FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM AF Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI 640x512 pixel narrow-band, multi-band, and broad-band LWIR QWIP focal plane arrays SO INFRARED TECHNOLOLGY AND APPLICATIONS XXIX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Infrared Technology and Applications XXIX Conference CY APR 21-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE infrared; long-wavelength infrared; mid-wavelength infrared; narrow-band infrared; multi-band infrared; broad-band infrared; infrared imaging camera; focal plane array; quantum well infrared photodetectors ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTOR; WAVELENGTH; CAMERA AB A 640x512 pixel, long-wavelength cutoff, narrow-band (Deltalambda/lambdasimilar to10%) quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA), a four-band QWIP FPA in 4-16 mum spectral region, and a broad-band (Deltalambda/lambdasimilar to42%) QWIP FPA having 15.4 mum cutoff have been demonstrated. In this paper we discuss the detector designs, dark currents, quantum efficiencies, responsivities, detectivities, noise equivalent differential temperatures (NEDTs), the effect of FPA nonuniformity on performance, and the operabilities of these QWIP FPAs. In addition, we discuss the development of a very sensitive (NEDTsimilar to10.6 mK) 640x512 pixel thermal imaging camera having 9 mum cutoff. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4933-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5074 BP 696 EP 707 DI 10.1117/12.498137 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY23C UT WOS:000188359400071 ER PT S AU Bandara, SV Gunapala, SD Reininger, FM Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM Ting, DZ Chuang, RW Trinh, TQ Fastenau, JM Liu, AWK AF Bandara, SV Gunapala, SD Reininger, FM Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM Ting, DZ Chuang, RW Trinh, TQ Fastenau, JM Liu, AWK BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI Large-format, dual broadband QWIP focal plane array for imaging interferometers SO INFRARED TECHNOLOLGY AND APPLICATIONS XXIX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Infrared Technology and Applications XXIX Conference CY APR 21-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE infrared imaging; quantum well; interferometer; chemical detection ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS; WAVELENGTH; PERFORMANCE; GAIN AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is developing a 512x640-format, dual broadband, Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA) for an imaging interferometer. This is a new type of imaging interferometer which is based on special Fourier-transform spectroscopy, scans interferograms digitally without moving any optical components. It is stable enough to measure fluctuating target signatures from unstable platforms, making it ideal for detecting chemical agents from a remotely piloted aircraft. These static interferometers require targe-format FPAs with high uniformity and operability. QWIP technology is ideal for this instrument because it has achieved remarkable success in advancing highly uniform, highly-operability, and large-format multicolor FPAs. The FPA used in the interferometer covers the wavelength from 6-10 mum and 10-15 mum in alternative rows. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bandara, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4933-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5074 BP 787 EP 794 DI 10.1117/12.501278 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY23C UT WOS:000188359400080 ER PT S AU Thompson, WT Davila, JM Fisher, RR Orwig, LE Mentzell, JE Hetherington, SE Derro, RJ Federline, RE Clark, DC Chen, PT Tveekrem, JL Martino, AJ Novello, J Wesenberg, RP StCyr, OC Reginald, NL Howard, RA Mehalick, KI Hersh, MJ Newman, MD Thomas, DL Card, G Elmore, D AF Thompson, WT Davila, JM Fisher, RR Orwig, LE Mentzell, JE Hetherington, SE Derro, RJ Federline, RE Clark, DC Chen, PT Tveekrem, JL Martino, AJ Novello, J Wesenberg, RP StCyr, OC Reginald, NL Howard, RA Mehalick, KI Hersh, MJ Newman, MD Thomas, DL Card, G Elmore, D BE Keil, SL Avakyan, SV TI The COR1 inner coronagraph for STEREO-SECCHI SO INNOVATIVE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR SOLAR ASTROPHYSICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE solar coronagraph; space instrumentation ID SOHO MISSION AB The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) is a pair of identical satellites that will orbit the Sun so as to drift ahead of and behind Earth respectively, to give a stereo view of the Sun. STEREO is currently scheduled for launch in November 2005. One of the instrument packages that will be flown on each of the STEREO spacecrafts is the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI), which consists of an extreme ultraviolet imager, two coronagraphs, and two side-viewing heliospheric imagers to observe solar coronal mass ejections all the way from the Sun to Earth. We report here on the inner coronagraph, labeled COR1. COR1 is a classic Lyot internally occulting refractive coronagraph, adapted for the first time to be used in space. The field of view is from 1.3 to 4 solar radii. A linear polarizer is used to suppress scattered light, and to extract the polarized brightness signal from the solar corona. The optical scattering performance of the coronagraph was first modeled using both the ASAP and APART numerical modeling codes, and then tested at the Vacuum Tunnel Facility at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. In this report, we will focus on the COR1 optical design, the predicted optical performance, and the observed performance in the lab. We will also discuss the mechanical and thermal design, and the cleanliness requirements needed to achieve the optical performance. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Analyt Corp, L3 Com, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Thompson, WT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Analyt Corp, L3 Com, Code 682-3, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RI Thompson, William/D-7376-2012 NR 12 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4632-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4853 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1117/12.460267 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44P UT WOS:000182019000001 ER PT S AU Fleck, B Marsden, RG AF Fleck, B Marsden, RG BE Keil, SL Avakyan, SV TI Solar Orbiter: A mission overview and status update SO INNOVATIVE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR SOLAR ASTROPHYSICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE sun; heliosphere; space plasma physics; UV/EUV; instrumentation AB Approved in October 2000 by ESA's Science Programme Committee as a flexi-mission and re-confirmed in May 2002 as an element in the new ESA science programme "Cosmic Vision", the Solar Orbiter will study the Sun and unexplored regions of the inner heliosphere from a unique orbit that brings the probe to within 45 solar radii of our star, and to solar latitudes as high as 38 degrees. The scientific payload to be carried by the Solar Orbiter will include both remote-sensing instruments and an in situ package. Launch is currently scheduled for 2012. Given the technical challenges associated with this mission, it is essential that key technologies requiring significant development be identified as early as possible. ESA has therefore set up Payload Working Groups whose task it is to address potential problem areas arising as a result of the extreme thermal and radiation environment and to identify necessary technological developments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ESA Res & Sci Support Dept, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Fleck, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ESA Res & Sci Support Dept, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Fleck, Bernhard/C-9520-2012 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4632-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4853 BP 150 EP 157 DI 10.1117/12.460292 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44P UT WOS:000182019000014 ER PT S AU Deming, D Jennings, DE McCabe, GH Moran, T Sada, P Ennico, KA AF Deming, D Jennings, DE McCabe, GH Moran, T Sada, P Ennico, KA BE Keil, SL Avakyan, SV TI Motivation, design, and development of 12-micron imaging Stokes polarimeters for solar magnetic field studies SO INNOVATIVE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR SOLAR ASTROPHYSICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE sun; magnetic fields; infrared; polarimetry ID MICRON EMISSION-LINES; MG-I; LIMB OBSERVATIONS; QUIET SUN; FLARE; FEATURES; 12-MU-M; FLUX; RECONNECTION; ECLIPSE AB We discuss the scientific motivations, design considerations, and development status of imaging Stokes polarimeters based on the extremely Zeeman-senstive infrared emission line of MgI at 12.32 mum. The resolved Zeeman splitting exhibited by this far-infrared line enables significant progress on many problems in solar physics. These problems include vertical gradients in field strength, the magnetic structure of sunspots, the nature of magnetic energy release associated with solar flares, the measurement of horizontal currents in solar active regions, improved measurements of vertical currents, direct measurement of photospheric reconnection, the occurrence and nature of weak magnetic fields, and other problems. We discuss why 12 mum measurements are well suited to these investigations, and we comment on the capability of current instrumentation to enable these studies. Several instruments currently exist to perform 12 mum Stokes polarimetry: a Fabry-Perot system, a grating spectrometer, and the McMath-Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer (which remains crucial for many aspects) We elaborate on some design considerations and development issues, and discuss the optimal approach to be taken in future 12 mum imaging Stokes polarimetry. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Deming, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Branch, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Jennings, Donald/D-7978-2012; Ennico, Kimberly/L-9606-2014 NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4632-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4853 BP 205 EP 214 DI 10.1117/12.460372 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44P UT WOS:000182019000021 ER PT S AU Gary, GA Balasubramaniam, KS Sigwarth, M AF Gary, GA Balasubramaniam, KS Sigwarth, M BE Keil, SL Avakyan, SV TI Multiple etalon systems for the advanced Technology Solar Telescope SO INNOVATIVE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR SOLAR ASTROPHYSICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Fabry-Perot etalon; imaging interferometry; large aperture solar telescope; solar polarimetry; high-resolution spectral imager ID FABRY-PEROT ETALONS; FILTERS AB Multiple etalon systems are discussed that meet the science requirements for a narrow-passband imaging system for the 4-meter National Solar Observatory (NSO)/Advance Technology Solar Telescope (ATST). A multiple etalon system can provide an imaging miterferometer that works in four distinct modes: as a spectro-polarimeter, a filter-vector magnetograph, an intermediate-band imager, and broadband high-resolution imager. Specific dual and triple etalon configurations are described that provide a spectrographic passband of 2.0-3.5 pm and reduce parasitic light levels to 10(-4) as required for precise polarization measurement, e.g., Zeeman measurements of magnetic sensitive lines. A TESOS-like (Telecentric Etalon SOlar Spectrometer) triple etalon system provides a spectral purity of 10(-5). The triple designs have the advantage of reducing the finesse requirement on each etalon; allow the use of more stable blocking filters, and have very high spectral, purity. A dual-etalon double-pass (Cavallini-like) system can provide a competing configuration. Such a dual-etalon design can provide high contrast. The selection of the final focal plane instrument will depend on a trade-off between an ideal instrument and practical reality. The trade study will include the number of etalons, their aperture sizes, complexities of the optical train, number of blocking filters, configuration of the electronic control system, computer interfaces, temperature controllers, etalon controllers, and their associated feedback electronics. The heritage of single and multiple etalon systems comes from their use in. several observatories, including the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak Observatory (NSO), and Kiepenheuer-Institut fur Sonnenphysik (KIS, Germany), Mees Solar Observatory (University of Hawaii), and Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (Italy). The design of the ATST multiple etalon system will benefit from the experience gained at these observatories. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Solar Phys SD50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gary, GA (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Solar Phys SD50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. OI Balasubramaniam, Krishnan/0000-0003-2221-0933 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4632-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4853 BP 252 EP 272 DI 10.1117/12.460272 PG 21 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44P UT WOS:000182019000026 ER PT S AU Thomas, RJ AF Thomas, RJ BE Keil, SL Avakyan, SV TI Toroidal varied line-space (TVLS) gratings SO INNOVATIVE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR SOLAR ASTROPHYSICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE EUV; imaging spectrograph; toroidal grating; varied line-space; design ID RESOLUTION AB It is a particular challenge to develop a stigmatic spectrograph for ELTV wavelengths since the very low normal-incidence reflectance of standard materials most often requires that the design be restricted to a single optical element which must simultaneously provide both re-imaging and spectral dispersion. This problem has been solved in the past by the use of toroidal gratings with uniform line-space rulings (TULS). A number of solar ELTV spectrographs have been based on such designs, including SOHO/CDS, Solar-B/EIS, and the sounding rockets SERTS and EUNIS. More recently, Kita, Harada, and collaborators have developed the theory of spherical gratings with varied line-space rulings (SVLS) operated at unity magnification, which have been flown on several astronomical satellite missions. These ideas are now combined into a spectrograph concept that considers varied-line space grooves ruled onto toroidal gratings. Such TVLS designs are found to provide excellent imaging even at very large spectrograph magnifications and beam-speeds, permitting extremely high-quality performance in remarkably compact instrument packages. Optical characteristics of two solar spectrographs based on this concept are described: SUMI, proposed as a sounding rocket experiment, and NEXUS, proposed for the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thomas, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Code 682, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4632-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4853 BP 411 EP 418 DI 10.1117/12.460375 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BW44P UT WOS:000182019000040 ER PT S AU Creech-Eakman, MJ Moore, J Palmer, DL Serabyn, E AF Creech-Eakman, MJ Moore, J Palmer, DL Serabyn, E BE Iye, M Moorwood, AFM TI KALI Camera - Mid-infrared camera for the Keck Interferometor Nuller SO INSTRUMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE FOR OPTICAL/INFRARED GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE mid-infrared; cryogenic; instrumentation; nulling; interferometry AB We present a brief overview of the KALI Camera, the mid-infrared camera for the Keck Interferometer Nulling Project, built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The instrument utilizes mainly transmissive optics in four identical beam paths to spatially and spectrally filter, polarize, spectrally disperse and image the incoming 7-14 micron light from the four outputs of the Keck Nulling Beam Combiner onto a custom Boeing/DRS High Flux 128X128 BIB array. The electronics use a combination of JPL and Wallace Instruments boards to interface the array readout with the existing real-time control system of the Keck Interferometer. The cryogenic dewar, built by IR Laboratories, uses liquid nitrogen and liquid helium to cool the optics and the array, and includes six externally motorized mechanisms for aperture and pinhole control, focus, and optical component selection. The instrument will be assembled and tested through the summer of 2002, and is planned to be deployed as part of the Keck Interferometer Nulling experiment in 2003. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Creech-Eakman, MJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4620-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4841 BP 330 EP 342 DI 10.1117/12.459962 PN 1-3 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW44M UT WOS:000182018500032 ER PT S AU Mott, DB Barclay, R Bier, A Chen, T DiCamillo, B Deming, D Greenhouse, M Henry, R Hewagama, T Jacobson, M Quijada, M Satyapal, S Schwinger, DS AF Mott, DB Barclay, R Bier, A Chen, T DiCamillo, B Deming, D Greenhouse, M Henry, R Hewagama, T Jacobson, M Quijada, M Satyapal, S Schwinger, DS BE Iye, M Moorwood, AFM TI Micromachined tunable Fabry-Perot filters for infrared astronomy SO INSTRUMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE FOR OPTICAL/INFRARED GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Fabry-Perot; etalon; micromachining; MEMS; DRIE; silicon; silicon nitride; membrane; tunable AB Micromachined Fabry-Perot tunable filters with a large clear aperture (12.5 to 40 mm.) are being developed as an optical component for wide-field imaging, spectroscopy. This program applies silicon micromachining fabrication techniques to miniaturize Fabry-Perot filters for astronomical science instruments. The filter assembly consists of two reflector plates that form a tunable Fabry-Perot etalon. One plate is fixed and the second plate is free to move along the optical axis on silicon. springs. The moving plate is actuated electrostatically by capacitance pads on the stationary and moving plates. To reduce mass, both reflectors are fabricated by applying optical coatings to a thin freestanding silicon nitride film held flat in drumhead, tension. In this paper, we discuss the etalon design, electromechanical modeling, fabrication, and initial results: In the current design, the transmission aperture is 11.0 mm in diameter, the moving plate is 26.3 mm in diameter, and the stationary plate is 32.6 mm in diameter. The plates and springs are nominally 350 mum thick, the electrical and mechanical spacing between plates is 18 mum, and the uncoated optical spacing is 15 mum. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mott, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 553, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Hewagama, T/C-8488-2012 NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4620-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4841 BP 578 EP 585 DI 10.1117/12.461595 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW44M UT WOS:000182018500058 ER PT S AU Ohl, RG Preuss, W Sohn, A Conkey, S Garrard, KP Hagopian, JG Howard, JM Hylan, JE Irish, SM Mentzell, JE Schroeder, M Sparr, LM Winsor, RS Zewari, SW Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW AF Ohl, RG Preuss, W Sohn, A Conkey, S Garrard, KP Hagopian, JG Howard, JM Hylan, JE Irish, SM Mentzell, JE Schroeder, M Sparr, LM Winsor, RS Zewari, SW Greenhouse, MA MacKenty, JW BE Iye, M Moorwood, AFM TI Design and fabrication of diamond machined, aspheric mirrors for ground-based, near-IR astronomy SO INSTRUMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE FOR OPTICAL/INFRARED GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE mirrors; asphere; biconic; diamond machining; fly-cutting; fast tool servo; IRMOS AB Challenges in fabrication and testing have historically limited the choice of surfaces available for the design of reflective optical instruments. Spherical and conic mirrors are common, but, for future science instruments, more degrees of freedom will be necessary to meet performance and packaging requirements. These instruments will be composed of surfaces of revolution located far off-axis with large spherical departure, and some designs will even require asymmetric surface profiles. We describe the design and diamond machining of seven aluminum mirrors: three rotationally symmetric, off-axis conic sections, one off-axis biconic, and three flat mirror designs. These mirrors are for the Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer instrument, a facility instrument for the Kitt, Peak National Observatory's Mayall Telescope (3.8 in) and a pathfinder for the future Next Generation Space Telescope multi-object spectrograph. The symmetric mirrors include convex and concave prolate and oblate ellipsoids, and range in aperture from 92 x 77 mm to 284 x 264 mm and in f-number from 0.9 to 2.4. The biconic mirror is concave and has a 94 X 76 mm aperture, R-x = 377 mm, k(x) = 0.078, R-y = 407 nun, and k(y) = 0.127 and is decentered by -2 nun in x and 227 mm in y. The mirrors have an aspect ratio of approximately 6:1. The fabrication tolerances for surface error are < 63.3 nm RMS figure error and < 10 nm RMS microroughness. The mirrors are attached to the instrument bench using semi-kinematic, integral flexure mounts and optornechanically aligned to the instrument coordinate system using fiducial marks and datum surfaces. We also describe in-process profilometry and optical testing. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ohl, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4620-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4841 BP 677 EP 688 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW44M UT WOS:000182018500069 ER PT S AU Chambers, VJ Mink, RG Ohl, RG Connelly, JA Mentzell, JE Arnold, SM Greenhouse, MA Winsor, RS MacKenty, JW AF Chambers, VJ Mink, RG Ohl, RG Connelly, JA Mentzell, JE Arnold, SM Greenhouse, MA Winsor, RS MacKenty, JW BE Iye, M Moorwood, AFM TI Optical testing of diamond machined, aspheric mirrors for groundbased, near-IR astronomy SO INSTRUMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE FOR OPTICAL/INFRARED GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE mirrors; asphere; biconic; computer generated hologram; CGH; cryogenic optical testing; IRMOS AB The Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer (IRMOS) is a facility-class instrument for the Kitt Peak National Observatory 4 and 2.1 meter telescopes. IRMOS is a near-IR (0.8-2.5 mum) spectrometer and operates at similar to80 K. The 6061-T651 aluminum bench and mirrors constitute an athermal design. The instrument produces simultaneous spectra at low- to mid-resolving power (R = lambda/Deltalambda = 300-3000) of similar to100 objects in its 2.8x2.0 arcmin field. We describe ambient and cryogenic optical testing of the IRMOS mirrors across a broad range in spatial frequency (figure error, mid-frequency error, and microroughness). The mirrors include three rotationally symmetric, off-axis conic sections, one off-axis biconic, and several flat fold mirrors. The symmetric mirrors include convex and concave prolate and oblate ellipsoids. They range in aperture from 94x86 mm to 286x269 mm and in f-number from 0.9 to 2.4. The biconic mirror is concave and has a 94x76 nun aperture, R-x=377 nun, k(x)=0.0778, R-y=407 mm, and k(y)=0.1265 and is decentered by -2 mm in X and 227 mm in Y. All of the mirrors have an aspect ratio of approximately 6:1. The surface error fabrication. tolerances are < 10 nm RMS microroughness, "best effort" for mid-frequency error, and < 63.3 nm RMS figure error. Ambient temperature (similar to293 K) testing is performed for each of the three -surface error regimes, and figure testing is also performed at similar to80 K. Operation of the ADE PhaseShift MicroXAM white light interferometer (micro-roughness) and the Bauer Model 200 profilometer (mid-frequency error) is described. Both the sag and conic values of the aspheric mirrors make these tests challenging. Figure testing is performed using a Zygo GPI interferometer, custom computer generated holograms (CGH), and optomechanical alignment fiducials. Cryogenic CGH null testing is discussed in detail. We discuss complications such as the change in prescription with temperature and thermal gradients. Correction for the effect of the dewar window is also covered. We discuss the error budget for the optical test and alignment procedure. Data reduction is accomplished using commercial optical design and data analysis software packages. Results from CGH testing at cryogenic temperatures are encouraging thus far. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chambers, VJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4620-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4841 BP 689 EP 701 DI 10.1117/12.458966 PN 1-3 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW44M UT WOS:000182018500070 ER PT S AU Connelly, JA Ohl, RG Saha, TT Hadjimichael, T Mentzell, JE Mink, RG Hylan, JE Sparr, LM Chambers, VJ Hagopian, JG Greenhouse, MA Winsor, RS MacKenty, JW AF Connelly, JA Ohl, RG Saha, TT Hadjimichael, T Mentzell, JE Mink, RG Hylan, JE Sparr, LM Chambers, VJ Hagopian, JG Greenhouse, MA Winsor, RS MacKenty, JW BE Iye, M Moorwood, AFM TI Imaging performance and modeling of the Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer focal reducer SO INSTRUMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE FOR OPTICAL/INFRARED GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instrument Design and Performance for Optical/Infrared Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE alignment; interferometry; image testing; scatter; diamond-turning; micro-mirror array; IRMOS ID ALIGNMENT AB The Infrared Multi-Object Spectrometer (IRMOS) is a facility instrument for the Yitt Peak National Observatory 4 and 2.1 meter telescopes. IRMOS is a near-IR (0.8 - 2.5 pm) spectrometer with low- to mid-resolving power (R = 300 - 3000). The IRMOS spectrometer produces simultaneous spectra of similar to100 objects in its 2.8 x 2.0 arcmin field of view using a commercial MEMS multi-mirror array device (MMA) from Texas Instruments. The IRMOS optical design consists of two imaging subsystems. The focal reducer images the focal plane of the telescope. onto the MMA field stop, and the spectrograph images the MMA onto the detector. We describe the breadboard subsystem alignment method and imaging performance of the focal reducer. This. testing provides verification of the optomechanical alignment method and a measurement of near-angle scattered light due to mirror small-scale surface error. Interferometric measurements of subsystem wavefront error serve to verify alignment and are accomplished using a commercial, modified Twyman-Green laser unequal, path interferometer. Image testing is then performed for the central field point. A mercury-argon pencil lamp provides the spectral line at 546.1 nm and a CCD camera is the detector. We use the Optical Surface Analysis Code to predict the point-spread function and its effect on instrument slit transmission, and our breadboard test results validate this prediction. Our results show that scattered light from the subsystem and encircled energy is slightly worse than expected. Finally, we perform component. level image testing of the MMA, and our results show that scattered light from the MMA is of the same magnitude as that of the focal reducer. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Connelly, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4620-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4841 BP 702 EP 714 DI 10.1117/12.458974 PN 1-3 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW44M UT WOS:000182018500071 ER PT J AU Macleod, TC Ho, FD AF Macleod, TC Ho, FD TI Design of a ferroelectric programmable logic gate array SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics CY MAR 09-12, 2003 CL COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO AB A programmable logic gate array has been designed utilizing ferroelectric field effect transistors. The design has only a small number of gates, but this could be scaled up to a more useful size. Using FFETs in a logic array gives several advantages. First, it allows real-time programmability to the array to give high speed reconfiguration. It also allows the array to be configured nearly an unlimited number of times, unlike a FLASH FPGA. Finally, the Ferroelectric Programmable Logic Gate Array (FPLGA) can be implemented using a smaller number of transistors because of the inherent logic characteristics of an FFET. The devices were only designed and modeled using Spice models of the circuit, including the FFET. The actual device was not produced. The designs consist of a small array of logic gates. Other gates could easily be produced. They are linked by FFETs that control the logic flow. Timing and logic tables have been produced showing the array can produce a variety of logic combinations at a real time usable speed. This device could be a prototype for a device that could be put into imbedded systems that need the high speed of hardware implementation of logic and the complexity to need to change the logic algorithm. Because of the non-volatile nature of the FFET, it would also be useful in situations that needed to program a logic array once and use it repeatedly after the power has been shut off. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Macleod, TC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2003 VL 56 BP 1013 EP 1021 DI 10.1080/10584580390259506 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 758GR UT WOS:000187626300003 ER PT J AU Riehl, B Subramanyam, G Biggers, R Campbell, A Van Keuls, FW Miranda, FA Tomlin, D AF Riehl, B Subramanyam, G Biggers, R Campbell, A Van Keuls, FW Miranda, FA Tomlin, D TI Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured BSTO thin-films for microwave applications SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics CY MAR 09-12, 2003 CL COLORADO SPRINGS, CO DE ferroelectrics; BSTO thin-films; nanostructured thin-films; PLD; tunable microwave devices ID PULSED-LASER ABLATION; PHASE-TRANSITION; PARTICLE-SIZE; SILICON AB Nanophase synthesis of ferroelectric thin-films of Ba-0.6 Sr 0.4TiO3 (BSTO) was studied systematically for applications in tunable microwave components. Synthesis of nanostructured BSTO was performed using a pulsed-laser deposition system with real-time in-situ process control. The main research goal was to utilize the pulsed laser deposition parameters to control the grain growth for low microwave loss nanostructured BSTO thin-films on crystalline substrates such as LaAlO3 . These parameters include the energy density of the laser pulses, wavelength, oxygen partial pressure, distance between the target and the substrate, and the substrate temperature. The nanostructural characterization was performed using XRD, SEM and AFM. Microwave characterization was done using coplanar waveguide lines to characterize the frequency dependent dielectric properties (epsilon(r) and tan delta). BSTO films were grown at the same measured temperature and energy density but in different oxygen ambient pressures from 19 mTorr through 300 mTorr. Using contact mode AFM, the grain size was found to decrease as the oxygen ambient pressure was reduced from 150 mTorr to 38 mTorr. The growth process changed when the pressure was increased above 150 mTorr. Nanocluster structures rather than nanoparticles were found at 225 mTorr. Average grain sizes less than 100 nm were obtained to oxygen pressures below 75 mTorr. The XRD spectra indicate the highly crystalline nature of the film. Microwave measurements, performed between 9-18 GHz, suggest the nano-structured BSTO thin-films on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates are highly tunable (up to 25%). C1 Univ Dayton, Dept ECE, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Tech Management Concepts Inc, Dayton, OH USA. RP Univ Dayton, Dept ECE, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 17 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2003 VL 55 BP 825 EP 837 DI 10.1080/10584580390259272 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 758GM UT WOS:000187625800008 ER PT J AU Batra, AK Currie, JR Aggarwal, S Aggarwal, MD Lal, RB AF Batra, AK Currie, JR Aggarwal, S Aggarwal, MD Lal, RB TI Computation of frequency response of integrated pyroelectric infrared detectors SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics CY MAR 09-12, 2003 CL COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO DE pyroelectric infrared detectors; DTGS; current responsivity; detector thermal modeling AB Pyroelectric detectors of infrared radiation are fast-response thermal sensors operating at ambient temperature unlike semiconductor detectors, which require cooling. Their spectral response is uniform in a large range of wavelengths, including main band of IR transmission of the earth's atmosphere. Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) based pyroelectric detectors are the most sensitive among available ferroelectric materials. The effective sensitivity and performance depend not only on the sensor element material characteristics but also on the thermal performance of the complete structure of a detector such as substrate material, absorbing layer, and isolation layers. Thus we have solved one-dimension thermal diffusion equation for an n-layered structure. From which the performance of any number of layers of a detector structure can be derived, predicted, and optimized. Using viable single element sensor configurations and pyroelectric parameters of deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) crystals grown in our laboratory; the calculated and predicted current responsivity and other parameters are presented. A one dimensional heat conduction equation was solved analytically and the detector parameters were calculated using MatLab 6.0. The results obtained are encouraging for the development of DTGS based thin film-based detectors. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Micrograv Res Lab, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NASA, Avion Dept, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA. RP Batra, AK (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Micrograv Res Lab, POB 1268, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2003 VL 54 BP 641 EP 649 DI 10.1080/10584580390259056 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 758GG UT WOS:000187625200014 ER PT S AU Ksendzov, A Mansour, K AF Ksendzov, A Mansour, K BE Sidorin, YS Tervonen, A TI Hybrid single mode lasers fabricated using Si/SiO2/SiON micromachined platforms SO INTEGRATED OPTICS: DEVICES, MATERIALS, AND TECHNOLOGIES VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Integrated Optics - Devices, Materials and Technologies VII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE lasers; hybridization; integrated optics; sensors ID SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER AB We have devised a hybridization scheme that, given suitable Fabri-Perot (F-P) gain medium, allows us to fabricate small, mechanically robust single frequency lasers in a wide spectral range, limited only by the transparency of the SiON material. In this report we discuss device fabrication and present characteristics of a laser emitting in red spectral range. The laser operates at or near room temperature under continuous wave excitation and emits 5 mW of power in single mode with 40 dB side mode suppression. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ksendzov, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4787-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4987 BP 205 EP 208 DI 10.1117/12.474361 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BX33E UT WOS:000184965100021 ER PT S AU Willis, P Haines, B Bar-Sever, Y Bertiger, W Muellerschoen, R Kuang, D Desai, S AF Willis, P Haines, B Bar-Sever, Y Bertiger, W Muellerschoen, R Kuang, D Desai, S BE Visser, P Moore, P TI TOPEX/Jason combined GPS/DORIS orbit determination in the tandem phase SO INTEGRATED SPACE GEODETIC SYSTEMS AND SATELLITE DYNAMICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrated Space Geodetic Systems and Satellite Dynamics held at the 34th COSPAR Assembly CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Int Astronaut Federat, ESA, NASA, CNES ID LOW-EARTH-ORBIT; TOPEX POSEIDON; SEA-LEVEL; TOPEX/POSEIDON AB In December 2001, the Jason-1 satellite was launched to extend the long-term success of the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) oceanographic mission. The goals for the Jason-1 mission represent both a significant challenge and a rare opportunity for precise orbit determination (POD) analysts. Like its predecessor, Jason-1 carries three types of POD systems: a GPS receiver, a DORIS receiver and a laser retro-reflector. In view of the 1-cm goal for radial orbit accuracy, several major improvements have been made to the POD systems: 1) the GPS "BlackJack" TurboRogue Space Receiver (TRSR) tracks up to 12 GPS spacecraft using advanced codeless tracking techniques; 2) a newly developed DORIS receiver can track two ground beacons simultaneously with lower noise. In addition, the satellite itself features more straightforward attitude behavior, and a symmetric shape, simplifying the orbit determination models compared to T/P. On the other hand, the area-to-mass ratio for Jason-1 is larger, implying larger potential surface-force errors. This paper presents Jason-1 POD results obtained at JPL using the GIPSY-OASIS II (GOA) software package. Results from standard tests (orbit overlaps, laser control points) suggest that 1 to 2 cm radial orbit precision is already being achieved using the JPL reduced-dynamic estimation approach. We also report new DORIS POD strategies that make full profit of the additional number of common DORIS observations due to the T/P-Jason-1 tandem mode of orbit as well the additional dual-channel capability of the upgraded JASON receiver (allowing simultaneous tracking of two ground stations). New information on the satellite's time scale is availed through this new estimation strategy. Results show that a significant improvement to DORIS-based orbits could be gained using this strategy. Building on these results, we have extended the GIPSY/OASIS II software capability to more fully exploit the combined benefit of both GPS and DORIS measurements from T/P and Jason-1 in their preliminary tandem mode. POD test results are used to demonstrate the accuracy of these orbits and to compare results in different cases: DORIS-alone, and GPS and DORIS together in both single- and multi-satellite modes. On the other, we have demonstrated and explained an anomalous behavior of the on-board oscillator when crossing the South Atlantic Anomaly region. Finally, plans for future software enhancements, processing strategies and modeling improvements are presented. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Willis, P (reprint author), Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, 2 Ave Pasteur,BP 68, F-94160 St Mande, France. RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679 NR 24 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1941 EP 1946 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00156-X PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX26L UT WOS:000184780400012 ER PT J AU Jamshidi, M Sheikh-Bahaei, S Kitzinger, J Sridhar, P Beatty, S Xia, S Wang, Y Song, T Dole, U Liu, J Tunstel, E Akbarzadeh, M Lino, P El-Osery, A Fathi, M Hu, X Zeigler, BP AF Jamshidi, M Sheikh-Bahaei, S Kitzinger, J Sridhar, P Beatty, S Xia, S Wang, Y Song, T Dole, U Liu, J Tunstel, E Akbarzadeh, M Lino, P El-Osery, A Fathi, M Hu, X Zeigler, BP TI V-lab((R)) - A distributed intelligent discrete-event environment for autonomous agents simulation SO INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION AND SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE soft computing; fuzzy logic; neural networks; genetic algorithms; virtual laboratory; discrete-event simulation; SLA; multi-agent systems; V-Lab((R)); DEVS; IDEVS; rovers AB This paper presents a fusion between discrete-event systems specification (DEVS) and intelligent tools from soft computing. DEVS provides a robust and generic environment for modeling and simulation applications employing single workstation, distributed, and real-time platforms. Soft computing is a consortium of tools for natural intelligence stemming from approximate reasoning (fuzzy logic), learning (neural network or stochastic learning automaton), optimization (genetic algorithms and genetic programming), etc. The outcome of this fusion is what is called "Intelligent DEVS," called IDEVS here. IDEVS is an element of a virtual laboratory, called V-Lab((R)), which is based on distributed multi-physics, multi-dynamic modeling techniques for multiple platforms. This paper will introduce IDEVS and V-Lab((R)) and a theme example for a multi-agent simulation of a number of robotic agents with a slew of dynamic models and multiple computer work stations. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, ACE Ctr, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Ferdowsi Univ, Mashhad, Iran. Univ Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy. Univ Bari, Bari, Italy. New Mexico Inst Technol, Socorro, NM USA. Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Intergrat Modeling & Simulat, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Jamshidi, M (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AUTOSOFT PRESS PI ALBUGUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUGUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA SN 1079-8587 J9 INTELL AUTOM SOFT CO JI Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. PY 2003 VL 9 IS 3 BP 181 EP 214 PG 34 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA 714QD UT WOS:000184924200004 ER PT S AU Torres, O AF Torres, O BE Priddy, KL Angeline, PJ TI Use of satellite measurements in the retrieval of aerosol properties SO INTELLIGENT COMPUTING: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Computing CY APR 21-22, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; TROPOSPHERE; AERONET; TOMS AB The column optical thickness of the atmospheric aerosol load is routinely retrieved using space borne measurements of the natural levels of upwelling shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. The information content of the measurements includes contributions from several components of the earth-atmosphere system: the scattering and absorption processes of the molecular atmosphere (i.e., Rayleigh scattering and gas absorption), the scattering and absorption of aerosol particles, as well as the reflection from clouds and the underlying surface. The relative contribution from each component is a strong function of the wavelength of the incident radiation. Generally, the aerosol contribution is a very small fraction of the measurement. Therefore, as a part of the retrieval process, corrections for non-aerosol effects need to be applied to isolate the net aerosol effect. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20721 USA. RP Torres, O (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20721 USA. RI Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4963-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5103 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.1117/12.512856 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BX46A UT WOS:000185350400012 ER PT S AU Schenker, PS Elfes, A Hall, JL Huntsberger, TL Jones, JA Wilcox, BH Zimmerman, WF AF Schenker, PS Elfes, A Hall, JL Huntsberger, TL Jones, JA Wilcox, BH Zimmerman, WF BE Casasent, DP Hall, EL Roning, J TI The expanding venue and persistence of planetary mobile robotic exploration - new technology concepts for Mars and beyond SO INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND COMPUTER VISION XXI: ALGORITHMS, TECHNIQUES, AND ACTIVE VISION SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXI CY OCT 28-29, 2003 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP SPIE DE space robotics; mobile robots; intelligent robots; robotic sensing; aerial robots; subsurface exploration AB The domain and technology of mobile robotic space exploration are fast moving from brief visits to benign Mars surface regions to more challenging terrain and sustained exploration. Further, the overall venue and concept of space robotic exploration are expanding-"from flatland to 3D'-from the surface; to sub-surface and aerial theatres on disparate large and small planetary bodies, including Mars, Venus, Titan, Europa, and small asteroids. These new space robotic system developments are being facilitated by concurrent, synergistic advances in software and hardware technologies for robotic mobility, particularly as regard on-board system autonomy and novel thermo-mechanical design. We outline these directions of emerging mobile science mission interest and technology enablement, including illustrative work at JPL on terrain-adaptive and multi-robot cooperative rover systems, aerobotic mobility, and subsurface ice explorers. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM paul.s.schenker@jpl.nasa.gov RI Elfes, Alberto/E-2463-2011 OI Elfes, Alberto/0000-0003-2433-995X NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5155-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 5267 BP 43 EP 59 DI 10.1117/12.515771 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Robotics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX99R UT WOS:000187165300004 ER PT S AU Maluf, DA Tran, PB AF Maluf, DA Tran, PB BE Abraham, A Franke, K Koppen, M TI NETMARK: Adding hierarchical object relational databases with "Schema-less" extensions SO INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS SE ADVANCES IN SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA 2003) CY AUG 10-13, 2003 CL OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, COLL ARTS & SCI, TULSA, OK SP IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc, World Federat Soft Comp, European Soc Fuzzy Log & Technol, Springer Velag, Germany, COEITT HO OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, COLL ARTS & SCI AB Object-Relational database management system is an integrated hybrid cooperative approach to combine the best practices of both the relational model utilizing SQL queries and the object-oriented, semantic paradigm for supporting complex data creation. In this paper, a highly scalable, information on demand database framework, called NETMARK, is introduced. NETMARK takes advantages of the Oracle 8i object-relational database using physical addresses data types for very efficient keyword search of records spanning across both context and content. NETMARK was originally developed in early 2000 as a research and development prototype to solve the vast amounts of unstructured and semi-structured documents existing within NASA enterprises. Today, NETMARK is a flexible, high-throughput open database framework for managing, storing, and searching unstructured or semi-structured arbitrary hierarchal models, such as XML and HTML. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, DA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1615-3871 BN 3-540-40426-0 J9 ADV SOFT COMP PY 2003 BP 251 EP 261 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX56V UT WOS:000185702900024 ER PT S AU Palosz, B Grzanka, E Stel'makh, S Gierlotka, S Pielaszek, R Bismayer, U Weber, HP Proffen, T Palosz, W AF Palosz, B Grzanka, E Stel'makh, S Gierlotka, S Pielaszek, R Bismayer, U Weber, HP Proffen, T Palosz, W BE Lojkowski, W Blizzard, JR TI Application of powder diffraction methods to the analysis of short- and long-range atomic order in nanocrystalline diamond and SiC: the concept of the apparent lattice parameter (alp) SO INTERFACIAL EFFECTS AND NOVEL PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS SE Solid State Phenomena LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Interfacial Effects in Nanostructured Materials CY SEP 14-18, 2002 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Polish State Comm Sci Res, KBN, European Commiss, Polish Acad Sci, High Pressure Res Ctr, European Mat Res Soc DE nanocrystals; powder diffraction; lattice parameter; short; long-range order ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; SURFACE STRESS; SMALL PARTICLES; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; SIZE DEPENDENCE; GOLD PARTICLES; HIGH-PRESSURE; TENSION; NANOPARTICLES AB Two methods of analysis of powder diffraction patterns of diamond and SiC nanocrystals of different grain size are presented: (1) examination of changes of the lattice parameters ("apparent lattice parameter"; alp) with the diffraction vector Q, which refers to Bragg scattering, and (2), examination of inter-atomic distances based on the analysis of the atomic Pair Distribution Function, PDF. Application of these methods based on theoretical diffraction patterns computed for models of nanocrystals having either a perfect, uniform crystal lattice or a core-shell structure constituting a two-phase system was studied. The models are defined by the lattice parameter of the grain core, thickness of the surface shell and the magnitude and the strain field distribution in the shell. X-ray and neutron diffraction data of nanocrystalline SiC and diamond powders of grain diameters from 4 nm up to micrometer range were analyzed. The effects of the internal pressure and strain at the grain surface on the structure, based on the experimentally determined dependence of the alp values on the Q-vector, and changes of the inter-atomic distances with the grain size determined experimentally by the atomic Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis are discussed. The experimental results lend strong support to the concept of a two-phase, core and the surface shell structure of nanocrystalline diamond and SiC. C1 UNIPRESS, High Pressure Res Ctr, Warsaw, Poland. Univ Hamburg, Mineral Petrog Inst, Hamburg, Germany. ESRF, SNBL, Grenoble, France. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, USRA, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP UNIPRESS, High Pressure Res Ctr, Warsaw, Poland. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Proffen, Thomas/B-3585-2009 OI Proffen, Thomas/0000-0002-1408-6031 NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1012-0394 BN 3-908450-80-2 J9 SOLID STATE PHENOMEN PY 2003 VL 94 BP 203 EP 216 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX85F UT WOS:000186633600033 ER PT S AU Danchi, WC Townes, CH Fitelson, W Hale, DDS Monnier, JD Tevosian, S Weiner, J AF Danchi, WC Townes, CH Fitelson, W Hale, DDS Monnier, JD Tevosian, S Weiner, J BE Traub, WA TI Status and progress on the upgraded infrared spatial interferometer SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE ID VY-CANIS-MAJORIS; ALPHA-ORIONIS; DUST SHELLS; MIDINFRARED INTERFEROMETRY; SPECTRAL-LINES; 11 MICRONS; NML CYGNI; O-CETI; DIAMETERS; BETELGEUSE AB The U.C. Berkeley Infrared Spatial Interferometer is a two telescope stellar interferometer operating in the 9-12 micron atmospheric window, utilizing heterodyne detection with CO2 laser local oscillators. Science with the ISI has been focused on the measurements of the spatial distribution of dust and molecules around mass-losing late type stars, and more recently precision measurements of stellar diameters in the mid-infrared avoiding molecular lines. During the past few years, a National Science Foundation sponsored program of expansion from two to three telescopes has been underway. This expansion will allow the ISI to make visibility observations on three simultaneous baselines and a measure a closure phase. The third telescope was completed last year and shipped to Mt. Wilson, and more recently a Central Control Facility and Master Laser Oscillator Facility were also completed and recently shipped to Mt. Wilson. In this paper we report progress on this program and highlight some of the most recent astrophysical results. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Danchi, WC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI Monnier, John D/0000-0002-3380-3307 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 33 EP 44 DI 10.1117/12.459774 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200005 ER PT S AU Colavita, MM Wizinowich, PL AF Colavita, MM Wizinowich, PL BE Traub, WA TI Keck interferometer update SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE instrumentation : interferometers; instrumentation : adaptive optics; techniques : interferometric; nulling; differential phase AB The Keck Interferometer combines the two 10 m Keck telescopes for high sensitivity near-infrared fringe visibility measurements, nulling interferometry at 10 mum to measure the quantity of exozodiacal emission around nearby stars, and differential-phase measurements to detect "hot Jupiters" by their direct emission. First fringes with the interferometer were obtained in March 2001 using the two Kecks with their adaptive optics systems. Subsequent engineering work has, been focused toward the visibility mode in the areas of system validation, and improving sensitivity, increasing automation, and adding functionality in preparation for nulling and differential phase. Recently four shared-risk teams were selected by NASA to participate in early science observations, and initial shared-risk science observations have begun. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Colavita, MM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 14 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.1117/12.456768 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200010 ER PT S AU Thompson, RR Creech-Eakman, MJ van Belle, GT AF Thompson, RR Creech-Eakman, MJ van Belle, GT BE Traub, WA TI Results from the PTI's studies of the spectral angular diameters of Mira variables SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; Miras; angular diameters; near infrared; stellar atmospheres; spectroscopy; oscillations; stellar chemistry ID PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES; CARBON MIRAS; STARS; EMISSION; ATMOSPHERE; GIANTS; RADII AB A dedicated program of measuring angular sizes of Mira variables using the Palomar Testbed Interferometer has resulted in more than 13,000 measurements of over 60 stars. With visibility data in five channels across the K band, atmospheric extension and sources of opacity are evident in the dataset. Using multiple-epoch narrow-band data, phase lags between wavelength-dependent angular size cycles indicate spatial extent of molecular atmospheres. A spectral angular diameter classification system is developed, based on the recurring shapes of the spectral traces seen in the dataset, which correlates to spectral type. A period-radius relationship is explored, and a refinement on the estimation of angular sizes is made. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Thompson, RR (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, MS 171-113,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 221 EP 234 DI 10.1117/12.459126 PN 1&2 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200028 ER PT S AU Lawson, PR Wilson, DMA Baldwin, JE AF Lawson, PR Wilson, DMA Baldwin, JE BE Traub, WA TI A desktop interferometer for optical synthesis imaging SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; optical; synthesis imaging; teaching AB A simple desktop optical interferometer is described and demonstrated as a teaching tool for concepts of long-baseline stellar interferometry. The interferometer is compact, portable, and easily aligned. It sits on a base 8" x 10" and uses an aperture mask which is mounted to rotate within a precision ball-bearing. Fringes produced from an artificial star are observed through a microscope by means of a video camera and are displayed on an overhead television monitor. When the aperture mask is rotated rapidly, the rotating fringe patterns seen on the monitor are observed to synthesize sources that are unresolved by individual holes in the mask. Fringes from an artificial double star are used to illustrate the relationship between fringe visibility and source structure and to demonstrate image synthesis. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lawson, PR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 404 EP 410 DI 10.1117/12.457007 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200046 ER PT S AU Serabyn, E AF Serabyn, E BE Traub, WA TI Nulling interferometry progress SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE nulling; interferometry; astronomy ID STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; GEOMETRIC PHASE; BROAD-BAND; LIGHT; CORONAGRAPHY; DEEP AB The field of nulling interferometry has seen significant progress over the past several years, in both the conceptual and experimental arenas. Deep, broadband nulling has been demonstrated at optical wavelengths, the techniques have seen initial implementation on telescopes, and the introduction of a symmetric beam-combiner concept has eliminated many of the residual obstacles. Here an overview is provided of promising techniques for effecting the deep cancellation of starlight, and recent results obtained with laboratory and astronomical nulling interferometers are discussed. The next step is the exploitation of nulling techniques at 8-10 m class separated-aperture telescope facilities, and in this vein, a brief overview of the architecture of the Keck Interferometer Nuller is also provided. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Serabyn, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 594 EP 608 DI 10.1117/12.457058 PN 1&2 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200067 ER PT S AU Morgan, RM Burge, JH Woolf, N AF Morgan, RM Burge, JH Woolf, N BE Traub, WA TI Final laboratory results of visible nulling with dielectric plates SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE nulling; dispersion; phase shifting interferometry; high dynamic range detection AB Nullng stellar interferometry may enable the discovery of earth-like planets around other stars. In nulling mode, the zero order fringe is destructive and on axis, thus cancelling light form a bright source and allowing detection of dimer off-axis features. To create a deep on-axis null, the phase must be shifted half a wave achromatically over a broad band. The phase shift is created by adding optical path thickness with dielectric plates. Plates of different materials can balance dispersion. The nulling solutions found for TPF (infrared) and SIM (visible)are promising. This paper presents the final results of a dissertation that developed a nulling beam combiner testbed. The deepest null achieved over the spectral region of 600 to 800 nm was 7x10(-3). The test bed revealed the extreme challenges of this technique and provided very valuable lessons to enable further implementations. The testbed first achromatized the null by actively controlling the optical thicknesses of the plates. The phase as a function of wavelength was measured by PSI on a spectrally dispersed fringe. The phase was fit to a model to determine the optical thicknesses. The eigenfunctions of the model were nearly collinear and consequently the dynamic range required of the phase data was very high and not supported by the hardware. The testbed then searched for the null fringe and locked on the null using a 300 Hz servo loop and on a grey fringe. The OPD was stabilized to 6 nm peak-to valley. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Morgan, RM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 644 EP 655 DI 10.1117/12.459341 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200071 ER PT S AU Vasisht, G Booth, AJ Colavita, MM Johnson, RL Ligon, ER Moore, JD Palmer, DL AF Vasisht, G Booth, AJ Colavita, MM Johnson, RL Ligon, ER Moore, JD Palmer, DL BE Traub, WA TI Performance and verification of the Keck Interferometer fringe detection and tracking system SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Stellar Interferometer; fringe tracking; group-delay tracking; Keck Interferometer; infrared detectors AB The fringe detection and tracking system of the Keck Interferometer, Fatcat, has been operational ever since first fringes at Keck, albeit not in full capacity. At present it supports single baseline (Keck-Keck) operations only. We briefly discuss the instrument design from a hardware and controls standpoint. We also show some recent data from the instrument and summarize some performance limits. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vasisht, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 824 EP 834 DI 10.1117/12.456779 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200088 ER PT S AU Gursel, Y AF Gursel, Y BE Traub, WA TI A picometer-accuracy, laser-metrology gauge for Keck Interferometer differential-phase subsystem SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE ground-based interferometry; planet detection; differential phase AB Keck Interferometer differential-phase planet-detection system requires a picometer accuracy, large (2 mum to 4 mum) amplitude optical path-length modulator that can operate at fairly high frequencies (250 Hz, 750 Hz, and 1250 Hz, a partial, triangular wave motion). We have developed a gauge which monitors the amplitude of the motion of the path-length modulator and which is capable of reaching a sensitivity of at least 3 pm per sqrt(Hz) within a band width of 1 Hz at 250 Hz, 750 Hz, and 1250 Hz. Two of these gauges are built. The gauges axe compared to each other while monitoring a common optical path-length modulator to determine their accuracy. In this paper, the gauge construction details, the results of the gauge accuracy tests as well as the final path-length modulator performance details are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gursel, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 306-388, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 995 EP 1010 DI 10.1117/12.459329 PN 1&2 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200104 ER PT S AU van Belle, G Colavita, M Ligon, R Moore, J Palmer, D Reder, L Smythe, R AF van Belle, G Colavita, M Ligon, R Moore, J Palmer, D Reder, L Smythe, R BE Traub, WA TI The Keck Interferometer autoaligner SO INTERFEROMETRY FOR OPTICAL ASTRONOMY II, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II CY AUG 22-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Keck Interferometer; alignment ID PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER AB A key thrust of NASA's Origins program is the development of astronomical interferometers. Pursuing this goal in a cost-effective and expedient manner from the ground has led NASA to develop the Keck Interferometer, which saw first fringes between the twin 10m Keck telescopes in March of 2001. In order to enhance the imaging potential of this facility, and to add astrometric capabilities for the detection of giant planets about nearby stars, four 1.8m 'outrigger' telescopes may be added to the interferometer. Robust performance of the six-aperture instrument will require precise alignment of the large number of optical elements found in the six optical beamtrains spread about the observatory site. The requirement for timely and reliable alignments dictated the development of an automatic alignment system for the Keck Interferometer. The autoaligner consists of swing-arm actuators that insert light-emitting diodes on the optical axis at the location of each optical element, which are viewed by a simple fixed-focus CCD camera at the end of the beamtrain. Sub-pixel centroiding is performed upon the slightly out-of-focus target spots using images provided by a frame grabber, providing steering information to the two-axis actuated optical elements. Resulting mirror-to-mirror alignments are good to within 2 arcseconds, and trimming the alignment of a full beamtrain is designed to take place between observations, within a telescope repointing time. The interactions of the autoaligner with the interferometer delay lines and coude trains are discussed in detail. The overall design of the interferometer's autoaligner system is presented, examining the design philosophy, system sequencing, optical element actuation, and subsystem co-alignment, within the context of satisfying performance requirements and cost constraints. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP van Belle, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Ms 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4617-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4838 BP 1246 EP 1255 DI 10.1117/12.459325 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW43U UT WOS:000181980200135 ER PT S AU Marr, JC AF Marr, JC BE Shao, M TI Space Interferometry Mission (SIM): Overview and current status SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometer; interferometry; planet finding; astrophysics; space; science; mission; astrometry; SIM; Michelson AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) will be the first in-space, long-baseline Michelson Stellar Interferometer. SIM will perform precision astrometry at the micro-arcsecond accuracy level, which will be used to characterize planetary systems around stars within about ten parsecs of Earth and address a number of other key astrophysics projects. This paper provides a broad overview of the SIM Mission. Topics covered include: the science objectives, key top level requirements, how the mission will be implemented (technical and programmatic), technology development status, an assessment of where the project is today, and prognosis for the future. C1 CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Marr, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1117/12.460706 PN 1&2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000001 ER PT S AU Laskin, RA AF Laskin, RA BE Shao, M TI SIM technology development overview - light at the end of the tunnel SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; metrology; pointing; control; nanometer; picometer; optics; lasers ID SPATIAL INTERFEROMETRY; METROLOGY AB Optical and infrared interferometry will open new vistas for astronomy over the next decade. Space based interferometers, operating unfettered by the Earth's atmosphere, will offer the greatest scientific payoff. They also present the greatest technological challenge: laser metrology systems must perform with sub-nanometer precision; mechanical vibrations must be controlled to nanometers requiring orders of magnitude disturbance rejection; a multitude of actuators and sensors must operate flawlessly and in concert. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory along with its industry partners, Lockheed Martin and TRW, are addressing these challenges with a development program that plans to establish technology readiness for the Space Interferometry Mission by end of 2004. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Laskin, RA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 96 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 16 EP 32 DI 10.1117/12.460721 PN 1&2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000002 ER PT S AU Kahn, P Aaron, K AF Kahn, P Aaron, K BE Shao, M TI Space Interferometry Mission: Flight system & configuration overview SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB In 2009, NASA's Origins Program will launch the Space Interferometty Mission (SIM), a 10-meter-baseline optical interferometry instrument, into an Earth-trailing solar orbit. This instrument will be comprised of four parallel optical interferometers whose prime mission objective is to perform astrometric measurements at unprecedented accuracy. Launched by the Space Shuttle and boosted into its final trajectory by an integral propulsion system, SIM will collect data for more than five years in the search for extra-solar system planets. NASA has assembled an integrated Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)/Industry team comprised of TRW, Lockheed Martin, and Caltech to formulate a reference design to meet the SEW science objectives. Addressing unique technical challenges has proven to be a formidable task in numerous aspects of the system definition, from component development to system-level integration and test. Parallel activities to develop and test the necessary enabling technologies for SIM are coupled with the ongoing flight system design. The flight system design poses unique challenges in many areas, including geometric aspects of the layout, stability of the precision structure, thermal control, active vibration suppression, picometer-level laser metrology, etc. System-level trade studies that balance the requirements of the optics and metrology layouts and develop clean interfaces are presented herein. This paper also addresses the issues of the System Engineering processes and validation of performance specifications. Finally, this paper describes the current status of the SIM Reference System design. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kahn, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 33 EP 44 DI 10.1117/12.460725 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000003 ER PT S AU Hines, BE Bell, CE Goullioud, R Spero, R Neat, GW Shen, TJ Bloemhof, EE Shao, M Catanzarite, J Regehr, M Machuzak, R AF Hines, BE Bell, CE Goullioud, R Spero, R Neat, GW Shen, TJ Bloemhof, EE Shao, M Catanzarite, J Regehr, M Machuzak, R BE Shao, M TI Micro-arcsecond metrology (MAM) testbed overview SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE SIM; MAM; microarcsecond astrometry; picometer metrology; optical interferometry AB One of the most critical technology requirements for the Space Interferometry Mission is that the difference in pathlength traveled by the starlight through each arm of the instrument be known with picometers of precision. SIM accomplishes this by using an internal laser metrology system to measure the optical path traveled by the starlight. The SIM technology program has previously demonstrated laser gauges with measurement accuracy below 10 picometers. The next challenge is to integrate one of these gauges into a full interferometer system and demonstrate that the system still operates at the required level. For SIM, the ultimate requirement is that the internal metrology system be able to give an accurate measure of the starlight internal path difference to about 150 picometers over its narrow-angle field, with a goal of 50 picometer accuracy. This accuracy must be maintained even as SIM's various active systems articulate the SIM optics and vary the SIM internal pathlengths. The Microarcsecond Metrology Testbed(1) (MAM) is a full single-baseline interferometer coupled with a precision pseudostar, intended to demonstrate the level of agreement between starlight and metrology phase measurements needed to make microarcsecond-level measurements of stellar positions. MAM has been under development for several years and is now producing picometers-level consistency that translates into microarcseconds-level performance. This paper will present an overview of the MAM Testbed, together with recent results targeting the 150 picometer performance level required by SIM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hines, BE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 45 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.460919 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000004 ER PT S AU Neat, GW AF Neat, GW BE Shao, M TI The micro-arcsecond measurement testbed and its relationship to the space interferometer mission SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space-based interferometry; field independent error; field dependent error AB This paper describes the relationship between the Space Interferometer Mission (SIM) and the Micro-Arcsecond Measurement Testbed (MAM). MAM is necessary because differences exist between the starlight and the metrology measurements through the SIM instrument optical path. The goal of MAM is to establish the methodologies required to reduce these differences. The targeted SIM instrument performance requires these differences to be at the pico-meter level. Starlight and metrology difference errors can be grouped into two categories: field dependent and field independent errors. The field independent errors are either random (i.e., vibration) or drift (i.e., thermal mirror warping). The field dependent errors introduce differences between metrology and starlight that change as a function of "look" angle. An example field dependent error is the different diffraction effects on the two beams as the delay line slews. SIM's fundamental error mitigation approach is to reduce the field independent errors down to the prescribed error budget levels, then calibrate out the remaining field dependent portion. The paper describes the recipe to generate the MAM error budget. Since MAM is inherently a subset of SIM, the MAM testbed addresses a subset of the total SIM error budget. The paper describes the approach to determining the relevant MAM portion. In addition, it describes the derivation of the overall MAM error budget, including allocations for the pseudo star errors. The paper maps the SIM observing scenario to a MAM test measurement. A successful MAM measurement will be defined in terms of the actual measurements, the metric applied and its relationship to the MAM error budget. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Neat, GW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1117/12.460929 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000005 ER PT S AU Sievers, L Korechoff, RP Milman, MH Shaklan, S Catanzarite, J Basdogan, I Papalexandris, MV Swartz, R AF Sievers, L Korechoff, RP Milman, MH Shaklan, S Catanzarite, J Basdogan, I Papalexandris, MV Swartz, R BE Shao, M TI Overview of SIM wide angle astrometric calibration strategies SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB This paper summarizes two different strategies envisioned for calibrating the systematic field dependent biases present in the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) instrument. The Internal Calibration strategy is based on pre-launch measurements combined with a set of on-orbit measurements generated by a source internal to the instrument. The External Calibration strategy uses stars as an external source for generating the calibration function. Both approaches demand a significant amount of innovation given that SIM's calibration strategy requires a post-calibration error of 100 picometers over a 15 degree field of regard while the uncalibrated instrument introduces tens to hundreds of nanometers of error. The calibration strategies are discussed in the context of the wide angle astrometric mode of the instrument, although variations on both strategies have been proposed for doing narrow angle astrometry. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sievers, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 66 EP 78 DI 10.1117/12.460937 PN 1&2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000006 ER PT S AU Bell, CE AF Bell, CE BE Shao, M TI Interferometer real time control development for SIM SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometer; real-time control; low-latency; interconnect; instrument flight software AB Real Time Control (RTC) for the Space Interferometry Mission will build on the real time core interferometer control technology under development at JPL since the mid 1990s, with heritage from the ground based MKII and Palomar Testbed Interferometer projects developed in the late '80s and early '90s. The core software and electronics technology for SIM interferometer real time control is successfully operating on several SIM technology demonstration testbeds, including the Real-time Interferometer Control System Testbed, System Testbed-3, and the Microarcsecond Metrology testbed. This paper provides an overview of the architecture, design, integration, and test of the SIM flight interferometer real time control to meet challenging flight system requirements for the high processor throughput, low-latency interconnect, and precise synchronization to support microarcsecond-level astrometric measurements for greater than five years at 1 AU in Earth-trailing orbit. The electronics and software architecture of the interferometer real time control core and its adaptation to a flight design concept are described. Control loops for pointing and pathlength control within each of four flight interferometers and for coordination of control and data across interferometers are illustrated. The nature of on-board data processing to fit average downlink rates while retaining post-processed astrometric measurement precision and accuracy is also addressed. Interferometer flight software will be developed using a software simulation environment incorporating models of the metrology and starlight sensors and actuators to close the real time control loops. RTC flight software and instrument flight electronics will in turn be integrated utilizing the same simulation architecture for metrology and starlight component models to close real time control loops and verify RTC functionality and performance prior to delivery to flight interferometer system integration at Lockheed Martin's Sunnyvale facility. A description is provided of the test environment architecture supporting the RTC path to flight. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bell, CE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1117/12.460930 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000007 ER PT S AU Nemati, B AF Nemati, B BE Shao, M TI External metrology truss technology demonstration (KITE) SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE metrology; corner cube; truss; interferometry; picometer; heterodyne AB To achieve micro-arcsecond astrometry, SIM's external metrology system must track the relative changes of three baseline vectors with a precision of tens of picometers over a one-hour time scale. The Kite testbed is designed to be the technology demonstration for a picometer-class external metrology truss. Four fiducials, two simple corner cubes and two triple corner cubes, are arranged in a planar parallelogram configuration to allow a redundant measurement of truss deformations by six metrology gauges placed between the fiducials. Each metrology gauge is capable of 20-pm relative metrology accuracy and 10-mum absolute metrology accuracy, using a beam launcher capable of self-alignment at the arcsecond level. The Kite demonstration involves the articulation of one of the corner cubes to simulate SIM instrument geometrical changes while various performance metrics are evaluated based on the readings of the individual metrology gauges. The test performance metric compares the direct measurement of length changes by one metrology gauge against the computed estimate for the same based on the other five gauges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nemati, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 90 EP 99 DI 10.1117/12.460729 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000008 ER PT S AU Swartz, R AF Swartz, R BE Shao, M TI The SIM astrometric grid SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Space Interferometry Mission; SIM; SIM grid; interferometry; astrometry AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) is fundamentally a one-dimensional instrument with a 15-degree field-of-regard. Mission objectives require a global reference grid of thousands of well-understood stars with positions known to 4 microarcseconds which will be used to establish the instrument baseline vector during scientific observations. This accuracy will be achieved by frequently observing a set of stars throughout the mission and performing a global fit of the observations to determine position, proper motion and parallax for each star. Each star will be observed approximately 200 times with about 6.5 stars per single instrument field on the sky. We describe the nature of the reference grid, the candidate objects, and the results of simulations demonstrating grid performance, including estimates of the grid robustness when including effects such as instrument drift and possible contamination of the grid star sample by undetected binaries. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Swartz, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 100 EP 109 DI 10.1117/12.460861 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000009 ER PT S AU Shaya, E Tully, RB Peebles, PJE Tonry, JL Borne, K Vogel, SN Nusser, A Zaritsky, D AF Shaya, E Tully, RB Peebles, PJE Tonry, JL Borne, K Vogel, SN Nusser, A Zaritsky, D BE Shao, M TI Space Interferometry Mission - Dynamical Observations of Galaxies (SIMDOG) key project SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE galaxies; dynamics; SIM; proper motions; numerical simulations ID COLD DARK-MATTER; LOCAL GROUP; GRAVITATIONAL-INSTABILITY; ACTION PRINCIPLE; NEARBY GALAXIES; B-SUPERGIANTS; MILKY-WAY; MASS; UNIVERSE; ORBITS AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) spacecraft will be used to measure the proper motions for a sample of similar to30 nearby galaxies. At this time there are no proper motion measurements of galaxies beyond the satellite systems of the Milky Way. With the capability of measuring absolute positions to 4 muas (microarcsecond) accuracy and a five-year baseline, SIM will be able to measure proper motions as small as 10 km/s over the Local Group and 40 km/s at 4 Mpc. The motion of each galaxy will be monitored by targeting 5-10 stars that are brighter than 20(th) magnitude. SIM measurements will lead to knowledge of the full 6-dimensional position and velocity vectors of each galaxy. In conjunction with gravitational flow modeling, improved total mass measurements of individual galaxies and the fractional contribution of dark matter to galaxies of the Local Group will be obtained. The project includes development of theoretical methods for orbital calculations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shaya, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Code 630-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 120 EP 130 DI 10.1117/12.460695 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000011 ER PT S AU Meier, DL Folkner, WM AF Meier, DL Folkner, WM BE Shao, M TI SIMsim: An end-to-end simulation of the Space Interferometer Mission SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space telescopes; interferometry; simulations; metrology; astrometry AB We present the basic elements and first results of an end-to-end simulation package whose purpose is to test the validity of the Space Interferometer Mission design. The fundamental simulation time step is one millisecond, with substructure at 1/8 ms, and the total duration of the simulation is five years. The end product of a given "wide-angle" astrometry run is an estimated grid star catalog over the entire sky with an accuracy of about 4 rjrlicro-arcseconds. SIMsim is divided into five separate modules that communicate via data pipes. The first generates the 'truth' data on the spacecraft structure and laser metrology. The second module generates uncorrupted fringes for the three SIM interferometers, based on the current spacecraft orientation, target stars' positions, etc. The third module reads out the CCD white light fringe data at specified times, corrupting that and the metrology data with appropriate errors. The data stream out of this module represents the basic data stream on the simulated spacecraft. The fourth module performs fringe-fitting tasks on this data, recovering the total path delay, and the fifth and final module inverts the entire metrology/delay dataset to ultimately determine the instantaneous path delay on a fiducial baseline fixed in space. (Pathlength feed forward is used every few milliseconds to re-position the interferometer to keep the fringes in the delay window.) The average of all such delays over an integration time (typically 30 s) is reported as one of several hundred thousand measured stellar delays over the five-year period, which are then inverted to produce the simulated catalog. Future plans include taking into account more sources of error from the SIM error budget and including narrow angle observations in the observing plan. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91001 USA. RP Meier, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 238-332,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91001 USA. NR 3 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 131 EP 142 DI 10.1117/12.460918 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000012 ER PT S AU Wehrle, A Unwin, SC Jones, DL Meier, DL Piner, BG AF Wehrle, A Unwin, SC Jones, DL Meier, DL Piner, BG BE Shao, M TI Tracking the moving optical photocenters of active galaxies: Binary black holes, accretion disks and relativistic jets SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Space Interferometry Mission; SIM; quasar; astrometry; active galactic nucleus ID SPACE-TELESCOPE IMAGES; X-RAY; NGC-4261; EMISSION; SPECTRA AB We will use the astrometric capabilities of the Space Interferometry Mission to answer three key questions about active galacitic nuclei: 1) Does the separation of the radio core and optical photocenter of quasars change on the same timescale as their photometric variability, or is the separation stable? 2) Does the most compact optical emission from an active galactic nucleus come from an accretion disk or from a relativistic jet? 3) Do the cores of galaxies harbor binary supermassive black holes remaining from galaxy mergers? We will compare the radio and optical positions of quasars used in the tie between optical and radio celestial reference frames. During the first year after launch, we will be able to show whether the frame tie will be limited by "astrophysical noise". C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wehrle, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 152 EP 160 DI 10.1117/12.460869 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000014 ER PT S AU Shaklan, S Milman, MH Pan, XP AF Shaklan, S Milman, MH Pan, XP BE Shao, M TI High-precision early mission narrow-angle science with the Space Interferometry Mission SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Space Interferometry Mission; relative astrometry; extra-solar planets; binary stars AB We have developed a technique that allows SIM to measure relative stellar positions with an accuracy of 1 micro-arcsecond at any time during its 5-yr mission. Unlike SIM's standard narrow-angle approach, Gridless Narrow Angle Astrometry (GNAA) does not rely on the global reference frame of grid stars that reaches full accuracy after 5 years. GNAA is simply the application of traditional single-telescope narrow angle techniques to SIM's narrow angle optical path delay measurements. In GNAA, a set of reference stars and a target star are observed at several baseline orientations. A linearized model uses delay measurements to solve for star positions and baseline orientations. A conformal transformation maps observations at different epochs to a common reference frame. The technique works on short period signals (P=days to months), allowing it to be applied to many of the known extra-solar planets, intriguing radio/X- ray binaries, and other periodic sources. The technique's accuracy is limited in the long-term by false acceleration due to a combination of reference star and target star proper motion. The science capability, 1 micro-arcsecond astrometric precision, is unique to SIM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaklan, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 161 EP 171 DI 10.1117/12.460738 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000015 ER PT S AU Unwin, SC AF Unwin, SC BE Shao, M TI SIM science operations SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Space Interferometry Mission; SIM; astrometry; planet detection; stellar astrophysics AB This paper describes the science scheduling and operation of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) as a science instrument. The SIM Science Team has defined a set of science programs to be observed with SIM. The scheduling and operation of SIM, and modeling of the expected performance, differs significantly from other astrometric or imaging space-based telescopes. A timeline of observations is developed using a scheduling unit called a 'tile' - a set of related science and reference star observations made while the instrument is inertially pointed. Global astrometry, for measuring stellar distances and velocities, is performed by observing multiple overlapping tiles covering the whole sky. Most observing program require many short observations over the life of the mission, which poses interesting challenges for scheduling tools in developing the science timeline. Development of these tools will be done by the Interferometry Science Center at Caltech. Planning tools will allow users to perform trades of the expected science performance, for instance, by varying the number of observations of a target against the time spent on an individual observation. The search for planets will require careful optimization of the selection of target and reference stars in a tile, and their observing sequence, to minimize instrumental systematic errors which may be a function of direction on the sky or due to thermally-induced drifts in the instrument. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Unwin, SC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 172 EP 183 DI 10.1117/12.460700 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000016 ER PT S AU Levine, BM Shao, M Beichman, CA Mennesson, B Morgan, R Orton, G Serabyn, E Unwin, S Velusamy, T Woolf, N AF Levine, BM Shao, M Beichman, CA Mennesson, B Morgan, R Orton, G Serabyn, E Unwin, S Velusamy, T Woolf, N BE Shao, M TI A visible light Terrestrial Planet Finder - Planet detection and spectroscopy by nulling interferometry with a single aperture telescope SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE planet detection; nulling interferometer; coronagraph; space telescope ID EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS AB Planet detection around a bright star is dependent on the resolution of the imaging system and the degree of light suppression of the star relative to the planet. We present a concept and a scaled precursor for a visible light Terrestrial Planet Finding (VTPF) mission. Its major feature is an imaging system for planet detection using a nulling interferometer behind a single aperture telescope. This configuration is capable of detecting earth-like planets with a 4m aperture using both imaging and spectroscopic imaging modes. We will describe the principles of the system, and show results of studies demonstrating its feasibility. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Levine, BM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1117/12.460925 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000020 ER PT S AU Leisawitz, D Frey, BJ Leviton, DB Martino, AJ Maynard, WL Mundy, LG Rinehart, SA Teng, SH Zhang, X AF Leisawitz, D Frey, BJ Leviton, DB Martino, AJ Maynard, WL Mundy, LG Rinehart, SA Teng, SH Zhang, X BE Shao, M TI The Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed I: purpose, testbed design, data, and synthesis algorithms SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; Michelson interferometer; wide-field imaging; synthesis imaging; imaging algorithms; testbed AB The Wide-field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT) was designed to validate, experiment with, and refine the technique of wide field mosaic imaging for optical/IR interferometers. Here we offer motivation for WIIT, present the testbed design, and describe algorithms that can be used to reduce the data from a spatial and spectral Michelson interferometer. A conventional single-detector Michelson interferometer operating with narrow bandwidth at center wavelength is limited in its field of view to the primary beam of the individual telescope apertures, or similar to lambda(c)/d(tel) radians, where d(tel) is the telescope diameter. Such a field is too small for many applications; often one wishes to image extended sources. We are developing and testing techniques analogous to the mosaicing method employed in millimeter and radio astronomy, but applicable to optical/IR Michelson interferometers, in which beam combination is done in the pupil plane. An N-pix X N-pix array detector placed in the image plane of the interferometer is used to record simultaneously the fringe patterns from many contiguous telescope fields, effectively multiplying the field size by N-pix/2, where the factor 2 allows for Nyquist sampling. This technique will be especially valuable for interferometric space observatories, such as the Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope (SPIRIT) and the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS). SPIRIT and SPECS will be designed to provide sensitive, high angular resolution, far-IR/subrmillimeter observations of fields several arcminutes in diameter, and views of the universe complementary to those provided by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Next-Generation Space Telescope (NGST), and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leisawitz, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 631, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 255 EP 267 DI 10.1117/12.460704 PN 1&2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000024 ER PT S AU Aaron, KM Hashemi, A Morris, P Nienberg, J AF Aaron, KM Hashemi, A Morris, P Nienberg, J BE Shao, M TI Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) thermal design [4852-49] SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB The Space Inteiferometry Mission (SIM) has some very tight stability requirements that drive the thermal control approach well beyond the traditional spacecraft thermal control regime. The precision support structure will be constructed of composite materials with a quite low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) on the order of 10(-7)/K. Even then, the temperature variations of the structure cannot exceed about 0.2degreesC. For the main optical elements, which will be fabricated. of ultra-low expansion (ULE, 10(-8)/K CTE) glass, the temperature stability must be such that the temperature gradient through the glass cannot vary by more than a couple of millikelvin through the 5 cm thickness over a one hour period. The laser metrology system, which measures motions on the order of a few tens of picometers (10(-12)m), contains some sensitive optical elements whose temperature variations cannot exceed a few tens of microkelvin (10(-6)K). This paper will describe how the SIM thermal control designers have addressed some of these very challenging requirements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aaron, KM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1117/12.460870 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000026 ER PT S AU Goullioud, R Alvarez-Salazar, OS Nemati, B AF Goullioud, R Alvarez-Salazar, OS Nemati, B BE Shao, M TI Dim star fringe stabilization demonstration using pathlength feed-forward on the SIM Test-Bed 3 (STB3). SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; SIM; optics; pseudo-star ID INTERFEROMETER; DESIGN AB Future space-based optical interferometers such as the Space Interferometer Mission require fringe stabilization to the level of nanometers, in order to produce astrometric data at the micro-arc-second level. Even the best attitude control system available to date will not be able to stabilize the attitude of a several thousand pound spacecraft to a few milli-arc-seconds. Active pathlength control is usually implemented to compensate for attitude drift of the spacecraft. This issue has been addressed in previous experiments while tracking bright stars. In the case of dim stars, as the sensor bandwidth falls below one hertz, feedback control will not provide sufficient rejection. However, stabilization of the fringes from a dim-star down to the nanometer level can be done open loop using information from additional interferometers looking at bright guide stars. The STB3 testbed developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory features three optical interferometers sharing a common baseline, dynamically representative to the SIM interferometer. An artificial star feeding the interferometers is installed on a separate optics bench. Voice coils are used to simulate the attitude motion of the spacecraft by moving the entire bench. Data measured on STB3 show that fringe motion of a dim star due to spacecraft attitude changes can be attenuated by 80 dB at 0.1Hz without feedback control, using only information from two guide stars. This paper describes the STB3 setup, the pathlength feed-forward architecture, implementation issues and data collected with the system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Goullioud, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 314 EP 325 DI 10.1117/12.460714 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000029 ER PT S AU Gursel, Y AF Gursel, Y BE Shao, M TI Very high-precision absolute surface metrology gauges for building and qualifying SIM testbed interferometer compound optics SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE spaceborne interferometry; absolute surface gauges; siderostat; retro-reflector AB The Stellar Interferometry Mission (SIM), and particularly one of its testbeds [the Micro-Arc-Second Metrology Testbed (MAMTB)] require compound optical pieces the construction and qualification of which, in turn, require very high-precision absolute surface metrology gauges. There are many designs examined in the literature for absolute surface metrology gauges. Some of these use a standard surface gauge and perform repeated measurements in various piece orientations to measure and calibrate several optical pieces simultaneously. As the pieces get flatter and flatter, these suffer from more and more of accumulating subtraction errors. These can not measure pieces that has a retro-reflector mounted on them in absolute terms. There is another class of surface metrology gauges that avoid most of these problems. These gauges use a 3-fiber, laser-light and white-light, fiber-tip interferometer to calibrate a flat absolutely without subtraction and use this flat in a split-beam single-fiber, fiber interferometer to measure and calibrate compound optical pieces, like flat mirrors with retro-reflectors embedded in them. We have been building a system as described above. Our 3-fiber interferometer is in alignment and displaying the first fringes and delivering phase-maps. The split-beam, single-fiber interferometer is under construction. Both interferometers are designed to operate in vacuum, mounted on one top of another in a mezzanine-type arrangement in our 4 ft. vacuum chamber. In addition, a smaller white light interferometer has been built to manufacture some of the compound optics while the main gauges are being developed. One previously glued siderostat with a corner cube has been measured and two new siderostats with corner cubes have been assembled and measured using this interferometer. In this paper, the details of the design, construction and performance of this triplet of interferometers are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gursel, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 306-388, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 355 EP 369 DI 10.1117/12.460882 PN 1&2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000033 ER PT S AU Zhao, F Diaz, R Kuan, G Sigrist, N Beregovski, Y Ames, L Dutta, K AF Zhao, F Diaz, R Kuan, G Sigrist, N Beregovski, Y Ames, L Dutta, K BE Shao, M TI SIM internal metrology beam launcher development SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; metrology; laser heterodyne interferometers; astrometry ID INTERFEROMETER AB To accomplish micro-arcsecond astrometric measurement, stellar interferometers; such as SIM require the measurement of internal optical path length delay with an accuracy of similar to10 picometers level. A novel common-path laser heterodyne interferometer suitable for this application was proposed and demonstrated at JPL. In this paper, we present some of the experimental results from a laboratory demonstration unit and design considerations for SIM's internal metrology beam launcher. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhao, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 370 EP 379 DI 10.1117/12.460940 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000034 ER PT S AU Duren, R Lay, O Wette, M AF Duren, R Lay, O Wette, M BE Shao, M TI The StarLight interferometer architecture and operational concepts SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE stellar interferometry; formation-flying; planet detection; Terrestrial Planet Finder AB The StarLight flight project was designed to demonstrate the key technologies of spaceborne long-baseline stellar interferometry and precision formation flying for potential use on the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and other future astrophysics missions. Interferometer performance validation could be achieved over a 6-12 month period by obtaining several hundred fringe visibility amplitude measurements for stars in the band 600-1000 run for a variety of stellar visibilities (0.2-1.0), magnitudes (Mv = 2-5), and baselines (B = 30-125 meters). Interferometry could be performed both in a I meter fixed-baseline combiner-only mode and in a two-spacecraft formation mode. In formation mode, the combiner spacecraft would remain at the focus of a virtual parabola, while the collector spacecraft assumed various positions along the parabola such that the two arms of the interferometer remained equal over a variety of separations and bearing angles. Challenges to be encountered in flight include high-bandwidth inter-spacecraft stellar and metrology pointing control, alignment and shear correction, delay and delay-rate estimation, visibility calibration, and robust fringe tracking in the presence of local and inter-spacecraft dynamics. This paper is based on the StarLight project design-capture of March 2002 and will describe the StarLight Interferometer System architecture and selected operational concepts (both of which have relevance to the on-going TPF Technology Program). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Duren, R (reprint author), 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 264-459, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 451 EP 462 DI 10.1117/12.460933 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000042 ER PT S AU Blackwood, G Lay, O Deininger, W Gudim, M Ahmed, A Duren, R Noecker, C Barden, B AF Blackwood, G Lay, O Deininger, W Gudim, M Ahmed, A Duren, R Noecker, C Barden, B BE Shao, M TI The StarLight mission: a formation-flying stellar interferometer SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE formation-flying control; stellar interferometry; heterodyne metrology; formation-flying sensor AB The StarLight mission is designed to validate the technologies of formation flying and stellar interferometry in space. The mission consists of two spacecraft in an earth-trailing orbit that fort-nation-fly over relative ranges of 40 in to 600 in to an accuracy of 10 cm. The relative range and bearing of the. spacecraft are sensed by a novel RF sensor, the Autonomous Formation Flyer sensor, which provides 2 cm and 1 mrad range and bearing knowledge between the spacecraft. Each spacecraft hosts an instrument payload for a Michelson interferometer that exploit the moving spacecraft to generate variable observing baselines between 30 in and 125 in. The StarLight preliminary design has shown that a formation-flying interferometer involves significant coupling between the major system elements-spacecraft, formation-flying control, formation-flying sensor, and the interferometer instrument. Mission requirements drive innovative approaches for long-range heterodyne metrology, optical design, glint suppression, formation estimation and control, spacecraft design, and mission operation. Experimental results are summarized for new technology development areas. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Blackwood, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 463 EP 480 DI 10.1117/12.460942 PN 1&2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000043 ER PT S AU Lay, OP Blackwood, GH AF Lay, OP Blackwood, GH BE Shao, M TI Formation-flying interferometry SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE stellar interferometry; formation-flying AB There are many advantages to space-based interferometry, but monolithic, single-spacecraft platforms set limits on the collecting area and baseline length. These constraints can be overcome by distributing the optical elements of the interferometer over a system of multiple spacecraft flying in precise formation, opening up new realms of angular resolution and sensitivity. While the principles of interferometry are the same as for structurally-connected systems, formation-flying interferometers must integrate a wide range of technologies to provide an optically stable platform capable of finding, tracking and measuring fringes. This paper discusses some of the key differences between formation-flying and structurally-connected interferometers, including formation configurations, controlling beam shear, station-keeping, and the importance of delay and delay rate estimation in determining the instrument sensitivity. Proposed future formation-flying interferometer missions include the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), Darwin, the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS), the Stellar Imager, the Micro-Arcsecond Xray Imaging Mission (MAXIM), and its precursor, MAXIM Pathfinder. In addition, Life Finder and Planet Imager have been identified as two formation-flying missions capable of detailed characterization of habitable exo-planets. The parameters for these missions are compared and described briefly. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lay, OP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-460, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 481 EP 491 DI 10.1117/12.460924 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000044 ER PT S AU Leitner, J Quinn, D Matsumura, M AF Leitner, J Quinn, D Matsumura, M BE Shao, M TI From monolithics to tethers to freeflyers: The spectrum of large aperture sensing from space SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB As part of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) endeavor to push the envelope and go where we have never been before, the Space Science Enterprise has laid out a vision which includes several missions that revolutionize the collection of scientific data from space. Many of the missions designed to meet the objectives of these programs depend heavily on the ability to perform space-based interferometry, which has recently become a rapidly growing field of investigation for both the scientific and engineering communities. While scientists are faced with the challenges of designing high fidelity optical systems capable of making detailed observations, engineers wrestle with the problem of providing space-based platforms that can permit this data gathering to occur. Observational data gathering is desired at a variety of spectral wavelengths and resolutions, calling for interferometers with a range of baseline requirements. Approaches to configuration design are as varied as the missions themselves from large monolithic spacecraft to multiple free-flying small spacecraft and everything in between. As will be discussed, no one approach provides a 'panacea' of solutions rather each has its place in terms of the mission requirements. The purpose here is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches, to discuss the driving factors in design selection and determine the relative range of applicability of each design approach. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Syst Engn Branch GN&C, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leitner, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Syst Engn Branch GN&C, Code 571, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 492 EP 499 DI 10.1117/12.460932 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000045 ER PT S AU Martin, SR Morgan, R Gunter, SM Bartos, R AF Martin, SR Morgan, R Gunter, SM Bartos, R BE Shao, M TI The StarLight space interferometer: optical design and performance modeling SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; space interferometer AB The StarLight mission aimed to place the first formation flying optical interferometer into space in year 2006. Utilizing two spacecraft to form a long baseline Michelson interferometer, it would measure white light hinges on a number of partially resolved stars of magnitudes >5 m the wavelength range 600 to 1000 run. The interferometer baseline is variable between 30 and 125 m, and also has a fixed 1.3 m mode. The spacecraft are flown in a parabolic geometry which requires an optical delay line to build up more than 14 m of delay on one arm of the interferometer. To obtain high hinge visibility, starlight wavefront, pointing and intensity must be preserved through 22 reflections from mirrors and beamsplitters. The alignment of a total of 27 optics is maintained through careful thermal design and the use of two actuated mirrors on each arm. This paper describes the optical layout, including the beam combiner design which allows star tracking, optical system alignment and hinge formation on a single CCD. The effects of diffraction of the starlight transferred from a distant spacecraft and from optical surface imperfections are modeled. Other contributors to the visibility budget and the resulting variation of hinge visibility across the focal plane are discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Martin, SR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-451, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 500 EP 511 DI 10.1117/12.460927 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000046 ER PT S AU Waluschka, E AF Waluschka, E BE Shao, M TI LISA optics model SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE laser; interferometry; space; antenna; LISA; gravitation; wave; detection; simulation; model AB The LISA experiment has six telescopes, in three spacecraft, in orbit about the sun. There is a continuous laser link between all of the spacecraft. Because of the large, 5 million kilometer distances, between the spacecraft and the need to perform picometer level interferometry and the fact that the optical system is dynamic precludes the use of standard optical codes in the design and analysis of this optical system. A description of the mathematical approach used to model the optics, in the spacecraft in orbit, is presented and the ability of this model to analyze requirements is discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Waluschka, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 551-0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 512 EP 519 DI 10.1117/12.460702 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000047 ER PT S AU Shields, J Liewer, K Wehmeier, U AF Shields, J Liewer, K Wehmeier, U BE Shao, M TI Wavefront tilt feedforward for the Formation Interferometer Testbed (FIT) SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE pointing control; interferometry; FIT; StarLight; formation flying; feedforward; wavefront tilt AB Separated spacecraft interferometry is a candidate architecture for several future NASA missions. The Formation Interferometer Testbed (FIT) is a ground based testbed dedicated to the validation of this key technology for a formation of two spacecraft. In separated spacecraft interferometry, the residual relative motion of the component spacecraft must be compensated for by articulation of the optical components. In this paper, the design of the FIT interferometer pointing control system is described. This control system is composed of a metrology pointing loop that maintains an optical link between the two spacecraft and two stellar pointing loops for stabilizing the stellar wavefront at both the right and left apertures of the instrument. A novel feedforward algorithm is used to decouple the metrology loop from the left side stellar loop. Experimental results from the testbed are presented that verify this approach and that fully demonstrate the performance of the algorithm. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shields, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 520 EP 530 DI 10.1117/12.459342 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000048 ER PT S AU Kuhnert, AC Dubovitsky, S AF Kuhnert, AC Dubovitsky, S BE Shao, M TI Simple approach to laser frequency stabilization SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE laser frequency stabilization; StarLight mission; frequency control; laser frequency noise AB We describe a simple approach to laser frequency stabilization. It was originally developed for the metrology subsystem for NASA's StarLight mission, a space-based separated-spacecraft stellar interferometer. However, it is useful for all applications where modest laser frequency noise suppression is needed. We are using a simple transmit/reflect architecture in which the laser frequency is locked to one side of a Fabry-Perot cavity resonance peak. The frequency stabilization system measures the transmitted light portion of a that cavity and compares it to a stable reference voltage to generate the feedback signal. This signal is controlling the laser frequency using the Nd:YAG laser PZT and crystal temperature actuators, keeping the transmitted light level on the photodetector constant. This is equivalent to keeping the laser frequency stable. Because this system measures the transmitted light level it is sensitive to laser power fluctuations. One remedy to this problem is to monitor the reflected light from the cavity as well and use the ratio transmitted/reflected as the sensor signal. The residual frequency noise in our system was measured with respect to a stabilized laser light that was frequency stabilized using Pound-Drever-Hall stabilization. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kuhnert, AC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 531 EP 540 DI 10.1117/12.460712 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000049 ER PT S AU Asbury, CG Liu, D Mulder, JL Hawley, JG Mehta, AC Dubovitsky, S AF Asbury, CG Liu, D Mulder, JL Hawley, JG Mehta, AC Dubovitsky, S BE Shao, M TI Laser-welded packaging of a Nd : YAG laser for space applications SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE laser; packaging; laser-welded; space; fiber-pigtailed AB The success of interferometry in space depends on the development of lasers that can survive launch conditions and the challenging space environment during missions that could last five years or more. This paper describes the fabrication of a rugged, laser-welded package for a 200mW, monolithic diode-pumped solid-state Nd:YAG laser operating at 1319nm. Environmental testing shows that the laser withstands non-operational thermal cycles over a temperature range from -20degreesC to 55degreesC, and 22.3 g-rms of random vibration, with little or no degradation of laser output power or performance. The novel packaging method employs a specially designed housing to which multi-mode or single-mode polarization-maintaining fiber pigtails can be aligned and laser-welded into place. To further enhance reliability, a redundant pumping system called the Multi-Fiber Pump Ferrule (MFPF) was developed and implemented. The MFPF allows multiple laser diode pump modules to be aligned to the laser crystal simultaneously, in order to accommodate either parallel or standby pump redundancy. This compact, lightweight design is well suited for space flight applications and the laser-welded technique can easily be adapted to a number of other fiber optic and electro-optic devices in which critical optical alignments must be maintained in a harsh environment. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Asbury, CG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 198-235, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 593 EP 601 DI 10.1117/12.460849 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000054 ER PT S AU Shen, TJ Catanzarite, J Milman, M Neat, G AF Shen, TJ Catanzarite, J Milman, M Neat, G BE Shao, M TI The dependence of the Micro-Arcsecond Metrology (MAM) Testbed performance prediction on white light algorithm approach SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE white light algorithms; Space Interferometry Mission; Micro-Arcsecond Metrology testbed; microarcsecond astrometry; picometer AB MAM (Micro-Arcsecond Metrology Testbed), is a dedicated systems-level testbed that combines the major SIM (Space Interferometry Mission) subsystems including laser metrology, pointing, and pathlength control. The testbed is configured as a modified Michelson interferometer for the purpose of studying the white-light (science or guide stars) fringe measurement processes. This paper will compare the performance of various algorithms using the MAM data, and will aid in our recommendation of how the SIM flight system should process the science and guide interferometer data. The experiment measures optical pathlengths via the white-light phase and infrared (IR) laser metrology. The variance of phase differences between white light and metrology is directly related to our accuracy in relative optical pathlength measurements. The full aperture He-Ne laser light(1,2) served as a proxy to measure the optical path reference for white light in the system prior to the installation of SAW (Sub-Aperture Vertex-to-Vertex(3)) 1.3 um laser metrology. In this simplified configuration, analysis of the white-light detected on the CCD and the He-Ne light detected on the photodiode was providing us with the phase differences between the two. In general, MAM data are subject to random noise, e.g. shot noise and vibration, and systematic noise, e.g. drifts and cyclic errors, from instruments and detectors. Our noise floor in phase (or pathlength) difference measurements is determined by analysis of both the full aperture He-Ne laser light and white light fringe detected on the CCD4. Several fringe estimation algorithms have been developed and tested with the MAM data. Preprocessing procedures for fringe data have also been developed in conjunction with estimation algorithms to further enhance the fidelity of data(1,2). The performance improvements are quantified with respect to a baseline algorithm, which is the least-squares fitting solution(5). The adopted performance metrics are long-time modified Allan variance(6) and short-time chop variance(7). The algorithms recommended to SIM are based on the improvements and sensitivity studies from MAM data analysis. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Shen, TJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 602 EP 611 DI 10.1117/12.460921 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000055 ER PT S AU Pan, XP Zhao, F Shao, M AF Pan, XP Zhao, F Shao, M BE Shao, M TI MAM testbed data analysis: Cyclic averaging SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space interferometry; instrumentation; cyclic bias ID INTERFEROMETRY AB The micro-arcsecond metrology testbed (MAM) provides a testing ground for SIM to perform optical path difference measurements with picometer (pm) precision. Because of imperfect optics and non-ideal laser sources it is inevitable that the cyclic bias is one of the major error sources for SIM. Many experiments have been conducted to diagnose and to characterize cyclic bias in the laser gauges, and in white light fringe detection. Our data analysis indicates that cyclic bias in MAM has a predictable frequency and a relatively stable amplitude. It has been proposed to use phase measurements at different wavelengths to solve for the cyclic bias. The experiment results have shown that the cyclic bias in SAW are reduced from nm level to the level of hundred picometers. Besides the cyclic bias the effective wavelengths of spectral channels have to be calibrated also. At present, a new method using FFT technique and new metrology gauge demonstrates that the wavelength determination has a precision of 10(-4). The spectrometer in MAM is stable. The changes of effective wavelengths in a few weeks is about one nanometer, or less. Systematic biases above must be periodically calibrated. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pan, XP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 612 EP 622 DI 10.1117/12.460723 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000056 ER PT S AU Shaklan, S Milman, M Catanzarite, J Basdogan, I Papalexandris, M Sievers, L Swartz, R AF Shaklan, S Milman, M Catanzarite, J Basdogan, I Papalexandris, M Sievers, L Swartz, R BE Shao, M TI Overview of SIM external calibration SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Space Interferometry Mission; SIM; interferometry; calibration ID TELESCOPE AB Like all astrometric instruments, the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) suffers from field-dependent errors requiring calibration. Diffraction effects in the delay line, polarization rotations on corner cubes, and beam walk across imperfect optics, all contribute to field-distortion that is significantly larger than is acceptable. The bulk of the systematic error is linear across the field - that is, it results in magnification and rotation errors. We show that the linear terms are inconsequential to the performance of SIM because they are inseparable from baseline length and orientation errors. One approach to calibrating the higher-order terms is to perform 'external' calibration; that is, SIM periodically makes differential measurements of a field of bright stars whose positions are not precisely known. We describe the requirements and constraints on the external calibration process and lay the groundwork for a specific procedure detailed in accompanying papers. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaklan, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 623 EP 633 DI 10.1117/12.460737 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000057 ER PT S AU Swain, MR Dumont, PJ Lawson, PR Moore, JD Smythe, RF Walker, CK d'Aubigny, CYD AF Swain, MR Dumont, PJ Lawson, PR Moore, JD Smythe, RF Walker, CK d'Aubigny, CYD BE Shao, M TI Far infrared interferometer technology development: a progress report SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometer; infrared; cryogenics; integrated optics AB We report on the progress in developing cryogenic delay lines and integrated optics components. These are some of the critical components needed to enable far-infrared direct-detection interferometers. To achieve background-limited performance in the 40 to 400 pm region, the interferometer optics and delay lines must be cooled to near liquid Helium temperatures. Our cryogenic delay line designs incorporate a number of novel features and has been operated at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Our integrated optics effort has focused on producing single-mode spatial filters and beam combiners. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Swain, MR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 645 EP 651 DI 10.1117/12.460733 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000060 ER PT S AU Rinehart, SA Frey, BJ Leisawitz, DT Leviton, DB Martino, AJ Maynard, WL Mundy, LG Teng, SH Zhang, XL AF Rinehart, SA Frey, BJ Leisawitz, DT Leviton, DB Martino, AJ Maynard, WL Mundy, LG Teng, SH Zhang, XL BE Shao, M TI Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed II: Implementation, performance, and plans SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; Michelson interferometer; wide-field Imaging; synthesis Imaging; testbed AB The Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT) will provide valuable information for the development of space-based interferometers. This laboratory instrument operates at optical wavelengths and provides the ability to test operational algorithms and techniques for data reduction of interferometric data. Here we present some details of the system design and implementation, discuss the overall performance of the system to date, and present our plans for future development of WIIT. In order to make best use of the interferometric data obtained with this system, it is critical to limit uncertainties within the system and to accurately understand possible sources of error. The WIIT design addresses these criteria through a number of ancillary systems. The use of redundant metrology systems is one of the most important features of WIIT, and provides knowledge of the delay line position to better than 10 nm. A light power detector is used to monitor the brightness of our light sources to ensure that small fluctuations in brightness do not affect overall performance. We have placed temperature sensors on critical components of the instrument, and on the optical table, in order to assess environmental effects on the system. The use of these systems provides us with estimates of the overall system uncertainty, and allows an overall characterization of the results to date. These estimates allow us to proceed forward with WIIT, adding rotation stages for 2-D interferometry. In addition, they suggest possible avenues for system improvement. The possibility exists to place WIIT inside an environmentally controlled chamber within the Diffraction Grating Evaluation Facility (DGEF) at Goddard in order to provide maximum control over environmental conditions. Funding for WIIT is provided by NASA Headquarters through the ROSS/SARA Program and by the Goddard Space Flight Center through the IRD Program. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rinehart, SA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 631, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 674 EP 684 DI 10.1117/12.460705 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000064 ER PT S AU Gendreau, KC Leitner, J Markley, L Cash, WC Shipley, AF AF Gendreau, KC Leitner, J Markley, L Cash, WC Shipley, AF BE Shao, M TI Requirements and options for a stable inertial reference frame for a 100 rarcsecond imaging telescope SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE ID ROTATION AB The MAXIM Pathfinder (MP) and Stellar Imager (SI) missions are under study to do 100 microarcsecond resolution imaging for a number of different targets using interferometers divided over formation flying spacecrafts. One of the most challenging technical hurdles for these missions is to have an independent directional reference in the sky to use for target acquisition and tracking. This directional reference will guide the placement of separate free flying elements of the interferometers to have similar to<30 microarcseconds of alignment with the target. This paper will discuss some of the specific challenges as well as some possible options to explore for achieving this alignment. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gendreau, KC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 685 EP 694 DI 10.1117/12.460746 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000065 ER PT S AU McKenney, EA Alvarez-Salazar, OS AF McKenney, EA Alvarez-Salazar, OS BE Shao, M TI SIM Testbed 3 real-time control software SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; atmospherics; real-time control; object-oriented; testbed AB SIM System Testbed 3 (STB3) features three optical interferometers sharing a common baseline, as a dynamic representation of the SIM instrument. An artificial star feeding the interferometers is installed on a separate optics bench. All three interferometers use photons captured by avalanche photo diodes (APDs) to measure the position and quality of fringes, and additional pointing precision is achieved by fast steering mirrors (FSMs) that keep the star images centered on the beam combining optics using a CCD camera. Each interferometer uses internal metrology to measure changes in its optical pathlength. External metrology beams measure changes in the baseline vector. This system acquires and tracks white light fringes with one interferometer, while the other two acquire and track laser light fringes representing the bright guide stars that will be used by SIM. The white light source represents a dim star that cannot supply enough photons for the Science interferometer to lock onto fringes in closed-loop mode; instead it operates open-loop, using pathlength corrections fed to it from the two guide interferometers and the external metrology subsystem to reject disturbances and maintain the fringes. This tracking mode is known as Pathlength Feed Forward (PFF). The precise real-time behavior required to achieve this result is implemented by a complex set of interacting software control loops., This paper describes how these loops take advantage of the benefits of the RTC Core architecture, and how they work together to accomplish STB3's objectives. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP McKenney, EA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 707 EP 716 DI 10.1117/12.460717 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000067 ER PT S AU Milman, MH Catanzarite, J AF Milman, MH Catanzarite, J BE Shao, M TI SIM white light on-board processing algorithms SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Space Interferometry Mission; phase shifting interferometry; metrology ID INTERFEROMETRY AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) is a space-based long baseline optical interferometer designed to perform precision astrometry to an unprecedented accuracy. Highly accurate white light fringe estimation is an important enabling technology for the success of SIM. To accomplish this, the combined light from the two arms of the interferometer is sent through a prism so that fringes formed at different wavelengths are dispersed across a number of spectral channels. The relative optical path difference (OPD) between the two arms is modulated so that an estimate of the phase in each of the channels can be obtained using phase shifting interferometry (PSI) techniques. The present paper presents several of the difficulties encountered in white light fringe estimation for SIM, and offers a number of alternatives for mitigating them. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Milman, MH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 731 EP 740 DI 10.1117/12.460853 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000069 ER PT S AU Goullioud, R Bloemhof, E AF Goullioud, R Bloemhof, E BE Shao, M TI Alignment of the MAM testbed to enable micro-arcsecond astrometry performance for SIM. SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; SIM; metrology; alignment; testbed; picometer; MAM AB Future space-based optical interferometers, such as the Space Interferometer Mission, require fringe measurements at the picometer level in order to produce astrometric data at the micro-arc-second level. More specifically, both the position of the central starlight fringe and the change in the internal optical path of the interferometer must be measured to a few tens of picometers. The internal path is measured with a small metrology beam, whereas the starlight fringe position is estimated with a CCD sampling a large concentric annular beam. One major challenge for SIM is to align the metrology beam with the starlight beam to ensure consistency between these two sensors. The Micro-Arcsecond Metrology testbed (MAM) developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory features an optical interferometer with a white light source, all major optical components of a stellar interferometer, and heterodyne metrology sensors. The experiment is installed inside a large vacuum chamber in order to mitigate atmospheric and thermal disturbances. Both the white fight and metrology sensors have been proven to work independently at the required levels. The next step is to integrate them as a micro-arc-second capable system. A complex alignment sequence has been developed in order to match the absolute tilt and shear of the metrology and starlight paths to I micro-radian and 10 micrometers respectively. This paper describes the MAM optical setup, the alignment process, the contribution of the fine alignment to the final performance, and how they relate to SIM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Goullioud, R (reprint author), M-S 171-113,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 741 EP 752 DI 10.1117/12.460720 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000070 ER PT S AU Gursel, Y McKenney, E AF Gursel, Y McKenney, E BE Shao, M TI An attitude control system for the SIM Test Bed 3 (STB3) SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE spaceborne interferometry; attitude control; star simulator AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) interferometers are required to reject slow (sub-Hz) motions of the spacecraft by feeding the attitude information from the bright-star tracking interferometers to the dim-star science interferometer, so that the photon-starved dim-star interferometer star tracking system can hold the science object in the field of view of the interferometer, without losing track of the interferometer fringes. The design is also required to reject translation-induced path-length errors in the science and the guide interferometers. The SIM Interferometry Test Bed 3 (STB3) is the spaceborne-stellar-interferometer simulator for SIM, built and operating at JPL. Its construction details and performance are described elsewhere in this conference. 3 The test bed consists of an interferometer system built on a large optical table, and a star simulator built on another large optical table placed directly across it. The optical tables float on independent, air-filled suspension legs simulating the SIM spacecraft and the distant stars it is to observe. In order to demonstrate the performance requirements, a novel attitude control system (ACS) has been built and installed on the STB3. In this paper, the details of the design, construction and performance of the attitude control system are presented. The attitude control system has been used to meet certain SIM requirements. An example of this performance test is also included. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gursel, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 764 EP 777 DI 10.1117/12.460880 PN 1&2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000072 ER PT S AU Papalexandris, MV Milman, MH Shaklan, S AF Papalexandris, MV Milman, MH Shaklan, S BE Shao, M TI Description of a proposed on-orbit calibration procedure for SIM based on spacecraft maneuver SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Space Interferometry Mission; On-Orbit Calibration; least-squares optimization AB The astrometric performance of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) relies on precise measurements of the optical pathlength difference of the starlight through the arms of the interferometers that comprise the SIM instrument, and on precise relative distance between a set of fiducials that define the baselines of the interferometers. The accuracy of these measurements can be affected by various phenomena. Some of them are time-dependent (e.g., time-varying temperatures of components), while others are relatively static and repeatable (e.g., diffraction and polarization effects due to controlled translations and rotations of components). In this work we are concerned with the instrument errors of the latter type and in their compensation. In particular, a procedure for on-orbit calibration of the instrument error function is defined, and a proof of concept of its viability is presented. On a given grid of stars, the proposed procedure generates approximations of the gradient of the instrument error function at a discrete set of field points corresponding to the star locations via a specialized set of maneuvers of the spacecraft. These gradient approximations are then used to estimate the error function via a least squares procedure in a manner that is very analogous to the wavefront reconstruction problem in adaptive optics systems. An error analysis of the procedure is presented providing further insights into the connections between instrument errors and the grid reduction solution. Finally, numerical results are presented on a randomly generated grid of stars that demonstrate the feasibility of the method. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Papalexandris, MV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 778 EP 794 DI 10.1117/12.460692 PN 1&2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000073 ER PT S AU Kuan, GM Moser, SJ AF Kuan, GM Moser, SJ BE Shao, M TI Sensitivity of optical metrology calibration to measured corner cube retroreflector parameters for the space interferometry mission SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE corner cube retroreflectors; corner cube; optical metrology; stellar interferometry; Space Interferometry Mission AB Picometer scale optical metrology specifications for the Space Interferometry Mission require precision calibration functions involving the optical and orientation characteristics of corner cube retroreflectors. Accurate knowledge of such parameters as the index of refraction of the reflective coating, dihedral between facets, and the orientation of the retroreflector with respect to the interrogating metrology beam and its polarization state is critical. Knowledge errors result in optical path differences that are shown to be on the order of nanometers. These sensitivities are determined from Zemax-generated models and measured parameters. Due to the stringent requirements of SIM, accurate and consistent experimental measurements of corner cube characteristics are required for improved calibration of mission metrology systems. Initial dihedral measurements to within 0.05 arcsecond and refractive indices to within 1% are obtained and integrated into the models. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kuan, GM (reprint author), 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Code 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 795 EP 802 DI 10.1117/12.460544 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000074 ER PT S AU Alvarez-Salazar, OS Goullioud, R Nemati, B Azizi, A AF Alvarez-Salazar, OS Goullioud, R Nemati, B Azizi, A BE Shao, M TI Mitigation of atmospheric effects in SIM's astrometric interferometer test bed 3 SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE interferometry; atmosphere; fluctuations; real-time control; test bed; Kalman filtering AB The Space Interferometry Mission's (SIM) shared-baseline astrometric interferometer System Test Bed 3 (STB3) has been constructed at JPL. STB3's objective is to use two of its interferometers (guides) for low frequency (0 to 1 Hz) fringe stabilization in the third one (science). This approach - being proposed for the first time in the context of space based observatories - is needed given the dim nature of science stars to be observed by SIM [1]. Fringe stability is mostly affected by the low frequency attitude motion of the test bed's instrument table, with the inevitable exception of instrument vibration, thermal drift, and atmospheric fluctuations. Relative changes in table attitude cause optical path changes in the guide interferometers, which are tracked, linearly combined and fed forward to the science interferometer's active delay line to stabilize its optical path [2]. This technique for tracking fringes in the science interferometer is possible because the position of the guide stars relative to the science star is well known. This open loop fringe tracking technique is dubbed Path-length Feed Forward, or PFF. In STB3, current fringe stability in the science interferometer using the PFF technique is at 50 to 60 nanometers RMS (from 0 to 500 Hz). Compare this to 15 to 20 nm RMS fringe stability in the guide interferometers, which operate in closed loop mode. Vibration, thermal drift and atmospherics in the science and guide interferometers are largely eliminated with the use of an internal metrology system. By design, mechanical vibrations are above the bandwidth of the interferometer system, and are passively rejected [3]. Nevertheless, the internal metrology system can easily reject current low-level vibrations in STB3 down to the 6-nanometer RMS level. Fringe tracking error in the science interferometer due to atmospherics is currently about 40 nanometers RMS at frequencies below 1.0 Hz. In SIM, the error in this low frequency band must be no more than 6 nm RMS. This error arises because the optical path stabilized by the internal metrology system is not equal to that of the starlight, so not all atmospheric fluctuations in the starlight path can be stabilized (the residual is about 30%). Therefore, there is a need to reduce the strength of atmospheric fluctuations or to filter them from the PFF command. In STB3 the strength of atmospheric fluctuations is already, reduced with the use of optical path enclosures, which brought these fluctuations down from similar to170 run RMS to their current levels of similar to66 nm RMS with a spread of 20 run (below 1 Hz). Simulations show that signal to noise ratios (SNR) are generally not sufficient to filter atmospheric errors on-line. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Alvarez-Salazar, OS (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 809 EP 817 DI 10.1117/12.460724 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000076 ER PT S AU Wehmeier, UJ Liewer, KA Shields, J AF Wehmeier, UJ Liewer, KA Shields, J BE Shao, M TI Fringe tracking in the starlight formation interferometer testbed SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE ST3; starlight; FIT; interferometry; formation-flying AB StarLight, a NASA/JPL mission originally scheduled for launch in 2006, proposed to fly a two spacecraft visible light stellar interferometer. The Formation Interferometer Testbed (FIT) is a ground laboratory at JPL dedicated to validating technologies for Starlight and future formation flying spacecraft such as Terrestrial Planet Finder. The FIT interferometer achieved first fringes in February 2002. In this paper we present our status and review progress towards fringe tracking on a moving collector target. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wehmeier, UJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 818 EP 826 DI 10.1117/12.460857 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000077 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ Leisawitz, DT Martino, AJ Maynard, WL Mundy, LG Rinehart, SA Teng, SH Zhang, XL AF Leviton, DB Frey, BJ Leisawitz, DT Martino, AJ Maynard, WL Mundy, LG Rinehart, SA Teng, SH Zhang, XL BE Shao, M TI Wide Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed III - metrology subsystem SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE metrology; interferometer; absolute encoder; delay fine; servo; testbed; alignment; wide-field imaging AB In order for data products from WIIT to be as robust as possible, the alignment and mechanical positions of source, receiver, and detector components must be controlled and measured with extreme precision and accuracy, and the ambient environment must be monitored to allow environmental effects to be correlated with even small perturbations to fringe data. Relevant detailed anatomy of many testbed components and assemblies are described. The system of displacement measuring interferometers (DMI), optical encoders, optical alignment tools, optical power monitors, and temperature sensors implemented for control and monitoring of the testbed is presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 827 EP 838 DI 10.1117/12.460948 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000078 ER PT S AU Turyshev, SG AF Turyshev, SG BE Shao, M TI Modeling the white light fringe SO INTERFEROMETRY IN SPACE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry in Space CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE SIM; metrology; pathlength feedforward; astrometry; modeling ID PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY; VISIBILITY AB This paper addresses the issue of modeling the white light fringe. We developed analytic technique for extracting the phase, visibility and amplitude information as needed for interferometric astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The model accounts for a number of instrumental and physical effects and is able to compensate for a number of operational regimes. In particular, we were able to obtain general solution for polychromatic phasors and address properties of unbiased fringe estimators in the presence of noise. For demonstration purposes we studied the case of rectangular bandpass filter with two different methods of optical path difference (OPD) modulation - stepping and ramping OPD modulations. A number of areas of further studies relevant to instrument design and simulations are outlined and discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Turyshev, SG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4631-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4852 BP 855 EP 866 DI 10.1117/12.460926 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW45P UT WOS:000182074000081 ER PT B AU Sandstrom, TA Henze, C Levit, C AF Sandstrom, TA Henze, C Levit, C BE Roberts, J TI The hyperwall SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COORDINATED AND MULTIPLE VIEWS IN EXPLORATORY VISUALIZATION, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Coordinated and Multiple Views in Exploratory Visualization CY JUL 15, 2003 CL LONDON, ENGLAND AB This paper describes the hyperwall, a visualization cluster that uses coordinated visualizations for interactive exploration of multidimensional data and simulations. The system strongly leverages the human eye-brain system with a generous 7x7 array of flat panel LCD screens powered by a Beowulf cluster With each screen backed by a workstation class PC, graphic and compute intensive applications can be applied to a broad range of data in parallel. Navigational tools are presented that allow for investigation of high-dimensional data spaces. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exploratory Comp Environm Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sandstrom, TA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exploratory Comp Environm Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2001-4 PY 2003 BP 124 EP 133 DI 10.1109/CMV.2003.1215010 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX25G UT WOS:000184739800013 ER PT B AU Litt, JS Wong, E Krasowski, MJ Greer, LC AF Litt, JS Wong, E Krasowski, MJ Greer, LC BE Hexmoor, H TI Cooperative multi-agent mobile sensor platforms for jet engine inspection - Concept and implementation SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS: KIMAS'03: MODELING, EXPLORATION, AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Integration of Knowledge Intenzive Multi-Agent Systems CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 2003 CL CAMBRIDGE, MA SP IEEE Boston Sect, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Neural Network Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, INNS, USAF, USA, USN, DARPA AB Cooperative behavior algorithms utilizing swarm intelligence are being developed for mobile sensor platforms to inspect jet engines on-wing. Experiments are planned in which several relatively simple autonomous platforms will work together in a coordinated fashion to carry out complex maintenance-type tasks within the constrained working environment modeled on the interior of a turbofan engine. The algorithms will emphasize distribution of the tasks among multiple units; they will be scalable and flexible so that units may be added in the future; and will be designed to operate on an individual unit level to produce the desired global effect. This proof of concept demonstration will validate the algorithms and provide justification for further miniaturization and specialization of the hardware toward the true application of on-wing in situ turbine engine maintenance. C1 USA, Res Lab, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Litt, JS (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7958-6 PY 2003 BP 716 EP 721 DI 10.1109/KIMAS.2003.1245126 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BX83C UT WOS:000186578300115 ER PT B AU Bar-Cohen, Y AF Bar-Cohen, Y BE Badawy, W Moussa, W TI Biologically inspired intelligent robots using artificial muscles SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEMS, NANO AND SMART SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems CY JUL 20-23, 2003 CL BANFF, CANADA SP iCore, MANCEF, Micronet R&D, Natl Inst Nano Technol, Univ Alberta, Univ Calgary DE EAP; artificial muscles; biomimetics AB Humans throughout history have always sought to mimic the appearance, mobility, functionality, intelligent operation, and thinking process of biological creatures. This field of biologically inspired technology, having the moniker biomimetics, has evolved from making static copies of human and animals in the form of statues to the emergence of robots that operate with realistic appearance and behavior. Technology evolution led to such fields as artificial muscles, artificial intelligence, artificial vision and biomimetic capabilities in materials science, mechanics, electronics, computing science, information technology and many others. One of the newestfields is the artificial muscles, which is the moniker for electroactive polmers (EAP). Efforts are made worldwide to establish a strong infrastructure for this actuation materials ranging from analytical modeling and comprehensive understanding of their response mechanism to effective processing and characterization techniques. The field is still in its emerging state and robust materials are still not readily available however in recent years significant progress has been made. To promote faster advancement in the field, in 1999, the author posed a challenge to the research and engineering community to develop a robotic arm that would wrestle against human opponent and win. Currently, he is considering setting lip the first competition in 2005. This paper covers the current state-of-the-art and challenges to making biomimetic robots using artficial muscles. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-1947-4 PY 2003 BP 2 EP 8 DI 10.1109/ICMENS.2003.1221956 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BX34B UT WOS:000184994600001 ER PT B AU Bar-Cohen, Y Sherrit, S Bao, X Chang, Z AF Bar-Cohen, Y Sherrit, S Bao, X Chang, Z BE Badawy, W Moussa, W TI Ultrasonic/sonic sampler and sensor platform for in-situ planetary exploration SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEMS, NANO AND SMART SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems CY JUL 20-23, 2003 CL BANFF, CANADA SP iCore, MANCEF, Micronet R&D, Natl Inst Nano Technol, Univ Alberta, Univ Calgary DE USDC; ultrasonic/sonic; drill/corer; URAT; lab-on-a-drill AB The search for existing or past life in the Universe is one of the most important objectives of NASA's mission. In support Of this objective, an ultrasonic/sonic mechanism is currently being developed at JPL to allow probing and sampling of rocks and to use the mechanism as a sensor platform for in-situ planetary analysis. The technology is based on the novel Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC), which requires low axial force, thereby overcoming one of the major limitations Of planetary sampling using conventional drills in low gravity environments. The USDC was demonstrated to: 1) drill ice and various rocks including granite, diorite, basalt and limestone, 2) not require bit sharpening, 3) operate at low and high temperatures, and 4) operate at low average power using duty cycling.. The capabilities that are being investigated include probing the ground to select sampling sites, collecting various forms of samples, and hosting sensors for measuring various properties. A series of modifications of the USDC basic configuration were implemented including an ultrasonic abrasion tool (URAT), Ultrasonic Gopher for deep drilling, and the Lab-on-a-drill. These modifications will be described in this paper. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-1947-4 PY 2003 BP 22 EP 31 DI 10.1109/ICMENS.2003.1221959 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BX34B UT WOS:000184994600004 ER PT S AU Nikora, AP Munson, JC AF Nikora, AP Munson, JC GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI Understanding the nature of software evolution SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE, PROCEEDINGS SE Proceedings-IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Software Maintenance CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SP IEEE Comp Soc, TC Software Engn, Software Improvement Grp, Raincode, Microsoft, City Amsterdam AB Over the past several years, we have been developing methods of measuring the change characteristics of evolving software systems. Not all changes to software systems are equal. Some changes to these systems are very small and have low impact on the system as a whole. Other changes are substantial and have a very large impact of the fault proneness of the complete system. In this study we will identify the sources of variation in the set of software metrics used to measure the system. We will then study the change characteristics to the system over a large number of builds. We have begun a new investigation in these areas in collaboration with a flight software technology development effort at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and have progressed in resolving the limitations of the earlier work in two distinct steps. First, we have developed a standard for the enumeration of faults. This new standard permits software faults to be measured precisely and accurately. Second, we have developed a practical framework for automating the measurement of these faults. This new standard and fault measurement process was then applied to a software system's structural evolution during its development. Every change to the software system was measured and every fault was identified and tracked to a specific code module. The measurement process was implemented in a network appliance, minimizing the impact of measurement activities on development efforts and enabling the comparison of measurements across multiple development efforts. In this paper, we analyze the measurements of structural evolution and fault counts obtained from the JPL flight software technology development effort. Our results indicate that the measures of structural attributes of the evolving software system are suitable for forming predictors of the number of faults inserted into software modules during their development, and that some types of change are more likely to result in the insertion of faults than others. The new fault standard also insures that the model so developed has greater predictive validity. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Allen.P.Nikora@jpl.nasa.gov; jmunson@cs.uidaho.edu NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1063-6773 BN 0-7695-1905-9 J9 PROC IEEE INT CONF S PY 2003 BP 83 EP 93 DI 10.1109/ICSM.2003.1235409 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX65J UT WOS:000185997500010 ER PT J AU Harik, VM AF Harik, V. M. TI Nanostructured Interphases and Multiscale Effects in the Forming of Composite Micro-Rods SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB This article investigates the influence of nanostructured fiber-matrix interphases on the global deformation response and local stress distributions in the composite micro-rods subjected to compressive loads. Finite element modeling of homogeneous and heterogeneous interphases is used to determine parameters that affect the composite response. Linear elastic and nonlinear elastic matrix material models are used in the simulations. Multiscale effects in transverse deformation of micro-rods are examined. The ratio of the matrix and interphase Young's moduli is seen to affect the character of global deformation. A transition from barreling to bollarding type of deformation is seen as this ratio changes. This interphase-controlled change in the deformation mode constitutes a multiscale coupling between the micron-size interphase and the global response of a deforming rod. The radial, hoop, and shear stress distributions in the interphase region are also seen to be highly dependent on the type of interphase present and its submicron property gradients. A special case of theoretical predictions is compared with available data. C1 [Harik, V. M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Harik, VM (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Ctr Composite Mat, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM v.m.harik@larc.nasa.gov FU Center for Composite Materials (CCM); Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Delaware FX This research was supported by the Center for Composite Materials (CCM) and the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Delaware. Useful discussions with Professors J. Lambros (University of Delaware/University of Illinois) and G. R. Palmese (University of Delaware/Drexel University) and Drs. T. A. Bogetti and X. Huang (CCM/US Army Research Lab) are gratefully acknowledged. The final analysis was supported in part by the NASA Langley Research Center. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1543-1649 J9 INT J MULTISCALE COM JI Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. PY 2003 VL 1 IS 1 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v1.i1.90 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA V26NQ UT WOS:000208552700009 ER PT J AU Jain, A Rodriguez, G AF Jain, Abhinandan Rodriguez, Guillermo TI Multibody Mass Matrix Sensitivity Analysis Using Spatial Operators SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB This article discusses an approach for sensitivity analysis of multibody dynamics using spatial operators. The spatial operators are rooted in the function space approach to estimation theory developed in the decades following the introduction of the Kalman filter and used extensively to develop a range of results in multibody dynamics. The operators provide a mathematical framework for studying a wide range of analytical and computational problems associated with multibody system dynamics. This article focuses on the computation of the sensitivity of the system mass matrix for tree-topology multibody systems and develops an analytical expression for the same using spatial operators. As an application example, mass matrix sensitivity is used to derive analytical expressions based on composite body inertias for the Christoffel symbols associated with the equations of motion. C1 [Jain, Abhinandan; Rodriguez, Guillermo] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jain, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jain@helios.jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this paper was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1543-1649 J9 INT J MULTISCALE COM JI Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. PY 2003 VL 1 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 219 EP 234 DI 10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v1.i23.70 PG 16 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA V26NR UT WOS:000208552800007 ER PT J AU Forth, SC Newman, JC Forman, RG AF Forth, SC Newman, JC Forman, RG TI On generating fatigue crack growth thresholds SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE LA English DT Article DE fatigue; threshold; crack growth; test methods; crack closure ID CYCLIC COMPRESSION; ALUMINUM-ALLOYS; BEHAVIOR; CLOSURE; INITIATION AB The fatigue crack growth threshold, defining crack growth as either very slow or nonexistent, has been traditionally determined with standardized load reduction methodologies. These experimental procedures can induce load history effects that result in crack closure. This history can affect the crack driving force, i.e. during the unloading process the crack will close first at some point along the wake or blunt at the crack tip, reducing the effective load at the crack tip. One way to reduce the effects of load history is to propagate a crack under constant amplitude loading. As a crack propagates under constant amplitude loading, the stress intensity factor range, DeltaK, will increase, as will the crack growth rate, da/dN. A fatigue crack growth threshold test procedure is experimentally validated that does not produce load history effects and can be conducted at a specified stress ratio, R. The authors have chosen to study a ductile aluminum alloy where the plastic deformations generated during testing may be of the magnitude to impact the crack opening. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Walker Engn Lab 330, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Forth, SC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 2 W Reid St,Mail Stop 188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 41 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-1123 J9 INT J FATIGUE JI Int. J. Fatigue PD JAN PY 2003 VL 25 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 AR PII S0142-1123(02)00066-X DI 10.1016/S0142-1123(02)00066-X PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 617TL UT WOS:000179376900002 ER PT J AU Dungan, J AF Dungan, J TI Spatial uncertainty in ecology: Implications for remote sensing and GIS applications SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Book Review C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Dungan, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 BP 93 EP 94 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 641YH UT WOS:000180774300005 ER PT J AU Amador, JJ AF Amador, JJ TI A pose-invariant approach for hypothesis support SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hough transform; generalized Hough transform; inverse Hough transform ID GENERALIZED HOUGH TRANSFORM; SHAPES AB This article presents a tractable and empirically accurate algorithm realizing a midlevel visual process for pattern recognition. The algorithm takes advantage of hypotheses provided by a highlevel visual process, thereby, attempting to extract a region in an image based on these hypotheses. The main focus is to recognize quadrilateral as well as arbitrarily shaped objects from synthetic and real-world images. The novel approach is based on a study of the Hough Transform and its generalized version. To show overall usefulness of the algorithm, an extensive series of experiments was performed. In particular, occlusion and multiple object-instances were tested, indicating the effectiveness of this work's approach. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). C1 John F Kennedy Space Ctr KSC, NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Amador, JJ (reprint author), John F Kennedy Space Ctr KSC, NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0899-9457 J9 INT J IMAG SYST TECH JI Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1002/ima.10056 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 758WM UT WOS:000187674600002 ER PT J AU Kassab, A Divo, E Heidmann, J Steinthorsson, E Rodriguez, F AF Kassab, A Divo, E Heidmann, J Steinthorsson, E Rodriguez, F TI BEM/FVM conjugate heat transfer analysis of a three-dimensional film cooled turbine blade SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL METHODS FOR HEAT & FLUID FLOW LA English DT Article DE heat transfer; coupled phenomena; boundary elements; finite volume ID CONDUCTION; PARALLEL AB We report on the progress in the development and application of a coupled boundary element/finite volume method temperature-forward/flux-back algorithm developed to solve conjugate heat transfer arising in 3D film-cooled turbine blades. We adopt a loosely coupled strategy where each set of field equations is solved to provide boundary conditions for the other. Iteration is carried out until interfacial continuity of temperature and heat flux is enforced The NASA-Glenn explicit finite volume Navier-Stokes code Glenn-HT is coupled to a 3D BEM steady-state heat conduction solver. Results from a CHT simulation of a 3D film-cooled blade section are compared with those obtained from the standard two temperature model, revealing that a significant difference in the level and distribution of metal temperatures is found between the two. Finally, current developments of an iterative strategy accommodating large numbers of unknowns by a domain decomposition approach is presented An iterative scheme is developed along with a physically-based initial guess and a coarse grid solution to provide a good starting point for the iteration. Results from a 3D simulation show the process that converges efficiently and offers substantial computational and storage savings. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Mech Mat & Aerosp Engn Dept, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. A&E Consulting, Westlake, OH USA. RP Kassab, A (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Mech Mat & Aerosp Engn Dept, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NR 57 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 5 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0961-5539 J9 INT J NUMER METHOD H JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow PY 2003 VL 13 IS 5-6 BP 581 EP 610 DI 10.1108/09615530310482463 PG 30 WC Thermodynamics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 855GP UT WOS:000223961600005 ER PT J AU Aboudi, J Pindera, MJ Arnold, SM AF Aboudi, J Pindera, MJ Arnold, SM TI Higher-order theory for periodic multiphase materials with inelastic phases SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY LA English DT Article DE elastic-plastic materials; fibre-reinforced composite materials; micromechanical modeling; higher-order theory ID METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES; FIBER; BEHAVIOR; DAMAGE; CELLS; MODEL AB An extension of a recently-developed linear thermoelastic theory for multiphase periodic materials is presented which admits inelastic behavior of the constituent phases. The extended theory is capable of accurately estimating both the effective inelastic response of a periodic multiphase composite and the local stress and strain fields in the individual phases. The model is presently limited to materials characterized by constituent phases that are continuous in one direction, but arbitrarily distributed within the repeating unit cell which characterizes the material's periodic microstructure. The model's analytical framework is based on the homogenization technique for periodic media, but the method of solution for the local displacement and stress fields borrows concepts previously employed by the authors in constructing the higher-order theory for functionally graded materials, in contrast with the standard finite-element solution method typically used in conjunction with the homogenization technique. The present approach produces a closed-form macroscopic constitutive equation for a periodic multiphase material valid for both uniaxial and multiaxial loading. The model's predictive accuracy in generating both the effective inelastic stress-strain response and the local stress and inelastic strain fields is demonstrated by comparison with the results of an analytical inelastic solution for the axisymmetric and axial shear response of a unidirectional composite based on the concentric cylinder model and with finite-element results for transverse loading. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Pindera, MJ (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Thornton Hall B228,351 McCormick Rd,POB 400742, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 27 TC 91 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0749-6419 J9 INT J PLASTICITY JI Int. J. Plast. PY 2003 VL 19 IS 6 BP 805 EP 847 AR PII S0749-6419(02)00007-4 DI 10.1016/S0749-6419(02)00007-4 PG 43 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 645VB UT WOS:000180999300004 ER PT J AU Venkateswaran, K Kempf, M Chen, F Satomi, M Nicholson, W Kern, R AF Venkateswaran, K Kempf, M Chen, F Satomi, M Nicholson, W Kern, R TI Bacillus nealsonii sp nov., isolated from a spacecraft-assembly facility, whose spores are gamma-radiation resistant SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CLONING; VIBRIO; GYRB AB One of the spore-formers isolated from a spacecraft-assembly facility, belonging to the genus Bacillus, is described on the basis of phenotypic characterization, 16S rDNA sequence analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization studies. It is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped eubacterium that produces endospores. The spores of this novel bacterial species exhibited resistance to UV, gamma-radiation, H2O2 and desiccation. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed a clear affiliation between this strain and members of the low G+C Firmicutes. High 16S rDNA sequence similarity values were found with members of the genus Bacillus and this was supported by fatty acid profiles. The 16S rDNA sequence similarity between strain FO-92(T) and Bacillus benzoevorans DSM 5391(T) was very high. However, molecular characterizations employing small subunit 16S rDNA sequences were at the limits of resolution for the differentiation of species in this genus, but DNA-DNA hybridization data support the proposal of FO-92 T as Bacillus nealsonii sp. nov. (type strain is FO-92(T) =ATCC BAA-519(T) =DSM 15077(T)). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Food Proc Div, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan. Univ Arizona, Dept Vet Sci & Microbiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Venkateswaran, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 25 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 53 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02311-0 PN 1 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 648UQ UT WOS:000181169300025 PM 12656168 ER PT J AU Gorla, RSR Reddy, TS Reddy, DR Kurkov, AP AF Gorla, RSR Reddy, TS Reddy, DR Kurkov, AP TI Gust response analysis of a turbine cascade SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TURBO & JET-ENGINES LA English DT Article DE gust response; turbomachinery; aeroelasticity AB A study was made of the gust response of an annular turbine cascade using a two dimensional Navier Stokes code. The time-marching CFD code, NPARC was used to calculate the unsteady forces due to the fluid flow. The computational results were compared with a previously published experimental data for the annular cascade reported in the literature. Reduced frequency, Mach number and angle of incidence were varied independently and the gust velocity was sinusoidal. For the high inlet velocity case, the cascade was nearly choked. C1 Cleveland State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Mech Engn, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Gorla, RSR (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FREUND PUBLISHING HOUSE LTD PI LONDON PA STE 500, CHESHAM HOUSE, 150 REGENT ST, LONDON W1R 5FA, ENGLAND SN 0334-0082 J9 INT J TURBO JET ENG JI Int. J. Turbo. Jet-Engines PY 2003 VL 20 IS 2 BP 115 EP 123 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 690FD UT WOS:000183536000002 ER PT J AU Kondo, Y Takegawa, N Miyazaki, Y Ko, M Koike, M Kita, K Kawakami, S Shirai, T Ogawa, T Blake, DR Liley, B Russell-, J AF Kondo, Y Takegawa, N Miyazaki, Y Ko, M Koike, M Kita, K Kawakami, S Shirai, T Ogawa, T Blake, DR Liley, B Russell-, J TI Effects of biomass burning and lightning on atmospheric chemistry over Australia and South-east Asia SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Fire and Savanna Landscapes in Northern Australia CY JUL 08-12, 2002 CL DARWIN, AUSTRALIA SP TSCRC, KCTWM ID BOUNDARY-LAYER EXPERIMENT; NORTHERN AUSTRALIA; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; REACTIVE NITROGEN; SAVANNA FIRES; TRACE GASES; DRY SEASON; INSTRUMENT; EMISSIONS; PLUMES AB In situ aircraft measurements of trace gases and aerosols were made in the boundary layer (BL) and free troposphere ( FT) over Indonesia and Australia during the Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment (BIBLE)-A and B conducted in August - October 1998 and 1999. Concentrations of ozone (O(3)) and its precursors [CO, reactive nitrogen (NO(x)), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs)] were measured in these campaigns to identify the sources of NO(x) and to estimate the effects of biomass burning and lightning on photochemical production of O(3). Over Indonesia, in-situ production of NO(x) by lightning was found to be a major source of reactive nitrogen in the upper troposphere during BIBLE-A. In some circumstances, increases in reactive nitrogen were often associated with enhancements in CO and NMHCs, suggesting that the sources were biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion, followed by upward transport by cumulus convection. Over Australia the levels of O(3), CO, reactive nitrogen, and NMHCs were elevated throughout the troposphere compared to those observed in the tropical Pacific. However, the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced concentrations in the BL and FT are distinctly different. The emissions from biomass burning that occurred in northern Australia were restricted to the BL because of strong subsidence in the period. In the FT over Australia, elevated concentrations of O(3) and its precursors result from injections of emissions as the air masses travel over Africa, South America, the Indian Ocean, and Indonesia en route to Australia. In all cases, O(3) levels in the biomass burning plumes were enhanced due to photochemical production. C1 Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. Ibaraki Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Earth Observ Res Ctr, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040023, Japan. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Omakau, New Zealand. Bushfires Council No Terr, Winellie, NT 0821, Australia. RP Kondo, Y (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. EM kondo@atmos.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp; takegawa@atmos.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp; yuzom@atmos.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp; malcolm.k.ko@nasa.gov; koike@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp; kita@env.sci.ibaraki.ac.jp; kawakami.shuji@jaxa.jp; shirai@eorc.nasda.go.jp; t_ogawa@eorc.nasda.go.jp; dblake@orion.oac.uci.edu; b.liley@niwa.co.nz; jeremy.russell-smith@nt.gov.au RI Koike, Makoto/F-4366-2011; Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Miyazaki, Yuzo/C-6920-2010; OI Liley, Ben/0000-0002-8844-7928 NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2003 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 271 EP 281 DI 10.1071/WF03014 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 747JW UT WOS:000186802300004 ER PT S AU Mumma, MJ DiSanti, MA Dello Russo, N Magee-Sauer, K Gibb, E Novak, R AF Mumma, MJ DiSanti, MA Dello Russo, N Magee-Sauer, K Gibb, E Novak, R BE Worms, JC Klinger, J TI Remote infrared observations of parent volatiles in comets: A window on the early solar system SO INTERPRETATION OF THE REMOTE AND IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS OF SMALL BODIES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interpretation of the Remote and In-Situ Observations of Small Bodies held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR Commiss B, CNES, DLR, ESA, IAU, ISAS ID O1 HALE-BOPP; C/1996 B2 HYAKUTAKE; SENSITIVE UPPER LIMIT; MU-M SPECTRUM; CARBON-MONOXIDE; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; EMISSION FEATURES; HYDROGEN-CYANIDE; P/SWIFT-TUTTLE; AUSTIN 1989C1 AB Organic volatiles and water in Oort Cloud comets were investigated at infrared wavelengths. The detected species include H2O, CO, CH3OH, CH4, C2H2, C2H6, OCS, HCN, NH3, and H2CO. Several daughter fragments (CN, OH, NH2, etc.) are also measured, and OH prompt emission provides a proxy for water. Long-slit spectra are taken at high spectral dispersion and high spatial resolution, eliminating several sources of systematic error. The resulting parent volatile production rates are highly robust, permitting a sensitive search for compositional diversity among comets. Here, seven OC comets are compared. Six (including Halley) exhibit similar compositions (excepting CO and CH4). Their low formation temperatures (similar to30 K) suggest this group probably formed beyond 30 AU from the young sun. However, C/1999 S4 is severely depleted in hypervolatiles and also in methanol, and it likely formed near 5 - 10 AU. C/2001 A2 is discussed briefly to illustrate future prospects. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Rowan Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NAS NRC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Iona Coll, Dept Phys, New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA. RP Mumma, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Code 690, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI mumma, michael/I-2764-2013; Magee-Sauer, Karen/K-6061-2015; Dello Russo, Neil/G-2727-2015 OI Magee-Sauer, Karen/0000-0002-4979-9875; Dello Russo, Neil/0000-0002-8379-7304 NR 73 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 12 BP 2563 EP 2575 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00578-7 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX54K UT WOS:000185644900009 ER PT S AU Rodgers, SD Butner, HM Charnley, SB Ehrenfreund, P AF Rodgers, SD Butner, HM Charnley, SB Ehrenfreund, P BE Worms, JC Klinger, J TI The HNC/HCN ratio in comets: Observations of C/2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang) SO INTERPRETATION OF THE REMOTE AND IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS OF SMALL BODIES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interpretation of the Remote and In-Situ Observations of Small Bodies held at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP COSPAR Commiss B, CNES, DLR, ESA, IAU, ISAS ID BOPP C/1995 O1; HALE-BOPP; RADIO OBSERVATIONS; HNC; INTERSTELLAR; CHEMISTRY; CYANIDE; HALLEY; COMAE; LEE AB We have observed HNC and HCN in the coma of comet C/2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang). We derive HNC/HCN ratios of 23 per cent and 3 percent at heliocentric distances of 0.73 and 0.96 AU respectively. These amounts of HNC cannot be synthesised in the coma via bimolecular chemical reactions, and so these observations appear to confirm that the dominant source of HNC in cometary comae is the degradation of complex organic material. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Arizona, SMTO Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. RP Rodgers, SD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rodgers@dusty.arc.nasa.gov RI Charnley, Steven/C-9538-2012; OI Butner, Harold/0000-0003-4899-2064 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 12 BP 2577 EP 2582 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00579-9 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX54K UT WOS:000185644900010 ER PT S AU Gallagher, DB Irace, WR Werner, MW AF Gallagher, DB Irace, WR Werner, MW BE Mather, JC TI Development of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE SIRTF; infrared observatory; space telescope; infrared astronomy AB SIRTF, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility, is to be launched by NASA early in 2003. SIRTF will be an observatory for infrared astronomy from space with an 85cm aperture telescope operating at 5.5K and a 2.5-to-5 year cryogenic lifetime. SIRTFs three instruments with state of the art detector arrays will provide imaging, photometry, and spectroscopy over the 3-180um wavelength range. SIRTF will provide major advances for the study of astrophysical problems from the solar system to the edge of the Universe. SIRTF will complete NASA's family of Great Observatories and serve as a cornerstone of the Origins program. Over 75% of the observing time will be awarded to the general scientific community through the usual proposal and peer review cycle. SIRTF will demonstrate major advances in technology areas critical to future infrared missions. These include lightweight cryogenic optics, sensitive detector arrays, and a high performance thermal system, combining radiative and cryogenic cooling, which allows the telescope to be launched warm and to cool in space. These thermal advances are enabled by the use of an Earth-trailing solar orbit which carries SIRTF to a distance of similar to0.6 AU from Earth in 5 years. This paper will provide an overview of the SIRTF mission, telescope, cryostat, instruments, spacecraft, orbit, and operations in preparation for an accompanying set of detailed technical presentations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gallagher, DB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 264-767, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 17 EP 29 DI 10.1117/12.461179 PN 1&2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700003 ER PT S AU Lawrence, CR Eisenhardt, P Emming, J Finley, PT Gautier, TN Helou, G Hopkins, RA Johnson, GB Keene, J Kwok, JBH Lee, JH Nieczkoski, SJ Roellig, TL Schweickart, R AF Lawrence, CR Eisenhardt, P Emming, J Finley, PT Gautier, TN Helou, G Hopkins, RA Johnson, GB Keene, J Kwok, JBH Lee, JH Nieczkoski, SJ Roellig, TL Schweickart, R BE Mather, JC TI Operating SIRTF for maximum lifetime SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE cryogenics; infrared telescopes AB The instruments of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) are cooled directly by liquid helium, while the optical system is cooled by helium vapor. The greater the power dissipation into the liquid helium, the more vapor is produced, and the colder the telescope. Observations at shorter wavelengths do not require telescope temperatures as low as those required at longer wavelengths. By taking advantage of this, it may be possible to extend the helium and mission lifetime by 10% or even 20%. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lawrence, CR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 153 EP 161 DI 10.1117/12.461953 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700015 ER PT S AU Seery, BD AF Seery, BD BE Mather, JC TI The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Hubble's scientific and technological successor SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST - the 21(st) century follow-on to NASA's highly successful Hubble Space Telescope - has moved one step closer to becoming a reality. In addition to selecting the instrument and science teams, NASA announced on September 10, 2002 that TRW Space and Electronics and its partners-Ball Aerospace and Eastman Kodak - had won the prime contract to build the high-profile observatory, formerly known as the Next Generation Space Telescope. It will be up to the contractor team and NASA to finalize designs and begin laying the groundwork for assembling one of the Ingest single-aperture telescopes ever flown. This article provides a general overview of the JWST mission - a centerpiece of NASA's Origins Program - and describes some of the technological challenges that NASA and TRW face. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Seery, BD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 170 EP 178 DI 10.1117/12.461780 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700017 ER PT S AU Johnston, J Ross, B Blandino, J Lawrence, J Perrygo, C AF Johnston, J Ross, B Blandino, J Lawrence, J Perrygo, C BE Mather, JC TI Development of sunshield structures for large space telescopes SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space telescope; sunshield; NGST; structures; analysis; testing AB Future large aperture infrared space telescopes such as the Next Generation Space Telescope will require lightweight, deployable sunshields to enable passive radiative cooling to cryogenic operating temperatures. In addition to the requirement for a high performance thermal design, mechanical and structural requirements are also demanding due to constraints on mass and volume. NASA has supported several technology development efforts to reduce risks in the area of sunshield structures, including: system packaging and deployment, film management, materials characterization, modeling tools for thin-film membranes, and ground test capabilities for characterizing structural performance. This paper discusses recent progress in sunshield structures technology development relating to post-deployment structural performance. First, improved approaches for analyzing partially wrinkled, thin-film membrane structures will be discussed. Next, new techniques for static and dynamic testing of ultra-lightweight structures will be described. Finally, analytical and experimental results from two recent studies will be described: (a) dynamic characterization of a 1/10(th) scale sunshield model and (b) static shape characterization of a 1/20(th) scale sunshield membrane layer. Results from these studies will provide valuable resources for use in design of sunshields for future space telescopes. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Johnston, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 209 EP 220 DI 10.1117/12.461249 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700021 ER PT S AU Shi, F Redding, DC Lowman, AE Bowers, CW Burns, LA Petrone, P Ohara, CM Basinger, SA AF Shi, F Redding, DC Lowman, AE Bowers, CW Burns, LA Petrone, P Ohara, CM Basinger, SA BE Mather, JC TI Segmented mirror coarse phasing with a dispersed fringe sensor: Experiment on NGST's wavefront control testbed SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space telescope; segmented mirror; wavefront sensing and control; dispersed fringe sensor AB A piston sensing and control algorithm for segmented mirror coarse phasing using a dispersed fringe sensor (DFS) has been developed for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) wavefront sensing and control. The DFS can detect residual piston errors as large as the order of a depth-of-focus and can phase the segment mirrors with accuracy better than 0.1 microns, which is well within the capture range of fine phasing for NGST. A series of experiments have been carried out on the NGST's Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT) to validate the modeling results, evaluate the DFS performance, and systematically explore the factors that affect the DFS performance. This paper reports the testbed results for several critical issues of DFS performance, including DFS dynamic range, accuracy, fringe visibility, and the effects of segment mirror aberrations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shi, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 318 EP 328 DI 10.1117/12.461113 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700029 ER PT S AU Lowman, AE Redding, DC Basinger, SA Cohen, D Faust, JA Green, JJ Ohara, CM Shi, F AF Lowman, AE Redding, DC Basinger, SA Cohen, D Faust, JA Green, JJ Ohara, CM Shi, F BE Mather, JC TI Phase retrieval camera for testing NGST optics SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE NGST; optical testing; wavefront sensing; dispersed fringe sensor; phase retrieval AB The NGST Phase Retrieval Camera (PRC) is a portable wavefront sensor useful for optical testing in high-vibration environments. The PRC uses focus-diverse phase retrieval to measure the wavefront propagating from the optical component or system under test. Phase retrieval from focal plane images is less sensitive to jitter than standard pupil plane interferometric measurements; the PRC's performance is further enhanced by using a high-speed shutter to freeze out seeing and jitter along with a reference camera to maintain the correct boresight in defocused images. The PRC hardware was developed using components similar to those in NGST's Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT), while the PRC software was derived from WCT's extensive software infrastructure. Primary applications of the PRC are testing and experimenting with NGST technology demonstrator mirrors, along with exploring other wavefront sensing and control problems not easily studied using WCT. An overview of the hardware and testing results will be presented. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lowman, AE (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, M-S 306-451,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 329 EP 335 DI 10.1117/12.461168 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700030 ER PT S AU Cohen, D Redding, DC AF Cohen, D Redding, DC BE Mather, JC TI NGST high dynamic range unwrapped phase estimation SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE phase retrieval; phase unwrapping AB We report on an algorithm enabling estimation of high dynamic range pupil phase without wrapping ambiguity. This algorithm was developed and validated using the NGST Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT-1), which permits introduction of aberrations and subsequent correction using 2 deformable mirrors. The algorithm is an extension of a Modified Gerchberg-Saxton iterative technique that incorporates both an evolving trial estimate as well as intermediate unwrapping. We will discuss results from WCT-1 that illustrate phase estimation when varying degrees of aberration are introduced. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cohen, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 336 EP 344 DI 10.1117/12.461773 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700031 ER PT S AU Green, JJ Redding, DC Beregovski, Y Lowman, AE Ohara, CM AF Green, JJ Redding, DC Beregovski, Y Lowman, AE Ohara, CM BE Mather, JC TI Interferometric validation of image-based wave front sensing for NGST SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE NGST; phase retrieval; focus diversity; wave front sensing; interferometry ID TELESCOPE AB To achieve and maintain excellent imaging performance, the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) will employ image-based phase retrieval methods to control its segmented primary mirror.. In this paper, we present the experimental validation of a focus-diverse wave front sensing (WFS) algorithm with comparative interferometric measurements of a perturbed test mirror. Using sets of defocused point-spread functions measured with the NGST phase retrieval camera, we estimate the aberrations of the test optic in a perturbed and unperturbed state. Interleaved with the focus-diverse sets, we measure the surface figure of the mirror using a ZYGO interferometer. After briefly reviewing the basic WFS algorithm and describing the experimental setup, we show that we can obtain agreement that is better than 1/100th of a wave rms in the difference of the wave front estimates obtained in the perturbed and unperturbed states. Although this experiment does not establish the errors that are solely attributable to our WFS approach, it nevertheless validates the accuracy of our image-based methods for NGST, demonstrating that they are generally competitive with standard industrial optical metrology instruments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Green, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 306-336, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 345 EP 352 DI 10.1117/12.461157 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700032 ER PT S AU Basinger, SA Burns, LA Redding, DC Shi, F Cohen, D Green, JJ Ohara, CM Lowman, AE AF Basinger, SA Burns, LA Redding, DC Shi, F Cohen, D Green, JJ Ohara, CM Lowman, AE BE Mather, JC TI Wavefront sensing and control software for a segmented space telescope SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE wavefront sensing; phase retrieval; next generation space telescope AB The Segmented Telescope Control Software (STCS) uses science camera information to align and phase a deployable segmented optical telescope. It was developed the for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) and has been successfully utilized on the Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT) for NGST and a portable phase retrieval camera (PPRC) system. The software provides an operating environment that will be used for the prime contractor's testbeds for NGST, and will, eventually evolve into the Wavefront Sensing and Control (WFS&C) ground support software for NGST. This paper describes the engineering version of the STCS, the algorithms it incorporates, and methods of communicating with the testbed hardware. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Basinger, SA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 306-451, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 362 EP 369 DI 10.1117/12.461188 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700034 ER PT S AU Burns, LA Basinger, SA Beck, TL Deering, JE Tonnu, D Lindler, DJ Lowman, AE Morris, RO Ohara, CM Petrone, PP Redding, DC Schott, JC Stoner, SM Wheeler, JL AF Burns, LA Basinger, SA Beck, TL Deering, JE Tonnu, D Lindler, DJ Lowman, AE Morris, RO Ohara, CM Petrone, PP Redding, DC Schott, JC Stoner, SM Wheeler, JL BE Mather, JC TI Wavefront Control Testbed integrated software system SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE NGST; WCT; DCATT; segmented telescope control software AB The Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT) is used to demonstrate the wavefront sensing and control algorithms and procedures that will be used on the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). The Segmented Telescope Control Software, written in MATLAB(R), is the primary development and operational tool used. The software has an extensive graphical user interface that allows the user to interact with the hardware and algorithms. A variety of additional software programs support the Segmented Telescope Control Software (STCS). Various hardware control software interacts with MATLAB via TCP/IP connections. When access to the hardware is or undesirable, we can access the model server that simulates the system. A stand-alone safety monitoring unnecessary LabVIEW(R) program alerts technicians if a hardware failure occurs. A C program gives the operator a graphical way of monitoring the network connections to the various systems. An Interactive Data Language(R) (IDL) data archiving routine creates a database to monitor and maintain the testbed data and executes the MATLAB to Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) translator. Additionally we have implemented a web-based bug tracking and plan to add experiment scheduling and a document archive. Due to the nature of the testbed, these software programs are constantly evolving, causing a variety of challenges over the years. This poster will describe these software elements and the issues that have arisen trying to use them together. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burns, LA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Stop 443, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 370 EP 379 DI 10.1117/12.462008 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700035 ER PT S AU Shi, F Redding, DC Lowman, AE Ohara, CM Burns, LA Petrone, P Bowers, CW Basinger, SA AF Shi, F Redding, DC Lowman, AE Ohara, CM Burns, LA Petrone, P Bowers, CW Basinger, SA BE Mather, JC TI Segmented mirror coarse phasin with white light interferometry modeling and experiment on NGST's wavefront control testbed SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space telescope; segmented mirror; wavefront sensing and control; white light interferometry AB A method of coarse phasing segmented mirrors using white fight interferometry (WLI) has been developed for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) wavefront sensing and control. Using the broadband point PSF of the segmented mirrors taken during a segment piston scan, the WLI can accurately detect small residual piston errors. WLI does not rely on extra optics and uses only the final imaging camera. With its high sensitivity to small segment piston error WLI can be used as a complementary phasing algorithm to the dispersed fringe sensor (DFS) for NGST. This paper will present the results from modeling and experiment on the NGST's Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shi, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 380 EP 387 DI 10.1117/12.461127 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700036 ER PT S AU Faust, JA Lowman, AE Redding, DC Basinger, SA Green, JJ Ohara, CM Shi, F AF Faust, JA Lowman, AE Redding, DC Basinger, SA Green, JJ Ohara, CM Shi, F BE Mather, JC TI NGST Phase Retrieval Camera design and calibration details SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE phase retrieval; NGST; wavefront control; wave-front sensing; segmented mirror AB Experience and infrastructure from NGST's Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT) were utilized to develop a portable Wavefront sensor, the Phase Retrieval Camera (PRC). The PRC is useful for the testing of optics in high-jitter environments. The principal uses of the PRC will be testing and experimenting with NGST technology demonstration mirrors as well as exploring other issues of wavefront sensing and control not easily studied using the WCT. This presentation will detail the packaging and hardware chosen for the PRC, the PRC software, and calibration of the instrument. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Faust, JA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 398 EP 406 DI 10.1117/12.461747 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700038 ER PT S AU Kegley, J Eng, R Engberg, R Hadaway, J Hogue, W Reily, C Russell, K Stahl, P Wright, E AF Kegley, J Eng, R Engberg, R Hadaway, J Hogue, W Reily, C Russell, K Stahl, P Wright, E BE Mather, JC TI New cryogenic optical test capability at Marshall Space Flight Center's Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has been performing optical wavefront testing at cryogenic temperatures since 1999 in the Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center's (SOMTC's) X-ray Cryogenic Facility (XRCF). Recently the cryogenic optical testing capability has been extended to a smaller chamber. This smaller horizontal cylindrical vacuum chamber has been outfitted with a helium-cooled liner that can be connected to the existing helium refrigeration system bringing the kilowatt of refrigeration capacity to bear on a 1 x 2 meter test envelope. Cryogenic cycles to 20 Kelvin, including setup and chamber evacuation/backfill, are now possible in only a few days. Since activation and chamber characterization tests in September 2001, the new chamber has been used to perform a number of proprietary cryogenic tests on mirrors, adhesives, and actuators. A vibration survey has also been performed on the test chamber. Chamber specifications and performance data, vibration environment data, and optical test capability will be discussed. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Kegley, J (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code SD74, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 407 EP 415 DI 10.1117/12.461793 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700039 ER PT S AU Ohara, CM Redding, DC Shi, F Green, JJ AF Ohara, CM Redding, DC Shi, F Green, JJ BE Mather, JC TI PSF monitoring and in-focus wavefront control for NGST SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE NGST; segmented optics; space telescope; wavefront sensing ID TELESCOPE AB A technique for measuring the low-order wavefront aberrations in segmented-mirror telescopes using in-focus point-spread functions - ''SF Monitoring" - has been developed for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). PSF Monitoring will enable the continuous monitoring of the mirror segment alignment using the PSFs readily available in science data. An extension of PSF Monitoring - in-focus wavefront control, or the explicit determination and correction of wavefront errors from in-focus images - may allow for the nominal maintenance of the NGST mirror alignment without detracting from valuable science observing time. PSF Monitoring and in-focus wavefront. control have been rigorously tested on the segmented aperture system of the NGST Wavefront Control Testbed (WCT). This paper presents the results of our experiments and simulations to characterize the capture range and accuracy on WCT, as well as a two-wavelength algorithm that has been used to extend the piston capture range. A real-time PSF Monitoring and control experiment on WCT will also be presented. Finally, we show preliminary simulation results of PSF Monitoring on the two candidate NGST systems. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ohara, CM (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 416 EP 427 DI 10.1117/12.461214 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700040 ER PT S AU Pearson, JC Mehdi, I Schlecht, E Maiwald, F Maestrini, A Gill, J Martin, S Pukala, D Ward, J Kawamura, J McGrath, WR Hatch, WA Harding, D Leduc, HG Stern, JA Bumble, B Samoska, L Gaier, T Ferber, R Miller, D Karpov, A Zmuidzinas, J Phillips, T Erickson, N Swift, J Chung, YH Lai, R Wang, H AF Pearson, JC Mehdi, I Schlecht, E Maiwald, F Maestrini, A Gill, J Martin, S Pukala, D Ward, J Kawamura, J McGrath, WR Hatch, WA Harding, D Leduc, HG Stern, JA Bumble, B Samoska, L Gaier, T Ferber, R Miller, D Karpov, A Zmuidzinas, J Phillips, T Erickson, N Swift, J Chung, YH Lai, R Wang, H BE Mather, JC TI THz frequency receiver instrumentation for Herschel's heterodyne instrument for far infrared (HIFI) SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE heterodyne; receiver; submillimeter; multiplier; mixer; LNA; local oscillator; MMIC; THz ID ELECTRON BOLOMETER MIXER; POWER-AMPLIFIER MODULE; LOW-NOISE; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; WIDE-BAND; SPECTROMETER; MULTIPLIERS; DOUBLER AB The Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infrared (HIFI) on ESA's Herschel Space Observatory is comprised of five SIS receiver channels covering 480-1250 GHz and two HEB receiver channels covering 1410-1910 GHz. Two fixed tuned local oscillator sub-bands are derived from a common synthesizer to provide the front-end frequency coverage for each channel. The local oscillator unit will be passively cooled while the focal plane unit is cooled by superfluid helium and cold helium vapors. HIFI employs W-band GaAs amplifiers, InP HEMT low noise IF amplifiers, fixed tuned broadband planar diode multipliers, and novel material systems in the SIS mixers. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is managing the development of the highest frequency (1119-1250 GHz) SIS mixers, the highest frequency (1650-4910 GHz) HEB mixers, local oscillators for the three highest frequency receivers as well as W-band power amplifiers, varactor diode devices for all high frequency multipliers and InP HEMT components for all the receiver channels intermediate frequency amplifiers. The NASA developed components represent a significant advancement in the available performance. The current state of the art for each of these devices is presented along with a programmatic view of the development effort. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pearson, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-429, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 55 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 650 EP 661 DI 10.1117/12.461757 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700063 ER PT S AU Lawrence, CR AF Lawrence, CR BE Mather, JC TI The Planck mission SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE cosmic microwave background; all-sky surveys; cryogenics; infrared telescopes; radiometers; bolometers AB Planck, scheduled for launch in 2007, will be the third space mission to observe the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Two cryogenic instruments and an off-axis telescope will provide an unprecedented combination of sensitivity, angular resolution, and frequency coverage. Planck is designed to measure the temperature anisotropies of the CMB to limits set not by the instruments, but rather by the Universe itself In addition, it will measure the E-type polarization of the CMB, and provide all-sky surveys at nine frequencies between 30 and 857 GHz. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lawrence, CR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 710 EP 721 DI 10.1117/12.456505 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700068 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ AF Leviton, DB Frey, BJ BE Mather, JC TI Ultra-high resolution, absolute position sensors for cryostatic applications SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE position sensor; optical encoder; cryogenic; cryostat; fiber optic; image-conduit; fly-by-light AB Recent advances in new technology, optical pattern recognition encoders at NASA have resulted in high speed, reliable, compact position sensors for use in cryostatic space flight mechanisms. New encoder scale patterns and image processing algorithms combine-with digital signal processors (DSP) and field programmable gate array (FPGA) logic elements to enable encoders with conversion rates in excess of 1.5 kHz (suitable for high speed servo motion control for mechanisms), linear resolutions of less than 10 run, and angular resolutions in the single digit milli-arcseconds in relatively compact packages. Fiber optic light guides allow encoders to function in cryostats with extremely low power dissipation. Ambient test data for fiber optic configurations. suitable for cryogenic environments are presented. Cryostatic test capabilities under development are discussed. Potential applications exist for NGST and other infrared and sub-millimeter missions, such as fine guidance sensing, attitude control, mirror segment position sensing, and mirror scanning. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 776 EP 787 DI 10.1117/12.461799 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700074 ER PT S AU Elliott, DG AF Elliott, DG BE Mather, JC TI Deconvolving infrared telescope images as point sources on a grid SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE infrared image processing; astronomical image reconstruction; point source extraction ID CONSTRUCTION; PHOTOMETRY; PROGRAM AB Deconvolution of infrared telescope images can partially recover the distribution of light in the sky. The light from point sources and extended sources is modeled as a grid of closely-spaced points. A matrix of influence coefficients contains the response of the telescope-instrument combination to fight at the grid points. A non-negative least-squares routine finds the sky flux densities that reproduce the instrument data. A personal computer program and examples of infrared telescope data deconvolution are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Elliott, DG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 813 EP 823 DI 10.1117/12.461184 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700078 ER PT S AU Ennico, K McKelvey, M McCreight, C McMurray, R Johnson, R Hoffman, AW Love, P Lum, N AF Ennico, K McKelvey, M McCreight, C McMurray, R Johnson, R Hoffman, AW Love, P Lum, N BE Mather, JC TI Large format Si : As IBC array performance for NGST and future IR space telescope applications SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE infrared; NGST; detector; camera; cryogenic; telescope; array; space; SIRTF; IRAC ID NEXT-GENERATION; PLANE AB A mid-infrared(5-30 micron) instrument aboard a cryogenic space telescope can have an enormous impact in resolving key questions in astronomy and cosmology. A space platforms greatly reduced thermal backgrounds (compared to airborne or ground-based platforms), allow for more sensitive observations of dusty young galaxies at high redshifts, star formation of solar-type stars in the local universe, and formation and evolution of planetary disks and systems. The previous generation's largest,, most sensitive infrared (IR) detectors at these wavelengths are 256 x 256 pixel Si:As impurity band conduction (IBC) devices built by Raytheon Infrared Operations (RIO) for the SIRTF/IRAC instrument. RIO-has successfully enhanced these devices, increasing the pixel count by a factor of 16 while matching or exceeding SIRTF/IRAC device performance. NASA-Ames Research Center in collaboration with RIO has tested the first high performance large format (1024 x 1024) Si:As IBC arrays for low background applications, such as for the mid-IR instrument on NGST and future IR Explorer missions. These hybrid devices consist of radiation-hard SIRTF/IRAC-type Si:As IBC material mated to a readout multiplexer that has been specially processed for operation at low cryogenic temperatures (below 10 K), yielding high device sensitivity over a wavelength range of 5-28 microns. In this paper, we present laboratory test results from these benchmark devices. Continued development in this technology is essential for conducting large-area surveys of the local and early universe through observation and for complementing future missions such as NGST, TPF, and FIRST. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ennico, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Ennico, Kimberly/L-9606-2014 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 890 EP 901 DI 10.1117/12.461158 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700085 ER PT S AU Benford, DJ Chervenak, JA Irwin, KD Moseley, SH AF Benford, DJ Chervenak, JA Irwin, KD Moseley, SH BE Mather, JC TI Ultralow-background large-format bolometer arrays SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE bolometer array; superconducting multiplexer; SQUID multiplexer; SAFIR; SPIRIT; SPECS; far-infrared AB In the coming decade, work will commence in earnest on large cryogenic. far-infrared telescopes and interferometers. All such observatories - for example, SAFIR, SPIRIT, and SPECS - require large format, two dimensional arrays of close-packed detectors capable of reaching the fundamental limits imposed by the very low photon backgrounds present in,deep space. In the near term, bolometer array architectures which permit 1000 pixels - perhaps sufficient for the next generation of space-based instruments - can be arrayed efficiently. Demonstrating the necessary performance, with Noise Equivalent Powers (NEPs) of less than 10-20 W/rootHZ, will be a hurdle in the coming years. Superconducting bolometer arrays are a promising technology for providing both the performance and the array size necessary. We discuss the requirements for future detector arrays in the far-infrared and submillimeter, describe the parameters of superconducting bolometer arrays able to meet these requirements, and detail the present and near future technology of superconducting bolometer arrays. Of particular note is the coming development of large format planar arrays with absorber-coupled and antenna-coupled bolometers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Irwin, Kent/0000-0002-2998-9743 NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 944 EP 953 DI 10.1117/12.461576 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700091 ER PT S AU Ogilvie, W AF Ogilvie, W BE Mather, JC TI A parallel DSP data acquisition system for evaluating IR detector arrays SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB Infrared detectors have advanced to the point where current devices are capable of achieving noise figures that are comparable to the background noise of space. Characterization tests done on these detectors at the NASA Ames Research Center have helped select the best devices for space telescopes. A highly customized system that can do these specialized tests has been developed with commercial off the shelf hardware. The data acquisition component of this system uses a pipelined architecture of multiple processors to enhance its real-time performance. This system can be customized for almost any array architecture and as more real-time performance is needed, additional processors can be incorporated. This approach permits large arrays to be tested at their maximum clocking rate. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Technosci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ogilvie, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Technosci Corp, MS 244-10, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 971 EP 980 DI 10.1117/12.461898 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700094 ER PT S AU Ross, RG Boyle, RF Key, RW Coulter, DR AF Ross, RG Boyle, RF Key, RW Coulter, DR BE Mather, JC TI NASA advanced cryocooler technology development program SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE cryocoolers; ACTDP; JPL NASA; pulse tube; Stirling; Brayton; Joule Thomson; NGST; TPF; Con-X AB Mechanical cryocoolers represent A significant enabling technology for NASA's Earth and Space Science Enterprises. Over the years, NASA has developed new cryocooler technologies for a wide variety of space missions. Recent achievements include the NCS, AIRS, TES and HIRDLS cryocoolers, and miniature pulse tube coolers at TRW and Lockheed Martin. The largest technology push within NASA right now is in the temperature range of 4 to 10K. Missions such as the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) and Terrestrial Planet Finder plan to use infrared detectors operating between 6-8 K, typically arsenic-doped silicon arrays, with IR telescopes from 3 to 6 meters in diameter. Similarly, Constellation-X plans to use X-ray microcalorimeters operating at 50mK and will require similar to6K cooling to precool its multistage 50mK magnetic refrigerator. To address cryocooler development for these next-generation missions, NASA has initiated a program referred to as the Advanced Cryocooler Technology Development Program (ACTDP). This paper presents an overview of the ACTDP program including programmatic objectives and timelines, and conceptual details of the cooler concepts under development. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ross, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 1020 EP 1028 DI 10.1117/12.462788 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700098 ER PT S AU Volz, SM Schweickart, RB Heurich, B AF Volz, SM Schweickart, RB Heurich, B BE Mather, JC TI Superfluid helium cryostat for the SIRTF cryogenic telescope assembly SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE space cryogenics; SIRTF; cryostat; sensor cooling; contamination; operations; anomaly recognition AB The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is the last of NASA's four great observatories, scheduled for launch in January 2003. At the heart of the SIRTF Observatory is the Cryogenic Telescope Assembly (CTA) that provides a 1.4 K heat sink for the SIRTF Science Instruments while cooling the telescope to as low as 5.5 K in order to achieve thea low photon background. This unique cryogenic/thermal system provides the necessary cooling through passive means combined with vapor cooling. by the helium gas vented from a 360 liter superfluid helium cryostat. The passive cooling is made possible by the favorable thermal environment. achieved in an Earth-trailing solar orbit, with the payload millions of miles from the Earth. The SIRTF Cryostat and integrated CTA have just completed an extended period of cryogenic system performance testing. This testing included mission lifetime assessment, luanch hold capability and in situ characterization and performance measurements of the porous plug liquid-vapor phase separator. We also encountered and recovered from an ice contamination incident within the cryostat. We report here the system and component test results. We also provide recommendations and lessons learned through the operations of the SIRTF system. C1 NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Volz, SM (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Code YF,300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 1038 EP 1049 DI 10.1117/12.461482 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700100 ER PT S AU Eisenhardt, PR Wright, EL AF Eisenhardt, PR Wright, EL BE Mather, JC TI NGSS: The Next Generation Sky Survey SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB The Next Generation Sky Survey (NGSS) is a Medium Explorer currently in Phase A study, with launch planned for 2007. NGSS will map the entire sky with unprecedented sensitivity from 3.5 to 23 microns. With over 500,000 times the sensitivity of COBE at 3.5 and 4.7 microns, and a thousand times that of IRAS at 12 and 25 microns, NGSS will establish an essential database for testing theories of the origins of planets, stars, and galaxies, and is the necessary precursor for NGST. The science objectives of NGSS include finding the most luminous galaxies in the universe, and the closest stars to the gun. NGSS will achieve these dramatic advances while minimizing mission cost and risk by using flight-proven technology for its spacecraft bus components and cryogenic instrument, as well as 2MASS data processing software. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Eisenhardt, PR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 1050 EP 1057 DI 10.1117/12.461530 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700101 ER PT S AU Voellmer, GM Jackson, ML Shirron, PJ Tuttle, JG AF Voellmer, GM Jackson, ML Shirron, PJ Tuttle, JG BE Mather, JC TI A cryogenic, insulating suspension system for the High Resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) and Submillemeter And Far Infrared Experiment (SAFIRE) Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADRs) SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB The High Resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) and the Submillimeter And Far Infrared Experiment (SAFIRE) will use identical Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADR) to cool their detectors to 200mK and 100mK, respectively. In order to minimize thermal loads on the salt pill, a Kevlaro(R) suspension system is used to hold it in place. An innovative, kinematic suspension system is presented. The suspension system is unique in that it consists of two parts that can be assembled and tensioned offline, and later bolted onto the salt pill. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Voellmer, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 543, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 1070 EP 1079 DI 10.1117/12.461929 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700103 ER PT S AU Amato, MJ Benford, DJ Moseley, SH Roman, JA AF Amato, MJ Benford, DJ Moseley, SH Roman, JA BE Mather, JC TI An engineering concept and enabling technologies for a large Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory (SAFIR) SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE SAFIR; FAIR; NGST; far-infrared; submillimeter; cryogenic optics; bolometer arrays AB "To take the next step in exploring this important part of the spectrum [30-300 mum], the committee recommends the Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory (SAFIR)." - Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium, 2001(1). In response to this recommendation, we have undertaken a study of the enabling technologies for a large single aperture far-infrared telescope such as' SAFIR. A broad list of science investigations was produced and used to generate an explicit list of science requirements, from which top-level engineering requirements were derived. From these requirements, we developed a conceptual design for the SAFIR observatory based on NGST's current designs. A detailed analysis has been made of the changes and technologies necessary to produce SAFIR. Crucial technologies requiring innovation include lightweight deployable optics, cryogenic cooling of optical elements and instruments, and large arrays of sensitive detectors. Cryogen-free refrigeration technologies are necessary for SAFIR's long mission lifetime, and will have to provide significant (similar to100mW) cooling power at 4K to cool the mirrors while providing very low temperatures (similar to50mK) for detector arrays. The detector arrays require wide wavelength coverage, thousands of continuum elements, and compatibility with broadband and spectroscopic instruments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Amato, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 556, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 1120 EP 1131 DI 10.1117/12.461943 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700108 ER PT S AU Ennico, K Sandford, S Allamandola, L Bregman, J Cohen, M Cruikshank, D Greene, T Hudgins, D Kwok, S Lord, S Madden, S McCreight, C Roellig, T Strecker, D Tielens, A Werner, M AF Ennico, K Sandford, S Allamandola, L Bregman, J Cohen, M Cruikshank, D Greene, T Hudgins, D Kwok, S Lord, S Madden, S McCreight, C Roellig, T Strecker, D Tielens, A Werner, M BE Mather, JC TI The AstroBiology Explorer (ABE) MIDEX mission concept - Identifying organic molecules in space SO IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on IR Space Telescopes and Instruments CY AUG 24-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Astrobiology; infrared; Explorers; interstellar organics; telescope; spectrometer; space; infrared detectors ID DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM AB The Astrobiology Explorer (ABE) is a MIDEX mission concept, currently under Concept Phase A study at NASA's Ames Research Center in collaboration with Ball Aerospace & Technologies, Corp., and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. ABE will conduct infrared spectroscopic observations to address important problems in astrobiology, astrochemistry, and astrophysics. The core observational program would make fundamental scientific progress in understanding the distribution, identity, and evolution of ices and organic matter in dense molecular clouds, young forming stellar systems, stellar outflows, the general diffuse ISM, Fill regions, Solar System bodies, and external galaxies. The ABE instrument concept includes a 0.6 m aperture Ritchey-Chretien telescope and three moderate resolution (R = 2000-3000) spectrometers together covering the 2.5-20 micron spectral region. Large format (1024 x 1024 pixel) IR detector arrays will allow each spectrometer to cover an entire octave of spectral range per exposure without any moving parts. The telescope will be cooled below 50 K by a cryogenic dewar shielded by a sunshade. The detectors will be cooled to similar to7.5 K by a solid hydrogen cryostat. The optimum orbital configuration for achieving the scientific objectives of the ABE mission is a low background, 1 AU Earth driftaway orbit requiring a Delta II launch vehicle. This configuration provides a low thermal background and allows, adequate communications bandwidth and good access to the entire sky over the similar to1.5 year mission lifetime. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ennico, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Kwok, Sun/D-3080-2009; Ennico, Kimberly/L-9606-2014 OI Kwok, Sun/0000-0001-7708-081X; NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4629-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4850 BP 1149 EP 1160 DI 10.1117/12.461145 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW44N UT WOS:000182018700111 ER PT B AU Deans, M Kunz, C Sargent, R Pedersen, L AF Deans, M Kunz, C Sargent, R Pedersen, L GP IEEE IEEE TI Terrain model registration for single cycle instrument placement SO IROS 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY OCT 27-31, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Soc Instruments & Control Engineers, New Technol Fdn AB This paper presents an efficient and robust method for registration of terrain models created using stereo vision on a planetary rover. Our approach projects two surface models into a virtual depth map, rendering the models as they would be seen from a single range sensor. Correspondence is established based on which points project to the same location in the virtual range sensor. A robust norm of the deviations in observed depth is used as the objective function, and the algorithm searches for the rigid transformation which minimizes the norm. An initial coarse search is done using rover pose information from odometry and orientation sensing. A fine search is done using Levenberg-Marquardt. Our method enables a planetary rover to keep track of designated science targets as it moves, and to hand off targets from one set of stereo cameras to another. These capabilities are essential for the rover to autonomously approach a science target and place an instrument in contact in a single command cycle. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp, Autonomy & Robot Area, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp, Autonomy & Robot Area, Mailstop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mdeans@arc.nasa.gov; ckunz@arc.nasa.gov; rsargent@arc.nasa.gov; lpedersen@arc.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7860-1 PY 2003 BP 323 EP 328 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BY14F UT WOS:000187883300053 ER PT B AU Matthies, L Rankin, A AF Matthies, L Rankin, A GP IEEE IEEE TI Negative obstacle detection by thermal signature SO IROS 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY OCT 27-31, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Soc Instruments & Control Engineers, New Technol Fdn AB Detecting negative obstacles (ditches, potholes, and other depressions) is one of the most difficult problems in perception for autonomous, off-road navigation. Past work has largely relied on range imagery, because that is based on the geometry of the obstacle, is largely insensitive to illumination variables, and because there have not been other reliable alternatives. However, the visible aspect of negative obstacles shrinks rapidly with range, making them impossible to detect in time to avoid them at high speed. To relieve this problem, we show that the interiors of negative obstacles generally remain warmer than the surrounding terrain throughout the night, making thermal signature a stable property for night-time negative obstacle detection. Experimental results to date have achieved detection distances 45% greater by using thermal signature than by using range data alone. Thermal signature is the first known observable with potential to reveal a deep negative obstacle without actually seeing far into it. Modeling solar illumination has potential to extend the usefulness of thermal signature through daylight hours. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Matthies, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7860-1 PY 2003 BP 906 EP 913 PG 8 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BY14F UT WOS:000187883300148 ER PT B AU Talukder, A Goldberg, S Matthies, L Ansar, A AF Talukder, A Goldberg, S Matthies, L Ansar, A GP IEEE IEEE TI Real-time detection of moving objects in a dynamic scene from moving robotic vehicles SO IROS 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY OCT 27-31, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Soc Instruments & Control Engineers, New Technol Fdn DE computer vision; dynamic scenes; moving object detection; optical flow; robotics; segmentation; scene understanding AB Dynamic scene perception is currently limited to detection of moving objects from a static platform or scenes with flat backgrounds. We discuss novel real-time methods to segment moving objects in the motion field formed by a moving camera/robotic platform with mostly translational motion. Our solution does not explicitly require any egomotion knowledge, thereby making the solution applicable to mobile outdoor robot problems where no IMU information is available. We address two problems in dynamic scene perception on the move, first using only 2D monocular grayscale images, and second where 3D range information from stereo is also available. Our solution involves real-time optical flow computations, followed by optical flow field preprocessing to highlight moving object boundaries. In the case where range data from stereo is computed, a 3D optical flow field is estimated by combining range information with 2D optical flow estimates, followed by a similar 3D flow field preprocessing step. A segmentation of the flow field using fast flood filling then identifies every moving object in the scene with a unique label. This novel algorithm is expected to be the critical first step in robust recognition of moving vehicles and people from mobile outdoor robots, and therefore offers a robust solution to the problem of dynamic scene perception in the presence of certain kinds of robot motion. It is envisioned that our algorithm will benefit robot scene perception in urban environments for scientific, commercial and defense applications. Results of our real-time algorithm (see video) on a mobile robot in a scene with a single moving vehicle are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Talukder, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7860-1 PY 2003 BP 1308 EP 1313 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BY14F UT WOS:000187883300212 ER PT B AU Nesnas, IAD Wright, A Bajracharya, M Simmons, R Estlin, T AF Nesnas, IAD Wright, A Bajracharya, M Simmons, R Estlin, T GP IEEE IEEE TI CLARAty and challenges of developing interoperable robotic software SO IROS 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY OCT 27-31, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Soc Instruments & Control Engineers, New Technol Fdn ID MOBILE ROBOT AB In this article, we will present an overview of the Coupled Layered Architecture for Robotic Autonomy. CLARAty develops a framework for generic and reusable robotic components that can be adapted to a number of heterogeneous robot platforms. It also provides a framework that will simplify the integration of new technologies and enable the comparison of various elements. CLARAty consists of two distinct layers: a Functional Layer and a Decision Layer. The Functional Layer defines the various abstractions of the system and adapts the abstract components to real or simulated devices. It provides a framework and the algorithms for low- and mid-level autonomy. The Decision Layer provides the system's high-level autonomy, which reasons about global resources and mission constraints. The Decision Layer accesses information from the Functional Layer at multiple levels of granularity. In this article, we will also present some of the challenges in developing interoperable software for various rover platforms. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nesnas, IAD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OI Simmons, Reid/0000-0003-3153-0453 NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7860-1 PY 2003 BP 2428 EP 2435 PG 8 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BY14F UT WOS:000187883300393 ER PT B AU Padula, S Gumbert, C Li, W AF Padula, S Gumbert, C Li, W BE Ayyub, BM AttohOkine, NO TI Aerospace applications of optimization under uncertainty SO ISUMA 2003: FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON UNCERTAINTY MODELING AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis CY SEP 21-24, 2003 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP Univ Delaware AB The Multidisciplinary Optimization (MDO) Branch at NASA Langley Research Center develops new methods and investigates opportunities for applying optimization to aerospace vehicle design. This paper describes MDO Branch experiences with three applications of optimization under uncertainty: (1) improved impact dynamics for airframes, (2) transonic airfoil optimization for low drag, and (3) coupled aerodynamic/structures optimization of a 3-D wing. For each case, a brief overview of the problem and references to previous publications are provided. The three cases are aerospace examples of the challenges and opportunities presented by optimization under uncertainty. The present paper will illustrate a variety of needs for this technology, summarize promising methods, and uncover fruitful areas for new research. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Padula, S (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-1997-0 PY 2003 BP 286 EP 291 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Operations Research & Management Science GA BX73F UT WOS:000186233700044 ER PT S AU Barnes, B Menon, AS Mills, R Bruyns, CD Twombly, A Smith, J Montgomery, K Boyle, R AF Barnes, B Menon, AS Mills, R Bruyns, CD Twombly, A Smith, J Montgomery, K Boyle, R GP IEEE IEEE TI Virtual reality extensions into surgical training and teleoperation SO ITAB 2003: 4TH INTERNATIONAL IEEE EMBS SPECIAL TOPIC CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICINE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS: NEW SOLUTIONS FOR NEW CHALLENGES SE IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference (EMBS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB 2003) CY APR 24-26, 2003 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP IEEE, EMB, IEE, IEEE Comp Soc, Hlth Informat Res Grp, Biomed Comp Res Grp DE registration; robotics; virtual reality; astronaut training AB Virtual reality simulation of surgery and scientific experiments help in preparation, training, and assessment. These benefits can be further extended with the integration of robotics for teleoperation and assistance. We describe our efforts to build a realistic and useable simulation for astronaut training and experiment planning. During development we focused on extending the simulation to real world interaction by adding registration and robotic components. Accurate registration, calibration, and robotic integration helped build a foundation for a useable simulation for astronaut training on ground and avenues of robotic assistance during flight. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, BioVis Lab, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, BioVis Lab, Mail Stop 239-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1049-3565 BN 0-7803-7667-6 J9 ENG MED BIOL SOC ANN PY 2003 BP 142 EP 145 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Medical Informatics GA BX18G UT WOS:000184542600037 ER PT B AU Smelyanskiy, VN Timucin, DA Luchinsky, DG Stefanovska, A Bandrivskyy, A McClintock, PVE AF Smelyanskiy, VN Timucin, DA Luchinsky, DG Stefanovska, A Bandrivskyy, A McClintock, PVE BE Namachchivaya, NS Lin, YK TI Time-varying cardiovascular oscillations SO IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON NONLINEAR STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS SE Solid Mechanics and its Applications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IUTAM Symposium on Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamics CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL MONTICELLO, IL SP IUTAM ID SYSTEM; DECOMPOSITION; VARIABILITY; DYNAMICS; SERIES; MODEL AB Signals derived from the human cardiovascular system (CVS) are exceptionally complex, being time-varying, noisy, and of necessarily limited duration. Yet an appropriate analysis of them may be expected to yield detailed information about the dynamics of the underlying physiological processes. A new approach to the analysis and modelling of CVS signals is proposed. It combines decomposition of the signals into principal modes and a novel method of parameter identification in nonlinear stochastic systems based on Bayesian inference. The scheme is tested on a noisy Van der Pol oscillator, for which it yields rapid convergence and correct inference of the known parameters. Preliminary applications to CVS data are discussed. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Smelyanskiy, VN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM vadim@email.arc.nasa.gov; aneta@osc.fe.uni-lj.si RI Luchinsky, Dmitry/N-4177-2014 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1471-6 J9 SOLID MECH APPL PY 2003 VL 110 BP 455 EP 464 PG 10 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mechanics; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics; Mechanics GA BY32X UT WOS:000188939900040 ER PT S AU Markley, FL AF Markley, FL BE Vadali, SR Mortari, D TI Attitude estimation or quaternion estimation? SO JOHN L. JUNKINS ASTRODYNAMICS SYMPOSIUM SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT John L Junkins Astrodynamics Symposium CY MAY 23-24, 2003 CL TEXAS A& M UNIV, COLL STN, TX HO TEXAS A& M UNIV ID VECTOR OBSERVATIONS; SPACECRAFT; REPRESENTATIONS AB The attitude of rigid spacecraft, or of the orientation of any reference frame with respect to another, is represented by a 3 X 3 orthogonal matrix with unity determinant. These matrices comprise the special orthogonal group SO(3), with dimension three. All three-parameter representations of SO(3), which include the Euler angles, the rotation vector, and the Rodrigues parameters or Gibbs vector, are singular or discontinuous for certain attitudes. This has led to the use of higher-dimensional nonsingular parameterizations of SO(3), especially the four-component quaternion. The covariance of the errors of a higher-dimensional attitude representation may be ill-conditioned because the number of linearly independent attitude errors is equal to the dimensionality of SO(3). Thus we are offered the alternatives of dealing with either a singular attitude representation or an ill-conditioned covariance matrix. Attempts to avoid this dilemma fall into three broad classes. The first estimates a three-dimensional representation of attitude deviations from a reference attitude parameterized by a higher-dimensional non-singular parameterization. The deviations from the reference are assumed to be small enough to avoid any singularity or discontinuity of the three-dimensional parameterization. The second class, which estimates a higher-dimensional representation subject to enough constraints to leave only three degrees of freedom, is difficult to formulate and apply consistently. The third class estimates a representation of SO(3) with more than three dimensions, treating the parameters as independent. We refer to the most common member of this class as quaternion estimation, to contrast it with attitude estimation, We will analyze the first and third of these approaches in the context of an extended Kalman filter with simplified kinematics and measurement models. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Markley, FL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-505-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 115 BP 113 EP 127 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science GA BY08S UT WOS:000187552100005 ER PT S AU Juang, JN Kim, HY Junkins, JL AF Juang, JN Kim, HY Junkins, JL BE Vadali, SR Mortari, D TI An efficient and robust singular value method for star pattern recognition and attitude determination SO JOHN L. JUNKINS ASTRODYNAMICS SYMPOSIUM SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT John L Junkins Astrodynamics Symposium CY MAY 23-24, 2003 CL TEXAS A& M UNIV, COLL STN, TX HO TEXAS A& M UNIV ID IDENTIFICATION; ALGORITHM AB A new star pattern recognition method is developed using singular value decomposition of a measured unit column vector matrix in a measurement frame and the corresponding cataloged vector matrix in a reference frame. It is shown that singular values and right singular vectors are invariant with respect to coordinate transformation and robust under uncertainty. One advantage of singular value comparison is that a pairing process for individual measured and cataloged stars is not necessary, and the attitude estimation and pattern recognition process are not separated. An associated method for mission catalog design is introduced and simulation results are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Juang, JN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-505-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2003 VL 115 BP 491 EP 504 PG 14 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science GA BY08S UT WOS:000187552100028 ER PT J AU Mital, SK Murthy, PLN DiCarlo, JA AF Mital, SK Murthy, PLN DiCarlo, JA TI Characterizing the properties of a woven SiC/SiC composite SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB A micromechanics based computer code to predict the thermal and mechanical properties of woven ceramic matrix composites (CMC) is developed. This computer code, W-CEMCAN (Woven CEramic Matrix Composites ANalyzer), predicts the properties of two-dimensional woven CMC at use temperature and takes into account various constituent geometries and volume fractions. This computer code is used to predict the thermal and mechanical properties of an advanced CMC composed of 0/90 five-harness (5 HS) Sylramic(R) (SiC fiber, Dow Corning, Midland, MI) fiber which had been chemically vapor infiltrated (CVI) with boron nitride (BN) and SiC interphase coatings and melt-infiltrated (MI) with SiC. The predictions, based on the bulk constituent properties from the literature, are compared with measured experimental data. Based on the comparison, improved or calibrated properties for the constituent materials are then developed for use by material developers/designers. The computer code is then used to predict the properties of a composite with the same constituents but with different fiber volume fractions. The predictions are compared with measured data and a good agreement is achieved. C1 Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Mital, SK (reprint author), Univ Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SAMPE PUBLISHERS PI COVINA PA 1161 PARKVIEW DRIVE, COVINA, CA 91722 USA SN 1070-9789 J9 J ADV MATER-COVINA JI J. Adv. Mater. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 35 IS 1 BP 52 EP 60 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 629BG UT WOS:000180030100010 ER PT J AU Sahin, M Sankar, LN Chandrasekhara, MS Tung, C AF Sahin, M Sankar, LN Chandrasekhara, MS Tung, C TI Dynamic stall alleviation using a deformable leading edge concept - A numerical study SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-15, 2000 CL RENO, NEVADA SP Amer Inst Aeronatu & Astronaut ID AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE; AIRFOIL; ROTORS AB Dynamic stall calculations were carried out for an airfoil with a dynamically deformed leading-edge (DDLE) shape at a freestream Mach number of 0.3. The surface deformations were done about a baseline NACA 0012 airfoil, effectively increasing the airfoil leading-edge radius and thickness at high angles of attack. It was found that the DDLE airfoil had a slightly dynamic stall behavior compared to the baseline NACA 0012 airfoil. In particular, the lift, drag, and pitching-moment hysteresis loops were,milder for the DDLE airfoil compared to the baseline airfoil. It was also found that a static shape that corresponds to the thickest deformed shape performed just as well as the DDLE shape, indicating that the shape itself, and not its time rate of change, was the reason for the improved performance. At higher Mach numbers around 0.4, the DDLE shape exhibited a strong dynamic stall triggered by a shock-induced separation, offsetting any benefit from the change in the shape of the airfoil. Additional work is needed on the development of DDLE shapes that will perform well at higher speeds. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sahin, M (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. OI SAHIN, Mehmet/0000-0001-6502-2209 NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 77 EP 85 DI 10.2514/2.3060 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 646ML UT WOS:000181038800012 ER PT J AU Seifert, A Pack, LG AF Seifert, A Pack, LG TI Compressibility and excitation location effects on high Reynolds numbers active separation control SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID PERIODIC EXCITATION; OSCILLATORY CONTROL; DELAY AB The effects of compressibility and excitation slot location on active separation control at high Reynolds numbers are explored. The model, which was tested in a cryogenic pressurized wind tunnel, simulates the upper surface of a 20% thick Glauert-Goldschmied-type airfoil at zero angle of attack. The boundary layers on the model are turbulent because the tunnel sidewall boundary layer flows over it. Without control, the flow separates at the highly convex area of the model and a large turbulent separation bubble is formed. Periodic excitation was applied to control the separation bubble. Two alternative blowing slot locations, as well as the effect of compressibility and steady suction or blowing, were studied. During the test, the chord Reynolds numbers ranged from 1.1 x 10(7) to 3 x 10(7) and the Mach numbers ranged from 0.25 to 0.7. It was found that excitation must be introduced slightly upstream of the separation region at low Mach number. Introduction of excitation upstream of the shock wave is more effective than at its foot. Compressibility reduces the ability of steady mass transfer and periodic excitation to control the separation bubble, but periodic excitation has an effect on the integral parameters, which is similar to that observed in low Mach numbers. Blowing becomes more effective than suction at transonic speeds, whereas the opposite was found in low Mach numbers. The data presented provide a proper validation case for unsteady numerical design. tool that will enable exploring the full potential of unsteady flow control. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Seifert, A (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 110 EP 119 DI 10.2514/2.3065 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 646ML UT WOS:000181038800016 ER PT J AU Seifert, A Pack, LG AF Seifert, A Pack, LG TI Effects of sweep on active separation control at high Reynolds numbers SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID PERIODIC EXCITATION; DELAY AB This paper explores the effects of mild sweep on active separation control at high Reynolds numbers and incompressible Mach numbers. The model, which was tested in a cryogenic pressurized wind tunnel, simulates the upper surface of a 20% thick Glauert-Goldschmied type airfoil at zero angle of attack. The boundary-layer flow is turbulent because the tunnel side-wall boundary layer flows over the model, eliminating laminar-turbulent transition from the problem. Without control the flow separates at the highly convex area, and a large turbulent separation bubble is formed at the lee side of the model. Periodic excitation and steady mass transfer were applied to eliminate the separation bubble gradually. During the test, the Reynolds numbers ranged from 7 x 10(6) to 26 x 10(6), and the Mach numbers were 0.2 and 0.25. The test sweep angles were 0 and 30 deg. It was found that the excitation must be introduced slightly upstream of the separation region regardless of the sweep angle at low Mach numbers, as in the two-dimensional flow. The conventional swept flow scaling is valid for controlled, fully and even partially attached flow, but different scaling is required for the separated three-dimensional flow. The effectiveness of the active control is not reduced by mild sweep, and the effective frequencies do not change. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Seifert, A (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 120 EP 126 DI 10.2514/2.3066 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 646ML UT WOS:000181038800017 ER PT J AU Piatak, DJ Cleckner, CS AF Piatak, DJ Cleckner, CS TI Oscillating Turntable for the measurement of unsteady aerodynamic phenomena SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 40th Aerospace Sciences Meeting CY JAN 15-18, 2002 CL RENO, NEVADA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut AB A new forced oscillation system has been installed and tested at NASA Langley Research Center's Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. The system is known as the Oscillating Turntable (OTT) and has been designed for the purpose of oscillating, large semispan models in pitch at frequencies up to 40 Hz to acquire high-quality unsteady pressure and loads data. Precisely controlled motions of a wind-tunnel model on the OTT can yield unsteady aerodynamic phenomena associated with flutter, limit-cycle oscillations, shock dynamics, and nonlinear aerodynamic effects on many vehicle configurations. This paper will discuss the general design and components of the OTT and will present data from performance testing and from research tests on two rigid semispan wind-tunnel models. The research, tests were designed to challenge the OTT over a wide range of operating conditions while acquiring unsteady pressure data on a small rectangular supercritical wing and a large supersonic transport wing. These results will be presented to illustrate the performance capabilities, consistency of oscillations, and usefulness of the OTT as a research tool. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroelastic Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Piatak, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroelastic Branch, 226 Dodd Blvd,MS 340, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.2514/2.3073 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 646ML UT WOS:000181038800024 ER PT J AU Avihar, E Shemesh, N Pack, LG Seifert, A AF Avihar, E Shemesh, N Pack, LG Seifert, A TI Rotation of a rectangular jet by periodic excitation SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article ID DELAY C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Mech Mat & Syst, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Fluid Mech & Heat Transfer, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Flow Phys & Control Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Avihar, E (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Mech Mat & Syst, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 217 EP 219 DI 10.2514/2.3081 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 646ML UT WOS:000181038800032 ER PT J AU Hash, DB Meyyappan, M AF Hash, DB Meyyappan, M TI Model based comparison of thermal and plasma chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIAMOND DEPOSITION; METAL-CATALYSTS; GROWTH; NANOFIBERS; PARTICLES; DENSITY; NICKEL AB A model-based comparison of thermal and plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from methane feedstock is presented. In thermal CVD, the feedstock does not dissociate in the gas phase at temperatures commonly used for single- and multiwalled CNT growth (less than or equal to900degreesC) and the nanotube production is entirely due to surface reaction of CH4 on the catalyst surface. In contrast, plasma reactors produce, through electron impact as well as neutral reactions, significant amounts of acetylene, ethylene, a variety of CxHy radicals and ions from the methane/hydrogen feedstock, all of which contribute to the nanotube production. Such production of higher order stable hydrocarbons and radicals may make growth of single- walled CNTs difficult using low temperature plasma CVD techniques. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hash, DB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 25 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 5 U2 24 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 93 IS 1 BP 750 EP 752 DI 10.1063/1.1525854 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 628NN UT WOS:000180002500113 ER PT J AU Provenzano, PP Martinez, DA Grindeland, RE Dwyer, KW Turner, J Vailas, AC Vanderby, R AF Provenzano, PP Martinez, DA Grindeland, RE Dwyer, KW Turner, J Vailas, AC Vanderby, R TI Hindlimb unloading alters ligament healing SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hindlimb suspension; biomechanics; disuse; collagen; bone; muscle ID MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT; FIBRILLOGENESIS IN-SITU; RABBIT PATELLAR TENDON; BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; BED-REST; SIMULATED WEIGHTLESSNESS; FIBRIL SEGMENTS; COLLAGEN FIBRIL; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; TREATMENT REGIMENS AB We investigated the hypothesis that hindlimb unloading inhibits healing in fibrous connective tissue such as ligament. Male rats were assigned to 3- and 7-wk treatment groups with three subgroups each: sham control, ambulatory healing, and hindlimb-suspended healing. Ambulatory and suspended animals underwent surgical rupture of their medial collateral ligaments, whereas sham surgeries were performed on control animals. After 3 or 7 wk, mechanical and/or morphological properties were measured in ligament, muscle, and bone. During mechanical testing, most suspended ligaments failed in the sear region, indicating the greatest impairment was to ligament and not to bone-ligament insertion. Ligament testing revealed significant reductions in maximum force, ultimate stress, elastic modulus, and low-load properties in suspended animals. In addition, femoral mineral density, femoral strength, gastrocnemius mass, and tibialis anterior mass were significantly reduced. Microscopy revealed abnormal sear formation and cell distribution in suspended ligaments with extracellular matrix discontinuities and voids between misaligned, but well-formed, collagen fiber bundles. Hence, stress levels from ambulation appear unnecessary for formation of fiber bundles yet required for collagen to form structurally competent continuous fibers. Results support our hypothesis that hindlimb unloading impairs healing of fibrous connective tissue. In addition, this study provides compelling morphological evidence explaining the altered structure-function relationship in load-deprived healing connective tissue. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Orthopaed & Rehabil, Orthoped Res Labs, Madison, WI 53792 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biomed Engn, Madison, WI 53792 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Connect Tissue Physiol Lab, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Life Sci Res Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Vanderby, R (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Orthoped Surg, Orthoped Res Lab, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA. RI Martinez, Daniel/A-5825-2008; OI Provenzano, Paolo/0000-0002-9313-1370 NR 59 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 94 IS 1 BP 314 EP 324 DI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00340.2002 PG 11 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 625KM UT WOS:000179815700041 PM 12391134 ER PT J AU Smith, DE AF Smith, DE TI The case for durative actions: A commentary on PDDL2.1 SO JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material AB The addition of durative actions to PDDL2.1 sparked some controversy. Fox and Long argued that actions should be considered as instantaneous, but can start and stop processes. Ultimately, a limited notion of durative actions was incorporated into the language. I argue that this notion is still impoverished, and that the underlying philosophical position of regarding durative actions as being a shorthand for a start action, process, and stop action ignores the realities of modelling and execution for complex systems. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Comp Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Smith, DE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Comp Sci, Mail Stop 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM DESMITH@ARC.NASA.GOV NR 2 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AI ACCESS FOUNDATION PI MARINA DEL REY PA USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INST, 4676 ADMIRALITY WAY, MARINA DEL REY, CA 90292-6695 USA SN 1076-9757 J9 J ARTIF INTELL RES JI J. Artif. Intell. Res. PY 2003 VL 20 SI SI BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 764NE UT WOS:000188212300007 ER PT J AU Lancaster, RS Spinhirne, JD Manizade, KF AF Lancaster, RS Spinhirne, JD Manizade, KF TI Combined infrared stereo and laser ranging cloud measurements from shuttle mission STS-85 SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; TOP HEIGHT; FEASIBILITY; MISR AB Multiangle remote sensing provides a wealth of information for earth and climate monitoring, such as the ability to measure the height of cloud tops through stereoscopic imaging. Further, as technology advances so do the options for developing spacecraft instrumentation versatile enough to meet the demands associated with multiangle measurements. One such instrument is the infrared spectral imaging radiometer, which flew as part of mission STS-85 of the space shuttle Columbia in 1997 and was the first earth-observing radiometer to incorporate an uncooled microbolometer array detector as its image sensor. Specifically, a method for computing cloud-top height with a precision of +/-620 m from the multispectral stereo measurements acquired during this flight has been developed, and the results are compared with coincident direct laser ranging measurements from the shuttle laser altimeter. Mission STS-85 was the first space flight to combine laser ranging and thermal IR camera systems for cloud remote sensing. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Lancaster, RS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 67 EP 78 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0067:CISALR>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 633KR UT WOS:000180282900005 ER PT J AU Hooker, SB Morel, A AF Hooker, SB Morel, A TI Platform and environmental effects on above-water determinations of water-leaving radiances SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REMOTE-SENSING REFLECTANCE; OCEAN COLOR; IN-WATER; CALIBRATION; SEAWIFS; RADIOMETERS AB A comparison of above- and in-water spectral measurements in Case-1 conditions showed the uncertainty in above- water determinations of water-leaving radiances depended on the pointing angle of the above- water instruments with respect to the side of the ship. Two above- water data processing methods were used to create a diagnostic variable (formulated for Case-1 waters only) to quantify the presence of superstructure reflections that degraded the above- water intracomparisons of water-leaving radiances by as much as 13%-27% (for far-to-near viewing distances, respectively). The primary conclusions of the above- and in-water intercomparison of water-leaving radiances were as follows: (a) the SeaWiFS 5% radiometric objective was achieved with the in-water instruments; (b) the above-water approach produced agreement to within 5%, but reliably for about half the data, and only with well-controlled procedures and severe filtering to remove glint contamination; (c) a decrease in water-leaving radiance values was seen in the presence of swell, although, wave crests were radiometrically brighter than the troughs; and (d) standard band ratios used in ocean color algorithms remained severely affected, because of the relatively low signal at 555 nm and, thus, proportionally significant ship contamination at this wavelength. Suggestions for a more precise above- water measurement protocol are tentatively proposed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche Sur Mer, France. RP Hooker, SB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 970-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Hooker, Stanford/E-2162-2012 NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 187 EP 205 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0187:PAEEOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 633KR UT WOS:000180282900014 ER PT J AU Wu, DL Read, WG Shippony, Z Leblanc, T Duck, TJ Ortland, DA Sica, RJ Argall, PS Oberheide, J Hauchecorne, A Keckhut, P She, CY Krueger, DA AF Wu, DL Read, WG Shippony, Z Leblanc, T Duck, TJ Ortland, DA Sica, RJ Argall, PS Oberheide, J Hauchecorne, A Keckhut, P She, CY Krueger, DA TI Mesospheric temperature from UARS MLS: retrieval and validation SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE mesospheric temperature; pressure; microwave observation; Zeeman effect; satellite remote sensing ID CRYOGENIC INFRARED SPECTROMETERS; ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE; MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; LIDAR; MIDDLE; WAVE; TELESCOPES; PROFILES; OXYGEN; OZONE AB A research algorithm is developed to retrieve temperature at 20-90 km using 63 GHz O-2 emission measurements from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The algorithm is based on a previous MLS radiative transfer model but improved to produce more accurate radiance calculations in the cases where the geomagnetic Zeeman splitting is important. A fast version of the model is developed and implemented for practical uses of the temperature retrieval, which uses a single temperature and O-2 density profile as the linearization basis. The calculated radiances and linearization coefficients are fit to a set of explicit functions of the geomagnetic field and its direction at tangent heights of 0-120 km, which are pre-stored in order to speed up the computation. The new algorithm has been used to process all the data available during 1991-1997 before MLS 63 GHz radiometer was powered off. The estimated precision of MLS temperature varies from 2 K at similar to20 km to 8 K at similar to80 km and increases sharply above similar to90 km. The retrieved MLS temperature are compared against CIRA'86, satellite, lidar, and rocket observations. Comparisons to CIRA'86 seasonal climatology show that the differences are latitude-and-season dependent and generally < 5 K below 50 km and 10 K in the mesosphere. Comparisons with other satellite observations (ISAMS, HRDI, CRISTA1) show different patterns but a cold bias at 85-90 km seems common in all these comparisons. Comparisons to ground-based lidar measurements suggest that MLS temperatures are warmer by 2-4 K in the stratosphere and colder by 5-15 K at 85-90 km. The MLS-minus-lidar difference shows a 3-10 K cold bias near 70 km for most of the sites selected. The comparisons with rocket measurements are similar to those with lidars at these altitudes, giving cold biases in the MLS temperatures at 85-90 km. Most of these biases are understandable in terms of sampling and resolution differences, and some biases can be reduced with further improvements in the MLS retrieval algorithm. Despite the existing biases, the MLS temperature have been found useful in studying large-scale mesospheric phenomena such as the temperature inversion layer. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON, Canada. Univ Gesamthsch Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-5600 Wuppertal, Germany. CNRS, Serv Aeron, Verrieres Les Buissons, France. Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Wu, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Oberheide, Jens/C-6156-2011; Hauchecorne, Alain/A-8489-2013; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Oberheide, Jens/0000-0001-6721-2540; NR 36 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 65 IS 2 BP 245 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00293-6 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 641AP UT WOS:000180721800009 ER PT J AU Shi, SJ Garcia, KM Meck, JV AF Shi, SJ Garcia, KM Meck, JV TI Temazepam, but not zolpidem, causes orthostatic hypotension in astronauts after spaceflight SO JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE astronaut; orthostatic hypotension; spaceflight; temazepam; zolpidem ID CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTORS; SLEEP; RESPONSES; SUBTYPES; EXERCISE; PRESSURE; INSOMNIA; SPACE AB Insomnia is a common symptom, not only in the adult population but also in many astronauts. Hypnotics, such as temazepam (a benzodiazepine) and zolpidem (an imidazopyridine), are often taken to relieve insomnia. Temazepam has been shown clinically to have hemodynamic side effects, particularly in the elderly; however, the mechanism is not clear. Zolpidem does not cause hemodynamic side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of different hypnotics during spaceflight might contribute significantly to the high incidence of postflight orthostatic hypotension, and to compare the findings in astronauts with clinical research. Astronauts were separated into three groups: control (n = 40), temazepam (15 or 30 mg; n = 9), and zolpidem (5 or 10 mg; n = 8). In this study, temazepam and zolpidem were only taken the night before landing. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates of the astronauts were measured during stand tests before spaceflight and on landing day. On landing day, systolic pressure decreased significantly and heart rate increased significantly in the temazepam group, but not in the control group or in the zolpidem group. Temazepam may aggravate orthostatic hypotension after spaceflight when astronauts are hemodynamically compromised. Temazepam should not be the initial choice as a sleeping aid for astronauts. These results in astronauts may help to explain the hemodynamic side effects in the elderly who are also compromised. Zolpidem may be a better choice as a sleeping aid in these populations. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Space Life Sci Res Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX USA. RP Meck, JV (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Space Life Sci Res Labs, SK361, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0160-2446 J9 J CARDIOVASC PHARM JI J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1 BP 31 EP 39 DI 10.1097/00005344-200301000-00005 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 629LQ UT WOS:000180051500005 PM 12500019 ER PT J AU Meck, JV Martin, DS D'Aunno, DS Waters, WW AF Meck, JV Martin, DS D'Aunno, DS Waters, WW TI Pressor response to intravenous tyramine is a marker of cardiac, but not vascular, adrenergic function SO JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE contractility; ejection fraction; hemodynamic; popliteal artery ID PLASMA-CATECHOLAMINES; BLOOD-PRESSURE; MODULATION; RELEASE AB Intravenous injections of the indirect sympathetic amine, tyramine, are used as a test of peripheral adrenergic function. The authors measured the time course of increases in ejection fraction, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, popliteal artery flow, and greater saphenous vein diameter before and after an injection of 4.0 mg/m(2) body surface area of tyramine in normal human subjects. The tyramine caused moderate, significant increases in systolic pressure and significant decreases in total peripheral resistance. The earliest changes were a 30% increase in ejection fraction and a 16% increase in systolic pressure, followed by a 60% increase in popliteal artery flow and a later 11% increase in greater saphenous vein diameter. There were no changes in diastolic pressure or heart rate. These results suggest that pressor responses during tyramine injections are primarily due to an inotropic response that increases cardiac output and pressure and causes a reflex decrease in vascular resistance. Thus, tyramine pressor tests are a measure of cardiac, but not vascular, sympathetic function. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Life Sci Res Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Wyle Life Sci, Houston, TX USA. RP Meck, JV (reprint author), SK NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Cardiovasc Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0160-2446 J9 J CARDIOVASC PHARM JI J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 41 IS 1 BP 126 EP 131 DI 10.1097/00005344-200301000-00016 PG 6 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 629LQ UT WOS:000180051500016 PM 12500030 ER PT J AU Qing, XL Chang, FK Starnes, J AF Qing, XL Chang, FK Starnes, J TI Damage tolerance of notched composite laminates with reinforcing strips SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID BOLT-CLAMPING LOADS; MODEL; JOINTS; VERIFICATION; CRACKING; FAILURE AB An investigation was performed to study the effects of reinforcing strips on the notch strength and failure response of laminated composites. A three-dimensional finite element method 3DPDCOM which combined the commercial ABAQUS code with a progressive failure analysis was developed for the study. Composite specimens containing a cutout with or without unidirectional reinforcing strips were tested to verify the model predictions. The test data and numerical simulations proved to be in agreement with each other. Results showed that the notch strength and damage progression of composite laminates could be affected significantly by adding reinforcing strips in front of notches such as crack tips and cutouts. The change in notch strength strongly depended upon the geometry, properties, and bond strength of the reinforcing strips. The strips could significantly alter the failure progression and failure modes in composite plates. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Qing, XL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2003 VL 37 IS 2 BP 111 EP 128 DI 10.1106/002199803028988 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 653VA UT WOS:000181456700002 ER PT J AU Harik, VM Bogetti, TA AF Harik, VM Bogetti, TA TI Low cycle fatigue of composite laminates: A damage-mode-sensitive model SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Durability and Damage Tolerance of Heterogeneous Materials and Structures CY NOV 11-16, 2001 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK DE low cycle fatigue; composite laminates; S-N curves; notched plates bending AB Low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of composite laminates is investigated along with the associated micromechanical damage. At the ply level, fatigue damage is described by a damage-mode-sensitive model, which is based on a family of S-N curves that are tailored for various types of damage. Since the LCF conditions may involve high loads reaching up to 90% of the material ultimate-strength, the S-N curves reflect unique LCF features such as non-cyclic and bi-linear corrections due to high property-degradation rates. The LCF characterization of laminates is based on authors' previous research and other relevant studies. The proposed fatigue model is implemented in a laminate and finite element analysis, and a case of a notched laminated plate is analyzed to examine accumulation of fatigue damage at the ply level in the plate. The effective fatigue-damage is predicted by the new fatigue model and compared with experimental results. C1 USA, Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Univ Delaware, ARL Grp Ctr Composite Mat, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Harik, VM (reprint author), NASA, ICASE, Langley Res Ctr, MS 132C, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2003 VL 37 IS 7 BP 597 EP 610 DI 10.1177/002199803029731 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 666JK UT WOS:000182174000003 ER PT J AU Camanho, PP Davila, CG de Moura, MF AF Camanho, PP Davila, CG de Moura, MF TI Numerical simulation of mixed-mode progressive delamination in composite materials SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE delamination; interlaminar damage; decohesion elements ID ENERGY-RELEASE RATES; INTERFACE ELEMENTS; LAMINATED COMPOSITES; FRACTURE; CRACK; PREDICTION; INITIATION; MECHANICS; SPECIMENS; CRITERIA AB A new decohesion element with the capability of dealing with crack propagation under mixed-mode loading is proposed and demonstrated. The element is used at the interface between solid finite elements to model the initiation and non-self-similar growth of delaminations in composite materials. A single relative displacement-based damage parameter is applied in a softening law to track the damage state of the interface and to prevent the restoration of the cohesive state during unloading. The softening law is applied in the three-parameter Benzeggagh-Kenane mode interaction criterion to predict mixed-mode delamination propagation. To demonstrate the accuracy of the predictions, steady-state delamination growth is simulated for quasi-static loading of various single mode and mixed-mode delamination test specimens and the results are compared with experimental data. C1 Univ Porto, Fac Engn, DEMEGI, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Analyt & Computat Methods Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Camanho, PP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mech & Durabil Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI de Moura, Marcelo/A-6549-2008; Camanho, Pedro /E-1666-2011; Davila, Carlos/D-8559-2011; OI de Moura, Marcelo/0000-0002-2151-3759; Camanho, Pedro/0000-0003-0363-5207 NR 59 TC 377 Z9 394 U1 11 U2 99 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2003 VL 37 IS 16 BP 1415 EP 1438 DI 10.1177/002199803034505 PG 24 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 714BN UT WOS:000184892600001 ER PT J AU Stewart, A Carman, G Richards, L AF Stewart, A Carman, G Richards, L TI Nondestructive evaluation technique utilizing embedded thermal fiber optic sensors SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE health monitoring; thermography; composites; fiber optic sensor; nondestructive evaluation ID COMPOSITES AB We investigated a thermal nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique based on thermography that uses optical fiber thermal sensors to detect damage within a laminated graphite epoxy composite specimen. Two sets of composite samples were used for testing, one set had fiber optic sensors embedded between the layers while the other relied on thermocouple sensors attached to the exterior. A simulated impact system was used to induce damage of varying degrees into the samples. The damage was confirmed either with X-ray or C-scan imaging. The test apparatus in addition to the test data obtained from both sets of samples are presented. The data confirms that the fiber optic thermal sensors can not only detect the presence of damage, but can measure the severity of damage as well. This is the first known attempt to use in situ fiber optic point sensors with thermography to detect damage. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Stewart, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM stewarta@seas.ucla.edu NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2003 VL 37 IS 24 BP 2197 EP 2206 DI 10.1177/002199803038110 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 771QH UT WOS:000188797200003 ER PT J AU O'Brien, TK Chawan, AD DeMarco, K Paris, I AF O'Brien, TK Chawan, AD DeMarco, K Paris, I TI Influence of specimen configuration and size on composite transverse tensile strength and scatter measured through flexure testing SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE transverse tensile strength; matrix cracking; Weibull distribution; scale effects; glass/epoxy; carbon/epoxy; bending tests AB The influence of specimen configuration and size on the transverse tensile strength of two glass/epoxy materials; and, one carbon/epoxy material, loaded in three and four-point bending was evaluated: Transverse tensile strength: was typically lower for longer span lengths due to the classical weakest link effect. However, strength was less sensitive to volume changes achieved by increasing specimen width. The Weibull scaling law typically over-predicted changes in transverse tensile strengths in three-point bend tests and under-predicted changes in transverse tensile strengths in four-point bend tests. Furthermore, the Weibull slope varied with specimen configuration, volume, and sample size. Hence, this scaling law was not adequate for predicting transverse tensile strength of heterogeneous, fiber-reinforced, polymer matrix composites. C1 USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA,Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Res Council, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP O'Brien, TK (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA,Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0884-6804 J9 J COMPOS TECH RES JI J. Compos. Technol. Res. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 25 IS 1 BP 3 EP 21 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 635QD UT WOS:000180409600001 ER PT J AU Gentz, M Armentrout, D Rupnowski, P Kumosa, L Sutter, JK Kumosa, M AF Gentz, M Armentrout, D Rupnowski, P Kumosa, L Sutter, JK Kumosa, M TI Mechanical behavior of a woven graphite/PMR-15 composite at room and elevated temperatures determined from the +/- 45 degrees tensile and Iosipescu shear tests SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Iosipescu tests; harness satin; composite; shear strength; tensile test ID FABRIC COMPOSITES AB Failure and stiffness properties of a woven 8 harness satin (8HS) graphite/PMR-15 composite have been investigated at room temperature and at 315degreesC by performing the +/-45degrees tensile and Iosipescu tests. Acoustic emission has been monitored during testing. The critical loads for the initiation of damage in the composite have been determined. In particular, the specimen width effect has been investigated in the case of the +/-45degrees specimens by testing the specimens with their width ranging from 12.7-50.8 mm. The results from the high temperature tests have been compared with the room temperature data presented in Refs. 1 and 2. Similar to the room temperature +/-45degrees tests, the shear stresses at the onset of intralaminar damage in the specimens and the shear stresses at the maximum loads at 315 C are significantly affected by the specimen width effect. The trends in the damage initiation stresses and the maximum stresses as a function of specimen width at 315degreesC have been found to be very similar to the room temperature data with the stresses increasing almost linearly with the specimen width. It has also been shown in this project that the shear stresses at the onset of intralaminar damage and at the maximum load at 315 C depend very strongly on the specimen type. The shear stresses determined at the onset of damage and maximum loads from the Iosipescu tests at 315degreesC are noticeably higher than the stresses from the +/-45degrees tests. The +/-45degrees tensile test significantly underestimates the room and elevated temperature shear strength properties of the 8HS graphite/PMR-15 composite in comparison with the Iosipescu shear test. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Ctr Adv Mat & Struct, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Gentz, M (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Ctr Adv Mat & Struct, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RI Rupnowski, Przemyslaw/B-3520-2008 NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0884-6804 J9 J COMPOS TECH RES JI J. Compos. Technol. Res. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 25 IS 1 BP 22 EP 34 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 635QD UT WOS:000180409600002 ER PT J AU O'Brien, TK Krueger, R AF O'Brien, TK Krueger, R TI Analysis of flexure tests for transverse tensile strength characterization of unidirectional composites SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE transverse tensile strength; matrix cracking; finite element analysis; glass epoxy; graphite epoxy; bending tests AB Finite element (FE) analyses were performed on 3-point and 4-point bending test configurations of glass-epoxy and carbon-epoxy unidirectional tape beams tested at ninety degrees to the fiber direction to identify deviations from beam theory predictions. Both linear and geometric non-linear analyses were performed using the ABAQUS(R) finite element code. The 3-point and 4-point bending specimens were first modeled with two-dimensional elements. Three-dimensional finite element models were then performed for selected 4-point bending configurations to study the stress distribution across the width of the specimens. For 3-point bend test configurations, both the linear and geometric non-linear 2D plane-strain and plane-stress analyses yielded similar results. The maximum tensile stresses under the center load nose calculated from the FE analysis were slightly lower than stresses predicted by beam theory. The difference (maximum of 4%) was greatest for the shortest span analyzed. For 4-point bend test configurations, both the plane-stress and plane-strain 2D linear analysis results agreed closely with beam theory except right below the load points. However, 21) geometric non-linear analyses deviated slightly from beam theory throughout the inner span as well as below the load points. Planestress results deviated from beam theory more than plane-strain results. The maximum tensile stresses between the inner span load points were slightly greater than the beam theory result. This difference was greatest (maximum of 4%) for configurations with the shortest spans between inner and outer load points. A contact analysis was also performed in order to investigate the influence of modeling the roller versus modeling the support as a simple boundary condition at one nodal point. The discrepancy between the FE and beam theory results became smaller (max. 2-3%) when the rollers were modeled in conjunction with contact analysis. Hence, the beam theory yields a reasonably accurate value for the maximum tensile stress in bending compared to 2D FE analysis. The FE results are primarily for guidance in the choice of beam thickness, width, and configuration. For the 3-point bend configuration, longer spans are preferred to minimize the error in beam theory data reduction. Similarly, for the 4-point bend configurations, a longer span between the inner and outer load noses, at least equal to the span between the inner load noses, results in less error compared to beam theory. In addition, these FE results indicate that the span between the inner load noses should not be too long to avoid obtaining a non-uniform maximum stress between the inner load noses. Finally, the 3D analysis indicates that specimens should be sufficiently wide to achieve a fully constrained state of plane-strain at the center of the specimen width. C1 USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP O'Brien, TK (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, MS 188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Krueger, Ronald/G-5356-2015 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0884-6804 J9 J COMPOS TECH RES JI J. Compos. Technol. Res. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 25 IS 1 BP 50 EP 68 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 635QD UT WOS:000180409600004 ER PT J AU Glaessgen, EH Raju, IS Poe, CC AF Glaessgen, EH Raju, IS Poe, CC TI An efficient analysis for the debonding of stitched skin-stiffened structures SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE stitching; delamination; debonding; skin-stiffened structure; finite element analysis ID ELEMENTS; COMPOSITE AB An analysis based on plate finite elements, nonlinear spring elements and the virtual crack closure technique has been implemented to study the effect of stitching on strain energy release rates for debond configurations. The stitches were modeled as discrete nonlinear spring elements with a compliance determined by experiment. The axial and shear behavior of the stitches was considered, however, the two compliances and failure loads were assumed to be independent. Both a double cantilever beam (mode I) and a mixed mode skin-stiffener debond configuration were studied. In the double cantilever beam configuration, G(I) began to decrease once the debond had grown beyond the first row of stitches and was reduced to zero for long debonds. In the mixed-mode skin-stiffener configuration, G(I) showed a similar behavior as in the double cantilever beam configurations; however, G(II) remained nonzero over the range of debond lengths considered. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Analyt & Computat Methods Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Glaessgen, EH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Analyt & Computat Methods Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0884-6804 J9 J COMPOS TECH RES JI J. Compos. Technol. Res. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 25 IS 1 BP 69 EP 81 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 635QD UT WOS:000180409600005 ER PT J AU Kouatchou, J AF Kouatchou, J TI Comparison of time and spatial collocation methods for the heat equation SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE collocation methods; differential quadrature; high-order compact scheme; iterative methods; parallel algorithm ID DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE; PARALLEL AB We combine a high-order compact finite difference scheme to approximate the spatial derivatives and collocation techniques for the time component to numerically solve the two-dimensional heat equation. We use two approaches to implement the time collocation methods. The first one is based on an explicit computation of the coefficients of polynomials and the second one relies on differential quadratures. We also implement a spatial collocation method where differential quadratures are utilized for spatial derivatives and an implicit scheme for marching in time. We compare all the three techniques by studying their merits and analyzing their numerical performance. Our experiments show that all of them achieve high-accurate approximate solution but the time collocation method with differential quadrature offers (with respect to the one with explicit polynomials) less computational complexity and a better efficiency. All our computations, based on parallel algorithms, are carried out on the CRAY SV1.. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. RP Kouatchou, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 931, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Koutachou, Jules/D-4773-2016 OI Koutachou, Jules/0000-0002-5525-9875 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0427 J9 J COMPUT APPL MATH JI J. Comput. Appl. Math. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 150 IS 1 BP 129 EP 141 AR PII S0377-0427(02)00656-8 DI 10.1016/S0377-0427(02)00656-8 PG 13 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 629ZL UT WOS:000180082700008 ER PT J AU Tang, L Bartels, RE Chen, PC Liu, DD AF Tang, L Bartels, RE Chen, PC Liu, DD TI Numerical investigation of transonic limit cycle oscillations of a two-dimensional supercritical wing SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 42nd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC AB CFD-based aeroelastic computations are performed to investigate the effect of nonlinear aerodynamics on transonic limit cycle oscillation (LCO)characteristics of the NLR7301 airfoil section. It is found that the LCO solutions from Navier-Stokes computations deviate less from the experiment than an Euler solution but strongly depend on the employed turbulence model. The Degani-Schiff modification to the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model provokes spurious vorticity spots causing multiple shocks which might be unphysical, while the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model yields physically reasonable unsteady shocks. In the cases examined, smaller initial perturbations lead to larger LCO amplitudes and vice versa, in contradiction to what one might expect. The amplitude of the initial perturbation is also found to have an impact on the mean position of LCO. Also addressed in the paper are aspects of multiblock message passing interface (MPI) parallel computation techniques as related to the present problem. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ZONA Technol Inc, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Tang, L (reprint author), ZONA Technol Inc, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0889-9746 J9 J FLUID STRUCT JI J. Fluids Struct. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 BP 29 EP 41 AR PII S0889-9746(02)00114-7 DI 10.1016/S0889-9746(02)00114-7 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 651XH UT WOS:000181347600002 ER PT J AU Thomas, RH Abdalati, W Frederick, E Krabill, WB Manizade, S Steffen, K AF Thomas, RH Abdalati, W Frederick, E Krabill, WB Manizade, S Steffen, K TI Investigation of surface melting and dynamic thinning on Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE LASER ALTIMETRY; ICE-SHEET; WEST GREENLAND; NORTH-ATLANTIC; SURFICIAL GLACIOLOGY; ELEVATION CHANGES; ENERGY-BALANCE; ARCTIC-OCEAN; GLACIER; TEMPERATURE AB Jakobshavn Isbrae is the most active glacier in Greenland, with an annual discharge of about 30 km(3) of ice, and it is one of the few recently surveyed glaciers to thicken between 1993 and 1998, despite locally warm summers. Repeated airborne laser-altimeter surveys along a 120 km profile in the glacier basin show slow, sporadic thickening between 1991 and 1997, suggesting a small positive mass balance, but since 1997 there has been sustained thinning of several m a(-1) within 20 km of the ice front, with lower rates of thinning further inland. Here, we use weather-station data from the coast and the ice sheet to estimate the effects on surface elevation of interannual variability in snowfall and surface melt rates, and thus to infer the temporal and spatial patterns of dynamic thinning. These show the glacier to have been close to balance before 1997 followed by a sudden transition to rapid thinning, initially confined to the lower reaches of the glacier (below about 500 in elevation), but progressively spreading inland until, between 1999 and 2001, thinning predominated over the entire surveyed region, up to 2000 in elevation. If this continues, the glacier calving front and probably its grounding line will retreat substantially in the very near future. C1 NASA Wallops Flight Facil, EG & G Serv, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Thomas, RH (reprint author), NASA Wallops Flight Facil, EG & G Serv, Bldg N-159, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM rthomas@osb.wff.nasa.gov RI Steffen, Konrad/C-6027-2013 OI Steffen, Konrad/0000-0001-8658-1026 NR 36 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 5 U2 20 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2003 VL 49 IS 165 BP 231 EP 239 DI 10.3189/172756503781830764 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 771DW UT WOS:000188771200009 ER PT J AU Thorsteinsson, T Raymond, CF Gudmundsson, GH Bindschadler, RA Vornberger, P Joughin, I AF Thorsteinsson, T Raymond, CF Gudmundsson, GH Bindschadler, RA Vornberger, P Joughin, I TI Bed topography and lubrication inferred from surface measurements on fast-flowing ice streams SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEST ANTARCTICA; VELOCITY; GLACIER; BALANCE; BASE AB Observations of surface elevation (s) and horizontal velocity components (u and v) are inverted to infer the topography (b) and lubrication (c) at the bed of an ice stream, based on a linearized perturbation theory of the transmission of flow disturbances through the ice thickness. Synthetic data are used to illustrate non-uniqueness in the inversion, but also demonstrate that effects of b and c can be separated when s, u, and v are specified, even with added noise to simulate measurement errors. We have analyzed prominent short-horizontal-scale (similar to2 km) features in topography and velocity pattern in a local 64 km by 32 km area of the surface of Ice Stream E, West Antarctica. Our preferred interpretation of bed conditions beneath the most prominent features on the surface identifies a deep trough in the basal topography with low lubrication in the base of the trough. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Thorsteinsson, T (reprint author), Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, Sturlugata 7, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. EM throstur@turdus.net RI Gudmundsson, Gudmundur Hilmar/F-6499-2012; Joughin, Ian/A-2998-2008; Thorsteinsson, Throstur/A-8960-2008 OI Gudmundsson, Gudmundur Hilmar/0000-0003-4236-5369; Joughin, Ian/0000-0001-6229-679X; Thorsteinsson, Throstur/0000-0001-5964-866X NR 23 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2003 VL 49 IS 167 BP 481 EP 490 DI 10.3189/172756503781830502 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 847VD UT WOS:000223425100002 ER PT J AU Hawes, EJ Parrish, DL AF Hawes, EJ Parrish, DL TI Using abiotic and biotic factors to predict the range expansion of white perch in Lake Champlain SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE white perch; Morone americana; abundance; habitat factors; Lake Champlain ID MORONE-AMERICANA; YELLOW PERCH; GREAT-LAKES; FISH; ERIE; FLAVESCENS; INVASIONS; LESSONS; FOOD; MORTALITY AB White perch (Morone americana) invaded Lake Champlain, New York-Vermont, in the mid-1980s, yet abundance of white perch and those factors controlling their abundance are unknown. To predict the expansion of white perch, we differentiated between the most likely factors affecting white perch abundance; habitat characteristics or an invasion gradient (i.e., abundance is greater near the point of entry). Therefore, we addressed three questions: 1) where are white perch currently established; 2) what is the relation of white perch abundance to environmental variables and to an invasion gradient; and 3) based on the most likely factors affecting abundance, where will white perch become abundant in Lake Champlain? Fish communities were sampled and ten environmental variables were measured at sites along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Among sites and across seasons, two abiotic factors (turbidity and conductivity) had the greatest effect on white perch abundance. Biotic factors, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) abundance and chlorophyll a, however had lesser effects. We predict white perch will not become abundant in habitats with low water conductivity, turbidity and chlorophyll a, and a high abundance of potential competitors. Our predictions are consistent with data from other systems, which indicate environmental characteristics are likely more important than an invasion gradient in contributing to white perch colonization. C1 Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Hawes, EJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Reg Off, 1 Blackburn Dr, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2 BP 268 EP 279 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 695EW UT WOS:000183819000006 ER PT J AU Warner, JD Pevzner, M Dean, CJ Kranbuehl, DE Scott, JL Broadwater, ST Thompson, DW Southward, RE AF Warner, JD Pevzner, M Dean, CJ Kranbuehl, DE Scott, JL Broadwater, ST Thompson, DW Southward, RE TI Synthesis of hexafluoroisopropylidene-containing polyimide-silver nanocomposite films evolving specularly reflective metal surfaces SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYMER MEMBRANES; ADAPTIVE OPTICS; REDUCTION; FABRICATION; PERFORMANCE; DEPOSITION; COATINGS; LASER AB Highly reflective surface-metallized flexible polyimide films have been prepared by the incorporation of the soluble silver ion complex (1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonato) silver(I) into dimethylacetamide solutions of the poly(amic acid) prepared from 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (4-BDAF). Thermal curing to 300 degreesC of solution cast silver(I) poly(amic acid) films leads to cycloimidization of the amic acid with concomitant silver(I) reduction and formation of a reflective surface-silvered film from 6-13% weight percent silver. The reflective surfaces evolve only when the cure temperature reaches 300 degreesC. After achieving a maximum value the reflectivity abruptly drops with further heating at 300 degreesC and the polyimide suffers oxidation degradation. The metallized films are thermally stable and maintain mechanical properties similar to those of the parent polyimide. TEM reveals that the interior of the composite films have ca. 5-20 nanometer-sized silver particles. SEM shows surface silver particles from ca. 50-1000 nm whose size varies with cure time at 300 degreesC. Neither the bulk nor the surface of the films is electrically conductive. There is strong interfacial adhesion of metal to polyimide. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Dept Chem, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RP Thompson, DW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 46 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2003 VL 13 IS 7 BP 1847 EP 1852 DI 10.1039/b212546c PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 692LA UT WOS:000183661500061 ER PT J AU Kisiel, Z Desyatnyk, O Pszczolkowski, L Charnley, SB Ehrenfreund, P AF Kisiel, Z Desyatnyk, O Pszczolkowski, L Charnley, SB Ehrenfreund, P TI Rotational spectra of quinoline and of isoquinoline: spectroscopic constants and electric dipole moments SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CENTRIFUGAL-DISTORTION; BANDS; MOLECULES; CN; CL AB Rotational spectra of quinoline and of isoquinoline have been observed in the centimeter- and millimeter-wave regions. The spectra were assigned on the basis of bands formed by high-J transitions, which were measured up to J" less than or equal to 128 and v less than or equal to 234 GHz. Complementary measurements were also made on low-J, centimeter-wave spectra observed in supersonic expansion and with fully resolved nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure. Accurate rotational, centrifugal distortion and hyperfine splitting constants for the ground states of both molecules are reported. The electric dipole moments for the two molecules were also determined from Stark effect measurements and are mu(a) = 0.14355(19), mu(b) = 2.0146(17), mu(tot) = 2.0197(17) D for quinoline, and mu(a) = 2.3602(21), mu(b) = 0.9051(14) mu(tot) = 2.5278(20) D for isoquinoline. The experimental observables were found to be rather accurately predicted by MP2/6-31G** ab initio calculations, and corresponding molecular geometries are also reported. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Planetary Syst Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. RP Kisiel, Z (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Al Lotnikow 32-46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. EM kisiel@ifpan.edu.pl RI Charnley, Steven/C-9538-2012; Kisiel, Zbigniew/K-8798-2016; Pszczolkowski, Lech/S-3018-2016 OI Kisiel, Zbigniew/0000-0002-2570-3154; NR 33 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 217 IS 1 BP 115 EP 122 AR PII S0022-2852(02)00020-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-2852(02)00020-6 PG 8 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 648VT UT WOS:000181172100014 ER PT J AU Mulenburg, GM AF Mulenburg, GM TI Creative management, 2nd edition. SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT LA English DT Book Review C1 NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Mulenburg, GM (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0737-6782 J9 J PROD INNOVAT MANAG JI J. Prod. Innov. Manage. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 83 EP 85 PG 3 WC Business; Engineering, Industrial; Management SC Business & Economics; Engineering GA 642QH UT WOS:000180815500007 ER PT J AU Demayo, TN Leong, MY Samuelsen, GS Holdeman, JD AF Demayo, TN Leong, MY Samuelsen, GS Holdeman, JD TI Assessing jet-induced spatial mixing in a rich, reacting crossflow SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE JETS; NONPREMIXED FLAMES; FLOW; METHANE; AIR; SCATTERING; COMBUSTOR; VELOCITY AB In many advanced low NOx gas turbine combustion techniques, such as rich-burn/quick-mix/lean-burn (RQL), jet mixing in a reacting, hot, fuel-rich crossflow plays an important role in minimizing all pollutant emissions and maximizing combustion efficiency. Assessing the degree of mixing and predicting jet penetration is critical to the optimization of the jet injection design strategy. Different passive scalar quantities, including carbon, oxygen, and helium, are compared to quantify mixing in an atmospheric RQL combustion rig under reacting conditions. The results show that the O-2-based jet mixture fraction underpredicts the C-based mixture fraction due to jet dilution and combustion, whereas the He tracer overpredicts it possibly due to differences in density and diffusivity. The He method also exhibits significant scatter in the mixture fraction data that can most likely be attributed to differences in gas density and turbulent diffusivity. The jet mixture fraction data were used to evaluate planar spatial unmixedness, which showed good agreement for all three scalars. This investigation suggests that, with further technique refinement, either O-2 or a He tracer could be used instead of C to determine the extent of reaction and mixing in an RQL combustor. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Combust Lab, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Combust Branch, Turbomachinery & Prop Syst Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Demayo, TN (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Combust Lab, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 14 EP 21 DI 10.2514/2.6098 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 636MH UT WOS:000180459500001 ER PT J AU Chahl, J Thakoor, S Le Bouffant, N Stange, G Srinivasan, MV Hine, B Zornetzer, S AF Chahl, J Thakoor, S Le Bouffant, N Stange, G Srinivasan, MV Hine, B Zornetzer, S TI Bioinspired engineering of exploration systems: A horizon sensor/attitude reference system based on the dragonfly ocelli for mars exploration applications SO JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID NAVIGATION; FLIGHT AB Bioinspired engineering of exploration systems (BEES) is a fast emerging new discipline. It focuses on distilling the principles found in successful, nature-tested mechanisms of specific crucial functions that are hard to accomplish by conventional methods, but are accomplished rather deftly in nature by biological organisms. The intent is not just to mimic operational mechanisms found in a specific biological organism but to imbibe the salient principles from a variety of diverse organisms for the desired crucial function. Thereby, we can build exploration systems that have specific capabilities endowed beyond nature, as they will possess a mix of the best nature-tested mechanisms for each particular function. Insects (for example, honey bees and dragonflies) cope remarkably well with their world, despite possessing a brain that carries less than 0.01% as many neurons as ours does. Although most insects have immobile eyes, fixed focus optics, and lack stereo vision, they use a number of ingenious strategies for perceiving their world in three dimensions and navigating successfully in it. We are distilling some of these insect-inspired strategies for utilizing optical cues to obtain unique solutions to navigation, hazard avoidance, altitude hold, stable flight, terrain following, and smooth deployment of payload. Such functionality can enable access to otherwise unreachable exploration sites for much sought-after data. A BEES approach to developing autonomous dflight systems, particularly in small scale, can thus have a tremendous impact on autonomous airborne navigation of these biomorphic flyers particularly for planetary exploration missions, for example, to Mars which offer unique challenges due to its thin atmosphere, low gravity, and lack of magnetic field. Incorporating these success strategies of bioinspired navigation into biomorphic sensors such as the horizon sensor described herein fulfills for the first time the requirements of a variety of potential future Mars exploration applications described in this paper. Specifically we have obtained lightweight (similar to6 g), low power (<40 mW), and robust autonomous horizon sensing for flight stabilization based on distilling the principles of the dragonfly ocelli. Such levels of miniaturization of navigation sensors are essential to enable biomorphic microflyers (< 1 kg) that can be deployed in large numbers for distributed measurements. In this paper we present the first experimental test results of a biomorphic flyer platform with an embedded biomorphic ocellus (the dragonfly-inspired horizon sensor/attitude reference system). These results from the novel hardware implementation of a horizon sensor demonstrate the advantage of our approach in adapting principles proven successful in nature to accomplish navigation for Mars exploration. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Def Sci & Technol Org, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Chahl, J (reprint author), Def Sci & Technol Org, Adelaide, SA, Australia. RI Srinivasan, Mandyam/G-5571-2010; OI Chahl, Javaan/0000-0001-6496-0543 NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0741-2223 J9 J ROBOTIC SYST JI J. Robot. Syst. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1002/rob.10068 PG 8 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA 628TQ UT WOS:000180013000005 ER PT J AU Jenkins, C Lassiter, J AF Jenkins, C Lassiter, J TI Introduction: Experiment and testing of Gossamer spacecraft SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Jenkins, C (reprint author), S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 8 EP 8 DI 10.2514/2.3932 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300001 ER PT J AU Salama, M White, C Leland, R AF Salama, M White, C Leland, R TI Ground demonstration of a spinning solar sail deployment concept SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 42nd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC AB We describe laboratory experiments to investigate the dynamics of spin deployment of a solar sail concept, originally intended for the Interstellar Probe Mission. The spin-deployment concept is first described. A series of three experiments with increasing degrees of complexity were designed and performed and culminated in spin deploying a small-scale solar sail 2.5-mum-thin Mylar(R) film, 80 cm in diameter. The objectives were to explore the feasibility of the deployment concept and any related handling issues and to discover/understand possible modes of instability. To gain insight into the practicality of the deployment scheme, a tether configuration emulating the sail film was first deployed successfully in air and gravity. A 120-mum nylon film was then used for the sail deployment experiment, also in air and gravity. These two initial experiments were particularly useful for refining the experimental setup and handling procedures. Even though the influence of air drag and gravity was apparent, both of these experiments deployed without entanglements. With the exception of some handling issues, the ultrathin 2.5-mum Mylar film was successfully deployed in vacuum without entanglement. Design details and observations of these experiments are discussed. An approach to model numerically the spin-deployment dynamics is also described, and the results of simulating the dynamics of tether deployment are given. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Salama, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 9 EP 14 DI 10.2514/2.3933 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300002 ER PT J AU Pappa, RS Lassiter, JO Ross, BP AF Pappa, RS Lassiter, JO Ross, BP TI Structural dynamics experimental activities in ultralightweight and inflatable space structures SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 42nd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC AB Structural dynamics will play a major role in the design and eventual in-space deployment and performance of future ultralightweight and inflatable space structures (gossamer spacecraft). To date, there are no standardized test methods for validating the structural dynamic behavior of this class of structures. Many factors combine to make such tests unusually difficult, including facility size limitations, gravity and air effects, low natural frequencies, nonlinearities, and the need for nontraditional structural measurement approaches, which generally must be noncontacting, optical methods. Original structural dynamics experimental activities with gossamer structures conducted at three NASA centers (NASA Langley Research Center, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) are summarized. Nine aspects of the work are covered: 1) inflated, rigidized tubes, 2) active control experiments, 3) photogrammetry, 4) laser vibrometry, 5) modal tests of inflatable structures, 6) in-vacuum modal tests, 7) tensioned membranes, 8) deployment tests, and 9) flight experiment support. The test articles are individual components or prototypes of future gossamer space structures, such as inflatable antennas and solar concentrators, solar sails, membrane sunshields, and lightweight solar arrays. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Struct Dynam Branch, Struct & Mat Competency, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Struct & Dynam Testing Grp, Struct Mech & Thermal Dept, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Struct Dynam Test Engn Sect, Appl Engn & Technol Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Pappa, RS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Struct Dynam Branch, Struct & Mat Competency, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.2514/2.3934 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300003 ER PT J AU Leigh, LM Tinker, ML AF Leigh, LM Tinker, ML TI Dynamic characterization of an inflatable concentrator for solar thermal propulsion SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 42nd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Brookings, SD 57707 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Struct Dynam & Loads Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Leigh, LM (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Brookings, SD 57707 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 24 EP 27 DI 10.2514/2.3935 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300004 ER PT J AU Smalley, KB Tinker, ML Taylor, WS AF Smalley, KB Tinker, ML Taylor, WS TI Structural modeling of a five-meter thin-film inflatable antenna/concentrator SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 42nd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Struct Dynam & Loads Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Struct & Dynam Grp 603, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Smalley, KB (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Struct Dynam & Loads Grp, ED21, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 27 EP 29 DI 10.2514/2.3911 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300005 ER PT J AU Knight, NF Glaessgen, EH Sleight, DW AF Knight, NF Glaessgen, EH Sleight, DW TI Probabilistic risk assessment strategy for damage-tolerant composite spacecraft component structural design SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article ID FAILURE; PROPAGATION; ELEMENTS; CRACK AB Incorporating risk-based design as an integral part of spacecraft development is becoming more and more common. Assessment of uncertainties associated with design parameters and environmental aspects such as loading provides increased understanding of the design and its performance. Results of such studies can contribute to mitigating risk through a system-level assessment. Understanding the risk of an event occurring, the probability of its occurrence, and the consequence(s) of its occurrence can lead to robust, reliable designs. An approach to risk-based structural design incorporating damage-tolerance analysis is described. The application of this approach to a candidate Earth-entry vehicle is also described. The emphasis is on describing an approach for establishing damage-tolerant structural response inputs to a system-level probabilistic risk assessment. C1 Veridian Syst Div, Dept Aerosp Engn, Chantilly, VA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Analyt & Computat Methods Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Knight, NF (reprint author), Veridian Syst Div, Dept Aerosp Engn, 14700 Lee Rd, Chantilly, VA USA. NR 48 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 72 EP 82 DI 10.2514/2.3917 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300011 ER PT J AU Lacey, J Inoue, Y Higashida, A Inoue, M Ishizaka, K Korte, JJ AF Lacey, J Inoue, Y Higashida, A Inoue, M Ishizaka, K Korte, JJ TI Mach 10 hypersonic nozzle: Improved flow quality SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB The flow quality of the Mach 10 nozzle (exit diameter 1.27 m) at the National Aerospace Laboratory, Chofu, has been significantly improved. The spread of pitot pressure ratio over nearly 60% of the test section width and height was reduced from +/-7.5 to +/-1.5%. This was accomplished by remachining the nozzle based on a new technique for smoothing the method of characteristics plus boundary-layer correction coordinates. Various sets of possible smoothed contours were checked using two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes before selecting one set for machining. These codes were run with the initial contour, and the CFD results were validated by comparison to the initial test data before checking the suggested contours. The change in nozzle radius was less than 1 mm. C1 Aero Syst Engn, Dept Mkt, Wind Tunnel Mkt, St Paul, MN 55107 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Multidiscipline Optimizat Dept, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Co Ltd, Turbomachinery Lab, Takasago Res & Dev Ctr, Takasago, Hyogo 6768686, Japan. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Co Ltd, Turbomachinery & Gen Machinery Dept, Machinery Headquarters, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008315, Japan. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Co Ltd, Machinery & Space Syst Dept, Kobe Shipyard & Machinery Works, Hyogo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6528585, Japan. Natl Aerosp Lab, Dept Fluid Sci Res, Chofu, Tokyo 1828522, Japan. RP Lacey, J (reprint author), Aero Syst Engn, Dept Mkt, Wind Tunnel Mkt, 358 E Fillmore Ave, St Paul, MN 55107 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 126 EP 131 DI 10.2514/2.3925 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300018 ER PT J AU Hwu, SU Loh, YC Johnson, LA Panneton, RJ AF Hwu, SU Loh, YC Johnson, LA Panneton, RJ TI Solar array modeling for space station S-band/global positioning system communications analysis SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article C1 Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Av Syst Anal Sect, Houston, TX 77258 USA. Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Adv Engn Div, Houston, TX 77258 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Syst Engn Branch, Houston, TX 77258 USA. RP Hwu, SU (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Av Syst Anal Sect, 2400 NASA Rd 1, Houston, TX 77258 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 BP 132 EP 133 DI 10.2514/2.3926 PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 643AG UT WOS:000180839300019 ER PT J AU Martin, PB Pugliese, GJ Leishman, JG AF Martin, PB Pugliese, GJ Leishman, JG TI High resolution trailing vortex measurements in the wake of a hovering rotor SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HELICOPTER ROTOR; TIP VORTEX; WINGTIP VORTEX; NEAR-FIELD; VORTICES; DYNAMICS; FLOWS; VELOCIMETRY; TURBULENCE; ROLLUP AB High-resolution three-dimensional velocity field measurements and flow visualization results were acquired in the flow field near the tip of a rotor blade operating in hover. Using three-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), the measurements documented the trailing vortex formation, the initial core structure, and the viscous evolution of the vortex properties. The test conditions covered a range of wake-ages from as young as one-degree, up to about one rotor revolution. For each wake age, vortex core properties were estimated from the velocity field measurements. The high spatial resolution obtained with LDV has shown that the tip vortex core radius can be less than 3% chord at early wake-ages, but grows asymptotically as it ages. A significant axial velocity deficit (on the order of the peak swirl velocity) existed in the vortex core at early wake-ages, but the deficit rapidly diminished as the vortex aged. Using a Richardson parameter combined with flow visualization, the results suggest that the inner core of the vortex is mostly laminar at the vortex Reynolds numbers tested in this experiment. It was found that bands of turbulent eddies, originating from an adjacent vortex sheet, underwent a re-laminarization process as they were entrained into the vortex core. The evidence suggests that the entire tip vortex structure is neither fully laminar nor fully turbulent, but is instead in a continuous state of dynamic evolution with a region of relatively slow laminar diffusion and a region of accelerated turbulent diffusion. It is suggested that the variation of peak swirl velocity is the result of the competing influences of an inviscid roll-up process, relaminarization inside the vortex core, and viscous diffusion around the core boundary. C1 Univ Maryland, Glenn L Martin Inst Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Martin, PB (reprint author), USA, Aerodynam Directorate, AMCOM, NASA,Ames Res Ctr, M-S 215-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 63 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 39 EP 52 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 637KD UT WOS:000180509500005 ER PT J AU Nixon, MW Langston, CW Singleton, JD Piatak, DJ Kvaternik, RG Corso, LM Brown, R AF Nixon, MW Langston, CW Singleton, JD Piatak, DJ Kvaternik, RG Corso, LM Brown, R TI Technical note - Hover test of a soft-inplane gimballed tiltrotor model SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB A preliminary study of a soft-inplane gimballed tiltrotor model subject to ground resonance conditions in hover has been completed. Parametric variations of the rotor collective pitch and blade root damping, and their associated effects on the aeromechanical stability of both the isolated rotor system and the coupled wing/pylon/rotor system were examined. Results showed aeromechanical behavior which is significantly different from that associated with classical soft-inplane helicopter rotor systems. The unstable mode of the coupled aeromechanical system was a fixed system wing mode while in classical ground resonance the rotor lag mode becomes unstable. Damping of the isolated rotor lag mode was determined to be extremely sensitive to the collective pitch setting, as was damping and the associated stability of the critical wing mode for the coupled aeromechanical system. C1 USA, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroelast Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Bell Helicopter Textron Inc, Rotor Dynam, Ft Worth, TX USA. Bell Helicopter Textron Inc, Res Projects, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Nixon, MW (reprint author), USA, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 48 IS 1 BP 63 EP 66 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 637KD UT WOS:000180509500007 ER PT J AU Atlas, D Williams, CR AF Atlas, D Williams, CR TI The anatomy of a continental tropical convective storm SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAINDROP SPECTRA; POLARIMETRIC RADAR; PRECIPITATION; EVOLUTION; REFLECTIVITY; EVAPORATION; STRATIFORM; VELOCITY; DOPPLER; STEADY AB This study provides a very clear picture of the microphysics and flow field in a convective storm in the Rondonia region of Brazil through a synthesis of observations from two unique radars, measurements of the surface drop size distribution (DSD), and particle types and sizes from an aircraft penetration. The primary findings are 1) the growth of rain by the collision-coalescence-breakup (CCB) process to equilibrium drop size distributions entirely below the 0degreesC level; 2) the subsequent growth of larger ice particles (graupel and hail) at subfreezing temperatures; 3) the paucity of lightning activity during the former process, and the increased lightning frequency during the latter; 4) the occurrence of strong downdrafts and a downburst during the latter phase of the storm resulting from cooling by melting and evaporation; 5) the occurrence of turbulence along the main streamlines of the storm; and 6) the confirmation of the large drops reached during the CCB growth by polarimetric radar observations. These interpretations have been made possible by estimating the updraft magnitude using the "lower bound'' of the Doppler spectrum at vertical incidence, and identifying the "balance level'' at which particles are supported for growth. The combination of these methods shows where raindrops are supported for extended periods to allow their growth to equilibrium drop size distributions, while smaller drops ascend and large ones descend. A hypothesis worthy of pursuit is the control of the storm motion by the winds at the balance level, which is the effective precipitation generating level. Above the 0degreesC level the balance level separates the small ascending ice crystals from the large descending graupel and hail. Collisions between the two cause electrical charging, while gravity and the updrafts separate the charges to cause lightning. Below the 0degreesC level, large downward velocities (caused by the above-mentioned cooling) in excess of the terminal fall speeds of raindrops represent the downbursts, which are manifested in the surface winds. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Atlas, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015 OI Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850 NR 43 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 1 BP 3 EP 15 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0003:TAOACT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 627CW UT WOS:000179913600001 ER PT J AU Anderson, TL Charlson, RJ Winker, DM Ogren, JA Holmen, K AF Anderson, TL Charlson, RJ Winker, DM Ogren, JA Holmen, K TI Mesoscale variations of tropospheric aerosols SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TO-BACKSCATTER RATIO; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONTINENTAL SITE; RESIDENCE TIME; VARIABILITY; EXTINCTION; DISTRIBUTIONS; SCATTERING; COMPONENTS; SULFATE AB Tropospheric aerosols are calculated to cause global-scale changes in the earth's heat balance, but these forcings are space/time integrals over highly variable quantities. Accurate quantification of these forcings will require an unprecedented synergy among satellite, airborne, and surface-based observations, as well as models. This study considers one aspect of achieving this synergy-the need to treat aerosol variability in a consistent and realistic way. This need creates a requirement to rationalize the differences in spatiotemporal resolution and coverage among the various observational and modeling approaches. It is shown, based on aerosol optical data from diverse regions, that mesoscale variability (specifically, for horizontal scales of 40-400 km and temporal scales of 2-48 h) is a common and perhaps universal feature of lower-tropospheric aerosol light extinction. Such variation is below the traditional synoptic or "airmass'' scale (where the aerosol is often assumed to be essentially homogeneous except for plumes from point sources) and below the scales that are readily resolved by chemical transport models. The present study focuses on documenting this variability. Possible physical causes and practical implications for coordinated observational strategies are also discussed. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Stockholm Univ, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Anderson, TL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 48 TC 154 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 1 BP 119 EP 136 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0119:MVOTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 627CW UT WOS:000179913600007 ER PT J AU Kato, S AF Kato, S TI Computation of domain averaged shortwave irradiance by a one-dimensional algorithm incorporating correlations between optical thickness and direct incident radiation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD OVERLAP STATISTICS; SOLAR FLUXES; INHOMOGENEOUS CLOUDS; HEATING RATES; ECMWF MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; ATMOSPHERES; ABSORPTION; RADAR AB A one-dimensional radiative transfer algorithm that accounts for correlations between the optical thickness and the incident direct solar radiation is developed to compute the domain-averaged shortwave irradiance profile. It divides the direct irradiance into four components and treats the direct irradiance in two separate, clear and cloudy columns to account for the fact that clouds attenuate the direct irradiance more than clear sky. The horizontal inhomogeneity of clouds in the cloudy column is treated by the gamma-weighted two-stream approximation, which assumes that the optical thickness of clouds follows a gamma distribution. The algorithm inputs the cloud fraction, cumulative cloud fraction as a function of height, and a parameter expressing the shape of the probability density function of the cloud optical thickness distribution in addition to inputs required for a two-stream radiative transfer model. These cloud property inputs can be obtained using ground- and satellite-based instruments. Therefore, the algorithm can treat realistic cloud overlap features and horizontal inhomogeneity of clouds in a framework of one-dimensional radiative transfer. Heating rates computed by the algorithm using cloud fields generated by cloud resolving models agree with those computed with a Monte Carlo model. C1 Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Kato, S (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 1 BP 182 EP 193 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0182:CODASI>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 627CW UT WOS:000179913600012 ER PT J AU Boehm, MT Lee, S AF Boehm, MT Lee, S TI The implications of tropical Rossby waves for tropical tropopause cirrus formation and for the equatorial upwelling of the Brewer-Dobson circulation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; WATER-VAPOR; RESIDUAL CIRCULATION; MARSHALL ISLANDS; DOWNWARD CONTROL; CLOUDS; TRANSPORT; DEHYDRATION; ATMOSPHERE AB This study puts forward a mechanism for the observed upwelling in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. In this hypothesis, the tropical upwelling is driven by momentum transport by Rossby waves that are generated by tropical convection. To test this hypothesis, model runs are conducted using an axisymmetric, global, primitive equation model. In these runs, the effect of Rossby waves is included by driving the model with observed fields of large-scale eddy momentum flux convergence. The resulting overturning circulation includes both meridional flow from the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to the equator and rising motion in the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL). This circulation therefore helps to explain the transport of moisture from the lower portion of the TTL in the ITCZ to the equatorial cold-point tropopause, where tropopause cirrus layers frequently occur. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Boehm, MT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 80 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2 BP 247 EP 261 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0247:TIOTRW>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 634NV UT WOS:000180347800002 ER PT J AU Duffy, DG AF Duffy, DG TI Hydrostatic adjustment in nonisothermal atmospheres SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID THERMAL COMPRESSION WAVES; TOTAL-ENERGY; PROPAGATION AB The author examines hydrostatic adjustment due to heating in two nonisothermal atmospheres. In the first case both the temperature and lapse rate decrease with height; in the second case the atmosphere consists of a troposphere with constant lapse rate and a colder, isothermal, semi-infinitely deep stratosphere. In both cases hydrostatic adjustment, to a good approximation, follows the pattern found in the Lamb problem: initially the Eulerian available potential energy remains essentially constant so that an increase (a decrease) in the kinetic energy occurs with a corresponding decrease (increase) of Eulerian available elastic energy. After this initial period the acoustic-gravity waves disperse and all three forms of energy-Eulerian kinetic, Eulerian available potential, and available elastic-interact with each other. Relaxation to hydrostatic balance occurs rapidly, within the first acoustic cutoff period 4 piH (S)/c, where c is the speed of sound and H-S is the scale height. In the Lagrangian description, the available potential energy remains constant with time. The kinetic energy is coupled to the Lagrangian available elastic energy so that an increase (a decrease) in the kinetic energy always occurs with a corresponding decrease (increase) of Lagrangian available elastic energy. The primary effect of a positive lapse rate is a decrease in the percentage of the total perturbation energy available for wave motions. In the two-layer atmosphere, the discontinuity in the static stability at the tropopause results in imperfect ducting of the acoustic-gravity waves within the troposphere. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Duffy, DG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI CHEN, Jiangang/A-1549-2011 NR 28 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 2 BP 339 EP 353 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0339:HAINA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 634NV UT WOS:000180347800008 ER PT J AU Ogbuji, LUJT AF Ogbuji, LUJT TI Pest-resistance in SiC/BN/SiC composites SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Congress Materials Week 2001 CY OCT 01-04, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY DE BN interphase; composites; oxidation; pest; SiC/SiC ID CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; STRESS RUPTURE; BORON-NITRIDE; OXIDATION; CARBON; EMBRITTLEMENT; NICALON; AIR AB State-of-the-art non-oxide ceramic-matrix composites (consisting of SiC fibers, cvi-BN interphase coating, and mi-SiC matrix) exhibit excellent mechanical properties at room temperature, as well as above similar to1000 degreesC (where oxidation easily seals flaws with silica); but they are prone to pest degradation at intermediate temperatures in an oxidizing environment, and especially so in the fast, moist flame of a jet engine. Two modes of pest may be distinguished in these composites. The more severe type of pest is promoted by extraneous factors, like a layer of elemental carbon underlying the BN interphase and undermining its intrinsic oxidation resistance. It is shown that, when care is taken to exclude such a carbon layer, SiC/BN/SiC composite can easily survive a 100-h exposure in a burner rig without noticeable loss of strength or strain to fracture. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 QSS Inc, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ogbuji, LUJT (reprint author), QSS Inc, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 613 EP 617 AR PII S0955-2219(02)00268-6 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00268-6 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 637AW UT WOS:000180490300006 ER PT J AU Vera, AH AF Vera, AH TI Plan's and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication. SO JOURNAL OF THE LEARNING SCIENCES LA English DT Book Review C1 NASA, AIMS, Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Vera, AH (reprint author), Mailstop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8406 J9 J LEARN SCI JI J. Learn. Sci. PY 2003 VL 12 IS 2 BP 279 EP 284 DI 10.1207/S15327809JLS1202_8 PG 6 WC Education & Educational Research; Psychology, Educational SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology GA 670YZ UT WOS:000182438800008 ER PT J AU Ilchenko, VS Savchenkov, AA Matsko, AB Maleki, L AF Ilchenko, VS Savchenkov, AA Matsko, AB Maleki, L TI Dispersion compensation in whispering-gallery modes SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID MORPHOLOGY-DEPENDENT RESONANCES; FUSED-SILICA MICROSPHERES; LASER-EMISSION; RESONATORS; SCATTERING; SPECTROSCOPY; MICROCAVITY; CAVITY AB We show that manipulation by a spatial profile of the refractive index of a circularly symmetric dielectric cavity results in a novel way of fine tuning frequency separations as well as spatial localizations of high-Q whispering-gallery modes excited in the cavity. The method permits dispersion compensation in the modes (spectrum equalization), diminishes the quality-factor limitation by surface roughness and contamination, and allows critical coupling to ultra-high-Q modes without maintaining an air gap with evanescent couplers. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ilchenko, VS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Matsko, Andrey/A-1272-2007 NR 32 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 12 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3232 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 20 IS 1 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.20.000157 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 629YF UT WOS:000180079600019 PM 12542329 ER PT J AU Daryabeigi, K AF Daryabeigi, K TI Heat transfer in high-temperature fibrous insulation SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME 8th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference CY JUN 24-27, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MISSOURI SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME ID CONDUCTION; RADIATION AB The combined radiation/conduction heat transfer in high-porosity, high-temperature fibrous insulations was investigated experimentally and numerically. The effective thermal conductivity of fibrous insulation samples with densities of 24-72 kg/m(3) and thicknesses of 13.3-39.9 mm was measured over the temperature range of 3001300 K and environmental pressure range of 1.33 x 10(-5)-101.32 kPa. It was experimentally determined that for the fibrous insulation densities and thicknesses investigated no heat transfer takes place through natural convection. A finite volume numerical model was developed to solve the governing combined radiation and conduction heat-transfer equations. The radiation heat transfer was modeled using the modified two-flux approximation assuming anisotropic scattering and gray medium. A genetic-algorithm-based parameter estimation technique was used in conjunction with a subset of steady-state effective thermal conductivity measurements to determine the relevant conductive and radiative properties of the fibrous insulation. The numerical model was verified by comparison with steady-state effective thermal conductivity measurements and a transient thermal test simulating reentry aerodynamic heating conditions. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Metals & Thermal Struct Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Daryabeigi, K (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Metals & Thermal Struct Branch, Mail Stop 396, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 31 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2003 VL 17 IS 1 BP 10 EP 20 DI 10.2514/2.6746 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 638WH UT WOS:000180594900001 ER PT J AU Jensen, KL Marrese-Reading, CM AF Jensen, KL Marrese-Reading, CM TI Emission statistics and the characterization of array current SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference (IVMC-2001) CY AUG 12-16, 2001 CL UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS, DAVIS, CALIFORNIA HO UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS ID FIELD EMITTER ARRAYS; VACUUM MICROELECTRONICS; RECENT PROGRESS; PERFORMANCE; CATHODES AB The current from an array of field emitters is often dominated by a subset of tips. The impact of processes such as, sputtering damage on the evolution of array current can be estimated based on a hyperbolic tip model if the distribution of the emitters in both work function and apex radius can be approximated. In this work, we describe the characterization of emission under the assumptions that (i) the emission site radii are log-normal distributed and (ii) that the degree to which work-function-increasing adsorbates are present is related. to background pressure. These,assumptions generate statistical factors that may be used to generalize a single tip theory to array current estimates via the statistical hyperbolic model. A derivation of the statistical factors are given and the methodology of the hyperbolic model's application explained. The methodology is then applied to analyze experimental data for molybdenum field emitters coated, with ZrC under development for spacecraft electric propulsion and electrodynamics tethers devices. C1 USN, Res Lab, ESTD, Washington, DC 20375 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jensen, KL (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, ESTD, Code 6841, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI Jensen, Kevin/I-1269-2015 OI Jensen, Kevin/0000-0001-8644-1680 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 21 IS 1 BP 412 EP 417 DI 10.1116/1.1524142 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 673WU UT WOS:000182603900075 ER PT J AU Tumer, IY Huff, EM AF Tumer, IY Huff, EM TI Analysis of triaxial vibration data for health monitoring of helicopter gearboxes SO JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND ACOUSTICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTICS AB Research on the nature of the vibration data collected from helicopter transmissions during flight experiments has led to several crucial observations believed to be responsible for the high rates of false alarms and missed detections in aircraft vibration monitoring systems. This work focuses on one such finding, namely, the need to consider additional sources of information about system vibrations. In this light, helicopter transmission vibration data, collected using triaxial accelerometers, are explored in three different directions, analyzed for content, and then combined using principal Components Analysis (PCA) to analyze changes in directionality. The frequency content of the three different directions is compared and analyzed using averaged vibration data. To provide a method for analysis and monitoring purposes, the triaxial data are decorrelated using a mathematical transformation, and compared to the original axes to determine their differences. The benefits of using triaxial data for vibration monitoring and diagnostics are explored by analyzing the changes in the direction of the principal axis of vibration formed using all three axes of vibration. The statistical variation introduced due to the experimental variables is further analyzed using an Analysis of Variance approach to determine the effect of each variable on the overall signature. The results indicate that triaxial accelerometers can provide additional information about the frequency content of helicopter gearbox vibrations, and provide and industry with a novel method of capturing and monitoring triaxial changes in the baseline vibration signatures. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tumer, IY (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1048-9002 J9 J VIB ACOUST JI J. Vib. Acoust.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2003 VL 125 IS 1 BP 120 EP 128 DI 10.1115/1.1526130 PG 9 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 637YL UT WOS:000180541300018 ER PT J AU Stone, LS Miles, FA Banks, MS AF Stone, LS Miles, FA Banks, MS TI Linking eye movements and perception SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Editorial Material ID VISUAL-MOTION; SEARCH; SPEED C1 NASA, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Vis Sci Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Psychol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Stone, LS (reprint author), NASA, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2003 VL 3 IS 11 BP I EP V PG 5 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 843LF UT WOS:000223082300001 ER PT J AU Maloney, LT Yang, JN AF Maloney, LT Yang, JN TI Maximum likelihood difference scaling SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE sensory magnitude; proximity; similarity; difference scaling; salience ID UNKNOWN DISTANCE FUNCTION; PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION; INTERVALS; PROXIMITIES AB We present a stochastic model of suprathreshold perceptual differences based on difference measurement. We develop a maximum likelihood difference scaling (MLDS) method for estimating its parameters and evaluate the reliability and distributional robustness of the fitting method. We also describe a method for testing whether the difference measurement model is appropriate as a description of human judgment of perceptual differences in any specific experimental context. C1 NYU, Dept Psychol, New York, NY 10003 USA. NYU, Ctr Neural Sci, New York, NY 10003 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maloney, LT (reprint author), NYU, Dept Psychol, 6 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY08266] NR 33 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2003 VL 3 IS 8 BP 573 EP 585 DI 10.1167/3.8.5 PG 13 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 843LD UT WOS:000223081900005 PM 14632609 ER PT J AU Stone, LS Krauzlis, RJ AF Stone, LS Krauzlis, RJ TI Shared motion signals for human perceptual decisions and oculomotor actions SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE area MT; area MST; oculometrics; dorsal stream; extrastriate; efference copy; tracking; choice probability ID PURSUIT EYE-MOVEMENTS; TEMPORAL VISUAL AREA; SMOOTH-PURSUIT; DIRECTION DISCRIMINATION; PERCEIVED MOTION; MACAQUE MONKEY; BINOCULAR DISPARITY; DEPTH-PERCEPTION; MT; LESIONS AB A fundamental question in primate neurobiology is to understand to what extent motor behaviors are driven by shared neural signals that also support conscious perception or by independent subconscious neural signals dedicated to motor control. Although it has clearly been established that cortical areas involved in processing visual motion support both perception and smooth pursuit eye movements, it remains unknown whether the same or different sets of neurons within these structures perform these two functions. Examination of the trial-by-trial variation in human perceptual and pursuit responses during a simultaneous psychophysical and oculomotor task reveals that the direction signals for pursuit and perception are not only similar on average but also co-vary on a trial-by-trial basis, even when performance is at or near chance and the decisions are determined largely by neural noise. We conclude that the neural signal encoding the direction of target motion that drives steady-state pursuit and supports concurrent perceptual judgments emanates from a shared ensemble of cortical neurons. C1 NASA, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Stone, LS (reprint author), NASA, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 56 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2003 VL 3 IS 11 BP 725 EP 736 DI 10.1167/3.11.7 PG 12 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 843LF UT WOS:000223082300008 PM 14765956 ER PT J AU Krukowski, AE Pirog, KA Beutter, BR Brooks, KR Stone, LS AF Krukowski, AE Pirog, KA Beutter, BR Brooks, KR Stone, LS TI Human discrimination of visual direction of motion with and without smooth pursuit eye movements SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE active vision; motion perception; sensorimotor ID CORTICAL AREAS MT; MACAQUE MONKEY; PERCEPTION; LESIONS; DEFICITS; MST; ANISOTROPIES; ORIENTATION; VELOCITY; ACUITY AB It has long been known that ocular pursuit of a moving target has a major influence on its perceived speed (Aubert, 1886; Fleischl, 1882). However, little is known about the effect of smooth pursuit on the perception of target direction. Here we compare the precision of human visual-direction judgments under two oculomotor conditions (pursuit vs. fixation). We also examine the impact of stimulus duration (200 ms vs. similar to800 ms) and absolute direction (cardinal vs. oblique). Our main finding is that direction discrimination thresholds in the fixation and pursuit conditions are indistinguishable. Furthermore, the two oculomotor conditions showed oblique effects of similar magnitudes. These data suggest that the neural direction signals supporting perception are the same with or without pursuit, despite remarkably different retinal stimulation. During fixation, the stimulus information is restricted to large, purely peripheral retinal motion, while during steady-state pursuit, the stimulus information consists of small, unreliable foveal retinal motion and a large efference-copy signal. A parsimonious explanation of our findings is that the signal limiting the precision of direction judgments is a neural estimate of target motion in head-centered (or world-centered) coordinates (i.e., a combined retinal and eye motion signal) as found in the medial superior temporal area (MST), and not simply an estimate of retinal motion as found in the middle temporal area (MT). C1 NASA, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Krukowski, AE (reprint author), NASA, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. OI Brooks, Kevin/0000-0003-1424-4092 NR 34 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2003 VL 3 IS 11 BP 831 EP 840 DI 10.1167/3.11.16 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 843LF UT WOS:000223082300017 PM 14765965 ER PT S AU Rakoczy, J Hall, D Ly, W Howard, R Montgomery, E AF Rakoczy, J Hall, D Ly, W Howard, R Montgomery, E BE Oschmann, JM Stepp, LM TI Global radius-of-curvature estimation and control for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope SO LARGE GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Large Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 22-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE segmented mirror; radius-of-curvature; edge sensors; active optics AB A system which estimates the global radius of curvature (GRoC) and corrects for changes in GRoC on a segmented primary mirror has been developed for and verified on McDonald Observatory's Hobby Eberly Telescope (HET). The GRoC estimation and control system utilizes HET's primary mirror control (PMC) system and the Segment Alignment Maintenance System (SAMS), an inductive edge sensor system. A special set of boundary conditions is applied to the derivation of the optimal edge-match control. The special boundary conditions allow the further derivation of an observer, which enables estimation and control of the GRoC mode to within HET's specification. The magnitude of the GRoC mode can then be controlled despite the inability of the SAMS edge sensor system, by itself, to observe or control the GRoC mode. The observer can be extended to any segmented mirror telescope. It will be shown that the observer improves with accuracy as the number of segments increases. This paper presents the mathematical theory of the observer. Performance verification data from the HET will be presented. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Rakoczy, J (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4616-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4837 BP 681 EP 692 DI 10.1117/12.456650 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW43T UT WOS:000181980100068 ER PT S AU Rakoczy, J Hall, D Howard, R Ly, W Weir, J Montgomery, E Adams, M Booth, J Fowler, J Ames, G AF Rakoczy, J Hall, D Howard, R Ly, W Weir, J Montgomery, E Adams, M Booth, J Fowler, J Ames, G BE Oschmann, JM Stepp, LM TI Primary mirror figure maintenance of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope using the segment alignment maintenance system SO LARGE GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Large Ground-based Telescopes CY AUG 22-26, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE segmented mirror; edge sensors; control system; Hobby-Eberly Telescope AB The Segment Alignment Maintenance System (SAMS) was installed on McDonald Observatory's Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) in August 2001. The SAMS became fully operational in October 2001. The SAMS uses a system of 480 inductive edge sensors to correct misalignments of the HET's 91 primary mirror segments when the segments are perturbed from their aligned reference positions. A special observer estimates and corrects for the global radius of curvature (GRoC) mode, a mode unobservable by the edge sensors. The SAMS edge sensor system and GRoC estimator are able to maintain HET's primary figure for longer durations than previously had been observed. This paper gives a functional description of the SAMS control system and presents performance verification data. C1 NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Rakoczy, J (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4616-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4837 BP 702 EP 713 DI 10.1117/12.456734 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW43T UT WOS:000181980100070 ER PT S AU Tanenbaum, PJ de la Mora, C Wojciechowski, P Kosheleva, O Kreinovich, V Starks, SA Kuzminykh, AV AF Tanenbaum, PJ de la Mora, C Wojciechowski, P Kosheleva, O Kreinovich, V Starks, SA Kuzminykh, AV BE Lirkov, I Margenov, S Wasniewski, J Yalamov, P TI Robust methodology for characterizing system response to damage: Approach based on partial order SO LARGE-SALE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Large-Sale Scientific Computing (LSSC 2003) CY JUN 04-08, 2003 CL Sozopol, BULGARIA SP Bulgarian Acad Sci, Cent Lab Paralle Processing, European Commiss, SIAM, European Commiss, GAMM AB To describe the response of engineering complex systems to various damage mechanics, engineers have traditionally use number-valued utilities to describe the results of different possible outcomes, and (number-valued) probabilities (often, subjective probabilities) to describe the relative frequency of different outcomes. This description is based on the assumption that experts can always make a definite preference between two possible outcomes, i.e., that the set of all outcomes is linearly (totally) ordered. In practice, experts often cannot make a choice, their preference is only a partial order. In this paper, we describe a new approach based on partial order. C1 USA, Res Lab, Attn AMSRL SL BE, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Univ Texas, NASA, PACES, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Math, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Tanenbaum, PJ (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Attn AMSRL SL BE, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. EM pjt@ar1.army.mil; vladik@cs.utep.edu; akuzmin@math.purdue.edu NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-21090-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2907 BP 276 EP 283 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY71W UT WOS:000189446500031 ER PT S AU Alexandrov, NM Lewis, RM AF Alexandrov, NM Lewis, RM BE Biegler, LT Ghattas, O Heinkenschloss, M Waanders, BV TI First-order approximation and model management in optimization SO LARGE-SCALE PDE-CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Sandia Workshop on Large-Scale PDE-Constrained Optimization CY APR 04-06, 2001 CL Santa Fe, NM ID ALGORITHM AB We discuss first-order approximation and model management optimization, an approach to the optimization of systems governed by differential equations. Our approach tries to alleviate the expense of relying exclusively on high-fidelity simulations, e.g., the solution of the governing differential equations on very fine meshes or the use of very detailed physics, while still guaranteeing global convergence of the overall optimization process to a solution of the high-fidelity problem. We focus here on several model management methods and experience with their performance. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Alexandrov, NM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-05045-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2003 VL 30 BP 63 EP 79 PG 17 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BY81X UT WOS:000189470600004 ER PT J AU Ansari, RR Gonchukov, SA Lademann, J AF Ansari, RR Gonchukov, SA Lademann, J TI Laser methods in medicine and biology SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. Moscow State Med Stomatol univ, Moscow Phys Engn Inst, Moscow, Russia. Moscow State Med Stomatol univ, Ctr Med Phys, Moscow, Russia. Moscow State Med Stomatol univ, Laser Med Lab, Moscow, Russia. Humboldt Univ, Charite, Dept Expt & Appl Skin Physiol, Berlin, Germany. RP Ansari, RR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 13 IS 1 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 641FW UT WOS:000180735300001 ER PT S AU Atlas, R Emmitt, GD Terry, J Brin, E Ardizzone, J Jusem, JC Bungato, D AF Atlas, R Emmitt, GD Terry, J Brin, E Ardizzone, J Jusem, JC Bungato, D BE Kamerman, GW TI OSSEs to determine the requirements for space-based lidar winds for weather prediction SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications VIII CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE lidar; applications; OSSE's ID SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS; OBSERVING-SYSTEMS; DATA ASSIMILATION; SATELLITE; GARP; IMPACT AB Observing system simulation experiments (OSSE's) provide an effective means to evaluate the potential impact of a proposed observing system, as well as to determine tradeoffs in their design, and to evaluate data assimilation methodology. Great care must be taken to ensure realism of the OSSE's, and in the interpretation of OSSE results. All of the OSSE's that have been conducted to date have demonstrated tremendous potential for space-based wind profile data to improve atmospheric analyses, forecasts, and research. This has been true for differing data assimilation systems, analysis methodology, and model resolutions. OSSE's clearly show much greater potential for observations of the complete wind profile than for single-level wind data or observations of the boundary layer alone. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4945-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5086 BP 184 EP 188 DI 10.1117/12.487075 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX54N UT WOS:000185646000019 ER PT S AU Lamoreux, J Pearson, D Kamerman, G Carter, N Freedman, P Ramrath, T AF Lamoreux, J Pearson, D Kamerman, G Carter, N Freedman, P Ramrath, T BE Kamerman, GW TI Relative navigation sensor for autonomous rendezvous and docking SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications VIII CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE 3-D; imaging; laser; ladar; lidar; laser radar; sensor; navigation; rendezvous; docking AB The Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle astronauts have accomplished rendezvous and docking using navigation sensor technologies that were state-of-the-art in their days. However, new applications require more advanced technologies and a more capable, autonomous relative navigation sensor will be important for future space operations. Potential benefits include reduced crew training, reduced reliance on ground systems, and more operational flexibility. Additionally, new sensor technologies enable uncrewed automated operations in low earth orbit and beyond. New sensors can reduce or eliminate the need to augment target spacecraft with cooperative devices and thus provide for greater flexibility and enhanced mission success. This paper identifies a set of specific sensor capabilities for future space operations and describes a 3-D imaging ladar sensor conceptual design to provide those capabilities. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Lamoreux, J (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4945-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5086 BP 317 EP 328 DI 10.1117/12.503202 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX54N UT WOS:000185646000035 ER PT S AU Matsko, AB Ilchenko, VS Le Targat, R Savchenkov, AA Maleki, L AF Matsko, AB Ilchenko, VS Le Targat, R Savchenkov, AA Maleki, L BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH TI Parametric optics with whispering-gallery modes SO LASER RESONATORS AND BEAM CONTROL VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control VI CY JAN 28-30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE whispering gallery modes; parametric frequency conversion; electro-optical modulation; periodically poled lithium niobate ID PERIODICALLY POLED LINBO3; CHROMATIC DISPERSION; MICROWAVE RECEIVER; FREQUENCY SHIFTER; MODULATOR; TRANSMISSION; RESONATORS; SYSTEMS AB We propose to fabricate a dielectric cavity sustaining high-Q whispering gallery modes from a periodically poled material possessing-a quadratic nonlinearity to achieve an efficient interaction among the modes. We show that the periodical poling allows for compensation of both the material and the cavity dispersions that prohibits the nonlinear interaction otherwise. Such a cavity might be a basic element of a family of efficient nonlinear devices operating at a broad range of optical wavelengths. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4769-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4969 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1117/12.483650 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BX08N UT WOS:000184238900020 ER PT S AU Ilchenko, VS Savchenkov, AA Matsko, AB Maleki, L AF Ilchenko, VS Savchenkov, AA Matsko, AB Maleki, L BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH TI Tunability and synthetic lineshapes in high-Q optical whispering gallery modes SO LASER RESONATORS AND BEAM CONTROL VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control VI CY JAN 28-30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE whispering gallery modes; optical filters; multiplexing equipment; optical communications; optical fiber networks ID DENSE WDM NETWORKS; MICROSPHERE RESONATORS; FIBER TAPER; STRAIN; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; MODULATORS; FILTERS; CAVITY AB We demonstrate novel techniques to manipulate spectral properties of high quality factor (Q > 10(7)) whispering-gallery modes (WGM) in optical dielectric microresonators. These include permanent frequency trimming of WGM frequencies by means of UV photosensitivity of germanium doped silica resonators; electro-optical tuning of WGM in lithium niobate resonators, and cascading of microresonators for obtaining second-order filtering function. We present theoretical interpretation of-experimental results, and examples of applications of these techniques for photonic microwave filtering. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ilchenko, VS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4769-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4969 BP 195 EP 206 DI 10.1117/12.483649 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BX08N UT WOS:000184238900022 ER PT J AU Stadler, I Haerum, B Coleman, J Whelan, HT Lanzafame, RJ AF Stadler, I Haerum, B Coleman, J Whelan, HT Lanzafame, RJ TI Irradiation by NASA led device influences the rheological properties red blood cells SO LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 23rd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Laser-Medicine-and-Surgery CY APR 09-13, 2003 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP American Soc Laser Med Surg C1 Rochester Gen Hosp, Ctr Laser, Rochester, NY USA. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-8092 J9 LASER SURG MED JI Lasers Surg. Med. PY 2003 SU 15 MA 145 BP 41 EP 41 PG 1 WC Dermatology; Surgery SC Dermatology; Surgery GA 661FK UT WOS:000181880400140 ER PT J AU Lanzafame, RJ Stadler, I Haerum, B Coleman, J Rhodes, J Whelan, H AF Lanzafame, RJ Stadler, I Haerum, B Coleman, J Rhodes, J Whelan, H TI Preliminary report on efficiency of NASA led photo radiation of patient with diabetic venous stasis ulcers SO LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 23rd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Laser-Medicine-and-Surgery CY APR 09-13, 2003 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP American Soc Laser Med Surg C1 Univ Rochester, Ctr Laser, Rochester Gen Hosp, Div Vasc Surg, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Neurol, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-8092 J9 LASER SURG MED JI Lasers Surg. Med. PY 2003 SU 15 MA 153 BP 44 EP 44 PG 1 WC Dermatology; Surgery SC Dermatology; Surgery GA 661FK UT WOS:000181880400148 ER PT S AU Ferrare, R Browell, EV Ismail, S Kooi, S Brackett, VG Clayton, M Notari, A Butler, CF Barrick, J Diskin, G Lesht, B Schmidlin, FJ Turner, D Whiteman, D Miloshevich, L AF Ferrare, R Browell, EV Ismail, S Kooi, S Brackett, VG Clayton, M Notari, A Butler, CF Barrick, J Diskin, G Lesht, B Schmidlin, FJ Turner, D Whiteman, D Miloshevich, L BE Singh, UN TI Airborne DIAL and ground-based Raman lidar measurements of water vapor over the Southern Great Plains SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB Measurements of water vapor profiles over the Southern Great Plains acquired by two different lidars are presented. NASA's airborne DIAL Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) system measured water vapor, aerosol, and cloud profiles during the ARM/FIRE Water Vapor Experiment (AFWEX) in November-December 2000 and during the International H2O Project (IHOP) in May-June 2002. LASE measurements acquired during AFWEX are used to characterize upper troposphere water vapor measured by ground-based Raman lidars, radiosondes, and in situ aircraft sensors. LASE measurements acquired during IHOP are being used to better understand the influence water vapor variability on the initiation of deep convection and to improve the quantification and prediction of precipitation associated with these storms. The automated Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) Raman Lidar (CARL) has been routinely measuring profiles of water vapor mixing ratio, relative humidity, aerosol extinction, aerosol backscattering, and aerosol and cloud depolarization during both daytime and nighttime operations. Aerosol and water vapor profiles acquired since March 1998 are used to investigate the seasonal variability of the vertical distributions of water vapor and aerosols. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Ferrare, R (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5027-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5154 BP 52 EP 60 DI 10.1117/12.509615 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BY23K UT WOS:000188361500006 ER PT S AU Atlas, R Emmitt, GD Terry, J Brin, E Ardizzone, J Jusem, JC Bungato, D AF Atlas, R Emmitt, GD Terry, J Brin, E Ardizzone, J Jusem, JC Bungato, D BE Singh, UN TI Potential impact of space-based lidar wind profiles on weather prediction SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring IV CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE lidar; applications; OSSE's ID SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS; OBSERVING-SYSTEMS; DATA ASSIMILATION; DATA REQUIREMENTS; SATELLITE; GARP AB Observing system simulation experiments (OSSE's) provide an effective means to evaluate the potential impact of a proposed observing system, as well as to determine tradeoffs in their design, and to evaluate data assimilation methodology. Great care must be taken to ensure realism of the OSSE's, and in the interpretation of OSSE results. All of the OSSE's that have been conducted to date have demonstrated tremendous potential for space-based wind profile data to improve atmospheric analyses, forecasts, and research. This has been true for differing data assimilation systems, analysis methodology, and model resolutions. OSSE's clearly show much greater potential for observations of the complete wind profile than for single-level wind data or observations of the boundary layer alone. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5027-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5154 BP 74 EP 78 DI 10.1117/12.503859 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BY23K UT WOS:000188361500009 ER PT S AU Winker, DM Pelon, J McCormick, MP AF Winker, DM Pelon, J McCormick, MP BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI The CALIPSO mission: Spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE lidar; remote sensing; aerosols; clouds; climate ID CLIMATE; MODEL; ASSIMILATION; SATELLITE; PARTICLES; INDOEX AB Current uncertainties in the effects of aerosols and clouds on the Earth radiation budget limit our understanding of the climate system and the potential for global climate change. The CALIPSO satellite will use an active lidar together with passive instruments to provide vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds and their properties which will help address these uncertainties. CALIPSO will fly in formation with the EOS Aqua and CloudSat satellites and the other satellites of the Aqua constellation. The acquisition of simultaneous and coincident observations will allow numerous synergies to be realized by combining CALIPSO observations with complementary observations from other platforms. In particular, cloud observations from the CALIPSO lidar and the CloudSat radar will be complementary, together encompassing the variety of clouds found in the atmosphere, from thin cirrus to deep convective clouds. CALIPSO is being developed within the framework of a collaboration between NASA and CNES and is scheduled for launch in 2004. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Winker, DM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS-435, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 19 TC 328 Z9 335 U1 1 U2 30 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1117/12.466539 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300001 ER PT S AU McDermid, IS McGee, TJ AF McDermid, IS McGee, TJ BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI Lidar system for investigation of aerosols and cirrus clouds near the equator. SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE lidar; aerosols; cirrus clouds ID LOWER TROPICAL STRATOSPHERE; TROPOPAUSE; LITE AB The rationale and justification for aerosol and cirrus cloud observations in the equatorial region of the central Pacific are presented. The development of a small, fully automatic lidar system, powered by wind and solar energy, is discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mtn Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. RP McDermid, IS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mtn Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 159 EP 165 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300019 ER PT S AU Peri, F Heaps, WS Singh, US AF Peri, F Heaps, WS Singh, US BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI Laser risk reduction technology program for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE lasers; active remote sensing; risk reduction; Earth science; NASA; technology AB The findings of an independent panel commissioned by NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) to assess the current missions utilizing advanced solid-state lasers and the programmatic actions by the Enterprise to define how NASA Centers will cooperate on future lidar competitive opportunities together formulate a strategy for technology development of advanced solid-state laser systems. In this paper we will describe a program created to address risks in the development of laser transmitter technologies. This program grew out of concern that there are no lasers as active sources for space-based remote sensing that have been space qualified for long-term science measurements. Presently, the risks inherent in developing these technologies have been born by programs funded to produce scientific results. The intention of this program is to mitigate risks in certain technical areas so that other technology programs can further the maturation of the instruments prior to infusion into a science program. The program will invest in several critical areas: Advancing transmitter technologies to enable science measurements (tropospheric ozone, water vapor, winds, altimetry) Development and qualification of space-based laser diode arrays Advancing nonlinear wavelength conversion technology for space-based lidars. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Peri, F (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Technol Off, Code 407, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 166 EP 175 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300020 ER PT S AU Barnes, NP Walsh, BM AF Barnes, NP Walsh, BM BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI Tm : glass laser pumping a Ho : YAG laser SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE fiber lasers; 2.0 mu m lasers; Ho : YAG; Tm : silica; Tm : ZBLAN AB Lasers operating around 2.0 mum have several remote sensing applications :including wind velocity, water vapor and green house gasses. An attractive approach to 2.0 mum lasers has a Tm:glass fiber laser pumping a Ho:YAG laser, thereby avoiding problems that are associated with the Ho:Tm up conversion process. Toward this end, both Tm: silica and, Tm: ZBLAN fiber lasers area evaluated as well as a Tm laser pumped Ho:YAG. Performance of these devices is reported. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Barnes, NP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 176 EP 182 DI 10.1117/12.466515 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300021 ER PT S AU Yu, JR Barnes, NP Murray, KE Lee, HR Bai, YX AF Yu, JR Barnes, NP Murray, KE Lee, HR Bai, YX BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI Parametric generation of tunable infrared radiation for remote sensing applications SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE nonlinear optics; continuous-wave singly resonant OPO ID TM-YLF LASER; HO AB We are developing a high energy, narrow linewidth, and tunable mid-IR laser source that can be used to measure the green house gases and toxic gases with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy. This system consists of three major components; a high energy seeded 2.05-micron pump laser, a parametric oscillator and amplifier tunable between 3 to 9 microns and a continuous wave Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) seed source for parametric oscillator. A high-energy 2.05-micron pump laser with 600-mJ output has been demonstrated. This laser is comprised of one oscillator and two amplifiers. It is operated in a double pulse format to increase the system efficiency. The high beam quality combined with the narrow linewidth feature makes it a superior pump source for the parametric oscillator and amplifier. A seed source for the parametric oscillator can be implemented by using a PPLN continuous wave Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO). The efficiency of this PPLN OPO can be greatly increased because of the huge nonlinearly associated with the d(33) element of the nonlinear tensor of this material and the non-critical phase matching. Recent significant material growth improvement of ZnGeP2 makes it possible to produce the crystal with sufficient low absorption at the 2.05 pump wavelength (<0.1cm(-1)). This crystal also has the characteristics of wide transparency range and large second-order nonlinearities. Such a crystal is one of the most promising nonlinear optical materials for efficient frequency conversion into the mid-IR spectral region. In this paper, the design and preliminary results of this laser system will be presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Yu, JR (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.1117/12.466660 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300022 ER PT S AU Gentry, BM Chen, HL AF Gentry, BM Chen, HL BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI Performance validation and error analysis for a direct detection molecular Doppler lidar SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE Doppler lidar; tropospheric wind; double edge technique; Fabry-Perot etalon ID EDGE TECHNIQUE; WIND MEASUREMENTS AB In this paper we present a detailed analysis of the performance of the Goddard Lidar Observatory for Winds (GLOW) Doppler lidar. GLOW is a mobile direct detection Doppler lidar system which uses the double edge technique to measure the Doppler shift of the molecular backscattered laser signal at a wavelength of 355 nm. The lidar has been used in several recent field experiments to measure wind profiles from the surface into the lower stratosphere. Simulations of detected signal levels predicted using a realistic instrument model and representative atmospheric model will be presented and compared with range resolved signals detected with the photon counting data acquisition system. A detailed analysis of wind errors observed with the system will also be reported. The analysis begins by propagating ideal shot noise limited errors through the analysis algorithms used to calculate winds. The resulting shot noise limited errors are compared with statistical standard deviations obtained by averaging multiple independent wind profiles taken at various temporal and spatial sampling scales. An assessment of other instrumental and atmospheric effects contributing to the wind error will also be given. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gentry, BM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 287 EP 294 DI 10.1117/12.466526 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300034 ER PT S AU Chen, HL Gentry, B AF Chen, HL Gentry, B BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Liu, Z TI Preliminary results of wind measurements by glow system in field campaigns SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT MONITORING III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Chinese Soc Oceanog, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat, Environm Satellite Syst Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Appl, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol DE Doppler lidar; boundary layer wind; tropospheric wind; Fabry-Perot etalon ID DOPPLER LIDAR; EDGE TECHNIQUE AB The Goddard Lidar Observatory for Wind (GLOW) has participated three field campaigns since Sept. 2000. Near 300 hours of wind measurement under a wide variety of conditions including day and night operation, high and low altitude, line of sight and horizontal winds, have been obtained from the GroundWinds intercomparison, Harlie-GLOW intercomparison (HARGLO) and the International H2O Project (IHOP) field campaigns. The GLOW system has demonstrated the capability to atmospheric wind from ground up to 30 km with an accuracy of 0.4-6m/s. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chen, HL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4679-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4893 BP 295 EP 302 DI 10.1117/12.466524 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW57Q UT WOS:000182448300035 ER PT S AU Fischer, B Visser, E AF Fischer, B Visser, E BE Bruynooghe, M TI Adding concrete syntax to a prolog-based program synthesis system SO LOGIC BASED PROGRAM SYNTHESIS AND TRNSFORMATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Logic Based Program Synthesis and Transformation CY AUG 25-27, 2003 CL Uppsala, SWEDEN C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Utrecht, Inst Informat & Comp Sci, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Fischer, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM fisch@email.arc.nasa.gov; visser@acm.org NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-22174-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 3018 BP 56 EP 58 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAM49 UT WOS:000222825600005 ER PT S AU Bering, EA Benbrook, JR Byrne, GJ Holzworth, R Gupta, SP AF Bering, EA Benbrook, JR Byrne, GJ Holzworth, R Gupta, SP BE Chakrabarty, DK Chandra, H Jacobi, C TI Long term changes in the electrical conductivity of the stratosphere SO LONG-TERM TRENDS: THERMOSPHERE, MESOSPHERE, STRATOSPHERE, AND LOWER IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Non-Zonal Structure in the Middle Atmosphere and Lower Ionosphere CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP IUGG IAGA, SCOSTEP, URSI ID FIELD; THUNDERSTORM; ATMOSPHERE; MOBILITY; LATITUDE; ALTITUDE AB Stratospheric electrical conductivity measurements have been made from high altitude research balloons at various locations around the world for more than 30 years. In the stratosphere, conductivity is affected by a number of things, including changes in aerosol or water vapor content. In this paper, we compare data taken in the last five years at mid latitude locations with data taken in the previous three decades at both mid and high latitude from a total of more than 40 balloon flights. Existing models for the effects of geomagnetic latitude, temperature, and other factors have been used to normalize the conductivity data for comparison. Low noise background has permitted the observation of a solar cycle dependence in the equatorial data. Otherwise, this limited statistical sample. exhibits short term variations that completely obscure any long term climatic trends that may have occurred during the past three decades. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Phys Res Lab, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. RP Bering, EA (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Phys, 617 Sci & Res 1, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM eabering@uh.edu NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1725 EP 1735 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90469-8 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BY21R UT WOS:000188280600011 ER PT S AU Ahmad, SP Johnson, JE Jackman, CH AF Ahmad, SP Johnson, JE Jackman, CH BE Chakrabarty, DK Chandra, H Jacobi, C TI Atmospheric products from the upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS) (vol 31, pg 2105, 2003) SO LONG-TERM TRENDS: THERMOSPHERE, MESOSPHERE, STRATOSPHERE, AND LOWER IONOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Non-Zonal Structure in the Middle Atmosphere and Lower Ionosphere CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP IUGG IAGA, SCOSTEP, URSI AB The Editor-in-Chief regrets that when the above article was published, the contents of Table I were not printed. This was the fault of the Editor-in-Chief in the printing of the electronic version sent by the guest editor. Neither the guest editor nor the publisher is responsible for this oversight. The full correct article is printed on the following pages. The Editor-in-Chief apologizes to the authors for the inconvenience that this has caused. C1 NASA, Goddard EarthSci Data Act Arch Ctr, GES DAAC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ahmad, SP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard EarthSci Data Act Arch Ctr, GES DAAC, Code 902, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ahmad@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1805 EP + DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.10.028 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BY21R UT WOS:000188280600020 ER PT S AU Snell, EH Bellamy, HD Borgstahl, GEO AF Snell, EH Bellamy, HD Borgstahl, GEO BE Carter, CW Sweet, RM TI Macromolecular crystal quality SO MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PT C SE Methods in Enzymology LA English DT Review ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; BRAGG REFLECTION PROFILES; PROTEIN CRYSTALS; LYSOZYME CRYSTALS; RADIATION-DAMAGE; MICROGRAVITY; PERFECTION; RESOLUTION; TOPOGRAPHY; GROWTH C1 NASA, Struct Biol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Chem, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. RP Snell, EH (reprint author), NASA, Struct Biol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 BN 0-12-182271-0 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2003 VL 368 BP 268 EP 288 DI 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)68015-8 PG 21 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BY10E UT WOS:000187631200015 PM 14674279 ER PT S AU Vaisberg, OL Smimov, VN Avanov, LA Moore, TE AF Vaisberg, OL Smimov, VN Avanov, LA Moore, TE BE Buchner, J Pevtsov, AA TI Evidence for spiral magnetic structures at the magnetopause: A case for multiple reconnections SO MAGNETIC HELICITY AT THE SUN, IN SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETOSPHERES: VISTAS FROM X-RAY OBSERVATORIES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Magnetic Helicity at the Sun, in Solar Wind and Magnetospheres CY OCT 14-15, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOSPHERE; FIELD AB We analyze plasma structures within the low latitude boundary layer (LLBL) observed by Interball Tail spacecraft under southward interplanetary magnetic field. There is a variety of ion velocity distributions observed in the LLBL under this condition: (a) D-shaped distributions, (b) ion velocity distributions consisting of two counter-streaming magnetosheath-type, and (c) distributions with three components where one of them has nearly zero velocity parallel to magnetic field (V-parallel to), while the other two are counter-streaming components. D-shaped ion velocity distributions (a) correspond to magnetosheath plasma injections into, reconnected flux tube, which is consistent with a spacecraft location relative to the reconnection site. Simultaneous counter-streaming injections suggest multiple reconnections. Three-component ion velocity distributions and their evolution with decreasing number density in the LLBL indicate that the significant part of it is located on long spiral flux tube islands at the magnetopause, as has been proposed and found to occur in magnetopause simulations. We interpret these distributions as a natural consequence of the formation of spiral magnetic flux tubes consisting of a mixture. of alternating segments originating from the magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasmas. We suggest that multiple reconnections play an important role in the formation of the LLBL. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Moscow Space Res Inst, Moscow 117810, Russia. Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Vaisberg, OL (reprint author), Moscow Space Res Inst, 84-32 Profsoyuznaya, Moscow 117810, Russia. EM olegv@iki.rssi.ru RI Moore, Thomas/D-4675-2012 OI Moore, Thomas/0000-0002-3150-1137 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1989 EP 1999 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00777-4 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY21S UT WOS:000188280800022 ER PT S AU Weisskopf, MC AF Weisskopf, MC BE Buchner, J Pevtsov, AA TI The Chandra X-Ray Observatory: An overview SO MAGNETIC HELICITY AT THE SUN, IN SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETOSPHERES: VISTAS FROM X-RAY OBSERVATORIES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Magnetic Helicity at the Sun, in Solar Wind and Magnetospheres CY OCT 14-15, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID DISCOVERY; EMISSION AB The Chandra X-Ray Observatory, one of NASA's Great Observatories, was successfully launched on July 23, 1999 by the Space Shuttle Columbia. After release from Columbia, an Inertial Upper Stage was used to further boost the observatory. After five subsequent firings over 15 days of an internal propulsion system, the Observatory was placed in a highly elliptical orbit. The first x-rays focussed by the telescope were observed on August 12, 1999. Despite an initial surprise that the x-ray telescope was far more efficient for concentrating low-energy protons than had been anticipated, the observatory is performing well and is returning superb scientific data. Operating together with other space observatories, most notably the recently activated XMM-Newton, it is clear that with Chandra we are entering a new era of discovery in high-energy astrophysics. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Weisskopf, MC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, SD50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 4 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 10 BP 2005 EP 2011 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00913-X PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY21S UT WOS:000188280800023 ER PT S AU Mukai, K AF Mukai, K BE Buchner, J Pevtsov, AA TI X-ray spectroscopy of cataclysmic variables SO MAGNETIC HELICITY AT THE SUN, IN SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETOSPHERES: VISTAS FROM X-RAY OBSERVATORIES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Magnetic Helicity at the Sun, in Solar Wind and Magnetospheres CY OCT 14-15, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res ID WHITE-DWARF; ACCRETION DISKS; AM HERCULIS; EX HYDRAE; EMISSION; ASCA; RADIATION; SPECTRUM; SHOCK; NOVAE AB In cataclysmic variables (CVs), accretion onto white dwarfs produces high temperature, high density plasmas. They cool down from kTsimilar to10 keV via bremsstrahlung continuum and K and L shell line emissions. The small volume around white dwarfs means that the plasma densities are much higher than in, e.g., stellar coronae, probably beyond the range well-described by existing models. I will describe potential diagnostics of the temperatures, the densities, and the optical depths of X-ray emitting plasmas in CVs, and present the recent Chandra grating spectra of the magnetic CV V1223 Sgr as an example. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mukai, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 10 BP 2067 EP 2076 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00921-9 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BY21S UT WOS:000188280800030 ER PT B AU Myung, NV Park, DY Sumodjo, PTA AF Myung, NV Park, DY Sumodjo, PTA BE Krongelb, S Romankiw, LT Chang, JW Kitamoto, Y Judy, JW Bonhote, C Zangari, G Schwarzacher, W TI Development of electroplated magnetic materials for MEMS SO MAGNETIC MATERIALS, PROCESSES, AND DEVICES VII AND ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS, PROCEEDINGS SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Magnetic Materials, Processes and Devices/Electrodeposition of Alloy Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Electrochem Soc, Electrodeposit Div ID THIN-FILMS; MICROACTUATION; COERCIVITY; ANISOTROPY AB Soft ferromagnetic materials have thus far found the most utility in magnetic-MEMS because the technologies necessary for depositing and micromachining them have been well developed previously by the data storage industry. However, hard magnetic materials have unique advantages that are driving their integration with MEMS. These include enhanced magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, electrical resistivity, and reduced films stress for electrodeposited soft and hard magnetic materials. The primary issues associated with the integration of these magnetic materials in MEMS are discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MEMS Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Myung, NV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MEMS Technol Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Sumodjo, Paulo Teng An/F-2049-2014; Institute of Chemistry - USP, Dept. of Chemistry/B-8988-2012 NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-394-6 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2003 VL 2002 IS 27 BP 111 EP 124 PG 14 WC Electrochemistry; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Electrochemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BX71A UT WOS:000186183100007 ER PT J AU Kleiber, P Hinton, MG Uozumi, Y AF Kleiber, P Hinton, MG Uozumi, Y TI Stock assessment of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the Pacific using MULTIFAN-CL SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Billfish Symposium CY AUG 19-23, 2001 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA DE assessment model; fishery impact; growth; maximum sustainable yield; mortality; recruitment; stock status ID OCEAN AB In the Pacific, blue marlin are an incidental catch of longline fisheries and an important resource for big game recreational fishing. Over the past two decades, blue marlin assessments by different techniques have yielded results ranging from an indication of declining stock to a state of sustained yield at approximately the maximum average level. Longline fishing practices have changed over the years since the 1950s in response to changes in principal target species and to gear developments. Despite increasingly sophisticated attempts to standardize fishing effort with changing fishing practices, the stock assessments to date are likely confounded to a greater or lesser degree by changes in catchability for blue marlin. Yet, only data from commercial longline fisheries targeting tuna provide sufficient spatial and temporal coverage to allow assessment of this resource. To re-assess the blue marlin stocks in the Pacific and also to assess the efficacy of a habitat-based standardization of longline effort, a collaborative analysis was conducted involving scientists at the National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Shimizu, Japan, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California, and the NOAA Fisheries Honolulu Laboratory, Honolulu, Hawaii. Using MULTIFAN-CL as an assessment tool, there was considerable uncertainty in quantifying the fishing effort levels that would produce a maximum sustainable yield. However, it was found that, at worst, blue marlin in the Pacific are close to a fully exploited state, that is the population and the fishery are somewhere near the top of the yield curve. Furthermore, it was found that effort standardization using a habitat-based model allowed estimation of parameters within reasonable bounds and with reduced confidence intervals about those values. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Interamer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Natl Res Inst Far Seas Fisheries, Shizuoka 4248633, Japan. RP Kleiber, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 2003 VL 54 IS 4 BP 349 EP 360 DI 10.1071/MF01246 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 713ED UT WOS:000184843100008 ER PT J AU Dalzell, P Boggs, CH AF Dalzell, P Boggs, CH TI Pelagic fisheries catching blue and striped marlins in the US Western Pacific islands SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Billfish Symposium CY AUG 19-23, 2001 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA DE catch records; commercial; handline; longline; management; recreation; troll fishing AB Various pelagic fisheries in the US Western Pacific islands capture blue and striped marlins. Total catches by US vessels in the Western Pacific islands amount to about 2000 t for blue marlin and 600 t for striped marlin, or 9% and 5% of the nominal total Pacific-wide catch of these two species, respectively. Catch records for domestic Western Pacific fisheries typically extend over several decades, although in this short communication they are confined to blue and striped marlin catches in the 1990s. There are currently no specific management measures for marlins in the US Western Pacific islands, but other management measures for US pelagic fisheries in this region may have an influence on marlin catches. C1 W Pacific Reg Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Dalzell, P (reprint author), W Pacific Reg Fishery Management Council, 1164 Bishop St,Suite 1400, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 2003 VL 54 IS 4 BP 419 EP 424 DI 10.1071/MF01249 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 713ED UT WOS:000184843100015 ER PT J AU McCay, DPF Peterson, CH DeAlteris, JT Catena, J AF McCay, DPF Peterson, CH DeAlteris, JT Catena, J TI Restoration that targets function as opposed to structure: replacing lost bivalve production and filtration SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE bivalves; loss; limiting factors; natural resource damage assessment; 'North Cape' oil spill; population modeling; restoration ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; ARGOPECTEN-IRRADIANS; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SEAGRASS COVER; NORTH-CAROLINA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; OYSTER REEFS; FOOD WEBS AB Abundant suspension-feeding bivalves have a dominant organizing role in shallow aquatic systems by filtering overlying waters, affecting biogeochemical processing, and diverting production from the water column to the benthos. In degraded aquatic systems where bivalve populations have been reduced, successful restoration of ecosystem functions may be achieved by targeting the revival of bivalve populations. The 'North Cape' oil spill on the coast of Rhode Island (USA) provides an opportunity to demonstrate the feasibility of scaling bivalve restoration to meet quantitative goals of enhanced production. After this oil spill, mortalities of bivalves were estimated by impact assessment modeling of acute toxicity, and results were confirmed by comparisons with counts of dead and moribund animals on local beaches. Computation of lost bivalve production included future production expected from affected animals, had they lived out their expected life spans. This calculation of production forgone required a demographic model that combined age-specific mortality with individual growth. Application of this modeling approach to surf clams Spisula solidissima, the species that comprised 97 % of the total loss of bivalve production from the spill, illustrates the detailed implementation of scaling restoration to match estimates of losses. We consider the factors known to limit abundance and production of surf clams and other marine bivalves (hard clams, American oysters and bay scallops) and review the advantages of hatchery stocking, transplantation, habitat restoration, and reduction of fishing pressure in selecting a reliable and efficient restoration action. Age-specific estimates of the scale of population enhancement required to restore production showed that fewer additional animals were needed when larger (older) animals were added, but at the expense of greater grow-out requirements. Relaxation of fishing was most effective for hard clams. Accurate scaling of restoration was most sensitive to mortality rate, and the most efficient restoration involving seeding of small bivalves would be accomplished using surf clams. Monitoring of the restoration option chosen to compensate for the bivalve loss following the 'North Cape' oil spill can serve to test the underlying demographic assumptions and accuracy of the restoration scaling. C1 Appl Sci Associates, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Restorat Ctr, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. RP McCay, DPF (reprint author), Appl Sci Associates, 70 Dean Knauss Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM dfrench@appsci.com NR 70 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 30 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 264 BP 197 EP 212 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 768QH UT WOS:000188586200017 ER PT J AU Hermsen, JM Collie, JS Valentine, PC AF Hermsen, JM Collie, JS Valentine, PC TI Mobile fishing gear reduces benthic megafaunal production on Georges Bank SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE benthic communities; benthic production; fishing impacts; habitat disturbance; scallop dredging ID SECONDARY PRODUCTION; MARINE RESERVES; DISTURBANCE; IMPACTS; MACROFAUNA; COMMUNITIES; POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY; BIOMASS; BAY AB This study addresses the effect of mobile fishing gear disturbance on benthic megafaunal production on the gravel pavement of northern Georges Bank. From 1994 to 2000, we sampled benthic megafauna with a 1 m Naturalists' dredge at shallow (47 to 62 m) and deep (80 to 90 m) sites. The cessation of fishing in large areas of Georges Bank in January 1995 allowed us to monitor changes in production at a previously disturbed site. Production at a shallow disturbed site varied little over the sampling period (32 to 57 kcal m(-2) yr(-1)) and was markedly lower than production at the nearby recovering site, where production increased from 17 kcal m(-2) yr(-1) in 1994 before the closure to 215 kcal m(-2) yr(-1) in 2000. Atlantic sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus and green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis dominated production at the recovering site. The community production:biomass ratio decreased over time at the recovering site as the sea scallop population matured. At the deep sites, production remained significantly higher at undisturbed sites (174 to 256 kcal m(-2) yr(-1)) than at disturbed sites (30 to 52 kcal m(-2) yr(-1)). The soft-bodied tube-building polychaete Thelepus cincinnatus dominated production at the undisturbed site, while hard-shelled bivalve molluscs Astarte spp. and P. magellanicus were prevalent at the disturbed site. Mobile fishing gear disturbance has a conspicuous effect on benthic megafaunal production in this hard-bottom habitat. Cessation of mobile fishing has resulted in a marked increase in benthic megafaunal production. These findings should help fishery managers to gauge the costs and benefits of management tools such as area closures and low-impact fishing gears. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US Geol Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hermsen, JM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Reg Off, Fishery Stat Off, 1 Blackburn Dr, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. EM jerome.hermsen@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 20 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 260 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.3354/meps260097 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 740UT UT WOS:000186420500008 ER PT J AU Sullivan, MC Cowen, RK Able, KW Fahay, MP AF Sullivan, MC Cowen, RK Able, KW Fahay, MP TI Effects of anthropogenic and natural disturbance on a recently settled continental shelf flatfish SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE dredging; juvenile fish; Limanda ferruginea; disturbance; New York Bight; nursery habitat; storms; submersible ID NEW-YORK BIGHT; SOUTH-ATLANTIC BIGHT; NEW-ENGLAND SHELF; COD GADUS-MORHUA; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; DIFFERENT HABITATS; SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; FISHING DISTURBANCE; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES AB Concern over essential fish habitat characterization and conservation has directed attention toward the potential impact of mobile fishing gear on benthic ecosystems. However, previous findings do not necessarily extend to all environments, life stages, and/or gear types. The juvenile stage of benthic marine fishes is one such life stage that may be sensitive to disturbance. We examined the impact of commercial scallop dredge gear on a recently settled, continental shelf fish within the context of a sand sediment, storm-dominated system, the New York Bight. From June 1999 to July 2000, experimental manipulations with spatially replicated control-impact effects were used to investigate the immediate and longer-term consequences of a dredging event on young-of-the-year (YOY) yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea and its benthic nursery habitat. Contrary to expectation, L. ferruginea abundance did not decrease significantly immediately after dredging. Rather, at high-density sites, continued recruitment generated increases of smaller individuals across treatments. A significant decrease of older YOY L. ferruginea and available benthic prey was observed 3 mo later following a series of major natural perturbations (Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Gert). Using concomitant buoy data, we also examined the physical regime of the region as it relates to important benthic settlement windows. Increased levels of natural disturbance during the fall and winter months appeared to play a critical role in shaping inner-mid-shelf seafloor architecture, effectively obscuring any longer term dredge-related signals. The results, overall, tend to highlight the vulnerability of New York Bight shelf habitats to multiple forms of disturbance. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Sullivan, MC (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM msullivan@rsmas.miami.edu NR 83 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 260 BP 237 EP 253 DI 10.3354/meps260237 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 740UT UT WOS:000186420500020 ER PT J AU Maranon, E Behrenfeld, MJ Gonzalez, N Mourino, B Zubkov, MV AF Maranon, E Behrenfeld, MJ Gonzalez, N Mourino, B Zubkov, MV TI High variability of primary production in oligotrophic waters of the Atlantic Ocean: uncoupling from phytoplankton biomass and size structure SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE primary production; chlorophyll; picoplankton; size structure; subtropical gyres; Atlantic Ocean ID PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TIME-SERIES STATION; GROWTH-RATES; NORTH PACIFIC; MERIDIONAL TRANSECT; ARABIAN SEA; PROCHLOROCOCCUS; LIGHT; PICOPHYTOPLANKTON; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AB The oligotrophic waters of the Subtropical Gyres cover >60% of the total ocean surface and contribute >30% of the global marine carbon fixation. Despite apparently uniform growth conditions over broad areas, primary production in these regions exhibits a remarkable degree of variability. In this study of 34 stations in the North and South Atlantic Subtropical Gyres, we found a 20-fold variation (from 18 to 362 mg C m(-2) d(-1)) in water-column-integrated primary production rate (integralPP), while chlorophyll biomass only varied by a factor of 3. The changes in productivity were not associated with variations in incident surface irradiance, chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton C biomass or phytoplankton size structure. The rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic layer, as estimated from variations in the depth of nitracline, appeared as the most relevant environmental factor in explaining the observed variability in integralPP. We found significant changes in the composition of the picophytoplankton community across the range of measured productivities. The relative biomass contribution of Synechococcus spp. and the picoeukaryotes tended to increase with increasing integralPP, whereas the opposite was true for Prochlorococcus spp. Across the wide range of measured primary productivity rates, the persistent dominance of picophytoplankton indicates that the microbial loop and the microbial food web continued to be the most important trophic pathways. Our observations of the oligotrophic ocean reflect a dynamic ecosystem where the microbial community responds to environmental forcing with significant changes in biological rates rather than trophic organization. C1 Univ Vigo, Fac Ciencias, Dept Ecol & Biol Anim, Vigo 36200, Spain. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Matemat Fis Aplicada & Ciencias Nat, Madrid 28933, Spain. Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, George Deacon Div Ocean Proc, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. RP Maranon, E (reprint author), Univ Vigo, Fac Ciencias, Dept Ecol & Biol Anim, Vigo 36200, Spain. RI Maranon, Emilio/F-3013-2013; Gonzalez, natalia/H-9101-2015; Mourino, Beatriz/E-8635-2016 OI Gonzalez, natalia/0000-0003-0240-8221; NR 42 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 17 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 257 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.3354/meps257001 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 717BJ UT WOS:000185065500001 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW AF Stoner, AW TI What constitutes essential nursery habitat for a marine species? A case study of habitat form and function for queen conch SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE essential fish habitat; habitat mapping; habitat management; seagrass; recruitment; Strombus gigas ID STROMBUS-GIGAS LINNE; CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER; NORTHEASTERN US ESTUARIES; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; DEEP-WATER HABITATS; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; RECRUITMENT LIMITATION; WINTER FLOUNDER; CENTRAL BAHAMAS AB There is increasing recognition that habitats should be managed as part of fisheries management. It is generally assumed that amount of suitable habitat is linked to production of demersal species and that maps of bottom type will provide the information needed to conserve essential habitats. In this review, a synthesis of nursery habitat is made for Strombus gigas (queen conch), a large, economically important gastropod in the Caribbean region. Juveniles occur on a variety of bottom types over their geographic range. In the Bahamas, nurseries occur in specific locations within large, beds of seagrass, while obvious characteristics of the benthic environment such as seagrass density, depth and sediment type are not good predictors of suitable habitat. Rather, nurseries persist where competent larvae are concentrated by tidal circulation and where settlement occurs selectively. Nursery locations provide for high juvenile growth resulting from macroalgal production not evident in maps of algal biomass, and they provide for low mortality compared with seemingly similar surroundings. Therefore, critical habitats for queen conch juveniles are determined by the intersection of habitat features and ecological processes that combine to yield high rates of recruitment and survivorship. While maps of bottom type are a good beginning for habitat management, they can be traps without good knowledge of ecological processes. A demersal species can occupy different substrata over its geographic range, different life stages often depend upon different bottom types, and specific locations can be more important than particular habitat forms. Habitat management must be designed to conserve habitat function and not just form. Implicit in the concept of 'essential habitat' is the fact that expendable habitat exists, and we need to prevent losses of working habitat because of inadequate protection, restoration or mitigation. Key nurseries may represent distinctive or even anomalous conditions. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@noaa.gov NR 129 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 257 BP 275 EP 289 DI 10.3354/meps257275 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 717BJ UT WOS:000185065500025 ER PT J AU Manderson, JP Pessutti, J Meise, C Johnson, D Shaheen, P AF Manderson, JP Pessutti, J Meise, C Johnson, D Shaheen, P TI Winter flounder settlement dynamics and the modification of settlement patterns by post-settlement processes in a NW Atlantic estuary SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE dynamic habitat; nursery; supply side processes; post-settlement processes ID PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; WESTERN WADDEN SEA; CORAL-REEF FISHES; TEMPERATE DEMERSAL FISH; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; 0-GROUP PLAICE; RHODE-ISLAND; OTOLITH MICROSTRUCTURE AB For fishes with bipartite life cycles, locations of high quality nursery grounds are determined by processes controlling larval supply as well as those affecting early juvenile mortality and emigration, From April through June 2000, distributions of settling and early juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus were measured to examine how pre- and post-settlement processes determine the location of the primary nursery ground in the Navesink River/Sandy Hook Bay estuarine system (NSBES), New Jersey. The settlement pattern, measured with fine mesh (3 mm) traps that captured flounder less than or equal to 8 d into the post-metamorphic age but excluded predators and prevented emigration, was spatially dynamic. Fish settled on organically rich substrata (organic content = 5 to 12% by weight) 2 wk earlier in the Navesink River (mid-April through mid-May) than on similar substrata just 15 km downstream in Sandy Hook Bay (May through mid-June). Local retention mechanisms combined with spatial variation in spring warming, which probably affected larval-stage durations, appeared to be responsible for the dynamic settlement pattern. To determine whether spatial patterns of flounder settlement were dramatically altered by post-settlement processes, we compared settler supply (measured using traps) with juvenile distributions (measured using beam trawls, which do not prevent post-settlement mortality and emigration). The index of settler supply explained 95%, of the variation in juvenile abundance patterns in the Navesink River (p < 0.001) where larger juveniles > 20 mm standard length were commonly trawled. However, larger juveniles were nearly absent in Sandy Hook Bay, where juvenile distributions were not related to settlement (r(2) = 0.15, p = 0.31). Thus, the upstream distribution of juvenile winter flounder in the NSBES, which is similar to that observed in other estuarine nurseries, appeared to be produced by the rapid modification of settlement patterns by post-settlement processes. However, pre-settlement processes that produce spatial variation in the timing of settlement could affect the ways in which settlement patterns are modified by age, time and/or size dependent post-settlement processes. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Manderson, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM john.manderson@noaa.gov NR 96 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 253 BP 253 EP 267 DI 10.3354/meps253253 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 689JE UT WOS:000183487200023 ER PT J AU Morgan, CA Peterson, WT Emmett, RL AF Morgan, CA Peterson, WT Emmett, RL TI Onshore-offshore variations in copepod community structure off the Oregon coast during the summer upwelling season SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE community structure; copepod distributions; nonmetric multidimensional scaling; Oregon ID DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ASSEMBLAGES; CALIFORNIA; POPULATIONS; SYSTEM; NINA AB During the summer of 1994, 1996, and 1997, we conducted hydrographic and plankton surveys of the upper 70 in in the nearshore, the continental shelf, and off-shelf oceanic waters off Oregon, USA. Copepod densities and biomass were estimated along 4 transects from each cruise. The on-shelf copepod biomass was 2.8 times greater than off-shelf biomass. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling identified an on-shelf and an off-shelf copepod community. The change in community composition usually occurred at or slightly offshore of the continental shelf break, defined here as 180 in water depth. Indicator-species analysis identified the subarctic neritic species, Calanus marshallae, Pseudocalanus mimus, and Acartia longiremis, as good indicators of continental shelf waters. 'Warm water' species Mesocalanus tenuicornis, Calocalanus styliremis, Clausocalanus spp., and Ctenocalanus vanus were indicators of off-shelf waters. The copepod communities off the coast of Oregon during the summer upwelling season reflect the origins of the dominating currents within each habitat. The coastal copepod community is subarctic neritic in origin, consistent with southward coastal flows. The offshore copepod community is a mixture of species with origins in the Transition Zone as well as species that are typical of the coastal region of the California Current off central and southern California. We speculate that the central and southern California Current species are present in offshore waters of Oregon in summer because they are transported north with the Davidson Current in winter but, with the initiation of the upwelling season in spring, they are transported into offshore waters where they establish viable populations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Morgan, CA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cheryl.morgan@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 249 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.3354/meps249223 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 664WF UT WOS:000182086100019 ER PT J AU Minello, TJ Able, KW Weinstein, MP Hays, CG AF Minello, TJ Able, KW Weinstein, MP Hays, CG TI Salt marshes as nurseries for nekton: testing hypotheses on density, growth and survival through meta-analysis SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE salt marshes; nekton; meta-analysis; decapod crustaceans; habitat; seagrass ID CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; SHRIMP PENAEUS-AZTECUS; JUVENILE BROWN SHRIMP; GULF-OF-MEXICO; SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION; NORTHEASTERN US ESTUARIES; SOUTHERN NEW-JERSEY; CAPE FEAR RIVER; BLUE CRABS AB We examined the nursery role of salt marshes for transient nekton by searching the literature for data on density, growth, and survival of juvenile fishes and decapod crustaceans in marshes and using meta-analyses to test hypotheses. We analyzed density data from 32 studies conducted throughout the world, Based on fish density, habitat types could be ranked from highest to lowest as: seagrass > vegetated marsh edge, nonvegetated marsh, open water, macroalgae, oyster reefs > vegetated inner marsh. However, patterns of habitat use varied among the 29 fish species represented. For decapod crustaceans (seven species), habitat types were ranked: seagrass > vegetated marsh edge > nonvegetated marsh, vegetated inner marsh, open water, macroalgae > oyster reef. We identified only 5 comparative studies on transient nekton growth in salt marshes. Fish growth in nonvegetated salt marsh was not significantly different from growth in open water or in macroalgae beds but was significantly lower than in seagrass. Growth of decapod crustaceans was higher in vegetated marsh than in nonvegetated marsh. Nekton survival in salt marsh (11 studies analyzed) was higher than in open water, lower than in oyster reef/cobble and not significantly different from survival in seagrass. When density, growth and survival are all considered, the relative nursery value of salt marshes for nekton appears higher than open water but lower than seagrass. Vegetated marsh appears to have a higher nursery value than nonvegetated marsh; however, tidal dynamics and nekton movement among marsh components complicates these comparisons. The available data have a strong geographical bias; most studies originated in the northern Gulf of Mexico or on the Atlantic coast of the United States. This bias may be significant because there is some evidence that salt marsh nursery value is dependent on geography, salinity regimes and tidal amplitude. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. New Jersey Marine Sci Consortium, Sandy Hook Field Stn, Ft Hancock, NJ 07732 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Minello, TJ (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston Lab, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM tom.minello@noaa.gov NR 155 TC 172 Z9 178 U1 6 U2 42 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 246 BP 39 EP 59 DI 10.3354/meps246039 PG 21 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 647GM UT WOS:000181085100003 ER PT J AU Asrar, GR AF Asrar, Ghassem R. TI Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation Preface SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Asrar, GR (reprint author), NASA, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 129 EP 130 DI 10.1080/01490410390256772 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400001 ER PT J AU Menard, Y Fu, LL Escudier, P Parisot, F Perbos, J Vincent, P Desai, S Haines, B Kunstmann, G AF Menard, Yves Fu, Lee-Lueng Escudier, P. Parisot, F. Perbos, J. Vincent, P. Desai, S. Haines, B. Kunstmann, G. TI The Jason-1 Mission SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimetry; CALVAL; JASON-1; ocean dynamic topography; operational oceonography; satellite; sea level; TOPEX/POSEIDON AB On December 7, 2001, the Jason-1 satellite was successfully launched by a Boeing Delta II rocket from the Vandenberg site in California, USA. Its main mission was to maintain the high accuracy altimeter measurements, provided since 1992 by TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), ensuring continuity in observing and monitoring the ocean for intraseasonal to interannual changes, mean sea level, tides, and so forth. Despite four times less mass and power, the Jason-1 system has been designed to have the same performances as T/P, measuring sea surface topography at the centimeter level. This new Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (CNES/NASA) mission also provides near real-time data for sea state and ocean forecast. The first 10 months of the Jason mission were dedicated to the verification of the system performance and cross-calibration with T/P measurements. A complete CALVAL plan was conducted by the Science and Project Teams of the mission based on in situ and regional experiments, global statistical approaches, and multisatellite comparisons, taking advantage of the T/P-Jason overlap during the first months of the mission. CALVAL and first science results showed that the Jason-1 performances were compliant with prelaunch specifications. This was a needed preamble before starting the routine phase of the mission in July 2003 with generation and distribution of validated geophysical data records to the whole user community. C1 [Menard, Yves; Escudier, P.; Parisot, F.; Perbos, J.; Vincent, P.] Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31401 Toulouse, France. [Fu, Lee-Lueng; Desai, S.; Haines, B.; Kunstmann, G.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Menard, Y (reprint author), Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, 18 Ave Edouard Belin,BP 2002, F-31401 Toulouse, France. FU Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors, project scientists, project managers and project system engineers of the Jason-1 mission, would like to express gratitude to all engineers, scientists, program managers and experts who have devoted exceptional efforts to making it a success. A success which started in August 1992 with the launch of the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite and the beginning of an exceptional and unique long time series of sea surface observations. This work was carried out within the framework of the joint USA/France Jason-1 program, partly at the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales and partly at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 51 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 131 EP 146 DI 10.1080/01490410390256736 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400002 ER PT J AU Perbos, J Escudier, P Parisot, F Zaouche, G Vincent, P Menard, Y Manon, F Kunstmann, G Royer, D Fu, LL AF Perbos, J. Escudier, P. Parisot, F. Zaouche, G. Vincent, P. Menard, Y. Manon, F. Kunstmann, G. Royer, D. Fu, L. -L. TI Jason-1: Assessment of the System Performances SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimetry; Jason-1; satellite; ocean; system performance; Topex/Poseidon AB On 7 December 2001, Jason-1 was successfully launched by a Boeing Delta II rocket from the Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The Jason-1 satellite will maintain the high accuracy altimeter service provided since 1992 by TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), ensuring the continuity in observing and monitoring the Ocean Dynamics (intraseasonal to interannual changes, mean sea level, tides, etc.). Despite one-fourth the mass and power, the Jason-1 system has been designed to have basically the same performance as T/P, measuring sea surface topography at a centimetric level. This new CNES/NASA mission also provides near real-time data for sea state and ocean forecast. The first two months of the Jason-1 mission have been dedicated to the assessment of the overall system. The goals of this assessment phase were: 1. To assess the behavior of the spacecraft at the platform and payload levels (Jason-1 being the first program to call on the PROTEUS versatile multimission platform for Low and Medium Earth Orbit Missions developed in partnership between Alcatel Space and CNES); 2. To verify that platform performance requirements are met with respect to Jason-1 requirements; 3. To verify that payload instruments performance requirements evaluated at instrument level are met; 4. To assess the performance of the Jason-1 Ground System. This article will display the main outputs of the assessment of the system. It will demonstrate that all the elements of the onboard and ground systems are within the specifications. Provision of data to the Jason-1 Science Working Team started at the end of March 2002. This is the goal of a six-month phase after closure of the initial assessment phase to derive the error budget of the system in terms of altimetry user products. C1 [Perbos, J.; Escudier, P.; Parisot, F.; Zaouche, G.; Vincent, P.; Menard, Y.; Manon, F.] CNES, F-31401 Toulouse, France. [Kunstmann, G.; Royer, D.; Fu, L. -L.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Perbos, J (reprint author), CNES, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse, France. EM jacqueline.perbos@cnes.fr NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 147 EP 157 DI 10.1080/01490410390250165 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400003 ER PT J AU Vincent, P Desai, SD Dorandeu, J Ablain, M Soussi, B Callahan, PS Haines, BJ AF Vincent, P. Desai, S. D. Dorandeu, J. Ablain, M. Soussi, B. Callahan, P. S. Haines, B. J. TI Jason-1 Geophysical Performance Evaluation SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimetry; error budget; sea level AB The Jason-1 satellite was launched on 7 December 2001 with the primary objective of continuing the high accuracy time series of altimeter measurements that began with the TOPEX/Poseidon mission in 1992. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to validate the performance of the Jason-1 measurement system, and to verify that its error budget is at least at the same level as that of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission. The article reviews the main components of the Jason-1 altimetric error budget from instrument characterization to the geophysical use of the data. Using the Interim Geophysical Data Records (16DR) that were distributed to the Jason-1 Science Working Team during the verification phase of the mission, it is shown that the Jason-1 mission is performing well enough to continue studies of the large-scale features of the ocean, and especially to continue time series of mean sea-level variations with an accuracy comparable to TOPEX/Poseidon. C1 [Vincent, P.] Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. [Desai, S. D.; Callahan, P. S.; Haines, B. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Dorandeu, J.; Ablain, M.; Soussi, B.] Collecte Localisat Satellite, Ramonville St Agne, France. RP Vincent, P (reprint author), Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, 18 Av Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. EM Patrick.Vincent@cnes.fr FU Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; CNES [731/CNES/00/8435/00] FX The authors are thankful for the constructive comments from the reviewers. P.V. was supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, and S.D., P.C., and B.H. performed their work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The CLS coauthors performed their work in the frame of CNES contract 731/CNES/00/8435/00. The authors would like to thank the Jason-1 Ground Segment JSDS, SSALTO, PODAAC, and AVISO teams for providing the high quality Jason-1 data. ENVISAT data were provided by ESA to P.V. and J.D. in response to the ENVISAT Announcement of Opportunity. The authors are indebted to all the CLS investigators who contributed to the global statistical assessment of Jason-1 data and who took part in various dedicated expertise studies that helped in explaining a number of questions dealing with the overall performance of the Jason-1 altimetric system. Last, the authors would like to thank G. Born who has made possible the publication of this article the volume of Marine Geodesy dedicated to the Jason-1 mission. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 167 EP 186 DI 10.1080/01490410390253504 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400005 ER PT J AU Desai, SD Vincent, P AF Desai, Shailen D. Vincent, Patrick TI Statistical Evaluation of the Jason-1 Operational Sensor Data Record SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimetry; Jason-1; near-real-time; waveheight; wind AB The Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission represents a first step towards operational oceanography from satellite altimeter missions. An operational data product, the Operational Sensor Data Record (OSDR), provides measurements from the on-board altimeter and radiometer within 3-5 h of real time. This data product is a wind and wave product that is aimed towards near-real-time meteorological applications. A higher accuracy and more detailed data product, the Interim Geophysical Data Record (IGDR), that is better suited to detailed scientific studies of ocean topography, is available no sooner than 2-3 days from real time. The measurements reported on the OSDR primarily differ from those on the IGDR in that the OSDR reports measurements derived from on-board processing of the altimeter waveforms, while ground retracking of the waveforms is performed for the IGDR. The altimeter-derived measurements on the OSDR are validated through a statistical evaluation of the differences between data on the OSDR and IGDR. In doing so, the impact of ground retracking of the altimeter waveforms is also illustrated. C1 [Desai, Shailen D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. [Vincent, Patrick] Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31055 Toulouse, France. RP Desai, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 238-600, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM shailen.desai@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales FX The authors are thankful for the constructive comments from the reviewers. The work performed by S.D. for this article was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. P.V. was supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 187 EP 199 DI 10.1080/01490410390256718 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400006 ER PT J AU Haines, BJ Dong, DA Born, GH Gill, SK AF Haines, Bruce J. Dong, Danan Born, George H. Gill, Stephen K. TI The Harvest Experiment: Monitoring Jason-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON from a California Offshore Platform SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE calibration; GPS; Jason-1; satellite altimetry; sea level; TOPEX/POSEIDON; validation AB We present calibration results from Jason-1 (2001-) and TOPEX/POSEIDON (1992-) overflights of a California offshore oil platform (Harvest). Data from Harvest indicate that current Jason-1 sea-surface height (SSH) measurements are high by 138 +/- 18 mm. Excepting the bias, the high accuracy of the Jason-1 measurements is in evidence from the overflights. In orbit for over 10 years, the T/P measurement system is well calibrated, and the SSH bias is statistically indistinguishable from zero. Also reviewed are over 10 years of geodetic results from the Harvest experiment. C1 [Haines, Bruce J.; Dong, Danan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Born, George H.] Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Gill, Stephen K.] Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Haines, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bruce.j.haines@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA FX This article is dedicated to Edward "Chris" Christensen, whose Harvest Platform experiment continues to return useful scientific data 10 years beyond the end of the T/P verification phase for which is was designed. We are indebted to Plains Resources, and their subsidiary Arguello Inc., for hosting our experiment on platform Harvest. We also thank the Torch Operating Company, especially John Turner, Jim Chapman, Bob Ryan, and Geary Olivera for accommodating our trips to the facility and assisting with the experiments whenever possible. The Harvest experiment is a multiagency effort, and we are indebted to numerous individuals for engaging in design, installation, operation, and maintenance of the sensors, as well as interpretation of the data. They include: Dan Kubitschek, Dave Stowers, Kevin Miller, Steve Dinardo, and Charles Morris (JPL); Razmik Khachikyan (Raytheon); Joel Nyquist and Keith Morris (CU); Mickey Moss, Eddie Shih, Jim Russell, Clyde Kakazu, and Mark Bailey (NOAA); K.C. Rockwell (Arguello). The Harvest research activities of authors B.H. and D.D. are funded by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program. We are grateful to Eric Lindstrom and Lee Fu for advancing the Harvest experiment and for assisting with the renewal of interagency cooperations needed for experiment upgrades prior to Jason-1 launch. A portion of this work was conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with NASA. NR 40 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 239 EP 259 DI 10.1080/01490410390256763 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400008 ER PT J AU Bonnefond, P Exertier, P Laurain, O Menard, Y Orsoni, A Jeansou, E Haines, BJ Kubitschek, DG Born, G AF Bonnefond, P. Exertier, P. Laurain, O. Menard, Y. Orsoni, A. Jeansou, E. Haines, B. J. Kubitschek, D. G. Born, G. TI Leveling the Sea Surface Using a GPS-Catamaran SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimeter calibration; geoid; GPS buoy; kinematic GPS AB In the framework of the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 CNES-NASA missions, two probative experiments have been conducted at the Corsica absolute calibration site in order to determine the local marine geoid slope under the ascending TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 ground track (No. 85). An improved determination of the geoid slope was needed to better extrapolate the offshore (open-ocean) altimetric data to on-shore tide-gauge locations. This in turn improves the overall precision of the calibration process. The first experiment, in 1998, used GPS buoys. Because the time required to cover the extended area with GPS buoys was thought to be prohibitive, we decided to build a catamaran with two GPS systems onboard. Tracked by a boat at a constant speed, this innovative system permitted us to cover an area of about 20 km long and 5.4 km wide centered on the satellites' ground track. Results from an experiment in 1999 show very good consistency between GPS receivers: filtered sea-surface height differences have a mean bias of -0.2 cm and a standard deviation of 1.2 cm. No systematic error or distortions have been observed and crossover differences have a mean value of 0.2 cm with a standard deviation of 2.7 cm. Comparisons with tide gauges data show a bias of 1.9 cm with a standard deviation of less than 0.5 cm. However, this bias, attributable in large part to the effect of the catamaran speed on the waterline, does not affect the geoid slope determination which is used in the altimeter calibration process. The GPS-deduced geoid slope was then incorporated in the altimeter calibration process, yielding a significant improvement (from 4.9 to 3.3 cm RMS) in the agreement of altimeter bias determinations from repeated overflight measurements. C1 [Bonnefond, P.; Exertier, P.; Laurain, O.] Observ Cote dAzur CERGA, Grasse, France. [Menard, Y.] Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31055 Toulouse, France. [Orsoni, A.] Inst Geograph Natl CNES, Toulouse, France. [Jeansou, E.] NOVELTIS, Ramonville St Agne, France. [Haines, B. J.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Kubitschek, D. G.; Born, G.] Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Dept Aerosp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bonnefond, P (reprint author), CERGA, Ave Nicolas Copernic, F-06130 Grasse, France. EM pascal.bonnefond@obs-azur.fr FU CNES; Ministry of Research; NASA FX The French portion of this work was conducted and financed thanks to CNES and the Ministry of Research. JPL and CCAR participation was funded by NASA. Special thanks to C. Gaillemin, the skipper, for his kindness, patience, and helpful ideas. NR 9 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 319 EP 334 DI 10.1080/01490410390256673 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400012 ER PT J AU Ray, RD Beckley, BD AF Ray, R. D. Beckley, B. D. TI Simultaneous Ocean Wave Measurements by the Jason and Topex Satellites, with Buoy and Model Comparisons SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Jason-1 validation; oceanwaves; satellite altimetry; significantwave height AB The verification phase of the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission presents a unique opportunity for comparing near-simultaneous, independent satellite measurements. Here we examine simultaneous significant wave height measurements by the Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeters. These data are also compared with in situ measurements from deep-ocean buoys and with predicted wave heights from the Wave Watch III operational model. The rms difference between Jason and TOPEX wave heights is 28 cm, and this can be lowered by half through improved outlier editing and filtering of high-frequency noise. Noise is slightly larger in the Jason dataset, exceeding TOPEX by about 7 cm rms at frequencies above 0.05 Hz, which is the frequency at which the coherence between TOPEX and Jason measurements drops to zero. Jason wave heights are more prone to outliers, especially during periods of moderate to high backscatter. Buoy comparisons confirm previous reports that TOPEX wave heights are roughly 5% smaller than buoy measurements for waves between 2 and 5 m; Jason heights in general are 3% smaller than TOPEX. Spurious dips in the TOPEX density function for 3- and 6-m waves, a problem that has existed since the beginning of the mission, can be solved by waveform retracking. C1 [Ray, R. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Beckley, B. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ray, RD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Branch, Code 926, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM richard.ray@gsfc.nasa.gov FU U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration under a Jason-1 science investigation FX We thank Phil Callahan (JPL) for providing his dataset of retracked TOPEX data from the GDR Correction/Compatibility Project (GCP) and for useful discussions. We also thank George Hayne and David Hancock (NASA Wallops) for useful discussions. Comments from anonymous reviewers were extremely helpful. This work was funded by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration under a Jason-1 science investigation. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 367 EP 382 DI 10.1080/01490410390251614 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400015 ER PT J AU Desai, SD Haines, BJ AF Desai, Shailen D. Haines, Bruce J. TI Near-Real-Time GPS-Based Orbit Determination and Sea Surface Height Observations from the Jason-1 Mission SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE altimetry; Jason-1; near-real-time; sea surface height AB The Jason-1 Operational Sensor Data Record (OSDR) is intended as a wind and wave product that is aimed towards near-real-time (NRT) meteorological applications. However, the OSDR provides most of the information that is required to determine altimetric sea surface heights in NRT. The exceptions include a sufficiently accurate orbit altitude, and pressure fields to determine the dry troposphere path delay correction. An orbit altitude field is provided on the OSDR but has accuracies that range between 8-25 cm (RMS). However, tracking data from the on-board BlackJack GPS receiver are available with sufficiently short latency for use in the computation of NRT GPS-based orbit solutions. The orbit altitudes from these NRT orbit solutions have typical accuracies of < 3.0 cm (RMS) with a latency of 1-3 h, and < 2.5 cm (RMS) with a latency of 3-5 h. Meanwhile, forecast global pressure fields from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) are available for the NRT computation of the dry troposphere correction. In combination, the Jason-1 OSDR, the NRT GPS-based orbit solutions, and the NCEP pressure fields can be used to compute sea surface height observations from the Jason-1 mission with typical latencies of 3-5 h, and have differences with those from the 2-3 day latency Interim Geophysical Data Records of < 5 cm (RMS). The NRT altimetric sea surface height observations are potentially of benefit to forecasting, tactical oceanography, and natural hazard monitoring. C1 [Desai, Shailen D.; Haines, Bruce J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Desai, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 238-600, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM shailen.desai@jpl.nasa.gov FU Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments. Global pressure fields from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System have been used for some of the results presented in this article. We would like to thank J. Lillibridge for assisting us with access to the appropriate operational NCEP pressure fields. We also thank the Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center, and K. Case in particular, for their support of the public distribution of the NRT SSH data products. The work described in this article was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 383 EP 397 DI 10.1080/01490410390256709 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400016 ER PT J AU Luthcke, SB Zelensky, NP Rowlands, DD Lemoine, FG Williams, TA AF Luthcke, S. B. Zelensky, N. P. Rowlands, D. D. Lemoine, F. G. Williams, T. A. TI The 1-Centimeter Orbit: Jason-1 Precision Orbit Determination Using GPS, SLR, DORIS, and Altimeter Data SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE precison orbit determination; satellite altimetry; remote sensing ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; TOPEX POSEIDON; TOPEX/POSEIDON; TRACKING; MODEL AB The Jason-1 radar altimeter satellite, launched on December 7, 2001 is the follow on to the highly successful TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission and will continue the time series of centimeter level ocean topography measurements. Orbit error is a major component in the overall error budget of all altimeter satellite missions. Jason-1 is no exception and has set a 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal, which represents a factor of two improvement over what is currently being achieved for T/P. The challenge to precision orbit determination (POD) is both achieving the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy and evaluating the performance of the 1-cm orbit. There is reason to hope such an improvement is possible. The early years of T/P showed that GPS tracking data collected by an on-board receiver holds great promise for precise orbit determination. In the years following the T/P launch there have been several enhancements to GPS, improving its POD capability. In addition, Jason-1 carries aboard an enhanced GPS receiver and significantly improved SLR and DORIS tracking systems along with the altimeter itself. In this article we demonstrate the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal has been achieved using GPS data alone in a reduced dynamic solution. It is also shown that adding SLR data to the GPS-based solutions improves the orbits even further. In order to assess the performance of these orbits it is necessary to process all of the available tracking data (GPS, SLR, DORIS, and altimeter crossover differences) as either dependent or independent of the orbit solutions. It was also necessary to compute orbit solutions using various combinations of the four available tracking data in order to independently assess the orbit performance. Towards this end, we have greatly improved orbits determined solely from SLR+DORIS data by applying the reduced dynamic solution strategy. In addition, we have computed reduced dynamic orbits based on SLR, DORIS, and crossover data that are a significant improvement over the SLR- and DORIS-based dynamic solutions. These solutions provide the best performing orbits for independent validation of the GPS-based reduced dynamic orbits. The application of the 1-cm orbit will significantly improve the resolution of the altimeter measurement, making possible further strides in radar altimeter remote sensing. C1 [Luthcke, S. B.; Rowlands, D. D.; Lemoine, F. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Branch, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zelensky, N. P.; Williams, T. A.] Geodynam Grp, Raytheon ITSS, Lanham, MD USA. RP Luthcke, SB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Branch, Terr Phys Lab, Code 926, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Scott.B.Luthcke@nasa.gov RI Luthcke, Scott/D-6283-2012; Rowlands, David/D-2751-2012; Lemoine, Frank/D-1215-2013 FU NASA; TOPEX/Poseidon FX The authors wish to thank Bruce Haines for the JPL GPS APC map and discussions on the Jason-1 BlackJack GPS receiver. The authors also wish to thank Jean Paul Berthias and the CNES POD team for the prelaunch satellite characteristic definitions and models, and for distribution and assistance with supporting Jason-1 data. The authors thank John Ries for his collaboration on validating the initial Jason-1 SLR and DORIS modeling details. The authors acknowledge the NASA physical oceanography program and the TOPEX/Poseidon project for their support. NR 18 TC 76 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 399 EP 421 DI 10.1080/01490410390256727 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400017 ER PT B AU Mennesson, B Creech-Eakman, MJ Thompson, RR Perrin, G du Foresto, VC Merand, A Ridgway, S AF Mennesson, B Creech-Eakman, MJ Thompson, RR Perrin, G du Foresto, VC Merand, A Ridgway, S BE Nakada, Y Honma, M Seki, M TI Multi-color interferometric observations of Mira stars - Probing the extended atmosphere structure and chemistry SO MASS-LOSING PULSATING STARS AND THEIR CIRCUMSTELLAR MATTER: OBSERVATIONS AND THEORY SE ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Mass-Losing Pulsating Stars and Their Circumstellar Matter CY MAY 13-16, 2002 CL SENDAI, JAPAN SP Commemorat Assoc Japan World Exposit 1970, Saito Gratitude Fdn, Sendai Tourism & Convent Bur, Minist Educ, Culture, Sports, Sci & Technol DE Mira atmosphere; infrared interferometry ID PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER AB Interferometric observations in the atmospheric windows of the near infrared (1 to 4 mum) can be efficiently used to probe the chemical composition of Miras atmosphere and provide direct measurements of extended gas layers around these stars. This is illustrated by recent Miras observations carried out with the FLUOR instrument of the IOTA interferometer (Mennesson et al. 2002, and Perrin et al. proceedings of this conference) and with the PTI test-bed (Thompson 2002, Thompson et al. 2002). These visibility measurements show evidence for continuum emission from very extended ( 2-3 stellar radii) semi-transparent gaseous atmospheric layers, and large apparent diameter changes with pulsation phase. Interestingly these observations are consistent with the extended molecular gas layers (H2O, CO...) already inferred around some of these objects from ISO and high resolution ground-based FTS infrared spectra. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Mennesson, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1162-8 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2003 VL 283 BP 131 EP 135 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW92J UT WOS:000183622800026 ER PT B AU Stern, D Moran, EC AF Stern, D Moran, EC BE Bender, T Renzini, A TI A radio-quiet radio galaxy at high redshift SO MASS OF GALAXIES AT LOW AND HIGH REDSHIFT SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Mass of Galaxies at Low and High Redshift CY OCT 24-26, 2001 CL VENICE INT UNIV, VENICE, ITALY SP European SO Observ, Univ Sternwarte Munchen HO VENICE INT UNIV AB We report on observations of CXO52, a Type 2 quasar at redshift z = 3.288 identified as a hard X-ray source in a deep observation with the Chandra Xray Observatory. Optical and near-infrared Keck spectroscopy of CXO52 show high-ionization, relatively-narrow emission fines with velocity widths similar to 1000 km s(-1) and flux ratios similar to a Seyfert 2 galaxy or radio galaxy. The latter are the only class of high-redshift, Type 2 luminous AGN which have been extensively studied to date. Unlike radio galaxies, however, CXO52 is radio quiet, remaining undetected in deep radio observations, f(4.8GHz) < 40muJy. This discovery marks amongst the first high-redshift, radio-quiet Type 2 quasars identified to date. Such systems are expected from unification models of active galaxies and long-thought necessary to explain the X-ray background. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stern, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-00205-7 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2003 BP 158 EP 159 DI 10.1007/10899892_39 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW39D UT WOS:000181848400039 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, JA Zhu, DM Miller, RA Barrett, CA AF Nesbitt, JA Zhu, DM Miller, RA Barrett, CA TI Failure morphologies of cyclically oxidized ZrO2-based thermal barrier coatings SO MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on the Microscopy of Oxidation CY AUG 26-29, 2002 CL UNIV LIMERICK, LIMERICK, IRELAND HO UNIV LIMERICK DE thermal barrier coatings; ZrO2-Y2O3 top coats AB Advanced and baseline thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were thermal cycle tested in air at 1163degreesC until delamination or spallation of the ceramic top coat. The top coat of the advanced TBC's consisted of ZrO2 with various amounts of Y2O3, Yb2O3, Gd2O3, or Nd2O3 dopants. The composition of the top coat of the baseline TBC was ZrO2-8wt.%Y2O3. All top coats were deposited by air plasma spraying. A NiCrAlY or NiCoCrAlY bond coat was deposited by low pressure plasma spraying onto a single-crystal, Ni-base superalloy. The TBC lifetime for the baseline coatings was approximately 190 cycles (45 minutes at 1163degreesC per cycle) while the lifetime for the advanced coatings was as high as 425 cycles. The fracture surfaces and sample cross sections were examined after TBC failure by SEM and optical microscopy, and the top coats were further examined by X-ray diffraction. These post-test studies revealed that the fracture path largely followed splat boundaries with some trans-splat fracture. However, there were no obvious distinguishing features which explained the difference in TBC lifetimes between some of the advanced and baseline coatings. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. USA, Res Lab, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nesbitt, JA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0960-3409 J9 MATER HIGH TEMP JI Mater. High Temp. PY 2003 VL 20 IS 4 BP 507 EP 517 DI 10.3184/096034003782750277 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 755LA UT WOS:000187403300008 ER PT J AU Bar-Cohen, Y AF Bar-Cohen, Y TI Making science fiction an engineering reality using biologically inspired technologies SO MATERIALS EVALUATION LA English DT Article C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 82-105, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST PI COLUMBUS PA 1711 ARLINGATE LANE PO BOX 28518, COLUMBUS, OH 43228-0518 USA SN 0025-5327 J9 MATER EVAL JI Mater. Eval. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 61 IS 1 BP 25 EP + PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 633GT UT WOS:000180275000004 ER PT J AU Elmustafa, AA Stone, DS AF Elmustafa, AA Stone, DS TI Size-dependent hardness in annealed and work hardened at-brass and aluminum polycrystalline materials using activation volume analysis SO MATERIALS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE activation volume; nanoindentation; creep; nanohardness; microhardness; size effect ID SINGLE-CRYSTALS; INDENTATION CREEP; PLASTICITY; COPPER; SCALE AB A study of the size-dependent hardness in aluminum and a-brass is presented. The study employs rate-effects to examine the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the indentation hardness size dependence (effect), or (ISE). These rate effects are characterized in terms of the rate sensitivity of the hardness, partial derivativeH/partial derivativeln(epsilon)over dot(eff), where H is the hardness and (epsilon)over dot(eff) is an effective strain rate in the plastic zone beneath the indenter. partial derivativeH/partial derivativeln(epsilon)over dot(eff) is measured using indentation creep, load relaxation, and rate change experiments. partial derivativeH/partial derivativeln(epsilon)over dot(eff) is used to calculate the activation volume, V*; activation volume data measured using conventional uniaxial testing are compared with activation volume data measured using nanoindentation. The data for alpha-brass when plotted V* vs. H (hardness) or a (flow stress), extrapolated into literature data from conventional uniaxial testing, while the aluminum data suffered an offset. We propose some mechanisms for this offset. Using V* formalism, we demonstrate using materials with different stacking fault energy (SFE) and specimens with different levels of work hardening how increasing the dislocation density affects V*; these effects may be taken as a kinetic signature of dislocation strengthening mechanisms. We depicted an ISE in both H and partial derivativeH/partial derivativeln(epsilon)over dot(eff)(V*). The trend of V*-vs.-H as a result of the ISE is consistent with the trend of testing specimens with different levels of work hardening. This indicates that a dislocation mechanism drives the ISE. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, CONITS, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Elmustafa, AA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, CONITS, 41 Res Dr,Mailstop 142, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RI Stone, Donald/A-7496-2016 NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-577X J9 MATER LETT JI Mater. Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 57 IS 5-6 BP 1072 EP 1078 AR PII S0167-577X(02)00933-3 DI 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00933-3 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 633CW UT WOS:000180262500010 ER PT B AU Smialek, JL AF Smialek, JL BE Liaw, PK Buchanan, RA Klarstrom, DL Wei, RP Harlow, DG Tortorelli, PF TI Predicting material consumption by cyclic oxidation spalling models SO MATERIALS LIFETIME SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Lifetime Science and Engineering held at the 2003 TMS Annual Meeting CY MAR 02-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Struct Mat Div ID COSP AB The cyclic oxidation process has been described by an iterative scale growth and spallation model. Input variables include the selection of an oxidation growth law and a spalling geometry, plus oxide phase, growth rate, spall constant, and cycle duration. Output includes weight change, the amounts of retained and spalled oxide, the total oxygen and metal consumed, and the terminal rates of weight loss and metal consumption. A computer program, COSP for Windows(R) was used to run multiple families of curves demonstrating the functional behavior of the outputs for various input parameters. It is shown that the interfacial spalling configurations are inherently more severe than the uniform outer layer case. A simple summation series (DICOSM) has been developed for the interfacial case where spallation is biased to the thickest scale segment. Closed form relationships were derived, and various descriptive parameters were expressed as algebraic function of the inputs. By suitably normalizing the weight change and cycle number, all DICOSM cyclic oxidation model curves can be represented by dimensionless, universal expressions. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Smialek, JL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-544-1 PY 2003 BP 147 EP 154 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW63U UT WOS:000182663100014 ER PT J AU Reisz, AI Rodgers, SL AF Reisz, AI Rodgers, SL TI Engines for the cosmos - Exploration of deep space requires systems of propulsion that can go the distance. SO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Reisz Engn, Huntsville, AL USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Propuls Res Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Reisz, AI (reprint author), Reisz Engn, Huntsville, AL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0025-6501 J9 MECH ENG JI Mech. Eng. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 125 IS 1 BP 50 EP 53 PG 4 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 630CD UT WOS:000180089200039 ER PT J AU Doman, G Pelligra, R AF Doman, G Pelligra, R TI Ictogenesis: the origin of seizures in humans. A new look at an old theory SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; HUMAN GENERALIZED EPILEPSY; BRAIN-STEM; ABSENCE SEIZURES AB Seizure (ictal) behavior in humans has been observed and recorded since ancient times. A satisfactory solution to this vexing problem continues to elude medical science. Antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy fails to control seizures in 20% of patients with primary generalized epilepsy and 35% of patients with partial epilepsy and has many side effects, including death. This paper cites evidence from the current literature that supports a plausible hypothesis of seizure genesis that was published in 1942, but somehow escaped recognition. It presents a concept that challenges contemporary thinking and may provide the basis for a much needed paradigm shift in the understanding of the nature of seizures and an approach to their management. The theory views a seizure as a natural reflex defense response to a lethal threat to the brain. Although capable of inflicting bodily injury due to falls, drowning, etc., the seizure is not considered inherently harmful to the brain and may be associated with beneficial circulatory changes. Efforts to control and prevent seizures should be directed away from pharma-chemical suppression towards developing methods and bioactive agents that promote neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, and an optimized physiological milieu within the brain. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Pelligra, R (reprint author), NASA, MS-243-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0306-9877 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PD JAN PY 2003 VL 60 IS 1 BP 129 EP 132 DI 10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00348-1 PG 4 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 633MU UT WOS:000180287700019 PM 12450780 ER PT S AU Yang, EH Lee, C Mueller, J AF Yang, EH Lee, C Mueller, J GP IEEE IEEE TI Normally-closed, leak-tight piezoelectric microvalve under ultra-high upstream pressure for integrated micropropulsion SO MEMS-03: IEEE THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS SE Proceedings IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Annual International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems CY JAN 19-23, 2003 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP IEEE, Robot & Automat Soc AB This paper presents a leak-tight piezoelectric microvalve, operating at extremely high upstream pressures for microspacecraft applications. The device is a normally-closed microvalve fabricated mostly by the micromachining of silicon wafers. The microvalve consists of a custom-designed piezoelectric stack actuator bonded onto silicon valve components, such as the seat, boss and tether, in a stainless steel housing. Major seating configurations include narrow edge seating rings and tensile-stressed silicon tethers that contribute to the desired normally-closed leak-tight operation. The microvalve operations have been demonstrated with a 'helium leak detector scale' leak rate of 10(-4) sccm at 800 psi. Dynamic microvalve operations of up to 1 kHz have been successfully demonstrated at the pressures in the range of 0similar to1000 psi. The measured static flow rate of a microvalve with an applied potential of 10 V is 52 sccm at an inlet pressure of 300psi. The measured power consumption, to hold the microvalve seat fully open, is 3 mW with the applied potential of 30 V. The measured dynamic power consumption is 180 mW for 100 Hz continuous operation at 100 psi. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Eui-Hyeok.Yang@jpl.nasa.gov OI Yang, Eui-Hyeok/0000-0003-4893-1691 NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1084-6999 BN 0-7803-7744-3 J9 PROC IEEE MICR ELECT PY 2003 BP 80 EP 83 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BW55U UT WOS:000182405500021 ER PT S AU Yang, EH Dekany, R Padin, S AF Yang, EH Dekany, R Padin, S BE Janson, SW TI Design and fabrication of a large vertical travel silicon inchworm microactuator for the advanced segmented silicon space telescope SO MEMS COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILES, AEROSPACE, AND COMMUNICATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Components and Applications for Industry, Automobiles, Aerospace, and Communication II CY JAN 28-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE advanced segmented silicon space telescope (ASSiST); piezoelectric actuator; inchworm actuator; bistable flexure beam; large vertical travel AB Future concepts for ultra-large lightweight space telescopes include the telescopes with segmented silicon mirrors. This paper describes a proof-of-concept inchworm actuator designed to provide nanometer resolution, high stiffness, large output force, long travel range, and compactness for ultraprecision positioning applications in space. A vertically actuating inchworm microactuator is proposed to achieve large actuation travel by incorporating compliant beam structures within a silicon wafer. An inchworm actuator unit consists of a piezoelectric stack actuator, a driver, a pair of holders, a slider, and a pair of polymer beams connected to a centrally clamped flexure beam. Deep reactive ion etch experiments have been performed for constructing the actuator. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yang, EH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OI Yang, Eui-Hyeok/0000-0003-4893-1691 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4781-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4981 BP 107 EP 112 DI 10.1117/12.476282 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications GA BW40D UT WOS:000181863600015 ER PT S AU Li, MJ Bier, A Fettig, RK Franz, D Hu, R King, T Kutyrev, AS Lynch, BA Moseley, SH Mott, DB Rapchun, D Silverberg, RF Smith, W Wang, L Zheng, Y Zinke, C AF Li, MJ Bier, A Fettig, RK Franz, D Hu, R King, T Kutyrev, AS Lynch, BA Moseley, SH Mott, DB Rapchun, D Silverberg, RF Smith, W Wang, L Zheng, Y Zinke, C BE Janson, SW TI Microshutter Arrays for near-infrared applications on the James Webb Space Telescope SO MEMS COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILES, AEROSPACE, AND COMMUNICATION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS Components and Applications for Industry, Automobiles, Aerospace, and Communication II CY JAN 28-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE microshutter; magnetic actuation; MEMS; RIE; DRIE; micro-optics; near-infrared; space telescope AB Magnetically actuated MEMS microshutter arrays are being developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for use in a multi-object spectrometer on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), formerly Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). The microshutter arrays are designed for the selective transmission of light with high efficiency and high contrast. The JWST environment requires cryogenic operation at 45K. Microshutter arrays are fabricated out of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. Arrays consist of close-packed shutters made on silicon nitride (nitride) membranes with a pixel size of 100x100 mum. Individual shutters are patterned with a torsion flexure permitting shutters to open 90degrees, with a minimized mechanical stress concentration. Shutters operated this way have survived fatigue life tests. The mechanical shutter arrays are fabricated using MEMS technologies. The processing includes a multi-layer metal deposition, patterning of shutter electrodes and magnetic pads, reactive ion etching (RIE) of the front side to form shutters in a nitride film, an anisotropic: back-etch for wafer thinning, and a deep RIE (DRIE) back-etch, down to the nitride shutter layer, to form support frames and relieve shutters from the silicon substrate. An additional metal deposition and patterning has recently been developed to form electrodes on the vertical walls of the frame. Shutters are actuated using a magnetic force, and latched electrostatically. One-dimensional addressing has been demonstrated. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 553, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4781-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4981 BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1117/12.476285 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Telecommunications GA BW40D UT WOS:000181863600016 ER PT J AU Erfani, A Methot, A Goodson, R Belair, S Yeh, KS Cote, J Moffet, R AF Erfani, A Methot, A Goodson, R Belair, S Yeh, KS Cote, J Moffet, R TI Synoptic and mesoscale study of a severe convective outbreak with the nonhydrostatic Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SRNWP Workshop on Nonhydrostatic Modelling CY SEP, 2001 CL BAD ORB, GERMANY ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; PARAMETERIZATION; IMPLEMENTATION; RESOLUTION; PREDICTION; INCLUSION; PRESSURE; SURFACE; IMPACT; LAYER AB A nonhydrostatic 4-km version of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model, with detailed microphysics included, was used to forecast the initiation, development, and structure of a tornado-producing supercell storm that occurred near Pine Lake (Alberta, Canada) on 15 July 2000. Examination of observations and comparison with conceptual models indicate that this storm is a good example of supercell storms that regularly produce summertime severe weather over Alberta. It was found that the high-resolution model was able to reproduce the early initiation of convective activity along the Rocky Mountains foothills, as well as the rapid northeast-ward propagation towards the Pine Lake area and the subsequent intensification into a supercell storm. The general structures of the forecasted convective system correspond well with conceptual representations of such events. Overall, this high-resolution forecast of the Pine Lake supercell storm was a significant improvement over the current operational version of the GEM model (24 km), which was not able to intensify the foothills' convection into a supercell storm. Finally, it was found that the nonhydrostatic version of the model produces better trajectory and propagation speed of the convective system, as compared with the hydrostatic one. C1 Meteorol Serv Canada, Prairies Storm Predict Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3C 4W2, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Meteorol Res Branch, Dorval, PQ H9P 1J3, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Canadian Meteorol Ctr, Dorval, PQ H9P 1J3, Canada. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off 910 3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Meteorol Serv Canada, Prairies Storm Predict Ctr, 123 Main St,Suite 150, Winnipeg, MB R3C 4W2, Canada. EM jean.cote@ec.gc.ca NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 EI 1436-5065 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2003 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 31 EP 53 DI 10.1007/s00703-001-0585-8 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644MD UT WOS:000180921100003 ER PT J AU Tao, WK Simpson, J Baker, D Braun, S Chou, MD Ferrier, B Johnson, D Khain, A Lang, S Lynn, B Shie, CL Starr, D Sui, CH Wang, Y Wetzel, P AF Tao, WK Simpson, J Baker, D Braun, S Chou, MD Ferrier, B Johnson, D Khain, A Lang, S Lynn, B Shie, CL Starr, D Sui, CH Wang, Y Wetzel, P TI Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SRNWP Workshop on Nonhydrostatic Modelling CY SEP, 2001 CL BAD ORB, GERMANY ID LATENT-HEAT RELEASE; ADVECTION TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; TROPICAL OCEANIC CONVECTION; GENERATED MOIST CONVECTION; SMALL IMPLICIT DIFFUSION; MEASURING MISSION TRMM; PACIFIC WARM POOL; BULK ICE SCHEME; TOGA-COARE; LAND-SURFACE AB The response of cloud systems to their environment is an important link in a chain of processes responsible for monsoons, frontal depression, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes and other climate variations (e.g., 30-60 day intra-seasonal oscillations). Numerical models of cloud properties provide essential insights into the interactions of clouds with each other, with their surroundings, and with land and ocean surfaces. Significant advances are currently being made in the modeling of rainfall and rain-related cloud processes, ranging in scales from the very small up to the simulation of an extensive population of raining cumulus clouds in a tropical- or midlatitude-storm environment. The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model is a multidimensional non-hydrostatic dynamic/microphysical cloud resolving model. It has been used to simulate many different mesoscale convective systems that occurred in various geographic locations. In this paper, recent GCE model improvements (microphysics, radiation and surface processes) will be described as well as their impact on the development of precipitation events from various geographic locations. The performance of these new physical processes will be examined by comparing the model results with observations. Specifically, the impact of different ice schemes (i.e., three-class ice scheme, four-class two-moment ice scheme) on precipitation processes are examined and compared. Spectral bin microphysics are used to investigate precipitation processes under clean and dirty environments. The coupled GCE-radiation model shows that the modulation of relative humidity by radiative processes is the main reason for the diurnal variation of precipitation in the tropics. The coupled GCE-land surface model is used to examine the impact of heterogeneous land surface characteristics (soil-vegetation) on precipitation processes. The effect of ocean flux algorithms (e.g., the TOGA COARE flux algorithm and a simple bulk aerodynamic method) on surface fluxes, environmental convective available potential energy (CAPE) and precipitation processes are compared. In addition, the coupled GCE-ocean mixed layer (OML) model is used to investigate the physical processes that affect the variation of sea surface temperature, mixed layer depth and salinity. C1 NASA GSFC, Mesoscale Atmosper Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA GSFC, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Austin Coll, Dept Phys, Sherman, TX USA. NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, Jerusalem, Israel. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Tao, WK (reprint author), NASA GSFC, Mesoscale Atmosper Proc Branch, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM tao@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov OI SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 148 TC 196 Z9 199 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 EI 1436-5065 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2003 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 97 EP 137 DI 10.1007/s00703-001-0594-7 PG 41 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644MD UT WOS:000180921100006 ER PT J AU Butler, JJ Barnes, RA AF Butler, JJ Barnes, RA TI The use of transfer radiometers in validating the visible to shortwave infrared calibrations of radiance sources used by instruments in NASA's Earth Observing System SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE AB The quantitative study of climate change over decades requires successive generations of satellite, airborne and ground-based instrumentation carefully calibrated against a common radiance scale. In NASAs Earth Observing System (EOS) program, the most common sources used in the laboratory radiance calibration of satellite, ground-based and airborne instruments operating in the reflective solar wavelength region of 400-2500 rim are integrating spheres and diffuse reflectance panels illuminated by irradiance standard lamps. Since 1995, the FOS calibration program operating within NASA's EOS Project Science Office (PSO) has enlisted the expertise of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center's Remote Sensing Group (UA), Japan's National Research Laboratory of Metrology (NRLM) and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in an effort to validate the radiance scales assigned to sources used in the prelaunch calibration of EOS instruments and to critically examine the operation, repeatability and stability of those sources. Radiance scale validation is accomplished using stable transfer radiometers operating at visible to shortwave infrared wavelengths and calibrated and characterized by each institution using a variety of techniques. In the 10 comparisons performed since February 1995, the agreement between the radiance measurements of these transfer radiometers is +/-1.80% at 411 nm, +/-1.31 % at 552.5 nm, +/-1.32% at 868.0 nm, +/-2.54% at 1622 nm, and +/-2.81% at 2200 nm (sigma = 1). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Butler, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 920-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S70 EP S77 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56066-2 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/316 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000018 ER PT J AU Greenhall, CA AF Greenhall, CA TI Forming stable timescales from the Jones-Tryon Kalman filter SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Time-Scale Algorithms Symposium CY MAR 18-19, 2002 CL SEVRES, FRANCE ID TIME SCALE ALGORITHM AB This is a study of three timescales formed from a Kalman filter operating on a model of a clock ensemble. The raw Kalman scale is unstable at short averaging times. The Kalman-plus-weights and reduced Kalman scales are stable at all averaging times. An optimality property is proved for the Z reduced Kalman scale. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Greenhall, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 298-100, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 3 SI SI BP S335 EP S341 AR PII S0026-1394(03)61410-6 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/3/313 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DX UT WOS:000183983300014 ER PT J AU Johnson, BC Brown, SW Lykke, KR Gibson, CE Fargion, G Meister, G Hooker, SB Markham, B Butler, JJ AF Johnson, BC Brown, SW Lykke, KR Gibson, CE Fargion, G Meister, G Hooker, SB Markham, B Butler, JJ TI Comparison of cryogenic radiometry and thermal radiometry calibrations at NIST using multichannel filter radiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE AB Comparison of independent measurement results allows an assessment of the accuracy of the underlying methods. In this work, four multichannel filter radiometers were calibrated using tunable laser-illuminated and lamp-illuminated integrating sphere sources (ISSs). The determination of the radiance of the laser-illuminated ISS is based on electrical substitution radiometry at cryogenic temperatures and dimensional metrology of circular apertures. The determination of the spectral radiance of the lamp-illuminated ISS is based on blackbody physics, referenced to the freezing temperature of gold. By calibrating the filter radiometers using both methods, we compare the 'detector-based' to the 'source-based' radiance scale at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SIMBIOS Project, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, EOS Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Johnson, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hooker, Stanford/E-2162-2012; Meister, Gerhard/F-7159-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013; Butler, James/D-4188-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169; NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S216 EP S219 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56860-8 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000052 ER PT J AU Meister, G Abel, P Barnes, R Cooper, J Davis, C Fargion, G Frouin, R Godin, M Korwan, D Maffione, R McClain, C McLean, S Menzies, D Poteau, A Robertson, J Sherman, J AF Meister, G Abel, P Barnes, R Cooper, J Davis, C Fargion, G Frouin, R Godin, M Korwan, D Maffione, R McClain, C McLean, S Menzies, D Poteau, A Robertson, J Sherman, J TI Comparison of spectral radiance calibrations at oceanographic and atmospheric research laboratories SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB This report describes the first Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Radiometric Intercomparison (SIMRIC-1). The purpose of the SIMRIC-1 is to ensure a common radiometric scale among the calibration facilities that are engaged in calibrating in situ radiometers used for ocean colour-related research and to document the calibration procedures and protocols. SIMBIOS staff visited the seven participating laboratories for at least two days each. The SeaWiFS Transfer Radiometer (SXR-II) measured the calibration radiances produced in the laboratories. The measured radiances were compared with the radiances expected by the laboratories. Typically, the measured radiances were higher than the expected radiances by 0 to 2%. This level of agreement is satisfactory. Several issues were identified where the calibration protocols need to be improved, especially the reflectance calibration of the reference plaques and the distance correction when using the irradiance standards at distances greater than 50 cm. The responsivity of the SXR-II changed from 0.3% (channel 6) to 1.6% (channel 2) from December 2000 to December 2001. Monitoring the SXR-II with a portable light source showed a linear drift of the calibration, except for channel 1, where a 2% drop occurred in summer. C1 NASA, SIMBIOS Project, Futuretech Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. SIMBIOS, SAIC, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. Ray Informat Technol & Sci Serv, Lanham, MD USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. HOBI Labs, Moss Landing, CA USA. Satlantic Inc, Halifax, NS, Canada. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Biospher Inc, San Diego, CA USA. RP Meister, G (reprint author), NASA, SIMBIOS Project, Futuretech Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 970-2,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RI Meister, Gerhard/F-7159-2012 NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S93 EP S96 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56900-6 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/321 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000023 ER PT J AU Sun, J Xiong, X Guenther, B Barnes, W AF Sun, J Xiong, X Guenther, B Barnes, W TI Radiometric stability monitoring of the MODIS reflective solar bands using the Moon SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; PHOTOMETRIC FUNCTION; CALIBRATION; EOS-AM1 AB Because of its stable surface reflectance and its stable irradiance in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions, the Moon can be used as a reference source for monitoring the response stability of Earth-orbiting sensors. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Protoflight Model (PFM), launched on-board the NASA Terra spacecraft on 18 December 1999, has been in operation for more than two years. Its reflective solar bands (RSB) are calibrated on-orbit by a solar diffuser (SD). In addition, MODIS on-orbit lunar views are used to characterize the stability of the RSB radiometric calibration and the response change at an angle of incidence (AOI) different from that of the SD. In this report, we describe an approach that properly selects the viewing conditions to minimize the effects that need to be corrected and its application to the MODIS lunar observations. Results, derived from MODIS lunar views. are reported and compared with the on-board SD observations. C1 Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrosper Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 10210 Greenbelt Rd,Suite 600, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S85 EP S88 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56061-3 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/319 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000021 ER PT J AU Xiong, X Chiang, K Esposito, J Guenther, B Barnes, W AF Xiong, X Chiang, K Esposito, J Guenther, B Barnes, W TI MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; EOS-AM1 AB The MODIS Protoflight Model, launched on-board the NASA EOS Terra spacecraft on 18 December 1999, has been in operation for more than two years, providing the science community with calibrated data sets for global studies of the Earth's land, oceans and atmosphere. MODIS has 36 spectral bands, covering the spectral range from 412 nm to 14 200 nm, and provides spatial resolutions of 0.25 km (two bands), 0.5 km (five bands) and 1 km (29 bands) at nadir. The key on-board calibrators (OBCs) include a solar diffuser (SD) and a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) system for calibration of the reflective solar bands, and a V-grooved flat-panel blackbody (BB) for calibration of the thermal emissive bands. In this paper, we describe the use of OBCs for the sensor's radiometric calibration and characterization and discuss on-orbit performance. In addition, we provide an assessment of the on-orbit degradation of the SD and MODIS optics. C1 Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrosper Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 10210 Greenbelt Rd,Suite 600, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NR 3 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 9 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S89 EP S92 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56883-9 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/320 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000022 ER PT S AU Hilland, J Alaudin, AM Estabrook, P AF Hilland, J Alaudin, AM Estabrook, P BE Pistora, J Postava, Kamil Hrabovsky, M Rawat, BS TI Mars exploration rover telecommunications subsystem SO MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposim on Microwave and Optical Technology (ISMOT 2003) CY AUG 11-15, 2003 CL Ostrava, CZECH REPUBLIC DE Mars Exploration Rover. MER; telecommunications; x.-band; UHF; radar altimeter AB The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is designed to investigate Martian geology, investigate the role of water, and seek information on the climate history of the red planet at two sites. The Telecommunications Subsystem consists of the Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFS) operating at 7.1/8.4GHz (X-band), the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Subsystem operating at 401/437MHz, the RFS and UHF Antenna Subsystem and the Radar Altimeter Subsystem (RAS) operating at 4.3GHz (C-band). Science data return is enhanced through UHF relay communications with the Mars Odyssey (ODY) orbiter up to 128kbps. Relay communications will also be demonstrated with the ESA Mars Express orbiter. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hilland, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5368-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5445 BP 38 EP 43 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BAE51 UT WOS:000221853300007 ER PT J AU Sadowy, GA Berkun, AC Chun, W Im, E Durden, SL AF Sadowy, GA Berkun, AC Chun, W Im, E Durden, SL TI Development of an advanced airborne precipitation radar SO MICROWAVE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Sadowy, GA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 2 PU HORIZON HOUSE PUBLICATIONS INC PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA SN 0192-6225 J9 MICROWAVE J JI Microw. J. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 1 BP 84 EP + PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 638GY UT WOS:000180564300009 ER PT S AU Yang, S Olson, WS Smith, EA Kummerow, C Chen, SY AF Yang, S Olson, WS Smith, EA Kummerow, C Chen, SY BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI Precipitation/Latent heating retrieval and validation SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE TRMM; precipitation; latent heating; radar; microwave; remote sensing ID MICROWAVE SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; VERTICAL STRUCTURE INFORMATION; RAIN-PROFILING ALGORITHM; CLOUD-RADIATION MODEL; TOGA COARE; DISTRIBUTIONS; FOUNDATIONS; SPACE AB Rainfall retrieved from space-borne instruments has been accepted as reliable and accurate by a majority of the atmospheric community. One of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) facility rain algorithms is the passive microwave-based rain retrieval algorithm (2A-12). In order to introduce latent heating as a product of 2A-12, many improvements have been made to the current Version 5 algorithm. This paper shows how these modifications impact retrieved surface rainfall rate and latent heating estimates. Comparisons indicate that the error statistics for the prototype Version 6 2A-12 are similar to those of Version 5 at footprint-scale and 30-km resolution; however, consistent latent heating vertical profiles are now obtainable. Preliminary comparisons to dual-doppler radar-based estimates show similar heating structures, but further study will be required to establish the general credibility of 2A-12 latent heating estimates. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 912-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 40 EP 49 DI 10.1117/12.466606 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000006 ER PT S AU Wang, JJ AF Wang, JJ BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI The development and structure of an oceanic squall line systems during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE TRMM; SCSMEX; monsoon; squall line; dual-Doppler radar; polarimetric radar ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; TOGA COARE; VERTICAL VELOCITY; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; PRECIPITATION; EVOLUTION; RADAR; DISTRIBUTIONS; CUMULONIMBUS; MORPHOLOGY AB A primary goal of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX, 1998), a major field campaign of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), is to define the initiation, structure, evolution and dynamics of precipitation processes associated with the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon. Information from SCSMEX will be used for initialization and validation of cloud-resolving models and passive microwave retrieval algorithms. In this study, dual-Doppler radar analysis technique combining with the polarimetric radar data analysis are used to investigate the development and structure of a vigorous squall line system observed on 24 May 1998. Comparing to the tropical squall lines observed in other regions, this narrow squall line system had some interesting features including: 1) with maximum reflectivity over 55 dBZ, this squall line system has little stratiform rain, 2) the small area of stratiform rain was ahead instead of trailing to the convective line, and 3) rather than a narrow ribbon of vertical velocity maximum near the leading edge, this system has an elongate vertical velocity maximum in the rear part of the system. Polarimetric radar inferred microphysical and rainfall properties are placed in the context of the mesoscale morphology and dual-Doppler derived kinematics for this vigorous squall line. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 92 EP 103 DI 10.1117/12.469126 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000012 ER PT S AU Im, E Durden, SL Kakar, RK Kummerow, CD Smith, EA AF Im, E Durden, SL Kakar, RK Kummerow, CD Smith, EA BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI The next generation of spaceborne rain radars: Science rationales and technology status SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE TRMM; GPM; precipitation; rainfall; radar ID MEASURING MISSION TRMM; PRECIPITATION RADAR; MAPPING RADAR AB Global rainfall is the primary distributor of latent heat through atmospheric circulation. This important atmospheric parameter can only be measured reliably from space. The on-going Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is the first space based mission dedicated to advance our understanding of tropical precipitation patterns and their implications on global climate and its change. The Precipitation Radar (PR) aboard the satellite is the first radar ever flown in space and has provided exciting, new data on the 3-D rain structures for a variety of scientific applications. The continuous success of TRMM has led to new development of the next generation of spaceborne satellites and sensors for global rainfall and hydrological parameter measurements. From science and cost efficiency prospective, these new sensing instruments are expected to provide enhanced capabilities and reduced consumption on the spacecraft resources. At NASA, the Earth Science Enterprise has strengthened its investment on instrument technologies to help achieving these two main goals and to obtain the best science values from the new earth science instruments. It is with this spirit that a notional instrument concept, using a dual-frequency rain radar with a deployable 5-meter electronically-scanned membrane antenna and real-time digital signal processing, is developed. This new system, the Second Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2), has the potential of offering greatly enhanced performance accuracy while using only a fraction of the mass of the current TRMM PR. During the last two years, several of the technology items associated with this notional instrument have also been prototyped. In this paper, the science rationales, the instrument design concept, and the technology status for the PR-2 notional system will be presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 178 EP 189 DI 10.1117/12.467759 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000021 ER PT S AU Yueh, SH Stiles, B Liu, WT AF Yueh, SH Stiles, B Liu, WT BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI QuikSCAT geophysical model function and winds for tropical cyclones SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE scatterometer; hurricane; tropical cyclone; ocean wind; rain scattering; rain attenuation ID OCEAN BACKSCATTER; KU-BAND AB A revised geophysical model function for applications of QuikSCAT data to tropical cyclones is described. An analysis of QuikSCAT sigma(0)s from the fore- and aft-beams indicates a directional dependence of about 0.5-1 dB for above 40 m/s wind speeds. The differences between QuikSCAT fore- and aft-beam sigma(0)s were used to estimate the second harmonics coefficients, characterizing the upwind and crosswind asymmetry. The results show that the QuikSCAT sigma(0)s have a peak-to-peak wind direction modulation of similar to1 dB at 35 m/s wind speed, and the amplitude of modulation decreases with wind speed. The trend agrees well with the QSCAT1 model function at near 20 m/s. A simple analytic correction of the QSCAT1 model function is presented. We explored two microwave radiative transfer models to account for the attenuation and scattering effects of rain. One is derived from the collocated QuikSCAT and SSM/I data set, and the other one is a published parametric model developed for precipitation radars. The comparison of these two radiative transfer models indicates the relative significance of volume scattering, scattering from rain-roughened surfaces and rain attenuation. The models suggest that the sigma(0)s of wind-induced surfaces at 40-50 m/s are comparable to the contributions of rain for up to 10-20 mm/h. The radiative transfer models have been used to retrieve the ocean wind vectors from the collocated QuikSCAT and SSM/I rain rate data for several tropical cyclones. The resulting wind speed estimates of these tropical cyclones show improved agreement with the expected wind fields derived from the best track analysis and Holland's model for up to about 15 mm/h rain rate. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yueh, SH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 206 EP 217 DI 10.1117/12.466298 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000024 ER PT S AU Tanelli, S Im, E Facheris, L Smith, EA AF Tanelli, S Im, E Facheris, L Smith, EA BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI DFT-based spectral moments estimators for spaceborne Doppler precipitation radars SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE spaceborne weather radar; Doppler; DFT; spectral moments estimation AB In this paper an in-depth analysis on the performance of the Fourier analysis in estimating the first moment of Doppler spectra of rain signals from a spaceborne radar is presented. Spectral moments estimators based on Fourier analysis (DFT-SME) have been widely used by Doppler weather radars in measuring rainfall velocity and they have been found to be almost optimal for narrow normalized spectral widths (w(N)). They are also more computationally efficient than the Maximum Likelihood estimators. However, the existing analytical approaches for evaluating the DFT-SME performance have mostly been focused on a limited range of small w(N) (e.g., w(N) < 0.1) that are typical of ground based and airborne Doppler weather radars. With the rapid advances in spaceborne radar technologies, the flying of a Doppler precipitation radar in space to acquire global data sets of vertical rainfall velocity has become a real possibility. The objective of this work is to develop a generalized analytical approach by extending it to cover larger values of wN (e.g., w(N) similar to 0.2) in spaceborne radar applications. In particular, a method has been developed to properly treat the aliasing effects, which have become a significant error source in spaceborne applications. Several DFT-SME algorithms (differing in the adopted strategy for noise handling and the initial estimate of the mean Doppler velocity) have been analyzed with this generalized approach. The analytical results are in excellent agreement with those obtained through simulation. Such encouraging results suggest that the proposed approach is a reliable technique for fast and accurate prediction of DFT-SME performance for spaceborne Doppler weather radars. RP Tanelli, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 300-243, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 218 EP 229 DI 10.1117/12.467754 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000025 ER PT S AU Im, E Tanelli, S Mascelloni, R Facheris, L AF Im, E Tanelli, S Mascelloni, R Facheris, L BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI Spaceborne Rainfall Doppler radar measurements: Correction of errors induced by pointing uncertainties SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE spaceborne weather radar; Doppler ID SPACECRAFT AB In this paper we present a sea surface radar echo spectral analysis technique to correct for the rainfall velocity error caused by radar pointing uncertainty. The correction procedure is quite straightforward when the radar is observing a homogeneous rainfall field. On the other hand, when NUBF occurs and attenuating frequencies are used, additional steps are necessary in order to correctly estimate the antenna pointing direction. This new technique relies on the application of Combined Frequency-Time (CFT) algorithm to correct for uneven attenuation effects on the observed sea surface Doppler spectrum. The performance of this correction technique was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation of the Doppler precipitation radar backscatter model, and the high-resolution 3D rain fields generated by a cloud resolving numerical model. Our preliminary results show that the antenna pointing induced error can indeed be successfully removed by the proposed technique. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 300-227, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 230 EP 239 DI 10.1117/12.467764 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000026 ER PT S AU Chang, ATC Kelly, REJ Foster, JL Hall, DK AF Chang, ATC Kelly, REJ Foster, JL Hall, DK BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI Estimation of global snow cover using passive microwave data SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE snow depth; snow cover area; passive microwave; DMRT ID SPACE AB This paper describes an approach to estimate global snow cover using satellite passive microwave data. Snow cover is detected using the high frequency scattering signal from natural microwave radiation, which is observed by passive microwave instruments. Developed for the retrieval of global snow depth and snow water equivalent using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer EOS (AMSR-E), the algorithm uses passive microwave radiation along with a microwave emission model and a snow grain growth model to estimate snow depth. The microwave emission model is based on the Dense Media Radiative Transfer (DMRT) model that uses the quasi-crystalline approach and sticky particle theory to predict the brightness temperature from a single layered snowpack. The grain growth model is a generic single layer model based on an empirical approach to predict snow grain size evolution with time. Gridding to the 25 km EASE-grid projection, a daily record of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) snow depth estimates was generated for December 2000 to March 2001. The estimates are tested using ground measurements from two continental-scale river catchments (Nelson River and the Ob River in Russia). This regional-scale testing of the algorithm shows that for passive microwave estimates, the average daily snow depth retrieval standard error between estimated and measured snow depths ranges from 0 cm to 40 cm of point observations. Bias characteristics are different for each basin. A fraction of the error is related to uncertainties about the grain growth initialization states and uncertainties about grain size changes through the winter season that directly affect the parameterization of the snow depth estimation in the DMRT model. Also, the algorithm does not include a correction for forest cover and this effect is clearly observed in the retrieval. Finally, error is also related to scale differences between in situ ground measurements and area-integrated satellite estimates. With AMSR-E data, improvements to snow depth and water equivalent estimates are expected since AMSR-E will have twice the spatial resolution of the SSM/I and will be able to characterize better the subnivean snow environment from an expanded range of microwave frequencies. C1 NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kelly, REJ (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Code 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 381 EP 390 DI 10.1117/12.467769 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000042 ER PT S AU Cavalieri, DJ Maslanik, J Markus, T Stroeve, J Sturm, M Heinrichs, J Kim, E Gasiewski, AJ Comiso, JC AF Cavalieri, DJ Maslanik, J Markus, T Stroeve, J Sturm, M Heinrichs, J Kim, E Gasiewski, AJ Comiso, JC BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI EOS Aqua AMSR-E arctic sea ice validation program SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE AMSR-E; sea ice; validation; Arctic ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; WEDDELL SEA; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM AB The National Space Development Agency of Japan Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) was successfully launched on NASA's EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002. This new state-of-the-art satellite radiometer will provide a wider range of frequencies and twice the spatial resolution than is currently available with the DMSP SSM/I. New sea ice algorithms have been developed for use with the AMSR-E. The standard sea ice products to be provided include sea ice concentration at spatial resolutions of 12.5 km and 25.0 km, snow depth on sea ice at a spatial resolution of 12.5 km, and sea ice temperature at a spatial resolution of 25 km. This paper provides a summary of our plans to validate the AMSR-E sea ice products in the Arctic. The overall validation program consists of three elements: satellite data comparisons, coordinated satellite/aircraft/surface comparisons, and a modeling and sensitivity analysis component. The first coordinated satellite/aircraft/surface Arctic campaign is planned for March 2003. A second campaign is planned for March 2005. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USA CRREL Alaska, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Geosci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cavalieri, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Code 971, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Stroeve, Julienne/D-1525-2010; Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 413 EP 424 DI 10.1117/12.467791 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000045 ER PT S AU Croskey, CL Mitchell, JD Friedrich, M Schmidlin, FJ Meriwether, JW AF Croskey, CL Mitchell, JD Friedrich, M Schmidlin, FJ Meriwether, JW BE Clemesha, B Swenson, G TI Initial results of a rocket-based study of gravity wave effects on photoionization in the middle atmosphere SO MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT COSPAR C2 1 Meeting on Middle Atmosphere Structure and Dynamics CY 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IUGG, IAGA, SCOSTEP, URSI AB During May, 2002, two Nike Orion sounding rocket payloads were launched from NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, to explore the effects of gravity waves on the electrodynamics of the mesosphere. This effort extended earlier work that focused on observed correlations between mesospheric temperatures and conductivities. One result of that work was the postulation of subvisible "ice" particles throughout the mesosphere. Because the preferential size of the aerosols depends on the temperature (and therefore also on gravity wave activity), the present effort investigated the influences of thunderstorm-produced gravity waves on the aerosols. Although the extremely small size of these particles makes direct optical observation of them impossible, in situ observations of their ionization by UV radiation was used to show the electrodynamic effects of temperature variations in the lower mesosphere and upper stratosphere. One rocket flight occurred on a clear night with no nearby tropospheric source mechanisms, and the other flight occurred after the passage of a strong thunderstorm system in the vicinity of the rocket range. The effects of gravity waves generated by the thunderstorms in the lower mesosphere were also observed by an inflatable falling sphere and ground-based observations of the OH layer. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Commun & Space Sci Lab, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Graz Tech Univ, Dept Commun & Wave Propagat, A-8010 Graz, Austria. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydroscop Proc, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Kinard Lab 208, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Croskey, CL (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Commun & Space Sci Lab, Dept Elect Engn, 303 Elect Engn E, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 741 EP 746 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00409-5 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BY02E UT WOS:000187294000006 ER PT S AU Jiang, JH Wu, DL Eckermann, SD Ma, J AF Jiang, JH Wu, DL Eckermann, SD Ma, J BE Clemesha, B Swenson, G TI Mountain waves in the middle atmosphere: Microwave limb sounder observations and analyses SO MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT COSPAR C2 1 Meeting on Middle Atmosphere Structure and Dynamics CY 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP COSPAR, IUGG, IAGA, SCOSTEP, URSI ID GRAVITY-WAVES; MLS OBSERVATIONS; UARS MLS AB Observations and analyses of mesoscale gravity waves in the stratosphere from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are summarized, with focus on global distribution of topography related wave activities. We found most of the orographical wave activities occur during the winter seasons over high latitude mountain ridges. In the northern hemisphere, the strongest waves are those over Scandinavia, Central Eurasia, and southern Greenland, whereas in the southern hemisphere, wave activities are outstanding over the Andes, New Zealand, and Antarctic rim, MLS observations suggest that these orographic waves are located mostly on the down stream side of the mountain ridge with downward phase progression and have horizontal phase velocities opposite to the stratospheric jet-stream. Future studies using MLS data and numerical modeling will lead to better understanding of gravity wave effects on dynamics and chemistry in the middle atmosphere. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. USN, Res Lab, Middle Atmospher Dynam Sect, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. RP Jiang, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 801 EP 806 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00402-2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BY02E UT WOS:000187294000015 ER PT S AU Divsalar, D Dolinar, S AF Divsalar, D Dolinar, S GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Performance of a high-speed concatenated coded modulation scheme over fading channels SO MILCOM 2003 - 2003 IEEE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2003) CY OCT 13-16, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE Commun Soc AB We design a concatenated code structure with very simple component codes that can be combined with high-order modulations to achieve good power and bandwidth efficiency, and can be iteratively decoded at high data rates using highly parallelized decoders. In this paper we simulate the performance of these codes over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Divsalar, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM dariush@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; sam@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-8140-8 J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2003 BP 41 EP 45 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BAA49 UT WOS:000221341000008 ER PT S AU Li, LF Divsalar, D Dolinar, S AF Li, LF Divsalar, D Dolinar, S GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Iterative demodulation and decoding of coded non-square QAM SO MILCOM 2003 - 2003 IEEE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2003) CY OCT 13-16, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE Commun Soc ID SERIAL CONCATENATION; MODULATION AB It is shown that a non-square (NS) 2(2n+1)-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can be decomposed into a single-parity-check (SPC) block encoder and a memoryless modulator in such a way that the inherent block encoder has a recursive nature. When concatenated with a forward-error-correcting (FEC) code, iterative demodulation and decoding of the FEC code and the inherent SPC code of NS-2(2n+1)-QAM is then possible. The capacity and bit/symbol-error-rate (BER/SER) performance of coded and uncoated NS-2(2n+1)-QAM systems are given and compared to those of other 2(2n+1)-ary systems. Simulation results show that, with iterative demodulation and decoding, coded NS-8QAM performs 0.5 dB better than standard 8QAM and 0.7 dB better than 8PSK at BER = 10(-5), when the FEC code is the (15, 11) Hamming codes concatenated with rate-1 accumulator codes, while coded NS-32QAM performs 0.25 dB better than standard. 32QAM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Li, LF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-8140-8 J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2003 BP 84 EP 89 PG 6 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BAA49 UT WOS:000221341000016 ER PT S AU Voellmer, GM Allen, CA Amato, MJ Babu, SR Bartels, AE Benford, DJ Derro, RJ Dowell, CD Harper, DA Jhabvala, MD Moseley, SH Rennick, T Shirron, PJ Smith, WW Staguhn, JG AF Voellmer, GM Allen, CA Amato, MJ Babu, SR Bartels, AE Benford, DJ Derro, RJ Dowell, CD Harper, DA Jhabvala, MD Moseley, SH Rennick, T Shirron, PJ Smith, WW Staguhn, JG BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Design and fabrication of two-dimensional semiconducting bolometer arrays for the High resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) and the Submillimeter High Angular Resolution Camera II (SHARC-II) SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB The High resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) and the Submillimeter High Angular Resolution Camera II (SHARC II) will use almost identical versions of an ion-implanted silicon bolometer array developed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The GSFC "Pop-Up" Detectors (PUD's) use a unique folding technique to enable a 12 x 32-element close-packed array of bolometers with a filling factor greater than 95 percent. A kinematic Kevlar((R)) suspension system isolates the 200 mK bolometers from the helium bath temperature, and GSFC - developed silicon bridge chips make electrical connection to the bolometers, while maintaining thermal isolation. The MET preamps operate at 120 K. Providing good thermal heat sinking for these, and keeping their conduction and radiation from reaching the nearby bolometers, is one of the principal design challenges encountered. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Voellmer, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 543, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 63 EP 72 DI 10.1117/12.459315 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500006 ER PT S AU Staguhn, J Benford, D Pajot, F Ames, T Chervenak, J Grossman, E Irwin, K Maffei, B Moseley, H Phillips, T Reintsema, C Rioux, C Shafer, R Voellmer, G AF Staguhn, J Benford, D Pajot, F Ames, T Chervenak, J Grossman, E Irwin, K Maffei, B Moseley, H Phillips, T Reintsema, C Rioux, C Shafer, R Voellmer, G BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Astronomical demonstration of superconducting bolometer arrays SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE detectors; bolometers; multiplexers; sub-mm instruments; spectrometers ID SUBMILLIMETER AB We have built a prototype submillimeter spectrometer, FIBRE, which is based on a helium-cooled scanning Fabry-Perot and superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers, (TES). SQUID multiplexers are used to read out the individual detector pixels. The spectral resolving power of the instrument is provided by the Fabry-Perot spectrometer. The outgoing light from the Fabry-Perot passes onto a low resolution grating for order sorting. A linear bolometer array consisting of 16 elements detects this dispersed light, capturing 5 orders simultaneously from one position on the sky.. With tuning of the Fabry-Perot over one free spectral range, a spectrum covering Deltalambda/lambda = 1/7 at a resolution of similar to1/1200 can be achieved. The spectral resolution is sufficient to resolve doppler broadened line emission from external galaxies. FIBRE operates in the 350 mum and 450 mum bands. These bands cover line emission from the important PDR tracers neutral carbon [CI] and carbon monoxide CO. The spectrometer was used at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory to obtain the first ever astronomical observations using multiplexed arrays of superconducting transition edge bolometers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Staguhn, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 100 EP 107 DI 10.1117/12.459377 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500009 ER PT S AU Yun, MH Beeman, J Bhatia, R Bock, J Holmes, W Husted, L Koch, T Mulder, J Lange, A Turner, A Wild, L AF Yun, MH Beeman, J Bhatia, R Bock, J Holmes, W Husted, L Koch, T Mulder, J Lange, A Turner, A Wild, L BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Bolometric detectors for the Planck Surveyor SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Bolometers; millimeter-wave; Planck ID SILICON AB The High Frequency Instrument on the NASA/ESA Planck Surveyor, scheduled for launch in 2007, will map the entire sky in 6 frequency bands ranging from 100 GHz to 857 GHz to probe Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy and polarization with angular resolution ranging from 9' to 5'. The HFI focal plane will contain 48 silicon nitride micromesh bolometers operating from. a 100 mK heat sink. Four detectors in each of the 6 bands will detect unpolarized radiation. An additional 4 pairs of detectors will provide sensitivity to linear polarization of emission at 143, 217 and 353 GHz. We describe the fabrication process used to meet the stringent mission requirements on sensitivity, speed of response and stability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yun, MH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 136 EP 147 DI 10.1117/12.459199 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500013 ER PT S AU Benford, DJ Chervenak, JA Irwin, KD Moseley, SH Shafer, RA Staguhn, JG Wollack, EJ AF Benford, DJ Chervenak, JA Irwin, KD Moseley, SH Shafer, RA Staguhn, JG Wollack, EJ BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Superconducting Bolometer array architectures SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE superconducting bolometer array; transition edge sensor; superconducting multiplexer; SQUID multiplexer ID TRANSITION EDGE SENSORS AB The next generation of far-infrared and submillimeter instruments require large arrays of detectors containing thousands of elements. These arrays will necessarily be multiplexed, and superconducting bolometer arrays are the most promising present prospect for these detectors. We discuss our current research into superconducting bolometer array technologies, which has recently resulted in the first multiplexed detections of submillimeter light and the first multiplexed astronomical observations. Prototype arrays containing 512 pixels are in production using the Pop-Up Detector (PUD) architecture, which can be extended easily to 1000 pixel arrays. Planar arrays of close-packed bolometers are being developed for the GBT and for future space missions. For certain applications, such as a slewed far-infrared sky survey, feedhorn-coupling of a large sparsely-filled array of bolometers is desirable, and is being developed using photolithographic feedhorn arrays. Individual detectors have achieved a Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) of similar to10(-17) W/rootHz at 300mK, but several orders of magnitude improvement are required and can be reached with existing technology. The testing of such ultralow-background detectors will prove difficult, as this requires optical loading of below 1fW. Antenna-coupled bolometer designs have advantages for large format array designs at low powers due to their mode selectivity. We also present a design and preliminary results for an enhanced-dynamic-range transition edge sensor suitable for broadband ultralow-background detectors. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012; OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451; Irwin, Kent/0000-0002-2998-9743 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 148 EP 162 DI 10.1117/12.459423 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500014 ER PT S AU Goldin, A Bock, JJ Hunt, C Lange, AE LeDuc, H Vayonakis, A Zmuidzinas, J AF Goldin, A Bock, JJ Hunt, C Lange, AE LeDuc, H Vayonakis, A Zmuidzinas, J BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Design of broadband filters and antennas for SAMBA SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB We present a design for multipixel, multiband submillimeter instrument: SAMBA (Superconducting Antenna-coupled, Multi-frequency, Bolometric Array). SAMBA uses antenna coupled bolometers and microstrip filters. The concept allows for a much more compact, multiband imager compared to a comparable feedhorn-coupled bolometric system. SAMBA incorporates an array of slot antennas, superconducting transmission lines, a wide band multiplexer and superconducting transition edge bolometers. The transition-edge film measures the millimeter-wave power deposited in the resistor that terminates the transmission line. C1 JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Goldin, A (reprint author), 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 169-327, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 163 EP 171 DI 10.1117/12.459677 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500015 ER PT S AU Cottingham, DA Bier, A Campano, B Chen, TC Cheng, ES Crawford, TM Finkbeiner, FM Fixsen, DJ Logan, DW Meyer, SS Sharp, EH Silverberg, RF Wilson, GW AF Cottingham, DA Bier, A Campano, B Chen, TC Cheng, ES Crawford, TM Finkbeiner, FM Fixsen, DJ Logan, DW Meyer, SS Sharp, EH Silverberg, RF Wilson, GW BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Development of frequency selective bolometers for ground-based MM-wave astronomy SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE bolometer; infrared detector; millimeter-wave; TES; astronomy; cryogenic AB The Frequency Selective Bolometer (FSB) is a bolometer with a patterned frequency selective absorber, coupled with a band-reflecting backshort. The resulting unit absorbs in-band radiation, and passes out-of-band radiation. Thus a series of. FSBs tuned to different bands packed in series in a light pipe forms a compact multi-band photometer. The compact form factor makes it an attractive detector for a mm-wave array camera. We have built and characterized prototypes that demonstrate this technology. We are now developing a set of FSBs for SPEED (the SPEctral Energy Distribution camera), an FSB array camera which will observe 4 pixels in 4 mm-wave. spectral bands, to be used on the Heinrich Hertz Telescope and the Large Millimeter Telescope. These FSBs are fabricated on a free-standing SiN film with TES thermometers. We will discuss the design and performance of these detectors. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cottingham, DA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 192 EP 200 DI 10.1117/12.459358 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500018 ER PT S AU Holmes, W Bock, J Ganga, K Hristov, VV Hustead, L Koch, T Lange, AE Paine, C Yun, M AF Holmes, W Bock, J Ganga, K Hristov, VV Hustead, L Koch, T Lange, AE Paine, C Yun, M BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Preliminary performance measurements of bolometers for. the planck high frequency instrument SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE mm-wave sensors; bolometer; micro-machining; cosmic microwave background ID HOPPING CONDUCTION AB We report on the characterization of bolometers fabricated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) of the joint ESA/NASA Herschel/Planck mission to be launched in 2007. The HFI is a multicolor focal plane which consists I of 48 bolometers operated at 100mK. Each bolometer is mounted to a feedhorn-filter assembly which defines one of six frequency bands centered between 100-857GHz. Four detectors in each of six bands are coupled to both linear polarizations and thus measure the total intensity. In addition, eight detectors in each of 3 bands (143, 217, and 353GHz) couple only to a single linear polarization and thus provide measurements of the Stokes parameters, Q and U, as well the total intensity. The detectors axe required to achieve a Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) at or below the background limit similar to 10(-17)W/rootHz for the telescope and time constants of a few ins, short enough to resolve point sources as the 5 to 9 arc-minute beams move across the sky in great circles at 1 rpm. The bolometers axe tested at 100mK in a commercial dilution refrigerator with a custom built thermal control system to regulate the heat sink with precision < 100nK/rootHz. The 100mK tests include dark electrical characterization of the load curves, optical and electrical measurement of the thermal time constants and measurement of the noise spectral density from 0.01 to 10Hz for up to 24 bolometers simultaneously. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Holmes, W (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 208 EP 216 DI 10.1117/12.459421 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500020 ER PT S AU Kawamura, J Bumble, B Harding, D McGrath, WR Focardi, P LeDuc, HG AF Kawamura, J Bumble, B Harding, D McGrath, WR Focardi, P LeDuc, HG BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI 1.8 THz superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixer for Herschel SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE heterodyne; submillimeter; receiver; mixer; terahertz ID BANDWIDTH; RECEIVER; NOISE AB We are developing terahertz mixers to cover the highest frequency band ("6H") for the heterodyne instrument (HIFI) aboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixer will be optimized for operation at 1.8 THz, with an input bandwidth of at least 0.2 THz. Some of the key spectroscopic lines in this frequency band are the fine-structure transition of ionized carbon at 1.9 THz, and numerous rotational transitions of water vapor and other hydrides. The mixers will employ a superconductive hot-electron bolometer as the mixing element, for which we will use a diffusion-cooled niobium microbridge. This variant allows an IF bandwidth that meets the range required for HIFI's 4-8 GHz IF. The mixer will be operated at similar to2 K bath temperature. The sensitivity requirement is a double sideband mixer noise temperature of T-mix /v similar to 1,000 K / THz, which has been previously demonstrated with this type of mixer. The mixer is a quasioptical. design, employing a twin-slot planar antenna mounted on the backside of an elliptical silicon lens. Initial measurements indicate that that these mixers can be adequately pumped with a solid-state 1.5 THz local-oscillator source. HEB mixers are extremely delicate and susceptible to environmental damage; we have therefore focused a good deal of attention to engineering a rzugged, flyable mixer. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kawamura, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1117/12.459367 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500036 ER PT S AU Mehdi, I Schlecht, E Chattopadhyay, G Siegel, PH AF Mehdi, I Schlecht, E Chattopadhyay, G Siegel, PH BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI THz local oscillator sources: Performance and capabilities SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Schottky diode multipliers; varactors; LO sources; THz technology ID SCHOTTKY DIODES; RELIABILITY; MULTIPLIERS AB Frequency multiplier circuits based on planar GaAs Schottky diodes have advanced significantly in the last decade. Useful power in the >1 THz range has now been demonstrated from a complete solid-state chain. This paper will review some of the technologies that have led to this achievement along with a brief look at future challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 168-314,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Imran@merlin.jpl.nasa.gov NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 435 EP 446 DI 10.1117/12.459185 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500044 ER PT S AU Maiwald, F Schlecht, E Maestrini, A Chattopadhyay, G Pearson, J Pukala, D Mehdi, I AF Maiwald, F Schlecht, E Maestrini, A Chattopadhyay, G Pearson, J Pukala, D Mehdi, I BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI THz frequency multiplier chains based on planar Schottky diodes SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE planar Schottky diodes; THz; multiplier; Local Oscillator; spectroscopy AB The Herschel Space Observatory (HSO), an ESA cornerstone mission with NASA contribution, will enable a comprehensive study of the galactic and the extra galactic universe. At the heart of this exploration are ultra sensitive coherent detectors for high-resolution spectroscopy. Successful operation of these receivers is predicated on providing a sufficiently powerful local oscillator (LO) source. Historically, a versatile space qualified LO source for frequencies beyond 500 GHz has been difficult if not impossible. This paper will focus on the effort under way to develop, build, characterize and qualify a LO chain to 1200 GHz (Band 5 on HSO) that is based on planar GaAs diodes mounted in waveguide circuits. State-of-the-art performance has been obtained from a three-stage (x2x2x3) multiplier chain that can provide a peak output power of 120 muW (1178 GHz) at room temperature and a peak output power of 190 muW at 1183 GHz when cooled to 113 K. Implementation of this LO source for the Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infrared (HIFI) one of three instruments on HSO will be discussed in detail. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Maiwald, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 168-314, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1117/12.459355 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500045 ER PT S AU Pearson, JC Chen, P Pickett, HM AF Pearson, JC Chen, P Pickett, HM BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Photomixer systems as submillimeter oscillators and coherent test sources SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE heterodyne; receiver; local oscillator; submillimeter; frequency synthesis; THz; photomixer; difference frequency ID TEMPERATURE-GROWN GAAS; LASER; DIODE; THZ; STABILIZATION; GENERATION; POWER AB The development of widely tunable coherent frequency sources for application as local oscillators or simply as test equipment above 1 THz remains an impediment in receiver development and characterization. Photomixer sources have demonstrated sufficient power to pump SIS mixers to over 600 GHz; and have demonstrated over 2.5 THz of bandwidth in a single device. First generation photomixer system solved the problem of frequency calibration, but failed to fully address the needed spectral purity required for heterodyne applications. A number of improved laser technologies are greatly simplifying the implementation and improving the spectral purity of photomixer systems, however a full system demonstration in the THz; frequency range remains elusive. The current state of the art for photomixer based sources is explored in light of heterodyne local oscillator and coherent tests sources for antenna and component characterization at THz frequencies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pearson, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 183-301, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 459 EP 467 DI 10.1117/12.459378 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500046 ER PT S AU Ferber, RR Gaier, TC Pearson, JC Samoska, LA Wells, M Swift, G Yocom, P Chung, Y Campbell, A AF Ferber, RR Gaier, TC Pearson, JC Samoska, LA Wells, M Swift, G Yocom, P Chung, Y Campbell, A BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI W band power amplifier development for the Herschel HIFI instrument SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE GaAs; MMIC; mm-wave; W Band Amplifiers; Local Oscillator; Heterodyne Receiver; Herschel Observatory Spacecraft ID MMICS AB This paper summarizes the development of W Band amplifiers for the Local, Oscillator (LO) chains for the Herschel HIM (Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infrared) Instrument. Key amplifier development issues and their solutions are presented, which have been applied on the way to realizing stable, wide-band amplifiers capable of producing 240 mW or greater RF power output across the 71 to 106 GHz frequency range. The HIM power amplifier design embodiment is based on an A-40 silicon-aluminum alloy package with six GaAs(Gallium Arsenide) HEMT(High Electron Mobility Transistors) MMIC(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) amplifier chips used in each amplifier. Development challenges addressed include: MMIC chip designs which initially had a variety of oscillation or "moding" propensities (mostly out-of-band), signal splitter and combiner development and matching across the band, matching of chip characteristics for those chips installed in the parallel power combined arms of the amplifier, power output control and leveling. The chosen design solutions are presented, including device, component and material selection for amplifier operation at cryogenic temperatures. Room temperature and cryogenic (120 Kelvin) data is also shown for the amplifier. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 468 EP 479 DI 10.1117/12.459192 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500047 ER PT S AU Benford, DJ Voellmer, GM Chervenak, JA Kent, DB Moseley, SH Shafer, RA Staguhn, JG Stacey, GJ AF Benford, DJ Voellmer, GM Chervenak, JA Kent, DB Moseley, SH Shafer, RA Staguhn, JG Stacey, GJ BE Phillips, TG Zmuidzinas, J TI Design and fabrication of two-dimensional superconducting bolometer arrays SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE bolometer array; transition edge sensor; superconducting multiplexer; SQUID multiplexer; SOFIA; AST/RO ID CAMERA AB Large format, two dimensional arrays of close-packed bolometers will enable submillimeter cameras and spectrometers to obtain images and spectra orders of magnitude faster than present instruments. The South Pole Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer (SPIFI) for the AST/RO observatory and the Submillimeter and Far-InfraRed Experiment (SAFIRE) on the SOFIA airborne observatory will employ a large-format, two-dimensional, close-packed bolometer arrays. Both these instruments are imaging Fabry-Perot spectrometers operating at wavelengths between 100mum and 700mum. The array format is 16x32 pixels, using a 32-element multiplexer developed in part for this purpose. The low backgrounds achieved in spectroscopy require very sensitive detectors with NEPs of order 5.10(-18) WNHz. Superconducting detectors can be close-packed using the Pop-Up Detector (PUD) format, and SQUID multiplexers operating at the detector bas temperature can be intimately coupled to them. We have fabricated and assembled an engineering model array of close-packed bolometers with a multiplexed readout that features a very compact, modular approach for large format arrays. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4634-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4855 BP 552 EP 562 DI 10.1117/12.459424 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39B UT WOS:000181847500055 ER PT S AU Ciucu, M Heas, P Datcu, M Tilton, JC AF Ciucu, M Heas, P Datcu, M Tilton, JC BE Zaiane, OR Simoff, SJ Djeraba, C TI Scale space exploration for mining image information content SO MINING MULTIMEDIA AND COMPLEX DATA SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Multimedia Data Mining CY JUL, 2002 CL EDMONTON, CANADA AB Images are highly complex multidimensional signals, with rich and complicated information content. For this reason they are difficult to analyze with a specific automated approach. However, a hierarchical representation is helpful for understanding image content. In this paper, we describe an application of a scale-space clustering algorithm (melting) for exploration of image information content. Clustering by melting considers the feature space as a thermodynamical ensemble and groups the data by minimizing the free energy, having temperature as a scale parameter. We develop clustering by melting for multidimensional data, and propose and demonstrate a solution for the initialization of the algorithm. Due to the curse of dimensionality, for initialization of clusters we choose the initial clusters centers with an algorithm that performs fast cluster center estimation with low computation cost. We further analyze the information extracted by melting and propose a structure for information representation that enables exploration of image content. This structure is a tree in the scale space showing how the clusters merge. Implementation of the algorithm is through a multi-tree structure. With this structure, we can explore the image content as an information mining function, we obtain a more compact data structure, and we have maximum of information in scale space because we memorize the bifurcation points and the trajectories of the centers points in the scale space. The information encoded in the tree structure enables the fast reconstruction and exploration of the data cluster structure and the investigation of hierarchical sequences of image classifications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach with examples using satellite multispectral image (SPOT 4) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) derived from SAR interferometry (SRTM). C1 DLR, German Aerosp Ctr, Remote Sensing Technol Inst, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Appl Informat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ciucu, M (reprint author), DLR, German Aerosp Ctr, Remote Sensing Technol Inst, Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. EM Mariana.Ciucu@dlr.de; James.C.Tilton@nasa.gov RI DATCU, Mihai/G-1655-2016 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20305-2 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2003 VL 2797 BP 118 EP 133 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY36Z UT WOS:000189123000008 ER PT S AU Groce, A Visser, W AF Groce, A Visser, W BE Ball, T Rajamani, SK TI What went wrong: Explaining counterexamples SO MODEL CHECKING SOFTWARE SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking Software CY MAY 09-10, 2003 CL PORTLAND, OR SP ACM SIGSOFT AB One of the chief advantages of model checking is the production of counterexamples demonstrating that a system does not satisfy a specification. However, it may require a great deal of human effort to extract the essence of an error from even a detailed source-level trace of a failing run. We use an automated method for finding multiple versions of an error (and similar executions that do not produce an error), and analyze these executions to produce a more succinct description of the key elements of the error. The description produced includes identification of portions of the source code crucial to distinguishing failing and succeeding runs, differences in invariants between failing and non-failing runs, and information on the necessary changes in scheduling and environmental actions needed to cause successful runs to fail. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Groce, A (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40117-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2648 BP 121 EP 135 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BW88X UT WOS:000183490400008 ER PT B AU Catalina, AV Stefanescu, DM Sen, S AF Catalina, AV Stefanescu, DM Sen, S BE Stefanescu, DM Warren, JA Jolly, MR Krane, MJM TI Numerical calculation of the morphology of a solid/liquid interface near an insoluble particle SO MODELING OF CASTING, WELDING AND ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSES-X LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes CY MAY 25-30, 2003 CL DESTIN, FL SP Engn Conf Int ID SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE; ENGULFMENT; MODEL; FRONT AB A numerical mathematical model capable of accurately describing the evolution of the shape of the solid/liquid interface in the proximity of a foreign particle is presented in this paper. The model accounts for the influence of the temperature gradient and the Gibbs-Thomson and disjoining pressure effects. It shows that for the systems characterized by k(p) < k(L) the disjoining pressure causes the interface curvature to change its sign in the close-contact particle/interface region. It also shows that the increase of the temperature gradient diminishes the effect of the disjoining pressure. Calculated critical solidification velocities for the pushing/engulfment transition are compared with experimental measurements. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, USRA SD46, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Catalina, AV (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, USRA SD46, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RI Stefanescu, Doru/G-8101-2012; OI Stefanescu, Doru M./0000-0001-5544-8396 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-555-7 PY 2003 BP 125 EP 132 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BX56Z UT WOS:000185703800016 ER PT S AU van Belle, G Thompson, RR Creech-Eakman, MJ AF van Belle, G. Thompson, R. R. Creech-Eakman, M. J. BA Piskunov, N BF Piskunov, N BE Weiss, WW Gray, DF TI Interferometric observations of mira variables SO Modelling of Stellar Atmospheres SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 210th IAU Symposium on Modelling of Stellar Atmospheres CY JUN 17-21, 2002 CL Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, SWEDEN SP Int Astron Union HO Uppsala Univ ID ANGULAR SIZE MEASUREMENTS; PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; LATE-TYPE STARS; RESOLUTION MEASUREMENTS; SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY; EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES; 2.2 MICRONS; R LEONIS; MU-M; DIAMETERS AB Milliarcsecond resolution observations of cool stars are becoming increasingly common and sophisticated as recent advances in telescope technology mature. To varying degrees, these observations rely up on stellar models for interpretation of their data, while at the same time present particular challenges to those models. Indications of departures from spherical symmetry are beginning to be observed as increasingly rich image information is obtained by a new generation of interferometers. Examination the subtle variations of wavelength-specific sizes exhibits rich structure, connected to the atmospheric chemistry. For the pulsating stars, such as Mira variables, that structure varies with time, with the phase lags between the various sizes being connected to the atmospheric dynamics. Complex morphologies associated with atmospheric winds have been revealed with these high resolution experiments. A review of these recent results will be presented, concentrated on their implications upon stellar modelling, and the prospects for future observational data. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP van Belle, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-160-5 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 VL 210 BP 367 EP 376 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFN75 UT WOS:000243352400030 ER PT S AU Fujimoto, T Wakata, K Cao, FY Nisitani, H AF Fujimoto, T Wakata, K Cao, FY Nisitani, H BE Cartmell, MP TI Vibration analysis of a cracked plate subjected to tension using a hybrid method of FEM and BFM SO MODERN PRACTICE IN STRESS AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Modern Practice in Stress and Vibration Analysis CY SEP 09-11, 2003 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP UK Inst phys, Stress & Vibrat Grp DE body force method; crack building; cracked plate; finite element method; uniaxial tension; vibration characteristics AB Vibration characteristics of centrally cracked plates subjected to uniaxial tension are analyzed using a hybrid method of the finite element method for the purpose of eigenvalue analysis and the body force method for in-plane stress analysis associated with the eigenvalue analysis. The natural frequencies and mode shapes obtained by the analyses are compared with experimental results measured by the laser holographic interferometry. C1 Kyushu Sangyo Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka, Japan. NASA, Houston Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Fujimoto, T (reprint author), Kyushu Sangyo Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Higashi Ku, 2-3-1 Matsukadai, Fukuoka, Japan. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-928-8 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2003 VL 440-4 BP 407 EP 414 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA BY26P UT WOS:000188594100050 ER PT S AU Yang, EH Shcheglov, K Trolier-McKinstry, S AF Yang, EH Shcheglov, K Trolier-McKinstry, S BE Smith, JH Krulevitch, PA Lakner, HK TI Concept, Modeling and fabrication techniques for large-stroke piezoelectric unimorph deformable mirrors SO MOEMS AND MINATURIZED SYSTEMS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems III CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Lab DE deformable mirror (DM); microelectromechanical systems (MEMS); adaptive optics (AO); piezoelectric actuator; unimorph membrane; continuous mirror; wafer-scale membrane transfer ID FILMS; MEMS AB Large-stroke micromachined deformable mirror technology can boost the imaging performance of an otherwise non-rigid, lower-quality telescope structure. The proposed deformable mirror concept in this paper combines a microfabricated large-stroke piezoelectric actuator with a reflective membrane "transferred" in its entirety from a separate wafer. This process allows the large-stroke actuation of the continuous membrane and can provide the necessary large wavefront correction. The micromachined deformable mirror approach allows mass-production of actuators as well as scalable structures with, high actuator densities. The piezoelectric unimorph actuator design approach delivers large actuator stroke with a highly localized influence function, while maintaining a surface figure of optical quality. Both of these component fabrication techniques are easily scaled to accommodate deformable mirrors with very large areas. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yang, EH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Eui-Hyeok.Yang@jpl.nasa.gov OI Trolier-McKinstry, Susan/0000-0002-7267-9281; Yang, Eui-Hyeok/0000-0003-4893-1691 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4783-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4983 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.1117/12.473715 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BW40F UT WOS:000181865000038 ER PT J AU Drew, RE Hallett, JG Aubry, KB Cullings, KW Koepf, SM Zielinski, WJ AF Drew, RE Hallett, JG Aubry, KB Cullings, KW Koepf, SM Zielinski, WJ TI Conservation genetics of the fisher (Martes pennanti) based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation genetics; fisher; Martes pennanti; mtDNA; translocation ID SPECIES CONSERVATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; POPULATIONS; BIOLOGY; TRANSLOCATIONS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; AMPLIFICATION; EVOLUTION; VARIANCE AB Translocation of animals to re-establish extirpated populations or to maintain declining ones has often been carried out without genetic information on source or target populations, or adequate consideration of the potential effects of mixing genetic stocks. We consider the conservation status of the fisher (Martes pennanti) and evaluate the potential genetic consequences of past and future translocations on this medium-sized carnivore by examining population variation in mitochondrial control-region sequences. We sampled populations throughout the fisher's range in North America including five populations unaffected by translocations and two western populations that had received long-distance translocations. Twelve haplotypes showed little sequence divergence. Haplotype frequencies differed significantly among subspecies and between populations within subspecies. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and neighbour-joining analyses of haplotype relationships revealed population subdivision similar to current subspecies designations, but which may reflect an isolation-by-distance pattern. Populations in Oregon and in Montana and Idaho received several translocations and each showed greater similarity to the populations where translocations originated than to adjacent populations. Additional sequences obtained from museum specimens collected prior to any translocations suggest historical gene flow among populations in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Anthropogenic impacts in that region have greatly reduced and isolated extant populations in Oregon and California. Future translocations may be necessary to recover populations in Washington and portions of Oregon and California; our results indicate that British Columbia would be the most appropriate source population. C1 Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Hallett, JG (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM hallett@wsu.edu NR 55 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 12 IS 1 BP 51 EP 62 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01715.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 638KV UT WOS:000180570900005 PM 12492877 ER PT J AU Bauschlicher, CW Ricca, A AF Bauschlicher, CW Ricca, A TI Can all of the Fe-2 experimental results be explained? SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 2ND-ORDER PERTURBATION-THEORY; BASIS-SET; STATES AB Multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) and complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) calculations are performed on Fe-2 and Fe-2(-). Although it is not possible to definitively identify the ground states of Fe-2 and Fe-2(-), the calculations suggest that the ground state of Fe-2(-) in (8)Sigma(u)(-) derived from 3d(13) 4sigma(g)(2)4sigma(u)(2) and that the states observed in photodetachment are the (9)Sigma(g)(-) and (7)Sigma(g)(-) states with a 3d(13)4sigma(g)(2)4sigma(u)(1) occupation, but that the ground state of Fe-2 is (7)Delta(u) (3d(14) 4sigma(g)(2)) and is not observed in the photodetachment spectra. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Eloret Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bauschlicher, CW (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Eloret Corp, Mail Stop 230-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 98 DI 10.1080/00268970210162745 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 633QC UT WOS:000180293100011 ER PT J AU Barnard, VE Blain, AW Tanvir, NR Natarajan, P Smith, IA Wijers, RAMJ Kouveliotou, C Rol, E Tilanus, RPJ Vreeswijk, P AF Barnard, VE Blain, AW Tanvir, NR Natarajan, P Smith, IA Wijers, RAMJ Kouveliotou, C Rol, E Tilanus, RPJ Vreeswijk, P TI SCUBA observations of the host galaxies of four dark gamma-ray bursts SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE stars : evolution; dust, extinction; cosmology : observations; gamma-rays : bursts; infrared : galaxies ID X-RAY; STAR-FORMATION; SUBMILLIMETER OBSERVATIONS; OPTICAL AFTERGLOW; RICH GRB-981226; BLACK-HOLES; SUPERNOVA; EMISSION; GRB-970828; CONNECTION AB We present the results of a search for submillimetre-luminous host galaxies of optically dark gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). We made photometry measurements of the 850-mum flux at the location of four 'dark bursts', which are those with no detected optical afterglow despite rapid deep searches, and which may therefore be within galaxies containing substantial amounts of dust. We were unable to detect any individual source significantly. Our results are consistent with predictions for the host galaxy population as a whole, rather than for a subset of dusty hosts. This indicates that optically dark GRBs are not especially associated with very submillimetre-luminous galaxies and so cannot be used as reliable indicators of dust-enshrouded massive star formation activity. Further observations are required to establish the relationship between the wider GRB host galaxy population and SCUBA galaxies. C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Astrophys, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Phys Sci, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. Yale Univ, Dept Astron, New Haven, CT 06250 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Amsterdam, Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Barnard, VE (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Astrophys, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. NR 64 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 338 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.05860.x PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 627CT UT WOS:000179912000005 ER PT J AU Laycock, S Coe, MJ Wilson, CA Harmon, BA Finger, M AF Laycock, S Coe, MJ Wilson, CA Harmon, BA Finger, M TI Hard X-ray light curves of high-mass X-ray binaries SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE stars : general; pulsars : general; X-rays : binaries ID TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; UNEVENLY SPACED DATA; DISCOVERY; PERIOD AB Using the 9 years of continuous data now available from the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) aboard CGRO, we have measured orbital periods and produced folded light curves for eight high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB). Given the length of the data sets, our determinations are based on many more binary orbits than previous investigations. Thus our source detections have a high statistical significance and we are able to follow long-term trends in X-ray output. In particular, we focus on two systems: A0538-668 and EXO2030+375, both HMXBs exhibiting Type I outbursts. Recent work on A0538-668 reported a 16.65-d optical variability caused by the orbital period, but only seen during minima of a longer-term variability at 421 d. We searched for this signal in the BATSE data set but we found no evidence for such a modulation and place an upper limit of 3.0 x 10(-3) photon cm(-2) s (-1) in the 20-70 keV BATSE energy band, based upon statistical modelling of the signal. Previous observations of EXO2030+375 using RXTE ASM data indicate secondary outbursts occur at apastron passage. We present a light curve for an earlier epoch, showing convincing evidence for such apastron outbursts. We find apastron outbursts in three sources, all having orbital periods greater than 41 d. No such signal is conclusively detected in the more rapidly orbiting systems studied. C1 Univ Southampton, Dept Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. NASA, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Laycock, S (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Dept Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 338 IS 1 BP 211 EP 218 DI 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06037.x PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 627CT UT WOS:000179912000024 ER PT J AU Dee, DP Da Silva, AM AF Dee, DP Da Silva, AM TI The choice of variable for atmospheric moisture analysis SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; ERROR COVARIANCE PARAMETERS; DATA ASSIMILATION; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; ANALYSIS SYSTEM; FORECAST AB The implications of using different control variables for the analysis of moisture observations in a global atmospheric data assimilation system are investigated. A moisture analysis based on either mixing ratio or specific humidity is prone to large extrapolation errors, due to the high variability in space and time of these parameters and to the difficulties in modeling their error covariances. Using the logarithm of specific humidity does not alleviate these problems, and has the further disadvantage that very dry background estimates cannot be effectively corrected by observations. Relative humidity is a better choice from a statistical point of view, because this field is spatially and temporally more coherent and error statistics are therefore easier to obtain. If, however, the analysis is designed to preserve relative humidity in the absence of moisture observations, then the analyzed specific humidity field depends entirely on analyzed temperature changes. If the model has a cool bias in the stratosphere this will lead to an unstable accumulation of excess moisture there. A pseudo-relative humidity can be defined by scaling the mixing ratio by the background saturation mixing ratio. A univariate pseudo-relative humidity analysis will preserve the specific humidity field in the absence of moisture observations. A pseudo-relative humidity analysis is shown to be equivalent to a mixing ratio analysis with flow-dependent variance specifications. In the presence of multivariate (temperature-moisture) observations it produces analyzed relative humidity values that are nearly identical to those produced by a relative humidity analysis. Based on a time series analysis of radiosonde observed-minus-background differences it appears to be more justifiable to neglect specific humidity-temperature correlations (in a univariate pseudo-relative humidity analysis) than to neglect relative humidity-temperature correlations (in a univariate relative humidity analysis). A pseudo-relative humidity analysis can be implemented in an existing moisture analysis system simply by scaling the observed-minus-background residuals prior to solving the analysis equation, and rescaling the analyzed increments afterward. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Dee, DP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Maile Code 910-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI da Silva, Arlindo/D-6301-2012 OI da Silva, Arlindo/0000-0002-3381-4030 NR 30 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 131 IS 1 BP 155 EP 171 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0155:TCOVFA>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XE UT WOS:000180135400008 ER PT J AU Knupp, KR Paech, S Goodman, S AF Knupp, KR Paech, S Goodman, S TI Variations in cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics among three adjacent tornadic supercell storms over the Tennessee valley region SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT DETECTOR OTD; HIGH-PLAINS SUPERCELL; CONVECTIVE STORMS; ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE; AIR-FLOW; THUNDERSTORM; EVOLUTION; ELECTRIFICATION; INTENSE; SYSTEM AB The contrasting behavior of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning associated with three adjacent supercell thunderstorms observed on 18 May 1995 is examined. Thunderstorm characteristics and anvil interactions are related to north-south variations in CG lightning properties. While tornadic activity was not consistently related to variations in CG properties, radar reflectivity factor area greater than 65 dBZ was generally inversely related to CG frequency. It is hypothesized that suppression of CG activity was produced by reduction of large number concentrations of precipitation-sized particles (i.e., presence of large hail) in the particle interaction mixed phase region. It is further hypothesized that seeding from upstream storm anvil ice was associated with nearly coincident enhancement of CG activity in downstream storms. Likewise, it is hypothesized that the reduction in 65 dBZ echo area (inferred suppression of hail) is related to this inferred anvil seeding process. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Knupp, KR (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NR 50 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 131 IS 1 BP 172 EP 188 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0172:VICTGL>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XE UT WOS:000180135400009 ER PT S AU Crider, DH Vondrak, RR AF Crider, DH Vondrak, RR BE Duke, MB TI Space weathering of ice layers in lunar cold traps SO MOON: SCIENCE, EXPLORATION AND UTILISATION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint COSPAR/IAC Meeting on the Moon - Science, Exploration and Utilisation held at the World Space Congress CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res, IAC ID POLAR HYDROGEN DEPOSITS; SOLAR-WIND; WATER ICE; MOON; POLES; ATMOSPHERE; VOLATILES; MIGRATION; SURFACE; MERCURY AB There are several mechanisms acting at the cold traps that can alter the inventory of volatiles there, including micrometeoroid bombardment, solar wind and magnetospheric ion sputtering, photon-stimulated desorption, and sublimation. We investigate the effects of these space weathering processes on ice layers in a lunar cold trap. We simulate the development of hydrogen content in a column of material near the surface of the Moon by a Monte Carlo model. Each column is initialized with an ice layer existing within otherwise very immature soil. Time is allowed to run for I billion years and all changes to the column are calculated. We find that an ice layer must be > 10 cm thick or > 10 cm deep to have a detectable water enhancement. After 1 billion years, the ice layer is buried below the range of the neutron detection technique. For thinner or shallower deposits, the ice becomes indistinguishably mixed with the enriched soil from steady source delivery. A total of 40 cm deposit of water ice at a concentration of 10% is required to equal the hydrogen content resulting from the solar-wind steady source alone. The saturation level of the regolith is 3.7% water ice by mass. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Gibsonville, NC 27249 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Crider, DH (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, 106 Driftwood Dr, Gibsonville, NC 27249 USA. RI Hurley, Dana/F-4488-2015 OI Hurley, Dana/0000-0003-1052-1494 NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 11 BP 2293 EP 2298 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00530-1 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX54J UT WOS:000185644500001 ER PT S AU Tripathi, RK Wilson, JW Cucinotta, FA Anderson, BM Simonsen, LC AF Tripathi, RK Wilson, JW Cucinotta, FA Anderson, BM Simonsen, LC BE Duke, MB TI Materials trade study for lunar/gateway missions SO MOON: SCIENCE, EXPLORATION AND UTILISATION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint COSPAR/IAC Meeting on the Moon - Science, Exploration and Utilisation held at the World Space Congress CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res, IAC ID RADIATION AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) administrator has identified protection from radiation hazards as one of the two biggest problems of the agency with respect to human deep space missions. The intensity and strength of cosmic radiation in deep space makes this a 'must solve' problem for space missions. The Moon and two Earth-Moon Lagrange points near Moon are being proposed as hubs for deep space missions. The focus of this study is to identify approaches to protecting astronauts and habitats from adverse effects from space radiation both for single missions and multiple missions for career astronauts to these destinations. As the great cost of added radiation shielding is a potential limiting factor in deep space missions, reduction of mass, without compromising safety, is of paramount importance. The choice of material and selection of the crew profile play major roles in design and mission operations. Material trade studies in shield design over multi-segmented missions involving multiple work and living areas in the transport and duty phase of space mission's to two Earth-Moon co-linear Lagrange points (L-1) between Earth and the Moon and (L-2) on back side of the moon as seen from Earth, and to the Moon have been studied. It is found that, for single missions, current state-of-the-art knowledge of material provides adequate shielding. On the other hand, the choice of shield material is absolutely critical for career astronauts and revolutionary materials need to be developed for these missions. This study also provides a guide to the effectiveness of multifunctional materials in preparation for more detailed geometry studies in progress. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Tripathi, RK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 11 BP 2383 EP 2388 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00551-9 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX54J UT WOS:000185644500014 PM 14696588 ER PT S AU Sharpe, BL Schrunk, DG AF Sharpe, BL Schrunk, DG BE Duke, MB TI Malapert Mountain: Gateway to the moon SO MOON: SCIENCE, EXPLORATION AND UTILISATION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint COSPAR/IAC Meeting on the Moon - Science, Exploration and Utilisation held at the World Space Congress CY OCT, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res, IAC AB The long lunar nights at the equatorial and mid-latitude regions of the Moon place severe limitations on the solar power and thermal management requirements of an unmanned lunar base. A solution to this problem is to locate sunlight-dependent facilities in polar regions where nights can be very short due to chance interactions of lunar topography and orbital mechanics. Based on analyses of Clementine and Earth-based radar imaging of the Moon, the authors conclude that the summit of Malapert Mountain near the South Pole has the best combination of factors for a sunlight-dependent lunar base. Using a commercial software product, they determined that the Mountain summit receives full or partial sunlight for 93% of the lunar year and always has the Earth in view for direct Earth-Moon communications. By exploiting these optimum conditions, a remotely operated base at the summit could coordinate the scientific exploration of the entire south polar region. The base could also expedite the development of a permanent utility infrastructure and facilities for human settlement. The authors conclude that the fortuitous and highly advantageous combination of physical factors of Malapert Mountain makes it the optimum site for beginning the human exploration and settlement of the Moon. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lunar Surface Expt Operat Sect, JSC0, St Louis, MO 63146 USA. Qual Laws Inst, Poway, CA 92064 USA. RP Sharpe, BL (reprint author), NASA, Lunar Surface Expt Operat Sect, JSC0, FC-93,1163 Crested View, St Louis, MO 63146 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 11 BP 2467 EP 2472 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00535-0 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX54J UT WOS:000185644500025 ER PT S AU Oza, NC AF Oza, NC BE Windeatt, T Roli, F TI Boosting with averaged weight vectors SO MULTIPLE CLASSIFIER SYSTEMS, PROCEEDING SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Multiple Clasifier Systems (MCS 2003) CY JUN 11-13, 2003 CL UNIV SURREY, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SP Univ Cagliri, Int Assoc Pattern Recognit HO UNIV SURREY AB AdaBoost [5] is a well-known ensemble learning algorithm that constructs its constituent or base models in sequence. A key step in AdaBoost is constructing a distribution over the training examples to create each base model. This distribution, represented as a vector, is constructed to be orthogonal to the vector of mistakes made by the previous base model in the sequence [7]. The idea is to make the next base model's errors uncorrelated with those of the previous model. Some researchers have pointed out the intuition that it is probably better to construct a distribution orthogonal to the mistake vectors of all the previous base models, but that this is not always possible [7]. We present an algorithm that attempts to come as close as possible to this goal in an efficient manner. We present experimental results demonstrating significant improvement over AdaBoost and the Totally Corrective boosting algorithm [7], which also attempts to satisfy this goal. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Oza, NC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 11 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40369-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2709 BP 15 EP 24 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX32F UT WOS:000184942400002 ER PT S AU Oza, NC Tumer, K Tumer, IY Huff, EM AF Oza, NC Tumer, K Tumer, IY Huff, EM BE Windeatt, T Roli, F TI Classification of aircraft maneuvers for fault detection SO MULTIPLE CLASSIFIER SYSTEMS, PROCEEDING SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Multiple Clasifier Systems (MCS 2003) CY JUN 11-13, 2003 CL UNIV SURREY, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND SP Univ Cagliri, Int Assoc Pattern Recognit HO UNIV SURREY AB Ensemble classifiers tend to outperform their component base classifiers when the training data are subject to variability. This intuitively makes ensemble classifiers useful for application to the problem of aircraft fault detection. Automated fault detection is an increasingly important problem in aircraft maintenance and operation. Standard methods of fault detection assume the availability of data produced during all possible faulty operation modes or a clearly-defined means to determine whether the data represent proper operation. In the domain of fault detection in aircraft, the first assumption is unreasonable and the second is difficult to determine. Instead we propose a method where the mismatch between the actual flight maneuver being performed and the maneuver predicted by a classifier is a strong indicator that a fault is present. To develop this method, we use Right data collected under a controlled test environment, subject to many sources of variability. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the suitability of ensembles to this problem. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Oza, NC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40369-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2709 BP 375 EP 384 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX32F UT WOS:000184942400038 ER PT S AU Smith, WL Zhou, DK Revercomb, HE Larar, AM Huang, HL Mango, SA AF Smith, WL Zhou, DK Revercomb, HE Larar, AM Huang, HL Mango, SA BE Larar, AM Tong, Q Suzuki, M TI Hyper-spectral satellite remote sounding - Expectations based on simulation with high altitude aircraft measurements SO MULTISPECTRAL AND HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instruments and Applications CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Applicat, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, State Ocean Adm, Chinese Meteorol Adm, China Natl Space Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Govt Hangzou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan ID NAST-I AB The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) is the first hyper-spectral remote sounding system to be orbited aboard a geosynchronous satellite. The GIFTS is designed to obtain revolutionary observations of the four dimensional atmospheric temperature, moisture, and wind structure as well as the distribution of the atmospheric trace gases, CO and O-3. Although GIFTS will not be orbited until 2005, a glimpse at its measurement capabilities has been obtained by analyzing data from a series of aircraft flights of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Airborne Sounder Test-bed- Interferometer (NAST-I). In this paper we review the GIFTS experiment and empirically assess measurement expectations based on meteorological profiles retrieved from the aircraft data. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, AtSC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Smith, WL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, AtSC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4683-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4897 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1117/12.467591 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BX09U UT WOS:000184286400001 ER PT S AU Larar, AM Cook, WB Puschell, JJ Skinner, WR AF Larar, AM Cook, WB Puschell, JJ Skinner, WR BE Larar, AM Tong, Q Suzuki, M TI Multispectral Imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer for tropospheric trace species detection SO MULTISPECTRAL AND HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instruments and Applications CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Applicat, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, State Ocean Adm, Chinese Meteorol Adm, China Natl Space Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Govt Hangzou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan DE Fabry-Perot interferometry; geostationary observations; tropospheric chemistry; tropospheric ozone ID OZONE AB (M)onitoring tropospheric chemistry from space is the next frontier for advancing present-day remote sensing capabilities to meet future high-priority atmospheric science measurement needs. Paramount to these measurement requirements is that for tropospheric ozone, one of the most important gas-phase trace constituents in the lower atmosphere. Such space-based observations of tropospheric trace species are challenged by the need for sufficient horizontal resolution to identify constituent spatial distribution inhomogeneities (that result from non-uniform sources/sinks and atmospheric transport) and the need for adequate temporal resolution to resolve daytime and diurnal variations. Both of these requirements can be fulfilled from a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) measurement system. The Tropospheric Trace Species Sensing Fabry-Perot Interferometer (TTSS-FPI) was recently selected for funding within NASA's Instrument Incubator Program (IIP). Within this project we will develop and demonstrate a multispectral imaging airborne system to mitigate risk associated with an advanced atmospheric remote sensor intended for geostationary based measurement of tropospheric ozone and other trace species. The concept is centered about an imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) observing a narrow spectral interval within the strong 9.6 micron ozone infrared band with a spectral resolution similar to0.07 cm(-1). This concept is also applicable to and could simplify designs associated with atmospheric chemistry sensors targeting other trace species (which typically require spectral resolutions in the range of 0.01 - 0.1 cm(-1)), since such an FPI approach could-be implemented for those spectral bands requiring the highest spectral resolution and thus simplify overall design complexity. The measurement and instrument concepts, approach for development and demonstration within IIP, and a summary of progress-to-date will all be reported. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Larar, AM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4683-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4897 BP 109 EP 117 DI 10.1117/12.467731 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BX09U UT WOS:000184286400013 ER PT S AU Heaps, WS Kawa, SR AF Heaps, WS Kawa, SR BE Larar, AM Tong, Q Suzuki, M TI Progress on passive sensor for ultra-precise measurement of carbon dioxide from space SO MULTISPECTRAL AND HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instruments and Applications CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, Natl Environm Satellite, Data, & Informat Serv Off Res & Applicat, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, State Ocean Adm, Chinese Meteorol Adm, China Natl Space Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Govt Hangzou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan DE remote; sensing; carbon dioxide ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; FLUXES; MODEL; LAND AB Global measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are needed to resolve significant discrepancies that exist in our understanding of the global carbon budget and, therefore, man's role in global climate change. The science measurement requirements for CO2 are extremely demanding (precision <0.3%) No atmospheric chemical species has ever been measured from space with this precision. We are developing a novel application of a Fabry-Perot interferometer to detect spectral absorption of reflected sunlight by CO2 and O-2 in the atmosphere. Preliminary design studies indicate that the method will be able to achieve the sensitivity and signal-to-noise required to measure column CO2 at the target specification. We are presently engaged in the construction of a prototype instrument for deployment on an aircraft to test the instrument performance and our ability to retrieve the data in the real atmosphere. In the first 6 months we have assembled a laboratory bench system to begin testing the optical and electronic components. We are also undertaking some measurements of signal and noise levels for actual sunlight reflecting from the ground. We shall present results from some of these ground based studies and discuss their implications for a space based system. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrument Syst & Technol Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heaps, WS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrument Syst & Technol Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4683-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4897 BP 118 EP 126 DI 10.1117/12.466163 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Geology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BX09U UT WOS:000184286400014 ER PT B AU Campos, C Keller, GR Kreinovich, V Longpre, L Modave, F Starks, SA Torres, R AF Campos, C Keller, GR Kreinovich, V Longpre, L Modave, F Starks, SA Torres, R BE Walker, EL TI The use of fuzzy measures as a data fusion tool in geographic information systems: Case study SO NAFIPS'2003: 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FUZZY INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETY - NAFIPS PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference of the North-American-Fuzzy-Information-Processing-Society (NAFIPS) CY JUL 24-26, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, IEEE, N Amer Fuzzy Informat Proc Soc ID GRAVITY-ANOMALIES; MEXICO AB Geospatial databases generally consist of measurements related to points (or pixels in the case of raster data), lines, and polygons. In recent years, the size and complexity of these databases have increased significantly and they often contain duplicate records, i.e., two or more close records representing the same measurement result. In this paper we use fuzzy measures to address the problem of detecting duplicates in a database consisting of point measurements. As a test case, we use a database of measurements of anomalies in the Earth's gravity field that we have compiled. We show that a natural duplicate deletion algorithm requires (in the worst case) quadratic time, and we propose a new asymptotically optimal O(n.log(n)) algorithm. These algorithms have been successfully applied to gravity databases. We believe that they will prove to be useful when dealing with many other types of point data. C1 Univ Texas, NASA, Pan Amer Ctr Earth & Environm Studies, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP Campos, C (reprint author), Univ Texas, NASA, Pan Amer Ctr Earth & Environm Studies, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. EM vladik@cs.utep.edu; fmodave@cs.utep.edu NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7918-7 PY 2003 BP 365 EP 370 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BX38N UT WOS:000185095000066 ER PT B AU Martinez, M Longpre, L Kreinovich, V Starks, SA Nguyen, HT AF Martinez, M Longpre, L Kreinovich, V Starks, SA Nguyen, HT BE Walker, EL TI Fast quantum algorithms for handling probabilistic, interval, and fuzzy uncertainty SO NAFIPS'2003: 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FUZZY INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETY - NAFIPS PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference of the North-American-Fuzzy-Information-Processing-Society (NAFIPS) CY JUL 24-26, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, IEEE, N Amer Fuzzy Informat Proc Soc ID INTEGRATION AB We show how quantum computing can speed up computations related to processing probabilistic, interval, and fuzzy uncertainty. C1 Univ Texas, NASA, Pan Amer Ctr Earth & Environm Studies, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP Martinez, M (reprint author), Univ Texas, NASA, Pan Amer Ctr Earth & Environm Studies, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7918-7 PY 2003 BP 395 EP 400 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BX38N UT WOS:000185095000071 ER PT B AU Kreinovich, V Patangay, P Longpre, L Starks, SA Campos, C Ferson, S Ginzburg, L AF Kreinovich, V Patangay, P Longpre, L Starks, SA Campos, C Ferson, S Ginzburg, L BE Walker, EL TI Outlier detection under interval and fuzzy uncertainty: Algorithmic solvability and computational complexity SO NAFIPS'2003: 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FUZZY INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETY - NAFIPS PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference of the North-American-Fuzzy-Information-Processing-Society (NAFIPS) CY JUL 24-26, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, IEEE, N Amer Fuzzy Informat Proc Soc AB In many application areas, it is important to detect outliers. Traditional engineering approach to outlier detection is that we start with some "normal" values x(1)...., x(n), compute the sample average E, the sample standard variation or, and then mark a value x as an outlier if x is outside the k(0)-sigma interval [E - k(0) . sigma, E + k(0) . sigma] (for some pre-selected parameter k(0)). In real life, we often have only interval ranges [(x) under bar (i), (x) over bar (i)]for the normal values x(1),..., x(n). In this case, we only have intervals of possible values for the bounds E . k(0) . sigma and E + k(0) . sigma. We can therefore identify outliers as values that are outside all k(0)-sigma intervals. In this paper we analyze the computational complexity of these outlier detection problems, and provide efficient algorithms that solve some of these problems (under reasonable conditions). We also provide algorithms that estimate the degree of "outlier-ness" of a given value x - measured as the largest value k(0) for which x is outside the corresponding k(0)-sigma interval. C1 Univ Texas, NASA, Pan Amer Earth & Environm Studies, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP Kreinovich, V (reprint author), Univ Texas, NASA, Pan Amer Earth & Environm Studies, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7918-7 PY 2003 BP 401 EP 406 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BX38N UT WOS:000185095000072 ER PT B AU de la Mora, C Wojciechowski, P Kreinovich, V Starks, SA Tanenbaum, PJ Kuzminykh, A AF de la Mora, C Wojciechowski, P Kreinovich, V Starks, SA Tanenbaum, PJ Kuzminykh, A BE Walker, EL TI Robust methodology for characterizing system response to damage: A subjective (Fuzzy) partial ordered modification of the traditional utility-probability scheme SO NAFIPS'2003: 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FUZZY INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETY - NAFIPS PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference of the North-American-Fuzzy-Information-Processing-Society (NAFIPS) CY JUL 24-26, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, IEEE, N Amer Fuzzy Informat Proc Soc AB To describe the response of engineering complex systems to various damage mechanics, engineers have traditionally use number-valued utilities to describe the results of different possible outcomes, and (number-valued) probabilities (often, subjective probabilities) to describe the relative frequency of different outcomes. This description is based on the assumption that experts can always make a definite preference between two possible outcomes, i.e., that the set of all outcomes is linearly (totally) ordered. In practice, experts often cannot make a choice, their preference is only a partial order. In this paper, we describe a new approach based on partial order. C1 Univ Texas, NASA, PACES Ctr, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP de la Mora, C (reprint author), Univ Texas, NASA, PACES Ctr, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7918-7 PY 2003 BP 413 EP 419 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BX38N UT WOS:000185095000074 ER PT J AU Rouse, JH Lillehei, PT AF Rouse, JH Lillehei, PT TI Electrostatic assembly of polymer/single walled carbon nanotube multilayer films SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLYELECTROLYTE MULTILAYERS; SIDEWALL FUNCTIONALIZATION; ION-TRANSPORT; WATER; DISSOLUTION; SOLVENTS; PURIFICATION; PERMEABILITY; SPECTROSCOPY; EFFICIENCY AB Polymer/carbon nanotube films have been formed by the alternate adsorption of the polyelectrolyte poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) onto substrates. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopies indicated that the adsorbed SWNTs were mostly in the form of 5-10 nm bundles and that uniform substrate coverage occurred. Absorbance spectrophotometry (UV-vis-NIR) confirmed that the adsorption technique resulted in uniform film growth. Characterization of the adsorbed SWNTs by X-ray photoelectron, Raman, and UV-vis-NIR spectroscoples suggested that they have a core of well ordered nanotubes covered by a layer of oxidized carbon nanotubes. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Rouse, JH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Lillehei, Peter/C-9196-2009 OI Lillehei, Peter/0000-0001-8183-9980 NR 48 TC 152 Z9 155 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 3 IS 1 BP 59 EP 62 DI 10.1021/nl025780j PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 635CZ UT WOS:000180381600015 ER PT S AU Yun, M Myung, NV Vasquez, RP Wang, JJ Monbouquette, H AF Yun, M Myung, NV Vasquez, RP Wang, JJ Monbouquette, H BE Dobisz, EA TI Nanowire growth for sensor arrays SO NANOFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanofabrication Technologies CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE nanowire; sensor AB A design concept for nanowire-based sensors and arrays is described. The fabrication technique involves electrodeposition to directly grow nanowires between patterned thin film contact electrodes. To prove our concept, we have electrodeposited 1-mum diameter Pd single wires and small arrays. To demonstrate nanowire sensors, we have electrochemically grown metal (Pd, Au, Pt), metal oxide (Sb2O3), and conducting polymer (polyaniline) bundled nanowires. Using Pt bundled nanowires surface modified with glucose oxidase, we have demonstrated glucose detection as a demonstration of a biomolecular sensor. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yun, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5093-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5220 BP 37 EP 45 DI 10.1117/12.507189 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BX87U UT WOS:000186708300005 ER PT S AU Namkung, M Paik, SM Wincheski, B AF Namkung, M Paik, SM Wincheski, B BE Berndt, CC Fischer, TE Ovidko, I Skandan, G Tsakalakos, T TI Molecular dynamics simulations on nanocomposites formed by intermetallic dispersoids of L1z type and aluminum matrices SO NANOMATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanomaterials for Structural Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-06, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to characterize the lattice morphology in the region adjacent to the interfaces in nanocomposite systems of a Ni3Al dispersoid embedded in Al matrix (Ni3Al/Al) and an Al3Nb dispersoid embedded in aluminum matrix (Al3Nb/Al). A nearly perfect coherent interface is obtained in the Al3Nb/Al system with the lattice planes of dispersoid and matrix aligned parallel in all directions: The simulation results show the presence of the matrix atom-depleted regions near the dispersoid boundary for most cases. Detailed analysis revealed that certain sites immediately next to the dispersoid are energetically favored for the matrix atoms to occupy. The matrix atoms occupying these sites attract other atoms producing the depleted regions. In certain specific situations of Al3Nb/Al system, however, the wetting of a rotated dispersoid is overwhelmingly complete prompting the need of further study for better understanding. The order parameters of dispersoids calculated for Ni3Al in aluminum is nearly constant while that for Al3Nb in aluminum is. rapidly decreasing function of temperature in the range of 300 to 1800K. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Namkung, M (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-677-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 740 BP 249 EP 254 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW62S UT WOS:000182613300038 ER PT S AU Frankland, SJV Harik, VM AF Frankland, SJV Harik, VM BE Berndt, CC Fischer, TE Ovidko, I Skandan, G Tsakalakos, T TI Simulation of carbon nanotube pull-out when bonded to a polymer matrix SO NANOMATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanomaterials for Structural Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-06, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A carbon nanotube pulling through a polyethylene matrix was simulated using molecular dynamics. The interfacial sliding was characterized in terms of a nanoscale friction model, which is parametrized from the molecular dynamics simulation, and involves determining the critical pull-out force on the nanotube and the effective viscosity at the nanotube/polymer interface. Comparison was made of the pull-out behavior of non-bonded and functionalized nanotube composites. Chemical bonds between the polymer and the nanotube increased the critical pull-out force, the resistance to interfacial sliding, and the interfacial viscosity. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Frankland, SJV (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, M-S 132C, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-677-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 740 BP 385 EP 390 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW62S UT WOS:000182613300057 ER PT B AU Klimeck, G Oyafuso, F Boykin, TB Bowen, RC von Allmen, P AF Klimeck, G Oyafuso, F Boykin, TB Bowen, RC von Allmen, P BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Study of alloy disorder in quantum dots through multi-million atom simulations SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE quantum dot; boundary condition; linewidth; disorder AB A tight binding model which includes s, p, d, and s* orbitals is used to examine the electronic structures of an ensemble of dome-shaped In0.6Ga0.4As quantum dots. Given ensembles of identically sized quantum dots, variations in composition and configuration yield a linewidth broadening of less than 0.35 meV, much smaller than the total broadening determined from photoluminescence experiments. It is also found that the computed disorder-induced broadening is very sensitive to the applied boundary conditions, so that care must be taken to ensure proper convergence of the numerical results. Examination of local eigenenergies as functions of position shows similar convergence problems and indicates that an inaccurate resolution of the equilibrium atomic positions due to truncation of the simulation domain may be the source of the slow ground state convergence. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Klimeck, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 169-315, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-1-7 PY 2003 BP 129 EP 132 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAN96 UT WOS:000223045900034 ER PT B AU Wilson, WC AF Wilson, WC BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI System model for MEMS based laser ultrasonic receiver SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE modeling; MOEMS; geometrical optics; MicroOptoElectroMechanical devices; image processing; MEMS; MicroElectroMechanical devices AB A need has been identified for more advanced nondestructive Evaluation technologies for assuring the integrity of airframe structures, wiring, etc. Laser ultrasonic inspection instruments have been shown to detect flaws in structures. However, these instruments are generally too bulky to be used in the confined spaces that are typical of aerospace vehicles. Microsystems technology is one key to reducing the size of current instruments and enabling increased inspection coverage in areas that were previously inaccessible due to instrument size and weight. This paper investigates the system modeling of a Micro OptoElectroMechanical System (MOEMS) based laser ultrasonic receiver. The system model is constructed in software using MATLAB's dynamical simulator, Simulink. The optical components are modeled using geometrical matrix methods and include some image processing. The system model includes a test bench which simulates input stimuli and models the behavior of the material under test. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wilson, WC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-1-7 PY 2003 BP 500 EP 503 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BAN96 UT WOS:000223045900128 ER PT B AU Choi, DS Yang, EH AF Choi, DS Yang, EH BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Fabrication of 20 nm embedded longitudinal nanochannels transferred from metal nanowire patterns SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE nanochannels; focused ion beam; sacrificial etching ID MOLECULES AB In this paper, we propose a technique of fabricating nanometer-scale channels embedded by dielectric materials. Longitudinal "embedded" nanochannels with an opening size 20 nm x 80 nm have been successfully fabricated on silicon wafer by sacrificial etching nanowire structures. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Choi, DS (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OI Yang, Eui-Hyeok/0000-0003-4893-1691 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 59 EP 61 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000016 ER PT B AU Namkung, M Paik, S Wincheski, B AF Namkung, M Paik, S Wincheski, B BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Molecular dynamics simulations on nanocomposites formed by intermetallic dispersoids of B-2 structure and aluminum matrices SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media DE molecular dynamics; EAM potential; intermetallic compounds; dispersoids AB Molecular dynamics simulations were performed in order to characterize the local lattice structure in the vicinity of the interfaces between nanosized aluminide dispersoids of B-2 structure and pure aluminum matrices. The dispersoid materials selected for the present study are NiAl and FeAl which have almost identical lattice constants. The formation of misfit-like dislocations at the interface is inevitable, due to the noticeable difference between the lattice constants of these aluminides and pure aluminum (about 0.29 versus 0.405 nanometers). The lattice disorder and matrix atom depletion regions appear near the interface regardless of the relative orientations between the lattices of dispersoid and matrix, which is partially due to the presence of the dislocations and intrinsic geometrical factors. However, elevated temperatures are seen to fill up these depletion regions closely simulating densification of compacts through sintering. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Namkung, M (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 266 EP 269 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000072 ER PT S AU Wincheski, B Namkung, M Smits, J Williams, P Harvey, R AF Wincheski, B Namkung, M Smits, J Williams, P Harvey, R BE Bernier, P Carroll, D Kim, GT Roth, S TI Effect of alignment on transport properties of carbon nanotube/metallic junctions SO NANOTUBE-BASED DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanotub-Based Devices held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Carbolex Inc, Clemson Univ, Ctr Opt MS&E, Clemson Univ, Sch MS&E, IBM Res Div, Iljin Nanotech Co, Michelin Americas R&D Corp, Nanoledge SA, RHK Technol Inc, Toyota Motor Europe ID NANOTUBES AB Ballistic and spin coherent transport in single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are predicted to enable high sensitivity single-nanotube devices for strain and magnetic field sensing Based upon these phenomena, electron beam lithography procedures have been developed to study the transport properties of purified HiPCO single walled carbon nanotubes for development into sensory materials for nondestructive evaluation. Purified nanotubes are dispersed in solvent suspension and then deposited on the device substrate before metallic contacts are defined and deposited through electron beam lithography. This procedure produces randomly dispersed ropes, typically 2 - 20 nm in diameter, of single walled carbon nanotubes. Transport and scanning probe microscopy studies have shown a good correlation between the junction resistance and tube density, alignment, and contact quality. In order to improve transport properties of the junctions, a technique has been developed to align and concentrate nanotubes at specific locations on the substrate surface. Lithographic techniques are used to define local areas where high frequency electric fields are to be concentrated. Application of the fields while the substrate is exposed to a nanotube-containing solution results in nanotube arrays aligned with the electric field lines. A second electron beam lithography layer is then used to deposit metallic contacts across the aligned tubes. Experimental measurements are presented showing the increased tube alignment and improvement in the transport properties of the junctions. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wincheski, B (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-709-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 772 BP 209 EP 214 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BY10M UT WOS:000187670200030 ER PT S AU Myung, NV Lim, J Fleurial, JP Yun, M West, W Choi, D AF Myung, NV Lim, J Fleurial, JP Yun, M West, W Choi, D BE Lakhtakia, A Maksimenko, S TI High speed alumina nanotemplate fabrication on silicon substrate SO NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanotubes and Nanowires CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE alumina nanotemplate; silicon substrate ID ANODIC POROUS ALUMINA; NANOHOLE ARRAY; SULFURIC-ACID; TEMPLATE AB Alumina nanotemplates integrated on silicon substrate with pore diameters of 12 nm to 100 nm were prepared by galvanostatic anodization. High current density (e.g. 100 mA.cm(-2)) promoted a highly ordered hexagonal pore structure with fast formation rate independent of anodizing solutions, where 2000 nm/min, 1000 nm/min were achieved at current densities of 100 mA.cm(-2) and 50 mA.cm(-2), respectively. These rates were approximately two orders of magnitude greater than other reports in the literature. Different electrolytes of sulfuric acid (1.8 to 7.2 M), oxalic acid (0.3 M) and mixed solutions of sulfuric and oxalic acid were evaluated as anodizing solutions. Sulfuric acid promoted smaller pore diameter with lower porosity than mixed acids and oxalic acid. The I-V characteristics strongly depend on solution composition, temperature, and bath agitation. In the case of sulfuric acid, the breakdown voltage (U-B) varied linearly with logarithmic of sulfuric acid concentration (U-B = 24.5-11 log[H2SO4]) and it decreased at higher temperature. The pore diameter of silicon-integrated alumina nanotemplate varied linearly with measured voltage with a slope of 2.1 nm/V, which is slightly smaller than reported data on bulk aluminum (2.2 nm/V and 2.77 nm/V). Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 nanowires with diameter of 43 nm were electrodeposited. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Myung, NV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Choi, Daniel/A-8181-2017 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5092-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5219 BP 151 EP 158 DI 10.1117/12.507204 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BY26C UT WOS:000188514000017 ER PT S AU Andrews, RJ AF Andrews, RJ BE Slikker, W Andrews, RJ Trembly, B TI Neuroprotection trek - The next generation - Neuromodulation I. Techniques - Deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation SO NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Neuroprotective Agents CY SEP 15-19, 2002 CL HILTON HEAD ISL, SOUTH CAROLINA DE deep brain stimulation; electrical stimulation; neuromodulation; neuroprotection; transcranial magnetic stimulation; vagus nerve stimulation ID HUMAN MOTOR CORTEX; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; REFRACTORY EPILEPSY; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; MECHANISMS; DOPAMINE; THERAPY AB Neuromodulation denotes controlled electrical stimulation of the central or peripheral nervous system. The three forms of neuromodulation described in this paper-deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation-were chosen primarily for their demonstrated or potential clinical usefulness. Deep brain stimulation is a completely implanted technique for improving movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, by very focal electrical stimulation of the brain-a technique that employs well-established hardware (electrode and pulse generator/battery). Vagus nerve stimulation is similar to deep brain stimulation in being well-established (for the treatment of refractory epilepsy), completely implanted, and having hardware that can be considered standard at the present time. Vagus nerve stimulation differs from deep brain stimulation, however, in that afferent stimulation of the vagus nerve results in diffuse effects on many regions throughout the brain. Although use of deep brain stimulation for applications beyond movement disorders will no doubt involve placing the stimulating electrode(s) in regions other than the thalamus, subthalamus, or globus pallidus, the use of vagus nerve stimulation for applications beyond epilepsy-for example, depression and eating disorders-is unlikely to require altering the hardware significantly (although stimulation protocols may differ). Transcranial magnetic stimulation is an example of an external or nonimplanted, intermittent (at least given the current state of the hardware) stimulation technique, the clinical value of which for neuromodulation and neuroprotection remains to be determined. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Andrews, RJ (reprint author), 555 Knowles Dr,Suite 112, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-468-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2003 VL 993 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BX10T UT WOS:000184303000001 PM 12853290 ER PT S AU Andrews, RJ AF Andrews, RJ BE Slikker, W Andrews, RJ Trembly, B TI Neuroprotection trek - The next generation - Neuromodulation II. Applications - Epilepsy, nerve regeneration, neurotrophins SO NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Neuroprotective Agents CY SEP 15-19, 2002 CL HILTON HEAD ISL, SOUTH CAROLINA DE brain derived neurotrophic factor; deep brain stimulation; electrical stimulation; epilepsy; nerve regeneration; neuromodulation; neuroprotection; neurotrophins; transcranial magnetic stimulation ID TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; BDNF; SEIZURES; EXPRESSION; PROMOTES AB Three examples of neuroprotective applications of electrical stimulation-neuromodulation-are considered: (1) the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, (2) the augmentation of peripheral nerve regeneration after transection, and (3) the interaction between electrical stimulation and neurotrophins (notably brain derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) in various neuroprotective situations. The research cited demonstrates clear benefit from appropriate electrical stimulation in the treatment of (1) certain patients with medication-refractory epilepsy, and (2) the functional regeneration of peripheral nerves after transection and surgical repair. Furthermore, neuromodulation of peripheral nerve regeneration has been associated with an increase in the neurotrophin BDNF. The roles of BDNF and other neurotrophins in several disorders of the nervous system are discussed in the context of neuromodulation and its augmentation of neurotrophins. Neuromodulation-at least in part through its effect on BDNF and other neurotrophins-will likely play a major role in the treatment (and possibly prevention) of disorders of the nervous system for which neuroprotective pharmacologic agents have traditionally been sought. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Andrews, RJ (reprint author), 555 Knowles Dr,Suite 112, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-468-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2003 VL 993 BP 14 EP 24 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BX10T UT WOS:000184303000002 PM 12853291 ER PT J AU Hazeltine, E Bunge, SA Scanlon, MD Gabrieli, JDE AF Hazeltine, E Bunge, SA Scanlon, MD Gabrieli, JDE TI Material-dependent and material-independent selection processes in the frontal and parietal lobes: an event-related fMRI investigation of response competition SO NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE flanker task; response competition; response selection; executive control; domain-specificity ID ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX; DUAL-TASK INTERFERENCE; CARD SORTING TEST; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; WORKING-MEMORY; FUNCTIONAL MRI; PET ACTIVATION; RHESUS-MONKEY; PERFORMANCE; CONFLICT AB The present study used the flanker task [Percept. Psychophys. 16 (1974) 143] to identify neural structures that support response selection processes, and to determine which of these structures respond differently depending on the type of stimulus material associated with the response. Participants performed two versions of the flanker task while undergoing event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Both versions of the task required participants to respond to a central stimulus regardless of the responses associated with simultaneously presented flanking stimuli, but one used colored circle stimuli and the other used letter stimuli. Competition-related activation was identified by comparing Incongruent trials, in which the flanker stimuli indicated a different response than the central stimulus, to Neutral stimuli, in which the flanker stimuli indicated no response. A region within the right inferior frontal gyrus exhibited significantly more competition-related activation for the color stimuli, whereas regions within the middle frontal gyri of both hemispheres exhibited more competition-related activation for the letter stimuli. The border of the right middle frontal and inferior frontal gyri and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were significantly activated by competition for both types of stimulus materials. Posterior foci demonstrated a similar pattern: left inferior parietal cortex showed greater competition-related activation for the letters, whereas right parietal cortex was significantly activated by competition for both materials. These findings indicate that the resolution of response competition invokes both material-dependent and material-independent processes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Psychol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Hazeltine, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH6142656] NR 56 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0028-3932 J9 NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA JI Neuropsychologia PY 2003 VL 41 IS 9 BP 1208 EP 1217 DI 10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00040-X PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 688ME UT WOS:000183438400007 PM 12753960 ER PT S AU Dodelson, S AF Dodelson, S BE Nieves, JF Volkas, RR TI Coherent phase argument for inflation SO NEUTRINOS, FLAVOR PHYSICS, AND PRECISION COSMOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Tropical Workshop on Particle Physics and Cosmology CY JUN 09-13, 2003 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Adelaide, Special Res Ctr Subatom Struct Matter, Univ Puerto Rico ID MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPY; ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM; SMALL-SCALE ANISOTROPY; UNIVERSE; RADIATION; TELESCOPE; GHZ; SKY; INTERFEROMETER; PERTURBATIONS AB Cosmologists have developed a phenomenally successful picture of structure in the universe based on the idea that the universe expanded exponentially in its earliest moments. There are three pieces of evidence for this exponential expansion - inflation - from observations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. First, the shape of the primordial spectrum is very similar to that predicted by generic inflation models. Second, the angular scale at which the first acoustic peak appears is consistent with the flat universe predicted by inflation. Here I describe the third piece of evidence, perhaps the most convincing of all: the phase coherence needed to account for the clear peak/trough structure observed by the WMAP satellite and its predecessors. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Dodelson, S (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. NR 61 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0160-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 689 BP 184 EP 196 PG 13 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BX91V UT WOS:000186818900014 ER PT B AU Sweigart, AV Brown, TM Lanz, T Landsman, WB Hubeny, I AF Sweigart, AV Brown, TM Lanz, T Landsman, WB Hubeny, I BE Piotto, G Meylan, G Djougovski, SG Riello, M TI A new formation mechanism for the hottest horizontal-branch stars SO NEW HORIZONS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTER ASTRONOMY SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Horizons in Globular Cluster Astronomy CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL UNIV PADOVA, PADUA, ITALY SP Inst Nazl Astrofis, Space Telescope Sci Inst, Alenia Spazio SpA, Silicon Graphics, X Technologies HO UNIV PADOVA AB Stars with very large mass loss on the red-giant branch can undergo the helium flash while descending the white-dwarf cooling curve. Under these conditions the flash convection zone will mix the hydrogen envelope with the hot helium-burning core. Such "flash-mixed" stars will arrive on the extreme horizontal branch (EHB) with helium- and carbonrich envelopes and will lie at higher temperatures than the hottest canonical (i.e., unmixed) EHB stars. Flash mixing provides a new evolutionary channel for populating the hot end of the EHB and may explain the origin of the high gravity, helium-rich sdO and sdB stars. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sweigart, AV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-143-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 296 BP 313 EP 314 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX13T UT WOS:000184405600070 ER PT B AU Himwich, E Vandenberg, N Gonzalez, R Holmstrom, C AF Himwich, E Vandenberg, N Gonzalez, R Holmstrom, C BE Minh, YC TI New developments in the NASA field system SO NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN VLBI SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on New Technologies in VLBI CY NOV 05-08, 2002 CL GYEONGJU, SOUTH KOREA SP Int VLBI Serv Geodesy & Astrometry, Korea Astron Observ AB The NASA Field System (FS) is over 20 years old, but has continued to evolve and includes many new capabilities. In addition to the Mark III DAS it initially supported, the FS has been expanded to support VLBA, Mark IV, VLBA4, K4, and S2 systems. Hybrids of these systems are supported as well. The FS has also served as a platform for the development of test and calibration tools, including: antenna pointing calibration tools and narrow track recorder calibration software. Development of new features in the FS continues, including: antenna gain calibration tools, semi-continuous system temperature monitoring, flagging, remote and unattended operation, server functionality, phase-cal extraction, Mark V (VSI-S) support, and ATNF LBA DAS support. Remote and unattended operation are important, because they increase the flexibility of the system and have the potential to reduce operating costs. A request is made to developers of new hardware to take steps to maximize the potential usefulness of the hardware with software control systems. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Himwich, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 920-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-155-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2003 VL 306 BP 193 EP 198 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering GA BY08Q UT WOS:000187551900014 ER PT B AU Nikora, AP Munson, JC AF Nikora, AP Munson, JC GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI Developing fault predictors for evolving software systems SO NINTH INTERNATIONAL SOFTWARE METRICS SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Software Metrics Symposium CY SEP 03-05, 2003 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE Comp Soc Tech Council Software Engn, Univ New S Wales, Univ Technol, Natl ICT, Australian Software Metr Assoc DE defect content estimation techniques; fault prediction; software metrics; software measurement frameworks; software quality models AB Over the past several years, we have been developing methods of predicting the fault content of software systems based on measured characteristics of their structural evolution. In previous work, we have shown there is a significant linear relationship between code churn, a synthesized metric, and the rate at which faults are inserted into the system in terms of number of faults per unit change in code chum. A limiting factor in this and other investigations of a similar nature has been the absence of a solid and repeatable definition of the concept of a fault. The rules for fault definition were not sufficiently rigorous to provide completely unambiguous and repeatable fault counts. We have begun a new investigation of this relationship with a flight software technology development effort at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and have progressed in resolving the limitations of the earlier work in two distinct steps. First, we have developed a standard for the enumeration of faults. This new standard permits software faults to be measured precisely and accurately. Second, we have developed a practical framework for automating the measurement of these faults. This new standard and fault measurement process was then applied to a software system's structural evolution during its development. Every change to the software system was measured and every fault was identified and tracked to a specific line of code. The measurement process was implemented in a network appliance, minimizing the impact of measurement activities on development efforts and enabling the comparison of measurements across multiple development efforts. In this paper, we analyze the measurements of structural evolution and fault counts obtained from the JPL flight software technology development effort. Our results indicate that the measures of structural attributes of the evolving software system are suitable for forming predictors of the number of faults inserted into software modules during their development. The new fault standard also insures that the model so developed has greater predictive validity. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Allen.P.Nikora@jpl.nasa.gov; jmunson@cs.uidaho.edu NR 19 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-1987-3 PY 2003 BP 338 EP 350 DI 10.1109/METRIC.2003.1232479 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX54M UT WOS:000185645700029 ER PT S AU Kok, P Lee, H Williams, CP Dowling, JP AF Kok, P Lee, H Williams, CP Dowling, JP BE Kish, LB Green, F Iannaccone, G Vig, JR TI Linear optics and projective measurements for fun and profit SO NOISE AND INFORMATION IN NANOELECTRONICS, SENSORS AND STANDARDS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise CY JUN 01-04, 2003 CL SANTA FE, NM SP SPIE, Natl Semicond Corp, Fred Seitz Mat Res Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Telecommun Task Force DE linear optical quantum computation; path-entangled state of light; Heisenberg-limited interferometry; single-photon QND measurement; quantum repeater ID PHASE-SHIFTS; QUANTUM; STATES; INTERFEROMETRY; TELEPORTATION; PHOTONS; ENTANGLEMENT; NOISE; SU(2); LIMIT AB The technique of projective measurements in linear optics can provide apparent, efficient nonlinear interaction between photons, which is technically problematic otherwise. We present an application of such a technique to prepare large photon-number path entanglement. Large photon-number path entanglement is an important resource for Heisenberg-limited optical interferometry, where the sensitivity of phase measurements can be improved beyond the usual shot-noise limit. A similar technique can also be applied to signal the presence of a single photon without destroying it. We further show how to build a quantum repeater for long-distance quantum communication. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quantum Comp Technol Grp, Sect 367, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quantum Comp Technol Grp, Sect 367, MS 126-347,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Kok, Pieter/B-1658-2010 NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4975-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 5115 BP 298 EP 307 DI 10.1117/12.502402 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BX08X UT WOS:000184242800032 ER PT J AU Song, BH Bolton, JS AF Song, BH Bolton, JS TI Application of the edge-constraint effect to nearly-realistic barrier treatments SO NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB It was shown in earlier work that when internal constraint planes are used to segment a fibrous lining, the normal incidence transmission loss of the lining can be substantially enhanced at low frequencies by an edge-constraint effect. Here it is shown in three examples that internal constraints can enhance the transmission loss of fibrous lining materials both under random incidence conditions and in an interior noise control application. First, sound transmission through a circular duct, part of whose length was filled with fibrous material constrained within radially separated, circumferential constraints was considered. Next, sound transmission through a square aperture filled by a fibrous lining constrained within a honeycomb lattice was studied. The performance of the honeycomb lining both by itself and when used in combination with a single limp panel to form a two element barrier system was measured. Finally, the use of a fibrous lining constrained within a rectangular honeycomb lattice to line an interior space driven by a structure-borne noise source was considered. In all cases, a transmission loss enhancement attributable to the internal constraints was identified. In addition, finite element predictions were found to be in good agreement with measured results, indicating that the effect can be modeled successfully. (C) 2003 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. Purdue Univ, Ray W Herrick Labs, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Song, BH (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Mail Code VB-A3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING PI AMES PA IOWA STATE UNIV, COLLEGE ENGINEERING, 212 MARSTON HALL, AMES, IA 50011-2152 USA SN 0736-2501 J9 NOISE CONTROL ENG J JI Noise Control Eng. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1 BP 5 EP 15 DI 10.3397/1.2839697 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 696VM UT WOS:000183908300001 ER PT J AU Song, BH Bolton, JS AF Song, BH Bolton, JS TI Enhancement of the barrier performance of porous linings by using internal constraints SO NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES; SOUND-TRANSMISSION; IMPEDANCE; SAMPLES; TUBE AB In previous work it was shown that a circular sample of fibrous material placed in a standing wave tube is stiffened at low frequencies by the frictional constraint of the sample around its circumference. That constraint makes possible a shearing resonance of the sample that is associated with a transmission loss minimum. Below that frequency the transmission loss increases to a low frequency limit that is determined by the flow resistance of the sample: that limit can be well above the value predicted on the basis of the mass law. Here it has been shown both experimentally and by finite element simulation that the frequency range of the transmission loss enhancement can be extended by placing axial and radial constraints within the sample: i.e., by the use of internal constraints. The materials considered in the present work were aviation-grade glass fibers, and the measurements were conducted using a four-microphone standing wave tube. It has also been found that the mass of the internal constraints must be above a certain threshold for the transmission loss enhancement to be realized. Design guidelines presented here may make it possible to create internally-constrained fibrous linings that enhance the transmission loss of barrier systems at low frequencies. (C) 2003 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. Purdue Univ, Ray W Herrick Labs, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Song, BH (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Mail Code VB-A3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING PI AMES PA IOWA STATE UNIV, COLLEGE ENGINEERING, 212 MARSTON HALL, AMES, IA 50011-2152 USA SN 0736-2501 J9 NOISE CONTROL ENG J JI Noise Control Eng. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 51 IS 1 BP 16 EP 35 DI 10.3397/1.2839698 PG 20 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 696VM UT WOS:000183908300002 ER PT S AU Sinha, MP Houseman, J AF Sinha, MP Houseman, J BE Doctor, SR BarCohen, Y Aktan, AE TI Miniature mass spectrometer for chemical sensing in homeland defense applications SO NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT FOR HOMELAND SECURITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Detection and Measurement for Homeland Security CY MAR 04-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE miniature mass spectrometer; array detector for ions; isotope measurement; microbore capillary column; and gas chromatograph ID MICROBORE CAPILLARY COLUMN; OPEN TUBULAR COLUMNS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB A Miniature Mass Spectrometer (MMS) with an array detector has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The spectrometer has a focal plane geometry, and an array detector that can measure the intensities of different masses simultaneously after their separation along the focal plane. In the past, the large mass, size and the lack of an array detector with high gain (such as an electron multiplier) did not allow the application of focal plane mass spectrometer to the measurement that required high sensitivity and portability. In the JPL developed-MMS, miniaturization has been accomplished by using rare earth magnet material and novelties in the design of the magnetic and electric sectors. A new ion detector was developed for the measurement of the intensities of different mass ions. The array detector is based on the conversion sequence of ions into electrons into photons and their final measurement by a photon array detector. MMS possesses high sensitivity, specificity, and fast response time and can be used as a universal chemical analyzer. It will find application in a variety of Home Defense tasks. MMS is presently being applied for the detection of propellants (hydrazine and its derivatives). The instrument will have a mass of 1-2 kg and consume a power of 2-4 W for operation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sinha, MP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4853-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5048 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1117/12.498120 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX45F UT WOS:000185330900013 ER PT S AU Martin, RE Gyekenyesi, AL Roth, DJ AF Martin, RE Gyekenyesi, AL Roth, DJ BE Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI The development and testing of an automated acousto-ultrasonic scan system SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND HEALTH MONITORING OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials and Composites II CY MAR 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB Acousto-ultrasonics (AU) is a NDE technique that utilizes two ultrasonic transducers to interrogate the condition of a material. The sending transducer introduces an ultrasonic pulse at a point on the surface of the specimen while a receiving transducer detects the signal after it has passed through the material. The aim of the method is to correlate certain parameters of the detected waveform to characteristics of the material between the two transducers. The waveform parameter of interest is the attenuation due to internal damping for which information is being garnered from the frequency domain. The parameters utilized to indirectly quantify the attenuation are the ultrasonic time and frequency dependent decay rates as well as various moments of the frequency power spectrum. For the most part, AU is used to gage the damage state of materials subjected to various mechanical or environmental loads. The AU technique has been applied to polymer matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, metal matrix composites as well as metallic alloys. Historically, AU has been a point by point, manual technique with waveforms collected at discrete locations and post-processed. Data collection and analysis of this type limits the amount of detail that can be obtained. Also, the manual movement of the sensors is prone to user error and is time consuming. This paper discusses an automated AU scanning system recently developed and assembled at NASA Glenn Research Center. The paper includes a description of the hardware and software systems as well as the techniques for data reduction and presentation. In order to demonstrate the system capabilities, AU scan results for a SiC/SiC composite panel are presented. C1 Cleveland State Univ, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Martin, RE (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4851-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5046 BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.1117/12.484295 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX45D UT WOS:000185330400009 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Ghosn, LJ Baaklini, G Bhatt, R AF Abdul-Aziz, A Ghosn, LJ Baaklini, G Bhatt, R BE Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI A combined NDE/finite element technique to study the effects of matrix porosity on the behavior of ceramic matrix composites. SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND HEALTH MONITORING OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials and Composites II CY MAR 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE finite element analysis; computed topography; ceramic matrix composites; stress analysis; non destructive evaluation AB Ceramic matrix composites are being considered as candidate materials for high temperature aircraft engine components to replace the current high density metal alloys. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) are engineered material composed of coated 2D woven high strength fiber tows and melt infiltrated ceramic matrix. Matrix voids are common defects generated during the melt infiltration process. The effects of these matrix voids are usually associated with a reduction in the initial overall composite stiffness, and a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the component. Furthermore, the role of the matrix as well as the coating is to protect the fibers from the harsh engine environment. Hence, the current design approach is to limit the design stress level of CMC components to be always below the first matrix cracking stress. hi this study, the stress concentrations around observed macroscopic matrix voids are calculated using a combined NDE/Finite-Element Scheme. The Computed Tomography (CT) is utilized as the NDE method to characterize the initial macroscopic matrix void's locations and sizes in a CMC tensile test specimen. The Finite Element is utilized to calculate the localized stress field around these voids based on the 2D CT images. The same specimen was also scanned after tensile testing to a maximum nominal stress of 150 MPa to depict any growth of the previous observed voids. The post test CT scans depicted an enlargement and some coalescence of the existing voids. C1 Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brook Pk Rd MS 6-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4851-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5046 BP 144 EP 151 DI 10.1117/12.484775 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX45D UT WOS:000185330400016 ER PT S AU Anastasi, RF Madaras, EI AF Anastasi, RF Madaras, EI BE Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI Aging wire insulation assessment by phase spectrum examination of ultrasonic guided waves SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND HEALTH MONITORING OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES II SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials and Composites II CY MAR 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE wire insulation; ultrasonic; guided waves; phase spectrum ID PROPAGATION; COMPOSITE AB Wire integrity has become an area of concern to the aerospace community including DoD, NASA, FAA, and Industry. Over time and changing environmental conditions, wire insulation can become brittle and crack. The cracks expose the wire conductor and can be a source of equipment failure, short circuits, smoke, and fire. The technique of using the ultrasonic phase spectrum to extract material properties of the insulation is being examined. Ultrasonic guided waves will propagate in both the wire conductor and insulation. Assuming the condition of the conductor remains constant then the stiffness of the insulator can be determined by measuring the ultrasonic guided wave velocity. In the phase spectrum method the guided wave velocity is obtained by transforming the time base waveform to the frequency domain and taking the phase difference between two waveforms. The result can then be correlated with a database, derived by numerical model calculations, to extract material properties of the wire insulator. Initial laboratory tests were performed on a simple model consisting of a solid cylinder and then a solid cylinder with a polymer coating. For each sample the flexural mode waveform was identified. That waveform was-then transformed to the frequency domain and a phase spectrum was calculated from a pair of waveforms. Experimental results on the simple model compared well to numerical calculations. Further tests were conducted on aircraft or mil-spec wire samples, to see if changes in wire insulation stiffness can be extracted using the phase spectrum technique. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, USA,Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch, Res Lab,Vehicle Technol Directorate,AMSRL VT S, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Anastasi, RF (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, USA,Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch, Res Lab,Vehicle Technol Directorate,AMSRL VT S, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4851-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5046 BP 212 EP 218 DI 10.1117/12.484098 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX45D UT WOS:000185330400023 ER PT B AU Braverman, A AF Braverman, A BE Dension, DD Hansen, MH Holmes, CC Mallick, B Yu, B TI A strategy for compression and analysis of very large remote sensing data sets SO NONLINEAR ESTIMATION AND CLASSIFICATION SE LECTURE NOTES IN STATISTICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Nonlinear Estimation and Classification CY MAR 00-21, 2001 CL Berkeley, CA C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Braverman, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-95471-6 J9 LECT NOTES STAT PY 2003 VL 171 BP 429 EP 441 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BY75J UT WOS:000189454900028 ER PT J AU Pickett, JS Menietti, JD Gurnett, DA Tsurutani, B Kintner, PM Klatt, E Balogh, A AF Pickett, JS Menietti, JD Gurnett, DA Tsurutani, B Kintner, PM Klatt, E Balogh, A TI Solitary potential structures observed in the magnetosheath by the Cluster spacecraft SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasma CY JUN 17-22, 2001 CL Tromso, NORWAY ID EARTHS BOW SHOCK; PLASMA-WAVES; ELECTROSTATIC-WAVES; MAGNETOTAIL; FREQUENCY; GEOTAIL; HOLES AB Bipolar pulses of similar to25-100 mus in duration have been observed in the wave electric field data obtained by the Wideband plasma wave instrument on the Cluster spacecraft in the dayside magnetosheath. These pulses are similar in almost all respects to those observed on several spacecraft over the last few years. They represent solitary potential structures, and in this case, electron phase space holes. When the time series data containing the bipolar pulses on Cluster are transformed to the frequency domain by a windowed FFT, the pulses appear as typical broad-band features, extending from the low-frequency cutoff of the bandpass filter, similar to1 kHz, up to as great as 20-40 kHz in some cases, with decreasing intensity as the frequency increases. The upper frequency cutoff of the broad band is an indication of the individual pulse durations (1/f). The solitary potential structures are detected when the local magnetic field is contained primarily in the spin plane, indicating that they propagate along the magnetic field. Their frequency extent and intensity seem to increase as the angle between the directions of the magnetic field and the plasma flow decreases from 90degrees. Of major significance is the finding that the overall profile of the broad-band features observed simultaneously by two Cluster spacecraft, separated by a distance of over 750 km, are strikingly similar in terms of onset times, frequency extent, intensity, and termination. This implies that the generation region of the solitary potential structures observed in the magnetosheath near the bow shock is very large and may be located at or near the bow shock, or be connected with the bow shock in some way. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London, England. RP Pickett, JS (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM jolene-pickett@uiowa.edu NR 23 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PD JAN-MAR PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 11 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 778PL UT WOS:000189249900002 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Dasgupta, B Arballo, JK Lakhina, GS Pickett, JS AF Tsurutani, BT Dasgupta, B Arballo, JK Lakhina, GS Pickett, JS TI Magnetic field turbulence, electron heating, magnetic holes, proton cyclotron waves, and the onsets of bipolar pulse (electron hole) events: a possible unifying scenario SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasma CY JUN 17-22, 2001 CL Tromso, NORWAY ID MAGNETOPAUSE RECONNECTION; PONDEROMOTIVE FORCE; BOUNDARY-LAYERS; FLUX TRANSFER; AURORAL-ZONE; PLASMA; CUSP; INSTABILITIES; TAIL; ACCELERATION AB Two electron heating events have been identified on 20 May 1996 when Polar was in the polar cap/polar cusp boundary layer. The electron heating events were located within magnetic holes/cavities/bubbles and were accompanied by nonlinear +/- 14nT peak-to-peak (fsimilar to0.6 to 0.7f(cp)) obliquely propagating proton cyclotron waves. The electrons appear to be heated isotropically. Electric bipolar pulse (electron hole) onset events were also detected within the heating events. We propose a scenario which can link the above phenomena. Nonlinear Alfven waves, generated through cusp magnetic reconnection, propagate down magnetic field lines and locally heat electrons through the ponderomotive force. The magnetic cavity is created through the diamagnetic effect of the heated electrons. Ion heating also occurs through ponderomotive acceleration (but much less than the electrons) and the protons generate the electromagnetic proton cyclotron waves through the loss cone instability. The obliquely propagating electromagnetic proton cyclotron waves accelerate bi-streaming electrons, which are the source of free energy for the electron holes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM bruce.t.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov RI Lakhina, Gurbax /C-9295-2012; OI Lakhina, Gurbax /0000-0002-8956-486X NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PD JAN-MAR PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 35 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 778PL UT WOS:000189249900004 ER PT J AU Lakhina, GS Tsurutani, BT Singh, SV Reddy, RV AF Lakhina, GS Tsurutani, BT Singh, SV Reddy, RV TI Some theoretical models for solitary structures of boundary layer waves SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Nonlinear Waves and Chaos in Space Plasma CY JUN 17-22, 2001 CL Tromso, NORWAY ID BAND ELECTROSTATIC NOISE; ELECTRIC-FIELD STRUCTURES; ION-ACOUSTIC-WAVES; WEAK DOUBLE-LAYERS; AURORAL ACCELERATION REGION; FAST SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; PLASMA SHEET BOUNDARY; PHASE-SPACE HOLES; MAGNETIZED PLASMA; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE AB Solitary electrostatic structures have been observed in and around auroral zone field lines at various altitudes ranging from close to the ionosphere, to the magnetopause low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and cusp on the dayside, and to the plasma sheet boundary layer on the nightside. In this review, various models based on solitons/double layers and BGK modes or phase space holes are discussed in order to explain the characteristics of these solitary structures. C1 Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lakhina, GS (reprint author), Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. EM lakhina@iig.iigm.res.in RI Lakhina, Gurbax /C-9295-2012; Singh, satyavir/C-8949-2012; OI Singh, satyavir/0000-0003-2758-7713; Lakhina, Gurbax /0000-0002-8956-486X NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PD JAN-MAR PY 2003 VL 10 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 73 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 778PL UT WOS:000189249900008 ER PT S AU Howard, JM AF Howard, JM BE Sasian, JM Koshel, RJ Manhart, PK TI SLIDERS: The next generation of automated optical design tools has arrived SO NOVEL OPTICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization CY AUG 04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE geometrical optics; optics education; macros; teaching; optical design; lens design; reflective optics; mirrors ID 2 SPHERICAL MIRRORS; ASYMMETRIC SYSTEMS; FOUNDATIONS; LAYOUT; POINT AB Optical design tools are presented to provide automatic generation of reflective optical systems for educational use. The tools are graphical in nature and use an interactive slider interface with freely available optical design software. Operation of the sliders provides input to adjust first-order and other system parameters (e.g. focal length), while appropriate system construction parameters are automatically updated to correct aberrations. Graphical output is also presented in real-time (e.g. a lens drawing) to provide the opportunity for a truly visual approach to optical design. Available systems include two- and three- mirror telescopes, relays, and afocal systems, either rotationally symmetric or having just a plane of symmetry. Demonstrations are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Howard, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5047-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5174 BP 19 EP 25 DI 10.1117/12.506889 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BX98H UT WOS:000187120500003 ER PT S AU Filman, R Mehner, K Haupt, M AF Filman, R Mehner, K Haupt, M BE Buschmann, F Buchmann, AP Cilia, MA TI Advancing the state of the art in run-time inspection SO OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2003) CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL DARMSTADT, GERMANY SP Software Technol Grp, Darmstadt Univ Technol, Dept Comp Sci, Assoc Int Technol Objects, ACM SIGPLAN, Microsoft Res, ERCIM, Case Consult, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch, Sun Microsyst, Intersyst CACHE, CINCOM C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Gesamthsch Paderborn, D-4790 Paderborn, Germany. Tech Univ Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. RP Filman, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rfilman@arc.nasa.gov; mehner@upb.de; haupt@informatik.tu-darmstadt.de NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-22405-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 3013 BP 190 EP 196 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BAM81 UT WOS:000222867600018 ER PT S AU Wang, MH AF Wang, MH BE Frouin, RJ Yuan, Y Kawamura, H TI Example of aerosol model effects in SeaWiFS atmospheric correction SO OCEAN REMOTE SENSING AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ocean Remote Sensing and Applications CY OCT 24-26, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE SeaWiFS; atmospheric correction; aerosol model ID WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE; OCEAN-COLOR SENSORS; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; DIFFUSE TRANSMITTANCE; WHITECAPS; ALGORITHM AB It has been found that, at certain solar and sensor viewing geometries and for certain atmospheric conditions, some discontinuity lines appear in the retrieved atmospheric and ocean color products from measurements of Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Such discontinuity lines, which do not often happen in the SeaWiFS products, appear along lines with constant scattering angles between the solar and sensor viewing directions. The discontinuity lines are clearly not real. They are artifacts from the SeaWiFS atmospheric corrections. The atmospheric correction, which is the key data processing in the ocean color remote sensing, removes more than 90% of the sensor-measured signals that are contributed from atmosphere and ocean surface effects in the visible wavelengths. In this paper, a brief description of the SeaWiFS atmospheric correction algorithm, in particular, the technique that is used in retrieving the aerosol models and aerosol radiance contributions in the visible wavelengths, is provided. Results from some specific simulations that explain the causes of the discontinuity lines in the derived products are presented. We show that these discontinuities are results of the imperfect atmospheric correction due to some effects of the aerosol models that are used for the SeaWiFS data processing. A simple modification to the current atmospheric correction algorithm to correct such effects is proposed and tested with SeaWiFS data. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Wang, MH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 970-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4678-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4892 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1117/12.466819 PG 8 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83L UT WOS:000183304900010 ER PT S AU Kwiatkowska, EJ Fargion, GS AF Kwiatkowska, EJ Fargion, GS BE Frouin, RJ Yuan, Y Kawamura, H TI Merger of ocean color data from multiple satellite missions within the SIMBIOS project SO OCEAN REMOTE SENSING AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ocean Remote Sensing and Applications CY OCT 24-26, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE ocean color; data merger; SeaWiFS; MODIS; SIMBIOS; neural networks; support vector machines ID SEAWIFS; CALIBRATION; CHLOROPHYLL; SCANNER; MODIS; ERA AB The purpose of data merger activities undertaken by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Studies (SIMBIOS) Project is to create scientific quality ocean color data encompassing measurements from multiple satellite missions. The fusion of data from multiple satellites will improve the quality of ocean color products over single-mission data sets by expanding spatial and temporal coverage of the world's oceans and increasing statistical confidence in generated parameters. The merger will also support a variety of new applications by taking advantage of sensor-varying calibration, spectral, spatial, temporal, and ground coverage characteristics. Leading to the data merger goals, the SIMBIOS Project has established a thorough ocean color validation program and has been cross-comparing and cross-calibrating sensor data with in situ measurements and data among the missions. The SIMBIOS Science Team has been studying data merger algorithms based on spectral data assimilation and spatial interpolation. The SIMBIOS Project Office has implemented statistical objective analysis and regression techniques based on artificial neural networks and support vector machines. The accuracy of the merger methods will be evaluated using in situ data, statistical analyses, and simple chlorophyll means the method already implemented within the SIMBIOS Project. This paper defines challenges and suggests solutions for data merger based on the example of daily chlorophyll concentration products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SIMBIOS Project, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kwiatkowska, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SIMBIOS Project, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Code 970-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 42 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4678-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4892 BP 168 EP 182 DI 10.1117/12.466833 PG 15 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83L UT WOS:000183304900019 ER PT S AU Feygels, VI Wright, CW Kopilevich, YI Surkov, A AF Feygels, VI Wright, CW Kopilevich, YI Surkov, A BE Frouin, RJ Gilbert, GD Pan, D TI Narrow field-of-view bathymetric lidar: theory and field test SO OCEAN REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ocean Remote Sensing and Imaging II CY AUG 05-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID ATTENUATION; SCATTERING AB The purpose of this paper is to derive a reliable theory to predict the performance of a narrow -FOV bathymetric lidar. A fundamental discrepancy between the theoretical estimate and experimental results was the inspiration for the work presented here Meeting oceanographic mapping requirements is a critically important goal for littoral laser bathymetry. In contrast to traditional airborne lidar system which are optimized for recovering signals from the deepest possible waters, the above challenge may be met with a radical narrowing of the lidar transmit beam and receiver field of view (FOV) employed in EAARL (Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar, NASA). In this paper we discuss theoretical analysis carried out on the basis of a sophisticated "multiple-forward scattering and single-backscattering model" for lidar return signals allows a quantitative estimation of the advantages of a narrow -FOV system over traditional bathymetric lidars (SHOALS-400, SHOALS-1000, LADS Mk 11) when used in clear shallow-water cases. Some of those advantages are: . Increase in bottom definition (or reduced false-alarm probability) due to the enhanced contrast of the bottom return over the background backscatter from the water column, . Enhancement in depth measurement accuracy resulting from narrower bottom return pulse width, . Reduction of post-surface return effects in the lidar photo-multiplier detector due to a more rapid decay of water column backscatter, . Greatly improved rejection of ambient light permitting lidar operations in all zenith sun angles and flight directions. The model computations make it possible to estimate the maximal operational depth for the system under consideration by the implementation of statistical theory of detectability. These computations depend on the prevailing seawater optical properties and lidar parameters. The theoretical predictions are compared with results obtained in the field test of the EAARL system carried out in Florida Keys in 2001. C1 EG&G Tech Serv Inc, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Feygels, VI (reprint author), EG&G Tech Serv Inc, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5028-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5155 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1117/12.506951 PG 11 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX98G UT WOS:000187120200001 ER PT S AU Chekalyuk, AM Hoge, FE Swift, RN Yungel, JK AF Chekalyuk, AM Hoge, FE Swift, RN Yungel, JK BE Frouin, RJ Gilbert, GD Pan, D TI New technological developments for ocean LIDAR biomonitoring SO OCEAN REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ocean Remote Sensing and Imaging II CY AUG 05-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE LIDAR; remote sensing; airborne; biomonitoring; ocean; pump-and-probe; fluorescence; photosynthesis; biomass; pigment analysis; phytoplankton ID PHOTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; PROBE TECHNIQUE AB A pump-and-probe (P&P) airborne LIDAR has been recently developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. It provides remote measurement of phytoplankton photosynthetic variables along with pigment and organic matter fluorescence, down-welling and upwelling hyperspectral measurements and sea surface temperature. The utilization of an airborne platform. provides for rapid remote characterization of phytoplankton photosynthetic activity, biomass and diversity over large aquatic areas. The P&P LIDAR technique is one of the first practical implementations of 'superactive' remote sensing. This presentation summarizes results of six airborne measurement campaigns conducted in 1999-2002 in the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, Middle Atlantic Bight, and Gulf of Mexico. The P&P technology has been complemented by a Laser Phytoplankton Analyzer (LPA), a shipboard laser fluorometer dedicated to technological advancement in pigment analysis that will be implemented in future LIDAR systems. It combines high-resolution spectral measurements of phytoplankton pigment fluorescence excited at several selected wavelengths with active assessment of the physiological status of the phytoplankton photosynthetic apparatus. Emission/excitation measurements provide a potential for assessing concentrations of photosynthetic accessory pigments (Chlorophyll a, b, c, photosynthetic carotenoids and phycobilins) and identifying major phytoplankton functional groups. The LPA was extensively tested in laboratory experiments with phytoplankton cultures and their mixtures. In November 2002, the LPA was utilized for pigment fluorescence analysis of natural phytoplankton over a range if environmental conditions on a research cruise in the Middle Atlantic Bight and Delaware Bay. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, WFF, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Chekalyuk, AM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, WFF, Code 972, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5028-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5155 BP 22 EP 29 DI 10.1117/12.507658 PG 8 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX98G UT WOS:000187120200003 ER PT S AU Atlas, R Bloom, SC Ardizzone, J Brin, E Terry, J Yu, TW AF Atlas, R Bloom, SC Ardizzone, J Brin, E Terry, J Yu, TW BE Frouin, RJ Gilbert, GD Pan, D TI Impact of Quikscat data on numerical weather prediction SO OCEAN REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ocean Remote Sensing and Imaging II CY AUG 05-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE scatterometer; weather prediction; microwave remote sensing applications ID WINDS AB The SeaWinds scatterometer (like NSCAT and ERS) is able to detect unequivocal signatures of meteorological features including cyclones, fronts, anticyclones, easterly waves and other precursors of hurricanes and typhoons. Through collaborative efforts between NASA and NOAA, National Weather Service marine forecasters are using SeaWinds data to improve analyses, forecasts and significant weather warnings for maritime interests. This results in substantial economic savings as well as the reduction of weather related loss of life at sea. The impact of SeaWinds on Numerical Weather Prediction models is on average modest but occasionally results in significant forecast improvements. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5028-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5155 BP 211 EP 215 DI 10.1117/12.505896 PG 5 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX98G UT WOS:000187120200022 ER PT B AU Bliven, LF AF Bliven, LF GP IEEE IEEE TI Ring-wave measurements from natural rain SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog ID WATER SURFACES; ARTIFICIAL RAIN; SCATTERING; DROPS; WIND AB We present preliminary results of our efforts to measure ring-waves generated by natural rain. Winds at sea are monitored by remote sensing of radars observing sea surface roughness. Yet rain also roughens the sea surface. Improved understanding of sea-surface roughness during rain contributes to better measurements of winds and rain at sea. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Bliven, LF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RI bliven, francis/E-1450-2012 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 521 EP 523 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300123 ER PT B AU Liu, WT Xie, SP Xie, XS AF Liu, WT Xie, SP Xie, XS GP IEEE IEEE TI Coupling between the atmosphere and Asian marginal seas SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The advance of spacebased microwave sensors that measure ocean surface wind vector, dynamic topography, and sea surface temperature (SST), under both clear and cloudy conditions, night and day, open new opportunity of studying ocean-atmosphere coupling,. The recent improvement in the spatial resolution of scatterometer winds (10 km) pushes the applications to coastal oceans and marginal seas. The ocean will respond to surface wind and thermal forcing by changing SST and dynamic topography, which are observed by spacebased radiometer and altimeter. Dynamic coupling should be manifested through lag correlations between the curl of wind stress (CWS) and dynamic topography and between CWS and SST. Waves and current advection often obscure direct observations of such simple correlations in open oceans. South China Sea (SCS) is semi-enclosed, where such negative lag correlations were observed in annual time scales using only spacebased data. In the center of the SCS basin., the winter monsoon causes positive CWS (cyclonic circulation), divergence of surface water, upwelling of cold water, depression of sea level and SST. The summer monsoon, with negative CWS, causes opposite responses. The anticyclone circulation in the center of the basin during summer is punctuated by a topography-induced wind jet branching off from the South Vietnamese coast. Two mechanisms of ocean-driven coupling are also evident. When the ocean is warm and SST is above deep convection threshold, surface winds from different directions converge to the local SST maximum, driven by pressure gradient force. Decreases in vertical mixing and increases in vertical wind shear in the atmospheric boundary layer may also cause the deceleration of surface winds as they move from warmer to colder water. This boundary-layer instability mechanism causes negative contemporary correlation between wind speed and SST, and is evident during winter and spring in the vicinity of East China Sea. Warm and cold tongues are co-located with high and low winds, but the convergences are located at the front where the SST gradient is strongest. There is also a strong wind jet blowing along the Kuroshio front, most probably driven by cross-front pressure gradient. The location of convergence with respect to the SST fronts reveals the role played by both mechanisms. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Liu, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 847 EP 847 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300196 ER PT B AU Lee, T AF Lee, T GP IEEE IEEE TI Mixed-layer heat budget associated with ENSO, IOD, and PDO inferred from satellite ocean data assimilation SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are important modes of climate variability of the coupled ocean-atmospheric system on interannual and decadal time scales. The late 1990s features large events of ENSO, IOD, and phase switch of PDO. Satellite measurements of wind, sea level, and sea surface temperature have provided unprecedented capability to monitor such climate events. Mixed-layer heat budget associated with these events are studied using a satellite ocean data assimilation product. The assimilation is part of the ECCO Consortium effort (http://www.eccogroup.org) funded under the National Ocean Partnership Program and collaborated by JPL, SIO, and MIT. ECCO assimilation product is characterized by physical consistency in the evolution of the estimated state such that various physical budgets are closed. This presentation compares heat budget of ENSO, IOD, and phase switch of PDO, in particular, in terms of the relative contribution by air-sea interaction and oceanic processes in mixed-layer temperature (MLT) balance. Oceanic advection plays a similarly important role to the three climate events in assisting the evolution of MLT. The role of air-sea heat flux marks a stark contrast among these events. Damping of MLT by air-sea heat flux is found for ENSO and IOD in the tropics, providing a necessary condition for negative feedback in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. However, the same is not found in mid-latitude Pacific during the PDO phase switch. For ENSO, oceanic advection and mixing in the eastern equatorial Pacific cause a much larger amount of heat anomaly than the storage by oceanic mixed layer. This results in very large heat loss that affects equatorial zonal wind and in turn influences MLT through oceanic processes. For IOD, the pile-up of heat anomaly in the western equatorial Indian Ocean by oceanic processes is comparable to mixed-layer storage, suggesting that air-sea coupling associated with IOD is not as active as that for ENSO. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 848 EP 848 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300197 ER PT B AU Yueh, S Stiles, B Liu, WT AF Yueh, S Stiles, B Liu, WT GP IEEE IEEE TI QuikSCAT wind retrievals for tropical cyclones SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The use of QuikSCAT data for wind retrievals of tropical cyclones is described. The evidence of QuikSCAT s0 dependence on wind direction for >30 m/s wind speeds is presented. The QuikSCAT s0s show a peak-to-peak wind direction modulation of similar to1 dB at 35 m/s wind speed, and the amplitude of modulation decreases with wind speed. The decreasing directional sensitivity to wind speed agrees well with the trend of QSCAT1 model function at near 20 m/s. A correction of the QSCAT1 model function for above 23 m/s wind speed is proposed. We explored two microwave radiative transfer models to correct the attenuation and scattering effects of rain for wind retrievals. One is derived from the collocated QuikSCAT and SSM/I data set, and the other one is a published parametric model developed for rain radars. These two radiative transfer models account for the effects of volume scattering, scattering from rain-roughened surfaces and rain attenuation. The models suggest that the s0s of wind-roughened sea surfaces for 40-50 m/s winds are comparable to the contributions of rain for up to about 10-15 mm/h. Both radiative transfer models have been used to retrieve the ocean wind vectors from the collocated QuikSCAT and SSM/I rain rate data for several tropical cyclones. The resulting wind speed estimates of these tropical cyclones show improved agreement with the wind fields derived from the best track analysis and Holland's model for up to about 15 mm/h SSM/I rain rate. A comparative analysis of maximum wind speed estimates suggests that other rain parameters likely have to be considered for further improvements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yueh, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1045 EP 1045 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300246 ER PT B AU Atlas, R Bloom, SC Ardizzone, J Brin, E Terry, J Yu, TW AF Atlas, R Bloom, SC Ardizzone, J Brin, E Terry, J Yu, TW GP IEEE IEEE TI Impact of SeaWinds scatterometer data on ocean surface analysis and weather prediction SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog ID WINDS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1598 EP 1601 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178110 PG 4 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300368 ER PT S AU Boyle, R Johanson, C AF Boyle, R Johanson, C BE Brandt, T Cohen, B Siebold, C TI Morphological properties of vestibulospinal neurons in primates SO OCULOMOTOR AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEMS: THEIR FUNCTION AND DISORDERS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Ocular Motor Meeting on Physiology and Disorders of Oculomoter and Vestibular Control CY APR 03-05, 2003 CL WILDBAD, GERMANY SP Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch DE axon; eighth nerve; ventral horn; posture; synaptic boutons; intracellular labeling ID VESTIBULAR NUCLEI ACTIVITY; SQUIRREL-MONKEY; ALERT MONKEY; HEAD MOVEMENTS; OPTOKINETIC STIMULATION; EYE; LABYRINTH; INPUTS; CAT AB The lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts constitute the major descending pathways controlling extensor musculature of the body. We examined the axon morphology and synaptic input patterns and targets in the cervical spinal segments from these tract cells using intracellular recording and biocytin labeling in the squirrel monkey. Lumbosacral projecting cells represent a private, and mostly rapid, communication pathway between the dorsal Deiters' nucleus and the motor circuits controlling the lower limbs and tail. The cervical projecting cells provide both redundant and variable synaptic input to spinal cell groups, suggesting both general and specific control of the head and neck reflexes. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Life Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Boyle, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Life Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-482-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2003 VL 1004 BP 183 EP 195 DI 10.1196/annals.1303.016 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Ophthalmology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Ophthalmology GA BY06J UT WOS:000187496000017 PM 14662458 ER PT S AU Benowitz, EG Niessner, AF AF Benowitz, EG Niessner, AF BE Meersman, R Tari, Z TI Experiences in adopting real-time Java for flight-like software SO ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS 2003: OTM 2003 WORKSHOPS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT OTM Confederated International Woprkshops HCT-SWWA/IPW/JTRES/WORM/WMS and WRSM 2003 CY NOV 03-07, 2003 CL CATANIA, ITALY SP Rmit Univ, Sch comp Sci & Informat Technol, Vrije Univ Brussels, Dept Comp Sci, Univ Catania AB This work involves developing representative mission-critical spacecraft software using the Real-Time Specification for Java(RTSJ)[1]. Utilizing a real mission design, this work leverages the original flight code from NASA's Deep Space 1 (DS 1), which flow in 1998. However, instead of performing a line-by-line port, the code is re-architected in pure Java(TM)(,) using best practices in Object-Oriented(OO) design. We have successfully demonstrated a portion of the spacecraft attitude control and fault protection, running on the standard Java platform, as well as on the reference implementation of the RTSJ. Our goal is to run on flight-like hardware, in closed-loop with the original spacecraft dynamics simulation. In re-designing the software from the original C code, we have adopted OO techniques for flight software development. Specifically, we have taken advantage of design patterns[7], and have seen a strong mapping from certain patterns to the flight software. To ensure the correctness of measurement units, numerical computations are performed via an abstraction layer that checks measurement units at compile-time. Our approach places an emphasis on pluggable technology. Interfaces, in conjunction with a facade pattern, expose only the behavior of an object, rather than exposing its implementation details. Since the RTSJ reference implementation does not currently support debugging, we chose to apply pluggable technology to the scheduler and memory allocation interfaces. Thus, real-time client code can be run on a standard Java virtual machine, allowing the code to be debugged in a graphical development environment on a desktop PC at the cost of decreased real-time performance. Once non-real-time issues have been debugged, the real-time aspects can be debugged in isolation on an RTSJ-compliant virtual machine. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Benowitz, EG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Edward.G.Benowitz@jpl.nasa.gov; Albert.F.Niessner@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20494-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2889 BP 490 EP 496 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY25Y UT WOS:000188513300053 ER PT S AU Benowitz, EG Niessner, AF AF Benowitz, EG Niessner, AF BE Meersman, R Tari, Z TI A patterns catalog for RTSJ software designs SO ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS 2003: OTM 2003 WORKSHOPS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT OTM Confederated International Woprkshops HCT-SWWA/IPW/JTRES/WORM/WMS and WRSM 2003 CY NOV 03-07, 2003 CL CATANIA, ITALY SP Rmit Univ, Sch comp Sci & Informat Technol, Vrije Univ Brussels, Dept Comp Sci, Univ Catania AB The Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) [1] offers new features for scheduling and memory management, enabling new software design possibilities. In this survey, we provide descriptions of design patterns [5] for use with these RTSJ features. We discuss a pattern which integrates scoped memory usage with periodic real-time threads. The factory pattern is extended to accommodate RTSJ memory areas. Patterns for recycling immortal memory, and for extending the lifetime of a scope are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Benowitz, EG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Edward.G.Benowitz@jpl.nasa.gov; Albert.F.Niessner@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20494-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2889 BP 497 EP 507 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY25Y UT WOS:000188513300054 ER PT S AU Niessner, AF Benowitz, EG AF Niessner, AF Benowitz, EG BE Meersman, R Tari, Z TI RTSJ memory areas and their affects on the performance of a flight-like attitude control system SO ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS 2003: OTM 2003 WORKSHOPS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT OTM Confederated International Woprkshops HCT-SWWA/IPW/JTRES/WORM/WMS and WRSM 2003 CY NOV 03-07, 2003 CL CATANIA, ITALY SP Rmit Univ, Sch comp Sci & Informat Technol, Vrije Univ Brussels, Dept Comp Sci, Univ Catania AB The two most important factors in improving performance in any software system, but especially a real-time, embedded system, are knowing which components are the low performers and knowing what can be done to improve their performance. The word performance with respect to a real-time, embedded system does not necessarily mean fast execution, which is the common definition when discussing non real-time systems. It also includes meeting all of the specified execution deadlines and executing at the correct time without sacrificing non real-time performance. Using a Java prototype of an existing control system used on Deep Space 1 [1], the effects from adding memory areas are measured and evaluated with respect to improving performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Niessner, AF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Al.Niessner@jpl.nasa.gov; Edward.G.Benowitz@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20494-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2889 BP 508 EP 519 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY25Y UT WOS:000188513300055 ER PT B AU Doppmann, GW Jaffe, DT White, RJ AF Doppmann, GW Jaffe, DT White, RJ BE Lepine, J GregorioHetem, J TI Properties of young stellar objects from high resolution near infrared spectroscopy SO OPEN ISSUES IN LOCAL STAR FORMATION SE ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Int Colloquium on Open Issues in Local Star Formation and Early Stellar Evolution CY APR 05-10, 2003 CL Ouro Preto, BRAZIL ID RHO-OPHIUCHI CLOUD; AURIGA MOLECULAR CLOUD; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; EVOLUTIONARY STATUS; DARK CLOUD; MASS STARS; LUMINOSITY; CLUSTER; CORE; SPECTRA AB We analyze high resolution (R = 50,000) spectra at 2.2 mum of 10 Class If young stellar objects in the rho Ophiuchi dark cloud. We measure effective temperatures, continuum veiling, and v sin i rotation from the shapes and strengths of atomic photospheric lines by comparing to spectral synthesis models at 2.2 mum. We measure surface gravities in 2 stars from the integrated line flux ratio of the (CO)-C-12 line region at 2.3 mum and the Na I line region at 2.2 mum. Although the majority (8/10) of the Class II stars have similar effective temperatures (3530 K 100 K), they exhibit a large spread in bolometric luminosities (factor similar to8), as derived from near-IR photometry. In the two stars where we have surface gravity measurements from spectroscopy, the photometrically derived luminosities are systematically higher than the spectroscopic luminosities. The spread in the photometrically derived luminosities in our other sources suggests either a large spread in stellar ages, or nonphotospheric emission in the J-band since anomalous and significant veiling at J has been observed in other T Tauri stars. Our spectroscopic luminosities result in older ages on the H-R diagram than is suggested by photometry at J or K. Most of our sources show a larger amount of continuum excess (F-Kex) than stellar flux at 2.2 mum (F-K*), substantially higher in many cases (r(K) equivalent to F-Kex/F-K* = 0.3-4.5). The derived v sin i rotation is substantial, but systematically less than the rotation measured in class 1.5 (flat) and Class I sources from other studies in Ophiuchus. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Doppmann, GW (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1755-3 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2003 VL 299 BP 159 EP 168 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY96P UT WOS:000189506300019 ER PT S AU Hess, M Jost, G Muller, M Ruhle, R AF Hess, M Jost, G Muller, M Ruhle, R BE Voss, MJ TI Experiences using OpenMP based on compiler directed software DSM on a PC cluster SO OPENMP SHARED MEMORY PARALLEL PROGRAMMING SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on OpenMP Applications and Tools (WOMPAT 2003) CY JUN 26-27, 2003 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP OpenMP Architecture Review Board, OpenMP Users Grp cOMPunity, Intel Corp, Univ Toronto, Edward S Roger, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Univ Alaska, Arctic Reg Supercomp Ctr ID PERFORMANCE AB In this work we report on our experiences running OpenMP programs on a commodity cluster of PCs running a software distributed shared memory (DSM) system. We describe our test environment and report on the performance of a subset of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks that have been automatically parallelized for OpenMP. We compare the performance of the OpenMP implementations with that of their message passing counterparts and discuss performance differences. C1 HLRS, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Cincinnati, OH 45202 USA. RP HLRS, Allmandring 30, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40435-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2716 BP 211 EP 226 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX47M UT WOS:000185379500017 ER PT S AU Ansari, RR King, JF Seeberger, T Clark, JI AF Ansari, RR King, JF Seeberger, T Clark, JI BE Manns, F Soderberg, PG Ho, A TI Early detection of cataract and response to pantethine therapy with non-invasive static and dynamic light scattering SO OPHTHALMIC TECHNOLOGIES XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Conference on Ophthalmic Technologies CY JAN 25-26, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE cataracts; cataract treatment; pantethine; dynamic light scattering; QELS; light scattering; non-invasive diagnostics ID LENS OPACIFICATION; INHIBITION AB We present static and dynamic light scattering measurements of early onset cataract before opacity is observed and an evaluation of the effectiveness of pantethine on protein aggregation and light scattering. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ansari, RR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 333-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4751-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4951 BP 168 EP 176 DI 10.1117/12.479478 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Ophthalmology; Optics SC Engineering; Ophthalmology; Optics GA BX31W UT WOS:000184938700023 ER PT S AU Ansari, RR Suh, KI Moret, F Messer, RK Manuel, FK AF Ansari, RR Suh, KI Moret, F Messer, RK Manuel, FK BE Manns, F Soderberg, PG Ho, A TI Measurement of choroidal blood flow in zero gravity SO OPHTHALMIC TECHNOLOGIES XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Conference on Ophthalmic Technologies CY JAN 25-26, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE microgravity; blood flow; laser Doppler flowmetry; space medicine; crew safety; astronautics ID MICROGRAVITY AB In this paper we present preliminary measurements on the effects of zero gravity environment on the choroidal blood flow on human volunteer subjects. These experiments were conducted, for the first time, on-board a wide body aircraft (KC-135) during parabolic flight trajectories (0g to 2g environment) using a head-mounted miniature laser Doppler flowmeter. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ansari, RR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 333-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4751-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4951 BP 177 EP 184 DI 10.1117/12.479427 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Ophthalmology; Optics SC Engineering; Ophthalmology; Optics GA BX31W UT WOS:000184938700024 ER PT S AU Leung, AB Suh, KI Ansari, RR AF Leung, AB Suh, KI Ansari, RR BE Priezzhev, AV Cote, GL TI Characterization of flowing particles with dynamic light scattering SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND SENSING IN BIOMEDICINE III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics and Sensing in Biomedicine III CY JAN 28-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE AB The non-invasive optical technique of dynamic light scattering (DLS) is routinely used to characterize dilute and. transparent sub-micron particle dispersions in laboratory environments. A variety of industrial and biological applications would however greatly benefit from on-line monitoring, of dispersions under flowing conditions. In this paper we present a model experiment to study flowing dispersions of polystyrene latex particles of varying sizes under varying flow conditions using a newly developed fiber optic DLS probe. A modified correlation function proposed in an earlier study by Chowdhury et al.(2) is applied to the analysis of extracting size and velocity of laminar flowing particulate dispersions. The complimentary technique of laser Doppler velocimetry is also used to measure the speed of moving particles to confirm the DLS findings. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ansari, RR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 333-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4765-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4965 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.1117/12.479419 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BX33H UT WOS:000184966200020 ER PT S AU Decker, AJ Weiland, KE AF Decker, AJ Weiland, KE BE Farrell, PV Chiang, FU Mercer, CR Shen, G TI Sensitivity and calibration of non-destructive evaluation method that uses neural-net processing of characteristic fringe patterns SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR FLUIDS, SOLIDS, AND COMBUSTIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids and Combustion II CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB This paper answers some performance and calibration questions about a non-destructive-evaluation (NDE) procedure that uses artificial neural networks to detect structural damage or other changes from sub-sampled characteristic patterns. The method shows increasing sensitivity as the number of sub-samples increases from 108 to 6912. The sensitivity of this robust NDE method is not affected by noisy excitations of the first vibration mode. A calibration procedure is proposed and demonstrated where the output of a trained net can be correlated with the outputs of the point sensors used for vibration testing. The calibration procedure is based on controlled changes of fastener torques. A heterodyne interferometer is used as a displacement sensor for a demonstration of the challenges to be handled in using standard point sensors for calibration. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Decker, AJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5064-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5191 BP 8 EP 17 DI 10.1117/12.501265 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY03L UT WOS:000187317600002 ER PT S AU Howell, PA Zalameda, JN AF Howell, PA Zalameda, JN BE Farrell, PV Chiang, FU Mercer, CR Shen, G TI Computational analysis for thermal NDE of composites SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR FLUIDS, SOLIDS, AND COMBUSTIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids and Combustion II CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE NDE; nondestructive evaluation; thermography; computational NDE ID NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AB Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) is an important tool for ensuring the inspectability of a structural design and assessing the integrity of the structure during fabrication and service. NDE test results are typically examined by an inspector to determine the location and size of damage. There is significant potential for reducing the human effort involved in this procedure by digitally processing this data to enhance the signatures of flaws and to perform automated identification of suspected flaws. Computational NDE focuses on the development of methods for the simulation of NDE techniques and reduction of NDE data for an assessment of the integrity of the structure. This paper examines a technique that enhances the contrast between damaged and undamaged regions to improve the quality and reliability of flaw identification. An anisotropic diffusion algorithm is applied to the data. Anisotropic diffusion techniques are shown to significantly reduce image noise while maintaining defect contrast and preserving the important features of a flaw. The use of this algorithm is shown to improve detectability levels for thermal NDE data for both standard array imaging infrared cameras as well as the cheaper, more portable microbolometers of interest today. By increasing and automating detectability, significant advances can be made in the use of thermal NDE tools. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Howell, PA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch MS 231, 3B E Taylor Rd, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5064-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5191 BP 18 EP 26 DI 10.1117/12.507800 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY03L UT WOS:000187317600003 ER PT S AU Mercer, CR AF Mercer, CR BE Farrell, PV Chiang, FU Mercer, CR Shen, G TI Optical measurements for intelligent aerospace propulsion SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR FLUIDS, SOLIDS, AND COMBUSTIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids and Combustion II CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE measurement; propulsion; aerospace; optics AB There is growing interest in applying "intelligent" technologies to aerospace propulsion systems to reap expected benefits in cost, performance, and environmental compliance. Cost benefits span the engine life cycle from development, operations, and maintenance. Performance gains are anticipated in reduced fuel consumption, increased thrust-to-weight ratios, and operability. Environmental benefits include generating fewer pollutants and less noise. Critical enabling technologies to realize these potential benefits include sensors, actuators, logic, electronics, materials and structures. For propulsion applications,, the challenge is to increase the robustness of these technologies so that they can withstand harsh temperatures, vibrations, and grime while providing extremely reliable performance. This paper addresses the role that optical metrology is playing in providing solutions to these challenges. Optics for ground-based testing (development cycle), flight sensing (operations), and inspection (maintenance) are described. Opportunities for future work are presented. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Mercer, CR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 60-5, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5064-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5191 BP 87 EP 93 DI 10.1117/12.509732 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY03L UT WOS:000187317600010 ER PT S AU Jenkins, LN Hart, RC Balla, JR Herring, GC AF Jenkins, LN Hart, RC Balla, JR Herring, GC BE Farrell, PV Chiang, FU Mercer, CR Shen, G TI Application of laser-induced thermal acoustics to a high-lift configuration SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR FLUIDS, SOLIDS, AND COMBUSTIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids and Combustion II CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE LITA; PIV; high-lift; wake measurements; non-intrusive measurement techniques; leading-edge slat ID INDUCED ELECTROSTRICTIVE GRATINGS; VELOCIMETRY; TEMPERATURE; AIR; THERMOMETRY; FLOW; VELOCITIES; PRESSURE; SOUND; SPEED AB Laser-Induced Thermal Acoustics (LITA) has been used to measure the flow field in the slat region of a two-dimensional, high-lift system in the NASA Langley Basic Aerodynamics Research Tunnel (BART). Unlike other pointwise, non-intrusive measurement techniques, LITA does not require the addition of molecular or particulate seed to the flow. This provides an opportunity to obtain additional insight and detailed flow-field information in complex flows where seeding may be insufficient or detection is problematic. Based on the successful use of LITA to measure the flow over a backward-facing step, the goal of this study was to further evaluate the technique by applying it to a more relevant and challenging flow field such as the slat wake on a high-lift system. Streamwise velocities were measured in the slat wake and over the main element at 11.3 degrees angle of attack and a freestream Mach Number of 0.17. The single-component LITA system is described and velocity profiles obtained using LITA are compared to profiles obtained using two-dimensional, Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) and a steady, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow solver for the same configuration. The normalized data show good agreement where the number of measurement locations had sufficient density to capture the pertinent flow phenomena. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Jenkins, LN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5064-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5191 BP 134 EP 144 DI 10.1117/12.507732 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY03L UT WOS:000187317600015 ER PT S AU Burner, AW Lokos, WA Barrows, DA AF Burner, AW Lokos, WA Barrows, DA BE Farrell, PV Chiang, FU Mercer, CR Shen, G TI In-flight aeroelastic measurement technique development SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR FLUIDS, SOLIDS, AND COMBUSTIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids and Combustion II CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE aeroelasticity; deformation; photogrammetry; videogrammetry; AAW; Active Aeroelastic Wing; wing deflection AB The initial concept and development of a low-cost, adaptable method for the measurement of static and dynamic aeroelastic deformation of aircraft during flight testing is presented. The method is adapted from a proven technique used in wind tunnel testing to measure model deformation, often referred to as the videogrammetric model deformation (or VMD) technique. The requirements for in-flight measurements are compared and contrasted with those for wind tunnel testing. The methodology for the proposed measurements and differences compared with that used for wind tunnel testing is given. Several error sources and their effects are identified. Measurement examples using the new technique, including change in wing twist and deflection as a function of time, from an F/A-18 research aircraft at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Burner, AW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 236, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5064-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5191 BP 186 EP 199 DI 10.1117/12.504157 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY03L UT WOS:000187317600020 ER PT S AU Wu, MC Prosser, WH AF Wu, MC Prosser, WH BE Farrell, PV Chiang, FU Mercer, CR Shen, G TI Simultaneous temperature and strain sensing for cryogenic applications using dual-wavelength fiber Bragg gratings SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR FLUIDS, SOLIDS, AND COMBUSTIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostics for Fluids, Solids and Combustion II CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE fiber Bragg gratings; fiber optic sensors; cryogenic applications ID OPTICAL-FIBER; SENSORS AB A new technique has been developed for sensing both temperature and strain simultaneously by using dual-wavelength fiber-optic Bragg gratings. Two Bragg gratings with different wavelengths were inscribed at the same location in an optical fiber to form a sensor. By measuring the wavelength shifts that resulted from the fiber being subjected to different temperatures and strains, the wavelength-dependent thermo-optic coefficients and photoelastic coefficients of the fiber were determined. This enables the simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain. In this study, measurements were made over the temperature range from room temperature down to about 10 K, addressing much of the low temperature range of cryogenic tanks. A structural transition of the optical fiber was found when the temperature decreased. This transition caused splitting of the waveforms characterizing the Bragg gratings, and the determination of wavelength shifts was consequently complicated. The effectiveness and sensitivities of these measurements in different temperature ranges are also discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wu, MC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5064-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5191 BP 208 EP 213 DI 10.1117/12.510046 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY03L UT WOS:000187317600022 ER PT S AU Stahl, HP AF Stahl, HP BE Stahl, HP TI Optic needs for future space telescopes SO OPTICAL MANUFACUTRING AND TESTING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Manufacturing and Testing V CY AUG 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE space mirrors; technology roadmap AB Large-aperture lightweight space mirrors are critical for NASA space science missions. But, a technology gap exists between the current state-of-art and the optics required to enable planned missions (SAFIR, SUVO, MTRAP, TPF). Building on the highly successful JWST technology development program, a new unified sustained effort is required for these future missions. This effort's objectives are to develop enabling mirror technology and to reduce cost & schedule. The ultimate goal is to return $10 of savings for each dollar invested. This paper summarizes the optic needs for several planned NASA missions and describes a technology development roadmap. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Stahl, HP (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5053-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5180 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY25B UT WOS:000188460200001 ER PT S AU Blake, P Mink, RG Content, D Davila, P Robinson, FD Antonille, SR AF Blake, P Mink, RG Content, D Davila, P Robinson, FD Antonille, SR BE Stahl, HP TI Techniques and uncertainty analysis for interferometric surface figure error measurement of spherical mirrors at 20K SO OPTICAL MANUFACUTRING AND TESTING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Manufacturing and Testing V CY AUG 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB This report describes the facility and experimental methods at the Goddard Space Flight Center Optics Branch for the mesurement of the surface figure of cryogenically-cooled spherical mirrors using standard phase-shifting interferometry, with an uncertainty goal of 6nm rms. The mirrors to be tested will be spheres with radius of curvature of 600 mm, and clear apertures of 120-150 mm. The optic surface will first be measured at room temperature using standard "absolute" techniques with an uncertainty of 2.6 nm rms; and then the change in surface figure error between room temperature and 20 K will be measured with an uncertainty goal of 5.4 nm rms. The mirror will be cooled within a cryostat, and its surface figure error measured through a fused-silica window. The facility and techniques are being developed to measure the cryogenic surface figure error of prototype lightweight mirrors being developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and by US companies in SBIR's for NASA. This paper will present the measurement facility, methods and uncertainty analysis. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Blake, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5053-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5180 BP 188 EP 198 PG 11 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY25B UT WOS:000188460200021 ER PT S AU Gappinger, RO Greivenkamp, JE AF Gappinger, RO Greivenkamp, JE BE Stahl, HP TI Non-null interferometer for measurement of aspheric transmitted wavefronts SO OPTICAL MANUFACUTRING AND TESTING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Manufacturing and Testing V CY AUG 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE aspheric testing; non-null interferometry; sub-Nyquist interferometry; reverse optimization; interferometer design; sparse array ID SUB-NYQUIST INTERFEROMETRY; SYSTEM AB Testing in a non-null manner causes the test and reference rays in the interferometer to follow different optical paths through the system. The retrace errors generated by this difference are test dependent and must be calibrated independently for each test piece. Optical design software can be used to perform reverse optimization of the interferometer and data. An iterative reverse optimization process has been developed which eliminates weighting sensitivity and improves optimization efficiency. However, implementation of reverse optimization generates constraints on the interferometer design. These include constraints on lens parameters, system apertures, and component verification considerations. A Mach-Zehn(d)er interferometer has been built for non-null transmitted aspheric wavefront testing. The large aspheric departures and steep wavefront slopes are detected and reconstructed using Sub-Nyquist interferometry (SNI). Experiments on several test parts were performed to verify the iterative reverse optimization process and extend the use of SNI to non-rotationally symmetric aspheric wavefronts. Wavefront departures up to 200lambda were characterized to lambda/6 PV and lambda/47 rms. The reverse optimization process was shown to remove up to 25lambda of induced aberration from an aspheric measurement. The results indicate potential for application of the iterative method and its associated design constraints to routine aspheric testing. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gappinger, RO (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 306-388, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5053-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5180 BP 301 EP 312 PG 12 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BY25B UT WOS:000188460200033 ER PT S AU Gamwell, WR McGill, PB AF Gamwell, WR McGill, PB BE Goodman, WA TI Cryogenic properties of aluminum-beryllium and beryllium materials SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation were obtained for the aluminum-beryllium alloy, AlBeMet162 (38%Al-62%Be), at cryogenic (-195.5degreesC (-320degreesF) and (-252.8degreesC) (-423degreesF)) temperatures, and for an optical grade beryllium, O-30H (99%Be), at -252.8degreesC. AlBeMet162 material was purchased to the requirements of SAE-AMS7912, "Aluminum-Beryllium Alloy, Extrusions."(1) O-30H material was purchased to the requirements of Brush Wellman Inc. specification O-30H Optical Grade Beryllium.(2) The ultimate tensile and yield strengths for extruded AlBeMet162 material increased with decreasing temperature, and the percent elongation decreased with decreasing temperature. Design properties for the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and percent elongation for extruded AlBeMet162 were generated. It was not possible to distinguish a difference in the room and cryogenic ultimate strength for the hot isostatically pressed (HIP' ed) O-30H material. The O30H elongation decreased with decreasing temperature. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gamwell, WR (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 63 EP 74 DI 10.1117/12.504397 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100008 ER PT S AU Hoppe, DT Edwards, DL Semmel, CL O'Neill, MJ McDanal, AJ AF Hoppe, DT Edwards, DL Semmel, CL O'Neill, MJ McDanal, AJ BE Goodman, WA TI Optical stability of silicone lens material after exposure to emulated space environmental radiation SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE ultraviolet light; lens; space environment; radiation; silicone; solar cell; geosynchronous earth orbit; transmission factors AB Silicone lens materials, baselined for space power applications, were exposed to various components of a Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) radiation environment to determine the suitability of the material for long-term missions. Sample materials were exposed to electrons, protons, Near Ultraviolet (NUV), and Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. The samples were exposed to individual and to various combinations of these space environmental components. The electron and proton exposure levels were determined from radiation measurements performed in GEO. NUV and VUV radiation exposures were based on solar emissions at zero air mass (AMO). Lens material degradation was determined by the change in optical spectral transmission of the silicone materials. A reduction in the transmittance of the material will reduce the power generating potential of solar cells. The spectral transmission was measured at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), after exposure to space environmental elements including electrons, protons, VUV and NUV. Entech, Inc. conducted performance tests on samples exposed to short duration proton and electron radiation. Results of these tests will be discussed. Minor degradation was witnessed on samples exposed to NUV and VUV light. The largest transmission spectral degradation occurred in the wavelength range below the quantum efficiency of space qualified solar cells. Transmission degradation in the wavelength range of maximum solar cell quantum efficiency was small. C1 NASA, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Qualis Corp, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Entech Inc, Keller, TX 76248 USA. RP Hoppe, DT (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, ED31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 105 EP 115 DI 10.1117/12.505755 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100012 ER PT S AU O'Neill, MJ Piszczor, MF Eskenazi, MI McDanal, AJ George, PJ Botke, MM Brandhorst, HW Edwards, DL Hoppe, DT AF O'Neill, MJ Piszczor, MF Eskenazi, MI McDanal, AJ George, PJ Botke, MM Brandhorst, HW Edwards, DL Hoppe, DT BE Goodman, WA TI Ultra-light stretched Fresnel lens solar concentrator for space power applications SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE ultra-light; Fresnel lens; solar concentrator; photovoltaic; multi-junction cells; space power; silicone; stressed membrane; stretched lens array; specific power AB A unique ultra-light solar concentrator has recently been developed for space power applications. The concentrator comprises a flexible, 140-micron-thick, line-focus Fresnel lens, made in a continuous process from space-qualified transparent silicone rubber material. For deployment and support in space, end arches are used to tension the lens material in a lengthwise fashion, forming a cylindrical stressed membrane structure. The resultant lens provides high optical efficiency, outstanding tolerance for real-world errors and aberrations, and excellent focusing performance. The stretched lens is used to collect and focus sunlight at 8X concentration onto high-efficiency multi-junction photovoltaic cells, which directly convert the incident solar energy to electricity. The Stretched Lens Array (SLA) has been measured at over 27% net solar-to-electric conversion efficiency for space sunlight, and over 30% net solar-to-electric conversion efficiency for terrestrial sunlight. More importantly, the SLA provides over 180 W/kg specific power at a greatly reduced cost compared to conventional planar photovoltaic arrays in space. The cost savings are due to the use of 85% less of the expensive solar cell material per unit of power produced. SLA is a direct descendent of the award-winning SCARLET array which performed flawlessly on the NASA/JPL Deep Space 1 spacecraft from 1998-2001. C1 ENTECH Inc, Keller, TX 76248 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. ABLE Engn Co, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. Auburn Univ, Leach Ctr 231, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP O'Neill, MJ (reprint author), ENTECH Inc, 1077 Chisolm Trail, Keller, TX 76248 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 116 EP 126 DI 10.1117/12.505801 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100013 ER PT S AU Dudik, MJ Halverson, PG Levine, M Marcin, MT Peters, RD Shaklan, S AF Dudik, MJ Halverson, PG Levine, M Marcin, MT Peters, RD Shaklan, S BE Goodman, WA TI Development of a precision cryogenic dilatometer for James Webb Space Telescope Materials testing SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE coefficient of thermal expansion; dilatometer; thermal strain; ULE ID METROLOGY AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be a 6-meter diameter segmented reflector that will be launched at room temperature and passively cooled to about 40 Kelvin at the L2 point. Because of the large thermal load, understanding the thermophysical properties of the mirror, secondary optics, and supporting structure materials is crucial to the design of an instrument that will provide diffraction limited performance at 2 microns. Once deployed, JWST will perform continuous science without wave front re-calibrations for durations ranging from one day to a month. Hence understanding of how small temperature fluctuations will impact the nanometric stability of the optical system through thermal expansion is required. As a result, the JWST materials testing team has designed and built a novel cryogenic dilatometer capable of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurements of ULE accurate to similar to1.6 and 0.1 ppb/K for a nominal CTE = 30 ppb/K and 20 and 280 K thermal loads, respectively. The dilatometer will be used to measure the CTE of samples from JWST primary mirror prototypes, local CTE variations from multiple locations on a prototype mirror, CTE variations from batch to batch of the same material, and thermal and mechanical creep measurements from room temperature down to 30 K. C1 CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dudik, MJ (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 155 EP 164 DI 10.1117/12.506482 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100017 ER PT S AU Levine, M White, C AF Levine, M White, C BE Goodman, WA TI Material damping experiments at cryogenic temperatures SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE AB A unique experimental facility has been designed to measure damping of materials at cryogenic temperatures. The test facility pays special attention to removing other sources of damping in the measurement by avoiding frictional interfaces, decoupling the test specimen from the support system, and by using a non-contacting measurement device. Damping data is obtained for materials (Al, GrEp, Be, Fused Quartz), strain amplitudes (< 10(-6) ppm), frequencies (20Hz-330Hz) and temperatures (20K-293K) relevant to future precision optical space missions. The test data shows a significant decrease in viscous damping at cryogenic temperatures and can be as low as 10(-4) %, but the amount of the damping decrease is a function of frequency and material. Contrary to the other materials whose damping monotonically decreased with temperature, damping of Fused Quartz increased substantially at cryo, after reaching a minimum at around 150degreesK. The damping is also shown to be insensitive to strain for low strain levels. At room temperatures, the test data correlates well to the analytical predictions of the Zener damping model. Discrepancies at cryogenic temperatures between the model predictions and the test data are observed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Levine, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 165 EP 176 DI 10.1117/12.506838 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100018 ER PT S AU Heaney, JB Quijada, M Stevenson, I Keski-Kuha, R Schwartz, J Robichaud, J AF Heaney, JB Quijada, M Stevenson, I Keski-Kuha, R Schwartz, J Robichaud, J BE Goodman, WA TI Protected silver coatings for low-scatter SiC and SiC/Si mirror surfaces SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE SiC; silver coatings AB Flat surfaces of reaction bonded SiC and aspheric surfaces of Si clad reaction bonded SiC were polished to yield rms surface roughnesses less than 30Angstrom. These surfaces were then overcoated with two formulations of a typical front surface protected silver film and their reflectances and roughnesses compared with highly polished fused silica flat surfaces that were silver coated at the same time. Surface roughness and BRDF measurements performed before and after coating with protected silver indicated no significant increase in surface roughness or measured scatter for either silver coating formulation and a barely detectable measured roughness difference between the two coating formulations. C1 Swales Aerosp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Denton Vacuum Inc, Moorestown, NJ 08057 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. SSG Precis Optron, Andover, MA 01810 USA. RP Heaney, JB (reprint author), Swales Aerosp, 5050 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 234 EP 245 DI 10.1117/12.507146 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100025 ER PT S AU Bly, VT Content, DA Hagopian, JG Kolos, LD Moore, DO AF Bly, VT Content, DA Hagopian, JG Kolos, LD Moore, DO BE Goodman, WA TI Light weight mirrors from single crystal silicon SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE optical mirrors; light weight mirrors; instrument mirrors; silicon; single crystal silicon AB A process for fabricating high quality light weight mirrors from single crystal silicon is described. The process uses conventional fabrication techniques in an unconventional sequence. It is capable of producing mirrors with 1/4th the mass of an equivalent solid quartz mirror. Each mirror is a monolithic structure of single crystal silicon. Mirrors with optical figures better than 1/10th wave peak-to-valley (@ 633 nm) have been demonstrated. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Bullen Ultrason Inc, Eaton, OH 45320 USA. RP Bly, VT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 262 EP 269 DI 10.1117/12.511569 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100028 ER PT S AU Ravine, MA Derby, EA Danielson, GE Malin, MC Richer, J Soulanille, TA Telkamp, AR AF Ravine, MA Derby, EA Danielson, GE Malin, MC Richer, J Soulanille, TA Telkamp, AR BE Goodman, WA TI Graphite-epoxy optical systems: Lessons learned on the way to Mars SO OPTICAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials and Structures Technologies CY AUG 04-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE graphite-epoxy; optical; focus; Mars Orbiter Camera AB The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) narrow angle system is a 3.5 m focal length camera that has operated for the last five years as part of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mission. Folded into a total package (including electronics) of less than 1 m length and weighing just over 20 kg, MOC's Ritchey-Chretien optical design is extremely sensitive to primary-to-secondary despace. Because of this, providing proper focus over the range of operational conditions was the primary challenge of the MOC development effort. As initially proposed, the instrument used a graphite-epoxy metering structure to provide a completely athermal system. Given of the sensitivity of the design and large operational temperature range, this turned out not to be realizable. The first fallback from a completely athermal design was to model the response of the system over temperature, and set the detector so the system would be focus over the range of operational conditions. Prototype testing revealed this was also not a workable solution. Late in the development flow, the system was retrofitted with a set of heaters to control focus in flight by application of radial thermal gradients across the primary mirror. Despite the loss of the first copy of the MOC on Mars Observer in 1993, the MOC on MGS has been an outstanding success, returning over 140,000 images of Mars to date and making a number of new discoveries about the planet. C1 Malin Space Sci Syst Inc, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. Composite Opt Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Vanguard Composites Grp Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Prama Corp, Pasadena, CA 91116 USA. Newport Opticom Inc, Newport Beach, CA 92660 USA. RP Ravine, MA (reprint author), Malin Space Sci Syst Inc, POB 910148, San Diego, CA 92191 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5052-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5179 BP 311 EP 322 DI 10.1117/12.507967 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BY25A UT WOS:000188460100033 ER PT S AU Waluschka, E Scherr, LM AF Waluschka, E Scherr, LM BE Kahan, MA TI LISA optics model - Early results SO OPTICAL MODELING AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Modeling and Performance Predictions CY AUG 06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE laser; interferometry; space; LISA; optics AB This note presents some of the optical modeling work performed at JPL and at Goddard in support of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) effort. The end-to-end optical model will be used to generate a synthetic data stream. The simulation will have the spacecraft moving in their respective orbits, with pointing of the spacecraft and station keeping about the proof masses accomplished using a control scheme, which minimizes the disturbance on the proof masses in the sensitive direction. The resulting data stream gives an indication of the magnitude of instrumental noise due to pointing jitter and motions of the spacecraft with respect to the proof masses. To reach this goal portions of the overall optical train have been modeled. Subsequent work will, as the modeling software and optical model evolve, combine these pieces into an integrated system. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Waluschka, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 551-0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5051-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5178 BP 74 EP 81 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY54W UT WOS:000189405700008 ER PT S AU Howard, JM AF Howard, JM BE Kahan, MA TI Optical modeling activities for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) project: 1. The linear optical model SO OPTICAL MODELING AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Modeling and Performance Predictions CY AUG 06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE geometrical optics; optical design; lens design; integrated models AB Initial optical modeling activities for the JWST project systems engineering team are presented. This paper discusses the development of the linear optical model, used primarily for integrated modeling and sensitivity studies. Various issues and assumptions are considered and preliminary results are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Howard, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5051-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5178 BP 82 EP 88 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY54W UT WOS:000189405700009 ER PT S AU Tai, H AF Tai, H BE Kahan, MA TI Theory of fiber optical Bragg grating-revisited SO OPTICAL MODELING AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Modeling and Performance Predictions CY AUG 06, 2003 CL san francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Bragg grating; reflectivity; period; segmented potential; non-uniform grating ID STRATIFIED MEDIA; MATRIX-METHOD; PROPAGATION; LIGHT AB The reflected signature of an optical fiber Bragg grating is analyzed using the transfer function method. This approach is capable to cast all relevant quantities into proper places and provides a better physical understanding. The relationship between reflected signal, number of periods, index of refraction, and reflected wave phase is elucidated. The condition for which the maximum reflectivity is achieved is fully examined. We also have derived an expression to predict the reflectivity minima accurately when the reflected wave is detuned. Furthermore, using the segmented potential approach, this model can handle arbitrary index of refraction profiles and compare the strength of optical reflectivity of different profiles. The condition of a non-uniform grating is also addressed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Tai, H (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5051-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5178 BP 131 EP 138 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BY54W UT WOS:000189405700014 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Zhou, HY Reyes, G Hanan, J AF Chao, TH Zhou, HY Reyes, G Hanan, J BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Real-time automatic target recognition using a compact 512 x 512 Grayscale Optical Correlator SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIV CY APR 24-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE 512 x 512 grayscale optical correlator; 1024 x 1024 FLC spatial light modulator; real-time automatic target recognition ID CORRELATION FILTERS AB JPL has recently developed, for the first time, a compact (2" x 2" x 1") Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC) using a pair of 512 x 512 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators. In this paper, we will discuss recent progress in the design and packaging technology to achieve a rugged portable GOC module to enable the real-time onboard applications of this miniature GOC. Several automatic target recognition applications will also be presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4966-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5106 BP 40 EP 45 DI 10.1117/12.501402 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX46C UT WOS:000185350600005 ER PT S AU Hanan, J Zhou, HY Chao, TH AF Hanan, J Zhou, HY Chao, TH BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Precision of a radial basis function neural network tracking method SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIV CY APR 24-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE autonomous tracking; neural network; target recognition; data reduction AB The precision of a radial basis function (RBF) neural network based tracking method has been assessed against real targets. Intensity profile feature extraction was used to build a model in real time, evolving with the target. Precision was assessed against traditionally measured frame-by-frame measurements from the recorded data set. The results show the potential limit for the technique and reveal intricacies associated with empirical data not necessarily observed in simulations. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hanan, J (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 303-300,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4966-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5106 BP 146 EP 153 DI 10.1117/12.501406 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX46C UT WOS:000185350600016 ER PT S AU Zhou, HY Chao, TH Martin, B Villaume, N AF Zhou, HY Chao, TH Martin, B Villaume, N BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Simulation of miniature optical correlator for future generation of spacecraft precision landing SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIV CY APR 24-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE optical correlator; precision landing ID FILTERS AB Future Mars/planets explorations call for precision and even pinpoint landing. Low cost optical correlator is one of the promising enabling technologies for pinpoint landing. JPL has developed a state-of-the-art miniature optical correlator (MOC) to demonstrate its feasibility. In this paper, we describe a simulation testbed under development for measuring MOC's performance in a high-fidelity entry, descent, and landing environment, and provide our preliminary simulation result. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhou, HY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 303-300, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4966-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5106 BP 179 EP 185 DI 10.1117/12.501410 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX46C UT WOS:000185350600020 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Aumann, HH Gaiser, SL Gregorich, DT AF Pagano, TS Aumann, HH Gaiser, SL Gregorich, DT BE Huang, HL Lu, D Sasano, Y TI Early calibration results from the atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) on aqua SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, CNSA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA, City Govt Hangzhou DE earth science; EOS; aqua; AIRS; sounder; calibration AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a space-based hyperspectral. infrared instrument designed to measure the Earth's atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles on a global scale. AIRS has 2378 infrared channels in the spectral range of 3.7 to 15.4 microns, with a spatial resolution of 13.5 km and 4 Vis/NIR channels from 0.4 to 0.8 microns with a spatial resolution of 2.3 km. AIRS is one of several instruments onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft launched May 4, 2002. AIRS has completed its Activation and Evaluation (A&E) phase and is currently in its operational mode. This paper summarizes the AIRS instrument radiometric, spatial, and spectral performance as measured in orbit during the A&E phase. Instrument noise performance, spectral alignment dependence on temperature and other factors, and spatial pointing accuracy are discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4677-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4891 BP 76 EP 83 DI 10.1117/12.465869 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW64V UT WOS:000182689500008 ER PT S AU Minnis, P Young, D Wielicki, BA Sun-Mack, S Trepte, QZ Chen, Y Heck, PW Dong, XQ AF Minnis, P Young, D Wielicki, BA Sun-Mack, S Trepte, QZ Chen, Y Heck, PW Dong, XQ BE Huang, HL Lu, D Sasano, Y TI A Global Cloud database from VIRS and MODIS for CERES SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, CNSA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA, City Govt Hangzhou DE radiation; clouds; remote sensing; cloud microphysics; climatology; MODIS; CERES; VIRS ID METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE IMAGERS; RAPID CALIBRATION; REFLECTANCE; CHANNELS AB The NASA Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Project has developed a combined radiation and cloud property dataset using the CERES scanners and matched spectral data from high-resolution imagers, the Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua. The MODIS data are taken globally at least twice per day at two local times while the VIRS data are taken at all times of day over a 46-day precession cycle between 37degreesN and 37degreesS. Thus, the diurnal cycle can be well-characterized over most of the globe using the combinations of TRMM, Aqua, and Terra data. The cloud properties are derived from the imagers using state-of-the-art methods and include cloud fraction, height, optical depth, phase, effective particle size, emissivity, and ice or liquid water path. These cloud products are convolved into the matching CERES fields of view using the scanner point spread functions to provide simultaneous cloud and radiation data at an unprecedented accuracy. Results are available for at least 3 years of VIRS data and 1 year of Terra MODIS data. The various cloud products are compared with similar quantities from climatological sources and instantaneous active remote sensors. The cloud amounts are very similar to those from surface observer climatologies and are 6-7% less than those from a satellite-based climatology. Optical depths are 2-3 times smaller than those from the satellite climatology, but are within 5% of those from the surface remote sensing. Cloud droplet sizes and liquid water paths are within 10% of the surface results on average for stratus clouds. The VIRS and MODIS retrievals are very consistent with differences that usually can be explained by sampling, calibration, or resolution differences. The results should be extremely valuable for model validation and improvement and for improving our understanding of the relationship between clouds and the radiation budget. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Minnis, P (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4677-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4891 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1117/12.467317 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW64V UT WOS:000182689500012 ER PT S AU Zhou, DK Smith, WL Larar, AM Avery, MA Li, J Liu, X Moncet, JL Pougatchev, NS AF Zhou, DK Smith, WL Larar, AM Avery, MA Li, J Liu, X Moncet, JL Pougatchev, NS BE Huang, HL Lu, D Sasano, Y TI NAST-1 remote sensing and carbon monoxide SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS III SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, CNSA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA, City Govt Hangzhou DE remote sensing; interferometer; inversion; and carbon monoxide ID SATELLITE; SPECTROMETER; ATMOSPHERE; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; AIRCRAFT; PROFILES; SOUNDER AB Infrared radiance spectra from near nadir observations have provided information about tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO). The NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed-Interferometer (NAST-I) aboard a high altitude aircraft with a spectral coverage of 650-2700 cm(-1) and a spectral resolution of 0.25 cm(-1) has been successfully collecting the data during many field campaigns. The spectral sensitivity of CO retrievals to uncertainties in atmospheric temperature, water vapor, and surface properties is assessed in order to understand the correlation between the IR emission and the atmospheric and surface state. The profiles are determined using a three-stage approach that combines three algorithms: (1) statistical eigenvector regression, (2) simultaneous non-linear matrix inversion, and (3) CO-physical iteration retrieval. Retrieved CO abundances are obtained in addition to temperature, moisture, ozone profiles, and surface properties. Preliminary results from several NAST-I field campaigns are presented including those from observations over the western Pacific Ocean made in conjunction with airborne truth atmospheric chemistry profiles associated with the TRACE-P campaign. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, AtSC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zhou, DK (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, AtSC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4677-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4891 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1117/12.466043 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW64V UT WOS:000182689500013 ER PT S AU Habib, S Makridenko, L Chu, W Salikhov, R Moore, A Trepte, C Cisewski, M AF Habib, S Makridenko, L Chu, W Salikhov, R Moore, A Trepte, C Cisewski, M BE Huang, HL Lu, D Sasano, Y TI Initial operation and checkout of Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment and Meteor-3M satellite SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, CNSA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA, City Govt Hangzhou AB Under a joint agreement between the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (RASA), the Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) instrument was launched in low earth orbit on December 10, 2001 aboard the Russian Meteor-3M(l) satellite from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. SAGE III is a spectrometer that measures attenuated radiation in the 282 nm to 1550 nm wavelength range to obtain the vertical profiles of ozone, aerosols, and other chemical species that are critical in studying the trends for the global climate change phenomena. This instrument version is more advanced than any of the previous versions and has more spectral bands, elaborate data gathering and storage, and intelligent terrestrial software. There are a number of Russian scientific instruments aboard the Meteor satellite in addition to the SAGE 1111 instrument. These instruments deal with land imaging and biomass changes, hydro-meteorological monitoring, and helio-geophysical research. This mission was under development for over a period of six years and offered a number of unique technical and program management challenges for both Agencies. SAGE III has a long space heritage, and four earlier versions of this instrument have flown in space for nearly two decades now. In fact, SAGE 11, the fourth instrument, is still flying in space on NASA's Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), and has been providing important atmospheric data over the last 18 years. It has provided vital ozone and aerosol data in the mid latitudes and has contributed vastly in ozone depletion research. Ball Aerospace built the instrument under Langley Research Center's (LaRC) management. This paper presents the process and approach deployed by the SAGE III and the Meteor teams in performing the initial on-orbit checkout. It further documents a number of early science results obtained by deploying low risk, carefully coordinated procedures in resolving the serious operational issues of this satellite. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Habib, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 900, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4677-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4891 BP 317 EP 325 DI 10.1117/12.465982 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW64V UT WOS:000182689500034 ER PT S AU Chen, Y Sun-Mack, S Minnis, P Smith, WL Young, DF AF Chen, Y Sun-Mack, S Minnis, P Smith, WL Young, DF BE Huang, HL Lu, D Sasano, Y TI Surface spectral emissivity derived from MODIS data SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, CNSA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA, City Govt Hangzhou DE MODIS; CERES; VIRS; ISCCP DX; emissivity; surface; radiation; brightness temperature ID CHANNELS; CLOUDS AB Surface emissivity is essential for many remote sensing applications including the retrieval of the surface skin temperature from satellite-based infrared measurements, determining thresholds for cloud detection and for estimating the emission of longwave radiation from the surface, an important component of the energy budget of the surfaceatmosphere interface. In this paper, data from the Terra MODIS (MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) taken at 3.7, 8.5, 10.8, 12.0 mum are used to simultaneously derive the skin temperature and the surface emissivities at the same wavelengths. The methodology uses separate measurements of the clear-sky temperatures that are determined by the CERES (Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System) scene classification in each channel during the daytime and at night. The relationships between the various channels at night are used during the day when solar reflectance affects the 3.7-mum data. A set of simultaneous equations is then solved to derive the emissivities. Global results are derived from MODIS. Numerical weather analyses are used to provide soundings for correcting the observed radiances for atmospheric absorption. These results are verified and will be available for remote sensing applications. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Minnis, P (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4677-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4891 BP 361 EP 369 DI 10.1117/12.465995 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW64V UT WOS:000182689500039 ER PT S AU Larar, A Smith, W Zhou, D Mango, S AF Larar, A Smith, W Zhou, D Mango, S BE Larar, AM Shaw, JA Sun, Z TI Validation studies using NAST-I measurements from recent field campaigns SO OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE RESEARCH V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research V CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE FTS; atmospheric sounding; validation; infrared spectral radiance AB The Integrated Program Office (IPO) developed and supports high-altitude aircraft flights of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Airborne Sounding Testbed (NAST) as part of risk mitigation activities for future NPOESS sensors. The NAST-Interferometer (NAST-I) is a high spectral and spatial resolution (0.25 cm(-1) and 0.13 km nadir footprint per km of aircraft altitude, respectively) cross-track scanning (2 km swath width per kin of altitude) Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) observing within the 3.7 (n) over tilde 15.5 micron spectral range. NAST-I infrared spectral radiances are used to characterize atmospheric thermal and moisture structure and provide information on radiatively active trace gases (e.g. O-3 & CO) observed during flights. These direct and derived NAST-I data products greatly contribute toward instrument and forward model pre-launch specification optimization and will enhance post-launch calibration/validation activities for the Cross-track Infrared Sounder, CrIS, to fly on NPP and NPOESS (as well as for other advanced atmospheric spaceborne sensors). In this paper we address some of the challenges associated with validating infrared spectral radiances obtained from such high spectral resolution remote sensing systems. This will include comparison of NAST-I infrared spectral radiances measured during recent field experiment campaigns with other radiance measurements as well as radiance calculations performed using a Line-by-Line (LBL) forward radiative transfer model based on independent, nearly-coincident observations of atmospheric state. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Larar, A (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5030-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5157 BP 23 EP 33 DI 10.1117/12.509259 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BY03J UT WOS:000187317200004 ER PT S AU Chu, WP Trepte, C Zawodny, J Thomason, L Cisewski, M Rault, D Taha, G Moore, R Risley, D AF Chu, WP Trepte, C Zawodny, J Thomason, L Cisewski, M Rault, D Taha, G Moore, R Risley, D BE Larar, AM Shaw, JA Sun, Z TI First-year measurements of stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment III/Meteor SO OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE RESEARCH V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research V CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE remote sensing; space-borne instrument; atmospheric aerosol; ozone monitoring. AB The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III/Meteor Instrument was launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on December 10, 2001. After initial commissioning phase activities, it began routine solar occultation measurements by March 2002. During the first year of operation, additional measurement capabilities such as lunar occultation and limb scattering were successfully implemented with the SAGE III instrument. This paper will present a summary of the various data sets gathered from the SAGE III instrument during the first year of operation. Measurements of ozone, aerosol, and nitrogen dioxide from solar occultation, lunar occultation, and limb scattering techniques will be presented and discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Chu, WP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 475, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5030-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5157 BP 42 EP 46 DI 10.1117/12.506794 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BY03J UT WOS:000187317200006 ER PT S AU Cook, WB Larar, AM Mills, CS Puschell, JJ Skinner, WR AF Cook, WB Larar, AM Mills, CS Puschell, JJ Skinner, WR BE Larar, AM Shaw, JA Sun, Z TI A dual etalon Imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer for observing tropospheric ozone: Airborne instrument design SO OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE RESEARCH V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research V CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE remote sensing; multiple etalon; infrared AB Space-based observation of tropospheric trace species has been identified as a high-priority atmospheric science goal. In particular, global and regional measurements of lower atmosphere ozone concentrations are critical to both enhancing scientific understanding and to expanding capabilities for pollution monitoring. The interferometer addressed here will be a spatially imaging, spectrally tunable airborne sensor focused on making such important tropospheric ozone measurements, and is designed to be a risk-reduction and proof-of-concept test-bed for developing the corresponding orbiting instrument also based upon a dual etalon Fabry-Perot interferometer. We present herein details of the airborne instrument design and development process, including parameter specifications for the interferometer and other enabling subsystems, as well as plans for integration, test, and characterization in the laboratory. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Cook, WB (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5030-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5157 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1117/12.508159 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BY03J UT WOS:000187317200015 ER PT J AU Larruquert, JI Keski-Kuha, RAM AF Larruquert, JI Keski-Kuha, RAM TI Far ultraviolet optical properties of MgF2 films deposited by ion-beam sputtering and their application as protective coatings for Al SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE optical constants; far ultraviolet; extreme ultraviolet; reflectance; space optics; thin films ID MULTILAYER COATINGS; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; THIN-FILMS; REFLECTANCE AB Thin films of MgF2 deposited by evaporation is a material widely used for its transparency in the far ultraviolet (FUV) down to similar to115 mn. in this paper the optical properties of ion-beam sputtered (IBS) MgF2 in the FUV are investigated and compared with MgF2 films deposited by evaporation. A slightly higher transparency at the 121.6-nm, H Lyman alpha line was obtained for IBS MgF2 films compared to films deposited by evaporation, which makes IBS MgF2 a promising protective material for Al reflective coatings. Experimental work on Al films that were protected with a thin evaporated MgF2 film followed by an IBS MgF2 film to produce a protective coating with optimum thickness showed a reflectance at 121.6 mn that was higher by about 3% compared to an Al film protected with an all-evaporated MgF2 film. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Larruquert, JI (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Fis Aplicada, Serrano 144, Madrid 28006, Spain. OI Larruquert, Juan/0000-0001-6356-9702 NR 16 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 215 IS 1-3 BP 93 EP 99 AR PII S0030-4018(02)02229-0 DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(02)02229-0 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 633QH UT WOS:000180293600012 ER PT S AU Mouroulis, P Green, RO AF Mouroulis, P Green, RO BE Righini, GC Consortini, A TI Optical design for high-fidelity imaging spectrometry SO OPTICS FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Congress of the International-Commission-for-Optics CY AUG 25-30, 2002 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Int Commiss Opt, ICO, CNR, INOA, SPIE, Univ Studi Firenze, COST 01, European Opt Soc, IEEE LEOS, INFM, IUPAP, OSA, SIOF AB In this talk, the techniques for achieving high response uniformity from a pushbroom imaging spectrometer are discussed, and spectrometer system examples are given that maximize SNR and uniformity. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mouroulis, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4596-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4829 BP 1048 EP 1049 DI 10.1117/12.530976 PN 1&2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY17D UT WOS:000188036900492 ER PT J AU Vikram, CS Witherow, WK AF Vikram, CS Witherow, WK TI Two color interferometry with nonlinear refractive properties SO OPTIK LA English DT Article DE two color interferometry; nonlinear refractive properties; numerical analysis; temperature-concentration ID TEMPERATURE; WAVELENGTH; INDEX AB Using nonlinear refractive properties of salt-water solution at two wavelengths, numerical analysis has been performed to extract temperature and concentration from virtual interferometric fringe data. The theoretical study, using a commercially available equation solving tool, starts with critical fringe counting needs and the role of nonlinear refractive properties in such measurements. Finally, methodology of the analysis, developed codes, and fringe counting accuracy needs are described in detail. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Appl Opt, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Biol & Phys Space Res Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Vikram, CS (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Appl Opt, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0030-4026 J9 OPTIK JI Optik PY 2003 VL 114 IS 3 BP 118 EP 122 DI 10.1078/0030-4026-00232 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 692AV UT WOS:000183638900005 ER PT S AU Budinoff, JG Weedon, SR Parong, FA AF Budinoff, JG Weedon, SR Parong, FA BE Hatheway, AE TI Optics & mechanisms for the Geoscience Laser Altimetry System transmit path and the Solar Ozone Limb Sounding Experiment 2 SO OPTOMECHANICS 2003 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Optomechanics 2003 Conference CY AUG 07-08, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE mechanism; latch; laser; optics; bonding; HOP actuator; GLAS; SOLSE2; ICESat AB The Geoscience Laser Altimetry System (GLAS) is a laser altimeter and LIDAR instrument on the Ice, Clouds, Environment Satellite (ICESat) mission. GLAS used 3 Nd:YAG lasers with 40 Hz rep rates at 4 Watts. All 3 lasers had to fire along a common beam path. Several mechanisms and optical assemblies were developed to allow the 3 lasers to fire down a common transmit path and exit the instrument. In the receive path of the GLAS instrument altimeter, there was a primary and redundant altimeter detector. A mechanism was designed, fabricated, and tested which would divert the incoming altimeter beam path from one detector to another. This mechanism was functionally similar to the mechanisms used on the transmit path. The Solar Ozone Limb Sounding Experiment II (SOLSE2) instrument had a requirement for rotating a visible (VIS) or ultra-violet (UV) filter into the instrument optical path. Both GLAS and SOLSE2 had similar operational and survival environments and lifetime requirements. A novel, precision rotational latching mechanism was designed to fulfill the requirements of both missions. The GLAS instrument had driving stability and repeatability requirements, such that if the mechanism met these stringent requirements, it would more than surpass the required performance for the SOLSE2 mechanism. The resulting mechanism, referred to as a "select mechanism" since it allows selection between 2 positions, was successfully designed and implemented for both missions. This paper describes the transmit path optical structures and select mechanisms of the GLAS & SOLSE2 instruments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Budinoff, JG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 544, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5049-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5176 BP 180 EP 191 DI 10.1117/12.505263 PG 12 WC Mechanics; Optics SC Mechanics; Optics GA BX98J UT WOS:000187120900019 ER PT S AU Radhakrishnan, K LaManna, JC Cabrera, ME AF Radhakrishnan, K LaManna, JC Cabrera, ME BE Dunn, JF Swartz, HM TI A quantitative study of oxygen as a metabolic regulator SO OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXIV SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th Annual Meeting of the International-Society-on-Oxygen-Transport-to-Tissue CY AUG 28-SEP 02, 1999 CL DARTMOUTH MED SCH, HANOVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE SP Int Soc Oxygen Transport Tissue HO DARTMOUTH MED SCH DE metabolism; metabolic control; oxygen; regulation; sensitivity analysis ID HUMAN SKELETAL-MUSCLE; CIRCULATORY OCCLUSION; ENERGY-METABOLISM; HYPOXIA; GLYCOLYSIS; ENERGETICS; MODEL AB An acute reduction in oxygen delivery to a tissue is associated with metabolic changes aimed at maintaining ATP homeostasis. However, given the complexity of the human bioenergetic system, it is difficult to determine quantitatively how cellular metabolic processes interact to maintain ATP homeostasis during stress (e.g., hypoxia, ischemia, and exercise). In particular, we are interested in determining mechanisms relating cellular oxygen concentration to observed metabolic responses at the cellular, tissue, organ, and whole body levels and in quantifying how changes in tissue oxygen availability affect the pathways of ATP synthesis and the metabolites that control these pathways. In this study, we extend a previously developed mathematical model of human bioenergetics, to provide a physicochemical framework that permits quantitative understanding of oxygen as a metabolic regulator. Specifically, the enhancement-sensitivity analysis-permits studying the effects of variations in tissue oxygenation and parameters controlling cellular respiration on glycolysis, lactate production, and pyruvate oxidation. The analysis can distinguish between parameters that must be determined accurately and those that require less precision, based on their effects on model predictions. This capability may prove to be important in optimizing experimental design, thus reducing use of animals. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, ICOMP, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Radhakrishnan, K (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, ICOMP, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI LaManna, Joseph/C-3347-2012 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL58653-01A1] NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-47774-2 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2003 VL 530 BP 547 EP 554 PG 8 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Physiology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Physiology GA BX70X UT WOS:000186182800052 PM 14562750 ER PT S AU Young, R Takahashi, Y AF Young, R Takahashi, Y CA EUSO Collaboration BE Gorham, PW TI Optics for the extreme universe space observatory SO PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Particle Astrophysics Instrumentation CY AUG 22-23, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE Fresnel lens; telescope; cosmic rays AB Optical systems consisting of Fresnel lenses have been shown to provide large aperture, wide field imaging capabilities for systems with forgiving imaging requirements. Fresnel lenses can be manufactured very thin, which makes them ideal for space applications where system mass and absorption losses are critical. A pair of double-sided, curved Fresnel lenses has been proposed as the optical elements for a space-based detector, the Extreme Universe Space Observatory, (EUSO). The EUSO mission objective is to investigate extreme energy cosmic rays (EECRs), those with energies >3E(19) eV, and very high-energy cosmic neutrinos. EUSO will use the earth's atmosphere as a calorimeter by observing atmospheric fluorescence in the Earth's night sky produced by the extensive air showers (EASs) created by EECRs. This paper will describe the EUSO mission and the design of the 2.5-meter optical subsystem. Results of test performed on prototype systems and manufacturing options will also be discussed. C1 NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Young, R (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Mail Stop SD71,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4637-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4858 BP 228 EP 235 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BW51L UT WOS:000182251600024 ER PT S AU Dawson, D Gaier, T Weinreb, S Morgan, M Wells, M AF Dawson, D Gaier, T Weinreb, S Morgan, M Wells, M BE Appleby, R Wikner, A Trebits, R Kurtz, JL TI MMIC amplifier based receivers for earth remote sensing SO PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY VI AND RADAR SENSOR TECHNOLOGY VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology VI and Radar Sensor Technology VII CY APR 23-24, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE MMIC; LNA; radiometer AB We have developed amplifier based receivers using Indium Phosphide high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. These compact receivers are designed with atmospheric temperature and humidity sounding requirements in mind, operating at 100-125 GHz around the 118 GHz oxygen line, and at 160-185GHz near the 183 GHz water line, with average noise temperatures of 1600 and 1200K respectively. They are intended for applications where small volume and power consumption are critical. We will present laboratory data on the noise temperature of these receivers operated at room temperature and preliminary field data. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Dawson, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM douglas.e.dawson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4936-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 5077 BP 42 EP 53 DI 10.1117/12.487381 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX48J UT WOS:000185394700006 ER PT B AU Guruswamy, G Cheung, C AF Guruswamy, G Cheung, C BE Arabnia, HR Mun, Y TI 2D static fluid/structure analysis using PSE SO PDPTA'03: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications CY JUN 23-26, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Comp Sci Res, Educ & Applicat Press, Int Technol Inst, Korean Soc Internet Informat, World Acad Sci Informat Technol DE PSE; CFD; FEM; C plus; TCL/TK; FORTRAN AB Static aeroelastic computations are made using a TCL/Tk based problem solving environment (PSE) suitable for closely coupled fluid/structure interaction studies. The fluid flow is modeled using the Euler equations and the structure is modeled using finite elements. FORTRAN based fluids and structures codes are integrated into the PSE using C++ wrappers. The dataflow between fluids and structures is accomplished using TCL module. Results are demonstrated for transonic flow over thin wall that is important for aerospace vehicles. The suitability of the PSE for coupled fluid/structures problems is discussed. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Guruswamy, G (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-892512-45-9 PY 2003 BP 321 EP 327 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY08G UT WOS:000187549500046 ER PT B AU Weir, JM Wells, BE AF Weir, JM Wells, BE BE Arabnia, HR Mun, Y TI An agent inspired reconfigurable computing implementation of a genetic algorithm SO PDPTA'03: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications CY JUN 23-26, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Comp Sci Res, Educ & Applicat Press, Int Technol Inst, Korean Soc Internet Informat, World Acad Sci Informat Technol DE reconfigurable-computing; multi-agent systems; genetic algorithms AB Many software systems have been successfully implemented using an agent paradigm which employs a number of independent entities that communicate with one another to achieve a common goal. The distributed nature of such a paradigm makes it an excellent candidate for use in high speed reconfigurable computing hardware environments. In this paper, a distributed genetic algorithm that can, be applied to the agent based reconfigurable hardware model is introduced. The effectiveness of this new algorithm is evaluated by comparing the quality of the solutions found by the new algorithm with those found by traditional genetic algorithms. The performance of a reconfigurable hardware implementation of the new algorithm on an FPGA is compared to traditional single processor implementations. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Weir, JM (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-892512-45-9 PY 2003 BP 410 EP 416 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY08G UT WOS:000187549500060 ER PT J AU Mulligan, JB AF Mulligan, JB TI Anisotropy in the eye-movement correlogram SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2003 VL 32 SU S BP 23 EP 23 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 720KH UT WOS:000185259600063 ER PT J AU Ahumada, AJ Beard, BL AF Ahumada, AJ Beard, BL TI Computational models and occupational vision standards for acuity and contrast sensitivity SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2003 VL 32 SU S BP 37 EP 37 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 720KH UT WOS:000185259600097 ER PT J AU Post, RB Teague, JM Welch, RB Hudson, TE AF Post, RB Teague, JM Welch, RB Hudson, TE TI Visually perceived eye level with reversible pitch stimuli: Implications for the great circle and implicit surface models SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL SUMMATION; LOCALIZATION; LINE; PERCEPTION; ELEVATION; SPACE; FIELD AB Visually perceived eye level (VPEL) and perceived pitch were measured while subjects viewed two sets of stimuli that were either upright or pitched top-toward or top-away from them. The first set of stimuli, a pair of vertical lines viewed at various angles of pitch, caused systematic changes in perceived pitch and upward and downward VPEL shifts for the top-toward and top-away pitches, respectively Neither the perceived pitch nor the VPEL measures with these stimuli differed between monocular and binocular viewing. The second set of stimuli was constructed so that, when viewed at the appropriate pitch angle, the projected orientations of the lines in the retinal image of each stimulus were similar to those generated by a pair of vertical lines pitched by a lesser amount in the opposite direction. When viewed monocularly, these stimuli appeared pitched in the direction opposite their physical pitch, yet produced VPEL shifts consistent with the direction of their physical pitch. These results clearly demonstrate a dissociation between perceived pitch and VPEL. The same stimuli, when viewed binocularly, appeared pitched in the direction of their physical pitch and caused VPEL shifts indistinguishable from those obtained monocularly. The retinal image orientations of these stimuli, however, corresponded to those of vertical line stimuli pitched in the opposite direction. This finding is therefore consistent with the hypothesis that VPEL and perceived pitch are processed independently, but inconsistent with the specific version of this hypothesis which states that differences in VPEL are determined solely on the basis of the orientation of lines in the retinal image. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Psychol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Brandeis Univ, Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientat Lab, Waltham, MA 02454 USA. RP Post, RB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Psychol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM rbpost@ucdavis.edu NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 EI 1468-4233 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2003 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1073 EP 1092 DI 10.1068/p5065 PG 20 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 745TP UT WOS:000186704500005 ER PT B AU Tsapin, A McDonald, G AF Tsapin, A McDonald, G BE Phillips, M Springman, SM Arenson, LU TI Microorganisms buried in permafrost - are they in a dormant state or is their metabolism slowed down? SO PERMAFROST, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Permafrost CY JUL 21-25, 2003 CL ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SP Int Permafrost Assoc, European Sci Fdn, Int Commiss Snow & Ice, Int Glaciol Soc, Int Soc Soil Mech & Geotech Engn, PACE21, Swiss Acad Sci, SANW, Geoforum Switzerland, SANW, Glaciol Commiss, SANW, Swiss Geomorphol Soc, Swiss Acad Engn Sci, Swiss Agcy Dev & Cooperat, Airbornescan, BHP Billiton Diamonds, Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Geobrugg Fatzer Protect Syst, Helibernina, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Geotech Engn, Migros Culture Percentage, Solexperts, Stump Bohr Drilling Co, Swiss Alpine Club, Swiss Cablecars, Swiss Fed Inst Snow & Avalanche Res, Swiss Fed Off Water & Geol, Swiss Natl Cooperat Disposal Radioact Waste, Swiss Platform Nat Hazards AB The study of the metabolic activity of microorganisms in permafrost can provide us with an insight into global warming and its impact on global carbon cycling. As a result of global warming huge numbers of microorganisms (10(9) cells/gram) that currently reside in the upper layers of permafrost could start to play a very important role in respiration and consequently change the balance in the global carbon cycle. Viable bacteria have been cultured from Siberian permafrost, but the relation between the age of the bacteria and the age of the sediments remains controversial. We used measurements of amino acid racemization (mainly aspartic acid) as a diagnostic tool to estimate the age of microorganisms present in permafrost samples of different ages. We also developed a new method for the detection of viable cells in permafrost by measuring the changes in amino acid racemization after permafrost samples were incubated at positive temperatures. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tsapin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-582-7 PY 2003 BP 1141 EP 1144 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BX35T UT WOS:000185049300200 ER PT J AU Palosz, B Grzanka, E Gierlotka, S Stel'makh, S Pielaszek, R Lojkowski, W Bismayer, U Neuefeind, J Weber, HP Palosz, W AF Palosz, B Grzanka, E Gierlotka, S Stel'makh, S Pielaszek, R Lojkowski, W Bismayer, U Neuefeind, J Weber, HP Palosz, W TI Application of X-ray powder diffraction to nano-materials - Determination of the atomic structure of nanocrystals with relaxed and strained surfaces SO PHASE TRANSITIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Recent Research Activities in Light Scattering Techniques CY SEP 22-24, 2001 CL HAMBURG, GERMANY DE nano-crystals; SiC; surface structure; diffraction ID SMALL PARTICLES; LATTICE-PARAMETER; GOLD PARTICLES; STRESS; TENSION; SIZE; PRESSURE; PLATINUM AB The applicability of standard methods for the evaluation of powder diffraction data of nano-size crystallites is analyzed. Based on theoretical considerations, it is shown that deviations of the structure of small particles from the Bragg approximation on an infinite crystal lattice leads to significant differences in the diffraction patterns, which may lead to an erroneous interpretation of the experimental results. An alternative evaluation of the diffraction data of nano-particles, based on the so-called "apparent lattice parameter", alp, is proposed. Based on this method, it is shown that real nano-crystals constitute a complex, heterogeneous multi-phase structure. C1 UNIPRESS, High Pressure Res Ctr, PL-01142 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Hamburg, Mineral Petrog Inst, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. DESY, HASYLAB, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, SNBL, F-38043 Grenoble, France. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP UNIPRESS, High Pressure Res Ctr, Ul Sokolowska 29-37, PL-01142 Warsaw, Poland. EM palosz@iris.unipress.waw.pl RI Neuefeind, Joerg/D-9990-2015 OI Neuefeind, Joerg/0000-0002-0563-1544 NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1594 EI 1029-0338 J9 PHASE TRANSIT JI Phase Transit. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 76 IS 1-2 BP 171 EP 185 DI 10.1080/0141159031000076129 PN B PG 15 WC Crystallography; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Crystallography; Physics GA 643ZU UT WOS:000180894100012 ER PT J AU Mrdjen, P AF Mrdjen, P TI Scientists aplenty SO PHOTONICS SPECTRA LA English DT Letter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mt View, CA USA. RP Mrdjen, P (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mt View, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAURIN PUBL CO INC PI PITTSFIELD PA BERKSHIRE COMMON PO BOX 1146, PITTSFIELD, MA 01202 USA SN 0731-1230 J9 PHOTON SPECTRA JI Photon. Spect. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 14 EP 14 PG 1 WC Optics SC Optics GA 636QU UT WOS:000180468400003 ER PT S AU Grant, J Kaul, R Taylor, S Myer, G Jackson, K Sharma, A AF Grant, J Kaul, R Taylor, S Myer, G Jackson, K Sharma, A BE Yu, FTS Guo, R Yin, S TI Investigation of carbon-polymer structures with embedded fiber-optic Bragg gratings SO PHOTOREFRACTIVE FIBER AND CRYSTAL DEVICES: MATERIALS, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photorefractive Fiber and Crystal Devices CY AUG 03-04, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE Bragg sensor; carbon-epoxy; composite; embedded FBG; carbon laminate ID OPTIC SENSORS; COMPOSITE STRUCTURES AB Bragg-grating sensors fabricated within the same optical fiber are buried within multiple-ply carbon-epoxy planar and cylindrical structures. Effect of different orientation of fiber-sensors with respect to carbon fibers in the composite structure is investigated. This is done for both fabric and uni-tape material samples. Response of planar structures to axial and transverse strain up to 1 millistrain is investigated with distributed Bragg-grating sensors. Material properties like Young's Modulus and Poisson ratio is measured. A comparison is made between response measured by sensors in different ply-layers and those bonded on the surface. The results from buried fiber-sensors do not completely agree with surface bonded conventional strain gauges. A plausible explanation is given for observed differences. The planar structures are subjected to impacts with energies up to 10 ft-lb. Effect of this impact on the material stiffness is also investigated with buried fiber-optic Bragg sensors. The strain response of such optical sensors is also measured for cylindrical carbon-epoxy composite structures. The sensors are buried within the walls of the cylinder as well as surface bonded in both the axial as well as hoop directions. The response of these fiber-optic sensors is investigated by pressurizing the cylinder up to its burst pressure of around 1500 psi. This is done at both room temperature as well as cryogenic temperatures. The recorded response is compared with that from a conventional strain gauge. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Grant, J (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5079-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5206 BP 78 EP 89 DI 10.1117/12.505925 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BX86Q UT WOS:000186668800010 ER PT J AU Yang, QG Seo, JT Creekmore, S Temple, DA Ye, PX Bonner, C Namkung, M Jung, SS Kim, JH AF Yang, QG Seo, JT Creekmore, S Temple, DA Ye, PX Bonner, C Namkung, M Jung, SS Kim, JH TI Nonlinear phase mismatch and optimal input combination in atomic four-wave mixing in Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MATTER WAVES; CONJUGATION; FERMIONS AB This work treats four-wave mixing (4WM) in Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), focusing on the nonlinear phase mismatch, maximum output, and optimal input combination. We show that the nonlinear phase mismatch decreases the 4WM efficiency. It was found that the 4WM efficiency depends on both the coupling coefficient (i.e., the product of the total number of atoms, the scattering length, and the overlap integral) and the ratios among the three initial input beams. The 4WM efficiency increases with the increase of the coupling coefficient when it is small, then saturates, and finally decreases at high coupling coefficient due to both pump depletion and phase-modulation effects. A maximum output efficiency of about 50% in our case is predicted. In order to get the maximum output, the two pump beams should have equal amplitude and the probe beam should be as small as possible. In addition, a large coupling coefficient (>pi/2), which is determined by the ratio of the probe beam to the total input, is required. On the other hand, when the coupling coefficient is fixed, a maximum output for this case can be obtained by optimizing the input ratios among the three input beams. Other ratio combinations will decrease the 4WM efficiency. C1 Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Norfolk State Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Mat Res, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. RP Yang, QG (reprint author), Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012 NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1 AR 013603 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.013603 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 642KY UT WOS:000180804600100 ER PT S AU Li, JZ Kolokolov, KI Ning, CZ AF Li, JZ Kolokolov, KI Ning, CZ BE Osinski, M Amano, H Blood, P TI Microscopic Modeling of intersubband optical processes in type II semiconductor quantum wells: Linear absorption SO PHYSICS AND SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES XI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XI CY JAN 27-31, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE intersubband transition; linear absorption; Type II semiconductor heterostructure; InAs/AlSb quantum well ID MANY-BODY ANALYSIS; ELECTRON-DENSITY; TRANSITIONS; TEMPERATURE; LASER; EXCITATIONS; RESONANCE AB Intersubband absorption spectra are analyzed using the density matrix theory under the second Born approximation. The intersubband semiconductor Bloch equations are derived from the first principles including electron-electron and electron-longitudinal optical phonon interactions, whereas electron-interface roughness scattering is considered using Ando's theory. A spurious-states-free 8-band k.p Hamiltonian is used, in conjunction with the envelope function approximation to calculate the electronic band structure self-consistently for type II InAs/AlSb multiple quantum well structures. We demonstrate the interplay of various physical processes in the absorption spectra in the mid-infrared frequency range. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop N229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jianzhng@nas.nasa.gov; cning@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4786-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 4986 BP 255 EP 264 DI 10.1117/12.474398 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BX33D UT WOS:000184964500028 ER PT S AU Kolokolov, KI Li, J Ning, CZ AF Kolokolov, KI Li, J Ning, CZ BE Osinski, M Amano, H Blood, P TI Spurious states free solutions of kp Hamiltonian for heterostructures SO PHYSICS AND SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XI CY JAN 27-31, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE heterostructures; multiband Hamiltonian; spurious states AB We developed a method to eliminate the spurious solutions of the k.p, Hamiltonian in the envelope function approximation applied to the quantized states of heterostructures by introducing an off-diagonal k(2) term. This results in a modification in the fourth and higher order terms in k of the band dispersion, which keeps the dispersion at the Gamma point but modifies it at large k so that converts spurious states to the harmless evanescent ones. We show that the modification to the Hamiltonian leads to the monotonic behavior of the conduction band as a function of k and thus removes the spurious solutions in the calculations of confined states for all popular III-V compounds and their alloys. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kolokolov, KI (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Mail Stop N229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4786-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4986 BP 265 EP 272 DI 10.1117/12.480222 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BX33D UT WOS:000184964500029 ER PT S AU Iping, R Sonneborn, G AF Iping, R Sonneborn, G BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI FUSE observations of mass loss in planetary nebulae SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union AB The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite observed several high and low excitation planetary nebulae in the wavelength range 905-1187 Angstrom at a spectral resolution of lambda/Deltalambda similar to 15, 000. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Iping, R (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 187 EP 188 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400053 ER PT S AU Werner, K Dreizler, S Koesterke, L Kruk, JW AF Werner, K Dreizler, S Koesterke, L Kruk, JW BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI FUSE observations of the central star of Abell 78 SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union ID SPECTROSCOPY AB FUSE high resolution spectra of two PG1159 type central stars (K1-16 and NGC 7094) have revealed an unexpected iron deficiency of at least 1 or 2 dex (Miksa et al. 2002). Here we present early results of FUSE spectroscopy of the CSPN Abell 78. It is shown that iron is strongly deficient in this star, too. C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Tubingen, Germany. NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Werner, K (reprint author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Tubingen, Germany. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 239 EP 240 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400067 ER PT S AU Pottasch, SR Beintema, DA Sales, JB Feibelman, WA AF Pottasch, SR Beintema, DA Sales, JB Feibelman, WA BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI Abundances in planetary nebulae: Including ISO results SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union ID SPECTRUM; LINES AB The far infrared nebular spectrum provides a valuable complement to the observed lines in other spectral regions. There are several reasons for this, the most important being the large increase in the number of ions observed, and the fact that the abundances found from these lines are relatively insensitive to the electron temperature. This leads to a more accurate determination of the abundances. To date, twelve PN have had abundances determined in this way. These results are summarized. The evolution of the central star is discussed in the light of these results. C1 Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. SRON, Lab Space Res, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MD USA. RP Pottasch, SR (reprint author), Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 353 EP 360 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400107 ER PT S AU Rubin, RH Bhatt, NJ Dufour, RJ Buckalew, BA Barlow, MJ Liu, XW Storey, PJ Balick, B Ferland, GJ Harrington, JP Martin, PG AF Rubin, RH Bhatt, NJ Dufour, RJ Buckalew, BA Barlow, MJ Liu, XW Storey, PJ Balick, B Ferland, GJ Harrington, JP Martin, PG BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI Temperature variations from HST imagery and spectroscopy of NGC 7009 SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77251 USA. UCL, London, England. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Toronto, CITA, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Rubin, RH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rubin@cygnus.arc.nasa.gov; mjb@star.ucl.ac.uk; xwl@star.ucl.ac.uk; jph@astro.umd.edu RI Barlow, Michael/A-5638-2009; OI Barlow, Michael/0000-0002-3875-1171; Ferland, Gary/0000-0003-4503-6333 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 361 EP 362 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400108 ER PT S AU Sonneborn, G AF Sonneborn, G BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI Far-ultraviolet spectra of planetary nebulae SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union ID EXPLORER OBSERVATIONS; NGC6853 AB The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite provides a unique opportunity to obtain high-resolution far-UV spectra of a wide variety of astronomical objects, including planetary nebulae. Most FUSE observations of PNe to date have concentrated on the hot central star, providing a very effective way to study the atmosphere of the central star, the surrounding nebula through the absorption features from circumstellar gas. FUSE has found evidence of hot molecular hydrogen in several planetary nebulae, including M27 and BD+30degrees 3639. Central star spectra also reveal new information about stellar winds, mass loss, and photospheric abundances. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sonneborn, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 405 EP 411 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400129 ER PT S AU Sahai, R AF Sahai, R BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI Multi-polar structures in young planetary and protoplanetary nebulae SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; POINT-SYMMETRICAL NEBULAE; CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVELOPES; EGG NEBULA; AGB STARS; MASS-LOSS; JETS; EMISSION; BAND; DISCOVERY AB The imaging of young planetary and proto-planetary nebulae (PNe and PPNe) with unprecedented high angular resolution and dynamic range, using the Hubble Space Telescope, has led to the realisation that almost all of these objects are highly aspherical, with complex multipolar morphologies. The complexity, organization and symmetry of the morphological structures we find is forcing radical changes in, and inspiring fresh theoretical efforts to advance, our understanding of the mass-loss processes during late stellar evolution. In this paper, we review the HST data, and show some of the highlights of our imaging studies. Although the origins of many of the morphological features remains puzzling, we find that the general presence of multipolar structures support a model for PN formation in which the primary agent for shaping PNe are high-speed collimated outflows or jets which operate during the late AGB and/or early post-AGB evolutionary phase, and undergo episodic changes in their orientation (or collimated outflows operate quasi-simultaneously with different orientations). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sahai, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 471 EP 479 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400145 ER PT S AU Kwok, S Su, KYL Sahai, R AF Kwok, S Su, KYL Sahai, R BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI HST observations of young planetary nebulae SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union ID DISCOVERY; BIPOLAR C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kwok, S (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM kwok@iras.ucalgary.ca; sahai@grandpa.jpl.nasa.gov; kwok@iras.ucalgary.ca RI Kwok, Sun/D-3080-2009 OI Kwok, Sun/0000-0001-7708-081X NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 481 EP 482 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400147 ER PT S AU Sahai, R Claussen, MJ Morris, M AF Sahai, R Claussen, MJ Morris, M BE Kwok, S Dopita, M Sutherland, R TI Interferometric observations of OH and H2O masers in protoplanetary nebulae imaged with HST - A unique diagnostic of their spatio-kinematic structure SO PLANETARY NEBULAE: THEIR EVOLUTION AND ROLE IN THE UNIVERSE SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 19-23, 2001 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union ID IRAS 16342-3814 C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Sahai, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-148-6 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2003 IS 209 BP 519 EP 520 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BY04E UT WOS:000187344400160 ER PT J AU Bhattacharyya, R Janaki, MS Dasgupta, B AF Bhattacharyya, R Janaki, MS Dasgupta, B TI Relaxation phenomenon in the field reversed configuration SO PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION LA English DT Article ID RELAXED STATES; PLASMA; SPHEROMAKS; STABILITY; PINCH; CONFINEMENT; DISSIPATION; TOKAMAK AB The relaxation phenomenon for a driven plasma system is studied using minimum dissipation rate principle. For the class of equilibria supporting field-aligned flows the Euler-Lagrange equations are shown to support bifurcated solutions. One of the branches depicts the topology of the field reversed configuration sustaining flow whereas the other branch resembles the classical spheromak configuration. C1 Saha Inst Nucl Phys, I AF, Kolkata 700064, W Bengal, India. NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Saha Inst Nucl Phys, I AF, Kolkata 700064, W Bengal, India. EM ramit@plasma.saha.ernet.in NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0741-3335 EI 1361-6587 J9 PLASMA PHYS CONTR F JI Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion PD JAN PY 2003 VL 45 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 AR PII S0741-3335(03)37456-1 DI 10.1088/0741-3335/45/1/305 PG 8 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 641BN UT WOS:000180724400007 ER PT S AU Turk, F Kaymaz, Z Sibeck, DG AF Turk, F Kaymaz, Z Sibeck, DG BE Sibeck, DG Zastenker, GN TI Search for plasma and magnetic field cavities in magnetosheath SO PLASMA PROCESSES IN THE NEAR-EARTH SPACE: INTERBALL AND BEYOND SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT COSPAR Colloquium on Plasma Processes in the Near-Earth Space CY FEB 05-10, 2002 CL SOFIA, BULGARIA SP Bulgarian Acad Sci, Finnish Meteorol Inst ID UPSTREAM PRESSURE VARIATIONS; SOLAR-WIND; BOW SHOCK; EARTHS MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOSPHERE; SHAPE; FLOW AB In the solar wind, foreshock cavities create depressed magnetic field and density regions associated with high energetic particles due bow shock related processes. In this study, we searched for the presence of foreshock type transient events in the magnetosheath using Interball-1 spacecraft data. In our search of four years of magnetosheath magnetic field, density, temperature, velocity and proton flux data, we have not found signatures of these cavities. The relation between magnetosheath parameters and energetic particles is not clearly revelaed in Interball-1 data. While these events are very clear and commonly found in the solar wind, why they are not observed in the magnetosheath emposes an interesting and challenging question on the evolution of these solar wind structures and their relation to the ;magnetosheath dynamics. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Istanbul Tech Univ, Fac Aeronaut & Astronaut, Dept Meteorol, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Turk, F (reprint author), Istanbul Tech Univ, Fac Aeronaut & Astronaut, Dept Meteorol, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1455 EP 1462 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00021-8 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX17U UT WOS:000184540900046 ER PT J AU Ackley, S Wadhams, P Comiso, JC Worby, AP AF Ackley, S Wadhams, P Comiso, JC Worby, AP TI Decadal decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent inferred from whaling records revisited on the basis of historical and modern sea ice records SO POLAR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Sea Ice Extent and the Global Climate System CY APR 15-17, 2002 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP World Climate Res Programme, Arctic Climate Syst Study, Climate & Cryosphere Projects AB In previous work, whaling catch positions were used as a proxy record for the position of the Antarctic sea ice edge and mean sea ice extent greater than the present one spanning 2.8degrees latitude was postulated to have occurred in the pre-1950s period, compared to extents observed since 1973 from microwave satellite imagery. The previous conclusion of an extended northern latitude for ice extent in the earlier epoch applied only to the January (mid-summer) period. For this summer period, however, there are also possible differences between ship and satellite-derived measurements. Our work showed a consistent summer offset (November-December), with the ship-observed ice edge 1 - 1.5degrees north of the satellite-derived ice edge. We further reexamine the use of whale catch as an ice edge proxy where agreement was claimed between the satellite ice edge (1973-1987) and the ship whale catch positions. This examination shows that, while there may be a linear correlation between ice edge position and whale catch data, the slope of the line deviates from unity and the ice edge is also further north in the whale catch data than in the satellite data for most latitudes. We compare the historical (direct) record and modern satellite maps of ice edge position accounting for these differences in ship and satellite observations. This comparison shows that only regional perturbations took place earlier, without significant deviations in the mean ice extents, from the pre-1950s to the post-1970s. This conclusion contradicts that previously stated from the analysis of whale catch data that indicated Antarctic sea ice extent changes were circumpolar rather than regional in nature between the two periods. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Tasmania, Antarctic Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Australian Antarctic Div, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Ackley, S (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. RI Worby, Anthony/A-2373-2012 NR 10 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 8 PU NORWEGIAN POLAR INST PI TROMSO PA POLAR ENVIRONMENTAL CENTRE, N-9296 TROMSO, NORWAY SN 0800-0395 J9 POLAR RES JI Polar Res. PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 19 EP 25 DI 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2003.tb00091.x PG 7 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Oceanography GA 696WB UT WOS:000183909600004 ER PT S AU Gaier, TC AF Gaier, TC BE Fineschi, S TI Coherent radiometers for cosmic microwave background polarization detection SO POLARIMETRY IN ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarimetry in Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE AB Coherent radiometers have been used for decades in the detection of polarization of astronomical signals. Recent success in detection of intensity fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) has created great interest in the potential measurement of CMB polarization. Detection of polarization at predicted levels may stretch the sensitivity of today's radiometers. I will review the state-of-the-art of receiver front-ends, discuss their application to polarimeter design in experiments, both existing and under development and finally describe the prospects for massive arrays for the detection of CMB polarization. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Gaier, TC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4622-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4843 BP 296 EP 304 DI 10.1117/12.458665 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39A UT WOS:000181847200031 ER PT S AU Bock, JJ AF Bock, JJ BE Fineschi, S TI The promise of bolometers for CMB polarimetry SO POLARIMETRY IN ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarimetry in Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE cosmology; bolometers; polarimeters ID SLOT ANTENNA; SENSORS AB Bolometers currently offer the best sensitivity for measuring the anisotropy and polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The next generation of CMB instruments intended to search for faint,curl-mode' polarization require bolometer focal plane arrays with significantly higher sensitivity than current temperature anisotropy receivers, and unprecedented control of systematic errors. Bolometers for the ESA/NASA Planck experiment, thermally optimized for the photon background from the sky and instrument, approach the fundamental photon noise from the CMB with defined allocations for systems level noise contributions. Ground-based CMB polarimeters will soon field focal planes with approximately the instantaneous sensitivity of Planck HE to deeply probe limited regions of sky. Future CMB polarimeters require large-format arrays of bolometers. Antenna-coupled bolometers with superconducting transition-edge readouts promise large-format arrays with well-controlled beam patterns and integral lithographed transmission-line filters. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bock, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4622-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4843 BP 314 EP 323 DI 10.1117/12.459484 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39A UT WOS:000181847200033 ER PT S AU Creech-Eakman, MJ Leonard, TA Geis, JM Serabyn, E AF Creech-Eakman, MJ Leonard, TA Geis, JM Serabyn, E BE Fineschi, S TI Comparison of commercially available polarizing gratings for mid-infrared studies SO POLARIMETRY IN ASTRONOMY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarimetry in Astronomy CY AUG 25-28, 2002 CL WAIKOLOA, HI SP SPIE DE polarizer; grating; mid-infrared; metal grid; instrumentation AB We present the results of lab comparison tests of performance for several commercially available grating polarizers for use at mid-infrared wavelengths. The tests were done using a polarized laser diode source (9.2 mum) and photoconductive HgCdTe single pixel detector. We describe some basic equations governing quantification of polarization performance, our instrumental test setup and our results. There is. a large difference in the contrast produced by polarizers from different companies. Availability of high-transmission, high-contrast polarizers for use at near and mid-infrared wavelengths will make it possible to routinely characterize polarization of astronomical sources, such as physical properties of dust grains and magnetic field lines around sources of interest. Such polarizers will also be valuable in the development of the instrumentation needed for infrared nulling interferometry. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Creech-Eakman, MJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4622-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4843 BP 510 EP 516 DI 10.1117/12.458650 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW39A UT WOS:000181847200052 ER PT J AU Johnson, LL Eby, RK Meador, MAB AF Johnson, LL Eby, RK Meador, MAB TI Investigation of oxidation profile in PMR-15 polyimide using atomic force microscope (AFM) SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE nanomechanical properties; PMR-15 polyimide; atomic force microscopy ID END-CAPPED POLYIMIDES; ELASTIC-MODULUS; INDENTATION; DEGRADATION; MODEL AB Nanoindentation measurements are made on thermosetting materials using cantilever deflection vs. piezoelectric scanner position behavior determined by atomic force microscope (AFM). The spring model is used to determine mechanical properties of materials. The generalized Sneddon's equation is utilized to calculate Young's moduli for thermosetting materials at ambient conditions. Our investigations show that the force-penetration depth curves during unloading in these materials can be described accurately by a power law relationship. The results show that the accuracy of the measurements can be controlled within 7%. The above method is used to study oxidation profiles in PMR-15 polyimide. The thermo-mechanical profiles of PMR-15 indicate that the elastic modulus at the surface portion of the specimen is different from that at the interior of the material. It is also shown that there are two zones within the oxidized portion of the samples. Results confirm that the surface layer and the core material have substantially different properties. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Div Mat, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Johnson, LL (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN PY 2003 VL 44 IS 1 BP 187 EP 197 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00726-7 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00726-7 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 627AB UT WOS:000179905000019 ER PT B AU Ogbuji, LU AF Ogbuji, LU BE Marquis, FDS TI Powder-derived high-conductivity coatings for copper alloys SO POWDER MATERIALS: CURRENT RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Powder Materials - Current Research and Industrial Practices III held at the Materials Science and Technology Meeting CY NOV 09-12, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TMS Powder Mat Comm DE thrust-cell liner; Cu-8Cr-4Nh; Cu-Cr coatings; powder; oxidation/reduction ID OXIDATION AB Coatings are being developed to protect Cu-alloys in rocket thruster liner applications. State-of-the-art Cu-8Cr-4Nb liners have good oxidation resistance below 700degreesC (vis-a-vis other Cu alloys) but need protection above that temperature. A goal of our Cu-Cr coatings effort is to maximize protection (via. Cr2O3 formation) while keeping Cr contents low, to maintain high thermal conductivity for efficient heat dissipation. In this paper the need to protect GRCop-84 at the higher temperatures is demonstrated, then the coating system is described and the extent of protection achieved is illustrated. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ogbuji, LU (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-563-8 PY 2003 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BY44V UT WOS:000189295600036 ER PT J AU Wolpe, PR McGee, G AF Wolpe, Paul Root McGee, Glenn BE McGee, G TI "Expert Bioethics" as Professional Discourse: The Case of Stem Cells SO PRAGMATIC BIOETHICS, 2ND EDITION SE Basic Bioethics LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [McGee, Glenn] Univ Penn, Ctr Bioeth, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Wolpe, PR (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA BN 978-0-262-13430-9 J9 BASIC BIOETH PY 2003 BP 181 EP + PG 13 WC Medical Ethics SC Medical Ethics GA BSB35 UT WOS:000284058000015 ER PT S AU Golden, K Pang, WL AF Golden, K Pang, WL BE Rossi, F TI Constraint reasoning over strings SO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - CP 2003, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 2003 CL Cork, IRELAND SP CoLogNET, Cork Constraint Computat Ctr, CP Organizing Comm, ERCIM, ILOG, Cornell Univ, Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, PARC Technol, Sci Fdn Ireland, SICS AB This paper discusses an approach to representing and reasoning about constraints over strings. We discuss how string domains can often be concisely represented using regular languages, and how constraints over strings, and domain operations on sets of strings, can be carried out using this representation. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20202-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2833 BP 377 EP 391 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY05K UT WOS:000187420600026 ER PT S AU Frank, J Dearden, R AF Frank, J Dearden, R BE Rossi, F TI Scheduling in the face of uncertain resource consumption and utility SO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - CP 2003, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 2003 CL KINSALE, IRELAND SP CoLogNET, Cork Constraint Computat Ctr, CP Organizing Comm, ERCIM, ILOG, Cornell Univ, Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, PARC Technol, Sci Fdn Ireland, SICS AB We discuss the problem of scheduling tasks that consume uncertain amounts of a resource with known capacity and where the tasks have uncertain utility. In these circumstances, we would like to find schedules that exceed a lower bound on the expected utility when executed. We show that the problems are NP-complete, and present some results that characterize the behavior of some simple heuristics over a variety of problem classes. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Frank, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, MS 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-20202-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2833 BP 832 EP 836 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BY05K UT WOS:000187420600062 ER PT J AU Crespo, LG Sun, JQ AF Crespo, LG Sun, JQ TI Non-linear stochastic control via stationary response design SO PROBABILISTIC ENGINEERING MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE stochastic control; optimization; uncertain parameters; stochastic stabilization; stochastic tracking; robust control ID SYSTEMS AB This paper presents a strategy for controlling externally excited stochastic systems with uncertain parameters. The control objective is to drive the system response from an arbitrary initial distribution to a prescribed stationary probability density function (PDF). This problem can be interpreted as the stochastic stabilization about a PDF. The control consists of a non-linear feedback part and a switching term inspired by robust sliding control concepts. The control of a one-dimensional stochastic process with a Gaussian target-PDF is used to illustrate the approach. The control performance is evaluated by studying the time evolution of the first and second order moments of the response. The dependence of the response on the number of feedback terms and the rate of convergence to the stationary PDF are studied numerically. Motivated by the fast convergence observed, a feedback controller with time-varying gains is applied to the problem of tracking a moving PDF. Monte Carlo simulations validate very well the control for both stabilization and tracking problems. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Mech Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Crespo, LG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 132C, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8920 J9 PROBABILIST ENG MECH JI Probab. Eng. Eng. Mech. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 18 IS 1 BP 79 EP 86 AR PII S0266-8920(02)00043-7 DI 10.1016/S0266-8920(02)00043-7 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Statistics & Probability SC Engineering; Mechanics; Mathematics GA 649PH UT WOS:000181216800006 ER PT B AU Jain, RK AF Jain, RK BE Kurokawa, K Kazmerski, LL McNelis, B Yamaguchi, M Wronski, C Sinke, WC TI Suitability of InP window layers for InGaAs solar cells SO PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 11-18, 2003 CL Osaka, JAPAN SP WCPEC-3 Org Comm, Inst Elect, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japan Soc Aeronaut & Space Sci, Chem Soc Japan, Japan Sect Int Solar Energy Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Solar Energy Soc AB Window layers help in reducing the surface recombination at the emitter surface of the solar cells resulting in significant improvement in energy conversion efficiency. Indium, gallium arsenide (InxGa1-xAs) and related materials based solar cells are quite promising for photovoltaic and thermophotovoltaic applications. The flexibility of the change in the bandgap energy and the growth of InGaAs on different substrates makes this material very attractive for multi-bandgap energy, multi-junction solar cell approaches. The high efficiency and better radiation performance of the solar cell structures based on InGaAs make them suitable for space power applications. This work investigates the suitability of indium phosphide (InP) window layers for lattice-matched In0.53Ga0.47As (bandgap energy 0.74 eV) solar cells. We present the first data on the effects of the p-type InP window layer on p-on-n lattice-matched InGaAs solar cells. The modeled quantum efficiency results show a significant improvement in the blue region with the InP window. The bare InGaAs solar cell performance suffers due to high surface recombination velocity (10(7) cm/s). The large band discontinuity at the InP/InGaAs heterojunction offers a great potential barrier to minority carriers. The calculated results demonstrate that the InP window layer effectively passivates the solar cell front surface, hence resulting in reduced surface recombination and therefore, significantly improving the performance of the InGaAs solar cell. C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Jain, RK (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WCPEC-3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, TOKYO, KOGANEI 184-8588, JAPAN PY 2003 BP 75 EP 78 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BAK90 UT WOS:000222658800025 ER PT B AU Gaddy, EM Cikoski, R Mekadenaumporn, D AF Gaddy, EM Cikoski, R Mekadenaumporn, D BE Kurokawa, K Kazmerski, LL McNelis, B Yamaguchi, M Wronski, C Sinke, WC TI Curve fitting solar cell degradation due to hard particle radiation SO PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 11-18, 2003 CL Osaka, JAPAN SP WCPEC-3 Org Comm, Inst Elect, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japan Soc Aeronaut & Space Sci, Chem Soc Japan, Japan Sect Int Solar Energy Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Solar Energy Soc AB This paper investigates the suitability of the equation below for accurately defining solar cell parameter degradation as a function of hard particle radiation. Y = Y-0 + C-1 * Log(l + phi/phi(x)) + C-2 * Log(1 + phi/phi(y)) The paper uses the Levenberg-Marquardt method for determining the constants in the equation and compares predictions from the equation to those obtained by polynomial fits: Y -Sigma(i=0)(m) a(i) [ln(phi)](i). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gaddy, EM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WCPEC-3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, TOKYO, KOGANEI 184-8588, JAPAN PY 2003 BP 723 EP 725 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BAK90 UT WOS:000222658800186 ER PT B AU Brinker, D Scheiman, D Anspaugh, B Mueller, R Gomez, T Lisbona, EF Aoyama, K Imaizumi, M Pichetto, V Yang, YQ Goodbody, C Jenkins, P AF Brinker, D Scheiman, D Anspaugh, B Mueller, R Gomez, T Lisbona, EF Aoyama, K Imaizumi, M Pichetto, V Yang, YQ Goodbody, C Jenkins, P BE Kurokawa, K Kazmerski, LL McNelis, B Yamaguchi, M Wronski, C Sinke, WC TI Results from the 1(ST) international AM0 calibration round robin of silicon and GaAs solar cells SO PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 11-18, 2003 CL Osaka, JAPAN SP WCPEC-3 Org Comm, Inst Elect, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japan Soc Aeronaut & Space Sci, Chem Soc Japan, Japan Sect Int Solar Energy Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Solar Energy Soc AB AM0 solar cell calibration laboratories throughout the world are working together to create standard methods for AM0 calibration. In an effort to compare the results of different calibration methods, five different laboratories calibrated GaAs and Si solar cells. The results of this inter-comparison are presented herein. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Brinker, D (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WCPEC-3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, TOKYO, KOGANEI 184-8588, JAPAN PY 2003 BP 785 EP 788 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BAK90 UT WOS:000222658800202 ER PT B AU Mardesich, N Dawson, S Rapp, D AF Mardesich, N Dawson, S Rapp, D BE Kurokawa, K Kazmerski, LL McNelis, B Yamaguchi, M Wronski, C Sinke, WC TI Solar array development for the surface of Mars SO PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 11-18, 2003 CL Osaka, JAPAN SP WCPEC-3 Org Comm, Inst Elect, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japan Soc Aeronaut & Space Sci, Chem Soc Japan, Japan Sect Int Solar Energy Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Solar Energy Soc AB JPL's missions to Mars have revealed factors that have all adverse impact on the performance of Mars Surface Solar Arrays. These factors include a spectrum shift toward the red wavelengths, atmospheric scattering and absorption and accumulation of Mars surface dust on arrays. All of these factors will reduce the power generated from state of the art triple junction solar cells designed for Earth orbiting satellites. This paper will report the results of JPL-supported work conducted by US solar array manufacturers to increase the performance of solar arrays for future Mars surface missions. JPL awarded four vendors contracts to evaluate methods of improving power generation on the surface of Mars. These four contracts cover the redesign of the existing triple junction solar cell, modifying solar simulator output to match the Mars surface spectrum and techniques to control or remove dust from the Surface of the arrays. The methodology and results of this evaluation will be presented in this paper. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mardesich, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WCPEC-3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, TOKYO, KOGANEI 184-8588, JAPAN PY 2003 BP 789 EP 792 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BAK90 UT WOS:000222658800203 ER PT B AU Piszczor, MF O'Neill, MJ Eskenazi, MI Brandhorst, HW AF Piszczor, MF O'Neill, MJ Eskenazi, MI Brandhorst, HW BE Kurokawa, K Kazmerski, LL McNelis, B Yamaguchi, M Wronski, C Sinke, WC TI Stretched lens array (SLA) photovoltaic concentrator hardware development & testing SO PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 11-18, 2003 CL Osaka, JAPAN SP WCPEC-3 Org Comm, Inst Elect, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japan Soc Aeronaut & Space Sci, Chem Soc Japan, Japan Sect Int Solar Energy Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Solar Energy Soc AB Over the past two years, the Stretched Lens Array (SLA) photovoltaic concentrator has evolved from a concept with small component demonstrators to operational array hardware that is ready for space validation testing. Based on the same general concept as the SCARLET concentrator array that was successfully demonstrated on the NASA Deep Space 1 mission, the Stretched Lens Array is an evolutionary, performance-optimized, ultra-light, cost-effective solar concentrator array. Under a recent NASA contract, the SLA design was further refined and array hardware was designed, fabricated and tested. This paper will summarize the focus of this hardware development effort, discuss the results of recent testing conducted tinder this program, and present the expected performance of a full-size 7 kW wing designed to meet the requirements of future space missions. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Piszczor, MF (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WCPEC-3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, TOKYO, KOGANEI 184-8588, JAPAN PY 2003 BP 845 EP 848 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BAK90 UT WOS:000222658800217 ER PT B AU Bailey, SG Castro, SL Raffaelle, RP Fahey, S Gennett, T Tin, P AF Bailey, SG Castro, SL Raffaelle, RP Fahey, S Gennett, T Tin, P BE Kurokawa, K Kazmerski, LL McNelis, B Yamaguchi, M Wronski, C Sinke, WC TI Nanostructured materials for solar cells SO PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 11-18, 2003 CL Osaka, JAPAN SP WCPEC-3 Org Comm, Inst Elect, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japan Soc Aeronaut & Space Sci, Chem Soc Japan, Japan Sect Int Solar Energy Soc, Electrochem Soc Japan, Japan Solar Energy Soc ID EFFICIENCY AB The use of both inorganic and organic nanostructured materials in producing high efficiency photovoltaics is discussed in this paper. Recent theoretical results indicate that dramatic improvements in device efficiency may be attainable through the use of semiconductor quantum dots in an ordinary p-i-n solar cell. In addition, it has also recently been demonstrated that quantum dots can also be used to improve conversion efficiencies in polymeric thin film solar cells. A similar improvement in these types of cells has also been observed by employing single wall carbon nanotubes. This relatively new carbon allotrope may assist both in the disassociation of excitons as well as carrier transport through the composite material. This paper reviews the efforts that are currently underway to produce and characterize these nanoscale materials and to exploit their unique properties. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bailey, SG (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 302-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU WCPEC-3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, TOKYO, KOGANEI 184-8588, JAPAN PY 2003 BP 2690 EP 2693 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BAK90 UT WOS:000222658800680 ER PT S AU Ruzmaikin, A Lindsey, C AF Ruzmaikin, A Lindsey, C BE SawayaLacoste, H TI Helioseismic probing of the solar dynamo SO PROCEEDINGS OF SOHO 12/GONG (PLUS) 2002 ON LOCAL AND GLOBAL HELIOSEISMOLOGY: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Local and Global Helioseismology CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 2002 CL BIG BEAR LAKE, CA SP SOHO 12, GONG, NASA, NSF, ESA ID TOROIDAL MAGNETIC-FIELD; CONVECTION ZONE; FLUX TUBES; ROTATION; BASE; DIFFUSION; MODEL; FLOW; SUN AB According to theoretical predictions, the solar dynamo operating in the convection zone generates maximal magnetic fields near the base of the convection zone. Detection of this field is a challenging task for helioseismology. We discuss the ways of probing the magnetic field in the solar interior and estimate the magnitude of the field that can be detected with presently achievable accuracy. It is easier, however, to detect the flows that drive the dynamo. We describe the major flow parameters related to the dynamo flows and present the requirements for measurement of these parameters with local helioseismic techniques. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ruzmaikin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-827-1 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 517 BP 71 EP 74 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW83S UT WOS:000183306100009 ER PT S AU Hathaway, DH AF Hathaway, DH BE SawayaLacoste, H TI Large scale flows through the solar cycle SO PROCEEDINGS OF SOHO 12/GONG (PLUS) 2002 ON LOCAL AND GLOBAL HELIOSEISMOLOGY: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE SE ESA Special Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Local and Global Helioseismology CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 2002 CL BIG BEAR LAKE, CA SP SOHO 12, GONG, NASA, NSF, ESA ID CONVECTION ZONE; DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS; DYNAMO; PERIODICITY; ASYMMETRY; VELOCITY; SIMULATIONS; PROPAGATION AB Large scale flows within the solar convection zone are thought to be the primary drivers of the Sun's magnetic activity cycle. Differential rotation amplifies the magnetic field and converts poloidal fields into toroidal fields. Poleward meridional flow near the surface carries magnetic flux that reverses the polar magnetic polarities. A deeper, equatorward meridional flow may carry magnetic flux toward the equator. These axisymmetric flows are themselves driven by large scale convective motions. Given these intimate connections between the large scale flows and solar activity, it would be surprising if there were not solar cycle variations in the flow characteristics. Some variations, namely the torsional oscillations, are well established. Other variations, namely changes in the meridional flow and in the shear at the base of the convection zone, are more controversial. In this paper I describe the observed characteristics of the solar cycle and the large scale flows and discuss the nature of the solar cycle variations. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Mail Code SD50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM david.hathaway@msfc.nasa.gov NR 54 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-827-1 J9 ESA SPEC PUBL PY 2003 VL 517 BP 87 EP 96 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW83S UT WOS:000183306100012 ER PT S AU Bigazzi, A Ruzmaikin, AA AF Bigazzi, A Ruzmaikin, AA BE SawayaLacoste, H TI The magnetic field in the convection zone. SO PROCEEDINGS OF SOHO 12/GONG (PLUS) 2002 ON LOCAL AND GLOBAL HELIOSEISMOLOGY: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE SE ESA Special Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Local and Global Helioseismology CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 2002 CL BIG BEAR LAKE, CA SP SOHO 12, GONG, NASA, NSF, ESA ID SOLAR DYNAMO; FLUX TUBES; TACHOCLINE; INTERFACE; DEPTH; WAVE AB One of the key questions in solar physics that remains to be answered concerns the strength and the distribution of the magnetic fields at the base of the convection zone. The flux tube dynamics requires that toroidal fields of strength as large as 100 kilogauss be present at the base of the convection zone. The kinetic-magnetic equipartition argument leads to smaller field strengths. For possible detection of these relatively small (compared to pressure effects) fields by helioseismic methods it is important to know the range of the field strengths and their distribution. We estimate a range for the toroidal magnetic field strengths at the base of the convection zone using dynamo simulations in a spherical shell. These simulations involve the distribution of rotation provided by helioscismic inversions of the GONG and MDI data. Combining the simulations with the observed line-of-sight surface poloidal field we extract the spatial pattern and magnitude of the mean toroidal magnetic field at the base of the convection zone. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM alberto.bigazzi@jpl.nasa.gov; Alexander.Ruzmaikin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-827-1 J9 ESA SPEC PUBL PY 2003 VL 517 BP 239 EP 242 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW83S UT WOS:000183306100036 ER PT S AU Duvall, TL AF Duvall, TL BE SawayaLacoste, H TI Nonaxisymmetric variations deep in the convection zone SO PROCEEDINGS OF SOHO 12/GONG (PLUS) 2002 ON LOCAL AND GLOBAL HELIOSEISMOLOGY: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Local and Global Helioseismology CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 2002 CL BIG BEAR LAKE, CA SP SOHO 12, GONG, NASA, NSF, ESA DE helioseismology ID BASE AB Using a deep-focusing time-distance technique and the MDI medium-1 data, a preliminary study of non-axisymmetric variability deep in the convection zone has been performed. The purpose of the present study is to see what signals might be present in raw travel times indicating variation, and what are the noise levels. Correlations with point separations in the range 40-50 deg have been measured for the entire 6+ year dataset over a significant fraction of the solar disk. Both flows and mean-time variations have been examined. Travel time maps are correlated from one day to the next, indicating real solar signals. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Duvall, TL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, HEPL A209, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Duvall, Thomas/C-9998-2012 NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-827-1 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 517 BP 259 EP 262 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BW83S UT WOS:000183306100041 ER PT B AU Huntsberger, T Cheng, Y Baumgartner, ET Robinson, M Schenker, PS AF Huntsberger, T Cheng, Y Baumgartner, ET Robinson, M Schenker, PS BE Nunes, U deAalmeida, AT Bejczy, AK Kosuge, K Macgado, JAT TI Sensory fusion for planetary surface robotic navigation, rendezvous, and manipulation operations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED ROBOTICS 2003, VOL 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR 2003) CY JUN 30-JUL 03, 2003 CL COIMBRA, PORTUGAL SP Inst Syst & Robot, Univ Coimbra, IEEE Portuguese Sect, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Japan Robot Assoc ID MOBILE ROBOT; STATE ESTIMATION; SAMPLE RETURN; FIDO ROVER; LOCALIZATION; VISION; GUIDANCE AB The upcoming missions to Mars planned by NASA/JPL in 2009 and 2013 are more ambitious than any previously flown. Included in these missions are extended multi-kilometer traverses, and autonomous rover rendezvous with science targets and man-made structures such as landers. This paper reports some of the ongoing work at JPL in the areas of autonomous sensory fusion of both raw and derived inputs for better localization during long traverses, precision rendezvous operations with both labeled (man-made) and unlabeled (natural) targets, and precision manipulation of targets. We also present the results of some experimental studies done in laboratory and external environments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Terry.Huntsberger@jpl.nasa.gov; Yang.Cheng@jpl.nasa.gov; Eric.T.Baumgartner@jpl.nasa.gov; Matthew.Robinson@jpl.nasa.gov; Paul.S.Schenker@jpl.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV COIMBRA, FAC CIENCIAS & TECHNOL PI COIMBRA PA DEPT ENGENHARIA ELECTROTECH, COIMBRA 3030, PORTUGAL BN 972-96889-8-2 PY 2003 BP 1417 EP 1424 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BX26Q UT WOS:000184782300236 ER PT B AU Bejczy, AK AF Bejczy, AK BE Nunes, U deAalmeida, AT Bejczy, AK Kosuge, K Macgado, JAT TI Interfaces for human and robot interaction SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED ROBOTICS 2003, VOL 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR 2003) CY JUN 30-JUL 03, 2003 CL COIMBRA, PORTUGAL SP Inst Syst & Robot, Univ Coimbra, IEEE Portuguese Sect, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Japan Robot Assoc AB This paper discusses generic interface issues in human and robot interaction, and provides a brief historical overview of R&D efforts and results related to this technology topic at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) during the past twenty five or so years, primarily in the area of advanced teleoperation and telerobotics for space applications, also considering communication time delays between human operator and remote robot system. The interfaces are of multi-sensory nature; they utilize both manual and algorithmic human-robot communication techniques and exploit possibilities offered by advanced computer graphics capabilities. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV COIMBRA, FAC CIENCIAS & TECHNOL PI COIMBRA PA DEPT ENGENHARIA ELECTROTECH, COIMBRA 3030, PORTUGAL BN 972-96889-8-2 PY 2003 BP 1568 EP 1575 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BX26Q UT WOS:000184782300260 ER PT B AU Schenker, P Huntsberger, T Pirjanian, P Dubowsky, S Iagnemma, K Sujan, V AF Schenker, P Huntsberger, T Pirjanian, P Dubowsky, S Iagnemma, K Sujan, V BE Nunes, U deAalmeida, AT Bejczy, AK Kosuge, K Macgado, JAT TI Rovers for intelligent, agile traverse of challenging terrain SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED ROBOTICS 2003, VOL 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR 2003) CY JUN 30-JUL 03, 2003 CL COIMBRA, PORTUGAL SP Inst Syst & Robot, Univ Coimbra, IEEE Portuguese Sect, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Japan Robot Assoc ID CONTROL ARCHITECTURE; CAMPOUT AB Planetary surface mobility has to date been limited to benign locations. If rover systems could be developed for more challenging terrain, e.g., sloped and irregularly featured areas, then planetary science opportunities would be greatly expanded. We have in the last several years carried out a related program of R&D that involves new concepts in reconfigurable mobility and on-board adaptive control of same in response to the sensed and changing environment. Several prototype systems and their in-field demonstration have resulted, including a single "All Terrain Explorer" which significantly extends operability into steeply sloped sandy terrain, as well as a new "Cliff-bot" which achieves near vertical cliff-side operation via fully distributed sensing and control within a team of cooperative agents. We overview these developments, noting their potential for a broader class of robotic system applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schenker, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 198-219, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV COIMBRA, FAC CIENCIAS & TECHNOL PI COIMBRA PA DEPT ENGENHARIA ELECTROTECH, COIMBRA 3030, PORTUGAL BN 972-96889-8-2 PY 2003 BP 1683 EP 1692 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BX26Q UT WOS:000184782300279 ER PT B AU Berenji, HR Ametha, J Vengerov, D AF Berenji, HR Ametha, J Vengerov, D BE Nasaoui, O Frigui, H Keller, JM TI Inductive learning for fault diagnosis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems CY MAY 25-28, 2003 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Networks Soc AB There is a steadily increasing need for autonomous systems that must be able to function with minimal human intervention to detect and isolate faults, and recover from such faults. In this paper we present a novel hybrid Model based and Data Clustering (MDC) architecture for fault monitoring and diagnosis, which is suitable for complex dynamic systems with continuous and discrete variables. The MDC approach allows for adaptation of both structure and parameters of identified models using supervised and reinforcement learning techniques. The MDC approach will be illustrated using the model and data from the Hybrid Combustion Facility (HCF) at the NASA Ames Research Center. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Inference Syst Corp, Div Comp Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Berenji, HR (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Inference Syst Corp, Div Comp Sci, MS-269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7810-5 J9 IEEE INT CONF FUZZY PY 2003 BP 726 EP 731 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BW87V UT WOS:000183448800126 ER PT S AU Richter, H AF Richter, H GP AAC AAC TI Tracking of a thermodynamic process using a polytropic surface as sliding manifold SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04, 2003-JUN 06, 2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC AB The problem of driving the thermodynamic state, of a substance towards a desired point, following a desired path, is considered here. The proposed method, is shown for a simple system consisting of a fixed-volume chamber with input and output valves controlling the flow of substance, in this case an ideal gas. The model consists of a nonlinear, second-order system of differential equations with two inputs. Feedback linearization is used from one input to one of the controlled states,,rand the remaining state is controlled using sliding mode control, where the sliding manifold is precisely the thermodynamic path to be followed by the states as they progress towards the desired equilibrium. As an example, a polytropic process is chosen for the sliding regime. It is shown that the technique can achieve the objective even when an unmodelled but bounded heat transfer disturbance is present. Moreover, the availability of two degrees of freedom allows to independently specify the surface reaching time and the overall convergence time. C1 NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Richter, H (reprint author), NASA, Bldg 8306, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 197 EP 201 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200033 ER PT S AU Scharf, DP Hadaegh, FY Ploen, SR AF Scharf, DP Hadaegh, FY Ploen, SR GP AAC AAC TI A survey of spacecraft formation flying guidance and control (Part I): Guidance SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04-06, 2003-2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC ID RIGID-BODY MOTIONS; FORMATION RECONFIGURATION; SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS; POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS; OPTIMIZATION; DESIGN; ROBOTS; INTERFEROMETRY; INTERPOLATION; TRAJECTORIES AB This paper provides a comprehensive survey of spacecraft formation flying guidance (FFG). Here by the term guidance we mean both path planning (i.e., reference trajectory generation) and optimal, open loop control design. FFG naturally divides into two areas: Deep Space (DS), in which relative spacecraft. dynamics reduce to double integrator form, and Planetary Orbital Environments (POE), in which they do not (e.g. libration point formations). Both areas consider optimal formation reconfigurations. In addition, DS FFG addresses optimal u, v-coverages for multiple spacecraft interferometers and rest-to-rest rotations. The main focus of the POE literature, however, is "passive relative orbits" or PROs. PROs are thrust-free periodic relative spacecraft trajectories used to design fuel-efficient formations. Finally, we present a brief overview of robotic path planning and discuss some of the similarities between this field and formation flying guidance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Daniel.P.Scharf@jpl.nasa.gov NR 147 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 11 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 1733 EP 1739 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200294 ER PT S AU Richter, H Barbieri, E Figueroa, F AF Richter, H Barbieri, E Figueroa, F GP AAC AAC TI Nonlinear modeling and control of a propellant mixer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04, 2003-JUN 06, 2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC ID FEEDBACK-CONTROL AB A mixing chamber used in rocket engine combustion testing at the NASA Stennis Space Center is modeled by a second order nonlinear MIMO system. The mixer is used to condition the thermodynamic properties of liquid propellant by controlled injection of the same substance in the gaseous phase. The three inputs of the mixer are the positions of the valves regulating the liquid and gas flows at the inlets, and the position of the exit valve regulating the flow of conditioned propellant. The outputs to be tracked and/or regulated are mixer internal pressure, exit mass flow, and exit temperature. The outputs must conform to test specifications dictated by the type of rocket engine or component being tested downstream of the mixer. Feedback linearization is used to achieve tracking and regulation of the outputs. It is shown that the system is minimum-phase provided certain conditions on the parameters are satisfied. The conditions are shown to have physical interpretation. C1 NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Richter, H (reprint author), NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, Bldg 8306, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 2839 EP 2844 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200482 ER PT S AU Barbieri, E Richter, H Figueroa, F AF Barbieri, E Richter, H Figueroa, F GP AAC AAC TI Small signal point-to-point tracking of a propellant mixer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04, 2003-JUN 06, 2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC AB The mixer described in this work is responsible for combining high pressure LH2 and GH2 to produce a hydrogen flow that meets certain thermodynamic properties before it is fed into a test article. The desired properties are maintained by controlling the LH2 and GH2 flows. The mixer is modelled as a general multi-flow lumped volume for single constituent fluids using density and internal energy as states. A small-signal (linear) model is developed based on the nonlinear model and simulated including a table look-up feature of the fluid thermodynamic properties. Pulse disturbances are introduced to the valve positions and the quality of the linear model is ascertained by comparing its behavior against the nonlinear model simulations. Valve control strategies that simulate an operator-in-the-loop scenario are then explored demonstrating the need for automatic feedback control. Finally, classical optimal multi-output Proportional/Integral controllers are designed based on the linear model and applied to the nonlinear model with excellent results to track simultaneous, constant setpoint changes in desired exit flow, exit temperature, and mixer pressure, as well as to reject unmeasurable but bounded additive step perturbations in the valve positions. C1 NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Barbieri, E (reprint author), NASA, Bldg 8306, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 2845 EP 2850 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200483 ER PT S AU Crespo, LG Agrawal, SK AF Crespo, LG Agrawal, SK GP AAC AAC TI Differential flatness and cooperative tracking in the Lorenz system SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04, 2003-JUN 06, 2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC DE feedback linearization; Lorenz system; chaos; non-linear control ID LINEARIZATION AB In this paper the control of the Lorenz system for both stabilization and tracking problems is studied via feedback linearization and differential flatness. By using the Rayleigh number as the control, only variable physically tunable, a barrier in the controllability of the system is incidentally imposed. This is reflected in the appearance of a singularity in the state transformation. Composite controllers that overcome this difficulty are designed and evaluated. The transition through the manifold defined by such a singularity is achieved by inducing a chaotic response within a boundary layer that contains it. Outside this region, a conventional feedback nonlinear control is applied. In addition, the differential parametrization of the problem is used to make the system track nonlinear functions of one state variable (single tracking) as well as several state variables (cooperative tracking). Control tasks that lead to integrable and non-integrable differential equations for the nominal flat output in steady-state are considered. In particular, a novel numerical strategy to d eal with the non-integrable case is proposed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Crespo, LG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Mail Stop 132C, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 3525 EP 3530 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200600 ER PT S AU Crespo, LG AF Crespo, LG GP AAC AAC TI Optimal performance, robustness and reliability based designs of systems with structured uncertainty SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04, 2003-JUN 06, 2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC AB This paper presents a study on the optimization of systems with structured uncertainty, whose inputs and outputs can be exhaustively described in the probabilistic sense. By propagating the uncertainty in the space of the probability density functions and the moments, optimization problems that pursue performance, robustness and reliability based designs are studied. Applications to static optimization and stability control are used to illustrate the relevance of incorporating uncertainty in the early stages of the design. Several examples that admit a full probabilistic description of the output in terms of the design variables and the statistics of the uncertain inputs are used to elucidate the features of the generic problem and its solution. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Crespo, LG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, ICASE, Mail Stop 132C, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 4219 EP 4224 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200718 ER PT S AU Kimiaghalam, B Ahmadzadeh, A Homaifar, A Sayarrodsari, B AF Kimiaghalam, B Ahmadzadeh, A Homaifar, A Sayarrodsari, B GP AAC AAC TI A purely Model Predictive Control for a marginally stable system SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04, 2003-JUN 06, 2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC DE model predictive control; crane control; nonlinear control; discrete control AB Effective control of load swing in shipboard crane has been the subject of interest to both commercial and military applications. The difficulty of the control problem due to uncertainty in the nonlinear models of the crane, and the presence of numerous disturbance sources in the environment is well documented. Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been successfully applied in many real-world industrial applications due to its inherent robustness to modeling errors and the ability to explicitly include constraints in the problem formulation. This paper proposes a formulation that enables the use of a purely MPC-based technology for the control of load swing in shipboard cranes in real-time. We show that a decomposition of the crane model into linear state dynamics, and nonlinear static output mapping enables the use of the MPC approach in a computationally efficient way. We use our newly developed nonlinear solver to enhance the computational properties of the MPC-based approach. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful implementation of a purely MPC-based controller for the load swing in a shipboard crane. The solution presented in this paper is ideally suited for indirect adaptive control and hence suggests an exciting opportunity for a versatile controller in a difficult application. C1 NC A&T State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, NASA, ACIT Ctr, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. RP Kimiaghalam, B (reprint author), NC A&T State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, NASA, ACIT Ctr, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 4293 EP 4298 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200731 ER PT B AU Liang, SD AF Liang, SD GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI cWINNOWER algorithm for finding fuzzy DNA motifs SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE BIOINFORMATICS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference CY AUG 11-14, 2003 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc TC Bioinformat, ACM HO STANFORD UNIV ID FACTOR-BINDING SITES; IDENTIFICATION; GENOME; ALIGNMENTS AB The cWINNOWER algorithm detects fuzzy motifs in DNA sequences rich in protein-binding signals. A signal is defined as any short nucleotide pattern having up to d mutations differing from a motif of length 1. The algorithm finds such motifs if multiple mutated copies of the motif (i.e., the signals) are present in the DNA sequence in sufficient abundance. The cWINNOWER algorithm substantially improves the sensitivity of the winnower method of Pevzner and Sze by imposing a consensus constraint, enabling it to detect much weaker signals. We studied the minimum number of detectable motifs q(c) as a function of sequence length N for random sequences. We found that q(c) increases linearly with N for a fast version of the algorithm based on counting three-member sub-cliques. Imposing consensus constraints reduces q(c) by a factor of three in this case, which makes the algorithm dramatically more sensitive. Our most sensitive algorithm, which counts four-member sub-cliques, needs a minimum of only 13 signals to detect motifs in a sequence of length N = 12000 for (l, d) = (15,4). C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Liang, SD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2000-6 PY 2003 BP 260 EP 265 DI 10.1109/CSB.2003.1227326 PG 6 WC Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science GA BY34W UT WOS:000188997700040 ER PT S AU Harris, I Wu, W Bertiger, W AF Harris, I Wu, W Bertiger, W GP IEEE IEEE TI GPS time interval and state measurement for PARCS SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE GPS receiver; carrier phase; time interval transfer; PARCS; Space Station AB A science-quality space GPS receiver is being studied for the Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space (PARCS) mission. The PARCS flight experiment is an International Space Station (ISS) payload that will conduct investigations into the laser cooling of atoms, time interval measurement, and fundamental physics. The receiver will make GPS carrier phase observations, to transfer the frequency measurements made by other PARCS subsystems to the ground and to determine the the experiment's precise position and velocity. The receiver is based on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's BlackJack radiometric instrument. This is a dual frequency, codeless design that is a veteran of multiple spaceflights. The major challenges for its use on PARCS derive from the ISS environment, for example, the antenna field of view, multipath sources, and potential electromagnetic interference. Simulations indicate that the restricted field of view will be the main limitation, and that the receiver antenna should be tilted away from the ISS structure by similar to30degrees for better results. The use of GPS ground networks and data analysis techniques to provide a total measurement system adequate to meet PARCS' requirements will need to be examined further. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Harris, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 185 EP 190 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900039 ER PT S AU Greenhall, CA AF Greenhall, CA GP IEEE IEEE TI An optimal modification of a Kalman filter for time scales SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID ALGORITHM AB The Jones-Tryon Kalman filter, which was implemented in the, time scale algorithm TA(NIST), produces time scales with poor short-term stability. A simple reduction of the error covariance matrix allows the filter to produce time scales with good stability at all averaging times, as verified by simulations of clock ensembles.*. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Greenhall, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 228 EP 232 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900046 ER PT S AU Bertiger, W Dunn, C Harris, I Kruizinga, G Romans, L Watkins, M Wu, S AF Bertiger, W Dunn, C Harris, I Kruizinga, G Romans, L Watkins, M Wu, S GP IEEE IEEE TI Relative time and frequency alignment between two low earth orbiters, GRACE SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc AB The two GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate. Experiment) spacecraft were launched into a near polar circular orbit around the earth in March of 2002. The two spacecraft serve as test masses to measure the Earth's gravitational field. Both spacecraft carry ultra-stable oscillators (USO) with an Allan Deviation of a few parts in 10(-13) for Tau = 1 to 1000 s. The USO's drive both the microwave links and GPS receivers. To cancel out long term errors on the USO's a linear combination of the 1-way microwave links is used (dual-one-way). In order to form the dual-one-way measurement and cancel our long term USO error, time must be synchronized between the two spacecraft to about 150 picoseconds. This synchronization is accomplished using the GPS data. For each spacecraft, the GPS data are used to solve for the orbital positions and the difference between the on-board clocks and a ground reference clock every 5 minutes. The relative clock is determined by the difference of these two solutions. Validation of the relative clock accuracy includes the solutions from overlapping data arcs which are typically less than the 150 picosecond goal and unique combination of the one-way microwave links that allows independent comparison of the GPS determine relative frequency of the USO's to a measurement made by the microwave link. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bertiger, W (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 273 EP 279 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900053 ER PT S AU Wang, RT Dick, GJ AF Wang, RT Dick, GJ GP IEEE IEEE TI High stability 40 Kelvin cryo-cooled sapphire oscillator SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc AB We present initial test results for a new short-term frequency standard, the 40K Compensated Sapphire Oscillator (40K CSO). Included are measurements of resonator quality factor, operational frequency, turn-over temperature, acceleration (g) sensitivity, frequency drift, and preliminary frequency stability tests. Long-term operation is facilitated use of a small cryo-cooler (1 KW wall power) with no moving cryogenic parts, and thus no preset service interval for the cold head. Initial tests with this single-stage pulse-tube cooler show a stability of 3 x 10(-14) (1 second less than or equal to tau less than or equal to 10 seconds) and a flicker floor of 2 x 10(-14). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wang, RT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 371 EP 375 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900070 ER PT S AU Dick, GJ Klipstein, WM AF Dick, GJ Klipstein, WM GP IEEE IEEE TI Design concept for the microwave interrogation structure in PARCS SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc AB In this paper we describe key aspects of the conceptual design of the microwave interrogation structure in the laser-cooled cesium frequency standard that is part of the Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space (PARCS) experiment. The PARCS standard uses balls of cold atoms launched in a pulsed beam configuration. The microwave interrogation will take place in two independent high-Q (similar to20,000) cavities operated in the TE(011) mode. The cavities will be operated off resonance by several linewidths, with a resonant coupling structure delivering the microwave to the two cavities. One persistent problem related to the end-to-end phase shift has been the extreme temperature sensitivity of the phase of inside the cavities to that just outside the cavities. The end-to-end phase shift must ultimately be known to around 3 microradians, and stable long enough to allow measurement of the shift as well as to allow normal clock operation. Operating the cavities off resonance reduces this sensitivity more strongly than reducing the cavity Q. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dick, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 251-100, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 1032 EP 1036 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900184 ER PT S AU Tjoelker, RL Prestage, JD Koppang, PA Swanson, TB AF Tjoelker, RL Prestage, JD Koppang, PA Swanson, TB GP IEEE IEEE TI Stability measurements of a JPL multi-pole mercury trapped ion frequency standard at the USNO SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE atomic frequency standard; timekeeping AB Two 12-pole mercury trapped ion frequency standards were recently developed and compared at JPL. In July 2002 one of these standards was installed at the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) where it has since been continuously operating. The standard is configured with a hydrogen maser as the local oscillator and is continuously compared to approximately 10 other cavity-tuned hydrogen masers, 50 cesium standards, and the USNO Master Clock UTC(USNO). Stability measurements between the trapped ion standard and several USNO formulated clock ensembles over the entire 9 month operating period to date show very stable operation with a worst case differential frequency drift between any 60 day averaging period measured to be < 2 x 10(-16)/day. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tjoelker, RL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 1066 EP 1071 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900190 ER PT S AU Prestage, JD Chung, S Le, T Beach, M Maleki, L Tjoelker, RL AF Prestage, JD Chung, S Le, T Beach, M Maleki, L Tjoelker, RL GP IEEE IEEE TI One-liter Hg ion clock for space and ground applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc AB We describe the development of a small Hg+ ion clock suitable for space use. A small clock occupying 1-2 liters volume and producing stability of 10(-12)/roottau would significantly advance the state of space-qualified atomic clocks. Based on recent measurements, this technology should produce long-term stability as good as 10(-15). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Prestage, JD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 1089 EP 1091 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900194 ER PT B AU Fang, WC Sethuram, A Belevi, K AF Fang, WC Sethuram, A Belevi, K GP IEEE IEEE TI VLSI design of turbo decoder for integrated communication system-on-chip applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL II: COMMUNICATIONS-MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS & APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY MAY 25-28, 2003 CL BANGKOK, THAILAND SP IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Mahanakorn Univ Technol AB A high-throughput low-power turbo decoder core has been developed for integrated communication system applications such as Digital Video Broadcast (DVB), satellite communications, wireless LAN, digital TV, cable modem, and xDSL systems. The turbo decoder is based on convolutional constituent codes, which outperform all other Forward Error Correction techniques. This turbo decoder core is parameterizable and can be modified easily to fit any size for advanced communication. system-on-chip products. The turbo decoder core provides Forward Error Correction of up to 15 Mbits/sec on a 0.13-micron CMOS FPGA prototyping chip at a power of 0.1 watt. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fang, WC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7761-3 PY 2003 BP 117 EP 120 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX26N UT WOS:000184781400030 ER PT B AU Gray, AA AF Gray, AA GP IEEE IEEE TI Parallel sub-convolution filter bank architectures SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL IV: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING-COMPUTER AIDED NETWORK DESIGN-ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY MAY 25-28, 2003 CL BANGKOK, THAILAND SP IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Mahanakorn Univ Technol AB This paper provides an overview of the design and properties of parallel discrete-time filter bank architectures based on the concept of frequency-domain sub-convolution developed by the author. It will be demonstrated that this lossless filter bank method is an excellent choice for implementing many signal processing functions in real-time high rate systems. These filter bank architectures incorporate vector processing, the discrete Fourier transform-inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT-IDFT) overlap-and-save convolution method [1], and the sub-convolution method. The parallel processing architectures presented here facilitate processing for very high rate sampled systems (multi-giga-samples per second) with lower rate complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) hardware with relatively low complexity (low transistor count). Complexity comparisons will demonstrate that the sub-convolution filter bank results in less complex concurrent implementations than parallel time-domain convolution and conventional frequency-domain convolution methods for many processing rate reductions and filter orders. In addition, the sub-convolution filter bank may be used to provide intermediate computation gain, with computation requirements lying in between those of these two conventional methods. As such, the parallel sub-convolution filter bank may also be useful in low-power hardware realizations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Gray, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7761-3 PY 2003 BP 528 EP 531 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BX30U UT WOS:000184904400133 ER PT S AU Edelstein, WN Andricos, C Moussessian, A Wang, FY Rutledge, DB AF Edelstein, WN Andricos, C Moussessian, A Wang, FY Rutledge, DB GP IEEE IEEE TI High-efficiency L-band transmit/receive module for synthetic aperture radar SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2003 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 05-08, 2003 CL HUNTSVILLE, AL SP IEEE Huntsville Sect, IEEE Reg 3, IEEE Aerosp & Electr Syst Soc, Dynetics Inc, Raytheon Co ID E POWER-AMPLIFIER; SOIL-MOISTURE AB Space-based radar places significant demands on the spacecraft resources (mass, power, data rate) and is therefore very expensive to implement. These systems typically require active phased-array antennas with hundreds or thousands of Transmit/Receive (T/R) modules distributed on the array. High-efficiency is a vitally important figure of merit for the radar T/R module because it reduces the power consumption and therefore makes best possible use of the limited power available. High efficiency also improves the thermal design and reliability. In this paper, we describe the design and preliminary results of a novel L-band (1250 MHz) T/R module technology to achieve ultra-high efficiencies. We will show that a dramatic improvement in overall T/R module efficiency is possible using high-efficiency Class-E/F amplifiers. The T/R module performance goals are to achieve an overall module efficiency greater than 70% with a minimum of 30-Watts output power at L-band frequencies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Edelstein, WN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-7920-9 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2003 BP 238 EP 243 DI 10.1109/NRC.2003.1203408 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW77T UT WOS:000183138600040 ER PT B AU Butler, R Maddalon, J Geser, A Munoz, C AF Butler, R Maddalon, J Geser, A Munoz, C BE Chick, SE Sanchez, PJ Ferrin, D Morrice, DJ TI Formal analysis of air traffic management systems: The case of conflict resolution and recovery SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Stat Assoc, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE SMC, Inst Ind Engineers, INFORMS, Coll Simulat, NIST, Soc Modeling & Simulat Int AB New air traffic management concepts distribute the responsibility for traffic separation among the several actors of the aerospace system. As a consequence, these concepts move the safety risk from human controllers to the onboard software and hardware systems. One example of the new kind of distributed systems is air traffic conflict detection and resolution. Traditional methods for safety analysis such as human-in-the-loop simulations, testing, and flight experiments may not be sufficient in this highly distributed system: the set of possible scenarios is too large to have a reasonable coverage. This paper proposes a paradigm shift for the safety analysis of avionics systems where formal methods drive the development of critical systems. As a case study of this approach, we report the mechanical verification of an algorithm for air traffic conflict resolution and recovery. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Butler, R (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8131-9 PY 2003 BP 906 EP 914 DI 10.1109/WSC.2003.1261510 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BY24E UT WOS:000188415500110 ER PT B AU Reddy, BBK Kimiaghalam, B Homaifar, A AF Reddy, BBK Kimiaghalam, B Homaifar, A BE Hamdy, N TI Goal seeking with obstacle avoidance behavior for mobile robots SO Proceedings of the 46th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits & Systems, Vols 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 46th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY DEC 27-30, 2003 CL Cairo, EGYPT SP Arab Acad Sci & Technol, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc AB The objective of this paper is to briefly discuss the Goal Seeking with Obstacle Avoidance Behavior (GSOA) for Mobile Robots. Hardware and Software implementation using the Pioneer DX Robot is also discussed, The detailed implementation of the MATLAB code with Visual C++ is also provided which is the underlying methodology for the software developed. C1 N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, NASA, Autonomous Control & Informat Technol Ctr, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. RP Reddy, BBK (reprint author), N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, NASA, Autonomous Control & Informat Technol Ctr, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8294-3 PY 2003 BP 922 EP 925 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDQ83 UT WOS:000234964300228 ER PT S AU Hanna, JL Tolson, R Cianciolo, AD Dec, J AF Hanna, JL Tolson, R Cianciolo, AD Dec, J BE Harris, RA Fletcher, K TI Autonomous aerobraking at Mars SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH ESA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPACECRAFT GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th ESA International Conference on Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation and Control Systems CY OCT 22-25, 2002 CL FRASCATI, ITALY SP European Space Agcy ID GLOBAL SURVEYOR AB Aerobraking has become a proven approach for orbital missions at Mars. A launch of a 1000 kg class spacecraft on a Delta class booster saves 90% of the post-MOI fuel otherwise required to circularize the orbit. In 1997, Mars Global Surveyor demonstrated the feasibility and Mars 2001 Odyssey completed a nearly trouble free aerobraking phase in January 2002. In 2006, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will also utilize aerobraking. From the flight operations standpoint, however, aerobraking is labor intensive and high risk due to the large density variability in the Mars thermosphere. The maximum rate of aerobraking is typically limited by the maximum allowable temperature of the solar array which is the primary drag surface. Prior missions have used a surrogate variable, usually maximum free stream heat flux, as a basis for performing periapsis altitude corridor control maneuvers. This paper provide an adaptive sequential method for operationally relating measured temperatures to heat flux profile characteristics and performing maneuvers based directly on measured temperatures and atmospheric properties derived from the heat flux profiles. Simulations of autonomous aerobraking are performed using Odyssey mission data. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Hanna, JL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 365, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-826-3 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 516 BP 135 EP 142 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW77U UT WOS:000183138900021 ER PT S AU Maghami, PG Markley, FL Dennehy, CJ Houghton, MB Folkner, WM AF Maghami, PG Markley, FL Dennehy, CJ Houghton, MB Folkner, WM BE Harris, RA Fletcher, K TI Controller design for the ST7 disturbance reduction system SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH ESA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPACECRAFT GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th ESA International Conference on Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation and Control Systems CY OCT 22-25, 2002 CL FRASCATI, ITALY SP European Space Agcy AB The Space Technology 7 experiment will perform an on-orbit system-level validation of two specific Disturbance Reduction System technologies: a gravitational reference sensor employing a free-floating test mass and a set of micronewton colloidal thrusters. The Disturbance Reduction System is designed to maintain a spacecraft's position with respect to the free-floating test mass to less than 10 nm/rootHz, over the frequency range 10(-3) Hz to 10(-2) Hz. This paper presents the design and analysis of the coupled drag-free and attitude control system that closes the loop between the gravitational reference sensor and the micronewton thrusters while incorporating star tracker data at low frequencies. The effects of actuation and measurement noise and disturbances on the spacecraft and test masses are evaluated in a seven-degree-of-freedom planar model incorporating two translational and one rotational degrees of freedom for the spacecraft and two translational degrees of freedom for each test mass. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Maghami, PG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-826-3 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 516 BP 527 EP 533 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW77U UT WOS:000183138900076 ER PT S AU Barth, JL AF Barth, JL BE Fletcher, K TI Space and atmospheric environments: From low Earth orbits to deepspace SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATERIALS IN A SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS ID MODEL AB Natural space and atmospheric environments pose a difficult challenge for designers of technological systems in space. The deleterious effects of environment interactions with the systems include degradation of materials, thermal changes, contamination, excitation, spacecraft glow, charging, radiation damage, and induced background interference. Design accommodations must be realistic with minimum impact on performance while maintaining a balance between cost and risk. The goal of applied research in space environments and effects is to limit environmental impacts at low cost relative to spacecraft cost and to infuse enabling and commercial off-the-shelf technologies into space programs. The need to perform applied research to understand the space environment in a practical sense and to develop methods to mitigate these environment effects is frequently underestimated by space agencies and industry. Applied science research in this area is critical because the complexity of spacecraft systems is increasing, and they are exposed simultaneously to a multitude of space environments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Barth, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 561-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-850-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 540 BP 17 EP 30 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX81C UT WOS:000186500800002 ER PT S AU Banks, BA Miller, SKR de Groh, KK Demko, R AF Banks, BA Miller, SKR de Groh, KK Demko, R BE Fletcher, K TI Scattered atomic oxygen effects on spacecraft materials SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATERIALS IN A SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS AB Low Earth orbital (LEO) atomic oxygen cannot only erode the external surfaces of polymers on spacecraft, but can cause degradation of surfaces internal to components on the spacecraft where openings to the space environment exist. Although atomic oxygen attack on internal or interior surfaces may not have direct exposure to the LEO atomic oxygen flux, scattered impingement can have can have serious degradation effects where sensitive interior surfaces are present. The effects of atomic oxygen erosion of polymers interior to an aperture on a spacecraft is simulated using Monte Carlo computational techniques. A 2-dimensional model is used to provide quantitative indications of the attenuation of atomic oxygen flux as a function of distance into a parallel walled cavity. The degree of erosion relative is compared between the various interior locations and the external surface of a LEO spacecraft. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Banks, BA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 309-2, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-850-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 540 BP 145 EP 152 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX81C UT WOS:000186500800017 ER PT S AU de Groh, KK Banks, BA Dever, JA Hodermarsky, JC AF de Groh, KK Banks, BA Dever, JA Hodermarsky, JC BE Fletcher, K TI Use of hubble space telescope degradation data for ground-based durability projection of ePTFE on ISS SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATERIALS IN A SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS ID X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON; TEFLON(R) FEP AB Ground-based environmental durability tests have indicated that exposing materials in accelerated tests to environmental model predicted spacecraft mission exposures of known degradation sources does not simulate the extent of damage that occurs in the space environment. One approach to overcoming the difficulties in simulating the space environment using ground-based testing is to calibrate the facility using data from actual space exposed materials to determine exposure levels required to replicate degraded properties observed in space. This paper describes a ground-to-space correlation method that uses a multiple step process to determine the durability of expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) for International Space Station (ISS) applications based on ground-based x-ray irradiation and heating exposure that simulates bulk embrittlement as occurs in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) thermal insulation covering the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This method was designed to damage the back surface of equivalent thickness ePTFE to the same amount of scission damage as occurred in HST FEP (based on elongation data) and then correct for differences in ground test ionizing radiation versus space radiation effects, temperature variations, space ionizing radiation environment variations (spacecraft altitude, inclination and duration), and thickness variations. The analysis indicates that after a 10 year mission, the ISS ePTFE will have an extremely embrittled front surface, with surface cracks induced under any given strain, and a very ductile back surface. This study also found that a thermal induced strain of 0.1 will develop in the ePTFE, and under this strain condition, microscopic cracks will start developing very early in the mission at the exposed surface and develop to a depth of;: 300 pm after 10 years. C1 NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP de Groh, KK (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 309-2, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-850-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 540 BP 281 EP 290 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX81C UT WOS:000186500800034 ER PT S AU Koontz, SL Golden, JL Lorenz, MJ Pedley, MD AF Koontz, SL Golden, JL Lorenz, MJ Pedley, MD BE Fletcher, K TI Ionizing radiation effects on ISS ePTFE jacketed cable assembly SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATERIALS IN A SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS AB Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which is susceptible to embrittlement by ionizing radiation, is used as a primary material in the Mobile Transporter's (MT) Trailing Umbilical System (TUS) cable on the International Space Station (ISS). The TUS cable provides power and data service between the ISS truss and the MT. The TUS cable is normally stowed in an uptake reel and is fed out to follow the NIT as it moves along rails on the ISS truss structure. For reliable electrical and mechanical performance, TUS cable polymeric materials must be capable of >3.5% elongation without cracking or breaking. The MT TUS cable operating temperature on ISS is expected to range between -100degrees C and +130degrees C. The on-orbit functional life requirement for the MT TUS cable is 10 years. Analysis and testing were performed to verify that the NIT TUS cable would be able to meet full-life mechanical and electrical performance requirements, despite progressive embrittlement by the natural ionizing radiation environment. Energetic radiation belt electrons (trapped electrons) are the principal contributor to TUS cable radiation dose. TUS cable specimens were irradiated, in vacuum, with both energetic electrons and gamma rays. Electron beam energy was chosen to minimize charging effects on the non-conductive ePTFE (expanded PTFE) targets. Tensile testing was then performed, over the expected range of operating temperatures, as a function of radiation dose. When compared to the expected in-flight radiation dose/depth profile, atomic oxygen (AO) erosion of the radiation damaged TUS cable jacket surfaces is more rapid than the development of radiation induced embrittlement of the same surfaces. Additionally, the layered construction of the jacket prevents crack growth propagation, leaving the inner layer material compliant with the design elongation requirements. As a result, the TUS cable insulation design was verified to meet performance life requirements. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Koontz, SL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-850-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 540 BP 297 EP 301 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX81C UT WOS:000186500800036 ER PT S AU Edwards, DL Hubbs, WS Gray, PA Wertz, GE Hoppe, DT Nehls, MK Semmel, CL Albarado, TL Hollerman, WA AF Edwards, DL Hubbs, WS Gray, PA Wertz, GE Hoppe, DT Nehls, MK Semmel, CL Albarado, TL Hollerman, WA BE Fletcher, K TI Characterization of candidate solar sail materials subjected to electron radiation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATERIALS IN A SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS AB Solar sailing is a unique form of propulsion in which a spacecraft gains momentum from incident photons. Solar sails are not limited by reaction mass and provide continual acceleration, reduced only by the lifetime of the light-weight film in the space environment and the distance to the Sun. Once considered difficult or impossible, solar sailing has left the realm of science fiction for the realm of possibility. Any spacecraft using this method would need to deploy a thin sail that could be as large as many kilometers in extent. The availability of strong, ultra lightweight, and radiation-resistant materials will determine the future of solar sailing. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is concentrating research into the use of ultra light-weight materials for spacecraft propulsion. MSFC's Space Environmental Effects Team is actively characterizing candidate solar sail materials to evaluate thermo-optical and mechanical properties after exposure to space environmental effects. This paper describes irradiation of candidate materials with energetic electrons in vacuum to determine the hardness of several candidate sail materials. [Hardness is defined as the amount of electron fluence (electrons/area) required to cause the sail material to fail.] This paper describes the testing procedure and preliminary results of this investigation. Comparisons to approximate the engineering functional lifetimes of candidate sail materials will be shown. C1 NASA, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Edwards, DL (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, ED31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-850-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 540 BP 335 EP 342 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX81C UT WOS:000186500800040 ER PT S AU Mccracken, CA McCracken, CA AF Mccracken, CA McCracken, CA BE Fletcher, K TI Effects of various wavelength ranges of vacuum ultraviolet radiation on Teflon (R) FEP film SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATERIALS IN A SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment CY JUN 16-20, 2003 CL NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE AB This paper describes testing to investigate the effects of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation on Teflon(R) fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, examining differences in mechanical properties degradation for samples of 50.8 mum thickness exposed to VUV of various lower cut-off wavelengths. Samples were exposed in a high vacuum facility to VUV lamps, which produce radiation in the 115-400 nm wavelength range, but with the highest intensity produced below 200 nm. Windows of fused silica, crystalline quartz, and magnesium fluoride provided lower cut-off wavelengths of 155, 140, and 115 nm, respectively. Lamp intensity was measured in the 115-200 nm wavelength range throughout the sample exposures, and these data were used to estimate intensity and incident energy in various wavelength ranges, between 11 5 and 400 nm. Samples were analyzed for tensile strength and elongation at failure. The effects of the different wavelength ranges were compared and discussed in terms of the expected depth to which various wavelengths are deposited into FEP. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Mccracken, CA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 309-2, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-850-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 540 BP 367 EP 373 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX81C UT WOS:000186500800044 ER PT B AU Beckman, M AF Beckman, M BE Gomez, G Lo, MW Masdemont, JJ TI Orbit determination issues for libration point orbits SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON LIBRATION POINT ORBITS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Libration Point Orbits and Applications CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL GIRONA, SPAIN SP Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Catalan Govt, Univ Barcelona, Univ Polytech Catalonia, Terr Planet Finder Project, JPL, Navigator Program AB Libration point mission designers require knowledge of orbital accuracy for a variety of analyses including station keeping control strategies, transfer trajectory design, and formation and constellation control. Past publications have detailed orbit determination (OD) results from individual libration point missions. This paper collects both published and unpublished results from four previous libration point missions (ISEE-3, SOHO, ACE and MAP) supported by Goddard Space Flight Center's Guidance, Navigation & Control Center. The results of those missions are presented along with OD issues specific to each mission. All past missions have been limited to ground based tracking through NASA ground sites using standard range and Doppler measurement types. Advanced technology is enabling other OD options including onboard navigation using onboard attitude sensors and the use of the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) measurement Delta Differenced One-Way Range (DDOR). Both options potentially enable missions to reduce coherent dedicated tracking passes while maintaining orbital accuracy. With the increased projected loading of the DSN, missions must find alternatives to the standard OD scenario. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Brance, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Beckman, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Brance, Code 572, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-363-8 PY 2003 BP 1 EP 17 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BX65F UT WOS:000185996400001 ER PT B AU Condon, GL Wilson, S Ranieri, CL AF Condon, GL Wilson, S Ranieri, CL BE Gomez, G Lo, MW Masdemont, JJ TI Performance requirements and kickstage disposal options for a cislunar gateway station transfer vehicle SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON LIBRATION POINT ORBITS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Libration Point Orbits and Applications CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL GIRONA, SPAIN SP Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Catalan Govt, Univ Barcelona, Univ Polytech Catalonia, Terr Planet Finder Project, JPL, Navigator Program AB The notion of human missions to libration points has been proposed for more than a generation (1-7) . A human-tended Gateway Station at the cislunar (L(1)) libration point could support an infrastructure expanding human presence beyond low Earth orbit and serve as a staging location for human missions to the lunar surface, Mars, asteroids, and other libration points. Human occupation of the Gateway Station requires a transfer system in the form of a Libration point Transfer Vehicle (LTV) designed to ferry the crew between low Earth orbit and the Gateway Station. Assuming the LTV uses an expendable kickstage for the Earth orbit departure maneuver, a key problem in the design of such a system is the economical and safe disposal of that kickstage. After investigating the basic performance requirements for delivering the crew vehicle to L(1), several options for kickstage disposal are explored. These include: return to Earth (ocean impact), lunar surface impact, lunar swing-by into heliocentric orbit, and insertion into a long-lifetime geocentric parking orbit. If there is no radioactive or comparably hazardous material in the kickstage, results indicate that the best option from the standpoint of public safety, aesthetics, and economy is direct return to one or the other of two mid-ocean lines on the Earth surface. Because L(1) is an unstable libration point, another important problem involves potential unplanned return of the Gateway Station (or associated support spacecraft parked at L(1)), brought on by failure to perform required orbit correction maneuvers. Accordingly, another part of the study determined orbit lifetimes for vehicles at L(1) having velocities of varying magnitude and direction relative to the libration point. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Condon, GL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM gerald.l.condon1@jsc.nasa.gov; roby.wilson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-363-8 PY 2003 BP 19 EP 43 PG 25 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BX65F UT WOS:000185996400002 ER PT B AU Folta, D Beckman, M AF Folta, D Beckman, M BE Gomez, G Lo, MW Masdemont, JJ TI Libration orbit mission design: Applications of numerical and dynamical methods SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON LIBRATION POINT ORBITS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Libration Point Orbits and Applications CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL GIRONA, SPAIN SP Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Catalan Govt, Univ Barcelona, Univ Polytech Catalonia, Terr Planet Finder Project, JPL, Navigator Program AB Sun-Earth libration point orbits serve as excellent locations for scientific investigations. These orbits are often selected to minimize environmental disturbances and maximize observing efficiency. Trajectory design in support of libration orbits is ever more challenging as more complex missions are envisioned in the next decade. Trajectory design software must be further enabled to incorporate better understanding of the libration orbit solution space and thus improve the efficiency and expand the capabilities of current approaches. The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is currently supporting multiple libration missions. This end-to-end support consists of mission operations, trajectory design, and control. It also includes algorithm and software development. The recently launched Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) and upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Constellation-X missions are examples of the use of improved numerical methods for attaining constrained orbital parameters and controlling their dynamical evolution at the collinear libration points. This paper presents a history of libration point missions, a brief description of the numerical and dynamical design techniques including software used, and a sample of future GSFC mission designs. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Folta, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Guidance Navigat & Control Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Code 572, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-363-8 PY 2003 BP 85 EP 113 PG 29 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BX65F UT WOS:000185996400005 ER PT B AU Houghton, MB AF Houghton, MB BE Gomez, G Lo, MW Masdemont, JJ TI Getting to L-1 the hard way: Triana's launch options SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON LIBRATION POINT ORBITS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Libration Point Orbits and Applications CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL GIRONA, SPAIN SP Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Catalan Govt, Univ Barcelona, Univ Polytech Catalonia, Terr Planet Finder Project, JPL, Navigator Program AB Over the past four years, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has built and tested the Triana observatory, which will be the first Earth observing science satellite to take advantage of the unique perspective offered by a Lissajous orbit about the first Earth-Sun Lagrange Point (L-1). Triana was originally meant to fly on the U.S. Space Transportation System (a.k.a. the Space Shuttle), but complications with the shuttle manifest have forced Triana into a "wait and see" attitude. The observatory is currently being stored at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, where it waits for an appropriate launch opportunity to materialize. To that end, several possible alternatives have been considered, including variations on the nominal shuttle deployment scenario, a high inclination Delta-type launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, a Tsyklon class vehicle launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, and a ride on a French Ariane vehicle out of French Guiana into a somewhat arbitrary geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). This paper chronicles and outlines the pros and cons of how each of these opportunities could be used to send Triana on its way to L-1. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Houghton, MB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-363-8 PY 2003 BP 137 EP 151 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BX65F UT WOS:000185996400007 ER PT B AU Roberts, CE AF Roberts, CE BE Gomez, G Lo, MW Masdemont, JJ TI The SOHO Mission L-1 halo orbit recovery from the attitude control anomalies of 1998 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON LIBRATION POINT ORBITS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Libration Point Orbits and Applications CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL GIRONA, SPAIN SP Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Catalan Govt, Univ Barcelona, Univ Polytech Catalonia, Terr Planet Finder Project, JPL, Navigator Program AB The joint European Spare Agency (ESA) and National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) mission called the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is historically the second of five deep-space missions to be operated at one of the Sun-Earth collinear libration points by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Launched in December 1995 with a goal of revolutionizing solar science, SOHO has flown a halo-type libration point orbit (LPO) around the Sunward L-1 point since March 1996. The billion-dollar SOHO mission was intended to have a two-year minimum lifetime, followed by an extended mission phase of at least four years. However in 1998 SOHO's life was nearly cut short twice by separate, very different onboard anomalies of the most threatening natures. The first mishap, which occurred on June 25, 1998, saw SOHO lose 3-axis attitude control, with the resulting tumble severing communications with Earth. The loss of communications lasted until early August when radar signals re-discovered the practically powerless, frozen spacecraft. By that time, by chance, the slowly spinning spacecraft's non-nominal orientation was such that the solar panels were receiving some sunlight every spin period, thus enabling intermittent communications. This good fortune provided the opportunity for a rescue, and a strategy was developed for slowly, carefully thawing the spacecraft and re-charging the batteries. Delicate, extremely intensive rescue efforts conducted over the next several weeks were ultimately successful, and by the end of September 1998 the spacecraft itself was functioning nearly normally (though not yet the science instruments). Recovery operations -including a series of delta-V maneuvers to restore the decaying halo orbit- continued during the autumn of 1998, and optimism about SOHO's chances was high until the last of the gyroscopes failed just before Christmas. Though this second anomaly did not lead to another loss of the Sun-pointing attitude control as in the June event, it did lead to an autonomous fail-over of attitude control from the momentum wheels to thrusters. But the lack of gyroscopes presented a huge problem. Without them there was no way to effect the transition of attitude control back to the momentum wheels and thereby halt the attitude thrusting-thrusting that was unbalanced in terms of delta-V and gradually increasing the energy of the orbit. The continual thrusting posed a dual threat. Not only would SOHO eventually run out of fuel, but the cumulative delta-V imparted to the halo orbit -at times as much as 0.65 m/sec per day- threatened to push SOHO away from the L-1 region and into an independent and useless solar orbit. The mission appeared doomed, but after a weeks-long struggle to rescue it a second time, SOHO was once again saved. Thus two of history's most extraordinary spacecraft recoveries succeeded just half a year apart. The aspects of the rescues that this paper will address primarily concern the halo orbit. Not only are halo orbits extraordinarily sensitive to perturbations, but by their nature the delta-V costs to correct the orbit grow exponentially with the time elapsed from experiencing the perturbation. Due to the perturbations involved, both of the SOHO accidents threatened escape from the L-1 region. Hence, the mission could still have been lost despite all other efforts to re-establish control of the spacecraft's attitude and on-board functions, had personnel at GSFC's Flight Dynamics Facility (FDF) not found ways to restore the orbit while contending with numerous adverse circumstances arising from the anomalies. Among the concomitant problems faced was an inoperative closed-loop maneuver control system, and orbit determination results degraded to the point of uselessness. In response, a number of critical improvisations were devised. Of the two most important improvisations, developed following the December mishap, the first was to model the trajectory with continuous low-thrust applied. That was the only way for updating and assessing the orbit throughout the 40-day contingency. The second was a strategy for correcting the orbital energy via a time- staggered series of delta-V maneuvers designed to gradually counteract the effects of variable attitude thrusting. In sum, these were feats never before performed with a Libration Point Orbit mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Roberts, CE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-363-8 PY 2003 BP 171 EP 217 PG 47 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA BX65F UT WOS:000185996400009 ER PT S AU Orton, GS Burgdorf, MJ AF Orton, GS Burgdorf, MJ BE Metcalfe, L Salama, A Peschke, SB Kessler, MF TI Planetary spectral models as references for calibration SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON THE CALIBRATION LEGACY OF THE ISO MISSION SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Calibration Legacy of the ISO Mission CY FEB 05-09, 2001 CL MADRID, SPAIN DE planets; Mars; Neptune; Venus; Uranus ID MU-M; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; HELIUM ABUNDANCE; URANUS; NEPTUNE; MARS; SUBMILLIMETER; SURFACE; ALBEDO AB The spectra of solar-system objects have been viewed as a means to establish a calibration system for the far infrared that bridges the gap between bright infrared stars and strong radio sources. One of the earliest objects used for this purpose is the planet Mars. Although there are several problems with Mars models, most can, in fact, be overcome by devising models with an appropriate level of detail, as well as the increasing characterisation of larger and larger areas of Mars' surface by spacecraft missions over a variety of seasons. Griffin & Orton (1993) suggested Uranus, which served as a calibration source for the ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometer team. Other sources, such as minor planets and Jupiter's satellite Callisto, can be subsumed into a calibration system. For instruments with large fields of view and capable of good observations of bright objects, Jupiter itself can serve as a standard. Venus' deep atmosphere has few thermal variations in time and position that have not been well characterised by a host of interplanetary probes, and the bulk of its far-infrared through submillimetre spectrum is governed by a predictable carbon dioxide collision-induced opacity that has been characterised by ab initio quantum mechanical models. Unfortunately, Venus is both extremely bright and found inside a region that is forbidden observationally for solar avoidance. The ultimate goal of the calibration system is, in fact, to be capable of deriving spectral flux values that are trustworthy to within 1% on an absolute scale, commensurate with, or better than, the current level of confidence in the stellar standard system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Orton, GS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 169-237, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-765-8 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 481 BP 147 EP 151 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX94S UT WOS:000186908900025 ER PT S AU Sandell, G AF Sandell, G BE Metcalfe, L Salama, A Peschke, SB Kessler, MF TI Submillimetre calibration - Experience from ground-based observations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON THE CALIBRATION LEGACY OF THE ISO MISSION SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Calibration Legacy of the ISO Mission CY FEB 05-09, 2001 CL MADRID, SPAIN DE submillimetre, stars; AGB and and Post-AGB, stars; pre-main-sequence, ISM; HII regions, planets, asteroids ID SCUBA AB This paper summarises work that I have done at JCMT on submillimetre calibration. I discuss the problems in identifying and establishing a set of secondary calibrators. I give several examples of often used calibrators, which should be avoided. I discuss the secondary calibrators now in use at JCMT and give some suggestions of how this set can be expanded. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sandell, G (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, MS 144-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-765-8 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 481 BP 439 EP 442 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX94S UT WOS:000186908900087 ER PT S AU Sandell, G AF Sandell, G BE Metcalfe, L Salama, A Peschke, SB Kessler, MF TI Relevance of the ISO experience to SOFIA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON THE CALIBRATION LEGACY OF THE ISO MISSION SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Calibration Legacy of the ISO Mission CY FEB 05-09, 2001 CL MADRID, SPAIN DE SOFIA; airborne telescope; far-infrared; infrared AB SOFIA is an airborne observatory funded by NASA and DLR. A B747-SP aircraft is being modified to carry a 2.5 m telescope with a chopping secondary mirror. SOFIA will fly at an altitude of similar to 12.5 km, where the precipitable water vapour is less than 10 pm at zenith, therefore enabling observations in the near, mid, and far infrared and at submillimetre wavelengths. SOFIA will operate as a regular observatory with a set of well characterised facility instruments as well as with specialised principal investigator instruments. The facility instruments will be fully supported by SOFIA staff, and the data will be pipeline reduced and archived. SOFIA will make more than 140 flights/year, each about 8 hours long, starting in 2004. The expected lifetime of the mission is 20 years. Even though SOFIA in many respects differs from the ISO mission, it has many similarities and will encounter many of the same problems that we have heard about in this conference. Here we highlight some of the important lessons we learned during the conference week, and we hope that by learning from the ISO experience we can make SOFIA an even better observatory. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sandell, G (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, MS 144-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-765-8 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 481 BP 479 EP 483 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX94S UT WOS:000186908900095 ER PT S AU Esper, J AF Esper, J GP ESA TI The Neptune/Triton explorer mission: A concept feasibility study SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH IAA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW-COST PLANETARY MISSIONS SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IAA International Conference on Low-Cost Planetary Missions CY SEP 24-26, 2003 CL European Space Res & Technol Ctr, Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS HO European Space Res & Technol Ctr AB Technological advances over the next 10 to 15 years promise to enable a number of smaller, more capable science missions to the outer planets. With the inception of miniaturized spacecraft for a wide range of applications, both in large clusters around Earth, and for deep space missions, NASA is currently in the process of redefining the way science is being gathered. Technologies such as 3-Dimensional Multi-Chip Modules, Micro-machined Electromechanical Devices, Multi Functional Structures, miniaturized transponders, miniaturized propulsion systems, variable emissivity thermal coatings, and artificial intelligence systems are currently in research and development, and are scheduled to fly (or have flown) in a number of missions. This study will leverage on these and other technologies in the design of a lightweight Neptune orbiter unlike any other that has been proposed to date. The Neptune/Triton Explorer (NExTEP) spacecraft uses solar electric earth gravity assist and aero capture maneuvers to achieve its intended target orbit. Either a Taurus or Delta-class launch vehicle may be used to accomplish the mission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Esper, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-853-0 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 542 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY73S UT WOS:000189450900001 ER PT S AU Gladden, R Fieseler, P Waggoner, B Thornton, M Thomas, R Hwang, P AF Gladden, R Fieseler, P Waggoner, B Thornton, M Thomas, R Hwang, P GP ESA TI Coordinating UHF relay activities at Mars SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH IAA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW-COST PLANETARY MISSIONS SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IAA International Conference on Low-Cost Planetary Missions CY SEP 24-26, 2003 CL European Space Res & Technol Ctr, Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS HO European Space Res & Technol Ctr AB The Mission Management Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been tasked with coordinating the relay of data between multiple spacecraft at Mars in support of the upcoming lander/rover missions in early 2004. The confluence of 3 orbiters (Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey and Mars Express), 2 rovers (Mars Exploration Rovers A & B), and 1 lander (Beagle 2) has provided a challenging operational scenario requiring careful coordination between missions to provide the necessary support and to avoid potential interference during simultaneous relay sessions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gladden, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-853-0 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 542 BP 443 EP 450 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BY73S UT WOS:000189450900054 ER PT B AU Jun, L Ye, Q Cassell, A Koehne, J Ng, HT Han, J Meyyappan, M AF Jun, L Ye, Q Cassell, A Koehne, J Ng, HT Han, J Meyyappan, M GP IEEE IEEE TI Carbon nanotube interconnects: A process solution SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2003 INTERNATIONAL INTERCONNECT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual International Interconnect Technology Conference CY JUN 02-04, 2003 CL BURLINGAME, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB The susceptibility of common interconnect metals to electromigration at current densities of 10(6) A/cm(2) or greater has been a concern. The ITRS Roadmap [1] emphasizes interconnect technology as a critical element and calls for innovative material and process solutions. This talk will present the potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as interconnects and a processing scheme to integrate them in device fabrication. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Jun, L (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mailstop 229-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7797-4 PY 2003 BP 271 EP 272 DI 10.1109/IITC.2003.1219773 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics GA BX16F UT WOS:000184465800079 ER PT S AU Homer, ML Lim, JR Manatt, K Kisor, A Lara, L Jewell, AD Shevade, A Yen, SPS Zhou, H Ryan, MA AF Homer, ML Lim, JR Manatt, K Kisor, A Lara, L Jewell, AD Shevade, A Yen, SPS Zhou, H Ryan, MA GP IEEE TI Using temperature effects on polymer-composite sensor arrays to identify analytes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE SENSORS 2003, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Sensors LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IEEE International Conference on Sensors CY OCT 22-24, 2003 CL Toronto, CANADA SP IEEE Sensors Council DE polymer-composite; sensor; temperature; Electronic Nose ID ELECTRONIC NOSE; IDENTIFICATION AB The sensor response of six different polymer-carbon-black composite sensors to three different analytes has been investigated as a function of temperature where the temperature range is 28-36 degreesC (DeltaT is 4-8 degreesC). We tested the response of these polymer-carbon-black sensors to water, methanol and methane from 28-36 degreesC. All of the sensors showed a decrease in response to an analyte with increasing temperature; however, each sensor's response changes differently with temperature. This variation of response to temperature change creates distinct temperature-dependent fingerprints and will be useful in extending the range of data available for analyte identification and quantification. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Homer, ML (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Margie.L.Homer@jpl.nasa.gov; billcho@hotmail.com; Kenneth.S.Manatt@jpl.nasa.gov; Adam.Kisor@jpl.nasa.gov; Liana.M.Lara@jpl.nasa; April.D.Jewell@jpl.nasa.gov; Abhijit.V.Shevade@jpl.nasa.gov; Shiao-Pin.S.Yen@jpl.nasa.gov; Hanying.Zhou@jpl.nasa.gov; Margaret.A.Rvan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-0395 BN 0-7803-8133-5 J9 IEEE SENSOR PY 2003 BP 144 EP 147 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY67F UT WOS:000189435400033 ER PT S AU Homer, ML Lim, JR Manatt, K Kisor, A Manfreda, AM Lara, L Jewell, AD Yen, SPS Zhou, H Shevade, AV Ryan, MA AF Homer, ML Lim, JR Manatt, K Kisor, A Manfreda, AM Lara, L Jewell, AD Yen, SPS Zhou, H Shevade, AV Ryan, MA GP IEEE TI Temperature effects on polymer-carbon composite sensors: evaluating the role of polymer molecular weight and carbon loading SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE SENSORS 2003, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Sensors LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IEEE International Conference on Sensors CY OCT 22-24, 2003 CL Toronto, CANADA SP IEEE Sensors Council DE polymer-composite; Electronic Nose; temperature; conduction mechanism ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; BLACK AB We report the effect of temperature coupled with varying polymer molecular weight and carbon loadings on the performance of polymer-carbon black composite films, used as sensing media in the JPL Electronic Nose (ENose). While bulk electrical properties of polymer composites have been studied, with mechanisms of conductivity described by connectivity and tunneling, it is not fully understood how environmental conditions and intrinsic polymer and filler properties affect polymer composite sensor characteristics and responses. Composites of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-carbon black (CB) considered here include PEO polymers with molecular weights of 20K, 600 K and 1M. The effects of polymer molecular weight on the percolation threshold of PEO-carbon composite and incremental sensor temperature effects on PEO-carbon sensor response were investigated Results show a correlation between the polymer molecular weight and percolation threshold. Changes in sensor properties as a function of temperature are also observed at different carbon loadings; these changes may be explained by a change in conduction mechanism. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Homer, ML (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mhomer@mail1.jpl.nasa.gov; billcho@hotmail.com; kmanatt@jpl.nasa.gov; akisor@mail1.jpl.nasa.gov; Allison.M.Manfreda@jpl.nasa.gov; Liana.M.Lara@jpl.nasa.gov; ajewell@mail1.jpl.nasa.gov; Shiao-Pin.S.Yen@jpl.nasa.gov; Hanying.Zhou@jpl.nasa.gov; Abhijit.Shevade@jpl.nasa.gov; mryan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-0395 BN 0-7803-8133-5 J9 IEEE SENSOR PY 2003 BP 877 EP 881 DI 10.1109/ICSENS.2003.1279068 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY67F UT WOS:000189435400182 ER PT J AU Bushnell, DM AF Bushnell, DM TI Aircraft drag reduction - a review SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART G-JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Review DE drag reduction; viscous drag reduction; laminar flow control; wave drag reduction; drag due to lift ID TURBULENT-BOUNDARY-LAYERS; WING TIP SAILS; SUPERSONIC SPEEDS; WALL OSCILLATION; CHANNEL FLOW; FEEDBACK-CONTROL; SPIKED BODIES; LEADING-EDGE; WAVE DRAG; DESIGN AB The paper summarizes the state of the art in aeronautical drag reduction across the speed range for the 'conventional' drag components of viscous drag, drag due to lift and wave drag. It also describes several emerging drag-reduction approaches that are either active or reactive/interactive and the drag reduction potentially available from synergistic combinations of advanced configuration aerodynamics, viscous drag-reduction approaches, revolutionary structural concepts and propulsion integration. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 110, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 273 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 11 U2 43 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0954-4100 EI 2041-3025 J9 P I MECH ENG G-J AER JI Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G-J. Aerosp. Eng. PY 2003 VL 217 IS G1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1243/095441003763031789 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 675RU UT WOS:000182709900002 ER PT B AU Sharma, A Teverovsky, A AF Sharma, A Teverovsky, A BE Kalinowski, HJ Romero, MA Barbin, SE TI Evaluation of failure modes and mechanisms in thermally actuated micromachined relays for harsh environments space applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL 2003 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE AND OPTOELECTRONICS CONFERENCE - IMOC 2003, VOLS I AND II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC) CY SEP 20-23, 2003 CL Iguazu Falls, BRAZIL SP SMBO, UFPR, IEEE, MTTS, Ctr Fed Educ Tecnol Parana AB This paper reports test results on electrical characteristics, evaluation of design, failure modes, and reliability of, thermally actuated, commercially available micromachined relays. The selected parts have been characterized over a wide range of temperatures (from -100 degreesC to +180 degreesC) and varying load conditions (voltages from 10 V to 70 V, and Currents from 5 mA to 200 mA). Mechanical integrity of the parts was evaluated by subjecting them to Multiple mechanical shocks in the range from 100 G to 1000 G acceleration with LIP to 10,000 shocks. Operational life testing was performed at different contact voltages and current loads during 10(8) switching cycles. All components intended for space applications have to operate in vacuum conditions. To simulate space operation conditions, operational characteristics of the parts were monitored during vacuum testing. Typical failure modes associated with different test conditions arc discussed in this paper. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7824-5 PY 2003 BP 725 EP 730 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BY56F UT WOS:000189409000130 ER PT S AU Jorgensen, C Lee, DD Agabon, S AF Jorgensen, C Lee, DD Agabon, S GP IEEE IEEE TI Sub auditory speech recognition based on EMG signals SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS 2003, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Joint Conference on Neural Networks CY JUL 20-24, 2003 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Int Neural Network Soc, IEEE Neural Networks Soc DE EMG; sub acoustic speech; wavelet; neural network; EPG; speech recognition AB Sub acoustic electromyogram (EMG) signal classification is demonstrated as a method for silent speech recognition. Recorded electrode signals from the larynx and sublingual areas below the jaw are noise filtered and transformed into features using complex dual quad tree wavelet transforms. Feature sets for six sub acoustically pronounced words are trained using a trust region scaled conjugate gradient neural network. Real time signals for previously unseen patterns are classified into categories suitable for primitive control of graphic objects. Feature construction, recognition accuracy and an approach for extension of the technique to a variety of real world application areas are presented. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Comp Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Jorgensen, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Comp Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1098-7576 BN 0-7803-7898-9 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2003 BP 3128 EP 3133 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BX30P UT WOS:000184903300566 ER PT S AU Temi, P Mathews, WG Brighenti, F Bregman, JD AF Temi, P Mathews, WG Brighenti, F Bregman, JD BE Gry, C Peschke, SB Matagne, J GarciaLario, P Lorente, R Salama, A TI Far infrared emission from elliptical galaxies: NGC 4649, NGC 4472, and NGC 4636 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLOITING THE ISO DATA ARCHIVE: INFRARED ASTRONOMY IN THE INTERNET AGE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Exploiting the ISO Data Archive - Infrared Astronomy in the Internet Age CY JUN 24-27, 2002 CL SIGUENZA, SPAIN SP ISO Data Ctr, Diputac Guadalajara, Castilla Mancha, TeleComclm, CCM, Opticon, Minist Ciencia & Technol, CSIC, Paradores DE ISO; infrared : galaxies; galaxies : elliptical; infrared : ISM; ISM : dust ID INTERSTELLAR GRAINS; HOT GAS; DUST AB We present ISOPHOT P32 oversampled maps and P37/39 sparse maps, of three bright elliptical galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. The maps reach the limiting sensitivity of the ISOPHOT instrument at 60, 100, 170 and 200mum. Two elliptical galaxies show no emission at all far-IR ISOPHOT wavelengths at a level of few tens of mJy. The null detection provides a test of the evolution of dust in elliptical galaxies and its size distribution and composition. As previous studies have shown, in many elliptical galaxies both IRAS and ISO have detected mid-IR excess 615 micron emission relative to the stellar continuum indicating emission from circumstellar dust. Under the assumption that these dusty outflows from evolving red giant stars and planetary nebulae are continuously supplying dust to the interstellar medium, we have computed the infrared luminosity at the ISOPHOT bands appropriate for NGC4472. The null far-IR ISOPHOT observations exceed the far-IR flux expected from dust expelled from a normal old stellar population. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Temi, P (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-965-0 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2003 VL 511 BP 293 EP 296 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BX38M UT WOS:000185094400061 ER PT B AU DeCoste, D AF DeCoste, D BE Barbara, D Kamath, C TI Anytime query-tuned Kernel machines via Cholesky factorization SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD SIAM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA MINING SE SIAM PROCEEDINGS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd SIAM International Conference on Data Mining CY MAY 01-03, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA AB Kernel machines (including support vector machines) offer powerful new methods for improving the accuracy and robustness of fundamental data mining operations on challenging (e.g. high-dimensional) data, including classification, regression, dimensionality reduction, and outlier detection. However, a key tradeoff to this power is that kernel machines typically compute their outputs in terms of a large fraction of the training data, making it difficult to scale them up to train and run over massive data sets typically tackled in data mining contexts. We recently demonstrated 2 to 64-fold query-time speedups of SVM and Kernel Fisher classifiers via a new computational geometry method for anytime output bounds [4]. This new paper refines our approach in two key ways. First, we introduce a simple linear algebra formulation based on standard Cholesky factorization, yielding simpler equations and lower computational overhead. Second, this new formulation suggests new methods for achieving additional speedups, including tuning on query samples. We demonstrate effectiveness on three benchmark datasets. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Machine Learning Syst Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP DeCoste, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Machine Learning Syst Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA BN 0-89871-545-8 J9 SIAM PROC S PY 2003 BP 186 EP 193 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BX26M UT WOS:000184780800017 ER PT B AU Clancey, WJ AF Clancey, WJ BE Alterman, R Kirsh, D TI Simulating activities: Relating motives, deliberation, and attentive coordination SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY, PTS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive-Science-Society CY JUL 31-AUG 02, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP Cognit Sci Soc, Robert J Glushko & Pamela Samuelson Fdn, Army Res Lab, CHI Syst Inc, MicroAnal & Design Inc, Brandeis Univ C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM william.j.clancey@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC PUBL PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA BN 0-8058-4991-2 PY 2003 BP 34 EP 34 PG 1 WC Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA BCZ04 UT WOS:000232001900012 ER PT S AU Bordini, RH Fisher, M Visser, W Wooldridge, M AF Bordini, RH Fisher, M Visser, W Wooldridge, M BE Dastani, M Dix, J Seghrouchni, AEF TI Verifiable multi-agent programs SO PROGRAMMING MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Programming Multi-Agent Systems CY JUL 15, 2003 CL Melbourne, AUSTRALIA ID AGENT AB AgentSpeak is a reactive planning language for programming autonomous agents. It has recently been shown that model checking techniques can be applied to the verification of AgentSpeak systems, through a translation to PROMELA, the model specification language for the SPIN LTL model-checking system. In this paper, we introduce an alternative verification approach for AgentSpeak, by translating AgentSpeak to Java and then applying JPF2, a general purpose Java model checker. The primary advantage of this approach is that Java is the language of choice for most agent implementations, and the approach is thus much closer to the current practice of agent development than the PROMELA-based approach. Also, models of AgentSpeak agents represented in Java are both clearer and more natural than those given in PROMELA. We examine both alternatives by means of a practical application, provide a qualitative comparison between them, and identify some key issues for future research. C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Comp Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bordini, RH (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Comp Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. EM R.Bordini@csc.liv.ac.uk; M.Fisher@csc.liv.ac.uk; wvisser@email.arc.nasa.gov; M.J.Wooldridge@csc.liv.ac.uk RI Wooldridge, Michael/A-1329-2012; Bordini, Rafael/G-4919-2012 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-22180-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 3067 BP 72 EP 89 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BAM73 UT WOS:000222856100004 ER PT S AU Ma, L Lam, PW Kokaly, MT Jackson, JH Kobayashi, AS AF Ma, L Lam, PW Kokaly, MT Jackson, JH Kobayashi, AS BE Geni, M Kikuchi, M TI CTOA of aluminum fracture specimen SO PROGRESS IN EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering CY AUG 24-27, 2002 CL DUNHUANG, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Xinjiang Univ, Tokyo Univ Sci, Lanzhou Univ, Shaanxi Soc Theoret & Appl Mech DE CTOA; stable crack growth; dynamic crack growth; 3-D crack growth moire inteferometry; finite element analysis AB A CTOA resistance curve was generated from the moire interferometry data of thin SEN and MT, 2024-T3 aluminum fracture specimens. This CTOA resistance curve, which has a steady state value of 6degrees, was used to propagate the cracks in elastic-plastic FE models of the NIT specimen without and with a simulated multiple site damage (MSD). The CTOA of curved crack growth in a biaxial SEN specimen scattered between 4degrees to 8degrees. However, the resultant CTOD, which is the vector sum of the crack-tip opening and sliding displacements, remained a constant 0.18 mm. The CTOA of a rapidly propagating crack in 1.6-mm thick, 7075-T6 SEN specimens increased from 4.5degrees at a low crack velocity to a constant 7degrees at the terminal crack velocity. A hybrid moire-FE analysis was used to determine the CTOA of a tunneling crack in a thick SEN bend (SENB) specimen. C1 United Technol Res Ctr, Struct Integ Grp, E Hartford, CT 06108 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Orbital Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Fatigue Technol Inc, Seattle, WA 98188 USA. Idaho Natl Engn & Environm Labs, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Mech Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP United Technol Res Ctr, Struct Integ Grp, E Hartford, CT 06108 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-913-X J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2003 VL 243-2 BP 261 EP 266 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Mechanics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA BW88H UT WOS:000183458800044 ER PT S AU Li, J Kolokolov, K Ning, CZ Larraber, DC Khodaparast, GA Kono, J Ueda, K Nakajima, Y Sasa, S Inoue, M AF Li, J Kolokolov, K Ning, CZ Larraber, DC Khodaparast, GA Kono, J Ueda, K Nakajima, Y Sasa, S Inoue, M BE Weaver, BD Manasreh, OM Jagadish, C Zollner, S TI Intersubband transitions in InAs/AlSb quantum wells SO PROGRESS IN SEMICONDUCTORS II- ELECTRONIC AND OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Progress in Semiconductors II - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP AF Off Sci Res, AF Res Lab Space Sensing & Vehicle Control Branch ID SUBBAND OPTICAL-TRANSITIONS; ABSORPTION; TEMPERATURE; INAS; INTERFACE; LAYERS; GAAS AB We have studied intersubband transitions in InAs/AlSb quantum wells experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, we performed polarization-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy to measure intersubband absorption peak frequencies and linewidths as functions of temperature (from 4 K to room temperature) and quantum well width (from a few nm to 10 nm). To understand experimental results, we performed a self-consistent 8-band k.p band-structure calculation including spatial charge separation. Based on the calculated band structure, we developed a set of density matrix equations to compute TE and TM optical transitions self-consistently, including both interband and intersubband channels. This density matrix formalism is also ideal for the inclusion of various many-body effects, which are known to be important for intersubband transitions. Detailed comparison between experimental data and theoretical simulations is presented. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-681-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 744 BP 571 EP 582 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BW75R UT WOS:000183071200087 ER PT B AU Barth, JL AF Barth, JL BE Kleiman, JI Iskanderova, Z TI Space and atmospheric environments: From low Earth orbits to deep space SO PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 01-03, 2002 CL Toronto, CANADA SP USAF Off Sci Res, Mat & Mfg Ontario, MD Robot, EMS Technologies, Integr Testing Lab, CRESTech, ASM Int Ontario Chapter, Univ Toronto Inst Aerosp Studies ID MODEL AB Natural space and atmospheric environments pose a difficult challenge for designers of technological systems in space. The deleterious effects of environment interactions with the systems include degradation of materials, thermal changes, contamination, excitation, spacecraft glow, charging, radiation damage, and induced background interference. Design accommodations must be realistic with minimum impact on performance while maintaining a balance between cost and risk. The goal of applied research in space environments and effects is to limit environmental impacts at low cost relative to spacecraft cost, to infuse enabling and commercial off-the-shelf technologies into space programs. The need to perform applied research to understand the space environment in a practical sense and to develop methods to mitigate these environment effects is frequently underestimated by space agencies and industry. Applied science research in this area is critical because the complexity of spacecraft systems is increasing, and they are exposed simultaneously to a multitude of space environments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Barth, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1690-5 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2003 VL 5 BP 7 EP 29 PG 23 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY78M UT WOS:000189462400002 ER PT B AU Koontz, SL Pedley, M Mikatarian, RR Golden, J Boeder, P Kern, J Barsamian, H Minow, JI Altstatt, RL Lorenz, MJ Mayeaux, B Alred, J Soares, C Christiansen, E Schneider, T Edwards, D AF Koontz, SL Pedley, M Mikatarian, RR Golden, J Boeder, P Kern, J Barsamian, H Minow, JI Altstatt, RL Lorenz, MJ Mayeaux, B Alred, J Soares, C Christiansen, E Schneider, T Edwards, D BE Kleiman, JI Iskanderova, Z TI Materials interactions with the space environment: International space station - May 2000 to May 2002 SO PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 01-03, 2002 CL Toronto, CANADA SP USAF Off Sci Res, Mat & Mfg Ontario, MD Robot, EMS Technologies, Integr Testing Lab, CRESTech, ASM Int Ontario Chapter, Univ Toronto Inst Aerosp Studies ID LOW-EARTH-ORBIT; PLASMA INTERACTIONS; RADIATION; DEPENDENCE; FLIGHT; MODEL AB The set of materials interactions with the space flight environment that have produced the largest impacts on the verification and acceptance of flight hardware and on flight operations of the International Space Station (ISS) Program during the May 2000 to May 2002 time frame are described in this paper. In-flight data, flight crew observations, and the results of ground-based test and analysis directly supporting programmatic and operational decision-making are reported. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Koontz, SL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 102 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1690-5 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2003 VL 5 BP 31 EP 72 PG 42 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY78M UT WOS:000189462400003 ER PT B AU de Groh, KK Martin, M AF de Groh, KK Martin, M BE Kleiman, JI Iskanderova, Z TI The effect of heating on the degradation of ground laboratory and space irradiated teflon FEP SO PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 01-03, 2002 CL Toronto, CANADA SP USAF Off Sci Res, Mat & Mfg Ontario, MD Robot, EMS Technologies, Integr Testing Lab, CRESTech, ASM Int Ontario Chapter, Univ Toronto Inst Aerosp Studies ID TELESCOPE AB The outer most layer of the multilayer insulation (MLI) blankets on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is back surface aluminized Teflon(R) FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene). As seen by data collected after each of the three servicing missions and as observed during the second servicing mission (SM2), the FEP has become embrittled in the space environment, leading to degradation of the mechanical properties and severe on-orbit cracking of the FER During SM2, a sample of aluminized-FEP was retrieved from HST that had cracked and curled, exposing its aluminum backside to space. Because of the difference in optical properties between FEP and aluminum, this insulation piece reached 200degreesC on-orbit, which is significantly higher than the nominal MLI temperature extreme of 50degreesC. This piece was more brittle than other retrieved material from the first and third servicing inissions (SM1 and SM3A, respectively). Due to this observation and the fact that Teflon thermal shields on the solar array bi-stems were heated on-orbit to 130 degreesC, experiments have been conducted to determine the effect of heating on the degradation of FEP that has been irradiated in a ground laboratory facility or in space on HST. Teflon FEP samples were x-ray irradiated in a high vacuum facility in order to simulate the damage caused by radiation in the space environment. Samples of pristine FEP, x-ray irradiated FEP and FEP retrieved from the HST during SM3A were heat treated from 50 to 200degreesC at 25degrees intervals in a high vacuum facility and then tensile tested. In addition, samples were tested in a density gradient column to determine the effect of the radiation and heating on the density of FER Results indicate that although heating does not degrade the tensile properties of non-irradiated Teflon, there is a significant dependence of the percent elongation at failure of irradiated Teflon as a function of heating temperature. Irradiated Teflon was found to undergo increasing degradation in the elongation at failure as temperature was increased from room temperature to 200 degreesC. Rate of degradation changes, which were consistent with the glass I transition temperatures for FEP, appeared to be present in both tensile and density data. The results indicate the significance of the on-orbit temperature of Teflon FEP with respect to its degradation in the low Earth orbital space environment. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP de Groh, KK (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI Trexler, Morgana/E-9003-2013 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1690-5 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2003 VL 5 BP 155 EP 169 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY78M UT WOS:000189462400012 ER PT B AU Banks, BA Snyder, A Miller, SK Demko, R AF Banks, BA Snyder, A Miller, SK Demko, R BE Kleiman, JI Iskanderova, Z TI Issues and consequences of atomic oxygen undercutting of protected polymers in low Earth orbit SO PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 01-03, 2002 CL Toronto, CANADA SP USAF Off Sci Res, Mat & Mfg Ontario, MD Robot, EMS Technologies, Integr Testing Lab, CRESTech, ASM Int Ontario Chapter, Univ Toronto Inst Aerosp Studies AB Hydrocarbon polymers that are exposed to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit are slowly oxidized which results in recession of their surface. Atomic oxygen protective coatings have been developed which are both durable to atomic oxygen and effective in protecting underlying polymers. However, scratches, pin window defects, polymer surface toughness and protective coating layer configuration can result in erosion and potential failure of protected thin polymer films even though the coatings are themselves atomic oxygen durable. This paper will present issues that cause protective coatings to become ineffective in some cases yet effective in others due to the details of their specific application. Observed in-space examples of failed and successfully protected materials using identical protective thin films will be discussed and analyzed. Proposed approaches to prevent the failures that have been observed will also be presented. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Banks, BA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1690-5 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2003 VL 5 BP 235 EP 243 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY78M UT WOS:000189462400018 ER PT B AU Dever, J McCracken, C Bruckner, E AF Dever, J McCracken, C Bruckner, E BE Kleiman, JI Iskanderova, Z TI Vacuum ultraviolet radiation characterization of RF air plasma and effects on polymer films SO PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 01-03, 2002 CL Toronto, CANADA SP USAF Off Sci Res, Mat & Mfg Ontario, MD Robot, EMS Technologies, Integr Testing Lab, CRESTech, ASM Int Ontario Chapter, Univ Toronto Inst Aerosp Studies AB Radio-frequency (RF) plasma ashers have been extensively used in atomic oxygen (AO) durability screening of candidate spacecraft materials. Because RF excitation/deexcitation of a gas produces ultraviolet radiation, samples exposed to AO in the plasma asher are also exposed to ultraviolet radiation. In an effort to quantify the vacuum ultraviolet environment in the asher, this paper will describe measurements of the intensity of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation over the 115-200 nm wavelength range for a plasma asher operated on a feed gas of room air. Measurements were made in narrow bands (9-27 nm) within the 115-200 nm range and for the full 115-200 nm range. VUV intensity in the asher was compared to space solar intensity in the same wavelength ranges. Preliminary tests were conducted to examine the use of the asher as a VUV source while examining general VUV degradation trends for common polymer materials. Mechanical properties of polymer films of Kapton((R)) HN, Teflon((R)) FEP, Tefzel((R)) ZN, Mylar((R)), and polyethylene were evaluated as a function of asher VUV exposure. For these tests, samples were wrapped in aluminum foil with the gage area visible under magnesium fluoride windows in an effort to protect them from atomic oxygen while still allowing VUV radiation of wavelengths down to 115 nm to reach the samples. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Dever, J (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1690-5 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2003 VL 5 BP 335 EP 350 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY78M UT WOS:000189462400029 ER PT B AU Snyder, A Banks, BA AF Snyder, A Banks, BA BE Kleiman, JI Iskanderova, Z TI Fast three-dimensional method of modeling atomic oxygen undercutting of protected polymers SO PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM SPACE ENVIRONMENT SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 01-03, 2002 CL Toronto, CANADA SP USAF Off Sci Res, Mat & Mfg Ontario, MD Robot, EMS Technologies, Integr Testing Lab, CRESTech, ASM Int Ontario Chapter, Univ Toronto Inst Aerosp Studies AB A method is presented to model atomic oxygen erosion of protected polymers in low Earth orbit (LEO). Undercutting of protected polymers by atomic oxygen occurs in LEO due to the presence of scratch, crack or pin-window defects in the protective coatings. As a means of providing a better understanding of undercutting processes, a fast method of modeling atomic-oxygen undercutting of protected polymers has been developed. Current simulation methods often rely on computationally expensive ray-tracing procedures to track the surface-to-surface movement of individual "atoms". The method introduced in this paper replaces slow individual particle approaches by substituting a model that utilizes both a geometric configuration-factor technique, which governs the diffuse transport of atoms between surfaces, and an efficient telescoping series algorithm, which rapidly integrates the cumulative effects stemming from the numerous atomic oxygen events occurring at the surfaces of an undercut cavity. This new method facilitates the systematic study of three-dimensional undercutting by allowing rapid simulations to be made over a wide range of erosion parameters. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Snyder, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-1690-5 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2003 VL 5 BP 503 EP 513 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BY78M UT WOS:000189462400046 ER PT B AU Lee, H Kok, P Dowling, JP AF Lee, H Kok, P Dowling, JP BE Shapiro, JH Hirota, O TI Quantum imaging and metrology SO QUANTUM COMMUNICATION, MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing (QCMC 02) CY JUL 22-26, 2002 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA HO MIT ID NUMBER PATH ENTANGLEMENT; NOISE LIMITS; INTERFEROMETER; STATES; LITHOGRAPHY; LIGHT; DIFFRACTION; GENERATION; ALGORITHM AB The manipulation of quantum entanglement has found enormous potential for improving performances of devices such as gyroscopes, clocks, and even computers. Similar improvements have been demonstrated for lithography and microscopy. We present an overview of some aspects of enhancement by quantum entanglement in imaging and metrology. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quantum Comp Technol Grp, Sect 367, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quantum Comp Technol Grp, Sect 367, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 126-347, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Kok, Pieter/B-1658-2010 NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PRINCETON PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PRINCETON, NJ 07652 USA BN 1-58949-030-4 PY 2003 BP 223 EP 228 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BW77P UT WOS:000183135800047 ER PT B AU Smelyanskiy, VN Timucin, DA AF Smelyanskiy, VN Timucin, DA BE Shapiro, JH Hirota, O TI Dynamics of quantum adiabatic computation SO QUANTUM COMMUNICATION, MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing (QCMC 02) CY JUL 22-26, 2002 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA HO MIT AB We present an analysis of the performance of quantum adiabatic evolution algorithms (QAAs) for random combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) using a simple model of a COP that is directly related to the NP-complete Number Partitioning Problem. A key element of our approach is the problem landscape correlation; that is, the conditional distribution of the set of strings obtained from a given string by a fixed number of bit flips. We use this entity to describe QAA as a quantum local search and show that in our example of COP, the dynamics of the algorithm can be described as a 1D quantum diffusion process. The ground state remains extended in the energy space, thus leading to an exponential complexity for the algorithm. We discuss the possible generalizations of the presented analysis and the limitations of QAA. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Smelyanskiy, VN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PRINCETON PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PRINCETON, NJ 07652 USA BN 1-58949-030-4 PY 2003 BP 453 EP 456 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BW77P UT WOS:000183135800097 ER PT S AU Song, L Williams, CP AF Song, L Williams, CP BE Donkor, E Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI Computational synthesis of any N-qubit pure or mixed state SO QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation CY APR 21-22, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE pure; mixed; state synthesis; quantum circuit; quantum network; quantum computing ID UNIVERSAL QUANTUM COMPUTATION; CIRCUITS AB Future quantum information processing devices will require the use of exotic quantum states, such as specially crafted entangled states, to achieve certain desired computations on demand. Thus far, synthesis schemes for such states have been devised on a case-by-case basis using ad hoc techniques. In this paper we present a systematic method for finding a quantum circuit that can synthesize any pure or mixed n-qubit state. We then give examples of the use of our algorithm for finding synthesis pathways for especially exotic quantum states such as maximal mixed states. It is not known how to prepare general instances of such states by other means. Thus our quantum state synthesis algorithm should be of use not only in quantum information processing, but also in experimental quantum physics. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Williams, CP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 126-347, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4965-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5105 BP 195 EP 203 DI 10.1117/12.486347 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX48L UT WOS:000185395800021 ER PT S AU Foote, MC Krueger, TR Schofield, JT McCleese, DJ McCann, TA Jones, EW Dickie, MR AF Foote, MC Krueger, TR Schofield, JT McCleese, DJ McCann, TA Jones, EW Dickie, MR BE Razeghi, M Brown, GJ TI Space science applications of thermopile detector arrays SO QUANTUM SENSING: EVOLUTION AND REVOLUTION FROM PAST TO FUTURE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Sensing - Evolution and Revolution from Past to Future CY JAN 27-30, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE detector; infrared; thermal detector; thermopile ID LINEAR ARRAYS; PERFORMANCE AB Thermal detectors, while typically less sensitive than quantum detectors, are useful when the combination of long wavelength signals and relatively high temperature operation makes quantum detectors unsuitable. Thermal detectors are also appropriate in applications requiring flat spectral response over a broad wavelength range. JPL produces thermopile detectors and linear arrays to meet space science requirements in these categories. Thermopile detectors and arrays are currently being fabricated for two space applications. The first is the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) instrument, to fly on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, scheduled to launch in 2005. MCS is an atmospheric limb sounder utilizing nine 21-element thermopile arrays. The second application is the Earth Radiation Budget Suite (ERBS), part of the National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). This instrument measures upwelling, radiation from the earth in the spectral range 0.3-100 mum. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Foote, MC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 302-231, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4799-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4999 BP 443 EP 447 DI 10.1117/12.482474 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BX22U UT WOS:000184696000043 ER PT J AU Aires, F Rossow, WB AF Aires, F Rossow, WB TI Inferring instantaneous, multivariate and nonlinear sensitivities for the analysis of feedback processes in a dynamical system: Lorenz model case-study SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE climate sensitivities; feedback analysis; neural network ID INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS; TIME-SERIES; WATER-VAPOR AB As an alternative to classical linear feedback analysis, we present a nonlinear approach for the determination of the sensitivities of a dynamical system from observations of its variations. The new methodology consists of statistical estimates of all the pair-wise relationships among the system state variables based on a neural-network modelling of the system dynamics (its time evolution). The model can then be used to estimate the instantaneous, multivariate, nonlinear sensitivities. Classical feedback analysis is re-examined in terms of these sensitivities, which are shown to be more fundamental in the analysis of feedback processes than estimates of feedback factors and to provide a more appropriate representation of the system's behaviour. The method is described and tested on synthetic observations of the time variations of the Lorenz low-order atmospheric model where the correct sensitivities can be evaluated analytically. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. CNRS, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75700 Paris, France. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Aires, F (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. RI Rossow, William/F-3138-2015 NR 24 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 129 IS 587 BP 239 EP 275 DI 10.1256/gj.01.174 PN A PG 37 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 648PG UT WOS:000181159300013 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Tao, WK Simpson, J Lang, S AF Wang, Y Tao, WK Simpson, J Lang, S TI The sensitivity of tropical squall lines to surface fluxes: Three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ocean-atmosphere interaction; ocean surface fluxes ID TOGA-COARE; BULK PARAMETERIZATION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; MESOSCALE; EVOLUTION; LAYER; SHEAR; ORGANIZATION AB Two tropical oceanic squall lines, from the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) and the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), that developed over the west Pacific and east Atlantic, respectively, are simulated using a three-dimensional cloud-resolving model to examine the impact of surface fluxes on tropical squall line development and associated precipitation processes. The important question of how convective available potential energy (CAPE) is maintained in clear and cloudy areas in the tropics is investigated. The boundary-layer structure and evolution in the clear inflow area are also discussed. Although the cloud structure and precipitation intensity are different between the TOGA COARE and GATE squall line cases, the effects of the surface fluxes on the amount of rainfall and on the cloud development processes are quite similar. The area where surface fluxes originated was categorized into clear and cloudy regions according to whether there was cloud in the vertical column. The model results indicated that the surface fluxes from the large clear-air environment are the dominant moisture source for tropical squall line development, even though the surface fluxes in the cloud region display a large peak. The high-energy air from the boundary layer in the clear area is what feeds the convection, while the CAPE is removed by the convection. Trajectory and water budget analyses also indicate that most of the moisture (90%) is from the boundary layer of the clear-air environment. C1 Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Wang, Y (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, ATTN AMSRL CI EB, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. NR 42 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 129 IS 589 BP 987 EP 1006 DI 10.1256/qj.00.131 PN C PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661XW UT WOS:000181916000004 ER PT S AU Squire, JP Chang-Diaz, FR Jacobson, VT Glover, TW Baity, FW Carter, MD Goulding, RH Bengtson, RD Bering, EA AF Squire, JP Chang-Diaz, FR Jacobson, VT Glover, TW Baity, FW Carter, MD Goulding, RH Bengtson, RD Bering, EA BE Forest, CB TI Investigation of a light gas helicon plasma source for the VASIMR space propulsion system SO RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas CY MAY 19-21, 2003 CL MORAN, WY SP Univ Winsconsin, Amer Phys Soc ID FREQUENCY; PROBES AB An efficient plasma source producing a high-density (similar to10(19) m(-3)) light gas (e.g. H, D, or He) flowing plasma with a high degree of ionization is a critical component of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) concept. The high degree of ionization and a low neutral background pressure are important to eliminate the problem of radial loss and axial drag due to charge exchange. We have performed parametric (e.g. gas flow, power (0.5-3 kW), and magnetic field studies of a helicon operating with gas (D-2 or He) injected at one end, with a high magnetic mirror downstream of the antenna. The downstream mirror field has little effect on the exhaust flux up to a mirror ratio of 10. We have explored operation with a cusp and a mirror field upstream. The application of a cusp increases the plasma flux in the exhaust by a factor of two. Plasma flows into a large (5 m(3)) vacuum (< 10(-4) torr) chamber at velocities higher than the ion sound speed. High densities (similar to 10(19) m(-3)) have been achieved at the location where ICRF will be applied, just downstream of the magnetic mirror. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Adv Space Propuls Lab, Houston, TX 77059 USA. RP Squire, JP (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Adv Space Propuls Lab, Houston, TX 77059 USA. RI Goulding, Richard/C-5982-2016 OI Goulding, Richard/0000-0002-1776-7983 NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0158-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 694 BP 423 EP 426 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BY31U UT WOS:000188894000081 ER EF