the presence of a jet flow at the current sheet that is unstable due to magnetohydrodynamic instabilities [5, 6]. In this paper we review these recent results, and present an additional simulation with constant neutral atom background. In this case the jet is still present but with reduced intensity. Further study, e.g., including neutrals and the tilt of the solar rotation from the magnetic axis, is required before we can definitively address how the heliosheath behaves. Already we can say that this region presents remarkable dynamics, with turbulent flows, indicating that the heliosheath might be very different from what we previously thought. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Opher, M (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, MS 169-506,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI De Zeeuw, Darren/F-3667-2011; Manchester, Ward/I-9422-2012; Gombosi, Tamas/G-4238-2011 OI Gombosi, Tamas/0000-0001-9360-4951 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0199-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2004 VL 719 BP 105 EP 110 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BBC23 UT WOS:000224724400016 ER PT S AU Smith, EJ AF Smith, EJ BE Florinksi, V Pogorelov, NV Zank, GP TI Magnetic field in the outer heliosphere SO PHYSICS OF THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference of the Institute-of-Geophysics-and-Planetary-Physics CY FEB 08-13, 2004 CL Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA SP Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys HO Univ Calif Riverside ID ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS; SOLAR-WIND; FLUX; 1-AU AB Observed properties of the magnetic field in the outer heliosphere are generally well described by the Parker model but evidence has accumulated of significant departures in the components and field magnitude. The radial component is independent of solar latitude at both solar minimum and maximum implying non-radial solar wind flow near the Sun driven by differential magnetic pressure. The azimuthal component deviates from the Parker values at high latitudes as a result of the non-radial flow near the Sun that causes fields to originate at higher latitudes than those at which they are observed far from the Sun. A turning of the spiral angle toward the radial direction by tens of degrees is often observed inside co-rotating rarefaction regions (dwells). A recent model attributes this effect to a motion of the field across polar coronal hole boundaries that results in different solar wind speeds along parts of the field line. The north-south component can depart from zero for many days as a result of the tilting of the interface between fast and slow streams. Recent Voyager observations show that, during solar minimum, the field magnitude is smaller than extrapolations outward from 1 AU. This "flux deficit," seen earlier in Pioneer data, may be explained by any of several physical models. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth & Space Sci Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smith, EJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth & Space Sci Div, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0199-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2004 VL 719 BP 213 EP 220 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BBC23 UT WOS:000224724400030 ER PT J AU Farr, TG AF Farr, TG TI Terrestrial Analogs to Mars: The NRC community decadal report SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE Mars; Terrestrial; Analog; geology ID THERMAL EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; KILAUEA VOLCANO; BIR-SAFSAF; RADAR; HAWAII; LAVA; CALIFORNIA; PAHOEHOE; MODEL; EGYPT AB In 2001, the US National Research Council, at the request of NASA, initiated a broad community survey of the current state of solar system exploration seeking recommendations for the coming decade. One of the studies was on Terrestrial Analogs to Mars. It is well recognized that interpretations of Mars must begin with the Earth as a reference. The most successful comparisons have focused on understanding geologic processes on the Earth well enough to extrapolate to Mars' environment. Over the next decade, we will be entering a new phase of Mars study as the era of reconnaissance global mapping is ending and we begin to focus on detailed analysis at the regional to outcrop level. Recommendations from the Terrestrial Analogs to Mars community panel included: process studies at analog sites, field workshops, instrument and operations tests, and laboratory measurements. Coordinated deployment of airborne, spaceborne, field instrumentation, and personnel to several sites to test instruments and technology intended for Mars and to provide data for ongoing studies of terrestrial geologic processes relevant to Mars was the most important area recommended for support. Field workshops should be continued and expanded and could also include operation of field instruments, modeled after the Marsokhod field tests at Silver Lake and this workshop. Laboratory studies are needed to determine more fully the physical, spectral, and electromagnetic characteristics of Mars analog materials. Data archives were recommended to collect, document, and make available via the Web existing terrestrial data relevant to Mars studies. The establishment of Mars analog sites would also support human exploration objectives and could be used for effective outreach to better engage the public in the exploration of Mars. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Farr, TG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tom.farr@jpl.nasa.gov OI Farr, Thomas/0000-0001-5406-2096 NR 61 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP 10 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.004 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800002 ER PT J AU Grant, JA Golombek, MP Parker, TJ Crisp, JA Squyres, SW Weitz, CM AF Grant, JA Golombek, MP Parker, TJ Crisp, JA Squyres, SW Weitz, CM TI Selecting landing sites for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE Mars; landing sites; Rovers; 2003; Exploration; Selection ID VALLES-MARINERIS; MAADIM-VALLIS; DEPOSITS; SURFACE; TOPOGRAPHY; EVOLUTION; WATER; BASIN AB A two-plus year process of identifying and evaluating landing sites for the NASA 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers began with definition of mission science objectives, preliminary engineering requirements, and identification of similar to 155 potential sites in near-equator locations (these included multiple ellipses for locations accessible by both rovers). Four open workshops were used together with ongoing engineering evaluations to narrow the list of sites to four: Meridiani Planum and Gusev Crater were ranked highest for science, with southern Isidis Basin and a "wind safe" site in Elysium following in order. Based on exhaustive community assessment, these sites comprise the best-studied locales on Mars and should possess attributes enabling mission success. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Grant, JA (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, 6th St & Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM grantj@nasm.si.edu RI Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 11 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.011 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800003 ER PT J AU Beaty, DW Miller, S Zimmerman, W Bada, J Conrad, P Dupuis, E Huntsberger, T Ivlev, R Kim, SS Lee, BG Lindstrom, D Lorenzoni, L Mahaffy, P McNamara, K Papanastassiou, D Patrick, S Peters, S Rohatgi, N Simmonds, JJ Spray, J Swindle, TD Tamppari, L Treiman, A Wolfenbarger, JK Zent, A AF Beaty, DW Miller, S Zimmerman, W Bada, J Conrad, P Dupuis, E Huntsberger, T Ivlev, R Kim, SS Lee, BG Lindstrom, D Lorenzoni, L Mahaffy, P McNamara, K Papanastassiou, D Patrick, S Peters, S Rohatgi, N Simmonds, JJ Spray, J Swindle, TD Tamppari, L Treiman, A Wolfenbarger, JK Zent, A TI Planning for a Mars in situ sample preparation and distribution (SPAD) system SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE in situ measurement; sampling; sample preparation; comminution; sample collection; primary analysis; advanced analysis; sample distribution; sieving; subsampling; sample splits ID PATHFINDER MISSION AB For Mars in situ landed missions, it has become increasingly apparent that significant value may be provided by a shared system that we call a Sample Preparation and Distribution (SPAD) System. A study was conducted to identify the issues and feasibility of such a system for these missions that would provide common functions for: receiving a variety of sample types from multiple sample acquisition systems; conducting preliminary characterization of these samples with non-destructive science instruments and making decisions about what should happen to the samples; performing a variety of sample preparation functions- and, finally, directing the prepared samples to additional science instruments for further analysis. Scientific constraints on the functionality of the system were identified, such as triage, contamination management, and various sample preparation steps, e.g., comminution, splitting, rock surfacing, and sieving. Some simplifying strategies were recommended and an overall science flow was developed. Engineering functional requirements were also investigated and example architectures developed. Preliminary conclusions are that shared SPAD facility systems could indeed add value to future Mars in situ landed missions if they are designed to respond to the particular requirements and constraints of those missions, that such a system appears feasible for consideration, and that certain standards should be developed for key SPAD interfaces. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Canadian Space Agcy, St Hubert, PQ J3Y 8Y9, Canada. NASA, Johnson Space Agcy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, I-00198 Rome, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Beaty, DW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.w.beaty@jpl.nasa.gov RI Mahaffy, Paul/E-4609-2012; Conrad, Pamela/F-1506-2012 OI Conrad, Pamela/0000-0001-8805-7981 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 55 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.016 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800008 ER PT J AU Duxbury, NS Abyzov, SS Romanovsky, VE Yoshikawa, K AF Duxbury, NS Abyzov, SS Romanovsky, VE Yoshikawa, K TI A combination of radar and thermal approaches to search for methane clathrate in the Martian subsurface SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE mars; clathrates; methane; biogenic; human exploration; heat flow; radar ID WATER ICE; MARS; RESPIRATION; PERMAFROST; MANGANESE; HYDRATE; VOSTOK; MODEL; STATE; LIFE AB It has been suggested that methane clathrate is stable in the subsurface of Mars (Max and Clifford, (J. Geophys. Res.-Planets 105 (E2) (2000) 4165). Max and Clifford (Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(9) (2001) 1787) have proposed that the Martian chaotic terrain could be a surface manifestation of the dissociation of subsurface methane clathrate hydrate. They have used the large terrestrial sub-oceanic landforms (which have formed due to dissociation of methane clathrate) as an analog. The detection of methane (either in the form of gas or in the solid form of clathrate hydrate) would be evidence of indigenous life in the Martian subsurface, since methane on Earth has mostly biogenic origin. Moreover, methane is a valuable resource for the human exploration of Mars. We propose a novel approach to search for potential Martian methane clathrate hydrate and perform related computations. Our method uses the effect of latent heat of clathrate-phase transitions on the internal heat flow, and hence on permafrost thickness above the clathrate deposit. It will allow one to extract related information out of the radar data that will be used to search for the ground ice/ground water interface. The interpretation of the radar data of ground ice/ground water boundary, which we propose here, can be used to analyze the SHARAD radar data set (Seu et al., 2003) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) 2005 mission and the potential Ground Penetrating Radar data on the Mars Science Laboratory, currently planned to be launched in 2009. From this viewpoint we make recommendations for future orbiting/landed missions to Mars. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Microbiol, Moscow, Russia. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. Univ Alaska, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Duxbury, NS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA USA. EM nduxbury@jpl.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.006 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800014 ER PT J AU Picardi, G Biccari, D Seu, R Marinangeli, L Johnson, WTK Jordan, RL Plaut, J Safaenili, A Gurnett, DA Ori, GG Orosei, R Calabrese, D Zampolini, E AF Picardi, G Biccari, D Seu, R Marinangeli, L Johnson, WTK Jordan, RL Plaut, J Safaenili, A Gurnett, DA Ori, GG Orosei, R Calabrese, D Zampolini, E TI Performance and surface scattering models for the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE radar exploration; Mars; subsurface; surface scattering; radar sounder ID NEAR-SURFACE; GROUND ICE; WATER; DEPOSITS; GULLIES AB The primary scientific objective of the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS), which will be on board Mars Express mission scheduled for launch in 2003, is to map the distribution and depth of the liquid water/ice interface in the upper kilometres of the crust of Mars. MARSIS will also provide unique information to help us understand the recent crustal evolution of the planet. In addition an ionosphere sounding experiment will measure the electron density and structure of the upper atmosphere during day-time operations. We describe the design approach and expected performance by focusing on a model of the surface scattering, which is critical to obtaining a good quality radar response. We characterize the surface in terms of large-scale morphology upon which small-scale geometric variation is superposed. Moreover, MOLA data have been processed using a fractals model to better describe the surface roughness of Mars. We used three categories of rock material with different dielectric properties to assess the performance of the Radar Sounder and detect the depth of the ice/water and dry/ice interface. This paper will focus on studying the effect of Mars surface roughness on the penetration performance of MARSIS as a subsurface sounding instrument. The impact of ionosphere on MARSIS operation and performance is significant and will be discussed in a future paper by other authors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Infacom Dept, I-00184 Rome, Italy. Univ GD Annunzio, IRSPS, Pescara, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. CNR, IAS, Planetol Dept, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Alenia Spazio, Space Div, I-00131 Rome, Italy. RP Picardi, G (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Infacom Dept, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy. EM picar@infocom.ing.uniroma1.it OI ORI, Gian Gabriele/0000-0002-6460-1476 NR 21 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.020 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800019 ER PT J AU Dohm, JM Ferris, JC Barlow, NG Baker, VR Mahaney, WC Anderson, RC Hare, TM AF Dohm, JM Ferris, JC Barlow, NG Baker, VR Mahaney, WC Anderson, RC Hare, TM TI The northwestern slope valleys (NSVs) region, Mars: a prime candidate site for the future exploration of Mars SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE Mars; exploration; hydrology; geology; life; climate ID THARSIS REGION; WATER; ICE; MORPHOLOGIES; EVOLUTION; DIAMETER; EJECTA; OCEANS; SCALE; BASIN AB The northwestern slope valleys region is a prime candidate site for future science-driven Mars exploration because it records Noachian to Amazonian Tharsis development in a region that encapsulates (1) a diverse and temporally extensive stratigraphic record, (2) at least three distinct paleohydrologic regimes, (3) gargantuan structurally controlled flood valleys that generally correspond with gravity and magnetic anomalies, possibly marking ancient magnetized rock materials exposed by fluvial activity, (4) water enrichment, as indicated by Mars Odyssey and impact crater analyses, (5) long-lived magma and ground water/ice interactions that could be favorable for the development and sustenance of life, and (6) potential paleosol development. This region has high probability to yield significant geologic, climatic, and exobiologic information that could revolutionize our understanding of Mars. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. York Univ, Geomorphol & Pedol Lab, Atkinson Coll, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Dohm, JM (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jmd@hwr.arizona.edu RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014; OI Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 48 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.013 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800022 ER PT J AU Bridges, NT Laity, JE Greeley, R Phoreman, J Eddlemon, EE AF Bridges, NT Laity, JE Greeley, R Phoreman, J Eddlemon, EE TI Insights on rock abrasion and ventifact formation from laboratory and field analog studies with applications to Mars SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE abrasion; ventifacts; surface modification; aeolian processes; weathering ID PATHFINDER LANDING SITE; WIND-DRIVEN SAND; COACHELLA VALLEY; ORBITER CAMERA; EROSION; DUNES; CALIFORNIA; SALTATION; CLIMATE; SURFACE AB Wind tunnel studies are integrated with field observations to better understand the processes and rates of rock abrasion on Earth and Mars and how these factors affect ventifact morphology. The wind tunnel work consists of controlled experiments at terrestrial and Martian pressures in which known fluxes of sand are blown onto abradable targets of various geometric shapes. Mass loss and dimensional changes are measured and shape evolution observed as a function of total sand flux, wind speed, target shape, and target composition. To provide ground truth to these experiments, the same types of targets were placed in a field plot at a Mojave Desert ventifact locality for 6 months and measurements and observations like those in the wind tunnel were made. Weather data recorded by a co-located station provided wind speed and direction during this time. These data and results from the abraded field targets were compared to flute directions of local ventifacts. Initial results from this work are: (1) initial rock shape controls the rate of abrasion, with steeper faces abrading faster than shallower ones, (2) targets also abrade via slope retreat, with intermediate angled faces becoming shallower (flatter) at a greater rate than initially flat or steep faces, (3) the direction of maximum velocity winds exerts a greater control on ventifact flute orientations than the direction of average velocity winds, (4) irregular targets with pits or grooves abrade at greater rates than targets with smooth surfaces, with indentations generally enlarging and faces becoming rougher with time, and (5) there are many similarities between the experimental and terrestrial ventifacts, as well as rocks interpreted as ventifacts on Mars. The pitted and faceted appearance of many Martian rocks is easily attributable to aeolian abrasion. Many Martian rocks appear pitted or vesicular, characteristics which our laboratory experiments show enhance abrasion. Although measured Martian wind speeds are generally below those necessary to induce saltation, occasional gusts above threshold may be sufficient for some rock abrasion. Ventifact formation is potentially a common geomorphic process on Mars provided there are sufficient supplies of sand and high velocity winds needed for saltation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Geog, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Bridges, NT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nathan.bridges@jpl.nasa.gov RI Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016 NR 53 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 199 EP 213 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.026 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800023 ER PT J AU Douglas, S AF Douglas, S TI Microbial biosignatures in evaporite deposits: Evidence from Death Valley, California SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Terrestrial Analogues of Mars CY 2001 CL SICILY, ITALY DE endoevaporite; microbial community; exobiology; Death Valley AB We report on a microstratigraphic layering of mineral types that correlates with layering of the microbial community. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy analysis showed that in the upper layers of the community, dominated by cyanobacteria, gypsum (CaSO4.2H(2)O) and bassanite (CaSO4.H2O) give way to rosickyite, a rare form of sulfur (gamma-sulfur; monoclinic symmetry), which is not thermodynamically predicted to be stable at Earth surface temperatures, reverting to the more common alpha-sulfur form (orthorhombic symmetry) and yet exists and is stably maintained within the endoevaporitic microbial community implying a biogenic role in its fort-nation. This mineral may be formed by a cycle of microbial dissolution of gypsum to sulfide and re-oxidation of the sulfide to elemental sulfur (rosickyite) within a stable oxygen-sulfide gradient maintained by the organisms and appears specifically in association with the cyanobacterial layer. Cells in the lower region of the pigmented phototroph-dominated layers (i.e., purple and green bacteria) have associated strontianite (SrCO3) and calcite in the form of fine-grained minerals deposited on the cell surfaces and within the extracellular polymers surrounding them. Knowledge of how microbial communities can affect the mineralogy of evaporite deposits on Earth can help us to identify potential markers of the past or present existence of life on extraterrestrial bodies bearing evidence of ancient seas or lakes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Douglas, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM susanne.douglas@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1-3 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.005 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 770MD UT WOS:000188733800025 ER PT S AU Grebowsky, JM Crider, DH Intriligator, DS Hartle, RE Acuna, MH AF Grebowsky, JM Crider, DH Intriligator, DS Hartle, RE Acuna, MH BE Kallio, E Shinagawa, H TI Venus/Mars pickup ions and ionosheath wave structures SO PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES, IONOSPHERES AND PLASMA INTERACTIONS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res DE pickup ions; Venus ionosphere; mars ionosphere; pioneer Venus orbiter ID FLOW; MAGNETOSHEATH; MARS AB A search for ULF waves associated with pickup ions was undertaken for Venus and for Mars. The Pioneer Venus Orbital Plasma Analyzer (OPA) measurements of ion energy per unit charge spectra provided signatures of the probable presence of pick-up ions. At the locations of these energetic ion signatures we derived power spectra and propagation characteristics of structures in the local magnetic field from measurements by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Magnetometer. Some of these features are characteristic of effects previously identified in the ionosheath of Venus, analogous to wave activity properties in the Earth's magnetosheath. However, for the first time examples have been found at Venus of ULF waves near the ion gyrofrequencies in the ionosheath and in the far magnetic tail. Both linear and elliptically polarized waves are found in the vicinity of ion pickup detections. The signatures of these features are presented using one orbit of Pioneer Venus Orbiter data. The same wave analysis techniques are applied to the magnetic field data measured on one characteristic orbit from the Mars Global Surveyor Magnetometer. This is used to demonstrate how a comparative analysis of the two planets can be useful. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Gibsonville, NC 27249 USA. Carmel Res Ctr, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. RP Grebowsky, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 695,Bldg 21,Room 226, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joseph.m.grebowsky@nasa.gov RI Grebowsky, Joseph/I-7185-2013; Hurley, Dana/F-4488-2015 OI Hurley, Dana/0000-0003-1052-1494 NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 176 EP 181 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.04.014 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BY96F UT WOS:000189505500008 ER PT S AU Bellucci, G Formisano, V D'Aversa, E Brown, RH Baines, KH Bibring, JP Buratti, BJ Capaccioni, F Cerroni, P Clark, RN Coradini, A Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL McCord, TB Mennella, V Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Chamberlain, MC Hansen, G Hibbits, K Showalter, M Filacchione, G AF Bellucci, G Formisano, V D'Aversa, E Brown, RH Baines, KH Bibring, JP Buratti, BJ Capaccioni, F Cerroni, P Clark, RN Coradini, A Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL McCord, TB Mennella, V Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Chamberlain, MC Hansen, G Hibbits, K Showalter, M Filacchione, G BE Rodin, A Rees, D Gupta, SP TI Principal components analysis of Jupiter VIMS spectra SO PLANETARY IONOSPHERES AND ATMOSPHERES INCLUDING CIRA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Jupiter; cassini; visual-infrared mapping spectrometer; great red spot AB During Cassini - Jupiter flyby occurred in December 2000, Visual-Infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) instrument took several image cubes of Jupiter at different phase angles and distances. We have analysed the spectral images acquired by the VIMS visual channel by means of a principal component analysis technique (PCA). The original data set consists of 96 spectral images in the 0.35-1.05 mum wavelength range. The product of the analysis are new PC bands, which contain all the spectral variance of the original data. These new components have been used to produce a map of Jupiter made of seven coherent spectral classes. The map confirms previously published work done on the Great Red Spot by using NIMS data. Some other new findings, presently under investigation, are presented. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 CNR, Inst Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Rome, Italy. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab & Stewart Observ, Tucson, AZ USA. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Paris, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Paris, France. CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Rome, Italy. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO USA. NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. Observ Paris, Meudon, France. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Washington, DC USA. Cornell Univ, Astron Dept, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nantes, Lab Planetol & Geodinam, Nantes, France. RP Bellucci, G (reprint author), CNR, Inst Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Rome, Italy. EM giancarlo.bellucci@ifsi.rm.cnr.it RI Rodin, Alexander/L-1904-2013; OI Rodin, Alexander/0000-0002-3601-7790; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314; Filacchione, Gianrico/0000-0001-9567-0055; D'Aversa, Emiliano/0000-0002-5842-5867 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 8 BP 1640 EP 1646 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.062 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBH96 UT WOS:000225594400001 ER PT S AU Justus, CG Duvall, A Johnson, DL AF Justus, CG Duvall, A Johnson, DL BE Rodin, A Rees, D Gupta, SP TI Mars-GRAM validation with Mars global surveyor data SO PLANETARY IONOSPHERES AND ATMOSPHERES INCLUDING CIRA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Mars Global Surveyor; Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model; Mars-GRAM 2001; Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter; radio science; thermal emission spectrometer ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AB Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model (Mars-GRAM 2001) is an engineering-level Mars atmosphere model widely used for many Mars mission applications. From 0-80 km, it is based on NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model (MGCM), while above 80 km it is based on University of Arizona Mars Thermospheric General Circulation Model. Mars-GRAM 2001 and MGCM use surface topography from Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). Validation studies are described comparing Mars-GRAM with Mars Global Surveyor Radio Science (RS) and Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data. RS data from 2480 profiles were used, covering latitudes 75degreesS-72degreesN, surface to similar to40 km, for seasons ranging from areocentric longitude of Sun (L-S) = 70-160degrees and 265-310degrees. RS data spanned a range of local times, mostly 0-9 and 18-24 h. For interests in aerocapture and precision landing, comparisons concentrated on atmospheric density. At a fixed height of 20 km, measured RS density varied by about a factor of 2.5 over the range of latitudes and L-S values observed. Evaluated at matching positions and times, average RS/ Mars-GRAM density ratios were generally 1 +/- 0.05, except at heights above similar to25 km and latitudes above similar to50 N. Average standard deviation (SD) of RS/Mars-GRAM density ratio was 6%. TES data were used covering surface to similar to40 km, over more than a full Mars year (February, 1999 through June, 2001, just before start of a Mars global dust storm). Depending on season, TES data covered latitudes 85degreesS-85degreesN. Most TES data were concentrated near local times 2 and 14 h. Observed average TES/Mars-GRAM density ratios were generally 1 +/- 0.05, except at high altitudes (15-30 km, depending on season) and high latitudes (>45degreesN), or at most altitudes in the southern hemisphere at L-S similar to 90degrees and 180degrees. Compared to TES averages for a given latitude and season, TES data had average density SD about the mean of similar to2.5% for all data, or similar to1-4%, depending on time of day and dust optical depth. Average SD of TES/Mars-GRAM density ratio was 8.9% for local time 2 h and 7.1% for local time 14 h. Thus SD of observed TES/Mars-GRAM density ratio, evaluated at matching positions and times, is about three times the SD of TES data about the TES mean value at a given position and season. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA Marshall Flight Ctr, ED44 SAIC UNITeS Morgan Res, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Duvall, A (reprint author), NASA Marshall Flight Ctr, ED44 SAIC UNITeS Morgan Res, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM jere.justus@msfc.nasa.gov; duvall@msfc.nasa.gov; dale.johnson@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 8 BP 1673 EP 1676 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.077 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBH96 UT WOS:000225594400006 ER PT S AU Forbes, JM Zhang, X Coll, MA Keating, GM AF Forbes, JM Zhang, X Coll, MA Keating, GM BE Rodin, A Rees, D Gupta, SP TI Nonmigrating tides in the thermosphere of Mars: a quasi-empirical description SO PLANETARY IONOSPHERES AND ATMOSPHERES INCLUDING CIRA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Mars; thermosphere of Mars; nonmigrating tides ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; MGS ACCELEROMETER; SEMIDIURNAL TIDE; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; THERMAL TIDES; KELVIN WAVE; REGION AB A methodology is proposed for using sparsely-distributed data to calibrate physics-based tidal functions, that can then be used to reconstruct global wind, temperature and density patterns associated with diurnal and semidiurnal tides throughout Mars' upper atmosphere (i.e., 25-200 km). The functions, called Hough Mode Extensions, maintain self-consistent internal relationships between winds, densities and temperatures, and account for changes in vertical and latitudinal shape within the dissipative thermosphere. In the present work, total mass densities from the Mars Global Surveyor accelerometer experiment during Phases I and II of aerobraking are separated into zonal wavenumber components (k(s)) viewed from the satellite reference frame. Fits are performed to two of the wavenumber components to illustrate how the technique works, and to provide insight into its potential for analysing more comprehensive datasets anticipated for the future. Results indicate Phase-11 wind and temperature amplitudes for the eastward-propagating diurnal tide with s = -1(k(s) = 2) to be of order 10-40 ms(-1) (eastward) and 2-10 K, maximizing in the equatorial region above 120 km. Similar values are found for the westward-propagating semidiurnal tide with s = 1 (k(s) = 1) during Phase I at polar latitudes, a wave that is identified for the first time in MGS aerobraking data. This is the same oscillation that appears prominently in the terrestrial lower thermosphere over south pole, and is thought to be excited by nonlinear interaction between the terrestrial migrating semidiurnal tide and the stationary planetary wave with s = 1. The above wind and temperature estimates must be viewed as preliminary, however, as more data are required to more definitively constrain the fits. (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. LMD UPMC Paris 6, F-75252 Paris 05, France. George Washington Univ, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Forbes, JM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM forbes@zeke.colorado.edu RI Rodin, Alexander/L-1904-2013; OI Rodin, Alexander/0000-0002-3601-7790; FORBES, JEFFREY/0000-0001-6937-0796 NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 8 BP 1690 EP 1695 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.068 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBH96 UT WOS:000225594400009 ER PT S AU Justus, CG Duvall, A Johnson, DL AF Justus, CG Duvall, A Johnson, DL BE Rodin, A Rees, D Gupta, SP TI Earth global reference atmospheric model (GRAM-99) and trace constituents SO PLANETARY IONOSPHERES AND ATMOSPHERES INCLUDING CIRA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Earth global reference atmosphereic model; (GRAM 99); trace constituents ID VAPOR-PRESSURE; WATER AB Global reference atmospheric model (GRAM-99) is an engineering-level model of the Earth's atmosphere. It provides both mean values and perturbations for density, temperature, pressure, and winds, as well as monthly- and geographically-varying trace constituent concentrations. From 0 to 27 km altitude, thermodynamics and winds are based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Upper Air Climatic Atlas (GUACA) climatology. Above 120 km altitude, GRAM is based on the NASA Marshall Engineering Thermosphere (MET) model. In the intervening altitude region, GRAM is based on Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) climatology that also forms the basis of the 1986 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA). MAP data in GRAM are augmented by specially derived longitude variation climatology. Atmospheric composition is represented in GRAM by concentrations of both major and minor species. Above 120 km, MET provides concentration values for N-2, O-2, Ar, O, He, and H. Below 120 km, species represented also include H2O, O-3, N2O, CO, CH4, and CO2. Water vapor in GRAM is based on a combination of GUACA, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (AFGL), and NASA Langley Research Center climatologies. Other constituents below 120 km are based on a combination of AFGL and MAP/LIRA climatologies. This report presents results of comparisons between GRAM constituent concentrations and those provided by Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) climatology. GRAM and NRL concentrations were compared for seven species (CH4, CO2 CO2, H2O N2O, O-2, and OH3) for months January, April, July, and October, over height range 0-115 km, and latitudes -90degrees to + 90degrees at 10degrees increments. Average GRAM-NRL correlations range from 0.878 (for CO) to 0.975 (for OH3), with an average over all seven species of 0.936 (SD 0.049). (C) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Comp Sci Corp, Huntsville, AL 35824 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Justus, CG (reprint author), Comp Sci Corp, POB 240005, Huntsville, AL 35824 USA. EM jere.justus@nasa.gov; aleta.duvall@msfc.nasa.gov; dale.johnson@nasa.gov RI Rodin, Alexander/L-1904-2013 OI Rodin, Alexander/0000-0002-3601-7790 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2004 VL 34 IS 8 BP 1731 EP 1735 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.04.057 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBH96 UT WOS:000225594400014 ER PT S AU Young, RE Atkinson, D Atreya, S Banfield, D Beebe, R Bolton, S Briggs, G Crisp, D Cutts, J Drake, M Esposito, L Galal, K Hubbard, W Hunten, D Ingersoll, A Kerzhanovich, V Kolawa, E Laub, B Li, F Mahaffy, P Marley, M Owen, T Partridge, H Schubert, G Spilker, T Sprague, A Venkatapathy, E AF Young, RE Atkinson, D Atreya, S Banfield, D Beebe, R Bolton, S Briggs, G Crisp, D Cutts, J Drake, M Esposito, L Galal, K Hubbard, W Hunten, D Ingersoll, A Kerzhanovich, V Kolawa, E Laub, B Li, F Mahaffy, P Marley, M Owen, T Partridge, H Schubert, G Spilker, T Sprague, A Venkatapathy, E BE Wilson, A TI Summary of the Boulder Entry Probe Workshop - April 21-22, 2003, Boulder, Colorado, USA SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico AB The Solar System Exploration Decadal Survey (SSEDS) identified several high priority Solar System Key Science Questions that should be addressed by entry probes/larders, or that should be addressed simultaneously by both probes/larders and remote sensing types of observations. These Key Science Questions are directly relevant to Goals and Objectives of the NASA Strategic Plan and Office of Space Science Strategic Plan. In this report we define entry probes/larders as spacecraft that sample in-situ a planetary atmosphere, and planetary surface if there is one. The Entry Probe Workshop grew out of a community concern that if entry probes/larders were to be a viable mission option for addressing the overarching questions identified in the SSEDS in the coming 10-15 years, significant resources must be applied to key technology areas immediately. The major science objectives requiring entry probes and the key technology development areas for probes are described. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Young, RE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Mahaffy, Paul/E-4609-2012; OI Banfield, Don/0000-0003-2664-0164 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 13 EP 20 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700002 ER PT S AU Desai, PN Lee, WJ AF Desai, PN Lee, WJ BE Wilson, A TI Entry descent, and landing scenario for the Mars Exploration Rover mission SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico AB In January 2004, the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission will land two landers on the surface of Mars. Both landers will deliver a rover to the surface using an entry, descent, and landing (EDL) scenario based on Mars Pathfinder heritage. However, the entry conditions and environments are different from that of Mars Pathfinder. Unique challenges are present due to the entry differences of a heavier entry mass, less dense atmosphere, and higher surface landing site altitude. These differences result in a higher terminal velocity and less time for performing all the EDL events as compared to Mars Pathfinder. As a result of these differences, modifications are made to the MER EDL systems to safely deliver the rovers to the surface of Mars. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Desai, PN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 100 NASA Rd,MS 365, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700004 ER PT S AU Allison, M Atkinson, DH Bird, MK Tomasko, MG AF Allison, M Atkinson, DH Bird, MK Tomasko, MG BE Wilson, A TI Titan zonal wind corroboration via the Huygens DISR solar zenith angle measurement SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION; PLANETS; VENUS; PROBE; SUPERROTATION; ATMOSPHERE; ROTATION; ELEMENTS AB The in situ measurement of the vertical profile of Titan's zonal wind is a major objective of the Huygens probe mission, as specifically addressed by the Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE). It now appears likely that an independent, if somewhat less accurate corroboration of the zonal wind retrieval will be afforded by the measured variation of the solar zenith angle Z from the Huygens Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) throughout the course of the probe's atmospheric descent. The analyzed synergism of the DWE and DISR solar-Z measurements should provide an enhanced evaluation of the Titan atmospheric circulation. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Allison, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 125 EP 130 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700016 ER PT S AU Asmar, SW Atkinson, DH Bird, MK Wood, GE AF Asmar, SW Atkinson, DH Bird, MK Wood, GE BE Wilson, A TI Ultra-stable oscillators for planetary entry probes SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico AB Ultra-stable oscillators on-board planetary missions were developed for Radio Science instrumentation, functioning as frequency references for the one-way downlink during atmospheric occultations. They have also been flown on planetary entry probes including the Jupiter entry probe, carried by Galileo, and the Huygens Titan entry probe, carried by Cassini, for performing Doppler Wind Experiments. The Jupiter and Titan probes utilized different oscillators, quartz and rubidium, respectively. This paper presents the development of ultra-stable oscillators on deep space missions and discusses the tradeoffs encountered when selecting oscillators for planetary entry probes, including factors such as duration of the experiment, the available warm-up time and the Allan deviation and phase noise requirements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Asmar, SW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 131 EP 134 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700017 ER PT S AU Folkner, WM Border, JS Lowe, ST Preston, RA Bird, MK AF Folkner, WM Border, JS Lowe, ST Preston, RA Bird, MK BE Wilson, A TI Ground-based tracking of the Huygens probe during the Titan descent SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico ID DOPPLER WIND EXPERIMENT; DEEP ZONAL WINDS; GALILEO PROBE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; RADIO SIGNAL; ENTRY PROBE; JUPITER; ATMOSPHERE; ATTENUATION; SCIENCE AB The radio signal from the Huygens Probe will be received using radio tracking stations on Earth as it descends through the atmosphere of Titan. The recording will be used to determine the Doppler shift of the signal and hence the velocity of the Probe in the direction of Earth. These velocity measurements will be used to determine the Titan wind speed as a function of altitude, thereby complementing the Huygens signal measurements on the Cassini Orbiter (DWE - Doppler Wind Experiment), which yield a velocity measurement in a different direction. The combined measurements will provide confirmation of the basic wind profile and most probably allow a separation of the wind speed into its meridional and zonal components. The signal strength received at Earth from Huygens will be comparable to that from a similar experiment performed with the Galileo Probe at Jupiter, and will thus probably be too weak to detect in real time because of the modulation by the (then) unknown telemetry. Instead, wide-band recordings of the Probe signal will be made throughout the three-hour descent. After the Probe telemetry is relayed from Cassini to Earth, the recorded signal is processed against a telemetry template, enabling signal integration over several seconds for determining the Probe frequency. Technical aspects and some anticipated results of the Earth-based DWE are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Folkner, WM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 191 EP 196 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700023 ER PT S AU Desai, PN Blanchard, RC Powell, RW AF Desai, PN Blanchard, RC Powell, RW BE Wilson, A TI Entry trajectory and atmosphere reconstruction methodologies for the Mars Exploration Rover mission SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico AB The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission will land two landers on the surface of Mars, arriving in January 2004. Both landers will deliver the rovers to the surface by decelerating with the aid of an aeroshell, a supersonic parachute, retro-rockets, and air bags for safely landing on the surface. The reconstruction of the MER descent trajectory and atmosphere profile will be performed for all the phases from hypersonic flight through landing. A description of multiple methodologies for the flight reconstruction is presented from simple parameter identification methods through a statistical Kalman filter approach. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Desai, PN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 100 NASA Rd,MS 365, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 213 EP 220 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700026 ER PT S AU Spilker, TR AF Spilker, TR BE Wilson, A TI Planetary entry probes in the foreseeable future: Destinations, opportunities, and techniques SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico AB Planetary atmospheric entry probes fill an important niche in NASA's solar system exploration plans, and current plans indicate they will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. The recently released National Research Council document "New Frontiers in the Solar System: an Integrated Exploration Strategy" [1] and multiple NASA planning documents [3][4][5] include calls for future missions specifying entry probes as the technique of choice for achieving many high-priority science objectives. Other missions described in those and similar documents, whose primary science objectives do not require entry probes, could deliver and support entry probes without greatly altering their fundamental architectures. NASA has in place several programs by which such missions could be implemented, each open to non-US participation. Beyond these currently envisioned missions, new techniques can expand the range of potential destinations and operating conditions for entry probes, opening up new opportunities for entry probe science investigations. Missions described in the planning documents are summarized, example new techniques are described, and examples are given of mission destinations enabled by the new techniques. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Spilker, TR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 231 EP 238 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700028 ER PT S AU Laub, B Venkatapathy, E AF Laub, B Venkatapathy, E BE Wilson, A TI Thermal protection system technology and facility needs for demanding future planetary missions SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico AB NASA has successfully launched numerous science missions to inner and outer planets in our solar system of which the most challenging were to Venus and Jupiter and the knowledge gained from those missions have been invaluable yet incomplete. Future missions will be built on what we have learned from the past missions but they will be more demanding from both the science as well as the mission design and engineering perspectives. The Solar System Exploration Decadal Survey (SSEDS) produced for NASA by the National Research Council identified a broad range of science objectives many of which can only be satisfied with atmospheric entry probes. The SSEDS recommended new probe/lander missions to both Venus and Jupiter. The Pioneer-Venus probe mission was launched in August 1978 and four probes successfully entered the Venusian atmosphere in December 1978. The Galileo mission was launched in October 1989 and one probe successfully entered the Jovian atmosphere in December 1995. The thermal protection system requirements for these two missions were unlike any other planetary probes and required fully dense carbon phenolic for the forebody heat shield. Developing thermal protection systems to accomplish future missions outlined in the Decadal Survey presents a technology challenge since they will be more demanding than these past missions. Unlike Galileo, carbon phenolic may not be an adequate TPS for a future Jupiter multiprobe mission since non-equatorial probes will enter at significantly higher velocity than the Galileo equatorial probe and the entry heating scales approximately with the cube of the entry velocity. At such heating rates the TPS mass fraction for a carbon phenolic heat shield would be prohibitive. A new, robust and efficient TPS is required for such probes. The Giant Planet Facility (GPF), developed and employed during the development of the TPS for the Galileo probe was dismantled after completion of the program. Furthermore, flight data from the Galileo probe suggested that the complex physics associated with the interaction between massive ablation and a severe shock layer radiation environment is not well understood or modeled. The lack of adequate ground test facilities to support the development and qualification of new TPS materials adds additional complexities. The requirements for materials development, ground testing and sophisticated modeling to enable these challenging missions are the focus of this paper. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Thermal Protect Mat & Syst Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Laub, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Thermal Protect Mat & Syst Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 239 EP 247 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700029 ER PT S AU Martinez, E Venkatapathy, E Oishi, T AF Martinez, E Venkatapathy, E Oishi, T BE Wilson, A TI Current developments in future planetary probe sensors for TPS SO PLANETARY PROBE ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND DESCENT TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS AND SCIENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry CY OCT 08-10, 2003 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP European Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, Inst Superior Tecnico AB In situ Thermal Protection System (TPS) sensors are required during reentry to provide traceability of TPS sizing tools, design, and material performance. Traceability will lead to higher fidelity design tools, which in turn will lead to risk reduction and decreased heat-shield mass on subsequent missions requiring atmospheric aerocapture or entry/reentry [1]. Decreasing heatshield mass will enable certain missions that are not otherwise feasible and directly increase science payload and returns [2]. We consider two flight measurements as essential to advancing the state of TPS traceability for material modeling and aerothermal simulation: heat flux and surface recession (for ablators). The heat flux gage is applicable to both ablators and non-ablators and is therefore the more generalized sensor concept of the two, with wider applicability to mission scenarios. This paper describes the development, from NASA's Technical Readiness Level (TRL) 3 to 6, of a microsensor capable of surface and in-depth temperature and heat flux measurements for heatshield materials appropriate to Titan, Neptune, and Mars reentry. Progress to adapt a previously flown surface recession sensor, Galileo's Analog Resistance Ablation Detector (ARAD) [3], to appropriate advanced aerocapture ablators is also discussed. Demonstrating quantitative sensor operation and functionality under relevant ground test environments would achieve TRL 6, defined as prototype demonstration in a relevant space or ground environment. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Martinez, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 229-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-855-7 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2004 VL 544 BP 249 EP 252 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY75S UT WOS:000189455700030 ER PT S AU Grogan, K Dermott, SF Kehoe, TJJ AF Grogan, K Dermott, SF Kehoe, TJJ BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI The distribution of asteroidal dust in the inner solar system SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID BODY PROBLEM; ACCRETION; PARTICLES AB In this paper we demonstrate how the action of secular resonances near the inner edge of the asteroid belt strongly effects the inclinations and eccentricities of asteroidal dust particles, such that they lose the orbital characteristics of their parent body and are dispersed into the zodiacal background. As a consequence, it may not be possible to relate the distribution of interplanetary material at 1 AU to given asteroidal or cometary sources with the level of confidence previously imagined. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Grogan, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Kehoe, Thomas/J-6657-2013 OI Kehoe, Thomas/0000-0003-2212-8008 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 184 EP 186 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400041 ER PT S AU Marley, MS Ackerman, AS AF Marley, MS Ackerman, AS BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI The role of clouds in brown dwarf and extrasolar giant planet atmospheres SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID GLIESE 229B; SPECTRA; MODELS; METHANE; DUST; EVOLUTIONARY; JUPITER; NEPTUNE AB Clouds and hazes are important throughout our solar system and in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. Among the brown dwarfs, clouds control the colors and spectra of the L-dwarfs; the disappearance of clouds helps herald the arrival of the T-dwarfs. The structure and composition of clouds will be among the first remote-sensing results from the direct detection of extrasolar giant planets. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Ackerman, Andrew/D-4433-2012; Marley, Mark/I-4704-2013 OI Ackerman, Andrew/0000-0003-0254-6253; NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 269 EP 276 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400066 ER PT S AU Goukenleuque, C Bezard, B Lellouch, E AF Goukenleuque, C Bezard, B Lellouch, E BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI Radiative equilibrium models of "hot Jupiters" SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester AB We present an extension of our equilibrium model, initially applied to 51 Peg b (Goukenleuque et al. 2000), to other irradiated extrasolar planets with different orbital distances (up to 1 AU). The model yields the mean atmospheric thermal structure and predicts the reflected spectral flux as well as the thermal flux emerging from such planets, in the visible and in the infrared wavelength ranges. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NRC, Planetary Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Goukenleuque, C (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NRC, Planetary Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 277 EP 279 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400067 ER PT S AU Stapelfeldt, K AF Stapelfeldt, K BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI Visions of nature's planet foundry: Images of circumstellar disks SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID T-TAURI STARS; INTERMEDIATE-MASS STARS; PICTORIS DUST DISK; HERBIG AE SYSTEMS; BETA-PICTORIS; GG TAURI; HL-TAURI; CORONAGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS; CIRCUMBINARY DISK; HIGH-RESOLUTION AB As the number of detected extrasolar planetary systems has steadily grown over the past five years, so too has the number of circumstellar disks with resolved images. In this contribution, I take stock of the current inventory of disk images at various wavelengths; summarize the results of a new disk imaging survey conducted with the Hubble Space Telescope; review the major inferences that can be drawn about disk structure from the extant images; and suggest areas for future progress. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stapelfeldt, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 183-900, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Stapelfeldt, Karl/D-2721-2012 NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 291 EP 299 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400070 ER PT S AU Gorkavyi, N Heap, S Ozernoy, L Taidakova, T Mather, J AF Gorkavyi, N Heap, S Ozernoy, L Taidakova, T Mather, J BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI Indicator of exo-solar planet(s) in the circumstellar disk around beta Pictoris SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID SIGNATURES AB Our efficient numerical approach has been applied to modeling the asymmetric circumstellar dust disk around beta Pictoris as observed with the HST/STIS. We present a new model on the origin of the warping of the beta Pic disk. We suggest that the observed warp is formed by the gravitational influence of a planet with a mass of about 10 masses of Earth, at a distance of 70 AU, and a small inclination (similar to 2.5 degrees) of the planetary orbit to the main dust disk. Results of our modeling are compared with the STIS observations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NRC, NAS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gorkavyi, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NRC, NAS, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 331 EP 334 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400078 ER PT S AU Heap, SR Lindler, DJ Lanz, TM AF Heap, SR Lindler, DJ Lanz, TM BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI STIS coronagraphic observations of ss pictoris SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID BETA-PICTORIS AB We present recent coronagraphic observations of beta Pictoris obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) aboard the Rubble Space Telescope. The superb, high-resolution images show that the inner part of the disk is inclined by about 5 degrees with respect. to the main disk. Long-slit coronagraphic spectrograms oriented along the inner disk indicate that the reflectance of the inner disk is neutral over the spectral region, 3000-5600 angstrom. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heap, SR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 338 EP 340 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400080 ER PT S AU Beichman, C AF Beichman, C BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI The search for terrestrial planets: What do we need to know? SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID INTERFEROMETER; TRANSITS; SPECTRA; MISSION; STAR AB The goal of finding and characterizing habitable planets in other solar systems represents one of humanity's greatest scientific challenges. NASA and ESA have initiated studies of missions that could accomplish this goal within the next ten years. What precursor knowledge do we need before we can initiate such a mission? How large should the first steps be in a program whose ultimate aim is to detect life on other planets? This talk describes different concepts for NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder and discusses potential precursors in a program that balances scientific return, technological advance, and programmatic risk. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Beichman, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 432 EP 441 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400105 ER PT S AU Castellano, T Doyle, L McIntosh, D AF Castellano, T Doyle, L McIntosh, D BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI The visibility of earth transits SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID PLANETARY TRANSITS; SETI STRATEGIES; MISSION AB The recent photometric detection of planetary transits of the solar-like star HD 209458 at a distance of 47 parsecs suggest that transits can reveal the presence of Jupiter-size planetary companions in the solar neighborhood (Charbonneau et al. 2000; Henry et al. 2000). Recent space-based transit searches have achieved photometric precision within an order of magnitude of that required to detect the much smaller transit signal of an earth-size planet across a solar-size star. Laboratory experiments in the presence of realistic noise sources have shown that CCDs can achieve photometric precision adequate to detect the 9.6 E-5 dimming of the Sun due to a transit of the Earth (Borucki et al. 1997; Koch et al. 2000). Space-based solar irradiance monitoring has shown that the intrinsic variability of the Sun would not preclude such a detection (Borucki, Scargle, Hudson 1985). Transits of the Sun by the Earth would be detectable by observers that reside within a narrow band of sky positions near the ecliptic plane, if the observers possess current Earth epoch levels of technology and astronomical expertise. A catalog of solar-like stars that satisfy the geometric condition for Earth transit visibility are presented. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Castellano, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 445 EP 447 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400107 ER PT S AU Swain, MR Akeson, RL Colavita, MM AF Swain, MR Akeson, RL Colavita, MM BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI Detection of extra-solar planets with the Keck Interferometer SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester ID PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER AB We discuss the development of the "Differential Phase" detection technique for the Keck Interferometer "Hot Jupiter" Key Science Program. The goal of the "Hot Jupiter" Key Science Program is the direct detection and infrared; low-resolution spectroscopic characterization of previously detected, T >= 1000 K extra-solar planets. Although many extra solar planets are sufficiently bright to detect with large telescopes, the proximity of these planets to the much brighter stellar primary makes direct detection difficult because of angular resolution and intensity dynamic range limitations. The Keck Interferometer. working in the near infrared, has sufficient angular resolution and sensitivity to detect some of the currently known extra solar planets; however, the intensity dynamic range required (1:30,000) is substantially beyond the capability of the traditional techniques of optical and infrared direct-detection interferometers. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Swain, MR (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, MS 171-113,4800 Oak Grove, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 471 EP 473 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400115 ER PT S AU Unwin, SC AF Unwin, SC BE Penny, A Artymowicz, P Lagrance, AM Russell, S TI Precision astrometry with the space interferometry mission SO PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATION, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 202nd Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union on Planetary Systems in the Universe Observation, Formation and Evolution CY AUG 07-10, 2000 CL Univ Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND SP Int Astron Union HO Univ Manchester AB SIM - the Space Interferometry Mission - will be the first of a new generation of space instruments using interferometry. Designed for precision astrometry, it will be a 10-meter optical interferometer providing 4 microarc-second (mu as) absolute position measurements over the whole sky, using a grid of stars (and quasars) for a reference frame. Maintaining its astrometric precision on stars as faint as 20 magnitude, it will far surpass the capability of ground-based astrometry, opening up a new era of space-based astrometry. A wide range of astrophysics problems will be addressed by SIM, including formation and dynamics of our Galaxy, calibration of the cosmic distance scale, and fundamental stellar astrophysics. SIM will search for planetary companions to nearby stars, by detecting the well-known astrometric 'wobble' signature with a single-measurement precision of 1 mu as, enabling the detection of planets down to about an Earth mass. SIM will serve as a technology pathfinder for NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder. Launch is currently planned for 2008, with a mission duration of 5 years. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Unwin, SC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-176-1 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2004 IS 202 BP 474 EP 476 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BBX66 UT WOS:000228288400116 ER PT S AU Pi, XQ Wang, CM Hajj, GA Rosen, IG AF Pi, XQ Wang, CM Hajj, GA Rosen, IG GP ieee TI Assimilative modeling of low latitude ionosphere SO PLANS 2004: POSITION LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SYMPOSIUM SE IEEE-ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium CY APR 26-29, 2004 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE, Aerosp & elect Syst Soc AB In this paper we present an observation system simulation experiment for modeling low-latitude ionosphere using a 3-dimensional (3-D) global assimilative ionospheric model (GAIM). The experiment is conducted to test the effectiveness of GAIM with a 4-D variational approach (4DVAR) in estimation of the ExB drift and thermospheric wind in the magnetic meridional planes simultaneously for all longitude or local time sectors. The operational Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and the ground-based global GPS receiver network of the International GPS Service are used in the experiment as the data assimilation source. The optimization of the ionospheric state (electron density) modeling is performed through a nonlinear least-squares minimization process that adjusts the dynamical forces to reduce the difference between the modeled and observed slant total electron content in the entire modeled region. The present experiment for multiple force estimations reinforces our previous assessment made through single driver estimations conducted for the ExB drift only. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pi, XQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 138-308, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-358X BN 0-7803-8416-4 J9 IEEE POSITION LOCAT PY 2004 BP 543 EP 550 DI 10.1109/PLANS.2004.1309040 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BAC54 UT WOS:000221540400074 ER PT S AU Tsurutani, BT Lakhina, G AF Tsurutani, BT Lakhina, G BE Bertin, G Farina, D Pozzoli, R TI Cross-field particle diffusion in a collisionless plasma: A nonresonant and a resonant mechanism SO PLASMAS IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE UNIVERSE: NEW INSIGHTS AND NEW CHALLENGES SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Plasmas in the Laboratory and in the Universe CY SEP 16-19, 2003 CL Como, ITALY SP Univ Studi Milano, Dipartimento Fis AB Nonlinear transverse Alfven waves propagating in a medium with gradients, can lead to wave phase-steepening and wave damping. One damping process is perpendicular heating of ions through the Ponderomotive Force and the creation of local large magnetic field decreases (called MDs) through the diamagnetic effect. Thus in this case, evolution of transverse waves leads to power law and compressive "spectra". An analytical expression for nonresonant particle interactions with MDs is given. Energetic charged particles can diffuse across magnetic field lines at a rate almost equal to the Bohm rate through this process. The cross-field diffusion rate for a resonant wave-particle interaction mechanism is also given. The latter is applicable in cases where plasma instabilities are taking place. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Lakhina, Gurbax /C-9295-2012 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0176-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2004 VL 703 BP 123 EP 132 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BY87Q UT WOS:000189484400020 ER PT S AU Nakamura, M Meier, DL AF Nakamura, M Meier, DL BE Bertin, G Farina, D Pozzoli, R TI 3-D simulations of MHD jets - The stability problem SO PLASMAS IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE UNIVERSE: NEW INSIGHTS AND NEW CHALLENGES SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Plasmas in the Laboratory and in the Universe CY SEP 16-19, 2003 CL Como, ITALY SP Univ Studi Milano, Dipartimento Fis ID CURRENT-DRIVEN INSTABILITIES; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; HERBIG-HARO OBJECTS; ASTROPHYSICAL JETS; RELATIVISTIC JETS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; ALFVENIC JETS; WINDS; DISKS AB Non-relativistic three-dimensional magneto hydrodynamic simulations of Poynting-flux-dominated (PFD) jets are presented. Our study focuses on the propagation of strongly magnetized hypersonic but sub-Alfvenic flow (C-s(2) << V-jet(2) < V-A(2)) and the development of a current-driven (CD) kink instability. This instability may be responsible for the "wiggled" structures seen in VLBI-scale AGN jets. In the present paper we investigate the nonlinear behavior of PFD jets in a variety of external ambient magnetized gas distributions, including those with density, pressure, and temperature gradients. Our numerical results show that PFD jets can develop kink distortions in the trans-Alfvenic flow case, even when the flow itself is still strongly magnetically dominated. In the nonlinear development of the instability, a non-axisymmetric mode grows on time scales of order the Alfven crossing time (in the jet frame) and proceeds to disrupt the kinematic and magnetic structure of the jet. Because of a large scale poloidal magnetic field in the ambient medium, the growth of surface modes (i.e., MHD Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities) is suppressed. The CD kink mode (m = 1) grows faster than the other higher order modes (m > 1), driven in large part by the radial component of the Lorentz force. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0176-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2004 VL 703 BP 308 EP 313 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BY87Q UT WOS:000189484400046 ER PT S AU Frank, J AF Frank, J BE Wallace, M TI Bounding the resource availability of partially ordered events with constant resource impact SO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - CP 2004, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on the Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, Parc Technologies Ltd, ILOG Inc, Swedish Inst Comp Sci, CoLogNET, Microsoft Res, Natl ICT, Cork Constraint Computat Ctr, Dash Optimizat Ltd, Constraint Programming Organizing Comm AB We describe a resource bounding technique called the Flow Balance Constraint (FBC) to tightly bound the amount of available resource for a set of partially ordered events with piecewise constant resource impact. We provide an efficient algorithm for calculating FBC and bound its complexity. We compare this technique with two existing resource bounding techniques, the Balance Constraint (BC) due to Laborie and the Resource Envelope (Et) due to Muscettola. We prove that using FBC to halt search under chronological search with a static variable and value order generates smaller search trees than either BC or Et. We also show that Et and BC are not strictly comparable in terms of the size of the search trees generated under chronological search with a static variable and value order. We then show how to generalize FBC to construct tighter resource bounds but at increased computational cost. C1 NASA, Computat Sci Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Frank, J (reprint author), NASA, Computat Sci Div, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM frank@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23241-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3258 BP 242 EP 259 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAX56 UT WOS:000224107900020 ER PT S AU Morris, P Morris, R Khatib, L Ramakrishnan, S Bachmann, A AF Morris, P Morris, R Khatib, L Ramakrishnan, S Bachmann, A BE Wallace, M TI Strategies for global optimization of temporal preferences SO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - CP 2004, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on the Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, Parc Technologies Ltd, ILOG Inc, Swedish Inst Comp Sci, CoLogNET, Microsoft Res, Natl ICT, Cork Constraint Computat Ctr, Dash Optimizat Ltd, Constraint Programming Organizing Comm AB A temporal reasoning problem can often be naturally characterized as a collection of constraints with associated local preferences for times that make up the admissible values for those constraints. Globally preferred solutions to such problems emerge as a result of well-defined operations that compose and order temporal assignments. The overall objective of this work is a characterization of different notions of global temporal preference within a temporal constraint reasoning framework, and the identification of tractable sub-classes of temporal reasoning problems incorporating these notions. This paper extends previous results by refining the class of useful notions of global temporal preference that are associated with problems that admit of tractable solution techniques. This paper also resolves the hitherto unanswered question of whether the solutions that are globally preferred from a utilitarian criterion for global preference can be found tractably. A technique is described for identifying and representing the entire set of utilitarian-optimal solutions to a temporal problem with preferences. C1 Kestrel Technol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Morris, P (reprint author), Kestrel Technol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pmorris@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23241-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3258 BP 408 EP 422 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAX56 UT WOS:000224107900031 ER PT S AU Bachmann, A Bedrax-Weiss, T Frank, J Iatauro, M McGann, C Taylor, W AF Bachmann, A Bedrax-Weiss, T Frank, J Iatauro, M McGann, C Taylor, W BE Wallace, M TI PLASMA: A constraint based planning architecture SO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - CP 2004, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on the Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, Parc Technologies Ltd, ILOG Inc, Swedish Inst Comp Sci, CoLogNET, Microsoft Res, Natl ICT, Cork Constraint Computat Ctr, Dash Optimizat Ltd, Constraint Programming Organizing Comm C1 NASA, Computat Sci Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bachmann, A (reprint author), NASA, Computat Sci Div, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM frank@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23241-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3258 BP 810 EP 810 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAX56 UT WOS:000224107900089 ER PT S AU Golden, K Pang, WL AF Golden, K Pang, WL BE Wallace, M TI A constraint-based planner applied to data processing domains SO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - CP 2004, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on the Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, Amer Assoc Artificial Intelligence, Parc Technologies Ltd, ILOG Inc, Swedish Inst Comp Sci, CoLogNET, Microsoft Res, Natl ICT, Cork Constraint Computat Ctr, Dash Optimizat Ltd, Constraint Programming Organizing Comm C1 NASA, Computat Sci Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, QSS Grp Inc, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Golden, K (reprint author), NASA, Computat Sci Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-23241-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2004 VL 3258 BP 815 EP 815 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAX56 UT WOS:000224107900093 ER PT S AU Chamis, CC Pai, SS AF Chamis, CC Pai, SS BE Johnson, WS Hillberry, BM TI Probabilistic fatigue: Computational simulation SO PROBABILISTIC ASPECTS OF LIFE PREDICTION SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Probabilistic Aspects of Life Prediction CY NOV 06-07, 2002 CL Miami, FL SP ASTM Int Comm E8 DE composite; metals; components; sensitivities; results AB Probabilistic computational simulation of fatigue-life is illustrated in terms of several sample cases that have been generated over the past ten years. The cases are selected to illustrate applications to multi-scale, multi-discipline, and multi-physics. These cases include composite laminate; coupled thermal, mechanical, fatigue, and creep; pressurized tank; engine. blades; engine rotor; and composite combustor liner. The fundamentals for probabilistic computational fatigue are briefly described, and general comments are included on what it takes to perform probabilistic computational fatigue and to validate it. Typical results show that fatigue-life can be evaluated for complex components and for complex loadings. Probability of survival curves can be generated, and probabilistic sensitivities influencing fatigue-life can be determined. The paper describes what can be done rather than details of a specific case. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chamis, CC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3478-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2004 VL 1450 BP 15 EP 29 DI 10.1520/STP11276S PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BBD75 UT WOS:000225040500002 ER PT S AU Nemeth, NN Jadaan, OM Palfi, T Baker, EH AF Nemeth, NN Jadaan, OM Palfi, T Baker, EH BE Johnson, WS Hillberry, BM TI Predicting the reliability of ceramics under transient loads and temperatures with CARES/Life SO PROBABILISTIC ASPECTS OF LIFE PREDICTION SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Probabilistic Aspects of Life Prediction CY NOV 06-07, 2002 CL Miami, FL SP ASTM Int Comm E8 DE reliability; transient; Weibull; cyclic; fatigue; failure; CARES; ceramics ID FRACTURE; STRESSES AB A methodology is shown for predicting the time-dependent reliability of ceramic components against catastrophic rupture when subjected to transient thermomechanical loads (including cyclic loads). The methodology takes into account the changes in material response that can occur with temperature or time (i.e., changing fatigue and Weibull parameters with temperature or time). This capability has been added to the NASA CARES/Life (Ceramic Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures/Life) code. The code has been modified to have the ability to interface with commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) codes executed for transient load histories. Examples are provided to demonstrate the features of the methodology as implemented in the CARES/Life program. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Life Predict Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nemeth, NN (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Life Predict Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3478-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2004 VL 1450 BP 128 EP 149 DI 10.1520/STP11284S PG 22 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BBD75 UT WOS:000225040500010 ER PT S AU Zaretsky, EV Hendricks, RC Soditus, SM AF Zaretsky, EV Hendricks, RC Soditus, SM BE Johnson, WS Hillberry, BM TI Effect of individual component life distribution on engine life prediction SO PROBABILISTIC ASPECTS OF LIFE PREDICTION SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Probabilistic Aspects of Life Prediction CY NOV 06-07, 2002 CL Miami, FL SP ASTM Int Comm E8 DE engine life; Weibull analysis; turbine; blade; disk reliability ID RELIABILITY; DESIGN; DISK AB The effect of individual engine component life distributions on engine life prediction was determined. A Weibull-based life and reliability analysis of the NASA Energy Efficient Engine was conducted. The engine's life at a 95 and 99.9% probability of survival was determined based on the engine manufacturer's original life calculations and assumed values of each of the component's cumulative life distributions as represented by a Weibull slope. The lives of the high-pressure turbine (HPT) disks and blades also were evaluated individually and as a system in a similar manner. Knowing the statistical cumulative distribution of each engine component with reasonable engineering certainty is a condition precedent to predicting the life and reliability of an entire engine. The life of a system at a given reliability will be less than the lowest-lived component in the system at the same reliability (probability of survival). Where Weibull slopes of all the engine components are equal, the Weibull slope had a minimal effect on engine L-0.1 life prediction. However, at a probability of survival of 95% (L-5 life), life decreased with increasing Weibull slope. C1 Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zaretsky, EV (reprint author), Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3478-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2004 VL 1450 BP 255 EP 272 DI 10.1520/STP11291S PG 18 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BBD75 UT WOS:000225040500017 ER PT B AU Lee, A Smidts, C Li, B Li, M AF Lee, A Smidts, C Li, B Li, M BE Spitzer, C Schmocker, U Dang, VN TI Validation of a software-related failure mode taxonomy SO PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, VOL 1- 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 7th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management/European Safety and Reliability Conference CY JUN 14-18, 2004 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP TUV Suddeutschland, Swiss Fed Nucl Safety Inspectorate, Paul Scherrer Inst, AREVA, Basler & Hofmann, Gottlieb Daimler & Karl Benz Fdn, Swissnucl, VGB PowerTech, ABS Consulting, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, European Safety, Reliabil & Data Assoc, US Fed Aviat Adm, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Risknowlogy, Scientech Inc, VDI, Assoc Engineers C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Lee, A (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 1-85233-827-X PY 2004 BP 152 EP 157 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BAU29 UT WOS:000223579900025 ER PT B AU Perera, J Smith, C AF Perera, J Smith, C BE Spitzer, C Schmocker, U Dang, VN TI Strategic decision-making utilizing probabilistic risk assessments for the international space station program SO PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, VOL 1- 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 7th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management/European Safety and Reliability Conference CY JUN 14-18, 2004 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP TUV Suddeutschland, Swiss Fed Nucl Safety Inspectorate, Paul Scherrer Inst, AREVA, Basler & Hofmann, Gottlieb Daimler & Karl Benz Fdn, Swissnucl, VGB PowerTech, ABS Consulting, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, European Safety, Reliabil & Data Assoc, US Fed Aviat Adm, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Risknowlogy, Scientech Inc, VDI, Assoc Engineers AB The purpose of risk management is to identify what can go wrong, how likely it is for these to occur, and what are the consequences if they were to occur. The International Space Station (ISS) Program office uses a continuous risk management process in identifying, analyzing, planning, tracking, controlling and communicating risks. This strategy manages risk by (i) embedding risk management processes into normal day-to-day activities to identify and help manage any risks or potential threats, (ii) facilitating risk-management processes and analyses by providing analytical support and tools. One of the key quantitative risk analysis methods employed by the ISS program is the Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) modeling techniques. PRA is a comprehensive, structured and logical analysis method for identifying and assessing risks in complex technological systems for the purpose of cost-effectively improving their safety and performance. The International Space Station has been modeled using this PRA methodology and is now used extensively by program management to make strategic decisions. The PRA results can be used as a powerful decision-making tool in support of design, operations, and prioritizing upgrade or reconfiguration decisions. The process helps identify potential new risks, analyze existing risks and subsequently can weigh different options available to the Program to mitigate those risks. The ISS PRA captures possible accident scenarios that lead to several undesired consequences called End States. Some background into the PRA methodology including examples of trade studies recently conducted for the ISS Program will be highlighted in this paper. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Perera, J (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 1-85233-827-X PY 2004 BP 1181 EP 1187 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BAU29 UT WOS:000223579900191 ER PT B AU Kanki, BG Marx, D Hale, MJ AF Kanki, BG Marx, D Hale, MJ BE Spitzer, C Schmocker, U Dang, VN TI Socio-technical probabilistic risk assessment: Idts capabilities and limitations SO PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, VOL 1- 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 7th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management/European Safety and Reliability Conference CY JUN 14-18, 2004 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP TUV Suddeutschland, Swiss Fed Nucl Safety Inspectorate, Paul Scherrer Inst, AREVA, Basler & Hofmann, Gottlieb Daimler & Karl Benz Fdn, Swissnucl, VGB PowerTech, ABS Consulting, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, European Safety, Reliabil & Data Assoc, US Fed Aviat Adm, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Risknowlogy, Scientech Inc, VDI, Assoc Engineers AB Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is not new to the system designer. To the operational manager, however, PRA is virtually unknown. This paper explores the emerging process of socio-technical probabilistic risk assessment (ST-PRA) that is being used by operational managers to identify and mitigate operational risks within complex socio-technical systems such as aerospace and healthcare. What are the strengths of modeling socio-technical risks using fault trees, and what are the limitations of fault trees and the probability estimates inherent in probabilistic risk assessment?. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kanki, BG (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 1-85233-827-X PY 2004 BP 1270 EP 1275 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BAU29 UT WOS:000223579900205 ER PT B AU Hsu, F Railsback, J AF Hsu, F Railsback, J BE Spitzer, C Schmocker, U Dang, VN TI The space shuttle probabilistic risk assessment framework - A structured multiphase multi-level modeling approach for large and complex engineered systems SO PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, VOL 1- 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 7th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management/European Safety and Reliability Conference CY JUN 14-18, 2004 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP TUV Suddeutschland, Swiss Fed Nucl Safety Inspectorate, Paul Scherrer Inst, AREVA, Basler & Hofmann, Gottlieb Daimler & Karl Benz Fdn, Swissnucl, VGB PowerTech, ABS Consulting, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, European Safety, Reliabil & Data Assoc, US Fed Aviat Adm, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Risknowlogy, Scientech Inc, VDI, Assoc Engineers AB This paper introduces a unique modeling framework for developing PRA of large and complex-engineered systems, such as used in the current Space Shuttle PRA at NASA. With an overview of the specific methodology and techniques employed in the Space Shuttle PRA modeling process, the paper further describes a structured multi-phase and multi-level modeling approach (SMM), which is utilized to treat the overwhelming complexities of logic structure as well as the logistics of model development, integration and quantification processes. It is demonstrated that the SMM modeling technique can be used as a simple and efficient alternative approach for PRA modeling of extremely large and complex engineered systems. It should be noted that the examples shown are illustrative of the model features, but not necessarily of any detailed accident sequence produced by the Space Shuttle PRA (SPRA) study. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SAIC, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Hsu, F (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SAIC, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 1-85233-827-X PY 2004 BP 1466 EP 1473 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BAU29 UT WOS:000223579900236 ER PT B AU Rogers, JH Safie, FM Stott, JE Lo, Y AF Rogers, JH Safie, FM Stott, JE Lo, Y BE Spitzer, C Schmocker, U Dang, VN TI Application of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) during conceptual design for the NASA orbital space plane (OSP) SO PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, VOL 1- 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 7th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management/European Safety and Reliability Conference CY JUN 14-18, 2004 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP TUV Suddeutschland, Swiss Fed Nucl Safety Inspectorate, Paul Scherrer Inst, AREVA, Basler & Hofmann, Gottlieb Daimler & Karl Benz Fdn, Swissnucl, VGB PowerTech, ABS Consulting, European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, European Safety, Reliabil & Data Assoc, US Fed Aviat Adm, Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Lab, Risknowlogy, Scientech Inc, VDI, Assoc Engineers AB In order to meet the space transportation needs for a new century, America's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has implemented an Integrated Space Transportation Plan to produce safe, economical, and reliable access to space. One near term objective of this initiative is the design and development of a next-generation vehicle and launch system that will transport crew and cargo to and from the International Space Station (ISS), the Orbital Space Plane (OSP). The OSP system is composed of a manned launch vehicle by an existing Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV). The OSP will provide emergency crew rescue from the ISS by 2008, and provide crew and limited cargo transfer to and from the ISS by 2012. A key requirement is for the OSP to be safer and more reliable than the Soyuz and Space Shuttle, which currently provide these capabilities. NASA has taken an integrated systems approach in designing the OSP launch system and related ground operations and launch support services. This "System-Centric" approach, as opposed to a "Vehicle-Centric" approach, presents unique challenges in terms of meeting the desired safety and reliability requirements As a result, NASA is utilizing PRA, a methodology for quantitative risk assessment, on the entire system during the design process and throughout the life of the system. When PRA is performed early in the design and development cycle with full engineering design and operations involvement, the PRA based integrated system model will provide a means for methodical and objective optimisation of the conceptual design. This paper discusses the development and implementation of PRA in the OSP Program. The OSP Program is the first major NASA program to perform and use PRA during the concept formulation phase of the program and is expected to produce the paradigm by which future space launch systems can be designed to meet successively higher safety and reliability demands [1]. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Rogers, JH (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 1-85233-827-X PY 2004 BP 1950 EP 1955 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BAU29 UT WOS:000223579900313 ER EF