FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Rorie, RC Kiken, A Morgan, C Billinghurst, S Morales, G Monk, K Vu, KPL Strybel, T Battiste, V AF Rorie, R. Conrad Kiken, Ariana Morgan, Corey Billinghurst, Sabrina Morales, Gregory Monk, Kevin Vu, Kim-Phuong L. Strybel, Thomas Battiste, Vernol BE Salvendy, G Smith, MJ TI A Preliminary Investigation of Training Order for Introducing NextGen Tools SO HUMAN INTERFACE AND THE MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION: INTERACTING WITH INFORMATION, PT 2 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Human Interface/14th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) CY JUL 09-14, 2011 CL Orlando, FL DE ATC; training; part-task; NextGen ID SITUATION AWARENESS; PERFORMANCE; COMPLEX; SKILLS; TASK AB Eleven students enrolled in a 16-week radar simulation course were trained on current-day and NextGen tools. The order of the training was manipulated so that half of the students received current-day training first, followed by the training on NextGen tools, while the remaining students received training on the NextGen tools first, followed by current-day training. This paper reports data from the debriefing sessions following the conclusion of the course, with the intent of determining students' reaction to the training order and their comments and suggestions for future training schedules. Results indicated that future training should start with current-day procedures and delay the introduction of NextGen tools until trainees have established fundamental air traffic management skills. C1 [Rorie, R. Conrad; Kiken, Ariana; Morgan, Corey; Billinghurst, Sabrina; Morales, Gregory; Monk, Kevin; Vu, Kim-Phuong L.; Strybel, Thomas] Calif State Univ Long Beach, Ctr Human Factors Adv Aeronaut Technol, 1250 N Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. [Battiste, Vernol] San Jose State Univ Fdn, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Rorie, RC (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Ctr Human Factors Adv Aeronaut Technol, 1250 N Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. EM robert_rorie@yahoo.com; aegkiken@gmail.com; coreyandrewmorgan@gmail.com; sabrinabillinghurst@gmail.com; gregory.morales@gmail.com; kjmonk8@yahoo.com; kvu8@csulb.edu; tstrybel@csulb.edu; vernol.battiste-1@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX09AU66A] FX This study was supported in part by NASA cooperative agreement NNX09AU66A NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-21668-8; 978-3-642-21669-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2011 VL 6772 BP 526 EP 533 PN 2 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BZS56 UT WOS:000302792800062 ER PT S AU Gilbert, H AF Gilbert, Holly BE Florinski, V Heerikhuisen, J Zank, GP Gallagher, DL TI Ion-Neutral Coupling in Solar Prominences SO PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMAS THROUGHOUT THE COSMOS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 HUNTSVILLE WORKSHOP SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Huntsville Workshop on Partially Ionized Plasmas Throughout the Cosmos CY OCT 03-08, 2010 CL Nashville, TN SP Univ Alabama, Huntsvilles Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR), NASAs Marshall Space Flight Ctr (MSFC) DE Prominences; Filaments; Abundances; Diffusion ID DIFFUSION AB Interactions between ions and neutrals in a partially ionized plasma are important throughout heliophysics, including near the solar surface in prominences. Understanding how ion-neutral coupling affects formation, support, structure, and dynamics of prominences will advance our physical understanding of magnetized systems involving a transition from a weakly ionized dense gas to a fully ionized tenuous plasma. We address the fundamental physics of prominence support, which is normally described in terms of a magnetic force on the prominence plasma that balances the solar gravitational force, and the implications for observations. Because the prominence plasma is only partially ionized, it is necessary to consider the support of the both the ionized and neutral components. Support of the neutrals is accomplished through a frictional interaction between the neutral and ionized components of the plasma, and its efficacy depends strongly on the degree of ionization of the plasma. More specifically, the frictional force is proportional to the relative flow of neutral and ion species, and for a sufficiently weakly ionized plasma, this flow must be relatively large to produce a frictional force that balances gravity. A large relative flow, of course, implies significant draining of neutral particles from the prominence. We evaluate the importance of this draining effect for a hydrogen-helium plasma, and consider the observational evidence for cross-field diffusion of neutral prominence material. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gilbert, H (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 670, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI Zank, Gary P/0000-0002-4642-6192 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0926-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1366 DI 10.1063/1.3625583 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BZT56 UT WOS:000302913100001 ER PT S AU Nishikawa, KI Niemiec, J Medvedev, M Zhang, B Hardee, P Nordlund, A Frederiksen, J Mizuno, Y Sol, H Pohl, M Hartmann, DH Fishman, GJ AF Nishikawa, K. -I. Niemiec, J. Medvedev, M. Zhang, B. Hardee, P. Nordlund, A. Frederiksen, J. Mizuno, Y. Sol, H. Pohl, M. Hartmann, D. H. Fishman, G. J. BE Florinski, V Heerikhuisen, J Zank, GP Gallagher, DL TI Simulation of Relativistic Shocks and Associated Self-consistent Radiation SO PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMAS THROUGHOUT THE COSMOS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 HUNTSVILLE WORKSHOP SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Huntsville Workshop on Partially Ionized Plasmas Throughout the Cosmos CY OCT 03-08, 2010 CL Nashville, TN SP Univ Alabama, Huntsvilles Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR), NASAs Marshall Space Flight Ctr (MSFC) DE Acceleration of particles; Galaxies; Jets; Gamma rays bursts; Magnetic fields; Plasmas; Shock waves; Radiation ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; WEIBEL INSTABILITY; SYNTHETIC SPECTRA; EARLY AFTERGLOWS; PROMPT EMISSION; FIREBALL MODEL; WAVES AB Using our new 3-D relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) code parallelized with MPI, we investigated long-term particle acceleration associated with a relativistic electron-positron jet propagating into an unmagnetized ambient electron-positron plasma. The simulations were performed using a much longer simulation system than our previous simulations in order to investigate the full nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability and its particle acceleration mechanism. Cold jet electrons are thermalized and ambient electrons are accelerated in the resulting shocks. Acceleration of ambient electrons leads to a maximum ambient electron density three times larger than the original value as predicted by hydrodynamic shock compression. In the jet (reverse) shock behind the bow (forward) shock the strongest electromagnetic fields are generated. These fields may lead to time dependent afterglow emission. In order to calculate radiation from first principles that goes beyond the standard synchrotron model used in astrophysical objects we have used PIC simulations. Initially we calculated radiation from electrons propagating in a uniform parallel magnetic field to verify the technique. We then used the technique to calculate emission from electrons in a small simulation system. From these simulations we obtained spectra which are consistent with those generated from electrons propagating in turbulent magnetic fields with red noise. This turbulent magnetic field is similar to the magnetic field generated at an early nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability. A fully developed shock within a larger simulation system may generate a jitter/synchrotron spectrum. C1 [Nishikawa, K. -I.; Mizuno, Y.] Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Niemiec, J.] Inst Nucl Phys PAN, Krakow 31342, Poland. [Medvedev, M.] Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Zhang, B.] Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Hardee, P.] Univ Alabama, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. [Nordlund, A.; Frederiksen, J.] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Nanjing 2100, Peoples R China. [Sol, H.] LUTH, F-92195 Meudon, France. [Pohl, M.] Univ Potsdam, Inst Phys & Astron, DESY, D-14476 Golm, Germany. [Hartmann, D. H.] Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Fishman, G. J.] NASA, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Nishikawa, KI (reprint author), Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RI Mizuno, Yosuke/D-5656-2017 OI Mizuno, Yosuke/0000-0002-8131-6730 FU NSF [AST-0506719, AST-0506666, AST 0908040, AST- 0908010]; NASA [NNG05GK73G, NNX07AJ88G, NNX08AG83G, NNX 08AL39G, NNX09AD16G]; MNiSW [1 P03D 003 29, N N203 393034]; The Foundation for Polish Science through the HOMING program; EEA Financial Mechanism; Columbia facility at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS); Ember at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA); Niels Bohr Institute; Danish Natural Science Research Council; "Particle Acceleration in Astrophysical Plasmas" at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics; National Science Foundation [PHY05-51164] FX This work is supported by NSF-AST-0506719, AST-0506666, AST 0908040, AST- 0908010, NASA-NNG05GK73G, NNX07AJ88G, NNX08AG83G, NNX 08AL39G, and NNX09AD16G. JN was supported by MNiSW research projects 1 P03D 003 29 and N N203 393034, and The Foundation for Polish Science through the HOMING program, which is supported through the EEA Financial Mechanism.Simulations were performed at the Columbia facility at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS). and Ember at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) which is supported by the NSF. Part of this work was done while K.-I. N. was visiting the Niels Bohr Institute. Support from the Danish Natural Science Research Council is gratefully acknowledged. This report was finalized during the program Particle Acceleration in Astrophysical Plasmas at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics which is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY05-51164. NR 49 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0926-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1366 DI 10.1063/1.3625602 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BZT56 UT WOS:000302913100020 ER PT S AU Webb, GM Hu, Q Dasgupta, B Zank, GP Roberts, DA AF Webb, G. M. Hu, Q. Dasgupta, B. Zank, G. P. Roberts, D. A. BE Florinski, V Heerikhuisen, J Zank, GP Gallagher, DL TI Magnetic Helicity of the Parker Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Alfven Simple Waves SO PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMAS THROUGHOUT THE COSMOS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 HUNTSVILLE WORKSHOP SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Huntsville Workshop on Partially Ionized Plasmas Throughout the Cosmos CY OCT 03-08, 2010 CL Nashville, TN SP Univ Alabama, Huntsvilles Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR), NASAs Marshall Space Flight Ctr (MSFC) DE Magnetic helicity; Magnetic fields; Magnetohydrodynamics; Waves; Solar wind ID SOLAR-WIND AB We discuss the relative magnetic helicity of (a) the Parker [1] interplanetary spiral magnetic field, and (b) multi-dimensional simple Alfven waves in the solar wind. We discuss the different forms of the magnetic vector potential A using either (a) the Coulomb gauge associated with solving a Poisson equation for A, in which the current acts as a source, (b) by using the homotopy form of A or (c) using a poloidal-toroidal decomposition of the magnetic field B. For the Parker field, we show that the relative helicity for a hemispherical volume north of the current sheet is negative, and the relative helicity for a similar volume south of the current sheet is positive. The relative helicity is also calculated in terms of the linkage of the poloidal and toroidal magnetic flux. These results extend the results of Bieber et al. [2] on the magnetic helicity of the Parker field, and are related to the helicity injection rate into the solar wind determined by Berger and Ruzmaikin [3]. Similar methods are used to determine the magnetic helicity for fully nonlinear Alfven waves in the solar wind for which the magnetic field B has a constant magnitude, and the hodograph of B moves on a sphere. The solutions have vertical bar B vertical bar = const. hodographs, similar to nonlinear Alfven waves observed in the solar wind by Bruno et al. [4], Roberts and Goldstein [5] and Gosling et al. [6]. Both shear and 2D torsional Alfven waves are investigated. C1 [Webb, G. M.; Hu, Q.; Dasgupta, B.; Zank, G. P.] Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Roberts, D. A.] NASA, Heliophys Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zank, G. P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Webb, GM (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. OI Zank, Gary P/0000-0002-4642-6192 FU NASA [NN05GG83G, NNX07AO73G, NNX08AH46G]; NSF [ATM-03-17509, ATM-04-28880] FX GMW and GPZ were supported in part by NASA grants NN05GG83G and NSF grant nos. ATM-03-17509 and ATM-04-28880. QH, BD and GMW were supported in part by NASA grants NNX07AO73G and NNX08AH46G. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0926-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1366 DI 10.1063/1.3625587 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BZT56 UT WOS:000302913100005 ER PT S AU Weisskopf, MC AF Weisskopf, Martin C. BE Florinski, V Heerikhuisen, J Zank, GP Gallagher, DL TI The Chandra X-Ray Observatory and its Role for the Study of Ionized Plasmas SO PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMAS THROUGHOUT THE COSMOS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 HUNTSVILLE WORKSHOP SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Huntsville Workshop on Partially Ionized Plasmas Throughout the Cosmos CY OCT 03-08, 2010 CL Nashville, TN SP Univ Alabama, Huntsvilles Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR), NASAs Marshall Space Flight Ctr (MSFC) DE X-Ray Astronomy; X-ray spectroscopy ID SUPERNOVA REMNANT; CASSIOPEIA-A; ABSORPTION AB NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory was launched in July of 1999. Featuring a 1000cm(2)-class X-ray telescope with sub-arcsecond angular resolution, the Observatory has observed targets from the solar system including the Earth's moon, comets, and planets to the most distant galaxy clusters and active galactic nuclei. Capable of performing moderate energy resolution image-resolved spectroscopy using its CCD detectors, and high-resolution grating spectroscopy, the Observatory has produced, and continues to produce, valuable data and insights into the emission mechanisms of the ionized plasmas in which the X-rays originate. We present an overview admittedly brief of the Observatory to provide insight as to how to use it for your investigations. We also present an, admittedly brief and biased, of some of the results of investigations performed with Chandra that may be of interest to this audience. C1 NASA MSFC, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Weisskopf, MC (reprint author), NASA MSFC, Dept Space Sci, VP62,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0926-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1366 DI 10.1063/1.3625600 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BZT56 UT WOS:000302913100018 ER PT S AU Zenitani, S Hesse, M Klimas, A AF Zenitani, Seiji Hesse, Michael Klimas, Alex BE Florinski, V Heerikhuisen, J Zank, GP Gallagher, DL TI Fluid and Magnetofluid Modeling of Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection SO PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMAS THROUGHOUT THE COSMOS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 HUNTSVILLE WORKSHOP SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Huntsville Workshop on Partially Ionized Plasmas Throughout the Cosmos CY OCT 03-08, 2010 CL Nashville, TN SP Univ Alabama, Huntsvilles Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res (CSPAR), NASAs Marshall Space Flight Ctr (MSFC) DE Magnetic reconnection; relativistic plasmas ID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; PAIR PLASMAS; GUIDE FIELD; INSTABILITY; EVOLUTION; MHD AB The fluid-scale evolution of relativistic magnetic reconnection is investigated by using two-fluid and magnetofluid simulation models. Relativistic two-fluid simulations demonstrate the meso-scale evolution beyond the kinetic scales, and exhibit quasisteady Petschek-type reconnection. Resistive relativistic MHD simulations further show new shock structures in and around the downstream magnetic island (plasmoid). General discussions on these models are presented. C1 [Zenitani, Seiji; Hesse, Michael; Klimas, Alex] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zenitani, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI NASA MMS, Science Team/J-5393-2013 OI NASA MMS, Science Team/0000-0002-9504-5214 NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0926-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1366 DI 10.1063/1.3625599 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BZT56 UT WOS:000302913100017 ER PT J AU Tucker, CJ Yager, KA AF Tucker, Compton James Yager, Karina Anne TI Ten Years of MODIS in space: lessons learned and future perspectives SO ITALIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING-RIVISTA ITALIANA DI TELERILEVAMENTO LA English DT Article DE MODIS; Terra; Aqua; Land Products; Climate ID VEGETATION INDEXES; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; MONITORING VEGETATION; SPOT-VEGETATION; VALIDATION; PRODUCTS; ALBEDO; ALGORITHM; CONSISTENCY; INSTRUMENT AB The MODIS instruments, onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, provide data to observe the Earth's land, ice, ocean, and atmosphere with unprecedented accuracy. Since the launch of Terra in 1999 and Aqua in 2002, there has been systematic data collection, calibration, product production, and dissemination of MODIS products to global users. MODIS satellite data and products have contributed remarkably to our ability to understand the Earth's coupled land-ocean-atmosphere system, to document with improved accuracies the evolution of climate, and to facilitate rapid response to natural disasters. This paper provides an overview of MODIS and highlights its contributions to Earth science research with a focus on land products and applications. C1 [Tucker, Compton James; Yager, Karina Anne] NASA, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tucker, CJ (reprint author), NASA, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM compton.j.tucker@nasa.gov NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASSOC ITALIANA TELERILEVAMENTO PI FIRENZE PA UNIV DEGLI STUDI FIRENZE, DIPT SCI TERRA, VIA JACOPO NARDI, FIRENZE, 50132, ITALY SN 1129-8596 J9 ITAL J REMOTE SENS JI Ital. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 43 IS 3 BP 7 EP 18 DI 10.5721/ItJRS20114331 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 920JT UT WOS:000302401300002 ER PT S AU Bryson, S Epshteyn, Y Kurganov, A Petrova, G AF Bryson, Steve Epshteyn, Yekaterina Kurganov, Alexander Petrova, Guergana BE Simos, TE TI Central-Upwind Scheme on Triangular Grids for the Saint-Venant System of Shallow Water Equations SO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2011: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS, VOLS A-C SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics (ICNAAM) CY SEP 19-25, 2011 CL Halkidiki, GREECE SP European Soc Computat Methods Sci & Engn (ESCMSE), R M Santilli Fdn, ACC I S DE Hyperbolic systems of conservation and balance laws; semi-discrete central-upwind schemes; Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations ID HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS; SOURCE TERMS; WENO SCHEMES; FLOWS; ORDER; ACCURACY; LAWS AB We consider a novel second-order central-upwind scheme for the Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations on triangular grids which was originally introduced in [3]. Here, in several numerical experiments we demonstrate accuracy, high resolution and robustness of the proposed method. C1 [Bryson, Steve] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Epshteyn, Yekaterina] Univ Utah, Dept Math, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Kurganov, Alexander] Tulane Univ, Math Dept, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. [Petrova, Guergana] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Math, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Bryson, S (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Stephen.T.Bryson@nasa.gov; epshteyn@math.utah.edu; kurganov@math.tulane.edu; gpetrova@math.tamu.edu NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0956-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1389 DI 10.1063/1.3636823 PG 4 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BZO50 UT WOS:000302239800168 ER PT S AU Ruzmaikin, A Feynman, J AF Ruzmaikin, A. Feynman, J. BE Rashid, H Polyak, L MosleyThompson, E TI The 1500 Year Quasiperiodicity During the Holocene SO ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE: MECHANISMS, PATTERNS, AND IMPACTS SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SOLAR-CYCLE; OSCILLATIONS; CIRCULATION; ORIGIN AB We investigate the quasiperiodic 1500 year oscillation in climate during the Holocene and its relation to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Our data analyses of paleodata reveal the nonlinear nature of this oscillation. The data analysis also indicates that the AMOC has two major equilibrium states characterized by a weak and a strong meridional flow in accord with modeling. Based on the results of the data analysis and earlier ideas about the origin of the 1500 year oscillation, we suggest a conceptual model explaining its origin. The model includes two basic equilibrium states. Transitions between the states are driven by noise and the combined action of the ocean centennial variability and the 90 year solar variability. We briefly discuss a relationship of the 1500 year millennium oscillation to the global warming problem. C1 [Ruzmaikin, A.; Feynman, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ruzmaikin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alexander.Ruzmaikin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-484-9 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2011 VL 193 BP 161 EP 171 DI 10.1029/2010GM001024 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BYW61 UT WOS:000300647000010 ER PT S AU Jones, CE Minchew, B Holt, B Hensley, S AF Jones, Cathleen E. Minchew, Brent Holt, Benjamin Hensley, Scott BE Liu, Y MacFadyen, A Ji, ZG Weisberg, RH TI Studies of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill With the UAVSAR Radar SO MONITORING AND MODELING THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL: A RECORD-BREAKING ENTERPRISE SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID TARGET DECOMPOSITION-THEOREMS; SURFACE-FILMS; POLARIMETRIC SAR; OCEAN SURFACE; WIND; SIGNATURES; WAVES AB On 22-23 June 2010, the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) L band radar imaged the Deep water Horizon oil spill and the effects of oil that was transported within the Gulf of Mexico. We describe the campaign and discuss the unique contributions of the UAVSAR radar to the study of the detection, migration, and impact of oil from the spill. We present an overview of UAVSAR data analyses that support the original science goals of the campaign, namely, (1) algorithm development for oil slick detection and characterization, (2) mapping of oil intrusion into coastal wetlands and intercoastal waterways, and (3) ecosystem impact studies. Our study area focuses on oil-affected wetlands in Barataria Bay, Louisiana. The results indicate that fine resolution, low-noise, L band radar can detect surface oil-on-water with sufficient sensitivity to identify regions in a slick with different types of oil/emulsions and/or oil coverage; identify oil on waters in inland bays and differentiate mixed/weathered oil from fresh oil as it moves into the area; identify areas of potentially impacted wetlands and vegetation in the marshes; and support the crisis response through location of compromised booms and heavily oiled beaches. C1 [Jones, Cathleen E.; Holt, Benjamin; Hensley, Scott] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Minchew, Brent] CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Jones, CE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM cathleen.jones@jpl.nasa.gov NR 30 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-485-6 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2011 VL 195 BP 33 EP 50 DI 10.1029/2011GM001113 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BYW60 UT WOS:000300646700005 ER PT S AU Shay, LK Jaimes, B Brewster, JK Meyers, P McCaskill, EC Uhlhorn, E Marks, F Halliwell, GR Smedstad, OM Hogan, P AF Shay, Lynn K. Jaimes, Benjamin Brewster, Jodi K. Meyers, Patrick McCaskill, E. Claire Uhlhorn, Eric Marks, Frank Halliwell, George R., Jr. Smedstad, Ole Martin Hogan, Patrick BE Liu, Y MacFadyen, A Ji, ZG Weisberg, RH TI Airborne Ocean Surveys of the Loop Current Complex From NOAA WP-3D in Support of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill SO MONITORING AND MODELING THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL: A RECORD-BREAKING ENTERPRISE SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; EQUIVALENT POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE; VERTICAL COORDINATE; ANTICYCLONIC RINGS; CYCLONIC EDDIES; HURRICANE-OPAL; MODEL HYCOM; PROPAGATION; VARIABILITY; COMPUTATION AB At the time of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion, the Loop Current (LC), a warm ocean current in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), extended to 27.5 degrees N just south of the rig. To measure the regional scale variability of the LC, oceanographic missions were flown on a NOAA WP-3D research aircraft to obtain ocean structural data during the spill and provide thermal structure profiles to ocean forecasters aiding in the oil spill disaster at 7 to 10 day intervals. The aircraft flew nine grid patterns over the eastern GoM between May and July 2010 deploying profilers to measure atmospheric and oceanic properties such as wind, humidity, temperature, salinity, and current. Ocean current profilers sampled as deep as 1500 m, conductivity, temperature, and depth profilers sampled to 1000 m, and bathythermographs sampled to either 350 or 800 m providing deep structural measurements. Profiler data were provided to modeling centers to predict possible trajectories of the oil and vector ships to regions of anomalous signals. In hindcast mode, assimilation of temperature profiles into the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model improved the fidelity of the simulations by reducing RMS errors by as much as 30% and decreasing model biases by half relative to the simulated thermal structure from models that assimilated only satellite data. The synoptic snapshots also provided insight into the evolving LC variability, captured the shedding of the warm core eddy Franklin, and measured the small-scale cyclones along the LC periphery. C1 [Shay, Lynn K.; Jaimes, Benjamin; Brewster, Jodi K.; Meyers, Patrick; McCaskill, E. Claire] Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Halliwell, George R., Jr.] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Hogan, Patrick] USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Uhlhorn, Eric; Marks, Frank] NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Smedstad, Ole Martin] QinetiQ N Amer, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Shay, LK (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM nshay@rsmas.miami.edu RI Uhlhorn, Eric/B-1336-2014; Halliwell, George/B-3046-2011; Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; OI Uhlhorn, Eric/0000-0002-4759-5342; Halliwell, George/0000-0003-4216-070X; Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Jaimes, Benjamin/0000-0002-5286-0972 NR 49 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-485-6 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2011 VL 195 BP 131 EP 151 DI 10.1029/2011GM001101 D2 10.1029/GM195 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BYW60 UT WOS:000300646700013 ER PT S AU Kwok, R Untersteiner, N AF Kwok, Ronald Untersteiner, Norbert BE Hafemeister, D Kammen, D Levi, BG Schwartz, P TI The Thinning of Arctic Ice SO PHYSICS OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY II: USING ENERGY EFFICIENTLY AND PRODUCING IT RENEWABLY SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics of Sustainable Energy II - Using Energy Efficiently and Producing It Renewably CY MAR 05-06, 2011 CL Berkeley, CA SP Amer Phys Soc Forum Phys & Soc, Amer Assoc Phys Teachers, Amer Phys Soc Top Grp Energy Res & Applicat ID SEA-ICE; MODEL AB The surplus heat needed to explain the loss of Arctic sea ice during the past few decades is on the order of 1 W/m(2). Observing, attributing, and predicting such a small amount of energy remain daunting problems. C1 [Kwok, Ronald] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Untersteiner, Norbert] Univ Washington, Washington, DC USA. RP Kwok, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0972-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1401 DI 10.1063/1.3653854 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Physics GA BZL97 UT WOS:000301975900013 ER PT S AU L'Ecuyer, TS Jiang, JH AF L'Ecuyer, Tristan S. Jiang, Jonathan H. BE Hafemeister, D Kammen, D Levi, BG Schwartz, P TI Touring the Atmosphere Aboard the A-Train SO PHYSICS OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY II: USING ENERGY EFFICIENTLY AND PRODUCING IT RENEWABLY SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics of Sustainable Energy II - Using Energy Efficiently and Producing It Renewably CY MAR 05-06, 2011 CL Berkeley, CA SP Amer Phys Soc Forum Phys & Soc, Amer Assoc Phys Teachers, Amer Phys Soc Top Grp Energy Res & Applicat ID CLOUDS; PRECIPITATION; AEROSOLS; MISSION; SYSTEM AB A convoy of satellites orbiting Earth measures cloud properties, greenhouse gas concentrations, and more to provide a multifaceted perspective on the processes that affect climate. C1 [L'Ecuyer, Tristan S.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Jiang, Jonathan H.] CALTECH, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP L'Ecuyer, TS (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI L'Ecuyer, Tristan/C-7040-2013 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0972-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1401 DI 10.1063/1.3653856 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Physics GA BZL97 UT WOS:000301975900015 ER PT J AU Chigier, N Bachalo, W Reitz, R Bellan, J Herrmann, M AF Chigier, N. Bachalo, W. Reitz, R. Bellan, J. Herrmann, M. TI SPRAY CONTROL FOR MAXIMIZING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING EMISSION IN COMBUSTION ENGINES SO ATOMIZATION AND SPRAYS LA English DT Article DE spray combustion; experiment; simulation ID DISPERSED 2-PHASE FLOWS; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; PRIMARY ATOMIZATION; CODE VERIFICATION; NEAR-FIELD; VELOCITY; SURFACE; JET; ISSUES; SIZE AB Combustion engines for automotive, locomotive, land, ships, and aircraft utilize liquid fuel injected into combustion chambers. Projected increases in the price of fuel and the effects of emissions on pollution and climate change are requiring increased efforts to increase combustion and energy efficiency within combustion chambers together with minimizing emission of particulates, including oxides of nitrogen and sulfur and other pollutants, including CO2. The question that is being addressed is how research can contribute to the objective of improving the efficiency of engines using liquid fuel and reducing the amount of pollutants generated in the energy conversion process by control of drop size, velocity, and trajectory and local air/fuel mixture ratios which have a dominant influence on ignition, combustion, and exhaust emissions. Basic predictions of global spray combustion phenomena may not result in sufficient understanding that can lead to the necessary improvements. Advancing our knowledge of the associated phenomena with careful experimentation and modeling can hold the key to a deeper understanding of the involved processes and thus can result in the required improvements. This paper provides a brief overview of the current state and challenges in some of the key research areas related to understanding the processes involved in liquid fuel combustion. It represents a summary of a Forum discussion titled "Spray Control for Maximizing Energy Efficiency and Reducing Emission in Combustion Engines" held at the ILASS-Americas 22nd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems in Cincinnati, Ohio. C1 [Chigier, N.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Bachalo, W.] Artium Technol Inc, Sunnyvale, CA USA. [Reitz, R.] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Engine Res Ctr, Madison, WI USA. [Bellan, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Herrmann, M.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Engn Matter Transport & Energy, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Chigier, N (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM chigier@andrew.cmu.edu RI Herrmann, Marcus/B-8532-2009 OI Herrmann, Marcus/0000-0003-0603-7448 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Government sponsorship is acknowledged. NR 57 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 15 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1044-5110 J9 ATOMIZATION SPRAY JI Atom. Sprays PY 2011 VL 21 IS 7 BP 553 EP 574 PG 22 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 914XS UT WOS:000301987600002 ER PT S AU van de Weygaert, R Kreckel, K Platen, E Beygu, B van Gorkom, JH van der Hulst, JM Aragon-Calvo, MA Peebles, PJE Jarrett, T Rhee, G Kovac, K Yip, CW AF van de Weygaert, R. Kreckel, K. Platen, E. Beygu, B. van Gorkom, J. H. van der Hulst, J. M. Aragon-Calvo, M. A. Peebles, P. J. E. Jarrett, T. Rhee, G. Kovac, K. Yip, C. -W. BE Ferreras, I Pasquali, A TI The Void Galaxy Survey SO ENVIRONMENT AND THE FORMATION OF GALAXIES: 30 YEARS LATER: PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM 2 OF JENAM 2010 SE Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium 2 on Environment and the Formation of Galaxies: 30 Years Later CY SEP 06-07, 2010 CL JENAM, Lisbon, PORTUGAL SP Royal Astronom Soc, Max Planck Inst Astronom HO JENAM ID DWARF GALAXIES; COSMIC WEB; UNIVERSE; EVOLUTION; BOOTES; FIELDS AB The Void Galaxy Survey (VGS) is a multi-wavelength program to study similar to 60 void galaxies. Each has been selected from the deepest interior regions of identified voids in the SDSS redshift survey on the basis of a unique geometric technique, with no a prior selection of intrinsic properties of the void galaxies. The project intends to study in detail the gas content, star formation history and stellar content, as well as kinematics and dynamics of void galaxies and their companions in a broad sample of void environments. It involves the HI imaging of the gas distribution in each of the VGS galaxies. Amongst its most tantalizing findings is the possible evidence for cold gas accretion in some of the most interesting objects, amongst which are a polar ring galaxy and a filamentary configuration of void galaxies. Here we shortly describe the scope of the VGS and the results of the full analysis of the pilot sample of 15 void galaxies. C1 [van de Weygaert, R.; Platen, E.; Beygu, B.; van der Hulst, J. M.] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, Groningen, Netherlands. [Kreckel, K.; van Gorkom, J. H.] Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Aragon-Calvo, M. A.; Yip, C. -W.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Peebles, P. J. E.] Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Jarrett, T.] CALTECH, JPL, Spitzer Sci Ctr, IPAC, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Rhee, G.] UNLV, Dept Phys & Astron, Las Vegas 89154, NV USA. [Kovac, K.] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP van de Weygaert, R (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, Groningen, Netherlands. RI Kreckel, Kathryn/C-3468-2012 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1570-6591 BN 978-3-642-20284-1 J9 ASTROPHYSICS SPACE PY 2011 BP 17 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-642-20285-8_3 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BZM06 UT WOS:000301987300003 ER PT S AU Souza, M Borges, M d'Amorim, M Pasareanu, CS AF Souza, Matheus Borges, Mateus d'Amorim, Marcelo Pasareanu, Corina S. BE Bobaru, M Havelund, K Holzmann, GJ Joshi, R TI CORAL: Solving Complex Constraints for Symbolic Path Finder SO NASA FORMAL METHODS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd NASA Formal Methods Symposium CY APR 18-20, 2011 CL Pasadena, CA ID GENERATION AB Symbolic execution is a powerful automated technique for generating test; cases. Its goal is to achieve high coverage of software. One major obstacle in adopting the technique in practice is its inability to handle complex mathematical constraints. To address the problem, we have integrated CORAL's heuristic solvers into NASA Ames' Symbolic Path Finder symbolic execution tool. CORAL's solvers have been designed to deal with mathematical constraints and their heuristics have been improved based on examples from the aerospace domain. This integration significantly broadens the application of Symbolic PathFinder at NASA and in industry. C1 [Souza, Matheus; Borges, Mateus; d'Amorim, Marcelo] Univ Fed Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. [Pasareanu, Corina S.] NASA Ames Res Ctr, CMU SV, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Souza, M (reprint author), Univ Fed Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. EM mbas@cin.ufpe.br; mab@cin.ufbe.br; damorim@cin.ufpe.br; corina.s.pasareanu@nasa.gov FU National Institute of Science and Technology for Software Engineering (INES3); CNPq; FACEPE [573964/2008-4, APQ-1037-1.03/08.]; CNPQ fellowship [118428/2010-1] FX This work was partially supported by the National Institute of Science and Technology for Software Engineering (INES3), funded by CNPq and FACEPE, grants 573964/2008-4 and APQ-1037-1.03/08. Matheus Souza is supported by the CNPQ fellowship 118428/2010-1 NR 15 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-20397-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2011 VL 6617 BP 359 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BZL63 UT WOS:000301947700026 ER PT S AU Holzmann, GJ AF Holzmann, Gerard J. BE Abdulla, PA Leino, KRM TI Reliable Software Development: Analysis-Aware Design SO TOOLS AND ALGORITHMS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference of Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems CY MAR 26-APR 03, 2011 CL Saarbrucken, GERMANY SP AbsInt Angewandte Informatik Gmbh, Microsoft Res, Robert Bosch Gmbh, IDS Scheer AG/Software AG, T Syst Enterprise Serv Gmbh, IBM Res, GwSaar Gesellschaft Wirtschaftsforderung Saar Mbh, Springer Verlag Gmbh, Elsevier BV AB The application of formal methods in software development does not have to be an all-or-nothing proposition. Progress can be made with the introduction of relatively unobtrusive techniques that simplify analysis. This approach is meant replace traditional analysis-agnostic coding with an analysis-aware style of software development. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Holzmann, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-19834-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2011 VL 6605 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BZK22 UT WOS:000301820100001 ER PT S AU Chamis, CC AF Chamis, Christos C. BE Guagliano, M Vergani, L TI Coupled multi-disciplinary methods for structural reliability and affordability SO 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS (ICM11) SE Procedia Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on the Mechanical Behavior of Materials (ICM) CY 2011 CL Como, ITALY DE Aerospace; Composite Components; Thermal Analysis; Structural Analysis AB A computational simulation method is presented for Non-Deterministic Multidisciplinary Optimization of engine composite materials and structures. A hypothetical engine duct made with ceramic matrix composites (CMC) is evaluated probabilistically in the presence of combined thermo-mechanical loading. The structure is tailored by quantifying the uncertainties in all relevant design variables such as fabrication, material, and loading parameters. The probabilistic sensitivities are used to select critical design variables for optimization. In this paper, results of the non-deterministic optimization are presented with probabilistic lower bounds of 0.001 and upper bounds of 0.999 (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ICM11 C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chamis, CC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1877-7058 J9 PROCEDIA ENGINEER PY 2011 VL 10 DI 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.460 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BYU61 UT WOS:000300451302129 ER PT S AU Hales, SJ Tayon, WA AF Hales, Stephen J. Tayon, Wesley A. BE Guagliano, M Vergani, L TI Heat treatment of a friction-stir-welded and spin-formed Al-Li alloy SO 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS (ICM11) SE Procedia Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on the Mechanical Behavior of Materials (ICM) CY 2011 CL Como, ITALY DE abnormal grain growth; Al-Li alloys; friction-stir-welding; spin-forming; recovery annealing; heat treatment; microstructure ID ABNORMAL GRAIN-GROWTH AB Prototype end domes for cryogenic propellant tanks were fabricated using friction stir welding and spin forming technology. Subsequent heat treatment of a dome to a high strength temper resulted in weldment properties which were below specifications. The microstructural reason for this was identified as abnormal grain growth (AGG) and a modified T8 heat treatment was developed to alleviate the problem. Adoption of this procedure may allow the innovative combination of technologies to be applied to the manufacture of future launch vehicles. In this manuscript, the results of the metallurgical analyses performed to establish why post-forming, pre-solution treatment recovery annealing was effective in suppressing AGG are presented. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ICM11 C1 [Hales, Stephen J.; Tayon, Wesley A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hales, SJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 188A,8 W Taylor St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1877-7058 J9 PROCEDIA ENGINEER PY 2011 VL 10 DI 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.411 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BYU61 UT WOS:000300451302085 ER PT J AU Chang, BY Dolecek, L Divsalar, D AF Chang, Ben-Yue Dolecek, Lara Divsalar, Dariush GP IEEE TI EXIT Chart Analysis and Design of Non-Binary Protograph-Based LDPC Codes SO 2011 - MILCOM 2011 MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Military Communications Conference (MILCOM) CY NOV 07-10, 2011 CL Baltimore, MD ID PARITY-CHECK CODES; CAPACITY AB Binary LDPC codes built out of protographs constitute a class of high-performance structured codes. In this paper we carefully extend the code construction to the non-binary case. We present a method based on a newly developed EXIT-chart approach to efficiently design non-binary protograph-based LDPC codes with good properties. The results presented here can be particularly useful in the development of coding schemes that can be effectively combined with non-binary modulation in bandwidth-efficient high-speed communication systems. C1 [Chang, Ben-Yue; Dolecek, Lara] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Divsalar, Dariush] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chang, BY (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM cookieben@ucla.edu; dolecek@ee.ucla.edu; Dariush.Divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov FU University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) [CCF-1029030]; NSF FX This research in part was carried out at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) under the grant CCF-1029030 from NSF. This research in part was also carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-0081-0 PY 2011 BP 566 EP 571 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BYT03 UT WOS:000300083500097 ER PT J AU Landon, D Simons, R Wintucky, E Sun, J Winn, J Laraway, A McIntire, W Metz, J Smith, F AF Landon, D. Simons, R. Wintucky, E. Sun, J. Winn, J. Laraway, A. McIntire, W. Metz, J. Smith, F. GP IEEE TI Peak satellite-to-earth data rates derived from measurements of a 20 Gbps bread-board modem SO 2011 - MILCOM 2011 MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Military Communications Conference (MILCOM) CY NOV 07-10, 2011 CL Baltimore, MD DE Travelling Wave Tube; TWT; Software Defined Modem; Software Defined Radio; High Order Modulation; TPC; DVB-S2; LDPC; PSK; APSK; QAM; SCaN AB A prototype data link using a Ka-band space qualified, high efficiency 200 W TWT amplifier and a breadboard modem emulator were created to explore the feasibility of very high speed communications in satellite-to-earth applications. Experiments were conducted using a DVB-S2-like waveform with modifications to support up to 20 Gbps through the addition of 128 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). Limited by the bandwidth of the amplifier, a constant peak symbol rate of 3.2 Giga-symbols/sec was selected and the modulation order was varied to explore what peak data rate might be supported by an RF link through this amplifier. Using 128-QAM, an implementation loss of 3 dB was observed at 20 Gbps, and the loss decreased as data rate or bandwidth were reduced. Building on this measured data, realistic link budget calculations were completed. Low-earth orbit (LEO) missions based on this TWTA with reasonable hardware assumptions and antenna sizing are found to be bandwidth-limited, rather than power-limited, making the spectral efficiency of 9/10-rate encoded 128-QAM very attractive. Assuming a bandwidth allocation of 1 GHz, these computations indicate that low earth orbit vehicles could achieve data rates up to 5 Gbps-an order of magnitude beyond the current state-of-practice, yet still within the processing power of a current FPGA-based software-defined modem. The measured performance results and a description of the experimental setup are presented to support these conclusions. C1 [Landon, D.; Sun, J.; Winn, J.; Laraway, A.; McIntire, W.; Metz, J.; Smith, F.] L 3 Commun Syst West, 640 North 2200 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. [Simons, R.; Wintucky, E.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Landon, D (reprint author), L 3 Commun Syst West, 640 North 2200 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-0081-0 PY 2011 BP 1958 EP 1963 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BYT03 UT WOS:000300083500327 ER PT S AU Hatipoglu, G Liu, Y Tigelaar, D Yoonessi, M Zhang, QM Tadigadapa, S AF Hatipoglu, Gokhan Liu, Yang Tigelaar, Dean Yoonessi, Mitra Zhang, Qiming Tadigadapa, Srinivas BE Kaltsas, G Tsamis, C TI Fabrication and electromechanical performance of a novel high modulus ionogel micro-actuator SO EUROSENSORS XXV SE Procedia Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th Eurosensors Conference CY SEP 04-07, 2011 CL Athens, GREECE DE Ionic electroactive polymers; ionic liquids; ionomer; micro ionic actuators; ionogel; DPA-PS:BP ID TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS; ELECTROLYTE AB In this work, a novel, high modulus sulfonated polymer is utilized as an ionomer for ionic liquid containing micro. ionic actuators (ionogel) is presented. The ionic polymer is composed of one. to. one ratio 4,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-diphenyl. 1,3,5-triazin-2-amine and 4,4'-biphenol with bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone (DPA-PS: BP). The ionogel maintains a relatively higher modulus (700 MPa for 120 wt% of ionic liquid) compared to other widely used ionomers. High modulus of ionogel enables to realize thin films through solution casting. As an initial demonstration of a micro-ionic actuator, an ionic micro cantilever (200 mu m x 33 mu m x 5 mu m) has been micromachined by using focused ion beam (FIB) milling on the substrate. The micro cantilever performance under DC actuation is tested using optical profilometer and a maximum tip displacement is 42 mu m at 1.6V was obtained. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Hatipoglu, Gokhan; Liu, Yang; Zhang, Qiming; Tadigadapa, Srinivas] Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Tigelaar, Dean; Yoonessi, Mitra] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Tadigadapa, S (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM sat10@psu.edu OI Tadigadapa, Srinivas/0000-0002-8700-2476 FU U.S. Army Research Office [W911NF-1-0452]; Ionic Liquds in Electro-Active Devices (ILEAD) MURI; Scientfic and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [2213] FX This research is supported by the U.S. Army Research Office under Grant No. W911NF-1-0452 Ionic Liquds in Electro-Active Devices (ILEAD) MURI. Gokhan Hatipoglu acknowledges support from Scientfic and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for a 2213-International PhD.Fellowship Programme. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1877-7058 J9 PROCEDIA ENGINEER PY 2011 VL 25 DI 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.330 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BYU78 UT WOS:000300512400327 ER PT S AU Tilmes, C Yesha, Y Halem, M AF Tilmes, C. Yesha, Ye. Halem, M. BE Sato, M Matsuoka, S Sloot, PMA VanAlbada, GD Dongarra, J TI Distinguishing Provenance Equivalence of Earth Science Data SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE (ICCS) SE Procedia Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS) on the Ascent of Computational Excellence CY 2011 CL Campus Nanyang Technolog Univ, Singapore, SINGAPORE SP Elsevier, Univ Tsukuba, Ctr Computat Sci HO Campus Nanyang Technolog Univ DE provenance; equivalence; reproducibility; data identifiers; data citations ID TRACKING AB Reproducibility of scientific research relies on accurate and precise citation of data and the provenance of that data. Earth science data are often the result of applying complex data transformation and analysis workflows to vast quantities of data. Provenance information of data processing is used for a variety of purposes, including understanding the process and auditing as well as reproducibility. Certain provenance information is essential for producing scientifically equivalent data. Capturing and representing that provenance information and assigning identifiers suitable for precisely distinguishing data granules and datasets is needed for accurate comparisons. This paper discusses scientific equivalence and essential provenance for scientific reproducibility. We use the example of an operational earth science data processing system to illustrate the application of the technique of cascading digital signatures or "hash chains" to precisely identify sets of granules and as provenance equivalence identifiers to distinguish data made in an an equivalent manner. C1 [Tilmes, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Yesha, Ye.; Halem, M.] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Tilmes, C (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Curt.Tilmes@nasa.gov RI Tilmes, Curt/D-5637-2012; Dongarra, Jack/E-3987-2014; OI Tilmes, Curt/0000-0002-6512-0287 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1877-0509 J9 PROCEDIA COMPUT SCI PY 2011 VL 4 BP 548 EP 557 DI 10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.057 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BYK46 UT WOS:000299165200056 ER PT S AU Horton, R Bader, D Tryhorn, L DeGaetano, A Rosenzweig, C AF Horton, Radley Bader, Daniel Tryhorn, Lee DeGaetano, Art Rosenzweig, Cynthia BE Rosenzweig, C Solecki, W DeGaetano, A OGrady, M Hassol, S Grabhorn, P TI Climate Risks SO RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN NEW YORK STATE: THE CLIMAID INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT FOR EFFECTIVE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN NEW YORK STATE: FINAL REPORT SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; PATTERNS; FUTURE; MODEL; SIMULATIONS; INTENSITY; NORTHEAST; DROUGHT; TRENDS C1 [Horton, Radley; Bader, Daniel; Rosenzweig, Cynthia] Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Tryhorn, Lee; DeGaetano, Art] Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Rosenzweig, Cynthia] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Horton, R (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND SN 0077-8923 BN 978-1-57331-876-1 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2011 VL 1244 BP 15 EP 48 PG 34 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BZG29 UT WOS:000301508900002 ER PT S AU Bernard, K Tarabalka, Y Angulo, J Chanussot, J Benediktsson, JA AF Bernard, K. Tarabalka, Y. Angulo, J. Chanussot, J. Benediktsson, J. A. GP IEEE TI A STOCHASTIC MINIMUM SPANNING FOREST APPROACH FOR SPECTRAL-SPATIAL CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES SO 2011 18TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING (ICIP) SE IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) CY SEP 11-14, 2011 CL Brussels, BELGIUM SP IEEE, IEEE Signal Proc Soc (SPS) DE Hyperspectral image; classification; multiple classifiers; stochastic markers; minimum spanning forest AB A new method for supervised hyperspectral data classification is proposed. In particular, the notion of Stochastic Minimum Spanning Forests (MSFs) is introduced. For a given hyperspectral image, a pixelwise classification is first performed. From this classification map, M marker maps are generated by randomly selecting pixels and labeling them as markers for the construction of MSFs. The next step consists in building an MSF from each of the M marker maps. Finally, all the M realizations are aggregated with a maximum vote decision rule, resulting in a final classification map. The experimental results presented on an AVIRIS image of the vegetation area show that the proposed approach yields accurate classification maps, and thus is attractive for hyperspectral data analysis. C1 [Bernard, K.; Benediktsson, J. A.] Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. [Bernard, K.] Heriot Watt Univ, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Tarabalka, Y.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Angulo, J.] MINES Paris Tech, Ctr Math Morphol, Paris, France. [Chanussot, J.] Grenoble Inst Technol, Dept Image & Signal, GIPSA Lab, Grenoble, France. RP Bernard, K (reprint author), Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. RI Benediktsson, Jon/F-2861-2010 OI Benediktsson, Jon/0000-0003-0621-9647 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1522-4880 BN 978-1-4577-1303-3 J9 IEEE IMAGE PROC PY 2011 BP 1265 EP 1268 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BYI89 UT WOS:000298962501098 ER PT S AU Butala, MD AF Butala, Mark D. GP IEEE TI RESOLUTION ASSESSMENT IN DYNAMIC IMAGE FORMATION SO 2011 18TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING (ICIP) SE IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) CY SEP 11-14, 2011 CL Brussels, BELGIUM SP IEEE, IEEE Signal Proc Soc DE remote sensing; multidimensional signal processing; recursive estimation; Kalman filter ID SOLAR CORONA; TOMOGRAPHY AB Remote sensing and astronomical image formation is often complicated by deficiencies in measurement quality, density, or diversity. Penalized likelihood methods can incorporate additional first-principles physical prior knowledge and improve the image reconstructions, but a systematic bias is unavoidable as a consequence. This work derives theory to understand the bias and develops a computational tool to probe its effect on the reconstructed image and bound resolution limits. Though the focus is on image formation, the contributions of this paper apply to any inference problem that can be expressed under the linear state-space signal model. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Butala, MD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1522-4880 BN 978-1-4577-1303-3 J9 IEEE IMAGE PROC PY 2011 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BYI89 UT WOS:000298962502240 ER PT S AU Kim, T AF Kim, Taemin GP IEEE TI COLOR HISTOGRAM DIFFUSION FOR IMAGE ENHANCEMENT SO 2011 18TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING (ICIP) SE IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) CY SEP 11-14, 2011 CL Brussels, BELGIUM SP IEEE, IEEE Signal Proc Soc DE Color image processing; Contrast enhancement; Mixture of Gaussians ID EQUALIZATION AB Various color histogram equalization (CHE) methods have been proposed to extend grayscale histogram equalization (GHE) for color images. In this paper a new method called "histogram diffusion" that extends the GHE method to arbitrary dimensions is proposed. Ranges in a histogram are specified as overlapping bars of uniform heights and variable widths which are proportional to their frequencies. This diagram is called the "vistogram." As an alternative approach to GHE, the squared error of the vistogram from the uniform distribution is minimized. Each bar in the vistogram is approximated by a Gaussian function. Gaussian particles in the vistoram diffuse as a nonlinear autonomous system of ordinary differential equations. CHE results of color images showed that the approach is effective. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Robot Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kim, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Robot Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM taemin.kim@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1522-4880 BN 978-1-4577-1303-3 J9 IEEE IMAGE PROC PY 2011 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BYI89 UT WOS:000298962503140 ER PT S AU Chen, TY Divsalar, D Wang, JD Wesel, RD AF Chen, Tsung-Yi Divsalar, Dariush Wang, Jiadong Wesel, Richard D. GP IEEE TI Protograph-Based Raptor-Like LDPC Codes for Rate Compatibility with Short Blocklengths SO 2011 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM 2011) SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM) CY DEC 05-09, 2011 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE ID PARITY-CHECK CODES AB This paper presents a new class of rate-compatible LDPC codes, protograph-based Raptor-like (PBRL) codes. The proposed PBRL codes are jointly decodable with an iterative belief propagation decoder. As with Raptor codes, additional parity bits can be easily produced by exclusive-or operations on the precoded bits, providing extensive rate compatibility. This paper provides a design procedure that optimizes this class of rate-compatible LDPC codes. The new PBRL codes outperform 3GPP rate-compatible turbo codes with the same short blocklength at high SNR and show no sign of an error floor at the FER region of 10(-7). C1 [Chen, Tsung-Yi; Wang, Jiadong; Wesel, Richard D.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Divsalar, Dariush] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chen, TY (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. EM tychen@ee.ucla.edu; Dariush.Divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov; wjd@ee.ucla.edu; wesel@ee.ucla.edu NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-9268-8 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BYU77 UT WOS:000300509002179 ER PT S AU Segui, J Jennings, E Burleigh, S AF Segui, John Jennings, Esther Burleigh, Scott GP IEEE TI Enhancing Contact Graph Routing for Delay Tolerant Space Networking SO 2011 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM 2011) SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM) CY DEC 05-09, 2011 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE DE Contact Graph; Routing; Solar System Internet AB When designing routing protocols for space-based networks, we must take into consideration the unique characteristics of such networks. Since space-based networks are inherently sparse with constrained resources, one needs to design smart routing algorithms that use the resources efficiently to maximize network performance. In Space Exploration Missions, the trajectories and orbits of spacecraft are predetermined, thus communication opportunities are predictable. This a-priori knowledge can be used to the advantage of scheduling and routing. In this paper, we focus on analyzing Contact Graph Routing (CGR) for space-based networks. CGR makes use of the predictable nature of the contacts to make routing decisions. Mars and Lunar mission-like scenarios were used in our simulations to gather statistics on routing protocol performance in terms of delay and buffer usage. We provide improvements to the underlying cost function of CGR to avoid routing loops and suggest applying Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm for path selection. The cost function change was incorporated into the latest Internet Draft posted for CGR. Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm was successfully implemented and tested in NASA's Interplanetary Overlay Network (ION) implementation of the DTN protocols. C1 [Segui, John; Jennings, Esther] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Networks Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Burleigh, Scott] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, End End Informat Syst Engn Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Segui, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Networks Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM John.Segui@jpl.nasa.gov; Esther.Jennings@jpl.nasa.gov; Scott.Burleigh@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-9268-8 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BYU77 UT WOS:000300509005026 ER PT S AU Woo, SS AF Woo, Simon S. GP IEEE TI Analysis of Proximity-1 Space Link Interleaved Time Synchronization (PITS) Protocol SO 2011 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM 2011) SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM) CY DEC 05-09, 2011 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE AB To synchronize clocks between spacecraft in proximity, the Proximity-1 Space Link Interleaved Time Synchronization (PITS) Protocol has been proposed. PITS is based on the NTP Interleaved On-Wire Protocol and is capable of being adapted and integrated into CCSDS Proximity-1 Space Link Protocol with minimal modifications. In this work, we will discuss the correctness and liveness of PITS. Further, we analyze and evaluate the performance of time synchronization latency with various channel error rates in different PITS operational modes. C1 [Woo, Simon S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Woo, SS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM sungilu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-9268-8 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2011 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BYU77 UT WOS:000300509003086 ER PT S AU Blackwell, WJ Chidester, L Kim, EJ Leslie, RV Lyu, CH Mo, T AF Blackwell, William J. Chidester, Lynn Kim, Edward J. Leslie, R. Vincent Lyu, C. -H. Mo, Tsan GP IEEE TI NPP ATMS Prelaunch Performance Assessment and Sensor Data Record Validation SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) AB A suite of sensors scheduled to fly onboard the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) satellite in 2011 will continue the Sensor Data Records (SDRs) provided by operational and research missions over the last 40 years. The Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS), consisting of the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and the first spacebased, Nyquist-sampled cross-track microwave sounder, the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), will provide atmospheric vertical profile information to improve numerical weather and climate modeling. The ability of ATMS to sense temperature and moisture profile information in the presence of non-precipitating clouds complements the high vertical resolution of CrIS. Furthermore, the ability of ATMS to sense scattering of cold cosmic background radiance from the tops of precipitating clouds allows the retrieval of precipitation intensities with useful accuracies over most surface conditions. This paper will present several assessments of the performance of ATMS. Prelaunch testing of ATMS has characterized the principal calibration parameters and has enabled predictions of on-orbit performance with high levels of confidence. Also to be discussed is the planned on-orbit characterization of ATMS, which will further improve both the measurement quality and the understanding of various error contributions. C1 [Blackwell, William J.; Leslie, R. Vincent] MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. [Chidester, Lynn] Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Kim, Edward J.; Lyu, C. -H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mo, Tsan] NOAA NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Blackwell, WJ (reprint author), MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. EM WJB@LL.MIT.EDU FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Air Force [FA8721-05-C-0002]; United States Government FX This work was sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Air Force contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 32 EP 34 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6048890 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496300009 ER PT S AU Thomas, S Priestley, KJ Shankar, M Smith, NP Timcoe, MG AF Thomas, Susan Priestley, Kory J. Shankar, Mohan Smith, Nathaniel P. Timcoe, Mark G. GP IEEE TI PRE-LAUNCH CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLOUDS AND THE EARTH'S RADIANT ENERGY SYSTEM (CERES) FLIGHT MODEL 5 (FM5) INSTRUMENT ON NPP SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE CERES; NPP; Calibration; Radiometry; Earth Radiation Budget AB Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Flight Model 5 (FM5) instrument is designed to continue the long-term monitoring of the Earth's radiation budget. CERES has three sensor units that measure radiation in the 0.3 - 5.0 mu m, 0.3 - > 100 mu m and 8 - 12 mu m wavelength regions. Prelaunch characterization of the sensors to determine their radiometric gain and spectral response function was performed in September 2008. The longwave calibrations was achieved using a Narrow Field of view Blackbody (NFBB) that is tied to the International Scale of 1990 (ITS '90). The calibration in the shortwave region is performed using the Shortwave Reference Source (SWRS) along with the Transfer Active Cavity radiometer (TACR). The spectral responsivity of the sensors is measured with narrow band filters for region below 2.5 microns and with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) system above the 2.5 micron region. The calibration with CERES on-board sources were also performed during pre-launch testing which will serve as a traceability standard to carry the ground determined radiometric gains to orbit. This paper covers the CERES calibration methodology used in the ground calibration testing of FM5 sensors performed in 2008. C1 [Thomas, Susan; Shankar, Mohan; Smith, Nathaniel P.; Timcoe, Mark G.] SSAI, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Priestley, Kory J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Thomas, S (reprint author), SSAI, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 35 EP 38 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6048891 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496300010 ER PT S AU Kim, SB Huang, SW Tsang, L Johnson, J Njoku, E AF Kim, Seung-Bum Huang, Shaowu Tsang, Leung Johnson, Joel Njoku, Eni GP IEEE TI SOIL MOISTURE RETRIEVAL OVER LOW-VEGETATION SURFACES USING TIME-SERIES RADAR OBSERVATIONS AND A LOOKUP TABLE REPRESENTATION OF FORWARD SCATTERING SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE soil moisture; synthetic aperture radar; retrieval ID MODEL AB A radar-based time-series algorithm is evaluated for retrieving soil moisture (from the surface down to 5 cm depth) and roughness using two co-polarized (HH and VV) backscatter cross-section measurements (sigma(0)). The retrieval approach inverts a forward model for radar scattering from a bare surface using a pre-computed lookup-table representation of sigma(0) obtained from Numerical Maxwell Model in 3D simulations. The retrieval process assumes that surface roughness properties are constant during the time series interval, so that only a single rms height estimate is produced for the entire time series. A study using measured data having 6 to 11 time-steps shows an rms error of 0.044 cm(3)/cm(3) for soil moisture with a correlation coefficient of 0.89 between retrieved and in-situ data. Surface rms height estimates are also found accurate to 10 to 30% of in-situ measurements. It is also shown that retrieval performance is not sensitive to errors in knowledge of the surface roughness correlation length for most of the bare surface conditions examined. C1 [Kim, Seung-Bum; Njoku, Eni] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Huang, Shaowu; Tsang, Leung] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Johnson, Joel] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Kim, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 146 EP 149 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6048919 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496300036 ER PT S AU Roman, MO Justice, C Csiszar, I Key, JR Devadiga, S Davidson, C Wolfe, R Privette, J AF Roman, Miguel O. Justice, Chris Csiszar, Ivan Key, Jeffrey R. Devadiga, Sadashiva Davidson, Carol Wolfe, Robert Privette, Jeff GP IEEE TI PRE-LAUNCH EVALUATION OF THE NPP VIIRS LAND AND CRYOSPHERE EDRs TO MEET NASA's SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) ID SURFACE TEMPERATURE; MODIS; ALGORITHM; PRODUCTS; ALBEDO AB This paper summarizes the NASA VIIRS Land Science team's findings to date with respect to the utility of the VIIRS Land and Cryosphere EDRs to meet NASA's science requirements. Based on previous assessments and results from a recent 51-day global test performed by the Land Product Evaluation and Analysis Tool Element (Land PEATE), the NASA VIIRS Land Science team has determined that, if all the Land and Cryosphere EDRs are to serve the needs of the science community, a number of changes to several products and the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS) algorithm processing chain will be needed. In addition, other products will also need to be added to the VIIRS Land product suite to provide continuity for all of the MODIS land data record. As the NASA research program explores new global change research areas, the VIIRS instrument should also provide the polar-orbiting imager data from which new algorithms could be developed, produced, and validated. C1 [Roman, Miguel O.; Wolfe, Robert] NASA, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Code 614 5, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Justice, Chris] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 21228 USA. [Csiszar, Ivan] NOAA Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Key, Jeffrey R.] NOAA Natl Environm Satellit, Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI USA. [Devadiga, Sadashiva; Davidson, Carol; Wolfe, Robert] Sigma Space Corp NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Privette, Jeff] NOAA Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. RP Roman, MO (reprint author), NASA, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Code 614 5, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM Miguel.O.Roman@nasa.gov RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012; Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010; Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010; Roman, Miguel/D-4764-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855; Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050; Roman, Miguel/0000-0003-3953-319X NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 154 EP 157 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6048921 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496300038 ER PT S AU Neumann, M Saatchi, SS Ulander, LMH Fransson, JES AF Neumann, Maxim Saatchi, Sassan S. Ulander, Lars M. H. Fransson, Johan E. S. GP IEEE TI PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC FOREST BIOMASS ESTIMATION FROM POLINSAR DATA SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Forest biomass; polarimetric SAR interferometry; regression; support vector machine; random forest AB Biomass estimation performance from model-based polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) using generic parametric and non-parametric regression methods is evaluated at L-and P-band frequencies over boreal forest. PolInSAR data is decomposed into ground and volume contributions, estimating vertical forest structure, and using a set of obtained parameters for biomass regression. The considered estimation methods include multiple linear regression, support vector machine and random forest. The biomass estimation performance is evaluated on DLR's airborne SAR data at L-and P-bands over Krycklan Catchment, a boreal forest test site in Northern Sweden. The combination of polarimetric indicators and estimated structure information has improved the root mean square error (RMSE) of biomass estimation up to 28% at L-band and up to 46% at P-band. The cross-validated biomass RMSE was reduced to 20 tons/ha. C1 [Neumann, Maxim; Saatchi, Sassan S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Ulander, Lars M. H.] Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Fransson, Johan E. S.] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. RP Fransson, JES (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. EM maxim.neumann@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 420 EP 423 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049154 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496300102 ER PT S AU Neumann, M AF Neumann, Maxim GP IEEE TI POLARIMETRIC OPTIMIZATION FOR BIOPHYSICAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Polarimetry; synthetic aperture radar (SAR); optimization; forest biomass ID SAR DATA; RADAR POLARIMETRY; FOREST BIOMASS; INTERFEROMETRY; IMAGERY AB This paper explores polarization optimization of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, constrained to maximize some biophysical data conditions, such as the residual sum of squares (RSS). Based on a-priori information, the optimization helps to identify the polarization most sensitive (and least sensitive) to the quantity of interest, with best predictive characteristics. In this presentation, the relationship of SAR polarimetry to forest biomass is considered. The results are presented over boreal forest using DLR's airborne E-SAR sensor data at L- and P-band frequencies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Neumann, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM maxim.neumann@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 428 EP 431 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049156 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496300104 ER PT S AU Kim, SB West, R Njoku, E AF Kim, Seung-Bum West, Richard Njoku, Eni GP IEEE TI EFFECT OF RADAR MEASUREMENT ERROR ON THE DETECTION OF TRANSIENT INLAND WATER BODIES SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE synthetic aperture radar; water detection; soil moisture AB This paper studies the identification of inland transient water bodies using an L-band radar, especially the dependence of the identification accuracy on the radar measurement noise (noise-equivalent radar backscatter, sigma(0)(NE)). The different levels for the radar measurement noise are simulated using the images taken by the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR). With the original UAVSAR sigma(0)(NE) of -45 dB the detection error is 2%. When sigma(0)(NE) is raised to -28.5 dB and -25.5 dB, the error increases to 7% and 15% respectively. The analyses of the UAVSAR images over two different locations report the consistent results. 15% error in the water detection error translates into approximately 2 kelvin error in brightness temperature, when 10% of a 36-km radiometer pixel of the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)(i) mission is covered by water surfaces. Based on these considerations, it is recommended that sigma(0)(NE) for the SMAP mission should be kept as low as the spacecraft and the instrument may support. C1 [Kim, Seung-Bum; West, Richard; Njoku, Eni] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kim, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 795 EP 798 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049250 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496300192 ER PT S AU Thome, K Reuter, D Lunsford, A Montanaro, M Smith, R Tesfaye, Z Wenny, B AF Thome, K. Reuter, D. Lunsford, A. Montanaro, M. Smith, R. Tesfaye, Z. Wenny, B. GP IEEE TI CALIBRATION OF THE THERMAL INFRARED SENSOR ON THE LANDSAT DATA CONTINUITY MISSION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Radiometric calibration; TIRS; LDCM AB The Landsat series of satellites provides the longest running continuous data set of moderate-spatial-resolution imagery beginning with the launch of Landsat 1 in 1972 and continuing with the1999 launch of Landsat 7 and current operation of Landsats 5 and 7[1]. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) will continue this program into a fourth decade providing data that are keys to understanding changes in land-use changes and resource management. LDCM consists of a two-sensor platform comprised of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensors (TIRS). A description of the applications and design of the TIRS instrument is given as well as the plans for calibration and characterization. Included are early results from preflight calibration and a description of the inflight validation. C1 [Thome, K.; Reuter, D.; Smith, R.] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. [Lunsford, A.] Catholic Univ, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Montanaro, M.; Wenny, B.] SigmaSpace, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Tesfaye, Z.] Bastion Technol Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Thome, K (reprint author), NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RI Smith, Ramsey/D-4710-2012; Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012 NR 3 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 985 EP 988 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049298 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301014 ER PT S AU Kurum, M O'Neill, PE Lang, RH Joseph, AT Cosh, MH Jackson, TJ AF Kurum, Mehmet O'Neill, Peggy E. Lang, Roger H. Joseph, Alicia T. Cosh, Michael H. Jackson, Thomas J. GP IEEE TI EFFECTIVE TREE SCATTERING AT L-BAND SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Microwave; radiometer; forest; scattering; radiative transfer ID MICROWAVE EMISSION; MODEL; FORESTS; FIELDS AB This paper investigates tree scattering effects at L-band by using a first-order radiative transfer (RT) model and truck-based measurements of brightness temperature over natural conifer stands to assess the performance of the tau - omega (tau-omega) model, a zero-order RT solution, over forest canopies. The tau-omega model accounts for vegetation effects in terms of "effective" vegetation parameters (single-scattering albedo and vegetation opacity) which represent the canopy as a whole. This approach inherently ignores multiple-scattering effects and it thus has a limited validity depending on the level of scattering within the canopy. The fact that the scattering from large forest components such as branches and trunks is significant at L-band requires that retrieved vegetation parameters be evaluated (compared) with their theoretical definitions to provide better understanding of these parameters in the soil moisture (SM) retrievals over moderately to densely vegetated landscapes. In this paper, the tau-omega model is fitted to a first-order RT model with an "effective" albedo assuming that "effective" vegetation optical depth is same as the "theoretical" opacity [1]. The "effective" albedo is found to be less than half of the "theoretical" one, which is generally around 0.5-0.6 for tree canopies at L-band. The "effective" albedo differs from the albedo of a single forest canopy element and becomes a global parameter which depends on all the processes taking place within the canopy including multiple-scattering and ground reflection. C1 [Kurum, Mehmet; O'Neill, Peggy E.; Joseph, Alicia T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lang, Roger H.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Cosh, Michael H.; Jackson, Thomas J.] USDA, ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kurum, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Mehmet.Kurum@nasa.gov RI Cosh, MIchael/A-8858-2015 OI Cosh, MIchael/0000-0003-4776-1918 FU NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center FX This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1036 EP 1039 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049311 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301027 ER PT S AU Hensley, S Michel, T Van Zyl, J Muellerschoen, R Chapman, B Oveisgharan, S Haddad, ZS Jackson, T Mladenova, I AF Hensley, Scott Michel, Thierry Van Zyl, Jakob Muellerschoen, Ron Chapman, Bruce Oveisgharan, Shadi Haddad, Ziad S. Jackson, Tom Mladenova, Iliana GP IEEE TI EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE ON POLARIMETRIC-INTERFEROMETRIC REPEAT PASS OBSERVATIONS BY UAVSAR DURING 2010 CANADIAN SOIL MOISTURE CAMPAIGN SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) AB Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), a proposed mission in support of the Earth Science Decadal Survey, conducted a field campaign in June 2010 to support algorithm development. As part of the experiment in situ soil moisture measurements were made over a two week period in which multiple UAVSAR flights were conducted. Repeat-pass polarimetric-interferometric data generated from these flights were analyzed to see if phase changes could be correlated with soil moisture changes. Also, we compared the data to that predicted by simple surface scattering models and showed moderate agreement with the Oh model [4]. C1 [Hensley, Scott; Michel, Thierry; Van Zyl, Jakob; Muellerschoen, Ron; Chapman, Bruce; Oveisgharan, Shadi; Haddad, Ziad S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Jackson, Tom; Mladenova, Iliana] USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hensley, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM scott.hensley@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1063 EP 1066 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049379 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301034 ER PT S AU Garg, A Mithal, V Chamber, Y Brugere, I Chaudhari, V Dunham, M Krishna, V Krishnamurthy, S Vangala, S Boriah, S Steinbach, M Kumar, V Cho, A Stanley, JD Abraham, T Castilla-Rubio, JC Potter, C Klooster, S AF Garg, Ashish Mithal, Varun Chamber, Yashu Brugere, Ivan Chaudhari, Vijay Dunham, Marc Krishna, Vikrant Krishnamurthy, Sairam Vangala, Sruthi Boriah, Shyam Steinbach, Michael Kumar, Vipin Cho, Albert Stanley, J. D. Abraham, Teji Castilla-Rubio, Juan Carlos Potter, Christopher Klooster, Steven GP IEEE TI GOPHER: GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PLANETARY HEALTH AND ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Forestry; Remote monitoring; Data mining; Time series analysis C1 [Garg, Ashish; Mithal, Varun; Chamber, Yashu; Brugere, Ivan; Chaudhari, Vijay; Dunham, Marc; Krishna, Vikrant; Krishnamurthy, Sairam; Vangala, Sruthi; Boriah, Shyam; Steinbach, Michael; Kumar, Vipin] Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Cho, Albert; Stanley, J. D.; Abraham, Teji; Castilla-Rubio, Juan Carlos] Planetary Skin Inst, Madison, NJ USA. [Potter, Christopher; Klooster, Steven] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA USA. RP Garg, A (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1449 EP 1452 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049339 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301126 ER PT S AU Rosen, P Lavalle, M Pi, X Buckley, S Szeliga, W Zebker, H Gurrola, E AF Rosen, P. Lavalle, M. Pi, X. Buckley, S. Szeliga, W. Zebker, H. Gurrola, E. GP IEEE TI TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS FOR ESTIMATING IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS IN INTERFEROMETRIC AND POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) AB The InSAR Scientific Computing Environment (ISCE) is a flexible, extensible software tool designed for the end-to-end processing and analysis of synthetic aperture radar data. ISCE inherits the core of the ROI_PAC interferometric tool, but contains improvements at all levels of the radar processing chain, including a modular and extensible architecture, new focusing approach, better geocoding of the data, handling of multi-polarization data, radiometric calibration, and estimation and correction of ionospheric effects. In this paper we describe the characteristics of ISCE with emphasis on the ionospheric modules. To detect ionospheric anomalies, ISCE implements the Faraday rotation method using quad-polarimetric images, and the split-spectrum technique using interferometric single-, dual- and quad-polarimetric images. The ability to generate co-registered time series of quad-polarimetric images makes ISCE also an ideal tool to be used for polarimetric-interferometric radar applications. C1 [Rosen, P.; Lavalle, M.; Pi, X.; Buckley, S.; Szeliga, W.; Gurrola, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Zebker, H.] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Rosen, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1501 EP 1504 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049352 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301139 ER PT J AU Rincon, RF Fatoyinbo, T Sun, GQ Ranson, KJ Perrine, M Deshapnde, M Bonds, Q AF Rincon, Rafael F. Fatoyinbo, Temilola Sun, Guoqing Ranson, K. Jon Perrine, Martin Deshapnde, Manohar Bonds, Quenton GP IEEE TI THE ECOSAR P-BAND SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) AB The EcoSAR instrument is a new concept in Synthetic Aperture Radar for the polarimetric and interferometric measurements of biomass and ecosystem structure. EcoSAR will employ a digital beamforming architecture, a highly capable digital waveform generator and receiver system, and advanced dual-polarization array antennas with an interferometric baseline of 25 m on the NASA P3 aircraft. C1 [Rincon, Rafael F.; Fatoyinbo, Temilola; Sun, Guoqing; Ranson, K. Jon; Perrine, Martin; Deshapnde, Manohar; Bonds, Quenton] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rincon, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012; Fatoyinbo, Temilola/G-6104-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270; Fatoyinbo, Temilola/0000-0002-1130-6748 NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1512 EP 1515 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301142 ER PT S AU Fatoyinbo, T Rincon, RF Sun, GQ Ranson, KJ AF Fatoyinbo, Temilola Rincon, Rafael F. Sun, Guoqing Ranson, K. Jon GP IEEE TI ECOSAR: A P-BAND DIGITAL BEAMFORMING POLARIMETRIC INTERFEROMETRIC SAR INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND BIOMASS SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) AB In this paper we describe the EcoSAR concept, an airborne Polarimetric and Interferometric P-band SAR instrument that will provide unprecedented two-and three dimensional fine scale measurements of terrestrial ecosystem structure and biomass. These measurements are directly traceable to upcoming international radar missions and the National Research Council's Decadal Survey ecosystem measurement requirements. C1 [Fatoyinbo, Temilola; Rincon, Rafael F.; Ranson, K. Jon] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sun, Guoqing] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA. RP Fatoyinbo, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012; Fatoyinbo, Temilola/G-6104-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270; Fatoyinbo, Temilola/0000-0002-1130-6748 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1524 EP 1527 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301145 ER PT S AU Jones, C Bawden, G Deverel, S Dudas, J Hensley, S AF Jones, Cathleen Bawden, Gerald Deverel, Steven Dudas, Joel Hensley, Scott GP IEEE TI CHARACTERIZING LAND SURFACE CHANGE AND LEVEE STABILITY IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA USING UAVSAR RADAR IMAGERY SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) AB The islands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta have been subject to subsidence since they were first reclaimed from the estuary marshlands starting over 100 years ago, with most of the land currently lying below mean sea level. This area, which is the primary water resource of the state of California, is under constant threat of inundation from levee failure. Since July 2009, we have been imaging the area using the quad-polarimetric UAVSAR L-band radar, with eighteen data sets collected as of April 2011. Here we report results of our polarimetric and differential interferometric analysis of the data for levee deformation and land surface change. C1 [Jones, Cathleen; Hensley, Scott] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Bawden, Gerald] USGS, California Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA USA. [Deverel, Steven] Hydrofocus Inc, Davis, CA USA. [Hensley, Scott] Delta Suisun Marsh Off, California Dept Water Resources, Davis, CA USA. RP Jones, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1638 EP 1641 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049546 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301175 ER PT S AU Chien, S Doubleday, J Mclaren, D Davies, A Tran, D Tanpipat, V Akaakara, S Ratanasuwan, A Mandl, D AF Chien, Steve Doubleday, Joshua Mclaren, David Davies, Ashley Daniel Tran Tanpipat, Veerachai Akaakara, Siri Ratanasuwan, Anuchit Mandl, Daniel GP IEEE TI SPACE-BASED SENSORWEB MONITORING OF WILDFIRES IN THAILAND SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Forest fires; Active Fire Mapping; Burn Scar Assessment; Carbon Cycle; Sensorweb AB We describe efforts to apply sensorweb technologies to the monitoring of forest fires in Thailand. In this approach, satellite data and ground reports are assimilated to assess the current state of the forest system in terms of forest fire risk, active fires, and likely progression of fires and smoke plumes. This current and projected assessment can then be used to actively direct sensors and assets to best acquire further information. This process operates continually with new data updating models of fire activity leading to further sensing and updating of models. As the fire activity is tracked, products such as active fire maps, burn scar severity maps, and alerts are automatically delivered to relevant parties. We describe the current state of the Thailand Fire Sensorweb which utilizes the MODIS-based FIRMS system to track active fires and trigger Earth Observing One / Advanced Land Imager to acquire imagery and produce active fire maps, burn scar severity maps, and alerts. We describe ongoing work to integrate additional sensor sources and generate additional products. C1 [Chien, Steve; Doubleday, Joshua; Mclaren, David; Davies, Ashley; Daniel Tran] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Tanpipat, Veerachai; Akaakara, Siri; Ratanasuwan, Anuchit] Natl Park, Wildlife & Plant Conservat Dept, Phetchaburi, Thailand. [Mandl, Daniel] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chien, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 1906 EP 1909 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496301237 ER PT S AU Shie, CL Hilburn, K AF Shie, Chung-Lin Hilburn, Kyle GP IEEE TI NEWLY REVIVED SATELLITE-BASED GLOBAL AIR-SEA SURFACE TURBULENT FLUXES DATASET AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON THE SSM/I BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Global air-sea turbulent fluxes; satellite-based; brightness temperature; GSSTF ID OCEANS; HEAT AB Accurate sea surface turbulent flux measurements are crucial to understanding the global water and energy cycle changes. Remote sensing is a valuable tool for global monitoring of these flux measurements. The Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) algorithm was developed and applied to remote sensing research and applications. Based on an updated and improved set of input parameters of remote sensing data and model reanalysis, the daily global (1 degrees x 1 degrees) GSSTF Version-2b (GSTF2b) dataset (July 1987-December 2008) was lately produced and distributed in October, 2010 [1]. GSSTF2b has served the scientific community another useful long-term turbulent surface flux dataset for global energy and water cycle research, as well as regional and short period data analyses. It is worth mentioning that the brightness temperature (Tb) of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) used in the GSSTF production has been found possessing a substantial impact on the retrieved latent heat flux (LHF). C1 [Shie, Chung-Lin] UMBC GEST, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Shie, Chung-Lin] NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Hilburn, Kyle] Remote Sensing Syst, Santa Rosa, CA USA. RP Shie, CL (reprint author), UMBC GEST, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM Chung-Lin.Shie-1@nasa.gov FU NASA Science Mission Directorate-Earth Science Division FX The first author would like to dedicate this paper to his mentor: the late research scientist S.-H. Chou (aka Sue). Without her genuine intelligence, intuition, great vision, and perseverance, the productions of the GSSTF products would have not been possible. Thanks also go to L. Chiu, R. Adler, I. Lin, E. Nelkin, and J. Ardizzone for their crucial contributions in the production of GSSTF2b. This study is supported by the MEaSUREs Program of NASA Science Mission Directorate-Earth Science Division. The first author is especially grateful to its program manger M. Maiden and program scientist J. Entin for their supports of this research. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2085 EP 2088 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302026 ER PT S AU Jones, C Minchew, B Holt, B AF Jones, Cathleen Minchew, Brent Holt, Benjamin GP IEEE TI POLARIMETRIC DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SLICK USING L-BAND UAVSAR DATA SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) ID SAR AB We report here an analysis of the polarization-dependence of L-band radar backscatter from the main slick of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, with specific attention to the utility of polarimetric decomposition analysis for discrimination of oil from clean water and identification of variations in the oil characteristics. For this study we used data collected with the UAVSAR instrument from opposing look directions directly over the main oil slick. We find that both the Cloude-Pottier and Shannon entropy polarimetric decomposition methods offer promise for oil discrimination, with the Shannon entropy method yielding the same information as contained in the Cloude-Pottier entropy and averaged intensity parameters, but with significantly less computational complexity. C1 [Jones, Cathleen; Holt, Benjamin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Minchew, Brent] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Jones, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2278 EP 2281 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302074 ER PT S AU Entekhabi, D Njoku, E O'Neill, P Kellogg, K Entin, J AF Entekhabi, Dara Njoku, Eni O'Neill, Peggy Kellogg, Kent Entin, Jared GP IEEE TI THE NASA SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE (SMAP) MISSION FORMULATION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Soil Moisture; Freeze/Thaw; Water Cycle; Microwave; Decadal Survey AB The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first-tier projects recommended by the U. S. National Research Council Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space. The SMAP mission is in formulation phase and it is scheduled for launch in 2014. The SMAP mission is designed to produce high-resolution and accurate global mapping of soil moisture and its freeze/thaw state using an instrument architecture that incorporates an L-band (1.26 GHz) radar and an L-band (1.41 GHz) radiometer. The simultaneous radar and radiometer measurements will be combined to derive global soil moisture mapping at 9 [km] resolution with a 2 to 3 days revisit and 0.04 [cm(3) cm(-3)] (1 sigma) soil water content accuracy. The radar measurements also allow the binary detection of surface freeze/thaw state. The project science goals address in water, energy and carbon cycle science as well as provide improved capabilities in natural hazards applications. C1 [Entekhabi, Dara] MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Njoku, Eni; Kellogg, Kent] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [O'Neill, Peggy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Entin, Jared] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Entekhabi, D (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM darae@mit.edu NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2302 EP 2305 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049669 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302080 ER PT S AU Brown, ME Moran, S Escobar, V Entekhabi, D O'Neill, P Njoku, E AF Brown, Molly E. Moran, Susan Escobar, Vanessa Entekhabi, Dara O'Neill, Peggy Njoku, Eni GP IEEE TI The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Applications Activity SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Soil moisture; freeze/thaw; applications; weather AB The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first-tier satellite missions recommended by the U. S. National Research Council Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space. The SMAP mission 1 is under development by NASA and is scheduled for launch late in 2014. The SMAP measurements will allow global and high-resolution mapping of soil moisture and its freeze/thaw state at resolutions from 3-40 km. These measurements will have high value for a wide range of environmental applications that underpin many weather-related decisions including drought and flood guidance, agricultural productivity estimation, weather forecasting, climate predictions, and human health risk. In 2007, NASA was tasked by The National Academies to ensure that "emerging scientific knowledge is actively applied to obtain societal benefits" by broadening community participation and improving means for use of information. SMAP is one of the first missions to come out of this new charge, and its Applications Plan forms the basis for ensuring its commitment to its users. The purpose of this paper is to outline the methods and approaches of the SMAP applications activity, which is designed to increase and sustain the interaction between users and scientists involved in mission development. C1 [Brown, Molly E.; O'Neill, Peggy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Moran, Susan] USDA, Southwest Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Escobar, Vanessa] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sigma Space, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Entekhabi, Dara] MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Njoku, Eni] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Brown, ME (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM molly.brown@nasa.gov; susan.moran@ars.usda.gov; vanessa.escobar@sigmaspace.com; darae@mit.edu; peggy.oneill@nasa.gov; eni.g.njoku@jpl.nasa.gov RI Brown, Molly/M-5146-2013 OI Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2306 EP 2309 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049670 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302081 ER PT S AU Spencer, M Wheeler, K Chan, S Piepmeier, J Hudson, D Medeiros, J AF Spencer, Michael Wheeler, Kevin Chan, Samuel Piepmeier, Jeffrey Hudson, Derek Medeiros, James GP IEEE TI The Planned Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission L-Band Radar/Radiometer Instrument SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Soil-Moisture; Radar; Radiometer AB The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission is a NASA mission identified by the NRC "decadal survey" to measure both soil moisture and freeze/thaw state from space. The mission will use both active radar and passive radiometer instruments at L-Band. In order to achieve a wide swath at sufficiently high resolution for both active and passive channels, an instrument architecture that uses a large rotating reflector is employed. The instrument system has completed the preliminary design review (PDR) stage, and detailed instrument design has begun. In addition to providing an overview of the instrument design, two recent design modifications are discussed: 1) The addition of active thermal control to the instrument spun side to provide a more stable, settable thermal environment for the radiometer electronics, and 2) A "sequential transmit" strategy for the two radar polarization channels which allows a single high-power amplifier to be used. C1 [Spencer, Michael; Wheeler, Kevin; Chan, Samuel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Piepmeier, Jeffrey; Hudson, Derek; Medeiros, James] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Spencer, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2310 EP 2313 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049671 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302082 ER PT S AU O'Neill, PE Podest, E Njoku, EG AF O'Neill, Peggy E. Podest, Erika Njoku, Eni G. GP IEEE TI UTILIZATION OF ANCILLARY DATA SETS FOR SMAP ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT GENERATION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE soil moisture; microwave; geophysical retrievals; ancillary data AB Once launched in late 2014/early 2015, the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission will provide high resolution global mapping of soil moisture and landscape freeze/thaw state every 2-3 days. These measurements are valuable to improved understanding of the Earth's water, energy, and carbon cycles, and to applications of societal benefit. In order for soil moisture and freeze/thaw to be retrieved accurately from SMAP microwave data, a variety of global static and dynamic ancillary data are required. The choice of which ancillary datasets to use for SMAP products will be based on a number of factors including availability and ease of use, their inherent error and resulting impact on SMAP retrieval accuracies, and compatibility with similar choices made by ESA's SMOS mission. C1 [O'Neill, Peggy E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Podest, Erika; Njoku, Eni G.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP O'Neill, PE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Peggy.E.ONeill@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2436 EP 2439 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049703 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302114 ER PT S AU Spencer, M Chan, S Belz, E Piepmeier, J Mohammed, P Kim, E Johnson, JT AF Spencer, Michael Chan, Samuel Belz, Eric Piepmeier, Jeffrey Mohammed, Priscilla Kim, Edward Johnson, Joel T. GP IEEE TI Radio Frequency Interference Mitigation for the Planned SMAP Radar and Radiometer SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE SMAP; Radar; Radiometer; RFI ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY AB NASA's planned SMAP(1) mission will utilize a radar operating in a band centered on 1.26 GHz and a co-observing radiometer operating at 1.41 GHz to measure surface soil moisture. Both the radar and radiometer sub-systems are susceptible to radio frequency interference (RFI). Any significant impact of such interference requires mitigation in order to avoid degradation in the SMAP science products. Studies of RFI detection and mitigation methods for both the radar and radiometer are continuing in order to assess the risk to mission products and to refine the performance achieved. C1 [Spencer, Michael; Chan, Samuel; Belz, Eric] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Piepmeier, Jeffrey; Mohammed, Priscilla; Kim, Edward] NASAs Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Johnson, Joel T.] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Spencer, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2440 EP 2443 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049704 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302115 ER PT S AU Bindlish, R Jackson, TJ Zhao, TJ Cosh, M Chan, S O'Neill, P Njoku, E Colliander, A Kerr, Y Shi, JC AF Bindlish, Rajat Jackson, Thomas J. Zhao, Tianjie Cosh, Michael Chan, Steven O'Neill, Peggy Njoku, Eni Colliander, Andreas Kerr, Yann Shi, J. C. GP IEEE TI EVALUATION OF SMAP LEVEL 2 SOIL MOISTURE ALGORITHMS USING SMOS DATA SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Passive microwave; soil moisture; SMAP; SMOS ID RETRIEVAL; MISSION AB SMOS observations provide an opportunity to develop a testbed for the evaluation of different SMAP algorithm options. The use of real-world global observations will help in the development and selection of different land surface parameters and ancillary observations needed for the soil moisture algorithms. In this study, SMOS observations were used with one soil moisture retrieval algorithm and the results were evaluated using in situ soil moisture measurements. The SMOS soil moisture product, which exploits multiple incidence angle observations, compares well with the ground-based observations (RMSE 0.043 m(3)/m(3) (ascending) and 0.047 m(3)/m(3) (descending)). The alternative SMAP compatible algorithm also performed well (RMSE 0.040 m(3)/m(3) (ascending) and 0.043 m(3)/m(3) (descending)). Although preliminary, these initial results are encouraging for the potential of SMAP to meet its required soil moisture accuracy. C1 [Bindlish, Rajat; Jackson, Thomas J.; Zhao, Tianjie; Cosh, Michael] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 104 Bldg,007 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Chan, Steven; Njoku, Eni; Colliander, Andreas] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [O'Neill, Peggy] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Kerr, Yann] CESBIO, Toulouse, France. [Shi, J. C.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA. RP Bindlish, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 104 Bldg,007 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rajat.bindlish@ars.usda.gov RI Cosh, MIchael/A-8858-2015 OI Cosh, MIchael/0000-0003-4776-1918 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2444 EP 2447 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049705 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302116 ER PT S AU Seto, S Iguchi, T Meneghini, R AF Seto, Shinta Iguchi, Toshio Meneghini, Robert GP IEEE TI COMPARISON OF TRMM PR V6 AND V7 FOCUSING HEAVY RAINFALL SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE TRMM; PR; SRT; heavy rainfall AB The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) / Precipitation Radar (PR) has been working for more than 12 years, and the latest version (Version 7; V7 in short) of the standard product is published in 2011. A test product (called ITE233), which is essentially the same with the final product of V7, is compared with the previous version (Version 6; V6 in short). Generally, rain rate estimates are larger in V7 than in V6 both over land and over ocean. Histogram, the incident angle dependence, and the geographical distribution of heavy rainfall events are shown and the reasons why rain rates are increased over land in going from V6 to V7 are discussed. C1 [Seto, Shinta] Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. [Iguchi, Toshio] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol NICT, Tokyo, Japan. [Meneghini, Robert] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Seto, S (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. FU KAKENHI [22760365]; JSPS, Japan FX This study is partially supported by KAKENHI (22760365), JSPS, Japan. . NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2582 EP 2585 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049769 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302151 ER PT S AU Skofronick-Jackson, G Johnson, B AF Skofronick-Jackson, Gail Johnson, Benjamin GP IEEE TI THRESHOLDS OF DETECTION FOR FALLING SNOW FROM SATELLITE-BORNE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENSORS SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Falling snow; radar; radiometer ID LAND AB Since falling snow from space is the next precipitation measurement challenge from space, information must be determined in order to guide retrieval algorithm development for these current and future missions. This information includes thresholds of detection for various sensor channel configurations, snow event system characteristics, and surface types. Results herein provide thresholds of falling snow detection for active radars at Ku, Ka, and W- band, and for passive radiometer channels from 10 to 183 GHz. The results show that the radar detection levels are an order of magnitude better (detect lower amounts of falling snow) than the passive detection. C1 [Skofronick-Jackson, Gail] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Proc Branch, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Johnson, Benjamin] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty JCET GEST, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Skofronick-Jackson, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Proc Branch, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Gail.S.Jackson@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2637 EP 2640 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049744 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302164 ER PT S AU Wu, XQ Hensley, S Rodriguez, E Moller, D Muellerschoen, R Michel, T AF Wu, Xiaoqing Hensley, Scott Rodriguez, Ernesto Moller, Delwyn Muellerschoen, Ronald Michel, Thierry GP IEEE TI NEAR NADIR KA-BAND SAR INTERFEROMETRY: SWOT AIRBORNE EXPERIMENT SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE SAR; KaBand radar interferometry; SWOT AB To better prepare data processing system of the Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn) for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) [1] mission, we opportunistically collected data over several diverse freshwater targets in the Van Hook Arm areas of North Dakota, USA, using a Ka-band interferometric radar [2] developed at JPL. To make the collection relevant to SWOT, the aircraft was rolled to direct the antenna boresight toward nadir to mimic the SWOT geometry. Using a modified airborne interferometric SAR processor [3] developed at JPL, we were able to process the collected Ka-band airborne data and produced the height and magnitude image products. These results are the first of the kind for Ka-band interferometric synthethic aperture radar over water surfaces with near nadir looking geometry. These initial results will help to characterize the power returns from water surface and land, and provide guidance for the design of post-processing algorithms including methods for water and land classification. The height accuracy we get from the water surface height images can be used to project the water surface height accuracy we would get from SWOT mission. This airborne experiment will help us verify the SWOT data processing chain and make us better prepared for SWOT data processing task. C1 [Wu, Xiaoqing; Hensley, Scott; Rodriguez, Ernesto; Muellerschoen, Ronald; Michel, Thierry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Moller, Delwyn] Remote sensing solut Inc, Barnstable, MA 02630 USA. RP Wu, XQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2681 EP 2684 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049755 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302175 ER PT S AU Morrow, R Fu, LL AF Morrow, Rosemary Fu, Lee-Lueng GP IEEE TI OBSERVING MESOSCALE TO SUBMESOSCALE DYNAMICS TODAY, AND IN THE FUTURE WITH SWOT SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE One; two; three; four; five AB Over the last two decades, satellite altimetry has provided one of the most important tools for global monitoring and understanding of ocean dynamics, ranging from large-scale to smaller mesoscale processes. This paper will present some recent results using altimetry to detect smaller ocean processes in the open ocean and in coastal regions. The space and time scales being analysed by standard gridded altimetric maps and from alongtrack data will be reviewed, and compared to the scales we are expecting in the ocean, derived from models or in-situ spectra. The future SWOT altimetric mission will provide sea surface height observations with a 1 km resolution globally [1], which will enable us to observe the smaller scales open ocean and coastal processes. A review of these processes will be presented. C1 [Morrow, Rosemary] LEGOS Observ Midipyrenees Toulouse, Toulouse, France. [Fu, Lee-Lueng] NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Morrow, R (reprint author), LEGOS Observ Midipyrenees Toulouse, Toulouse, France. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2689 EP 2691 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049757 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302177 ER PT S AU Chan, S Fischman, M Spencer, M AF Chan, Samuel Fischman, Mark Spencer, Michael GP IEEE TI RFI MITIGATION AND DETECTION FOR THE SMAP RADAR SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE SMAP; Radar; RFI AB The planned Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission(1) will use both active radar and passive radiometer instruments at L-Band to measure and monitor both soil moisture and freeze/thaw state globally. The frequency band allocated for the SMAP radar is shared with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems and ground-based radiolocation services. Signals from those users present significant sources of anthropogenic radio frequency interference (RFI) which contaminate the radar measurements. To mitigate RFI, the radar is designed with tunable operating frequency, which allows the center frequency to be tuned to avoid RFI. The filtering scheme in the receiver is configured to get a high level of RFI suppression. To meet the high accuracy measurement requirements, RFI detection and correction will be required during ground data processing. Some candidate algorithms have been evaluated, and they have been tested against simulated SMAP data derived from the PALSAR data. C1 [Chan, Samuel; Fischman, Mark; Spencer, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chan, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2725 EP 2728 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049777 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302187 ER PT S AU Rott, H Cline, DW Duguay, C Essery, R Etchevers, P Hajnsek, I Kern, M Macelloni, G Malnes, E Pulliainen, J Yueh, SH AF Rott, Helmut Cline, Donald W. Duguay, Claude Essery, Richard Etchevers, Pierre Hajnsek, Irena Kern, Michael Macelloni, Giovanni Malnes, Eirik Pulliainen, Jouni Yueh, Simon H. GP IEEE TI COREH2O, A DUAL FREQUENCY RADAR SATELLITE FOR COLD REGIONS HYDROLOGY SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Earth observation satellite; synthetic aperture radar; snow; ice; hydrology; radiative transfer AB The COld REgions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory (CoReH2O) satellite mission has been selected for detailed scientific and technical studies within the ESA Living Planet Programme. The mission addresses the need for distributed snow and ice observations to improve the representation of the cryosphere in climate models and the prediction of the water cycle. The sensor is a dual frequency SAR, operating at 17.2 GHz and 9.6 GHz, VV and VH polarizations. This configuration enables the decomposition of the scattering signal for retrieving snow mass (SWE) and other physical properties of snow and ice. A major task for mission preparation is the development and testing of algorithms for SWE retrieval. The baseline algorithm applies a constrained minimization approach, matching forward computed and measured backscatter by iterating for SWE, and effective grain size of the snow volume. Experimental campaigns on Ku- and X-band backscatter of snow deliver important information for retrieval development and validation. C1 [Rott, Helmut] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Cline, Donald W.] NOAA NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MN USA. [Duguay, Claude] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Essery, Richard] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Macelloni, Giovanni] CNR, IFAS, Florence, Italy. [Malnes, Eirik] NORUT, Tromso, Norway. [Pulliainen, Jouni] FMI, Helsinki, Finland. [Yueh, Simon H.] CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rott, H (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Duguay, Claude/G-5682-2011; Macelloni, Giovanni /B-7518-2015; OI Duguay, Claude/0000-0002-1044-5850; Essery, Richard/0000-0003-1756-9095 FU European Space Agency; ESTEC [22830/09/NL/JC, 22671/09/NL/JA] FX The investigations were supported by the European Space Agency, ESTEC Contracts No.22830/09/NL/JC and No. 22671/09/NL/JA.We Wish to thank T.Nagler and M.Hidinger (ENVEO IT) for perfoming Model calculations and preparing figures. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 2729 EP 2732 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049778 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496302188 ER PT S AU Joseph, AT van der Velde, R O'Neill, PE Choudhury, BJ Kim, E Lang, RH Gish, T AF Joseph, A. T. van der Velde, R. O'Neill, P. E. Choudhury, B. J. Kim, E. Lang, R. H. Gish, T. GP IEEE TI PASSIVE L-BAND H POLARIZED MICROWAVE EMISSION DURING THE CORN GROWTH CYCLE SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Vegetation correction; field campaign; soil moisture; radiometer ID CROP FIELDS; MODEL AB From a combined active/passive microwave remote sensing campaign conducted in 2002, hourly L-band H polarized T-B (Brightness temperature) measurements are available for five episodes distributed over the corn growth cycle. In this study, fitting the tau-omega model to the T-B measurements shows that the empirical parameter b, defining the optical depth or canopy opacity (tau), and its dependence towards the incidence and azimuth angles both change during the growth cycle. The b found for the early growth stage is about three times larger than expected based on the literature, while near peak biomass and at senescence its value is about half. Moreover, the soil moisture dependence of the roughness and crop row orientation are found to be important uncertainties in the T-B simulations. The latter effect is particularly significant at senescence. C1 [Joseph, A. T.; O'Neill, P. E.; Choudhury, B. J.; Kim, E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch 614 3, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Joseph, AT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch 614 3, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Alicia.T.Joseph@nasa.gov; velde@itc.nl; Peggy.E.ONeill@nasa.gov; Bhaskar.J.Choudhury@nasa.gov; Edward.J.Kim@nasa.gov; lang@gwu.edu; timothy.gish@ars.usda.gov RI van der Velde, Rogier /K-8623-2013 OI van der Velde, Rogier /0000-0003-2157-4110 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3105 EP 3108 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049875 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303022 ER PT S AU Colliander, A McDonald, K Zimmerman, R Podest, E Schroeder, R Kimball, J Njoku, E AF Colliander, Andreas McDonald, Kyle Zimmerman, Reiner Podest, Erika Schroeder, Ronny Kimball, John Njoku, Eni GP IEEE TI ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MULTI-SCALE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ALASKA ECOLOGICAL TRANSECT: APPLICATION TO SMAP FREEZE/THAW STATE VALIDATION PLANNING SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE SMAP; ALECTRA; QuikSCAT; AMSR-E; PALSAR AB The calibration and validation of the freeze/thaw product of NASA's proposed L-band SMAP (Soil Moisture Active and Passive) radar and radiometer mission requires execution of a strategy for characterization of thermal regime of the relevant landscape elements in terms of freeze/thaw state and the associated relationship to the microwave remote sensing signature. The goal of this study is to improve the understanding of the L-band radar backscatter processes over boreal landscapes by comparing ALOS PALSAR high resolution L-band backscatter images with Ku-band backscatter from the SeaWinds QuikSCAT scatterometer and C-, X- and Ka-band brightness temperatures from the Aqua AMSR-E radiometer. The results show that landscape elements driving the L-band backscatter are different from those at higher (Ku-band) frequencies and establishment of an optimal validation strategy for SMAP requires investigation of L-band measurements at spatial scales and temporal fidelity commensurate with landscape freeze/thaw variability. C1 [Colliander, Andreas; McDonald, Kyle; Podest, Erika; Schroeder, Ronny; Njoku, Eni] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [McDonald, Kyle] CUNY City Coll, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Zimmerman, Reiner] Univ Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. [Kimball, John] Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Colliander, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM andreas.colliander@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3156 EP 3159 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049888 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303035 ER PT S AU Yu, AW Shaw, GB Novo-Gradac, AM Li, SX Ramos-Izquierdo, L Guzek, J Rosanova, A Cavanaugh, J Lukemire, A Unger, G Krebs, D AF Yu, Anthony W. Shaw, George B. Novo-Gradac, Anne Marie Li, Steven X. Ramos-Izquierdo, Luis Guzek, Jeffrey Rosanova, Alberto Cavanaugh, John Lukemire, Alan Unger, Glenn Krebs, Danny GP IEEE TI THE LUNAR ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER (LOLA) LASER TRANSMITTER SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Space laser; alitmetry; topographic mapping AB We present the final configuration of the space flight laser transmitter as delivered to the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument. The instrument was launched in 2009 and has been in operation for close to two years and accumulated over 1.3 billion laser shots in space. C1 [Yu, Anthony W.; Shaw, George B.; Novo-Gradac, Anne Marie; Li, Steven X.; Ramos-Izquierdo, Luis; Guzek, Jeffrey; Rosanova, Alberto; Cavanaugh, John; Lukemire, Alan; Unger, Glenn; Krebs, Danny] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yu, AW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3378 EP 3379 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049943 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303091 ER PT S AU Calhoun, MN Venable, DD Whiteman, DN AF Calhoun, M. N. Venable, D. D. Whiteman, D. N. GP IEEE TI INDEPENDENT MEASUREMENTS OF RAMAN LIDAR WATER VAPOR CALIBRATION FACTOR SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE LIDAR AB One of the goals of LIDAR scientists is to obtain long term monitoring of water vapor using Raman LIDAR [1]. Previous LIDAR research suggests that the measurement of water vapor can be improved by better analysis of the LIDAR system's calibration factor. Currently LIDAR scientists generally use radiosonde data to calibrate LIDAR data. We are using a standard lamp calibration technique to calibrate the LIDAR data to compare with the radiosonde technique in efforts to independently calibrate the LIDAR system. The lamp calibration technique we implement here involves two motion controllers scanning a halogen lamp over the aperture of a LIDAR telescope. When we compared the calibration factor of the lamp mapping technique to the radiosonde technique we found that they agreed within 5%. Using this method, we have determined a calibration of a Raman LIDAR system with accuracy in the range of 5% [2]. Future work involves obtaining temperature measurements directly from the HURL system to improve water vapor measurements. We plan to obtain the temperature directly from the LIDAR system by extracting rotational Raman cross sections using two narrow band-pass filters and taking the ratio of the two measurements. Using the lamp calibration and the temperature measurements found directly from the LIDAR we can calculate a water vapor mixing ratio that is less dependent on radiosonde data [3]. C1 [Calhoun, M. N.; Venable, D. D.] Howard Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Washington, DC 20059 USA. [Whiteman, D. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Calhoun, MN (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3380 EP 3383 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049944 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303092 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Chiang, KF McIntire, J Schwaller, M Butler, J AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Chiang, Kwo-Fu McIntire, Jeffrey Schwaller, Mathew Butler, James GP IEEE TI POST-LAUNCH CALIBRATION SUPPORT FOR VIIRS ONBOARD NASA NPP SPACECRAFT SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) AB The NPP Instrument Calibration Support Element (NICSE) is one of the elements within the NASA NPP Science Data Segment (SDS). The primary responsibility of NICSE is to independently monitor and evaluate on-orbit radiometric and geometric performance of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument and to validate its Sensor Data Record (SDR) [1]. The NICSE interacts and works closely with other SDS Product Evaluation and Analysis Tools Elements (PEATE) and the NPP Science Team (ST) and supports their on-orbit data product calibration and validation efforts. The NICSE also works closely with the NPP Instrument Calibration Support Team (NICST) during sensor pre-launch testing in ambient and thermal vacuum environment [2]. This paper provides an overview of NICSE VIIRS sensor post-launch calibration support with a focus on the use of sensor on-board calibrators (OBC) for the radiometric calibration and characterization. It presents the current status of NICSE post-launch radiometric calibration tool development effort based on its design requirements. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Schwaller, Mathew; Butler, James] NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chiang, Kwo-Fu; McIntire, Jeffrey] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012; Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3384 EP 3387 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049945 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303093 ER PT S AU Le Vine, DM AF Le Vine, D. M. GP IEEE TI ESTAR TO SMOS: DEVELOPMENT OF INTERFEROMETRIC RADIOMETRY FOR REMOTE SENSING FROM SPACE SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Microwave radiometry; Passive microwave remote sensing; L-band ID APERTURE MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; SOIL-MOISTURE AB ESTAR is an L-band radiometer that employs synthesis (interferometry) to obtain resolution in the across track dimension. It was designed as an aircraft prototype to demonstrate the technology of aperture synthesis for remote sensing of the earth from space. ESTAR was successful in several soil moisture and ocean salinity remote sensing experiments and demonstrated the potential of aperture synthesis for remote sensing. Among the lessons learned during the development of ESTAR are the scene dependence of calibration, that RFI is a problem, and the robustness of noise injection for the zero spacing radiometer. ESTAR was the first step in a path toward realizing aperture synthesis technology in space (e.g. SMOS). ESTAR was followed by a new instrument, 2D-STAR, which employs synthesis in both dimensions. 2D-STAR was tested in 2002 and participated in the SMEX field campaigns in 2003 and 2004. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Le Vine, DM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3488 EP 3490 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049972 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303117 ER PT S AU Harding, D Dabney, P Valett, S Yu, A Vasilyev, A Kelly, A AF Harding, David Dabney, Philip Valett, Susan Yu, Anthony Vasilyev, Aleksey Kelly, April GP IEEE TI AIRBORNE POLARIMETRIC, TWO-COLOR LASER ALTIMETER MEASUREMENTS OF LAKE ICE COVER: A PATHFINDER FOR NASA'S ICESAT-2 SPACEFLIGHT MISSION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Lidar; sea ice; polarimetry; SIMPL; ICESat ID OCEAN AB The ICESat-2 mission will continue NASA's spaceflight laser altimeter measurements of sheets, sea ice and vegetation using a new measurement approach: micropulse, single photon ranging at 532 nm. Differential penetration of green laser energy into snow, ice and water could introduce errors in sea ice freeboard determination used for estimation of ice thickness. Laser pulse scattering from these surface types, and resulting range biasing due to pulse broadening, is assessed using SIMPL airborne data acquired over ice-covered Lake Erie. SIMPL acquires polarimetric lidar measurements at 1064 and 532 nm using the micropulse, single photon ranging measurement approach. C1 [Harding, David; Dabney, Philip; Valett, Susan; Yu, Anthony; Kelly, April] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Vasilyev, Aleksey] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Harding, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Dabney, Philip/C-9976-2013; Harding, David/F-5913-2012 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3598 EP 3601 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050002 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303145 ER PT S AU Gaier, T Lambrigtsen, B Kangaslahti, P Lim, B Tanner, A Harding, D Owen, H Soria, M O'Dwyer, I Ruf, C Miller, R Block, B Flynn, M Whitaker, S AF Gaier, Todd Lambrigtsen, Bjorn Kangaslahti, Pekka Lim, Boon Tanner, Alan Harding, Dennis Owen, Heather Soria, Mary O'Dwyer, Ian Ruf, Christopher Miller, Ryan Block, Bruce Flynn, Michael Whitaker, Sterling GP IEEE TI GEOSTAR-II: A PROTOTYPE WATER VAPOR IMAGER/SOUNDER FOR THE PATH MISSION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Synthetic Aperture Radiometry; MMIC receivers; digital correlators AB We describe the development and progress of the GeoSTAR-II risk reduction activity for the NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey PATH Mission. The activity directly addresses areas of technical risk including the system design, low noise receiver production, sub-array development, signal distribution and digital signal processing. C1 [Gaier, Todd; Lambrigtsen, Bjorn; Kangaslahti, Pekka; Lim, Boon; Tanner, Alan; Harding, Dennis; Owen, Heather; Soria, Mary; O'Dwyer, Ian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ruf, Christopher; Miller, Ryan; Block, Bruce; Flynn, Michael] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Whitaker, Sterling] Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Gaier, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 FU NASA Earth Science Tec hnology Office, Instrument Incubator Program; California Institute of Technology operating under a NASA contract FX The authors would like to th ank George Komar, Parminder Ghuman and Ramesh Kakar of NASA for their continued support and encouragement. This project was supported by the NASA Earth Science Tec hnology Office, Instrument Incubator Program. Portions of this work are carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology operating under a NASA contract. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3626 EP 3628 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050009 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303152 ER PT S AU Tonooka, H Hook, SJ Matsunaga, T Kato, S Abbott, E Tan, H AF Tonooka, Hideyuki Hook, Simon J. Matsunaga, Tsuneo Kato, Soushi Abbott, Elsa Tan, Howard GP IEEE TI ASTER/TIR VICARIOUS CALIBRATION ACTIVITIES IN THE LAST 11 YEARS SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Vicarious calibration; onboard calibration; radiometric calibration coefficient; straylight; in-situ measurement ID THERMAL INFRARED BANDS AB Since March 2000, the project science team for the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) onboard NASA's Terra satellite has conducted vicarious calibration (VC) experiments periodically to verify the onboard calibration (OBC) of ASTER thermal infrared (ASTER/TIR) bands. In the present paper, 287 matchup data obtained from ten experimental sites by three organizations are analyzed. The radiance difference of OBC and VC shows almost no correlation with surface temperature and precipitable water vapor at each experimental site, but shows some dependence on the type of the experimental site. For example, the OBC-VC comparisons at Cold Springs Reservoir (NV) which is a small water body shows some bias due to the straylight effect of ASTER/TIR. The comparisons at Lake Kussharo covered by snow also show some bias maybe because of an extrapolation effect of ASTER radiometric calibration. The comparisons at Mauna Loa lava flows show a large deviation due to non-uniformity of surface temperature caused by the rough surface. Except for these cases, the results show that the latest version of radiometric calibration coefficients (version 3.x) for ASTER/TIR has been keeping the designed accuracy (1 K for the temperature range of 270 to 320 K). C1 [Tonooka, Hideyuki] Ibaraki Univ, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan. [Hook, Simon J.; Abbott, Elsa; Tan, Howard] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Matsunaga, Tsuneo; Kato, Soushi] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. RP Tonooka, H (reprint author), Ibaraki Univ, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3653 EP 3656 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050016 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303159 ER PT S AU Tarabalka, Y Tilton, JC AF Tarabalka, Yuliya Tilton, James C. GP IEEE TI BEST MERGE REGION GROWING WITH INTEGRATED PROBABILISTIC CLASSIFICATION FOR HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Hyperspectral images; classification; segmentation; region growing; support vector machines ID SEGMENTATION AB A new method for spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images is proposed. The method is based on the integration of probabilistic classification within the hierarchical best merge region growing algorithm. For this purpose, preliminary probabilistic support vector machines classification is performed. Then, hierarchical step-wise optimization algorithm is applied, by iteratively merging regions with the smallest Dissimilarity Criterion (DC). The main novelty of this method consists in defining a DC between regions as a function of region statistical and geometrical features along with classification probabilities. Experimental results are presented on a 200-band AVIRIS image of the Northwestern Indiana's vegetation area and compared with those obtained by recently proposed spectral-spatial classification techniques. The proposed method improves classification accuracies when compared to other classification approaches. C1 [Tarabalka, Yuliya; Tilton, James C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tarabalka, Y (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM yuliya.tarabalka@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3724 EP 3727 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050034 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303176 ER PT S AU Truong-Loi, ML Dubois-Fernandez, P Pottier, E AF My-Linh Truong-Loi Dubois-Fernandez, Pascale Pottier, Eric GP IEEE TI COMPACT POLARIMETRY POTENTIALS SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Compact polarimetry; biomass; vegetation height; PolInSAR; raw data; calibration AB The goal of this study is to show the potential of a compact-ol SAR system for vegetation applications. Compact-pol concept has been suggested to minimize the system design while maximize the information and is declined as the pi/4, pi/2 and hybrid modes. In this paper, the applications such as biomass and vegetation height estimates are first presented, then, the equivalence between compact-pol data simulated from full-pol data and compact-pol data processed from raw data as such is shown. Finally, a calibration procedure using external targets is proposed. C1 [My-Linh Truong-Loi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Dubois-Fernandez, Pascale] Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, F-13661 Palaiseau, France. [Pottier, Eric] Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6164, IETR, F-35000 Rennes, France. RP Truong-Loi, ML (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Dubois-Fernandez, Pascale/A-6743-2012 FU CNES; ONERA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, under the National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research was conducted under a grant by CNES and ONERA. Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3823 EP 3826 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050064 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303201 ER PT S AU Qiu, YB Guo, HD Shi, JC Kang, SC Lemmetyinen, J Wang, JR AF Qiu, Yubao Guo, Huadong Shi, Jiancheng Kang, Shichang Lemmetyinen, Juha Wang, James R. GP IEEE TI ANALYSIS OF THE PASSIVE MICROWAVE HIGH-FREQUENCY SIGNAL IN THE SHALLOW SNOW RETRIEVAL SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Tibet Plateau; Shallow Snow; High Frequency; AMSR-E ID COVER AB Over the western China, due to the influence from shallow snow, the passive microwave remote sensing algorithm show its imbecility when using the gradient brightness temperature (Tb) algorithm of 36.5Ghz-18.7Ghz. In this paper, we employee several ground time-series snow depth dataset and the corresponding satellite brightness temperature to evaluate the 36.5Ghz/18.7Ghz and high frequencies' (85Ghz or 89.0Ghz/18.7Ghz) ability for the shallow snow retrieval. From the analysis, we can get that the high frequencies has its potential for the shallow, which is suit for the snow situation over the high land, even with the atmosphere influence at high frequency. The result tell that the relative deep snow (> 20cm) the Tbs at 36-18GHz are more reliable than that of high frequency, while over the shallow snow especially <20cm), the pair 36-18 is insensitive, but the high frequency pair (89/85-18GHz) shows its obvious possibility C1 [Qiu, Yubao; Guo, Huadong] Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. [Shi, Jiancheng] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Kang, Shichang] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Tibetan Plateau Res, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. [Lemmetyinen, Juha] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Arct Res Ctr, FI-99600 Sodankyla, Finland. [Wang, James R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Qiu, YB (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. EM ybqiu@ceode.ac.cn FU Chinese "973"; Earth Observation for Sensitive Factors of Global Change; Mechanism and Methodologies [2009CB723906]; Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences; Open Foundation" of Institute of Plateau Meteorology FX This work is now supported by the Chinese "973" Program Earth Observation for Sensitive Factors of Global Change: Mechanism and Methodologies (NO. 2009CB723906), the Director Foundation of Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Open Foundation of Institute of Plateau Meteorology. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3863 EP 3866 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050074 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303211 ER PT S AU Thome, K Fox, N AF Thome, Kurtis Fox, Nigel GP IEEE TI 2010 CEOS FIELD REFLECTANCE INTERCOMPARISONS LESSONS LEARNED SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Vicarious calibration; SI-traceability; radiometric calibration ID CALIBRATION AB This paper summarizes lessons learned from the 2009 and 2010 joint field campaigns to Tuz Golu, Turkey. Emphasis is placed on the 2010 campaign related to understanding the equipment and measurement protocols, processing schemes, and traceability to SI quantities. Participants in both 2009 and 2010 used an array of measurement approaches to determine surface reflectance. One lesson learned is that even with all of the differences in collection between groups, the differences in reflectance are currently dominated by instrumental artifacts including knowledge of the white reference. Processing methodology plays a limited role once the bi-directional reflectance of the white reference is used rather than a hemispheric-directional value. The lack of a basic set of measurement protocols, or best practices, limits a group's ability to ensure SI traceability and the development of proper error budgets. Finally, rigorous attention to sampling methodology and its impact on instrument behavior is needed. The results of the 2009 and 2010 joint campaigns clearly demonstrate both the need and utility of such campaigns and such comparisons must continue in the future to ensure a coherent set of data that can span multiple sensor types and multiple decades. C1 [Thome, Kurtis] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Fox, Nigel] Natl Phys Lab, Middlesex, United Kingdom. RP Thome, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012 NR 3 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3879 EP 3882 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050078 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303215 ER PT S AU Norton, CD Moe, K AF Norton, Charles D. Moe, Karen GP IEEE TI SENSOR WEB TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES AND ADVANCEMENTS FOR THE EARTH SCIENCE DECADAL SURVEY ERA SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Sensor web AB This paper examines the Earth science decadal survey era and the role ESTO developed sensor web technologies can contribute to the scientific observations. This includes hardware and software technology advances for in-situ and in-space measurements. Also discussed are emerging areas of importance such as the potential of small satellites for sensor web based observations as well as advances in data fusion critical to the science and societal benefits of future missions, and the challenges ahead. C1 [Norton, Charles D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Moe, Karen] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Norton, Charles D.; Moe, Karen] Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Norton, CD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Charles.D.Norton@jpl.nasa.gov; Karen.Moe@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3931 EP 3934 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050091 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303228 ER PT S AU Chien, S Doubleday, J Mclaren, D Tran, D Tanpipat, V Chitradon, R Boonya-aroonnet, S Thanapakpawin, P Khunboa, C Leelapatra, W Plermkamon, V Raghavendra, C Mandl, D AF Chien, Steve Doubleday, Joshua Mclaren, David Tran, Daniel Tanpipat, Veerachai Chitradon, Royal Boonya-aroonnet, Surajate Thanapakpawin, Porranee Khunboa, Chatchai Leelapatra, Watis Plermkamon, Vichian Raghavendra, Cauligi (Raghu) Mandl, Daniel GP IEEE TI COMBINING SPACE-BASED AND IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS TO TRACK FLOODING IN THAILAND SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Flooding; space-based remote sensing; in-situ sensing; hydrological modeling AB We describe efforts to integrate in-situ sensing, space-borne sensing, hydrological modeling, active control of sensing, and automatic data product generation to enhance monitoring and management of flooding. In our approach, broad coverage sensors and missions such as MODIS, TRMM, and weather satellite information and in-situ weather and river gauging information are all inputs to track flooding via river basin and sub-basin hydrological models. While these inputs can provide significant information as to the major flooding, targetable space measurements can provide better spatial resolution measurements of flooding extent. In order to leverage such assets we automatically task observations in response to automated analysis indications of major flooding. These new measurements are automatically processed and assimilated with the other flooding data. We describe our ongoing efforts to deploy this system to track major flooding events in Thailand. C1 [Chien, Steve; Doubleday, Joshua; Mclaren, David; Tran, Daniel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Tanpipat, Veerachai] Wildlife & Plant Conservat Dept Thailand, Natl Park, Bangkok, Thailand. [Chitradon, Royal; Boonya-aroonnet, Surajate; Thanapakpawin, Porranee] Hydro Agro Informat Inst, Bangkok, Thailand. [Khunboa, Chatchai; Leelapatra, Watis; Plermkamon, Vichian] Khon Kaen Univ, Bangkok, Thailand. [Raghavendra, Cauligi (Raghu)] Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Mandl, Daniel] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chien, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU Telecommunications Research and Industrial Development Institute, National Telecommunications Commission, Thailand FX Portions of this work were performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California In stitute of Technology, under contract from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Khon Kaen University team acknowledges the support of the Telecommunications Research and Industrial Development Institute, National Telecommunications Commission, Thailand. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 3935 EP 3938 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050092 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303229 ER PT S AU Nishihama, M Wolfe, RE AF Nishihama, Masahiro Wolfe, Robert E. GP IEEE TI MODIS and VIIRS geolocation error and long-term trend analysis with automated correction techniques using Kalman filtering SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Kalman filtering; control point chip; MODIS; VIIRS; long-term trend; attitude; residual error ID ATTITUDE AB Accurate geolocation of remote sensing data is vital to all aspects of Earth science research and applications, especially over heterogeneous land surfaces. To achieve and maintain accurate geolocation throughout multi-year missions, an initial on-orbit bias removal is followed by analysis and removal of the long term trends in the instrument pointing caused by temporal changes in the instrument and spacecraft materials and thermal environment. This research is focused on automating this long-term trend analysis and removal by using a Kalman filtering approach. We will demonstrate an application of this technique using data from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments and show how it could be used for the future Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument. C1 [Nishihama, Masahiro] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Wolfe, Robert E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nishihama, M (reprint author), Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM mash.nishihama@nasa.gov; robert.e.wolfe@nasa.gov RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 FU MODIS FX Accurate MODIS geolocation requires contributions from a large number of specialized groups, including: the instrument and satellite builders, flight dynamics and attitude control groups, and other instrument teams. The author acknowledges the contributions of these groups, the contributions of MODIS geolocation team members and the support provided by the MODIS science team. This work was performed under the direction of the MODIS Science Team in the Terrestrial Information Systems Branch (Code 614.5) at NASA GSFC. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4002 EP 4005 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050109 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303246 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Wenny, BN Angal, A Barnes, W Salomonson, V AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack) Wenny, Brian N. Angal, Amit Barnes, William Salomonson, Vincent GP IEEE TI Summary of Terra and Aqua MODIS Long-term Performance SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE MODIS; Terra; Aqua; Calibration AB Since launch in December 1999, the MODIS ProtoFlight Model (PFM) onboard the Terra spacecraft has successfully operated for more than 11 years. Its Flight Model (FM) onboard the Aqua spacecraft, launched in May 2002, has also successfully operated for over 9 years. MODIS observations are made in 36 spectral bands at three nadir spatial resolutions and are calibrated and characterized regularly by a set of on-board calibrators (OBC). Nearly 40 science products, supporting a variety of land, ocean, and atmospheric applications, are continuously derived from the calibrated reflectances and radiances of each MODIS instrument and widely distributed to the world-wide user community. Following an overview of MODIS instrument operation and calibration activities, this paper provides a summary of both Terra and Aqua MODIS long-term performance. Special considerations that are critical to maintaining MODIS data quality and beneficial for future missions are also discussed. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)] NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, GSFC, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wenny, Brian N.] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Angal, Amit] Sci & Syst Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Barnes, William] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Salomonson, Vincent] Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, GSFC, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4006 EP 4009 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050110 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496303247 ER PT S AU Yu, AW Krainak, MA Harding, DJ Abshire, JB Sun, XL Cavanaugh, J Valett, S Ramos-Izquierdo, L Winkert, T Kirchner, C Plants, M Filemyr, T Kamamia, B Hasselbrack, W AF Yu, Anthony W. Krainak, Michael A. Harding, David J. Abshire, James B. Sun, Xiaoli Cavanaugh, John Valett, Susan Ramos-Izquierdo, Luis Winkert, Tom Kirchner, Cynthia Plants, Michael Filemyr, Timothy Kamamia, Brian Hasselbrack, William GP IEEE TI SIXTEEN CHANNEL, NON-SCANNING AIRBORNE LIDAR SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY (LIST) SIMULATOR SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Altimetry; lidar; space laser; photo-counting; micropulse lidar AB We report on progress in developing a new multi-beam non-scanning, swath mapping laser altimeter measurement approach for future spaceflight missions using a high repetition rate, short-pulse laser transmitter. The instrument contains multi pixel photon counting detectors, high bandwidth, sixteen-channel 8-bit digitizer and a high-throughput data system. C1 [Yu, Anthony W.; Krainak, Michael A.; Harding, David J.; Abshire, James B.; Sun, Xiaoli; Cavanaugh, John; Valett, Susan; Ramos-Izquierdo, Luis; Winkert, Tom; Kirchner, Cynthia; Plants, Michael; Filemyr, Timothy; Kamamia, Brian; Hasselbrack, William] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yu, AW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013; Harding, David/F-5913-2012 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4119 EP 4121 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050139 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304021 ER PT S AU Priestley, K Smith, GL Thomas, S Bitting, H AF Priestley, Kory Smith, G. Lou Thomas, Susan Bitting, Herbert GP IEEE TI CERES FLIGHT MODEL 5 ON NPP: PRE-LAUNCH PERFORMANCE AND SENSOR DATA RECORD VALIDATION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE CERES; FM-5; NPP; Earth radiation budget; calibration; validation ID ENERGY SYSTEM CERES; CLOUDS AB Understanding our climate requires a climate data record CDR of radiation budget spanning many years. The CERES Flight Model 5 instrument on the NPP will continue the CDR begun by the CERES instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua spacecraft, which have provided over a decade of these data. In order to get measurements of sufficient accuracy, the FM-5 has been extensively calibrated in vacuum prior to launch. Once in orbit, each of the three channels will be calibrated by use of the internal calibration module. Special operations will permit comparison of the FM-5 with FM-3 aboard the Aqua spacecraft in order to maintain a seamless CDR during the transition from the present set of instruments to the FM-5. Other validation checks will be performed so as to keep the accuracy level high. C1 [Priestley, Kory] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Smith, G. Lou] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Thomas, Susan] Northrop Grumman Aerosp Syst, Redondo Beach, CA USA. RP Priestley, K (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. FU Science Directorate of Langley Research Centre; Science Mission Directorate of the Earth Science Division of NASA; CERES Project FX The authors are grateful to the Science Directorate of Langley Research Centre and to the Science Mission Directorate of the Earth Science Division of NASA for the support of the CERES Project. They also acknowledge the excellent work performed by the people of NorthropGrumman Space Technology, under the leadership of Steve Carman and Tom Evert to achieve the performance which has been demonstrated by the CERES instruments. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4138 EP 4141 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050144 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304026 ER PT S AU Anterrieu, E Kerr, Y Cabot, F Lagerloef, G Le Vine, D AF Anterrieu, Eric Kerr, Yann Cabot, Francois Lagerloef, Gary Le Vine, David GP IEEE TI A synergy between SMOS & AQUARIUS: resampling SMOS maps at the resolution and incidence of AQUARIUS SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) ID APERTURE IMAGING RADIOMETERS; SALINITY; MISSION AB On one hand, the SMOS mission is an ESA project aimed at global monitoring of surface Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity from radiometric L-band observations. The single payload of the mission is MIRAS, a Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis. It has been successfully lofted into orbit on November 2nd, 2009. On the other hand, AQUARIUS/SAC-D mission is a partnership between NASA and CONAE for monitoring sea surface salinity from space. The observatory includes AQUARIUS, an L-band radiometer/radar combination and the mission is scheduled for launch on June 9th, 2011. This work is concerned with the synergy between both instruments. It is shown how the brightness temperature maps retrieved from MIRAS interferometric measurements can be resampled down to the ground resolution achieved by the three beams of AQUARIUS without introducing any artifact. C1 [Anterrieu, Eric] Univ Toulouse, IRAP, Toulouse, France. [Kerr, Yann; Cabot, Francois] Univ Toulouse, CESBIO, CNRS, CNES & IRD, Toulouse, France. [Lagerloef, Gary] Earth & Space Res, Seattle, WA USA. [Le Vine, David] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Anterrieu, E (reprint author), Univ Toulouse, IRAP, Toulouse, France. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4142 EP 4145 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050046 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304027 ER PT S AU Flynn, L Rault, D Jaross, G Petropavlovskikh, I Long, C Hornstein, J Beach, E Yu, W Niu, J Swales, D AF Flynn, L. Rault, D. Jaross, G. Petropavlovskikh, I. Long, C. Hornstein, J. Beach, E. Yu, W. Niu, J. Swales, D. GP IEEE TI NPOESS PREPARATORY PROJECT VALIDATION PLANS FOR THE OZONE MAPPING AND PROFILER SUITE SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Ozone; Remote Sensing; Validation ID OMPS AB NOAA, through the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program, in partnership with National Aeronautical Space Administration (NASA), will launch the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) satellite, a risk reduction and data continuity mission, prior to the first operational JPSS launch. The JPSS program will execute the NPP Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val) program to ensure the data products comply with the requirements of the sponsoring agencies. The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) consists of two telescopes feeding three detectors measuring solar radiance scattered by the Earth's atmosphere and solar irradiance by using diffusers. The measurements are used to generate estimates of total column ozone and vertical ozone profiles. The validation efforts will make use of external resources in the form of ground-based and satellite measurements for comparisons and internal consistency methods developed over the last thirty years. This paper provides information and references for the OMPS instrument, measurements, and products and some examples of components of the Cal/Val Plan with emphasis on the collaborative data and analysis techniques for the validation of the NPP OMPS environmental data products. Results for existing/proxy data sets are described to demonstrate the progress made in developing tools, creating and collecting test data, and expanding monitoring capabilities in preparation for the post-launch activities. C1 [Flynn, L.] NOAA NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Rault, D.] NASA, LaRC, Hampton 23681, VA USA. [Jaross, G.] SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Petropavlovskikh, I.] NOAA, ESRL, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Long, C.] NOAA, NWS Camp Springs, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Hornstein, J.] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Beach, E.; Niu, J.; Swales, D.] IMSG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Yu, W.] Dell Syst, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Flynn, L (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Beach, Eric/F-5576-2010; Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009 OI Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4161 EP 4163 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050148 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304032 ER PT S AU Sano, I Mukai, S Nakata, M Holben, BN Kikuchi, N AF Sano, Itaru Mukai, Sonoyo Nakata, Makiko Holben, Brent N. Kikuchi, Nobuyuki GP IEEE TI RETRIEVAL OF BIOMASS BURING AEROSOLS WITH COMBINATION OF NEAR-UV RADIANCE AND NEAR-IR POLARIZATION SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE AOT; Angstrom exponent; SSA; GOSAT / CAI; POLDER ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES AB Carbonaceous aerosol plays an important role not only in climate but also in aerosol study. It is, however, difficult to make models of biomass burning aerosols because their properties are changable due to strongly dependce on the biomaterial itself, and on the stage of burning, and/or transportation process. This work intends to estimate the optical properties of biomass burning aerosols based on the combined use of the satellite data by CAI (Cloud Aerosol Imager) on GOSAT and by POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances) on PARASOL. As a result, aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Angstrom exponent, and single scattering albedo (SSA) are retrieved. The retrieved values of AOT and Angstrom exponent are partially validated with the ground-based measurements of AERONET. C1 [Sano, Itaru; Mukai, Sonoyo; Nakata, Makiko] Kinki Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577, Japan. [Holben, Brent N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Kikuchi, Nobuyuki] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tokyo, Japan. RP Sano, I (reprint author), Kinki Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577, Japan. FU Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Science Project of the National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan; GCOM-C1 SGLI project by JAXA [JX-PSPC- 308878] FX The authors thank to NIES GOSAT team, CNES PARASOL team, Dr. Natalia Chubarova, and NASA AERONET team for operations of their instrument and data distributions. This work was supported by the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Science Project of the National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan, and GCOM-C1 SGLI project (JX-PSPC- 308878) by JAXA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4164 EP 4167 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050048 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304033 ER PT S AU Ceamanos, X Doute, S Lyapustin, A AF Ceamanos, Xavier Doute, Sylvain Lyapustin, Alexei GP IEEE TI ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION OF MULTI-ANGLE CRISM/MRO HYPERSPECTRAL DATA: RETRIEVAL OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS AND SURFACE REFLECTANCE SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Aerosols; atmospheric remote sensing; CRISM; inversion techniques; Mars; multi-angle hyperspectral imagery; radiative transfer modeling ID ALGORITHM AB Multi-angle imaging spectroscopy of Mars is made possible by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). The angular coverage of CRISM is intended to provide reliable information of the atmosphere to carry out accurate atmospheric correction in comparison with the techniques applied on conventional hyperspectral imagery. In this paper we propose two methods that benefit from the angular dimension of the hyperspectral data acquired by CRISM: (i) a method to estimate the aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere of Mars, and (ii) an inversion algorithm to retrieve surface properties from top-of-atmosphere data. C1 [Ceamanos, Xavier; Doute, Sylvain] UJF CNRS, Inst Planetol & Astrophys Grenoble, Grenoble, France. [Lyapustin, Alexei] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Lyapustin, Alexei] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ceamanos, X (reprint author), UJF CNRS, Inst Planetol & Astrophys Grenoble, Grenoble, France. RI Lyapustin, Alexei/H-9924-2014 OI Lyapustin, Alexei/0000-0003-1105-5739 FU French research agency (ANR); French space agency (CNES) FX This work has been done in the framework of the Vahine project funded by the French research agency (ANR) and the French space agency (CNES). NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4168 EP 4171 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050149 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304034 ER PT S AU Shah, R Garrison, JL Grant, MS AF Shah, Rashmi Garrison, James L. Grant, Michael S. GP IEEE TI ANISOTROPY IN OCEAN SCATTERING OF BISTATIC RADAR USING SIGNALS OF OPPORTUNITY SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Bistatic radar; digital communication signals; anisotropy; retrievals; waveforms ID SURFACE; SYSTEM AB This paper present experimental results demonstrating the use of "signals of opportunity" from digital communications satellites (XM radio) as bistatic radar for ocean remote sensing. This builds upon the previous work which demonstrated that the shape of the cross-correlation "waveform" of reflected XM radio signals is sensitive to the roughness of the ocean surface. In these new results, we compare this sensitivity between the waveforms produced from the two XM radio satellites, viewed simultaneously at different azimuths, and show that a small discrepancy exists in the mean square slope (MSS) retrievals obtained from each of them. We then investigate the hypothesis that this discrepancy is the result of neglecting anisotropy in the model for the probability density function (PDF) of surface slopes and that this discrepancy might be useful for sensing the wind direction. In order to do so, a two-stage estimation process was applied to data collected on an airborne experiment that recorded the direct line of sight and reflected XM radio signals. In the first step, an isotropic normal distribution was assumed for the PDF and the mean square slope (MSS) was fit to the measured waveform data from each satellite independently. Since the two satellites are located at different azimuths, a difference between the two MSS estimates were observed. The second step involved using a bidirectional normal PDF with MSS constrained to that obtained from the first step, and a value was assumed for the ratio of upwind and crosswind slopes. The direction of the principal axes was varied to minimize the total residuals for both satellites. The results were compared with Chesapeake Lighthouse recordings of the local wind direction. C1 [Shah, Rashmi; Garrison, James L.] Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, 701 W Stadium Ave, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Grant, Michael S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Shah, R (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, 701 W Stadium Ave, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM shah11@purdue.edu FU NASA Langley Research Center; National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center [NNX09AH13G, NNX10AE43G] FX The authors would like to thank NASA Langley Research Center for funding this research. This research was funded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center under grants NNX09AH13G and NNX10AE43G. The authors would also like to thank Rick Aviation location at Newport News, VA for their technical expertise and hard work assisting in conducting this experiment. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4229 EP 4232 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050164 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304048 ER PT S AU Habib, S Zaitchik, B Alo, C Ozdogan, M Anderson, M Policelli, F AF Habib, Shahid Zaitchik, Benjamin Alo, Clement Ozdogan, Mutlu Anderson, Martha Policelli, Fritz GP IEEE TI An Integrated Hydrological and Water Management Study of the Entire Nile River System - Lake Victoria to Nile Delta SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 24-29, 2011 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc (IEEE GRSS) DE Nile; LDAS; RCMRD; ALEXI ID ASSIMILATION; BASIN AB The Nile basin River system spans 3 million km(2) distributed over ten nations. The eight upstream riparian nations, Ethiopia, Eretria, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Tanzania and Kenya are the source of approximately 86% of the water inputs to the Nile, while the two downstream riparian countries Sudan and Egypt, presently rely on the river's flow for most of the their needs. Both climate and agriculture contribute to the complicated nature of Nile River management: precipitation in the headwaters regions of Ethiopia and Lake Victoria is variable on a seasonal and inter-annual basis, while demand for irrigation water in the arid downstream region is consistently high. The Nile is, perhaps, one of the most difficult trans-boundary water issue in the world(1) , and this study would be the first initiative to combine NASA satellite observations with the hydrologic models study the overall water balance in a comprehensive manner. The cornerstone application of NASA's Earth Science Research Results under this project are the NASA Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS)(2) and the USDA Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI)(3) model. The end-users such as Regional Center for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD, Nairobi, Kenya), Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), Ethiopian and Kenya Meteorological and Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNet) will be the eventual benefactors of this work. C1 [Habib, Shahid; Policelli, Fritz] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zaitchik, Benjamin; Alo, Clement] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Ozdogan, Mutlu] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Anderson, Martha] USDA, Agr Res Ser, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Habib, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM shahid.habib@nasa.gov RI Zaitchik, Benjamin/B-9461-2013; OI Ozdogan, Mutlu/0000-0002-1707-3375; Anderson, Martha/0000-0003-0748-5525 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 17 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4577-1005-6 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2011 BP 4359 EP 4362 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050197 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BXX72 UT WOS:000297496304080 ER PT J AU Jones, KH Nark, DM Jones, MG AF Jones, Kennie H. Nark, Douglas M. Jones, Michael G. GP IEEE TI Communal Sensor Network for Adaptive Noise Reduction in Aircraft Engine Nacelles SO 2011 IEEE SENSORS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE Conference on Sensors CY OCT 28-31, 2011 CL Limerick, IRELAND SP IEEE, IEEE SENSORS Council, ANALOG DEVICES, Failte Ireland, irelandinspires.com, Silicon Labs, Sci Fdn Ireland (SFI), Intel, Competence Ctr, Microelect AB Emergent behavior, a subject of much research in biology, sociology, and economics, is a foundational element of Complex Systems Science and is apropos in the design of sensor network systems. To demonstrate engineering for emergent behavior, a novel approach in the design of a sensor/actuator network is presented maintaining optimal noise attenuation as an adaptation to changing acoustic conditions. Rather than use the conventional approach where sensors are managed by a central controller, this new paradigm uses a biomimetic model where sensor/actuators cooperate as a community of autonomous organisms, sharing with neighbors to control impedance based on local information. From the combination of all individual actions, an optimal attenuation emerges for the global system. C1 [Jones, Kennie H.; Nark, Douglas M.; Jones, Michael G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Jones, KH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM k.h.jones@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-9289-3 PY 2011 BP 774 EP 777 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BYR66 UT WOS:000299901200184 ER PT J AU Hartley, TT Lorenzo, CF AF Hartley, Tom T. Lorenzo, Carl F. TI Order-distributions and the Laplace-domain logarithmic operator SO ADVANCES IN DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS LA English DT Article DE Order-distribution; Laplace transform; Fractional-order systems; Fractional calculus ID FRACTIONAL CALCULUS; IDENTIFICATION; SYSTEMS AB This paper develops and exposes the strong relationships that exist between time-domain order-distributions and the Laplace-domain logarithmic operator. The paper presents the fundamental theory of the Laplace-domain logarithmic operator, and related operators. It is motivated by the appearance of logarithmic operators in a variety of fractional-order systems and order-distributions. Included is the development of a system theory for Laplace-domain logarithmic operator systems which includes time-domain representations, frequency domain representations, frequency response analysis, time response analysis, and stability theory. Approximation methods are included. C1 [Hartley, Tom T.] Univ Akron, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Lorenzo, Carl F.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Hartley, TT (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM thartley@uakron.edu FU NASA Glenn Research Center; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the University of Akron FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the continued support of NASA Glenn Research Center and the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the University of Akron. The authors also want to express their great appreciation for the valuable comments by the reviewers. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG PI CHAM PA GEWERBESTRASSE 11, CHAM, CH-6330, SWITZERLAND SN 1687-1847 J9 ADV DIFFER EQU-NY JI Adv. Differ. Equ. PY 2011 DI 10.1186/1687-1847-2011-59 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 900SZ UT WOS:000300911300001 ER PT J AU Crout, RL McCall, W AF Crout, Richard L. McCall, Walt GP IEEE TI Use of existing current profiling assets in the Gulf of Mexico to support the Deepwater Horizon response SO OCEANS 2011 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE OCEANS Conference CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Kona, HI SP Marine Technol Soc (MTS), IEEE, OES DE Deepwater Horizon; Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler; ADCP; MC-252; oil spill; subsurface monitoring AB The explosion and collapse of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (MC-252) in the Gulf of Mexico in mid-April 2010 began the largest release of oil into the environment in US history. From 23 April, when the first oil sheen was noted on the surface, until 15 July, when the well was capped, oil flowed at varying rates from 1500 meters below the surface. Because of the high rate of flow and the use of dispersants, a cloud of oil and gas droplets was trapped between 1000 and 1300 meters depth. As the cloud was moved away by ambient currents, new oil and gas was added to the cloud. Since 2005, oil and gas platforms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico have been collected current profile data as mandated by the former Minerals Management Service (now the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement) in a Notice to Lessees (NTL). The data are transmitted to the National Data Buoy Center, where it would be quality controlled, stored, and broadcast over the Global Telecommunications System. The Deepwater Horizon was equipped with a 38 kHz Teledyne RDI ADCP and transmitted data minutes before the explosion occurred on the platform. Other platforms in the area, including Ram-Powell, Mars, and Holstein were collecting ADCP data during this time. The drilling rig used to drill the relief well, Development Driller 3 was also equipped with a 38 kHz ADCP, as was the Discoverer Enterprise rig used to bring oil and gas to the surface from the riser and BOP. The Development Driller 3 was in place at MC-252 and collecting ADCP data beginning 1 May 2010. The Discoverer Enterprise was drilling 55 km to the south-southwest of the Deepwater Horizon rig at the time it exploded. It remained there for ten days before moving to MC-252, 9 May 2010 to begin offloading oil and gas from the spill and collecting ADCP data. These two ADCP deployments of 38 kHz ADCPs, which penetrate to almost 1200 meters water depth, under good conditions, provided important information at the site of the spill during the time that oil was flowing. The ADCP captures a time history of the direction that the oil and gas cloud moved away from the well head site. Weekly resultant current speed and direction information indicate the transport of the cloud. Additional ADCPs on platforms to the southwest of the Deepwater Horizon site provide information about the transport of the oil and gas clouds as they moved in that direction. CTD cast-based fluorometer and dissolved oxygen signatures of the oil in the months following the spill indicate the extent of the oil cloud at 1000 to 1300 meter depths. Combined with the ADCP data, a time history of the movement of the oil and gas cloud is possible. C1 [Crout, Richard L.; McCall, Walt] NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Crout, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM Richard.crout@noaa.gov; Walt.mccall@noaa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 10 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-933957-39-8 PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BYJ22 UT WOS:000299005800195 ER PT J AU Huntsberger, T Woodward, G AF Huntsberger, Terry Woodward, Gail GP IEEE TI Intelligent Autonomy for Unmanned Surface and Underwater Vehicles SO OCEANS 2011 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE OCEANS Conference CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Kona, HI SP Marine Technol Soc (MTS), IEEE, OES DE maritime autonomy; onboard planning/re-planning; environmental sensing; benthic habitat monitoring ID SYSTEM; ARCHITECTURE; NAVIGATION AB As the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) and Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) platforms mature in endurance and reliability, a natural evolution will occur towards longer, more remote autonomous missions. This evolution will require the development of key capabilities that allow these robotic systems to perform a high level of on-board decision-making, which would otherwise be performed by human operators. With more decision making capabilities, less a priori knowledge of the area of operations would be required, as these systems would be able to sense and adapt to changing environmental conditions, such as unknown topography, currents, obstructions, bays, harbors, islands, and river channels. Existing vehicle sensors would be dual-use; that is they would be utilized for the primary mission, which may be mapping or hydrographic reconnaissance; as well as for autonomous hazard avoidance, route planning, and bathymetric-based navigation. This paper describes a tightly integrated instantiation of an autonomous agent called CARACaS (Control Architecture for Robotic Agent Command and Sensing) developed at JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) that was designed to address many of the issues for survivable ASV/AUV control and to provide adaptive mission capabilities. The results of some on-water tests with US Navy technology test platforms are also presented. C1 [Huntsberger, Terry; Woodward, Gail] NASA Jet Prop Lab, Autonomous Syst Div, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Huntsberger, T (reprint author), NASA Jet Prop Lab, Autonomous Syst Div, Pasadena, CA USA. EM terry.huntsberger@jpl.nasa.gov; gail.woodward@jpl.nasa.gov NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-933957-39-8 PY 2011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BYJ22 UT WOS:000299005801213 ER PT J AU Posey, PG Hebert, DA Metzger, EJ Wallcraft, AJ Cummings, JA Preller, RH Smedstad, OM Phelps, MW AF Posey, P. G. Hebert, D. A. Metzger, E. J. Wallcraft, A. J. Cummings, J. A. Preller, R. H. Smedstad, O. M. Phelps, M. W. GP IEEE TI Real-time Data Assimilation of Satellite Derived Ice Concentration into the Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System (ACNFS) SO OCEANS 2011 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE OCEANS Conference CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Kona, HI SP Marine Technol Soc (MTS), IEEE, OES ID OCEAN MODEL HYCOM; VERTICAL COORDINATE AB Over the last decade, ice conditions in the Arctic have changed dramatically resulting in the Arctic having a minimum in ice extent during the summers of 2007, 2008 and 2010. With this rapidly changing polar environment, the need for accurate ice forecasts is essential. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed the Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System (ACNFS), a two-way coupled ice/ocean system, to forecast ice conditions in the polar regions. This system applies the Los Alamos Community Ice CodE (CICE) coupled via the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) to the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA), a 3-Dimensional VARiational analysis (3DVAR) scheme, is used to assimilate ice and ocean observations into the forecast system. Ice concentration data from two sources: the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observation System (AMSR-E) are used as observations for the ice analysis. Results from the coupled system using both concentration input datasets will be discussed. C1 [Posey, P. G.; Hebert, D. A.; Metzger, E. J.; Wallcraft, A. J.; Cummings, J. A.; Preller, R. H.] USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Smedstad, O. M.] QinetiQ North Amer, Technol Solut Grp, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Phelps, M. W.] Jacobs Engn, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Posey, PG (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. FU National Oceanographic Partnership Program; Office of Naval Research FX This work was funded as part of the National Oceanographic Partnership Program and the Office of Naval Research. The numerical simulations were performed on the NAVY DSRC IBM P6 using grants of computer time from the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program. This paper is NRL contribution NRL/PP/7320--11-0762 and is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-933957-39-8 PY 2011 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BYJ22 UT WOS:000299005800125 ER PT J AU Woolsey, M Asper, VL Diercks, AR Jarnagin, R Lowe, PM Gossett, AS Highsmith, R AF Woolsey, M. Asper, V. L. Diercks, A-R Jarnagin, R. Lowe, P. M. Gossett, A. S. Highsmith, R. GP IEEE TI Expanding the Capabilities of the NIUST AUVs SO OCEANS 2011 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE OCEANS Conference CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Kona, HI SP Marine Technol Soc (MTS), IEEE, OES AB The seafloor mapping AUVs Eagle Ray and Mola Mola have vastly different capabilities and operational requirements, yet they perform complementary tasks. These AUVs are operated by the National Institute for Undersea Science and Technology (NIUST), which is a NOAA sponsored partnership between the University of Mississippi and the University of Southern Mississippi. Eagle Ray collects Multibeam sonar bathymetry and CTD data, as well as data from guest payloads. Mola Mola collects color images of the seafloor along with multibeam bathymetry. In back-to-back dives, Mola Mola can conduct focused studies over targets determined from broad surveys carried out by Eagle Ray, but the two vehicles have also had successful cruises independently. C1 [Woolsey, M.; Asper, V. L.; Jarnagin, R.] Univ Southern Mississippi, Natl Inst Undersea Sci & Technol, Undersea Vehicle Technol Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, UM Field Stn 15 CR 2078, Abbeville, MS 38601 USA. [Lowe, P. M.; Gossett, A. S.] Univ Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Res Inst, University, MS 38677 USA. [Highsmith, R.] Univ Mississippi, Natl Inst Undersea Sci &Technol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Woolsey, M (reprint author), Univ Southern Mississippi, Natl Inst Undersea Sci & Technol, Undersea Vehicle Technol Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, UM Field Stn 15 CR 2078, Abbeville, MS 38601 USA. FU NOAA FX NIUST gratefully acknowledge Funding from NOAA's office of Ocean Exploration and Research. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-933957-39-8 PY 2011 PG 3 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BYJ22 UT WOS:000299005800186 ER PT S AU Elfrey, PR Zacharewicz, G Ni, M AF Elfrey, Priscilla R. Zacharewicz, Gregory Ni, Marcus BE Jain, S Creasey, R Himmelspach, J TI SMACKDOWN: ADVENTURES IN SIMULATION STANDARDS AND INTEROPERABILITY SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2011 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE (WSC) SE Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)/Conference on Modeling and Analysis for Semiconductor Manufacturing (MASM) CY DEC 11-14, 2011 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Stat Assoc (ASA), Assoc Comp Machinery-Special Interest Grp Simulat (ACM/SIGSIM), Inst Elect & Electron Engineers-Syst, Man, & Cybernet Soc (IEEE/SMC), Inst Ind Engineers (IIE), Inst Operat Res & Management Sci-Simulat Soc (INFORMS-SIM), Natl Inst Stand & Technol (NIST), Soc Modeling & Simulat Int (SCS) AB The paucity of existing employer-driven simulation education and the need for workers broadly trained in Modeling & Simulation (M&S) poses a critical need that the simulation community as a whole must address. This paper will describe how this need became an impetus for a new inter-university activity that allows students to learn about simulation by doing it. The event, called Smackdown, was demonstrated for the first time in April at the Spring Simulation Multi-conference. Smackdown is an adventure in international cooperation. Students and faculty took part from the US and Europe supported by IEEE/SISO standards, industry software and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) content of a re-supply mission to the Moon. The developers see Smackdown providing all participants with a memorable, interactive, problem-solving experience, which can contribute, importantly to the workforce of the future. This is part of the larger need to increase undergraduate education in simulation and could be a prime candidate for senior design projects. C1 [Elfrey, Priscilla R.] NASA, IT-C1, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Zacharewicz, Gregory] Univ Bordeaux 1, Lab IMS, LAPS, CNRS, Bordeaux, France. [Ni, Marcus] Univ Cent Florida, Mech Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Elfrey, PR (reprint author), NASA, IT-C1, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM priscilla.r.elfrey@nasa.gov; gregory.zacharewicz@u-bordeaux1.fr OI Zacharewicz, Gregory/0000-0001-7726-1725 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0891-7736 BN 978-1-4577-2109-0 J9 WINT SIMUL C PROC PY 2011 BP 3958 EP 3962 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BYU80 UT WOS:000300520804025 ER PT J AU Armstrong, AH Shugart, HH Fatoyinbo, TE AF Armstrong, Amanda H. Shugart, Herman H. Fatoyinbo, Temilola E. TI Characterization of community composition and forest structure in a Madagascar lowland rainforest SO TROPICAL CONSERVATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE importance value index; Madagascar; rainforest; tree species diversity ID TROPICAL DRY FOREST; PLANT DIVERSITY; BIODIVERSITY; DEFORESTATION; CONSERVATION; VEGETATION; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; HOTSPOTS; IMAGES AB This study documents the community composition and forest structure of lowland rainforest in eastern Madagascar, with a first quantitative description of the primary lowland rainforest of Reserve Naturelle Integrale de (RNI) Betampona. An intensive field survey of vegetation and environmental factors was conducted over two consecutive field campaigns in RNI Betampona, an isolated primary forest reserve located ca. 40 km northwest of the city of Toamasina. One hundred 10 m-diameter vegetation survey plots were inventoried and re-measured in 2004 and 2005. Two hundred forty-four tree species belonging to 49 families comprised the 2,487 stems greater than or equal to 5cm diameter at breast height (DBH) measured in 2004, with an average of 19.27 species per plot (2,227 and 15.71 respectively in 2005). Stem density per plot ranged from 12 to 52 for trees >= 5cm-DBH in 2004 (12 to 38 in 2005), while regeneration stems less than 5cm-DBH had a per-plot average of 57.28 in 2005 (range 19 to 140) and 94.19 (range 22 to 224) per hectare in 2004. The substantial decrease in >= 5cm-DBH trees and in stems <5cm-DBH from 2004 to 2005 suggests a forest undergoing thinning, perhaps following recovery from gap formation. Importance Value Indices (IVI) calculated for tree species indicated that an unidentified Uapaca species, Ravenala madagascariensis, Anthostema madagascariensis, Canarium spp and Cassipourea lanceolata were the most important species according to their overall frequency, dominance and abundance values, and accounted for 10% of the overall IVI. C1 [Armstrong, Amanda H.] Univ Maryland, BSOS Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Shugart, Herman H.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA. [Fatoyinbo, Temilola E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Armstrong, AH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, BSOS Geog, 2181 LeFrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM aharmstrong12@gmail.com; hhs@virginia.edu; Lola.fatoyinbo@nasa.gov RI Fatoyinbo, Temilola/G-6104-2012; Shugart, Herman/C-5156-2009 OI Fatoyinbo, Temilola/0000-0002-1130-6748; FU Center for Regional Environmental Studies at the University of Virginia; Explorer's Club of Washington DC FX We would like to thank field assistants Charles Armstrong, Chris Santijanna, and Lalatahiana 'Lala' Davy Randriatavy and Tahiana Andriaharimalala of the University of Antanananarivo, Madagascar. We would also like to thank Karen Freeman of the Madagascar Fauna Group for and Natasha Ribeiro for technical support and advice on this project. We would like to thank Charlie Armstrong for the editing of the drafts of this manuscript. Funding for this project was provided by the Center for Regional Environmental Studies at the University of Virginia, the Explorer's Club of Washington DC. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 16 PU TROPICAL CONSERVATION SCIENCE PI MENIO PARK PA PO BOX 0291, MENIO PARK, CA 94026-0291 USA SN 1940-0829 J9 TROP CONSERV SCI JI Trop. Conserv. Sci. PY 2011 VL 4 IS 4 BP 428 EP 444 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 900RF UT WOS:000300905500006 ER PT J AU Morgan, M AF Morgan, Markeeva BE Payne, EA TI A Student's Perspective SO WRITING WOMEN'S HISTORY: A TRIBUTE TO ANNE FIROR SCOTT SE Chancellor Porter L Fortune Symposium in Southern History Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Porter L Fortune Jr History Symposium CY MAR 19-20, 2008 CL Univ Mississippi, Oxford, MS HO Univ Mississippi C1 [Morgan, Markeeva] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Redstone Arsenal, AL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV PRESS MISSISSIPPI PI JACKSON PA 3825 RIDGEWOOD RD, JACKSON, MS 39211 USA BN 978-1-61703-174-8 J9 CHANCE PORTER L FORT PY 2011 BP XIII EP XIV PG 2 WC History; Women's Studies SC History; Women's Studies GA BYZ09 UT WOS:000300767300001 ER PT S AU Clements, JS Thompson, SM Cox, ND Johansen, MR Williams, BS Hogue, MD Lowder, ML Calle, CI AF Clements, J. Sid Thompson, Samuel M. Cox, Nathan D. Johansen, Michael R. Williams, Blakeley S. Hogue, Michael D. Lowder, M. Loraine Calle, Carlos I. GP IEEE TI Development of an Electrostatic Precipitator to Remove Martian Atmospheric Dust from ISRU Gas Intakes during Planetary Exploration Missions SO 2011 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING (IAS) SE IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Industry-Applications-Society (IAS) CY OCT 09-13, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE, IEEE Ind Applicat Soc DE carbon dioxide; corona discharge; electrostatic precipitation (ESP); Martian dust; particle charging ID DISCHARGE; MOBILITY; AEROSOL AB Manned exploration missions to Mars will need dependable in situ resource utilization (ISRU) for the production of oxygen and other commodities. One of these resources is the Martian atmosphere itself, which is composed of carbon dioxide (95.3%), nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%), oxygen (0.13%), carbon monoxide (0.07%), and water vapor (0.03%), as well as other trace gases. However, the Martian atmosphere also contains relatively large amounts of dust, uploaded by frequent dust devils and high winds. To make this gas usable for oxygen extraction in specialized chambers requires the removal of most of the dust. An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) system is an obvious choice. But with an atmospheric pressure just one-hundredth of Earth's, electrical breakdown at low voltages makes the implementation of the electrostatic precipitator technology very challenging. Ion mobility, drag forces, dust particle charging, and migration velocity are also affected because the low gas pressure results in molecular mean free paths that are approximately one hundred times longer than those at Earth atmospheric pressure. We report here on our efforts to develop this technology at the Kennedy Space Center, using gases with approximately the same composition as the Martian atmosphere in a vacuum chamber at 9 mbars, the atmospheric pressure on Mars. We also present I-V curves and large particle charging data for various versions of wire-cylinder and rod-cylinder geometry ESPs. Preliminary results suggest that use of an ESP for dust collection on Mars may be feasible, but further testing with Martian dust simulant is required. C1 [Clements, J. Sid; Thompson, Samuel M.; Cox, Nathan D.] Appalachian State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Boone, NC 28608 USA. [Johansen, Michael R.; Hogue, Michael D.; Calle, Carlos I.] NASA, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Williams, Blakeley S.] Univ S Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. [Lowder, M. Loraine] Metropolitan Atlanta Coll, Div Sci & Math & Health Profess, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. RP Clements, JS (reprint author), Appalachian State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Boone, NC 28608 USA. EM clementsjs@appstate.edu; samuelmaxton@gmail.com; coxnd@email.appstate.edu; michael.johansen@nasa.gov; blakeley.williams@nasa.gov; michael.d.hogue@nasa.gov; mlowder@atlm.edu; carlos.i.calle@nasa.gov RI Cox, Nathanael/A-2564-2017 OI Cox, Nathanael/0000-0003-0843-9141 FU NASA's ISRU project FX This project was supported by NASA's ISRU project. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 978-1-4244-9500-9 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial SC Engineering GA BYL74 UT WOS:000299277400004 ER PT J AU Gunapala, SD Ting, DZ Nguyen, J Soibel, A Rafol, SB Khoshakhlagh, A Mumolo, JM Liu, JK Keo, SA Liao, A AF Gunapala, S. D. Ting, D. Z. Nguyen, J. Soibel, A. Rafol, S. B. Khoshakhlagh, A. Mumolo, J. M. Liu, J. K. Keo, S. A. Liao, A. GP IEEE TI Demonstration of High Performance LWIR Superlattice Focal Plane Array SO 2011 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (PHO) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Photonics Conference (PHO) CY OCT 09-13, 2011 CL Arlington, VA SP IEEE C1 [Gunapala, S. D.; Ting, D. Z.; Nguyen, J.; Soibel, A.; Rafol, S. B.; Khoshakhlagh, A.; Mumolo, J. M.; Liu, J. K.; Keo, S. A.; Liao, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-8939-8 PY 2011 BP 93 EP 94 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BYQ41 UT WOS:000299750700047 ER PT J AU Yan, Y Zhang, L Wang, J Yang, JY Fazal, IM Ahmed, N Shamee, B Willner, AE Birnbaum, K Choi, J Erkmen, B Dolinar, S AF Yan, Yan Zhang, Lin Wang, Jian Yang, Jeng-Yuan Fazal, Irfan M. Ahmed, Nisar Shamee, Bishara Willner, Alan E. Birnbaum, Kevin Choi, John Erkmen, Baris Dolinar, Sam GP IEEE TI Generating Orbital Angular Momentum Modes in a Fiber with a Central Square and a Ring Profile SO 2011 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (PHO) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Photonics Conference (PHO) CY OCT 09-13, 2011 CL Arlington, VA SP IEEE ID LIGHT AB We propose a novel fiber converting input circular polarized light to orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. We show the generation of up to 8 OAM modes with 30-dB extinction ratio and mode purity of >96.4% using <10-mm-long fiber. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America C1 [Yan, Yan; Zhang, Lin; Wang, Jian; Yang, Jeng-Yuan; Fazal, Irfan M.; Ahmed, Nisar; Shamee, Bishara; Willner, Alan E.] Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Birnbaum, Kevin; Choi, John; Erkmen, Baris; Dolinar, Sam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yan, Y (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM yanyan@usc.edu FU DARPA FX We acknowledge the support of DARPA under InPho program. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-8939-8 PY 2011 BP 232 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BYQ41 UT WOS:000299750700117 ER PT J AU Wang, J Yang, JY Fazal, IM Ahmed, N Yan, Y Shamee, B Willner, AE Birnbaum, K Choi, J Erkmen, B Dolinar, S Tur, M AF Wang, Jian Yang, Jeng-Yuan Fazal, Irfan M. Ahmed, Nisar Yan, Yan Shamee, Bishara Willner, Alan E. Birnbaum, Kevin Choi, John Erkmen, Baris Dolinar, Sam Tur, Moshe GP IEEE TI 25.6-bit/s/Hz Spectral Efficiency using 16-QAM Signals over Pol-Muxed Multiple Orbital-Angular-Momentum Modes SO 2011 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE (PHO) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Photonics Conference (PHO) CY OCT 09-13, 2011 CL Arlington, VA SP IEEE AB We demonstrate generation/multiplexing/demultiplexing of polarization-multiplexed (pol-muxed) multiple orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) modes. High spectral efficiency of 25.6-bit/s/Hz is implemented using 10.7-Gbaud 16-QAM signals over pol-muxed four OAM modes. An OSNR penalty less than 3.5 dB is observed. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America C1 [Wang, Jian; Yang, Jeng-Yuan; Fazal, Irfan M.; Ahmed, Nisar; Yan, Yan; Shamee, Bishara; Willner, Alan E.] Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Birnbaum, Kevin; Choi, John; Erkmen, Baris; Dolinar, Sam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Tur, Moshe] Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Engn, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM wang41@usc.edu FU DARPA FX We acknowledge the support of DARPA under InPho (Information in a Photon) program. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-8939-8 PY 2011 BP 587 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BYQ41 UT WOS:000299750700294 ER PT J AU Patra, PK Houweling, S Krol, M Bousquet, P Belikov, D Bergmann, D Bian, H Cameron-Smith, P Chipperfield, MP Corbin, K Fortems-Cheiney, A Fraser, A Gloor, E Hess, P Ito, A Kawa, SR Law, RM Loh, Z Maksyutov, S Meng, L Palmer, PI Prinn, RG Rigby, M Saito, R Wilson, C AF Patra, P. K. Houweling, S. Krol, M. Bousquet, P. Belikov, D. Bergmann, D. Bian, H. Cameron-Smith, P. Chipperfield, M. P. Corbin, K. Fortems-Cheiney, A. Fraser, A. Gloor, E. Hess, P. Ito, A. Kawa, S. R. Law, R. M. Loh, Z. Maksyutov, S. Meng, L. Palmer, P. I. Prinn, R. G. Rigby, M. Saito, R. Wilson, C. TI TransCom model simulations of CH4 and related species: linking transport, surface flux and chemical loss with CH4 variability in the troposphere and lower stratosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; GROWTH-RATE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; METHYL CHLOROFORM; TRACER TRANSPORT; SF6; GASES; CO2 AB A chemistry-transport model (CTM) intercomparison experiment (TransCom-CH4) has been designed to investigate the roles of surface emissions, transport and chemical loss in simulating the global methane distribution. Model simulations were conducted using twelve models and four model variants and results were archived for the period of 1990-2007. All but one model transports were driven by reanalysis products from 3 different meteorological agencies. The transport and removal of CH4 in six different emission scenarios were simulated, with net global emissions of 513 +/- 9 and 514 +/- 14 TgCH(4) yr(-1) for the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. Additionally, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was simulated to check the interhemispheric transport, radon (Rn-222) to check the subgrid scale transport, and methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) to check the chemical removal by the tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH). The results are compared to monthly or annual mean time series of CH4, SF6 and CH3CCl3 measurements from 8 selected background sites, and to satellite observations of CH4 in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Most models adequately capture the vertical gradients in the stratosphere, the average long-term trends, seasonal cycles, interannual variations (IAVs) and interhemispheric (IH) gradients at the surface sites for SF6, CH3CCl3 and CH4. The vertical gradients of all tracers between the surface and the upper troposphere are consistent within the models, revealing vertical transport differences between models. An average IH exchange time of 1.39 +/- 0.18 yr is derived from SF6 time series. Sensitivity simulations suggest that the estimated trends in exchange time, over the period of 1996-2007, are caused by a change of SF6 emissions towards the tropics. Using six sets of emission scenarios, we show that the decadal average CH4 growth rate likely reached equilibrium in the early 2000s due to the flattening of anthropogenic emission growth since the late 1990s. Up to 60% of the IAVs in the observed CH4 concentrations can be explained by accounting for the IAVs in emissions, from biomass burning and wetlands, as well as meteorology in the forward models. The modeled CH4 budget is shown to depend strongly on the troposphere-stratosphere exchange rate and thus on the model's vertical grid structure and circulation in the lower stratosphere. The 15-model median CH4 and CH3CCl3 atmospheric lifetimes are estimated to be 9.99 +/- 0.08 and 4.61 +/- 0.13 yr, respectively, with little IAV due to transport and temperature. C1 [Patra, P. K.; Ito, A.; Saito, R.] Res Inst Global Change JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. [Houweling, S.; Krol, M.] SRON, Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Houweling, S.; Krol, M.] Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht IMAU, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. [Krol, M.] Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands. [Bousquet, P.; Fortems-Cheiney, A.] Univ Versailles St Quentin Yvelines UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Belikov, D.; Ito, A.; Maksyutov, S.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Global Environm Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. [Bergmann, D.; Cameron-Smith, P.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Atmospher Earth & Energy Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Bian, H.; Kawa, S. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chipperfield, M. P.; Gloor, E.; Saito, R.] Univ Leeds, Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Corbin, K.; Law, R. M.; Loh, Z.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. [Fraser, A.; Palmer, P. I.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. [Hess, P.; Meng, L.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Prinn, R. G.; Rigby, M.] MIT, Ctr Global Change Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Patra, PK (reprint author), Res Inst Global Change JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Show Machi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. EM prabir@jamstec.go.jp RI Meng, Lei/H-5253-2013; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Fraser, Annemarie/D-3874-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Palmer, Paul/F-7008-2010; Maksyutov, Shamil/G-6494-2011; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Law, Rachel/A-1969-2012; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Rigby, Matthew/A-5555-2012; Loh, Zoe/B-8697-2013; Cameron-Smith, Philip/E-2468-2011; Belikov, Dmitry/I-9877-2016; OI Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Maksyutov, Shamil/0000-0002-1200-9577; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Law, Rachel/0000-0002-7346-0927; Rigby, Matthew/0000-0002-2020-9253; Cameron-Smith, Philip/0000-0002-8802-8627; Belikov, Dmitry/0000-0002-2114-7250 FU JSPS/MEXT KAKENHI-A [22241008]; Canadian space Agency; UK Natural Environment Research Council National Centre for Earth Observation; US DOE (BER) [07-ERD-064]; LDRD at LLNL; NASA-AGAGE [NNX11AF17G]; NERC/NCEO; [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX We thank Ingeborg Levin for useful discussions on the possible causes for the decrease IH exchange time as derived from the measurements and control simulation in TransCom-CH4. This work is partly supported by JSPS/MEXT KAKENHI-A grant number 22241008. Generous support of the NIES team with the disk space and FTP services is greatly appreciated. Support of Lori Bruhweiler, Daniel Jacob, Philippe Ciais, and Frederic Chevallier is appreciated in the early stages of this experiment. We thank the ACE-FTS, AGAGE, GMD/ESRL and HALOE teams for observations; EDGAR, GISS/NASA, GFEDv2 (Guido van der Werf), IPSL_WETL (Bruno Ringeval), RIGC_Rice (Xiaoyuan Yan) for emission inventories. Without these datasets TransCom-CH4 experiment could not be completed. The ACE mission is funded primarily by the Canadian space Agency. Annemarie Fraser is supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council National Centre for Earth Observation. ACCESS uses the Met Office Unified Model (TM) (UK) with a CSIRO land-surface scheme (CABLE) and the help of Met Office and CSIRO staff, particularly Chris Jones and Fiona O'Connor, Martin Dix and Eva Kowalczyk, was much appreciated. We acknowledge the work of John McGregor and Marcus Thatcher in the development of CCAM. ACCESS and CCAM simulations were undertaken as part of the Australian Climate Change Science Program and used the NCI National Facility in Canberra, Australia. The contribution by the LLNL authors was prepared under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, with different parts supported by the IMPACTS project funded by the US DOE (BER) and project (07-ERD-064) funded by the LDRD program at LLNL. Ronald Prinn and Matthew Rigby are supported by NASA-AGAGE Grant NNX11AF17G to MIT. The TOMCAT work at University of Leeds was supported by NERC/NCEO. We sincerely thank two anonymous reviewers and James Wang for providing us constructive comments and helpful suggestions. NR 90 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 31 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 24 BP 12813 EP 12837 DI 10.5194/acp-11-12813-2011 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870KH UT WOS:000298667600018 ER PT J AU Gautam, R Hsu, NC Tsay, SC Lau, KM Holben, B Bell, S Smirnov, A Li, C Hansell, R Ji, Q Payra, S Aryal, D Kayastha, R Kim, KM AF Gautam, R. Hsu, N. C. Tsay, S. C. Lau, K. M. Holben, B. Bell, S. Smirnov, A. Li, C. Hansell, R. Ji, Q. Payra, S. Aryal, D. Kayastha, R. Kim, K. M. TI Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC BROWN CLOUDS; BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS; PYRAMID 5079 M; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; INDIAN MONSOON; WATER-VAPOR; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ABSORBING AEROSOLS; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; TIBETAN PLATEAU AB We examine the distribution of aerosols and associated optical/radiative properties in the Gangetic-Himalayan region from simultaneous radiometric measurements over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the foothill/southern slopes of the Himalayas during the 2009 pre-monsoon season. Enhanced dust transport extending from the Southwest Asian arid regions into the IGP, results in seasonal mean (April-June) aerosol optical depths of over 0.6 - highest over Southern Asia. The influence of dust loading is greater over the Western IGP as suggested by pronounced coarse mode peak in aerosol size distribution and spectral single scattering albedo (SSA). Transported dust in the IGP, driven by prevailing westerly airmass, is found to be more absorbing (SSA(550) (nm) <0.9) than the near-desert region in Northwestern (NW) India suggesting mixing with carbonaceous aerosols in the IGP. On the contrary, significantly reduced dust transport is observed over eastern IGP and foothill/elevated Himalayan slopes in Nepal where strongly absorbing haze is prevalent, as indicated by lower SSA (0.85-0.9 at 440-1020 nm), suggesting presence of more absorbing aerosols compared to IGP. Additionally, our observations show a distinct diurnal pattern of aerosols with characteristic large afternoon peak, from foothill to elevated mountain locations, associated with increased upslope transport of pollutants - that likely represent large-scale lifting of absorbing aerosols along the elevated slopes during pre-monsoon season. In terms of radiative impact of aerosols, over the source region of NW India, diurnal mean reduction in solar radiation fluxes was estimated to be 19-23 Wm(-2) at surface (12-15% of the surface solar insolation). Furthermore, based on limited observations of aerosol optical properties during the pre-monsoon period and comparison of our radiative forcing estimates with published literature, there exists a general spatial heterogeneity in the regional aerosol forcing, associated with the absorbing aerosol distribution over northern India, with both diurnal mean surface forcing and forcing efficiency over the IGP exceeding that over Northwestern India. Finally, the role of the seasonal progressive buildup of aerosol loading and water vapor is investigated in the observed net aerosol radiative effect over Northwestern India. The radiative impact of water vapor is found to amplify the net regional aerosol radiative forcing suggesting that the two exert forcing in tandem leading to enhanced surface cooling. It is suggested that water vapor contribution should be taken into account while assessing aerosol forcing impact for this region and other seasonally similar environments. C1 [Gautam, R.] GESTAR Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Gautam, R.; Hsu, N. C.; Tsay, S. C.; Lau, K. M.; Holben, B.; Bell, S.; Smirnov, A.; Li, C.; Hansell, R.; Ji, Q.; Kim, K. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Bell, S.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Smirnov, A.] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Li, C.; Hansell, R.; Ji, Q.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Payra, S.] Extens Ctr Jaipur, Birla Inst Technol Mesra, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. [Aryal, D.] Tribhuwan Univ, Kathmandu, Nepal. [Kayastha, R.] Kathmandu Univ, Dhulikhel, Nepal. [Kim, K. M.] GESTAR Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21251 USA. RP Gautam, R (reprint author), GESTAR Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. EM ritesh.gautam@nasa.gov RI Gautam, Ritesh/E-9776-2010; Li, Can/F-6867-2011; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; Kim, Kyu-Myong/G-5398-2014; Tsay, Si-Chee/J-1147-2014; Hansell, Richard/J-2065-2014 OI Gautam, Ritesh/0000-0002-2177-9346; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; FU NASA FX This work is supported by grant from the NASA Radiation Sciences Program, managed by Hal B. Maring. We are grateful to Ravi P. Singh (Sharda University), Varinder Kanwar (Chitkara University), Sunita Verma (BIT-Jaipur), Panna Thapa (Kathmandu University), Ana Barros (Duke University), Prabhakar Shrestha (Duke University) and Ramesh Singh (Chapman University) for providing invaluable assistance related to logistics and deployment, and useful discussions throughout the campaign. We also thank several collaborators and students from various Indian and Nepalese institutions for helping with operations and maintenance of the instruments. Gordon Labow, Charles Ichoku and Vanderlei Martins are sincerely acknowledged for providing us with 4 Microtops units that were used in northern India and Nepal. Dimitris Kaskaoutis and Sheng-Hsiang Wang also provided helpful comments on an earlier draft. The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts made by the AERONET team/site PIs and operators (including at Gual Pahari, Kanpur and Gandhi College) and SMARTLabs team for making all the data available online. The airmass trajectories are computed from NOAA's HYSPLIT tool using the GDAS meteorological fields. Anonymous reviewers are thanked for constructive comments that helped improve an earlier version of the manuscript. NR 94 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 41 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 24 BP 12841 EP 12863 DI 10.5194/acp-11-12841-2011 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870KH UT WOS:000298667600020 ER PT J AU Perez, C Haustein, K Janjic, Z Jorba, O Huneeus, N Baldasano, JM Black, T Basart, S Nickovic, S Miller, RL Perlwitz, JP Schulz, M Thomson, M AF Perez, C. Haustein, K. Janjic, Z. Jorba, O. Huneeus, N. Baldasano, J. M. Black, T. Basart, S. Nickovic, S. Miller, R. L. Perlwitz, J. P. Schulz, M. Thomson, M. TI Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB/BSC-Dust model - Part 1: Model description, annual simulations and evaluation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SAHARAN DUST; MINERAL DUST; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; DESERT DUST; SALTATION BOMBARDMENT; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; SURFACE OBSERVATIONS; MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AB We describe and evaluate the NMMB/BSC-Dust, a new dust aerosol cycle model embedded online within the NCEP Non-hydrostatic Multiscale Model (NMMB). NMMB is a further evolution of the operational Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRF-NMM), which together with other upgrades has been extended from meso to global scales. Its unified non-hydrostatic dynamical core is prepared for regional and global simulation domains. The new NMMB/BSC-Dust is intended to provide short to medium-range weather and dust forecasts from regional to global scales and represents a first step towards the development of a unified chemical-weather model. This paper describes the parameterizations used in the model to simulate the dust cycle including sources, transport, deposition and interaction with radiation. We evaluate monthly and annual means of the global configuration of the model against the AEROCOM dust benchmark dataset for year 2000 including surface concentration, deposition and aerosol optical depth (AOD), and we evaluate the daily AOD variability in a regional domain at high resolution covering Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe against AERONET AOD for year 2006. The NMMB/BSC-Dust provides a good description of the horizontal distribution and temporal variability of the dust. Daily AOD correlations at the regional scale are around 0.6-0.7 on average without dust data assimilation. At the global scale the model lies within the top range of AEROCOM dust models in terms of performance statistics for surface concentration, deposition and AOD. This paper discusses the current strengths and limitations of the modeling system and points towards future improvements. C1 [Perez, C.; Miller, R. L.; Perlwitz, J. P.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Perez, C.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Perez, C.; Thomson, M.] Int Res Inst Climate & Soc, Palisades, NY USA. [Haustein, K.; Jorba, O.; Baldasano, J. M.; Basart, S.] Ctr Nacl Supercomputac, Barcelona Supercomputing Ctr, Barcelona, Spain. [Janjic, Z.; Black, T.] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Huneeus, N.; Schulz, M.] Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Baldasano, J. M.] Univ Politecn Cataluna, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. [Nickovic, S.] World Meteorol Org, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Perez, C (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM carlos.perezga@nasa.gov RI Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; Huneeus, Nicolas/J-4994-2016; OI Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Basart, Sara/0000-0002-9821-8504; Perez Garcia-Pando, Carlos/0000-0002-4456-0697; Jorba, Oriol/0000-0001-5872-0244 FU Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology [CGL2008-02818, CGL2010-19652, CSD00C-06-08924] FX The authors would like to thank the AERONET program for establishing and maintaining the used sites. OMI and MISR averaged data used in this paper were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. We acknowledge the mission scientists and Principal Investigators of OMI and MISR who provided the data used in this research effort. BSC acknowledges the support from projects CGL2008-02818, CGL2010-19652 and CSD00C-06-08924 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. Simulations were performed with the Marenostrum Supercomputer in BSC. NR 125 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 24 BP 13001 EP 13027 DI 10.5194/acp-11-13001-2011 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870KH UT WOS:000298667600029 ER PT J AU Liang, Q Rodriguez, JM Douglass, AR Crawford, JH Olson, JR Apel, E Bian, H Blake, DR Brune, W Chin, M Colarco, PR da Silva, A Diskin, GS Duncan, BN Huey, LG Knapp, DJ Montzka, DD Nielsen, JE Pawson, S Riemer, DD Weinheimer, AJ Wisthaler, A AF Liang, Q. Rodriguez, J. M. Douglass, A. R. Crawford, J. H. Olson, J. R. Apel, E. Bian, H. Blake, D. R. Brune, W. Chin, M. Colarco, P. R. da Silva, A. Diskin, G. S. Duncan, B. N. Huey, L. G. Knapp, D. J. Montzka, D. D. Nielsen, J. E. Pawson, S. Riemer, D. D. Weinheimer, A. J. Wisthaler, A. TI Reactive nitrogen, ozone and ozone production in the Arctic troposphere and the impact of stratosphere-troposphere exchange SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HIGH NORTHERN LATITUDES; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; TRANSPORT MODEL; DIODE-LASER; CHEMISTRY; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; POLLUTION; AIRCRAFT; SENSITIVITY AB We use aircraft observations obtained during the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission to examine the distributions and source attributions of O-3 and NOy in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region. Using a number of marker tracers, we distinguish various air masses from the background troposphere and examine their contributions to NOx, O-3, and O-3 production in the Arctic troposphere. The background Arctic troposphere has a mean O-3 of similar to 60 ppbv and NOx of similar to 25 pptv throughout spring and summer with CO decreasing from similar to 145 ppbv in spring to similar to 100 ppbv in summer. These observed mixing ratios are not notably different from the values measured during the 1988 ABLE-3A and the 2002 TOPSE field campaigns despite the significant changes in emissions and stratospheric ozone layer in the past two decades that influence Arctic tropospheric composition. Air masses associated with stratosphere-troposphere exchange are present throughout the mid and upper troposphere during spring and summer. These air masses, with mean O-3 concentrations of 140-160 ppbv, are significant direct sources of O-3 in the Arctic troposphere. In addition, air of stratospheric origin displays net O-3 formation in the Arctic due to its sustainable, high NOx (75 pptv in spring and 110 pptv in summer) and NOy (similar to 800 pptv in spring and similar to 1100 pptv in summer). The air masses influenced by the stratosphere sampled during ARCTAS-B also show conversion of HNO3 to PAN. This active production of PAN is the result of increased degradation of ethane in the stratosphere-troposphere mixed air mass to form CH3CHO, followed by subsequent formation of PAN under high NOx conditions. These findings imply that an adequate representation of stratospheric NOy input, in addition to stratospheric O-3 influx, is essential to accurately simulate tropospheric Arctic O-3, NOx and PAN in chemistry transport models. Plumes influenced by recent anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions observed during ARCTAS show highly elevated levels of hydrocarbons and NOy (mostly in the form of NOx and PAN), but do not contain O-3 higher than that in the Arctic tropospheric background except some aged biomass burning plumes sampled during spring. Convection and/or lightning influences are negligible sources of O-3 in the Arctic troposphere but can have significant impacts in the upper troposphere in the continental sub-Arctic during summer. C1 [Crawford, J. H.; Olson, J. R.; Diskin, G. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Apel, E.; Knapp, D. J.; Montzka, D. D.; Riemer, D. D.; Weinheimer, A. J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Bian, H.] Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Environm Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Brune, W.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [da Silva, A.; Nielsen, J. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Huey, L. G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Nielsen, J. E.] Sci Syst & Applications Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Wisthaler, A.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ion Phys & Appl Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Liang, Q.] Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Liang, Q.; Rodriguez, J. M.; Douglass, A. R.; Bian, H.; Chin, M.; Colarco, P. R.; Duncan, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Liang, Q (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, GESTAR, Columbia, MD USA. EM qing.liang@nasa.gov RI Liang, Qing/B-1276-2011; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; da Silva, Arlindo/D-6301-2012; Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Rodriguez, Jose/G-3751-2013; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012 OI da Silva, Arlindo/0000-0002-3381-4030; Rodriguez, Jose/0000-0002-1902-4649; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662 FU NASA ARCTAS; MAP [NNH08ZDA001N] FX The authors thank R. C. Cohen for providing nitrates measurements. This research was supported by the NASA ARCTAS and MAP programs. Part of the funding for this study is from the NNH08ZDA001N project supported by the MAP program. CH3CN measurements were supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG-ALR) and the Tiroler ukunftsstiftung, and were carried out with the help/support of T. Mikoviny, M. Graus, A. Hansel and T. D. Maerk. NR 55 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 34 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 24 BP 13181 EP 13199 DI 10.5194/acp-11-13181-2011 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870KH UT WOS:000298667600035 ER PT J AU Hecobian, A Liu, Z Hennigan, CJ Huey, LG Jimenez, JL Cubison, MJ Vay, S Diskin, GS Sachse, GW Wisthaler, A Mikoviny, T Weinheimer, AJ Liao, J Knapp, DJ Wennberg, PO Kurten, A Crounse, JD St Clair, J Wang, Y Weber, RJ AF Hecobian, A. Liu, Z. Hennigan, C. J. Huey, L. G. Jimenez, J. L. Cubison, M. J. Vay, S. Diskin, G. S. Sachse, G. W. Wisthaler, A. Mikoviny, T. Weinheimer, A. J. Liao, J. Knapp, D. J. Wennberg, P. O. Kuerten, A. Crounse, J. D. St Clair, J. Wang, Y. Weber, R. J. TI Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTAS/CARB-2008 field campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; FOREST-FIRE EMISSIONS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SAVANNA FIRES; INTEX-B; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TROPICAL FOREST AB This paper compares measurements of gaseous and particulate emissions from a wide range of biomass-burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during the three phases of the ARCTAS-2008 experiment: ARCTAS-A, based out of Fairbanks, Alaska, USA (3 April to 19 April 2008); ARCTAS-B based out of Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada (29 June to 13 July 2008); and ARCTAS-CARB, based out of Palmdale, California, USA (18 June to 24 June 2008). Approximately 500 smoke plumes from biomass burning emissions that varied in age from minutes to days were segregated by fire source region and urban emission influences. The normalized excess mixing ratios (NEMR) of gaseous (carbon dioxide, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, toluene, benzene, methane, oxides of nitrogen and ozone) and fine aerosol particulate components (nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, chloride, organic aerosols and water soluble organic carbon) of these plumes were compared. A detailed statistical analysis of the different plume categories for different gaseous and aerosol species is presented in this paper. The comparison of NEMR values showed that CH4 concentrations were higher in air-masses that were influenced by urban emissions. Fresh biomass burning plumes mixed with urban emissions showed a higher degree of oxidative processing in comparison with fresh biomass burning only plumes. This was evident in higher concentrations of inorganic aerosol components such as sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, but not reflected in the organic components. Lower NOx NEMRs combined with high sulfate, nitrate and ammonium NEMRs in aerosols of plumes subject to long-range transport, when comparing all plume categories, provided evidence of advanced processing of these plumes. C1 [Jimenez, J. L.; Cubison, M. J.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Jimenez, J. L.; Cubison, M. J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Vay, S.; Diskin, G. S.; Sachse, G. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Wisthaler, A.; Mikoviny, T.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ion Phys & Appl Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Weinheimer, A. J.; Knapp, D. J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Wennberg, P. O.; Crounse, J. D.; St Clair, J.] CALTECH, Atmospher Chem & Environm Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Kuerten, A.] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Atmospher & Environm Sci, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany. [Hecobian, A.; Liu, Z.; Hennigan, C. J.; Huey, L. G.; Liao, J.; Wang, Y.; Weber, R. J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Hecobian, A (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM arsineh@gatech.edu RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; Crounse, John/C-3700-2014; Liu, Zhen/C-3027-2011; Crounse, John/E-4622-2011; Hecobian, Arsineh/A-9743-2012; Hennigan, Christopher/A-9221-2013; Liao, Jin/H-4865-2013; Wang, Yuhang/B-5578-2014 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; Crounse, John/0000-0001-5443-729X; Kurten, Andreas/0000-0002-8955-4450; Hecobian, Arsineh/0000-0001-9511-4868; Hennigan, Christopher/0000-0002-2454-2838; FU Osterreichische Forschungsforderungsgesellschaft; Tiroler Zukunftsstifung; NASA [NNX08AD39G, NNX08AH80G] FX A. H. would like to thank the NASA DC-8 crew for their assistance in making WSOC measurements on the airplane. A. W. and T. M. acknowledge financial and logistical support from the Osterreichische Forschungsforderungsgesellschaft, the Tiroler Zukunftsstifung, Armin Hansel and Tilmann D. Mark. MJC and JLJ were supported by NASA NNX08AD39G. This work was supported by the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program under grant number NNX08AH80G. NR 74 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 42 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 24 BP 13325 EP 13337 DI 10.5194/acp-11-13325-2011 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870KH UT WOS:000298667600043 ER PT J AU Hansen, J Sato, M Kharecha, P von Schuckmann, K AF Hansen, J. Sato, M. Kharecha, P. von Schuckmann, K. TI Earth's energy imbalance and implications SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; GLOBAL UPPER-OCEAN; CHANGING SOLAR IRRADIANCE; GALACTIC COSMIC-RAYS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RADIATION BUDGET; GREENHOUSE-GAS; GISS MODELE; WORLD OCEAN; IN-SITU AB Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy from the Sun than it is radiating to space as heat, even during the recent solar minimum. The inferred planetary energy imbalance, 0.58 +/- 0.15Wm(-2) during the 6-yr period 2005-2010, confirms the dominant role of the human-made greenhouse effect in driving global climate change. Observed surface temperature change and ocean heat gain together constrain the net climate forcing and ocean mixing rates. We conclude that most climate models mix heat too efficiently into the deep ocean and as a result underestimate the negative forcing by human-made aerosols. Aerosol climate forcing today is inferred to be -1.6 +/- 0.3Wm(-2), implying substantial aerosol indirect climate forcing via cloud changes. Continued failure to quantify the specific origins of this large forcing is untenable, as knowledge of changing aerosol effects is needed to understand future climate change. We conclude that recent slowdown of ocean heat uptake was caused by a delayed rebound effect from Mount Pinatubo aerosols and a deep prolonged solar minimum. Observed sea level rise during the Argo float era is readily accounted for by ice melt and ocean thermal expansion, but the ascendency of ice melt leads us to anticipate acceleration of the rate of sea level rise this decade. C1 [Hansen, J.; Sato, M.; Kharecha, P.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Hansen, J.; Sato, M.; Kharecha, P.] Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY 10027 USA. [von Schuckmann, K.] LOCEAN Paris, Ctr Natl Rech Sci, Brest, France. RP Hansen, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM james.e.hansen@nasa.gov FU NASA; ClimateWorks; Lenfest Foundation; Rockefeller Family Fund; European Commission FX We thank two anonymous referees for many helpful suggestions, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Tom Delworth, and Jonathan Gregory for providing data and papers defining responses of the NCAR, GFDL and Hadley climate models, Greg Johnson, John Lyman and Sarah Purkey for providing ocean heat data and preprints of their papers, Sarah Purkey for computing the sea level rise due to Southern Ocean warming excluding overlap with Argo data, Catia Domingues for illuminating information, Norm Loeb for references and discussion on satellite radiation budget measurements, Eric Rignot for providing data on Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet mass balance, and Robert Gibson, Wayne Hamilton, John Marshall, Don McKensie, Gregory Monahan, Tim Palmer, Bill Rossow, Ken Schatten, Gavin Schmidt, Steve Schwartz and Michael Wright for comments on a draft of this paper. Research support was provided by NASA managers Jack Kaye and David Considine, ClimateWorks, Lenfest Foundation, and the Rockefeller Family Fund. KvS work is partly supported by the MyOcean FP7 project (European Commission). NR 110 TC 164 Z9 177 U1 9 U2 105 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 24 BP 13421 EP 13449 DI 10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870KH UT WOS:000298667600048 ER PT S AU Barnes, NP AF Barnes, Norman P. BE Happek, U Setlur, A Collins, J Aguilar, Z TI NASA Lasers Monitor the Health of Planet Earth SO LUMINESCENCE AND DISPLAY MATERIALS SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tutorials in Nanotechnology - Focus on Luminescence and Display Materials/218th Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society/High Resolution Characterization of Corrosion Processes 2/Symposium on Solid State Ionic Devices 8 - NEMCA CY OCT 10-15, 2010 CL Las Vegas, NV SP Electrochem Soc (ECS), Luminescence & Display Mat (LDM), Sensor, Corrosion, High Temp Mat, Energy Technol, Battery, Phys & Analyt Electrochem, New Technol Subcomm AB A wide variety and range of information is needed to assess the health of Planet Earth. Laser systems in a polar orbit can gather needed information globally. This can be utilized as a basis for reasoned policy decisions. There are several types of laser measurement techniques. Different measurement techniques require different types of lasers. The parameters that can be measured, their economic impact, and the laser development required for these lasers are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Barnes, NP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-60768-243-1 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2011 VL 33 IS 33 BP 59 EP 65 DI 10.1149/1.3578021 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA BYV05 UT WOS:000300572200005 ER PT S AU Hossain, MS Atiquzzaman, M Ivancic, W AF Hossain, Md. Shohrab Atiquzzaman, Mohammed Ivancic, William GP IEEE TI Cost Analysis of Mobility Management Entities of SINEMO SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC) SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) CY JUN 05-09, 2011 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP IEEE, IEEE Commun Soc, IEICE Commun Soc, Sci Council Japan DE Network mobility; mathematical modeling; signaling cost; seamless handover; mobility protocols ID PERFORMANCE AB Seamless IP-diversity based NEtwork MObility (SINEMO) was proposed to address a number of drawbacks of the Network Mobility (NEMO) protocol that manages networks in motion. Increasing number of mobile hosts results in higher level of signalling cost on the mobility agents in a mobility protocol. Previous cost analysis on mobility protocols have not considered all possible costs for mobility management, resulting in incomplete cost estimation. In this paper, we have developed analytical models to estimate costs of mobility management as functions of network size, mobility rate, traffic rate and data volume for all the entities of SINEMO. Numerical results, comparing the cost between mobility entities of SINEMO and NEMO, reveal that SINEMO has lower cost yet higher efficiency than NEMO. Our comprehensive cost model can be used as a framework for estimating total cost of key mobility management entities of different handover protocols, and can aid in decision making to choose the most efficient protocol for future all-IP mobile and wireless networks. C1 [Hossain, Md. Shohrab; Atiquzzaman, Mohammed] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Comp Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Ivancic, William] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Hossain, MS (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Comp Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM shohrab@ou.edu; atiq@ou.edu; wivancic@grc.nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX06AE44G] FX The research work reported in this paper was supported by NASA Grant NNX06AE44G. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 978-1-61284-233-2 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2011 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BXG34 UT WOS:000296057103059 ER PT S AU Axholt, M Skoglund, MA O'Connell, SD Cooper, MD Ellis, SR Ynnerman, A AF Axholt, Magnus Skoglund, Martin A. O'Connell, Stephen D. Cooper, Matthew D. Ellis, Stephen R. Ynnerman, Anders BE Hirose, M Lok, B Majumder, A Schmalstieg, D TI Parameter Estimation Variance of the Single Point Active Alignment Method in Optical See-Through Head Mounted Display Calibration SO 2011 IEEE VIRTUAL REALITY CONFERENCE (VR) SE Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR) CY MAR 19-23, 2011 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP IEEE, IEEE Visualizat & Graph Tech Comm (VGTC), IEEE Comp Soc DE single point active alignment method; camera resectioning; calibration; optical see-through head mounted display; augmented reality ID CAMERA CALIBRATION AB The parameter estimation variance of the Single Point Active Alignment Method (SPAAM) is studied through an experiment where 11 subjects are instructed to create alignments using an Optical See-Through Head Mounted Display (OSTHMD) such that three separate correspondence point distributions are acquired. Modeling the OSTHMD and the subject's dominant eye as a pinhole camera, findings show that a correspondence point distribution well distributed along the user's line of sight yields less variant parameter estimates. The estimated eye point location is studied in particular detail. The findings of the experiment are complemented with simulated data which show that image plane orientation is sensitive to the number of correspondence points. The simulated data also illustrates some interesting properties on the numerical stability of the calibration problem as a function of alignment noise, number of correspondence points, and correspondence point distribution. C1 [Axholt, Magnus; Cooper, Matthew D.; Ynnerman, Anders] Linkoping Univ, Dept Sci & Technol, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. [Skoglund, Martin A.] Linkoping Univ, Div Automat Control, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. [O'Connell, Stephen D.] Swedish Air Force Combat Simulat Ctr, Swedish Def Res Agcy, Stockholm, Sweden. [Ellis, Stephen R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Syst Integrat Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Axholt, M (reprint author), Linkoping Univ, Dept Sci & Technol, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. EM magnus.axholt@itn.liu.se; ms@isy.liu.se; stephen.oconnell@foi.se; matt.cooper@itn.liu.se; sellis@mail.arc.nasa.gov; anders.ynnerman@itn.liu.se NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1087-8270 BN 978-1-4577-0036-1 J9 P IEEE VIRT REAL ANN PY 2011 BP 27 EP 34 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXV33 UT WOS:000297260400004 ER PT S AU Jones, JA Swan, JE Singh, G Ellis, SR AF Jones, J. Adam Swan, J. Edward, II Singh, Gurjot Ellis, Stephen R. BE Hirose, M Lok, B Majumder, A Schmalstieg, D TI Peripheral Visual Information and Its Effect on the Perception of Egocentric Depth in Virtual and Augmented Environments SO 2011 IEEE VIRTUAL REALITY CONFERENCE (VR) SE Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR) CY MAR 19-23, 2011 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP IEEE, IEEE Visualizat & Graph Tech Comm (VGTC), IEEE Comp Soc DE depth perception; augmented reality; virtual reality; perceptual adaptation AB A frequently observed problem in virtual environments is the underestimation of egocentric depth. This problem has been described numerous times and with widely varying degrees of severity. Though there has been considerable progress made in modifying observer behavior to compensate for these misperceptions, the question of why these errors exist is still an open issue. The study detailed in this document presents the preliminary findings of a large, between-subjects experiment (N=98) that attempts to identify and quantify the source of a pattern of adaptation and improved accuracy in the absence of explicit feedback found in Jones et al. [1]. C1 [Jones, J. Adam; Swan, J. Edward, II; Singh, Gurjot] Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Ellis, Stephen R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Jones, JA (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM jadamj@acm.org; swan@acm.org; gs266@msstate.edu; stephen.r.ellis@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1087-8270 BN 978-1-4577-0036-1 J9 P IEEE VIRT REAL ANN PY 2011 BP 215 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXV33 UT WOS:000297260400046 ER PT S AU Singh, G Swan, JE Jones, JA Ellis, SR AF Singh, Gurjot Swan, J. Edward, II Jones, J. Adam Ellis, Stephen R. BE Hirose, M Lok, B Majumder, A Schmalstieg, D TI Depth Judgment Tasks and Environments in Near-Field Augmented Reality SO 2011 IEEE VIRTUAL REALITY CONFERENCE (VR) SE Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR) CY MAR 19-23, 2011 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP IEEE, IEEE Visualizat & Graph Tech Comm (VGTC), IEEE Comp Soc DE depth perception; augmented reality; optical see-through display; x-ray vision AB In this poster abstract we describe an experiment that measured depth judgments in optical see-through augmented reality at near-field distances of 34 to 50 centimeters. The experiment compared two depth judgment tasks: perceptual matching, a closed-loop task, and blind reaching, a visually open-loop task. The experiment tested each of these tasks in both a real-world environment and an augmented reality environment, and used a between-subjects design that included 40 participants. The experiment found that matching judgments were very accurate in the real world, with errors on the order of millimeters and very little variance. In contrast, matching judgments in augmented reality showed a linear trend of increasing overestimation with increasing distance, with a mean overestimation of similar to 1 cm. With reaching judgments participants underestimated similar to 4.5 cm in both augmented reality and the real world. We also discovered and solved a calibration problem that arises at near-field distances. C1 [Singh, Gurjot; Swan, J. Edward, II; Jones, J. Adam] Mississippi State Univ, Starkville, MS 39759 USA. [Ellis, Stephen R.] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94040 USA. RP Singh, G (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Starkville, MS 39759 USA. EM gs266@msstate.edu; swan@acm.org; jadamj@acm.org; stephen.r.ellis@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1087-8270 BN 978-1-4577-0036-1 J9 P IEEE VIRT REAL ANN PY 2011 BP 241 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXV33 UT WOS:000297260400059 ER PT J AU Haghighipour, N AF Haghighipour, Nader TI Super-Earths: a new class of planetary bodies SO CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE extrasolar planets; planetary interior; planet formation; planetary dynamics; habitability; planet detection ID CARNEGIE EXOPLANET SURVEY; TRANSIT TIMING VARIATIONS; SUN-LIKE STAR; EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANET; CARBON-DIOXIDE CLOUDS; HOT-JUPITER SYSTEMS; MOVING SNOW LINE; LOW-MASS STAR; M-CIRCLE-PLUS; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS AB Super-Earths, a class of planetary bodies with masses ranging from a few Earth-masses to slightly smaller than Uranus, have recently found a special place in exoplanetary science. Being slightly larger than a typical terrestrial planet, super-Earths may have physical and dynamical characteristics similar to those of Earth whereas unlike terrestrial planets, they are relatively easier to detect. Because of their sizes, super-Earths can maintain moderate atmospheres and possibly dynamic interiors with plate tectonics. They also seem to be more common around low-mass stars where the habitable zone is in closer distances. This article presents a review of the current state of research on super-Earths, and discusses the models of the formation, dynamical evolution, and possible habitability of these objects. Given the recent advances in detection techniques, the detectability of super-Earths is also discussed, and a review of the prospects of their detection in the habitable zones of low-mass stars is presented. C1 [Haghighipour, Nader] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Haghighipour, Nader] Univ Hawaii, NASA Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Haghighipour, N (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM nader@ifa.hawaii.edu FU NASA Astrobiology Institute at the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii [NNA04CC08A]; NASA EXOB [NNX09AN05G] FX This manuscript is the result of discussions as well as oral and poster presentations in two NAI (NASA Astrobiology Institute) supported events: 'A workshop on the habitability of super-Earths' held at the Aspen Center for Physics in August 2008, and a session entitled 'Building Habitable Planets' held at the Goldschmidt 2009 conference. I am indebted to D. Valencia for her invaluable contribution to this manuscript and for her constructive comments and suggestions. I am also thankful to E. Agol, S. Gaudi, L. Kaltenegger, S. Kenyon, as well as R. Joseph and a second (anonymous) referee for their critically reading of the original draft of this paper and for their valuable suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript. Supports are also acknowledged from NASA Astrobiology Institute under Cooperative Agreement NNA04CC08A at the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, and NASA EXOB grant NNX09AN05G. NR 202 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0010-7514 J9 CONTEMP PHYS JI Contemp. Phys. PY 2011 VL 52 IS 5 BP 403 EP 438 DI 10.1080/00107514.2011.598370 PG 36 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 853FR UT WOS:000297412100002 ER PT S AU Maluf, D Okimura, T Gurram, M AF Maluf, David Okimura, Takeshi Gurram, Mohana BA Ryzko, D Rybinski, H Gawrysiak, P Kryszkiewicz, M BF Ryzko, D Rybinski, H Gawrysiak, P Kryszkiewicz, M TI NASA Technology Transfer System SO EMERGING INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES IN INDUSTRY SE Studies in Computational Intelligence LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Search; XML Schema-less AB This paper discusses the modern approach of the implementation of Software as a Service (SaaS) for NASA as a way to reduce cost and increase efficiency. The Grid XML Datastore Framework is an extension of SaaS framework based on eXtensible Database technology (XDB). This is implemented to support the Innovative Partnership Program (IPP) for its Technology Transfer System (NTTS) project. NTTS supports NASA's entire technology transfer process and is the agency's one system with all of its technological assets. NTTS is the primary IT backbone that supports the entire technology transfer process for NASA; which includes Invention Disclosure, Intellectual Property Management, Awards Management and Payment, Software Release Management, Agreements & Partnerships Management, Success Stories Management and Leads Development. The system is intended to have three interfaces serving three distinct communities; mainly agency-wide, center specific and the public. The SaaS implementation deploys the software as an application hosted as a NASA service, which is provided across the Internet. By eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, SaaS alleviates the customer's burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. Using SaaS can also reduce the up-front expense of software purchases, through less costly, on-demand pricing. From a NASA software acquisition perspective, NASA pays one time for the database and storage and thus third-party application plug in on demand. 1,2 This paper describes how NTTS utilizes and benefits Grid XML Datastore Framework (GXD Framework), an open and extensible database architecture that supports efficient and flexible integration of heterogeneous and distributed information resources. GXD Framework provides a novel "schema-less" database approach using a document- centered object-relational XML database mapping. This enables structured, unstructured, and semi-structured information to be integrated without requiring document schemas or translation tables. GXD Framework utilizes existing international protocol standards of the World Wide Web Consortium Architecture Domain and the Internet Engineering Task Force, primarily HTTP, XML and WebDAV. Through a combination of these international protocols, universal database record identifiers, and physical address data types, GXD enables an unlimited number of desktops and distributed information sources to be linked seamlessly and efficiently into an information grid. GXD Framework has been used to create a powerful set of novel information management systems for a variety of scientific and engineering applications. C1 [Maluf, David; Okimura, Takeshi; Gurram, Mohana] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM David.A.Maluf@nasa.gov; Takeshi.J.Okimura@nasa.gov; Mohana.M.Gurram@nasa.gov NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1860-949X BN 978-3-642-22731-8 J9 STUD COMPUT INTELL PY 2011 VL 369 BP 69 EP 80 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BWZ15 UT WOS:000295385300007 ER PT S AU Rankin, A Huertas, A Matthies, L Bajracharya, M Assad, C Brennan, S Bellutta, P Sherwin, GW AF Rankin, Arturo Huertas, Andres Matthies, Larry Bajracharya, Max Assad, Christopher Brennan, Shane Bellutta, Paolo Sherwin, Gary W. BE Gage, DW Shoemaker, CM Karlsen, RE Gerhart, GR TI Unmanned ground vehicle perception using thermal infrared cameras SO UNMANNED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Systems Technology XIII CY APR 27-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Thermal infrared; MWIR; LWIR; stereo vision; passive perception; terrain classification; calibration AB The ability to perform off-road autonomous navigation at any time of day or night is a requirement for some unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) programs. Because there are times when it is desirable for military UGVs to operate without emitting strong, detectable electromagnetic signals, a passive only terrain perception mode of operation is also often a requirement. Thermal infrared (TIR) cameras can be used to provide day and night passive terrain perception. TIR cameras have a detector sensitive to either mid-wave infrared (MWIR) radiation (3-5 mu m) or long-wave infrared (LWIR) radiation (7-14 mu m). With the recent emergence of high-quality uncooled LWIR cameras, TIR cameras have become viable passive perception options for some UGV programs. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has used a stereo pair of TIR cameras under several UGV programs to perform stereo ranging, terrain mapping, tree-trunk detection, pedestrian detection, negative obstacle detection, and water detection based on object reflections. In addition, we have evaluated stereo range data at a variety of UGV speeds, evaluated dual-band TIR classification of soil, vegetation, and rock terrain types, analyzed 24 hour water and 12 hour mud TIR imagery, and analyzed TIR imagery for hazard detection through smoke. Since TIR cameras do not currently provide the resolution available from megapixel color cameras, a UGV's daytime safe speed is often reduced when using TIR instead of color cameras. In this paper, we summarize the UGV terrain perception work JPL has performed with TIR cameras over the last decade and describe a calibration target developed by General Dynamics Robotic Systems (GDRS) for TIR cameras and other sensors. C1 [Rankin, Arturo; Huertas, Andres; Matthies, Larry; Bajracharya, Max; Assad, Christopher; Brennan, Shane; Bellutta, Paolo] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rankin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-619-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8045 AR 804503 DI 10.1117/12.884349 PG 26 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics; Optics SC Engineering; Robotics; Optics GA BXX75 UT WOS:000297515100002 ER PT J AU Bianculli, D Giannakopoulou, D Pasareanu, CS AF Bianculli, Domenico Giannakopoulou, Dimitra Pasareanu, Corina S. GP IEEE TI Interface Decomposition for Service Compositions SO 2011 33RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ICSE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) CY MAY 21-28, 2011 CL Honolulu, HI DE Behavioral interface; interface decomposition; services; service compositions ID BEHAVIOR MODELS; VERIFICATION; SOFTWARE; ARCHITECTURE; SCENARIOS; WS AB Service-based applications can be realized by composing existing services into new, added-value composite services. The external services with which a service composition interacts are usually known by means of their syntactical interface. However, an interface providing more information, such as a behavioral specification, could be more useful to a service integrator for assessing that a certain external service can contribute to fulfill the functional requirements of the composite application. Given the requirements specification of a composite service, we present a technique for obtaining the behavioral interfaces - in the form of labeled transition systems - of the external services, by decomposing the global interface specification that characterizes the environment of the service composition. The generated interfaces guarantee that the service composition fulfills its requirements during the execution. Our approach has been implemented in the LTSA tool and has been applied to two case studies. C1 [Bianculli, Domenico] Univ Lugano, Fac Informat, Lugano, Switzerland. [Giannakopoulou, Dimitra; Pasareanu, Corina S.] Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bianculli, D (reprint author), Univ Lugano, Fac Informat, Lugano, Switzerland. EM domenico.bianculli@usi.ch; dimitra.giannakopoulou@nasa.gov; corina.s.pasareanu@nasa.gov FU Swiss NSF projects [125337-CLAVOS, 125604]; EU [EU-FP7-215483-S-Cube]; IDEAS-ERC [227977-SMScom] FX This work has been partially supported by the Swiss NSF projects no. 125337-CLAVOS and no. 125604; by the EU under the grant agreement no. EU-FP7-215483-S-Cube and the IDEAS-ERC grant agreement no. 227977-SMScom. The authors wish to thank Howard Foster for his promptly support with the lWS-Engineer too; Ivo Krka for his comments on an earlier version of the paper. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4503-0445-0 PY 2011 BP 501 EP 510 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXU65 UT WOS:000297156400051 ER PT J AU Layman, L Basili, VR Zelkowitz, MV Fisher, KL AF Layman, Lucas Basili, Victor R. Zelkowitz, Marvin V. Fisher, Karen L. GP IEEE TI A Case Study of Measuring Process Risk for Early Insights into Software Safety SO 2011 33RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ICSE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) CY MAY 21-28, 2011 CL Honolulu, HI DE Constellation program; hazard reports; measurement; safety; empirical software engineering AB In this case study, we examine software safety risk in three flight hardware systems in NASA's Constellation spaceflight program. We applied our Technical and Process Risk Measurement (TPRM) methodology to the Constellation hazard analysis process to quantify the technical and process risks involving software safety in the early design phase of these projects. We analyzed 154 hazard reports and collected metrics to measure the prevalence of software in hazards and the specificity of descriptions of software causes of hazardous conditions. We found that 49-70% of 154 hazardous conditions could be caused by software or software was involved in the prevention of the hazardous condition. We also found that 12-17% of the 2013 hazard causes involved software, and that 23-29% of all causes had a software control. The application of the TRPM methodology identified process risks in the application of the hazard analysis process itself that may lead to software safety risk. C1 [Layman, Lucas; Basili, Victor R.; Zelkowitz, Marvin V.] Fraunhofer CESE, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Fisher, Karen L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Layman, L (reprint author), Fraunhofer CESE, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM llayman@fc-md.umd.edu; basili@cs.umd.edu; mvz@cs.umd.edu; karen.l.fisher@nasa.gov FU NASA OSMA SARP [NNX08AZ60G]; Fraunhofer CESE FX This research was supported by NASA OSMA SARP grant NNX08AZ60G to the Fraunhofer CESE. We would like to acknowledge the help of Karen Fisher and Risha George at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for providing us support and access to people and artifacts of the Constellation Program. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4503-0445-0 PY 2011 BP 623 EP 632 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXU65 UT WOS:000297156400065 ER PT J AU Port, D Nikora, A Hihn, J Huang, LG AF Port, Dan Nikora, Allen Hihn, Jairus Huang, Liguo GP IEEE TI Experiences with Text Mining Large Collections of Unstructured Systems Development Artifacts at JPL SO 2011 33RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ICSE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) CY MAY 21-28, 2011 CL Honolulu, HI DE Experience; Text Mining; System Repository Mining; Systems Development Artifact; Assurance; Risk; Risk Assurance; Requirements Assurance AB Often repositories of systems engineering artifacts at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are so large and poorly structured that they have outgrown our capability to effectively manually process their contents to extract useful information. Sophisticated text mining methods and tools seem a quick, low-effort approach to automating our limited manual efforts. Our experiences of exploring such methods mainly in three areas including historical risk analysis, defect identification based on requirements analysis, and over-time analysis of system anomalies at JPL, have shown that obtaining useful results requires substantial unanticipated efforts - from preprocessing the data to transforming the output for practical applications. We have not observed any quick "wins" or realized benefit from short-term effort avoidance through automation in this area. Surprisingly we have realized a number of unexpected long-term benefits from the process of applying text mining to our repositories. This paper elaborates some of these benefits and our important lessons learned from the process of preparing and applying text mining to large unstructured system artifacts at JPL aiming to benefit future TM applications in similar problem domains and also in hope for being extended to broader areas of applications. C1 [Huang, Liguo] So Methodist Univ, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. [Port, Dan] Univ Hawaii, Shidler Coll Business, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Nikora, Allen; Hihn, Jairus] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Huang, Liguo] Southern Methodist Univ, Comp Sci & Engn, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. RP Huang, LG (reprint author), So Methodist Univ, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. EM dport@hawaii.edu; allen.p.nikora@jpl.nasa.gov; jairus.hihn@jpl.nasa.gov; lghuang@smu.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration's; Software Assurance Research Program (SARP) FX Majority of the work described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Office of Safety and Mission Assurance Software Assurance Research Program (SARP). SARP tasks are managed locally by JPLs Assurance Technology Program Office. Thanks to Joel Wilf, supervisor of the JPL Software Quality Assurance group for his support and enthusiasm of this work. Special thanks to Prof. Jamie Andrews at the University of Western Ontario, Canada for his valuable suggestions in preparing this paper. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4503-0445-0 PY 2011 BP 701 EP 710 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXU65 UT WOS:000297156400073 ER PT J AU Cadar, C Godefroid, P Khurshid, S Pasareanu, CS Sen, K Tillmann, N Visser, W AF Cadar, Cristian Godefroid, Patrice Khurshid, Sarfraz Pasareanu, Corina S. Sen, Koushik Tillmann, Nikolai Visser, Willem GP IEEE TI Symbolic Execution for Software Testing in Practice - Preliminary Assessment SO 2011 33RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ICSE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) CY MAY 21-28, 2011 CL Honolulu, HI DE Generalized symbolic execution; dynamic test generation AB We present results for the "Impact Project Focus Area" on the topic of symbolic execution as used in software testing. Symbolic execution is a program analysis technique introduced in the 70s that has received renewed interest in recent years, due to algorithmic advances and increased availability of computational power and constraint solving technology. We review classical symbolic execution and some modern extensions such as generalized symbolic execution and dynamic test generation. We also give a preliminary assessment of the use in academia, research labs, and industry. C1 [Cadar, Cristian] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Godefroid, Patrice; Tillmann, Nikolai] Microsoft Res, Redmond, WA 98052 USA. [Khurshid, Sarfraz] Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Pasareanu, Corina S.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Sen, Koushik] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Visser, Willem] Univ Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. RP Cadar, C (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England. EM c.cadar@imperial.ac.uk; pg@microsoft.com; khurshid@ece.utexas.edu; corina.s.pasareanu@nasa.gov; ksen@eecs.berkeley.edu; nikolait@microsoft.com; visserw@sun.ac.za FU Microsoft [024263]; Intel [024894]; U.C. Discovery [DIG07-10227]; NSF [CNS-0720906, CCF-0747390, CCF-0845628, CNS-0958231, IIS-0438967]; AFOSR [FA9550-09-1-0351] FX Sens work was supported in part by Microsoft (Award #024263) and Intel (Award #024894) funding and by matching funding by U.C. Discovery (Award #DIG07- 10227), by NSF Grants CNS-0720906 and CCF-0747390.The CREST tool is developed and maintained by Jacob Burnim. Khurshids work is supported in part by NSF Grants CCF-0845628, CNS-0958231, and IIS-0438967, and by AFOSR Grant FA9550-09-1-0351. NR 64 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4503-0445-0 PY 2011 BP 1066 EP 1071 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXU65 UT WOS:000297156400153 ER PT J AU Mattmann, CA Medvidovic, N Mohan, TS O'Malley, O AF Mattmann, Chris A. Medvidovic, Nenad Mohan, T. S. O'Malley, Owen GP IEEE TI Workshop on Software Engineering for Cloud Computing (SECLOUD 2011) SO 2011 33RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ICSE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) CY MAY 21-28, 2011 CL Honolulu, HI DE Cloud Computing; Software Engineering; SECLOUD AB Cloud computing is emerging as more than simply a technology platform but a software engineering paradigm for the future. Hordes of cloud computing technologies, techniques, and integration approaches are widely being adopted, taught at the university level, and expected as key skills in the job market. The principles and practices of the software engineering and software architecture community can serve to help guide this emerging domain. The fundamental goal of the ICSE 2011 Software Engineering for Cloud Workshop is to bring together the diverse communities of cloud computing and of software engineering and architecture research with the hopes of sharing and disseminating key tribal knowledge between these rich areas. We expect as the workshop output a set of identified key software engineering challenges and important issues in the domain of cloud computing, specifically focused on how software engineering practice and research can play a role in shaping the next five years of research and practice for clouds. Furthermore, we expect to share "war stories", best practices and lessons learned between leaders in the software engineering and cloud computing communities. C1 [Mattmann, Chris A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mattmann, Chris A.; Medvidovic, Nenad] Univ So Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Mohan, T. S.] Infosys Technol, Ecom Res Labs, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. [O'Malley, Owen] Yahoo, Grid Comp Grp, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA. RP Mattmann, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mattmann@jpl.nasa.gov; neno@usc.edu; Subramanian_Mohan@infosys.com; oom@yahoo-inc.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4503-0445-0 PY 2011 BP 1196 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BXU65 UT WOS:000297156400195 ER PT S AU Tarabalka, Y Tilton, JC Benediktsson, JA Chanussot, J AF Tarabalka, Yuliya Tilton, James C. Benediktsson, Jon Atli Chanussot, Jocelyn GP IEEE TI MARKER-BASED HIERARCHICAL SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION APPROACH FOR HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH, AND SIGNAL PROCESSING SE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing ICASSP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) CY MAY 22-27, 2011 CL Prague Congress Ctr, Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Inst Elect & Elect Engineers Signal Processing Soc, IEEE HO Prague Congress Ctr DE Hyperspectral images; hierarchical segmentation; classification; marker selection AB The Hierarchical SEGmentation (HSEG) algorithm, which is a combination of hierarchical step-wise optimization and spectral clustering, has given good performances for hyperspectral image analysis. This technique produces at its output a hierarchical set of image segmentations. The automated selection of a single segmentation level is often necessary. We propose and investigate the use of automatically selected markers for this purpose. In this paper, a novel Marker-based HSEG (M-HSEG) method for spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images is proposed. First, a map of markers is constructed using classification results. Then, a novel constrained M-HSEG algorithm is applied. The experimental results show that the proposed approach yields accurate segmentation and classification maps, and thus is attractive for hyperspectral image analysis. C1 [Tarabalka, Yuliya; Tilton, James C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Benediktsson, Jon Atli] Univ Iceland, Fac Elect & Comp Engn, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Chanussot, Jocelyn] Grenoble Inst Technol, GIPSA Lab, Grenoble, France. RP Tarabalka, Y (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM yuliya.tarabalka@nasa.gov RI anzhi, yue/A-8609-2012; Benediktsson, Jon/F-2861-2010 OI Benediktsson, Jon/0000-0003-0621-9647 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1520-6149 BN 978-1-4577-0539-7 J9 INT CONF ACOUST SPEE PY 2011 BP 1089 EP 1092 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXG36 UT WOS:000296062401083 ER PT J AU Comella, PA AF Comella, Patricia A. BE Bregman, OC White, CM TI Observing Emotional Functioning in Human Relationship Systems: Lessons From Murray Bowen's Writings SO BRINGING SYSTEMS THINKING TO LIFE: EXPANDING THE HORIZONS FOR BOWEN FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Comella, Patricia A.] Bowen Ctr Study Family, Washington, DC USA. [Comella, Patricia A.] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [Comella, Patricia A.] US Nucl Regulatory Commiss, Rockville, MD USA. [Comella, Patricia A.] US Dept State, Washington, DC USA. RP Comella, PA (reprint author), Bowen Ctr Study Family, Washington, DC USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 978-0-203-84234-8 PY 2011 BP 3 EP 30 PG 28 WC Family Studies SC Family Studies GA BXC64 UT WOS:000295719300003 ER PT J AU Morrow, R Fu, LL AF Morrow, Rosemary Fu, Lee-Lueng TI Special Issue: Special Issue on OSTM/Jason-2 Calibration/Validation- Part 2 Preface SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Morrow, Rosemary] CNES, LEGOS, Toulouse, France. [Fu, Lee-Lueng] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Morrow, R (reprint author), CNES, LEGOS, Toulouse, France. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2011 VL 34 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 189 EP 190 DI 10.1080/01490419.2011.591280 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA 855CQ UT WOS:000297541600001 ER PT J AU Washburn, SA Haines, BJ Born, GH Fowler, C AF Washburn, Scott A. Haines, Bruce J. Born, George H. Fowler, Charles TI The Harvest Experiment LIDAR System: Water Level Measurement Device Comparison for Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM Calibration SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Satellite altimetry; calibration/validation; TOPEX/Poseidon; Jason-1; Jason-2/OSTM; sea-level; bubbler; tide-gauge; LIDAR AB In July 2007, a new Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)-based water-level measurement system was installed at the Harvest platform with the goals of assessing potential drifts in the primary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) water level (bubbler) system and of providing insight on other environmental conditions which may affect the bubbler accuracy. In addition, the LIDAR provides an independent measure of significant wave height (SWH), which has traditionally been derived from nearby buoys (operated by Scripps and NOAA). The open ocean environment of the Harvest Platform has presented significant challenges. Despite these difficult operating conditions, the LIDAR system has shown promise in being able to assess drift in the bubbler as well as the dependencies on SWH and wind speed. However, a longer time series of data and better environmental condition measurements are needed in order to make an assessment of these parameters with the desired accuracy (e. g., drift to better than 1 mm/yr). C1 [Washburn, Scott A.; Born, George H.; Fowler, Charles] Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Haines, Bruce J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Washburn, SA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM scott.a.washburn@colorado.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We are thankfully for the help of Mark Bailey, Steve Gill, Caleb Gostnell, Steve Hudziak, and Bob Heitsenrether at NOAA. The Harvest research activities are funded by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program. A portion of the work described in this paper was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2011 VL 34 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 277 EP 290 DI 10.1080/01490419.2011.590114 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA 855CQ UT WOS:000297541600006 ER PT J AU Song, YT Qu, TD AF Song, Y. Tony Qu, Tangdong TI Multiple Satellite Missions Confirming the Theory of Seasonal Oceanic Variability in the Northern North Pacific SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE Satellite observations; seasonal oceanic variability; sea level; wind stress; ocean bottom pressure ID BOTTOM PRESSURE; GRACE AB Using ocean-bottom-pressure (OBP) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, sea-surface-height (SSH) data from satellite radar altimeters, wind data from QuikSCAT, and a derived steric-sea-level (SSL) product from Kuo (2006), we have investigated the large-scale seasonal variations of the North Pacific. It is shown that the strong annual cycle of OBP variability in the northern North Pacific can be explained by the wind stress curl and the annual SSH variability is mostly due to steric changes. This confirms the classic theory of Gill and Niiler (1973); that is, (1) the seasonal OBP variability is the barotropic response to changes in the wind stress, resulting from a small residual in mass divergence from the balance between Ekman and Sverdrup transport, and (2) the SSH variability is largely produced by expansion and contraction of the water column due to changing fluxes of heat and water across the surface. However, in the semiannual frequency, the steric effect becomes insignificant, leaving both OBP and SSH to vary with the wind stress. This is because the Ekman pumping creates a low/high-pressure center in the upper ocean, which projects onto the barotropic mode and leads to a negative/positive OBP and SSH anomaly. In addition, it is found the bottom pressure torque leads the density change and the Ekman pumping velocity term by 3.4 months, suggesting a transition period is needed for the sea level to fully respond to the wind forcing. C1 [Song, Y. Tony] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Qu, Tangdong] Univ Hawaii Manoa, SOEST, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Song, YT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Tony.Song@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA; NSF [OCE-0623533]; International Pacific Research Center (IPRC); JAMSTEC; NOAA FX This research is carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. T. Qu was supported by NSF through grant OCE-0623533. Additional support for T. Qu was provided by JAMSTEC, NOAA, and NASA through their sponsorship of the International Pacific Research Center (IPRC). SOEST contribution number 8110 and IPRC contribution number IPRC-766. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 EI 1521-060X J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2011 VL 34 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 477 EP 490 DI 10.1080/01490419.2011.590110 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA 855CQ UT WOS:000297541600017 ER PT S AU Adamczyk, A Clowdsley, M Qualls, G Blattnig, S Lee, K Fry, D Stoffle, N Simonsen, L Slaba, T Walker, S Zapp, E AF Adamczyk, Anne Clowdsley, Martha Qualls, Garry Blattnig, Steve Lee, Kerry Fry, Dan Stoffle, Nicholas Simonsen, Lisa Slaba, Tony Walker, Steven Zapp, Edward GP IEEE TI Full Mission Astronaut Radiation Exposure Assessments for Long Duration Lunar Surface Missions SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID DOSE CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS; SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS; MAN ANATOMICAL MODEL; ADULT VOXEL PHANTOM; MONOENERGETIC NEUTRONS; PROTECTION DOSIMETRY; ENVIRONMENT; FREQUENCY; FLUENCES; MOON AB Risk to astronauts due to ionizing radiation exposure is a primary concern for missions beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and will drive mission architecture requirements, mission timelines, and operational practices. For short missions, radiation risk is dominated by the possibility of a large Solar Particle Event (SPE). Longer duration missions have both SPE and Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) risks. SPE exposure can contribute significantly toward cancer induction in combination with GCR. As mission duration increases, mitigation strategies must address the combined risks from SPE and GCR exposure. In this paper, full mission exposure assessments were performed for the proposed long duration lunar surface mission scenarios. In order to accomplish these assessments, previously developed radiation shielding models for a proposed lunar habitat and rover were utilized. End-to-End mission exposure assessments were performed by first calculating exposure rates for locations in the habitat, rover, and during Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVA). Subsequently, total mission exposures were evaluated for the proposed timelines. Mission exposure results, assessed in terms of effective dose, are presented for the proposed timelines and recommendations are made for improved astronaut shielding and safer operational practices. C1 [Adamczyk, Anne] Univ Tennessee, Dept Nucl Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Clowdsley, Martha; Qualls, Garry; Blattnig, Steve; Simonsen, Lisa; Slaba, Tony] Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Lee, Kerry; Fry, Dan; Zapp, Edward] NASA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Stoffle, Nicholas] Lockheed Martin, Houston, TX 77258 USA. [Walker, Steven] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Math, Norfolk, VA 23666 USA. RP Adamczyk, A (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Nucl Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM aadamczy@utk.edu; Martha.S.Clowdsley@nasa.gov NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200029 ER PT S AU Adler, M Moeller, RC Borden, CS Smythe, WD Shotwell, RF Cole, BF Spilker, TR Strange, NJ Petropoulos, AE Chattopadhyay, D Ervin, J Deems, E Tsou, P Spencer, J AF Adler, Mark Moeller, Robert C. Borden, Chester S. Smythe, William D. Shotwell, Robert F. Cole, Bjorn F. Spilker, Thomas R. Strange, Nathan J. Petropoulos, Anastassios E. Chattopadhyay, Debarati Ervin, Joan Deems, Elizabeth Tsou, Peter Spencer, John GP IEEE TI Rapid Mission Architecture Trade Study of Enceladus Mission Concepts SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB At the request of the Satellites Panel of the National Research Council (NRC) Planetary Science Decadal Survey, a Rapid Mission Architecture (RMA) study of possible missions to Saturn's moon Enceladus was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in January and February of 2010. This was one of many studies commissioned by this NRC Decadal Survey. In this study, 15 Enceladus mission architectures were examined that spanned a broad range of potential science return and total estimated mission cost. The study found that several high science value mission concepts to Enceladus to explore, in particular, the source and nature of its intriguing plumes exist in the $1.5B to $2B range (all costs are in FY15 dollars with reserves per NASAs Decadal Survey ground rules). Those mission concepts include both Enceladus orbiters with very capable instrument complements and Enceladus plume sample returns that would preserve the collected water-ice particles. The study also found that if there were an approved Titan orbiter flagship mission, such a mission could be augmented for approximately $0.6B with a larger launch vehicle, more propellant, an additional instrument, and longer operations to enable that spacecraft to become an Enceladus orbiter after completing its mission at Titan. These Enceladus mission concepts are enabled by recently developed innovative trajectories that would make use of Titan, Rhea, Dione, and Tethys gravity assists to reduce the time and propellant required to arrive at Enceladus, to perform multiple flybys of Enceladus for plume investigation and sampling, and then either to enter Enceladus orbit for the orbiter missions or to leave the Saturn system and return to Earth for the sample return missions. [4][5] This RMA study brought the studied architectures to concept maturity level (CML) 3, which is sufficient for relative comparisons of cost, benefit, and risk. Individual architectures would need to be brought to higher maturity levels before strong assertions could be made about the absolute cost, benefit, and risk, as would be needed for prioritization within the Decadal Survey or for program planning decisions. C1 [Adler, Mark; Moeller, Robert C.; Borden, Chester S.; Smythe, William D.; Shotwell, Robert F.; Cole, Bjorn F.; Spilker, Thomas R.; Strange, Nathan J.; Petropoulos, Anastassios E.; Chattopadhyay, Debarati; Ervin, Joan; Deems, Elizabeth; Tsou, Peter] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Spencer, John] Southwest Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Adler, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mark.adler@jpl.nasa.gov; spencer@boulder.swri.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200068 ER PT S AU Alexander, C Chmielewski, A Gulkis, S Weissman, P Kurtik, S Stern, SA Parker, J Burch, J Goldstein, R Mokashi, P Kuppers, M Accomazzo, A AF Alexander, C. Chmielewski, A. Gulkis, S. Weissman, P. Kurtik, S. Stern, S. A. Parker, J. Burch, J. Goldstein, R. Mokashi, P. Kueppers, M. Accomazzo, A. GP IEEE TI The US Rosetta Project at Its second Science Target: Asteroid (21) Lutetia, 2010 SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID ULTRAVIOLET; ORBITER; FLYBY; ION AB This paper represents the fifth in a series of updates for a mission, known as Rosetta, originally launched in 2004 for an extended rendezvous in 2014 with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. These papers are intended to build upon one another. On November 13, 2009, the Rosetta spacecraft swung by the Earth for the third and final gravity assist. The geometry of this Earth encounter provided for distant observations of the Earth's moon. Eight months later, July 10, 2010, Rosetta encountered the second science target of the mission, asteroid (21) Lutetia. This paper will present, in time order, an introduction to NASA's contribution to the mission, followed by a discussion of the events of the third Earth flyby, including the issue of the boresight alignment of the remote sensing suite of instruments. We report on the instrument performance during the Lutetia encounter. We discuss the status of preparations for science planning for the prime mission. Finally, we report on our public engagement from this flyby. (1,2) C1 [Alexander, C.; Chmielewski, A.; Gulkis, S.; Weissman, P.; Kurtik, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Stern, S. A.; Parker, J.] Southwest Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Burch, J.; Goldstein, R.; Mokashi, P.] Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. [Kueppers, M.] European Space Astron Ctr, Madrid, Spain. [Accomazzo, A.] European Operat Ctr, European Space Agcy, Darmstadt, Germany. RP Alexander, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Claudia.J.Alexander@jpl.nasa.gov; abc@jpl.nasa.gov; Sam.Gulkis@jpl.nasa.gov; Paul.Weissman@jpl.nasa.gov; Susan.Kurtik@jpl.nasa.gov; astern@boulder.swri.edu; joel@boulder.swri.edu; jburch@swri.edu; rgoldstein@swri.edu; PMokashi@swri.edu; michael.kueppers@sciops.esa.int; Andrea.Accomazzo@esa.int NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 22 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200057 ER PT S AU Amato, GM Garvin, JB Burt, IJ Karpati, G AF Amato, G. Michael Garvin, James B. Burt, I. Joseph Karpati, Gabe GP IEEE TI Lower-Cost, Relocatable Lunar Polar Lander and Lunar Surface Sample Return Probes SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID ICE; POLES AB Key science and exploration objectives of lunar robotic precursor missions can be achieved with the Lunar Explorer (LEx) low-cost, robotic surface mission concept described herein. Selected elements of the LEx concept can also be used to create a lunar surface sample return mission that we have called Boomerang. The LEx mission would land a small, re-locatable lander within the lunar South Polar Region to evaluate distribution of volatiles, dust, illumination, provide geologic context, and assess local hazards in both sunlit and permanently shadowed environments. Improved assessment and understanding of lunar polar region cold-trap environmental characteristics, geophysics, and potential resources (water ice) will have direct impact on future robotic and human exploration architecture decisions. LEx represents a highly-focused pathfinder, exploring both sunlit and shadowed sites within the lunar south polar region to provide essential ground-truth for understanding resources and for linking surface observations with those from orbital remote-sensing (i.e., from LRO).(1 2) The mission is designed to be co-manifested as a secondary payload on any future lunar mission allowing further cost savings and programmatic flexibility. Upon landing within a sunlit south polar region, LEx will perform independent, specific, and quantitative measurements of the accessible lunar regolith. The LEx mission continues with a new and innovative mobility approach that enables a multi-kilometer, powered flight to a nearby permanently shadowed site where a full suite of measurements will be repeated. This provides first-ever landed access to a permanently shadowed region and a "ground-truth" dataset for environmental characterization, potential resources assays, local hazards reconnaissance, as well as validating an innovative near-surface mobility approach. Additional LEx lander flight systems can be acquired at a fraction of their initial cost to serve as an asset in precursor robotic missions such as those envisaged in NASA's new xScout program. The low cost, globally targetable, mobile, precision-landed robotic access to the Moon that can be provided by LEx has significant potential to reduce risk and cost of future landed systems. LEx was originally designed in mid 2005 and dubbed the 'hopper' on the basis of its powered-flight relocation capability, which contrasts with traditional overland roving. A similar design approach and design was used in developing a NASA Discovery class lunar surface sample return concept (Boomerang). The proposed Boomerang landing region would be within the South Pole Aitken Basin (south polar highlands) where a simple vacuum sample acquisition system acquires a similar to 100g sample from the uppermost 20cm of the regolith. The Boomerang lander/sample acquisition system would then lift off and deploy a sample canister capsule to low lunar orbit, which is then captured by a simple spacecraft for rendezvous and Earth return and entry. This mission can directly address prioritized lunar precursor robotic mission goals, serve as a pathfinder for enabling future low-cost, risk-tolerant robotic missions, and address high priority NRC Decadal Survey (Planetary), and NRC lunar science (SCEM 2007) objectives. Both missions leverage previous investments, and accept a slightly higher risk posture to reduce cost and shorten development schedules. C1 [Amato, G. Michael; Garvin, James B.; Burt, I. Joseph; Karpati, Gabe] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Amato, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Michael.Amato@nasa.gov; Joe.Burt@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 23 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200059 ER PT S AU Backes, P Younse, P DiCicco, M Hudson, N Collins, C Allwood, A Paolini, R Male, C Ma, J Steele, A Conrad, P AF Backes, Paul Younse, Paulo DiCicco, Matthew Hudson, Nicolas Collins, Curtis Allwood, Abigail Paolini, Robert Male, Cason Ma, Jeremy Steele, Andrew Conrad, Pamela GP IEEE TI Experimental Results of Rover-Based Coring and Caching SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Experimental results are presented for experiments performed using a prototype rover-based sample coring and caching system. The system consists of a rotary percussive coring tool on a five degree-of-freedom manipulator arm mounted on a FIDO-class rover and a sample caching subsystem mounted on the rover. Coring and caching experiments were performed in a laboratory setting and in a field test at Mono Lake, California. Rock abrasion experiments using an abrading bit on the coring tool were also performed. The experiments indicate that the sample acquisition and caching architecture is viable for use in a 2018 timeframe Mars caching mission and that rock abrasion using an abrading bit may be feasible in place of a dedicated rock abrasion tool. (1 2) C1 [Backes, Paul; Younse, Paulo; DiCicco, Matthew; Hudson, Nicolas; Collins, Curtis; Allwood, Abigail; Paolini, Robert; Male, Cason; Ma, Jeremy] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Steele, Andrew] Carnegie Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20005 USA. [Conrad, Pamela] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Backes, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Paul.G.Backes@jpl.nasa.gov; asteele@ciw.edu; Pamela.G.Conrad@nasa.gov RI Conrad, Pamela/F-1506-2012 OI Conrad, Pamela/0000-0001-8805-7981 FU NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets program's Arctic Mars Analogue Svalbard Expedition (AMASE) FX The research described in this publication was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology under contract from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The sample acquisition and caching system was developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Research and Technology Development program. The Mono Lake field test was funded by the NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets programs Arctic Mars Analogue Svalbard Expedition (AMASE) task. The subject matter in this paper is pre-decisional and for discussion purposes only. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200042 ER PT S AU Ballard, PG AF Ballard, Perry G. GP IEEE TI Accessing Space: ISS Integration for a US Payload on the JEM-EF SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program (STP) has launched the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) & Remote Atmospheric & Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS) Experiment Payload (HREP) to the International Space Station's Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility (JEM-EF). 12HREP was launched as a NASA payload onboard the JAXA HTV/H-IIB first flight from the Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC) in September 2009. HREP was installed on the ISS and has been functioning since that time. Because STP is the organization responsible for providing launch services for all of DoD's R&D space experiments and has used the International Space Station extensively in the past for its experiments, a concerted effort began seeking means to continue use of the ISS once the Shuttle retires, HREP launching on the JAXA HTV is one of these efforts. This paper presents both the development of HREP and its ISS integration as well as providing insights into issues related to taking a US payload to JAXA for launch. Specifically the paper deals with practical aspects not only of integration but also of living and working in Tanegashima. C1 [Ballard, Perry G.] Johnson Space Ctr, DOD Payloads Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Ballard, PG (reprint author), Johnson Space Ctr, DOD Payloads Off, JSC WR1 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Perry.g.ballard@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200015 ER PT S AU Barbee, BW Alfano, S Pinon, E Gold, K Gaylor, D AF Barbee, Brent William Alfano, Salvatore Pinon, Elfego, III Gold, Kenn Gaylor, David GP IEEE TI Design of Spacecraft Missions to Remove Multiple Orbital Debris Objects SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The amount of hazardous debris in Earth orbit has been increasing, posing an ever-greater danger to space assets and crewed missions. In January of 2007, a Chinese ASAT test produced approximately 2, 600 pieces of orbital debris. In February of 2009, Iridium 33 collided with an inactive Russian satellite, yielding approximately 1,300 pieces of debris. These recent disastrous events and the sheer size of the Earth orbiting population make clear the necessity of removing orbital debris. In fact, experts from both NASA and ESA have stated that 10 to 20 pieces of orbital debris need to be removed per year to stabilize the orbital debris environment. However, no spacecraft trajectories have yet been designed for removing multiple debris objects and the size of the debris population makes the design of such trajectories a daunting task. Designing an efficient spacecraft trajectory to rendezvous with each of a large number of orbital debris pieces is akin to the famous Traveling Salesman problem, an NP-complete combinatorial optimization problem in which N cities are to be visited in turn. The goal is to choose the order in which the cities are visited so as to minimize the total path distance traveled. In the case of orbital debris, the pieces of debris to be visited must be selected and ordered such that spacecraft fuel consumption is minimized or at least kept low enough to be feasible. Emergent Space Technologies, Inc. has developed specialized algorithms for designing efficient tour missions for Near-Earth Asteroids that may be applied to the design of efficient spacecraft missions capable of visiting large numbers of orbital debris pieces. The first step is to identify a list of high priority debris targets using the Analytical Graphics, Inc. SOCRATES website and then obtain their state information from Celestrak. The tour trajectory design algorithms will then be used to determine the itinerary of objects and Delta V requirements. These results will shed light on how many debris pieces can be visited for various amounts of propellant, which launch vehicles can accommodate such missions, and how much margin is available for debris removal system payloads. C1 [Barbee, Brent William] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 595,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Alfano, Salvatore] Ctr Space Standards & Innovat, Colorado Springs, CO 80920 USA. [Gold, Kenn] Emergent Space Technol Inc, Colorado Springs, CO 80920 USA. [Pinon, Elfego, III; Gaylor, David] Emergent Space Technol Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Barbee, BW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 595,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM brent.w.barbee@nasa.gov; salfano@centerforspace.com; elfego.pinon@emergentspace.com; kenn.gold@emergentspace.com; dave.gaylor@emergentspace.com NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200082 ER PT S AU Beegle, L Kirby, JP Fisher, A Hodyss, R Saltzman, A Soto, J Lasnik, J Roark, S AF Beegle, Luther Kirby, James P. Fisher, Anita Hodyss, Robert Saltzman, Alison Soto, Juancarlos Lasnik, James Roark, Shane GP IEEE TI Sample Handling and Processing on Mars for Future Astrobiology Missions SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In most analytical investigations, there is a need to process complex field samples for the unique detection of analytes especially when detecting low concentration organic molecules that may identify extant and extinct extraterrestrial life. 12 Sample processing for analytical instruments is time, resource and manpower consuming in terrestrial laboratories. Every step in this laborious process will have to be automated for in situ life detection. We have developed, and are currently testing, an automated wet chemistry preparation system that can operate autonomously on Earth and is designed to operate under Martian ambient conditions. This will enable a complete wet chemistry laboratory as part of future missions. Our system, namely the Automated Sample Processing System (ASPS) receives fines, extracts organics through solvent extraction, processes the extract by removing non-organic soluble species and delivers sample to multiple instruments for analysis (including for non-organic soluble species). One of the main goals of NASA in the exploration of the Solar System is to determine if life exists on any planet beyond earth. To over simplify, life on the Earth consists of water and a collection of key organic molecules that range from simple carbon bearing species from simple amino acids to highly complex macromolecule like DNA. If one was targeting identification of DNA like macromolecules, simple detection maybe enough to identify biomarkers, assuming they can be distinguished from terrestrial contamination. For smaller molecules, i.e. amino acids, quantification is vital so that potential biosignatures can be distinguished from ones abioticlly synthesized [1]. Our system is inherently flexible and better enables both detection and quantification of these types of molecules. C1 [Beegle, Luther; Kirby, James P.; Fisher, Anita; Hodyss, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Beegle, Luther; Saltzman, Alison] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Soto, Juancarlos; Lasnik, James; Roark, Shane] Ball Aerosp & Technol, Broomfield, CO USA. RP Beegle, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.; Beegle, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Luther.Beegle@jpl.nasa.gov; James.P.Kirby@jpl.nasa.gov; Anita.M.Fisher@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.P.Hodyss@jpl.nasa.gov; asaltz@caltech.edu; jsoto@ball.com; jlasnik@ball.com; seroark@ball.com NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200077 ER PT S AU Berry, SA Laws, CT Kleb, WL Rhode, MN Spells, C Mccrea, AC Trumble, KA Schauerhamer, DG Oberkampf, WL AF Berry, Scott A. Laws, Christopher T. Kleb, William L. Rhode, Matthew N. Spells, Courtney Mccrea, Andrew C. Trumble, Kerry A. Schauerhamer, Daniel G. Oberkampf, William L. GP IEEE TI Supersonic Retro-Propulsion Experimental Design for Computational Fluid Dynamics Model Validation SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID MARS ENTRY; RETROPROPULSION; DESCENT AB The development of supersonic retro-propulsion, an enabling technology for heavy payload exploration missions to Mars, is the primary focus for the present paper. A new experimental model, intended to provide computational fluid dynamics model validation data, was recently designed for the Langley Research Center Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel Test Section 2. Pre-test computations were instrumental for sizing and refining the model, over the Mach number range of 2.4 to 4.6, such that tunnel blockage and internal flow separation issues would be minimized. A 5-in diameter 70-deg sphere-cone forebody, which accommodates up to four 4: 1 area ratio nozzles, followed by a 10-in long cylindrical aftbody was developed for this study based on the computational results. The model was designed to allow for a large number of surface pressure measurements on the forebody and aftbody. Supplemental data included high-speed Schlieren video and internal pressures and temperatures. The run matrix was developed to allow for the quantification of various sources of experimental uncertainty, such as random errors due to run-to-run variations and bias errors due to flow field or model misalignments. Some preliminary results and observations from the test are presented, although detailed analyses of the data and uncertainties are still on going. C1 [Berry, Scott A.; Laws, Christopher T.; Kleb, William L.; Rhode, Matthew N.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Spells, Courtney] Jacobs Sverdrup, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Mccrea, Andrew C.] ATK Space Syst, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Trumble, Kerry A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Schauerhamer, Daniel G.] Jacobs Technol, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Berry, SA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Scott.A.Berry@NASA.gov; Christopher.T.Laws@NASA.gov; Bil.Kleb@NASA.gov; Matthew.N.Rhode@NASA.gov; Courtney.Spells@NASA.gov; Andrew.C.Mccrea@NASA.gov; Kerry.A.Trumble@NASA.gov; Daniel.G.Schauerhamer@NASA.gov; wloconsulting@gmail.com NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200019 ER PT S AU Buckner, JL May, L AF Buckner, Janice L. May, Lisa GP IEEE TI NASA Investments In In Situ Technologies and Instruments for Sample Return Missions SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Instrument technologies for the in situ exploration of planets are of particular interest for future NASA planetary science missions. 12 In situ analysis is complicated because answering specific science questions requires technologies suited to specific extreme environments. In situ measurements may be based on instrument systems that utilize photon sources, electron sources, mass spectrometry, and wet and dry chemical analysis techniques. Investments supporting the development of space-based in situ instruments include lasers, seismology, spectrometry, radiometry, and geochemistry, as well as electronics for extreme temperatures and sample acquisition and handling technologies. Many of these, as well as numerous other planetary science instrument technologies, such as remote sensing instruments, are designed, tested and demonstrated in NASA's Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program (PIDDP). C1 [Buckner, Janice L.; May, Lisa] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Buckner, JL (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM Janice.L.Buckner@nasa.gov; Lisa.May@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200072 ER PT S AU Carson, JM Acikmese, B Blackmore, L Wolf, AA AF Carson, John M., III Acikmese, Behcet Blackmore, Lars Wolf, Aron A. GP IEEE TI Capabilities of Convex Powered-Descent Guidance Algorithms for Pinpoint and Precision Landing SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The PDG (Powered Descent Guidance) algorithm provides a numerical method for onboard generation of guidance profiles for use during the powered-descent phase of Mars pinpoint or precision landing. The algorithm incorporates both state and control constraints, including minimum and maximum thrust limits, glideslope constraints to avoid impacting the surface, and speed and attitude constraints. These constraints are particularly important for powered-descent scenarios requiring large-divert capabilities to achieve pinpoint or precision landing. Additionally, the constraints ensure that guidance profiles are physically achievable. For instance, the thrust limits are particularly relevant for spacecraft that implement rocket engines that cannot be throttled off after ignition. The formulation of PDG poses the problem as a SoCP (Second-order Cone Program) that can be solved with numerically-efficient interior-point solvers in a finite time to within a prescribed accuracy. This feature is ideal for onboard implementation during powered descent where total flight time is short, thus guidance methods must guarantee convergence to an achievable solution within a short time. If a spacecraft can physically perform maneuvers to achieve pinpoint or precision landing (i.e., the problem is feasible), then the SoCP formulation of PDG will find the solution. Further, this solution will satisfy the prescribed constraints on position, fuel, thrust, speed and attitude. C1 [Carson, John M., III; Acikmese, Behcet; Blackmore, Lars; Wolf, Aron A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Carson, JM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jmcarson@jpl.nasa.gov; behcet@jpl.nasa.gov; lars@jpl.nasa.gov; awolf@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200023 ER PT S AU Chanover, NJ Glenar, DA Voelz, DG Xiao, XF Tawalbeh, R Boston, PJ Brinckerhoff, WB Mahaffy, PR Getty, S ten Kate, I McAdam, A AF Chanover, Nancy J. Glenar, David A. Voelz, David G. Xiao, Xifeng Tawalbeh, Rula Boston, Penelope J. Brinckerhoff, William B. Mahaffy, Paul R. Getty, Stephanie ten Kate, Inge McAdam, Amy GP IEEE TI An AOTF-LDTOF Spectrometer Suite for In Situ Organic Detection and Characterization SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; DESERT VARNISH; MARS; IDENTIFICATION; ATMOSPHERE; EXPRESS AB We discuss the development of a miniature near-infrared point spectrometer, operating in the 1.7-4 mm region, based on acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) technology. This instrument may be used to screen and corroborate analyses of samples containing organic biomarkers or mineralogical signatures suggestive of extant or extinct organic material collected in situ from planetary surfaces. The AOTF point spectrometer will be paired with a laser desorption time-of-flight (LDTOF) mass spectrometer and will prescreen samples for evidence of volatile or refractory organics before the laser desorption step and subsequent mass spectrometer measurement. (1 2) We describe the prototype AOTF point spectrometer instrument and present laboratory analysis of geological samples of known astrobiological importance. An initial mineral and rock sample suite of planetary relevance was used in the laboratory for baseline testing. To this, we will add a complement of astrobiologically relevant biosignatures from a variety of well-characterized geomicrobial study sites. We also describe LDTOF analysis of kaolinite and serpentine specimens, which are both highly relevant to the Martian surface mineralogy and the aqueous history of the planet. The AOTF-LDTOF instrument pairing offers the powerful advantage of cross-checked chemical analyses of individual samples, which can reduce chemical and biological interpretation ambiguities. C1 [Chanover, Nancy J.; Glenar, David A.] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Box 30001 MSC 4500, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Voelz, David G.; Xiao, Xifeng; Tawalbeh, Rula] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Boston, Penelope J.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Brinckerhoff, William B.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Getty, Stephanie; ten Kate, Inge; McAdam, Amy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Atmospher Experiment Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chanover, NJ (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Box 30001 MSC 4500, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM nchanove@nmsu.edu; dglenar@nmsu.edu; davvoelz@nmsu.edu; xixiao@nmsu.edu; rula@nmsu.edu; pboston@nmt.edu; william.b.brinckerhoff@nasa.gov; Paul.R.Mahaffy@nasa.gov; stephanie.a.getty@nasa.gov; inge.l.tenkate@nasa.gov; amy.mcadam-1@nasa.gov RI Getty, Stephanie/D-7037-2012; Brinckerhoff, William/F-3453-2012 OI Brinckerhoff, William/0000-0001-5121-2634 FU NASA's Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR); Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development (ASTID) programs [NNX08AY44G, NNX08AV85A]; New Mexico Tech, NMSU's Astronomy; Electrical and Computer Engineering Departments; New Mexico EPSCoR program office; NMSU Vice President for Research; NMSU ADVANCE Program FX This work was supported by grants from NASAs Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) and Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development (ASTID) programs, specifically through award numbers NNX08AY44G (ASTID) and NNX08AV85A (EPSCoR). Additional support was provided by New Mexico Tech, NMSUs Astronomy and Electrical and Computer Engineering Departments, the New Mexico EPSCoR program office, the NMSU Vice President for Research, and the NMSU ADVANCE Program. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200074 ER PT S AU Everett, DF AF Everett, David F. GP IEEE TI Engineering a Successful Mission: Lessons from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Schedule pressure is common in the commercial world, where late delivery of a product means delayed income and loss of profit. 12 Research spacecraft developed by NASA, on the other hand, tend to be driven by the high cost of launch vehicles and the public scrutiny of failure-the primary driver is ensuring proper operation in space for a system that cannot be retrieved for repair. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) development faced both schedule pressure and high visibility. The team had to balance the strong push to meet a launch date against the need to ensure that this first mission for Exploration succeeded. This paper will provide an overview of the mission from concept through its first year of operation and explore some of the challenges the systems engineering team faced taking a mission from preliminary design review to pre-ship review in 3 years. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Everett, DF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 599, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM David.F.Everett@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200052 ER PT S AU Fanson, J Frerking, M Duren, R AF Fanson, James Frerking, Margaret Duren, Riley GP IEEE TI Kepler Mission Development Challenges and Early Results SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Kepler is NASA's first mission capable of detecting Earth-size planets orbiting in the habitable zone of stars other than the Sun. Kepler comprises a space telescope designed to continuously monitor the brightnesses of more than 100,000 target stars, and a ground segment to analyze the measured stellar light curves and detect the signatures of orbiting planets. In order to detect Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars Kepler was designed to provide unprecedented photometric sensitivity and stability. This paper addresses some of the technical challenges encountered during the development of the Kepler mission and the measures taken to overcome them. Early scientific results are summarized.(1 2) C1 [Fanson, James; Frerking, Margaret; Duren, Riley] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fanson, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM james.l.fanson@jpl.nasa.gov; margaret.a.frerking@jpl.nasa.gov; riley.m.duren@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200054 ER PT S AU Gaskin, JA Jerman, GA Medley, S Gregory, D Abbott, TO Sampson, AR AF Gaskin, Jessica. A. Jerman, Gregory A. Medley, Stephanie Gregory, Don Abbott, Terry O. Sampson, Allen R. GP IEEE TI Simulation and Characterization of a Miniaturized Scanning Electron Microscope SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A miniaturized Scanning Electron Microscope (mini-SEM) for in-situ lunar investigations is being developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center with colleagues from the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Advanced Research Systems (ARS), and the University of Tennessee in Knoxville (UTK). Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs) can provide information on the size, shape, morphology and chemical composition of lunar regolith. Understanding these basic properties will allow us to better estimate the challenges associated with In-Situ Resource Utilization and to improve our basic science knowledge of the lunar surface (either precluding the need for sample return or allowing differentiation of unique samples to be returned to Earth.) Miniaturization (and power reduction) of an SEM appropriate for in-situ planetary investigations has warranted several novel re-designs of traditional SEM components. As such, this research has been centered on these principle elements and includes: an electron gun, beam defining and focusing system, and deflection/scanning/imaging system. Of these, the electron gun development, which is the focus of this paper, is of particular importance as it dictates the design and operation of the remaining components.(1,2) C1 [Gaskin, Jessica. A.; Jerman, Gregory A.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Sampson, Allen R.] Adv Res Syst, Charleston, IL 60174 USA. [Medley, Stephanie; Gregory, Don] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Gaskin, JA (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Jessica.Gaskin@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200076 ER PT S AU Glass, BJ McKay, C Thompson, S Zacny, K AF Glass, B. J. McKay, C. Thompson, S. Zacny, Kris GP IEEE TI Automated Mars Drilling for "Icebreaker" SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In order to look for organics and signs of past or extant life on Mars, it will be necessary to delve below and through the ice layers that stymied the Phoenix scoop. Automated drilling from a Phoenix-derived lander can retrieve specimens down to 1m depth, which can be transferred to on-deck instruments. This paper discusses the requirements, design concepts and some tradeoffs regarding the drill and drilling operations for the proposed NASA "Icebreaker" mission. C1 [Glass, B. J.; McKay, C.; Thompson, S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Zacny, Kris] Honeybee Robot, New York, NY 10001 USA. RP Glass, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Brian.glass@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200041 ER PT S AU Hirsh, RL Chua, ZK Heino, TA Strahan, A Major, L Duda, K AF Hirsh, Robert L. Chua, Zarrin K. Heino, Todd A. Strahan, Al Major, Laura Duda, Kevin GP IEEE TI Developing a Prototype ALHAT Human System Interface for Landing SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID SITUATION AWARENESS; AUTOMATION AB NASA's Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) project is developing technologies for safe landing anytime/anywhere on planetary surfaces. Minimizing time, thus minimizing fuel consumption, is critical during landing, so ALHAT displays must convey information efficiently to operators. The ALHAT Human System Interface (HSI) team developed prototype displays, explored methods of providing situation awareness, and modeled the cognitive task and information requirement for landing site selection. Input from NASA astronauts and mission controllers was solicited to refine ALHAT display concepts in a series of evaluations. This paper discusses the evolution of ALHAT displays and future plans for ALHAT HSI. C1 [Hirsh, Robert L.; Heino, Todd A.; Strahan, Al] NASA JSC, 2010 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Chua, Zarrin K.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Major, Laura; Duda, Kevin] Charles Stark Draper Lab Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Hirsh, RL (reprint author), NASA JSC, 2010 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM robert.l.hirsh@nasa.gov; zarrin@gatech.edu; todd.heino@nasa.gov; alan.l.strahan@nasa.gov; lmajor@draper.com; kduda@draper.com NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200005 ER PT S AU Johnston, MDD Herman, DE Zurek, RW Edwards, CD AF Johnston, M. Daniel Dan Herman, David E. Zurek, Richard W. Edwards, Charles D. GP IEEE TI Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Extended Dual-Purpose Mission SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, aboard an Atlas V-401 launch vehicle on August 12, 2005 and entered Mars orbit on March 10, 2006. After five months of aerobraking, a series of propulsive maneuvers were used to establish the desired low-altitude science orbit. The spacecraft has been on station in its 255 x 320 km, 3 p. m., primary science orbit since September 2006 performing its scientific and UHF-relay functions. This paper provides a brief status of the prime mission and describes the plans and preparations in work for its recently approved two-year mission extension(1 2) C1 [Johnston, M. Daniel Dan; Herman, David E.; Zurek, Richard W.; Edwards, Charles D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Johnston, MDD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Martin.D.Johnston@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200056 ER PT S AU Jones, B Vogt, MF Chaffin, M Choukroun, M Ehsan, N Gibbons, L Lynch, K Singer, K Blackburn, D DiBraccio, G Gleeson, D McEnulty, T Rampe, E Schrader, C Seward, L Smith, I Tsang, C Williamson, P Castillo, J Budney, C AF Jones, Brandon Vogt, Marissa F. Chaffin, Michael Choukroun, Mathieu Ehsan, Negar Gibbons, Luke Lynch, Kennda Singer, Kelsi Blackburn, David DiBraccio, Gina Gleeson, Damhnait McEnulty, Tess Rampe, Elizabeth Schrader, Christian Seward, Laura Smith, Isaac Tsang, Constantine Williamson, Paul Castillo, Julie Budney, Charles GP IEEE TI Concept for a New Frontiers Mission to Ganymede: A Planetary Science Summer School Study SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID SATELLITES; INSTRUMENT; TERRAINS; EUROPA AB As part of the NASA Planetary Science Summer School 2010, the Ganymede Interior, Surface and Magnetophere Observer (GISMO) team developed a robotic mission to Ganymede, one of Jupiter's icy moons. This process included the formulation of the science objectives and the selection of a payload tailored to meet these goals. The team then designed a mission architecture aimed toward achieving the science objectives. Using a sequence of 14 flybys of Ganymede, the vehicle would use a simple, staged operation of the science payload. This timeline allows for a simplified design, with relatively low risk and cost. Principle challenges included the finite power available to the vehicle, along with a limited data downlink rate. Otherwise, this preliminary design would meet all mission requirements, as determined by the science goals, and within the allocated cost cap. C1 [Jones, Brandon; Chaffin, Michael] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Vogt, Marissa F.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Choukroun, Mathieu; Gleeson, Damhnait; Castillo, Julie] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ehsan, Negar] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Gibbons, Luke] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Lynch, Kennda] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Singer, Kelsi] Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Blackburn, David] Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [DiBraccio, Gina] Univ Michigan, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [McEnulty, Tess] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Rampe, Elizabeth] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Tsang, Constantine] Southwest Res Inst, Boulder, CO USA. [Schrader, Christian] NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. [Seward, Laura] Univ Cent Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Smith, Isaac] Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 75083 USA. [Williamson, Paul] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Jones, B (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jonesba@colorado.edu; marissav@ucla.edu; michael.chaffin@colorado.edu; mathieu.choukroun@jpl.nasa.gov; negar.ehsan@nasa.gov; luke.j.gibbons@nasa.gov; klynch@mymail.mines.edu; kelsi.singer@gmail.com; dgblackb@uark.edu; gina.dibraccio@gmail.com; alice.le.gall@jpl.nasa.gov; tessm@berkeley.edu; liz.rampe@asu.edu; christian.m.schrader@nasa.gov; lauramseward@knights.ucf.edu; ibsmith34@gmail.com; con@boulder.swri.edu; paul.williamson-1@nasa.gov; julie.c.castillo@jpl.nasa.gov; charles.j.budney@jpl.nasa.gov RI DiBraccio, Gina/C-5960-2014; Vogt, Marissa/C-6237-2014 OI Vogt, Marissa/0000-0003-4885-8615 NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200069 ER PT S AU Keim, JA Mobasser, S Bailey, ES Johnson, AE Khanoyan, G AF Keim, Jason A. Mobasser, Sohrab Bailey, Erik S. Johnson, Andrew E. Khanoyan, Garen GP IEEE TI Test Implementation to Evaluate Technologies for Safe Lunar Landing SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB From June 20 through July 7 of 2009, the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) Exploration Technology Development Program carried out an aircraft field test over Moon like terrains to assess the use of sensors and algorithms being developed for autonomous, safe lunar landing. The field test data has been used to evaluate the performance of a lidar, a passive optical camera system, and associated algorithms for Terrain Relative Navigation. Reported here is a comprehensive description of the field test hardware, ground infrastructure and trajectory reconstruction methodologies(1,2). C1 [Keim, Jason A.; Mobasser, Sohrab; Bailey, Erik S.; Johnson, Andrew E.; Khanoyan, Garen] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Keim, JA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Jason.A.Keim@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200007 ER PT S AU Liu, FC Irace, W Wright, EL AF Liu, Fengchuan Irace, William Wright, Edward L. GP IEEE TI Development and Operation of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer Mission SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), a NASA Medium-Class Explorer (MIDEX) mission, has surveyed the entire sky in four bands from 3.4 to 22 microns with a sensitivity hundreds to hundreds of thousands times better than previous all-sky surveys at these wavelengths. The single WISE instrument consists of a 40 cm afocal telescope, a two-stage solid hydrogen cryostat, a scan mirror mechanism, and reimaging optics giving 6 '' resolution (full-width-half-maximum). WISE was placed into a Sun-synchronous polar orbit on a Delta II 7320 launch vehicle on December 14, 2009. NASA selected WISE as a MIDEX in 2002 following a rigorous competitive selection process. To gain further confidence in WISE, NASA extended the development period one year with an option to cancel the mission if certain criteria were not met. MIDEX missions are led by the principal investigator who in this case delegated day-to-day management to the project manager. With a cost cap and relatively short development schedule, it was essential for all WISE partners to work seamlessly together. This was accomplished with an integrated management team representing all key partners and disciplines. The project was developed on budget and on schedule in spite of the need to surmount significant technical challenges. This paper describes our development experience, our management approach, key challenges, current results and future plans.(12) C1 [Liu, Fengchuan; Irace, William] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wright, Edward L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, UCLA Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Liu, FC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM fengchuan.liu@jpl.nasa.gov; wright@astro.ucla.edu NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200055 ER PT S AU Major, LM Duda, KR Hirsh, RL AF Major, Laura M. Duda, Kevin R. Hirsh, Robert L. GP IEEE TI Crew Office Evaluation of a Precision Lunar Landing System SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A representative Human System Interface for a precision lunar landing system, ALHAT, has been developed as a platform for prototype visualization and interaction concepts. This facilitates analysis of crew interaction with advanced sensors and AGNC systems. Human-in-the-loop evaluations with representatives from the Crew Office (i.e. astronauts) and Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) were performed to refine the crew role and information requirements during the final phases of landing. The results include a number of lessons learned from Shuttle that are applicable to the design of a human supervisory landing system and cockpit. Overall, the results provide a first order analysis of the tasks the crew will perform during lunar landing, an architecture for the Human System Interface based on these tasks, as well as details on the information needs to land safely. C1 [Major, Laura M.; Duda, Kevin R.] Charles Stark Draper Lab Inc, 555 Technol Sq, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Hirsh, Robert L.] NASA, JSC, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Major, LM (reprint author), Charles Stark Draper Lab Inc, 555 Technol Sq, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM lmajor@draper.com; kduda@draper.com; robert.l.hirsh@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200004 ER PT S AU Mattingly, R May, L AF Mattingly, Richard May, Lisa GP IEEE TI Mars Sample Return as a Campaign SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Over the last few years, Mars Sample Return (MSR) has become a top priority amongst the Mars science community as the next big step in the Mars Exploration Program (MEP). In addition, a joint MEP has been established between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) to work together on all future missions leading to a shared implementation of an MSR. The proposed MSR architecture has evolved into a campaign of three missions in series, along with a sample receiving facility to contain and handle the samples once back on Earth. The distinction from earlier architectures is the addition of a proposed rover-based mission to be sent in advance to carefully select and cache samples for possible eventual return. This rover mission would be baselined for launch in 2018. The next two proposed missions would entail a lander, with both a rover to fetch the previously collected cache and a rocket (Mars Ascent Vehicle, or MAV) to launch it into Mars orbit, and an orbiter that would capture the sample container and return it to Earth, landing in a specialized Earth entry vehicle (EEV). This paper discusses the current architecture, how it evolved, the challenges, and potential implementation. Concepts presented are NASA's view of the elements involved, with recognition of potential contributions of ESA. Both agencies are conducting studies to establish roles moving forward.(1,2) C1 [Mattingly, Richard] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 321-630,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. [May, Lisa] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Mattingly, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 321-630,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. EM richard.l.mattingly@jpl.nasa.gov; lisa.may@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200066 ER PT S AU Moreland, S Skonieczny, K Wettergreen, D Asnani, V Creager, C Oravec, H AF Moreland, Scott Skonieczny, Krzysztof Wettergreen, David Asnani, Vivake Creager, Colin Oravec, Heather GP IEEE TI Inching Locomotion for Planetary Rover Mobility SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB New articulated planetary rovers offer alternative locomotion modalities beyond conventional rolling wheel mobility.(12) These new modalities should be explored to overcome the limitations of traditional rolling mobility, and expand the areas of planetary surfaces amenable to exploration. The topic of this study is a hybrid push-roll locomotion mode called inching. Static (non-rolling) wheels are used in conjunction with the rolling wheels of a vehicle in order to increase net traction potential. Preliminary experiments have shown an approximate doubling in drawbar pull for the inching locomotion mode relative to pure rolling. This improvement is not accounted for by reductions to wheel motion resistance alone, and furthermore evidence is provided that static wheels are capable of reacting more ground thrust than rolling wheels. Further investigations using a transparent soil tank, and novel image processing techniques, reveal key differences in the soil shear failure interface under rolling and static wheels. For the cases studied, static wheels generated much deeper and more unified soil failure masses than rolling wheels. Further investigation is recommended to clarify the physics of these thrust development processes, and ultimately to populate the vehicle design space for inching locomotion. C1 [Moreland, Scott; Skonieczny, Krzysztof; Wettergreen, David] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Asnani, Vivake; Creager, Colin; Oravec, Heather] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Tribol & Mech Syst Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Moreland, S (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM smoreland@cmu.edu NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200044 ER PT S AU Morfopolous, A Metz, B Villalpando, C Matthies, L Serrano, N AF Morfopolous, Arin Metz, Brandon Villalpando, Carlos Matthies, Larry Serrano, Navid GP IEEE TI Implementation of Pin Point Landing Vision Components in an FPGA System SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Pin-point landing is required to enable missions to land close, typically within 10 meters, to scientifically important targets in generally hazardous terrain. In Pin Point Landing both high accuracy and high speed estimation of position and orientation is needed to provide input to the control system to safely choose and navigate to a safe landing site. A proposed algorithm called VISion aided Inertial NAVigation (VISINAV) has shown that the accuracy requirements can be met. [2][3] VISINAV was shown in software only, and was expected to use FPGA enhancements in the future to improve the computational speed needed for pin point landing during Entry Descent and Landing (EDL). Homography, feature detection and spatial correlation are computationally intensive parts of VISINAV. Homography aligns the map image with the descent image so that small correlation windows can be used, and feature detection provides regions that spatial correlation can track from frame to frame in order to estimate vehicle motion. On MER the image Homography, Feature Detection and Correlation would take approximately 650ms tracking 75 features between frames. We implemented Homography, Feature detection and Correlation on a Virtex 4 LX160 FPGA to run in under 25ms while tracking 500 features to improve algorithm reliability and throughput. C1 [Morfopolous, Arin; Metz, Brandon; Villalpando, Carlos; Matthies, Larry; Serrano, Navid] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Morfopolous, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Arin@jpl.nasa.gov; Brandon.metz@jpl.nasa.gov; Carlos.Villalpando@jpl.nasa.gov; Larry.H.Matthies@jpl.nasa.gov; Navid.Serrano@adventbt.com NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200024 ER PT S AU Norman, RB Badavi, FF Blattnig, SR Atwell, W AF Norman, Ryan B. Badavi, Francis F. Blattnig, Steve R. Atwell, William GP IEEE TI A Deterministic Electron, Photon, Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Transport Suite for the Study of the Jovian System SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A deterministic suite of radiation transport codes, developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), which describe the transport of electrons, photons, protons, and heavy ions in condensed media is used to simulate exposures from spectral distributions typical of electrons, protons and carbon-oxygen-sulfur (C-O-S) trapped heavy ions in the Jovian radiation environment. The particle transport suite consists of a coupled electron and photon deterministic transport algorithm (CEPTRN) and a coupled light particle and heavy ion deterministic transport algorithm (HZETRN). The primary purpose for the development of the transport suite is to provide a means for the spacecraft design community to rapidly perform numerous repetitive calculations essential for electron, proton and heavy ion radiation exposure assessments in complex space structures. In this paper, the radiation environment of the Galilean satellite Europa is used as a representative boundary condition to show the capabilities of the transport suite. While the transport suite can directly access the output electron spectra of the Jovian environment as generated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Galileo Interim Radiation Electron (GIRE) model of 2003; for the sake of relevance to the upcoming Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM), the 105 days at Europa mission fluence energy spectra provided by JPL is used to produce the corresponding dose-depth curve in silicon behind an aluminum shield of 100 mils (0.7 g/cm(2)). The transport suite can also accept ray-traced thickness files from a computer-aided design (CAD) package and calculate the total ionizing dose (TID) at a specific target point. In that regard, using a low-fidelity CAD model of the Galileo probe, the transport suite was verified by comparing with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for orbits JOI-J35 of the Galileo extended mission (1996-2001). For the upcoming EJSM mission with a potential launch date of 2020, the transport suite is used to compute the traditional aluminum-silicon dose-depth calculation as a standard shield-target combination output, as well as the shielding response of high charge (Z) shields such as tantalum (Ta). Finally, a shield optimization algorithm is used to guide the instrument designer with the choice of graded-Z shield analysis. C1 [Norman, Ryan B.; Blattnig, Steve R.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Badavi, Francis F.] Christopher Newport Univ, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Blattnig, Steve R.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Atwell, William] Boeing Co, Houston, TX 77059 USA. RP Norman, RB (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM ryan.b.norman@nasa.gov; francis.f.badavi@nasa.gov; steve.r.blattnig@nasa.gov; william.atwell@boeing.com RI Norman, Ryan/D-5095-2017 OI Norman, Ryan/0000-0002-9103-7225 FU NASA Postdoctoral Program at Langley Research Center FX This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at Langley Research Center. The authors would like to thank Hank Garrett and Insoo Jun of JPL for their thoughtful discussions. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200026 ER PT S AU Nybakken, R AF Nybakken, Rick GP IEEE TI The Juno Mission to Jupiter - A Pre-Launch Update SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Juno, the second mission within the New Frontiers Program, is a Jupiter polar orbiter mission that will return high-priority science data relevant to multiple divisions within NASA's Science Mission Directorate. 12 Juno is currently in system integration/test in Denver and ships to Astrotech in Titusville, Florida in April 2011 to conduct final checkout in preparation for integration with the launch vehicle and subsequent launch in August 2011. [GRAPHICS] This paper builds upon the Juno mission overview paper published after the Project PDR (2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference - paper #1582 that provided an comprehensive description of Juno's science objectives, and the instrument payload, spacecraft design including solar arrays, radiation vault, stellar reference unit, and the mission/operations design following arrival at Jupiter) and reviews Juno's current project status, provides a description of the Juno mission through Jupiter arrival, summarizes mission and spacecraft design changes that have occurred since the Juno Project level PDR and discusses some of the technical and management challenges that the Juno team has encountered in keeping Juno successfully on track for launch in August. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. RP Nybakken, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 321-360, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA. EM nybakken@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200051 ER PT S AU Pingree, PJ Bekker, DL Werne, TA Wilson, TO AF Pingree, Paula J. Bekker, Dmitriy L. Werne, Thomas A. Wilson, Thor O. GP IEEE TI The Prototype Development Phase of the CubeSat On-Board Processing Validation Experiment SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Xilinx Virtex-5QV FPGA is a new radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) part that is targeted as the spaceborne processor for the Decadal Survey Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem (ACE) mission's Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (MSPI) instrument(12). A key technology development needed for MSPI is on-board processing (OBP) to calculate polarimetry data as imaged by each of the 9 cameras forming the instrument. With funding from NASA's ESTO(3) AIST(4) Program, JPL is demonstrating how signal data at 95 Mbytes/sec over 16 channels for each of the 9 multi-angle cameras can be reduced to 0.45 Mbytes/sec. This is done via a least-squares fitting algorithm implemented on the Virtex-5 FPGA operating in real-time on the raw video data stream [1]. Last year at this conference the results of a feasibility study between JPL and U. Michigan were presented in a paper titled, "A CubeSat Design to Validate the Virtex-5 FPGA for Spaceborne Image Processing." Out of that study, a new task has been funded by NASA's ESTO ATI(5) Program to integrate the MSPI OBP algorithm on the Virtex-5 FPGA as a payload to the University of Michigan's M-Cubed CubeSat, manifest a launch opportunity, and gain on-orbit validation of this OBP platform to thereby advance the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for MSPI and the ACE mission. This new task is called COVE (CubeSat On-board processing Validation Experiment) and is the topic of this paper. The COVE task is an 18-month effort to develop the flight-ready U. Michigan M-Cubed CubeSat with the integrated JPL OBP payload. The targeted completion date is September 2011. M-Cubed's primary payload is an OmniVision 2 MegaPixel CMOS camera that will take quality color images of the Earth from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and save them to a Taskit Stamp9G20 microprocessor. This paper presents the prototype design and integration of the M-Cubed microprocessor system with the JPL payload that provides the image processing platform for on-orbit OBP validation. The high-level requirements and interface specifications for the delivery of the JPL FPGA-based payload hardware to the University of Michigan will be described. Finally, a recent decision regarding a launch opportunity for M-Cubed will be reported. C1 [Pingree, Paula J.; Bekker, Dmitriy L.; Werne, Thomas A.; Wilson, Thor O.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pingree, PJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM PaulaJ.Pingree@jpl.nasa.gov; DmitriyL.Bekker@jpl.nasa.gov; ThomasA.Werne@jpl.nasa.gov; ThorO.Wilson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200009 ER PT S AU Reh, K AF Reh, Kim GP IEEE TI Solar System Planetary Science Decadal Survey and Missions in the Next Decade, 2013-2022 SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In 2010, the National Research Council Space Studies Board [1] established a decadal survey committee to develop a comprehensive science, mission, and technology strategy for planetary science that updates and extends the Board's 2003 Solar System Exploration Decadal Survey, "New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy [2]." The scope of the survey encompasses the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, and Mars), the Earth's Moon, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), the moons of the giant planets, dwarf planets and small bodies, primitive bodies including comets and Kuiper Belt objects, and astrobiology. Over this past year, the decadal survey committee has interacted with the broad solar system science community to determine the current state of knowledge and to identify the most important scientific questions expected to face the community during the interval 2013-2022. The survey has identified candidate missions that address the most important science questions and has conducted, through NASA sponsorship, concept studies to assess the cost of such missions as well as technology needs. This paper provides an overview of the 2012 Solar System Planetary Science Decadal Survey study approach and missions that were studied for implementation in the upcoming decade.(1,2) Final results of the decadal survey, including studies that were completed and the specific science, programmatic, and technology recommendations will be disclosed publically in the spring of 2011 and are not the subject of this paper. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Reh, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kim.r.reh@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200071 ER PT S AU Sandridge, CA Blattnig, SR Norman, RB Slaba, TC Walker, SA Spangler, JL AF Sandridge, Chris A. Blattnig, Steve R. Norman, Ryan B. Slaba, Tony C. Walker, Steve A. Spangler, Jan L. GP IEEE TI On-Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation in Space - Deep Space Mission Enhancements SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID TRANSPORT AB The On-Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation in Space (OLTARIS, https://oltaris.nasa.gov) is a web-based set of tools and models that allows engineers and scientists to assess the effects of space radiation on spacecraft, habitats, rovers, and spacesuits. The site is intended to be a design tool for those studying the effects of space radiation for current and future missions as well as a research tool for those developing advanced material and shielding concepts. The tools and models are built around the HZETRN radiation transport code and are primarily focused on human-and electronic-related responses. The focus of this paper is to highlight new capabilities that have been added to support deep space (outside Low Earth Orbit) missions. Specifically, the electron, proton, and heavy ion design environments for the Europa mission have been incorporated along with an efficient coupled electron-photon transport capability to enable the analysis of complicated geometries and slabs exposed to these environments. In addition, a neutron albedo lunar surface environment was also added, that will be of value for the analysis of surface habitats. These updates will be discussed in terms of their implementation and on how OLTARIS can be used by instrument vendors, mission designers, and researchers to analyze their specific requirements. (12) C1 [Sandridge, Chris A.; Blattnig, Steve R.; Norman, Ryan B.; Slaba, Tony C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Walker, Steve A.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. [Spangler, Jan L.] Lockheed Martin Corp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Sandridge, CA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM c.a.sandridge@nasa.gov; steve.r.blattnig@nasa.gov; ryan.b.norman@nasa.gov; tony.c.slaba@nasa.gov; steven.a.walker@nasa.gov; jan.l.spangler@nasa.gov RI Norman, Ryan/D-5095-2017 OI Norman, Ryan/0000-0002-9103-7225 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200027 ER PT S AU Sengupta, A Hall, L AF Sengupta, Anita Hall, Leslie GP IEEE TI Challenges of a Venus Entry Mission SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB There have been numerous NASA and international orbiters, atmospheric probes, and landers that have explored Venus over the past 50 years. The Russian Space Agency (RSA) conducted over twenty missions to Venus from the 1960's to 1980's, including flybys, entry probes, landers and orbiters. NASA's first measurements of Venus came from a flyby of the Mariner 10 in 1973. Later that same decade, the Pioneer-Venus (PV) program, consisting of two orbiters and a multiple entry probe mission, explored different regions of the planet, radar mapped the surface, and made measurements of atmospheric composition and profile. In the 1990's NASA's Magellan Orbiter provided detailed radar maps of the surface, providing detailed topographical information for future Lander missions. The European Space Agency's (ESA) Venus Express mission has yielded further information on surface topography and atmospheric composition.(12) Recently there has been a renewed interest in Venus science driven in part by recent geological discoveries, as well as the current NASA emphasis on climate science, where the green house effect is believed to be responsible for the extreme surface conditions on Venus. Climate scientists believe there may be parallels between evolution of the climate on Venus and the Earth's. As a result, a planetary probe to Venus is currently being investigated by NASA's New Frontiers Program with the Surface Atmosphere and Geochemical Explorer (SAGE) mission [ 1]. The entry descent and landing (EDL) architecture for Venus is quite different from Mars. The Venus environment presents unique technological and analytical challenges. The driving requirements of the EDL are derived from entry mass, peak heating, peak deceleration, parachute deploy altitude, descent stability, and terminal velocity at landing. To put things in perspective, the entry environment is characterized by a 11-12 km/s entry velocity, 100 to 200 g's, peak heat flux of > 3kW/cm(2), sulfuric acid cloud layer, high altitude winds, and surface ambient temperature and pressure of 470 degrees C and 92 atm. The resulting system must therefore be designed to withstand extreme aerodynamic heating, deceleration loads, temperature and pressure extremes, an order of magnitude above current Mars and Earth entry systems. The level 1 requirements, however, are driven by unique science data collection challenges imparted by the short surface lifetime and long descent time, imposing a unique set of requirements, technology and materials choices. A review of the Venus entry architecture will be presented, beginning with an overview of the Venus atmosphere. Current science goals and findings will be discussed in the context of current NASA SMD objectives. A review of prior entry missions will be presented focusing on the design of the entry system. Finally, the key requirements, sizing, and performance metrics that would drive a modern day Venus entry mission will be presented. This section will focus on key technology elements, including the thermal protection system, aerodynamic deceleration and landing attenuation systems. [GRAPHICS] . C1 [Sengupta, Anita] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Hall, Leslie] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Sengupta, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Anita.Sengupta@jpl.nasa.gov; lhall@gatech.edu NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200065 ER PT S AU Sengupta, A Sinclair, R Machin, R AF Sengupta, Anita Sinclair, Rob Machin, Ricardo GP IEEE TI Ringsail Parachutes for Planetary Entry Applications SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Increasing landed mass for planetary entry missions imposes new requirements, challenges, and, in some cases, obsolescence of existing technologies for Planetary Entry Applications. The Entry Descent and Landing (EDL) architectures used for Apollo, Pioneer Venus, and Viking have in many ways reached their limit with regards to prior demonstration and current capability to requalify. For example, NASA's Constellation Orion Crew return vehicle and Mars Science Laboratory have had to undertake their own technology development efforts to pioneer or requalify thermal protection, deceleration, and landing attenuations systems, all required for a successful EDL mission phase. In addition, potential future missions, such as Mars Sample return, Venus and Titan entry probes, and human robotic precursor missions to Mars, require technological advancements and investments to become a reality. The choice of which technology to advance is a trade of risk, cost, and, near versus far term mission application. Of these technologies, parachute systems are one of the lowest cost and mass efficient technology options to solve the problems of the terminal descent phase. Yet, minimal experimentation with other parachute architectures has been attempted in the past three decades for unmanned planetary entry architectures. This paper presents the past, current and potential future use of the Ringsail parachute for planetary entry applications. Ringsail parachutes were first invented by Ewing in 1955 as an evolutionary advance to the ring-slot parachute with high drag and stability. Since that time, Ringsail parachutes have been used for atmospheric deceleration, beginning with Mercury and up to, and including the Orion crew return vehicle. Ringsails were also investigated in the 1960's and 1970's for supersonic use on Mars in a series of high altitude Earth test programs, and have been used in a variety of commercial launch recovery systems. A review of prior subsonic and supersonic Ringsail use will be presented to map out the demonstrated deployment, size, and load space. Ringsail performance metrics will be discussed, including mass, porosity, inflation, drag coefficient, and stability. Parachute architecture variations will also be discussed including multi-stage reefing and clusters. A preliminary parachute sizing study, based on existing NASA Ringsail parachutes, will also be presented. Parachute systems have been sized for a candidate robotic mission to Titan, Venus, Earth return, and Mars. (1,2) C1 [Sengupta, Anita] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Sinclair, Rob] Airborne Syst Inc, Santa Ana, CA 33309 USA. [Machin, Ricardo] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Sengupta, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Anita.Sengupta@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200060 ER PT S AU Simpson, J Badgley, J McCaughey, K Brown, K Calhoun, P Davis, E Garrick, J Gill, N Hsu, O Jones, N Ortiz-Cruz, G Raymond, J Roder, R Shah, N Wilson, J AF Simpson, Jim Badgley, Jason McCaughey, Ken Brown, Kristen Calhoun, Philip Davis, Edward Garrick, Joseph Gill, Nathaniel Hsu, Oscar Jones, Noble Ortiz-Cruz, Gerardo Raymond, Juan Roder, Russell Shah, Neerav Wilson, John GP IEEE TI Integration and Testing of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Attitude Control System SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Prior to the successful launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) on June 18, 2009, the Attitude Control System (ACS) team completed numerous Integration and Testing (I&T) tests on each hardware component in ever more flight like environments. (12)The ACS utilizes a select group of attitude sensors and actuators. This paper will chronicle the evolutionary steps taken to verify each component was constantly ready for flight as well as providing invaluable trending experience with the actual hardware. The paper will include a discussion of each ACS hardware component, lessons learned of the various stages of I&T, a discussion of the challenges that are unique to the LRO project, as well as a discussion of work for future missions to consider as part of their I&T plan. LRO ACS sensors and actuators were carefully installed, tested, and maintained over the 18 month I&T and prelaunch timeline. The use of new Coarse Sun Sensors (CSS) stimulators provided the means of testing each CSS sensor independently, in ambient and vacuum conditions as well as over a wide range of temperatures. Optical ground support equipment was designed and used often to check the performance of the star trackers throughout I&T in ambient and thermal/vacuum conditions. This paper will review how each time the spacecraft was at a new location and orientation, the gyro was checked for data output validity. A review of reaction wheel testing is discussed. The paper also includes further discussion on the testing of the Propulsion Deployment Electronics (PDE). The PDE controls the use of Non Explosive Actuators (NEA) as well as NASA Standard Initiators (NSI) to open thruster isolation valves, deployment of Solar Array (SA), and High Gain Antenna (HGA). These series of tasks were successfully concluded with the ACS Phasing verification tests. Environment testing of the LRO spacecraft provided the ACS team valuable performance data, long-term trending data, and operational proficiency training with the LRO ground system. The paper describes the testing from the ACS point of view of the nominal spacecraft environmental tests. The vibration, electromagnetic interference (EMI), acoustic, shock, and thermal/vacuum testing allowed the ACS team to understand how the hardware would behave under various conditions and how their interaction with the software could be more fully understood. The environment testing also gave the ACS team time to improve the skills of using the ground system telemetry pages, hone our trouble shooting skills, and sharpen off-line analysis tools needed to provide immediate and accurate spacecraft operations during all mission phases. The paper also discusses early mission rehearsals performed during I&T. The experience taught the ACS team how to work problems together, create better off-line analysis tools, understand the key time critical events, and improve operational proficiency. Lessons learned about the overall testing philosophy and implementation are discussed in the paper. The LRO mission was given a generous amount of resources but very limited time to successfully execute the project objectives. Therefore what testing and when the tests were run (and rerun) became a contentious topic. C1 [Simpson, Jim; Badgley, Jason; McCaughey, Ken; Brown, Kristen; Calhoun, Philip; Davis, Edward; Garrick, Joseph; Gill, Nathaniel; Hsu, Oscar; Jones, Noble; Ortiz-Cruz, Gerardo; Raymond, Juan; Roder, Russell; Shah, Neerav; Wilson, John] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Simpson, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 599, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM James.E.Simpson@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200053 ER PT S AU Swanson, GT Cassell, AM AF Swanson, Gregory T. Cassell, Alan M. GP IEEE TI Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Impact Damage Recording System SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Damage from Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD) impacts poses a substantial risk for the loss of crew for the currently planned CEV missions to the International Space Station (ISS). 1 2 The Columbia Space Shuttle accident in 2003 spurred an investigation that led to the requirement of an active impact monitoring system on the Shuttle Orbiter. The MMOD impact Damage Recording System (DRS) presents a reliable, mass-and power-efficient Thermal Protection System (TPS) impact detection system that can be readily integrated with manned and robotic spacecraft. Thus, the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) is considering inclusion of active MMOD detection systems for monitoring damage to the backshell TPS. MMOD impact detection systems have been developed and flown on satellites and probes dating back to the 1960s. These technologies were designed primarily to understand and characterize the MMOD environment found in low earth orbit (LEO). The only impact monitoring system qualified for use on manned spacecraft is the wing leading edge impact detection system (WLE IDS). During Shuttle ascent, the WLE IDS monitors impacts due to insulating foam shed from the external fuel tank onto the WLE. The WLE is particularly vulnerable due to the high heating environment experienced during reentry. Ever-increasing accumulation of man-made debris is magnifying this threat to shuttle and other spacecrafts operating in LEO. Therefore, the development of on-orbit impact monitoring systems that aid in the mitigation of the threat to manned spacecraft is needed. This paper describes the development and testing of the DRS, a mass-and power-efficient wireless MMOD impact detection system designed for potential incorporation into the backshell of the CEV. The DRS utilizes wireless data acquisition via custom designed wireless nodes. The DRS wireless nodes determine MMOD impact damage by employing an Embedded Damage Recorder (EDR) sensor. A variety of EDR sensor designs were considered based upon different damage detection and TPS integration requirements. The DRS system design was recently tested at the University of Dayton Research Institute's hypervelocity impact range. During this test series, seven hypervelocity impacts were conducted using aluminum and nylon projectiles to simulate MMOD impacts to representative models of the CEV backshell TPS. The TPS models were fabricated in a flight-like configuration integrating the EDR sensor at the bondline. The DRS accurately indicated damage to the TPS models on all seven hypervelocity impact tests. These results have confirmed the feasibility of the DRS employing the EDR sensor as a viable MMOD impact sensing solution. Vehicle integration and further space environment testing remain critical steps in maturing this technology to flight qualification. C1 [Swanson, Gregory T.] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Elect Engn, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Swanson, Gregory T.; Cassell, Alan M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Entry Syst & Vehicle Dev Branch, ERC Incorp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Swanson, GT (reprint author), Santa Clara Univ, Dept Elect Engn, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. EM gregory.t.swanson@nasa.gov; alan.m.cassell@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200016 ER PT S AU Trumble, KA Schauerhamer, DG Kleb, WL Carlson, JR Edquist, KT AF Trumble, Kerry A. Schauerhamer, Daniel G. Kleb, William L. Carlson, Jan-Renee Edquist, Karl T. GP IEEE TI Analysis of Navier-Stokes Codes Applied to Supersonic Retro-Propulsion Wind Tunnel Test SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes the pre-test analysis of three Navier-Stokes codes applied to a Supersonic Retro-Propulsion (SRP) wind tunnel test. 1 2 Advancement of SRP as a technology hinges partially on the ability of computational methods to accurately predict vehicle aerodynamics during the SRP phase of atmospheric descent. A wind tunnel test at the Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel was specifically designed to validate Navier-Stokes codes for SRP applications. The test consisted of a 5-inch diameter, 70-degree sphere-cone forebody with cylindrical afterbody, with four configurations spanning 0 to 4 jets. Test data include surface pressure (including high-frequency response), flowfield imagery, and internal pressure and temperature measurements. Three computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes (DPLR, FUN3D, and OVERFLOW) are exercised for both single and multiple-nozzle configurations for a range of Mach (M) numbers and thrust coefficients. Comparisons to test data will be used to evaluate accuracy, identify modeling shortcomings, and gain insight into the computational requirements necessary for computing these complex flows. C1 [Trumble, Kerry A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Schauerhamer, Daniel G.] Jacobs Technol, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Kleb, William L.] NASA, Tyler, TX 75708 USA. [Carlson, Jan-Renee; Edquist, Karl T.] NASA, Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Trumble, KA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Kerry.A.Trumble@NASA.gov; Daniel.G.Schauerhamer@NASA.gov; Bil.Kleb@NASA.gov; Jan-Renee.Carlson@NASA.gov; Karl.T.Edquist@NASA.gov NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200020 ER PT S AU Villalpando, CY Morfopolous, A Matthies, L Goldberg, S AF Villalpando, Carlos Y. Morfopolous, Arin Matthies, Larry Goldberg, Steven GP IEEE TI FPGA Implementation of Stereo Disparity with High Throughput for Mobility Applications SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB High speed stereo vision can allow unmanned robotic systems to navigate safely in unstructured terrain, but the computational cost can exceed the capacity of typical embedded CPUs. (1 2) In this paper, we describe an end-to-end stereo computation co-processing system optimized for fast throughput that has been implemented on a single Virtex 4 LX160 FPGA. This system is capable of operating on images from a 1024x768 3CCD (true RGB) camera pair at 15Hz. Data enters the FPGA directly from the cameras via Camera Link and is rectified, pre-filtered and converted into a disparity image all within the FPGA, incurring no CPU load. Once complete, a rectified image and the final disparity image are read out over the PCI bus, for a bandwidth cost of 68MB/sec. Within the FPGA there are 4 distinct algorithms: Camera Link capture, Bilinear rectification, Bilateral subtraction pre-filtering and the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) disparity. Each module will be described in brief along with the data flow and control logic for the system. The system has been successfully fielded upon the Carnegie Mellon University's National Robotics Engineering Center (NREC) Crusher system during extensive field trials in 2007 and 2008 and is being implemented for other surface mobility systems at JPL. C1 [Villalpando, Carlos Y.; Morfopolous, Arin; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Goldberg, Steven] Indelible Syst Inc, Northridge, CA 91311 USA. RP Villalpando, CY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM carlos@jpl.nasa.gov; arin@jpl.nasa.gov; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov; indeliblesteve@gmail.com NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200048 ER PT S AU Way, D AF Way, David GP IEEE TI On the Use of a Range Trigger for the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In 2012, during the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) entry vehicle, a 21.5 m Viking-heritage, Disk-Gap-Band, supersonic parachute will be deployed at approximately Mach 2. The baseline algorithm for commanding this parachute deployment is a navigated planet-relative velocity trigger. This paper compares the performance of an alternative range-to-go trigger (sometimes referred to as "Smart Chute"), which can significantly reduce the landing footprint size. Numerical Monte Carlo results, predicted by the POST2 MSL POST End-to-End EDL simulation, are corroborated and explained by applying propagation of uncertainty methods to develop an analytic estimate for the standard deviation of Mach number. A negative correlation is shown to exist between the standard deviations of wind velocity and the planet-relative velocity at parachute deploy, which mitigates the Mach number rise in the case of the range trigger. C1 [Way, David] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Way, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM david.w.way@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200021 ER PT S AU Wolf, AA Acikmese, B Cheng, Y Casoliva, J Carson, JM Ivanov, MC AF Wolf, Aron A. Acikmese, Behcet Cheng, Yang Casoliva, Jordi Carson, John M. Ivanov, Mark C. GP IEEE TI Toward Improved Landing Precision on Mars SO 2011 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2011 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID DESCENT AB Mars landers to date have flown ballistic entry trajectories with no trajectory control after the final maneuver before entry. (12)Improvements in landing accuracies (from similar to 150 km from the target for Mars Pathfinder to similar to 30-40 km for MER and Phoenix) have been driven by approach navigation improvements. MSL will fly the first guided-entry trajectory to Mars, further improving accuracy to similar to 10-12 km from the target. For future missions, landing within similar to 100m is desired to assure landing safety close to a target of high scientific interest in irregular terrain, or to land near a previously landed asset. Improvements in approach navigation alone are not sufficient to achieve this requirement. If approach navigation error and IMU error are eliminated, the dominant error source is wind drift on the parachute, with map-tie error also significant. Correcting these errors requires terrain-relative navigation (TRN), which can be accomplished with passive imaging supplemented by radar for terrain sensing (with onboard navigation capable of processing measurements from IMU, imaging, and radar). Additionally, near-optimal-Delta V powered descent guidance is needed to minimize the amount of propellant required to reach the target. The capability to land within 100m can be applied in different landing modes depending on how much fuel is carried. C1 [Wolf, Aron A.; Acikmese, Behcet; Cheng, Yang; Casoliva, Jordi; Carson, John M.; Ivanov, Mark C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wolf, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Aron.A.Wolf@jpl.nasa.gov; Behcet.Acikmese@jpl.nasa.gov; Yang.Cheng@jpl.nasa.gov; Jordi.Casoliva@jpl.nasa.gov; john.m.carson@jpl.nasa.gov; Mark.C.Ivanov@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-7351-9 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BXL11 UT WOS:000296277200022 ER PT J AU Inac, O Fung, A Rebeiz, GM AF Inac, Ozgur Fung, Andy Rebeiz, Gabriel M. GP IEEE TI Double-Balanced 130-180 GHz Passive and Balanced 145-165 GHz Active Mixers in 45 nm CMOS SO 2011 IEEE CUSTOM INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CONFERENCE (CICC) SE IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd IEEE Annual Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC) - The Showcase for Circuit Design in the Heart of Silicon Valley CY SEP 19-21, 2011 CL San Jose, CA SP IEEE AB This paper presents wideband passive and active mixers in the 100-200 GHz range. The mixers are built using a 45nm CMOS SOI process with an ft of 220 GHz when referenced to the top metal layer. The passive double-balanced mixer results in a conversion loss of 12-13 dB from 130-180 GHz (including balun, transmission line and GSG pad losses) and achieves optimal performance with 3 dBm of LO power (referenced to the GSG LO pads). The active mixer achieves a conversion loss of 4.5 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 145-165 GHz, and consumes only 10 mW of DC power from a 1.5 V supply. The application areas are in wideband Gbps communications, imaging arrays with large IF bandwidths, and mm-wave spectrometers. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of high performance CMOS mixers in the 130-180 GHz frequency range. C1 [Inac, Ozgur; Rebeiz, Gabriel M.] Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Fung, Andy] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Inac, O (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. FU C2S2 Focus Center; Focus Center Research Program (FCRP); Semiconductor Research Corporation FX The authors acknowledge the support of the C2S2 Focus Center, one of six research centers funded under the Focus Center Research Program (FCRP), a Semiconductor Research Corporation entity. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4577-0223-5 J9 IEEE CUST INTEGR CIR PY 2011 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BXS87 UT WOS:000296981700040 ER PT S AU Kelly, J Matthies, LH Sukhatme, GS AF Kelly, Jonathan Matthies, Larry H. Sukhatme, Gaurav S. GP IEEE TI Simultaneous Mapping and Stereo Extrinsic Parameter Calibration Using GPS Measurements SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA) SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 09-13, 2011 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE, Robot & Automat Soc, Minist Educ China, Minist Sci & Technol China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Sci & Technol Commiss Shanghai Municipal, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, State Key Lab Mech Syst & Vibrat, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Digital Mfg Equipment & Technol, Harbin Inst Technol, State Key Lab Robot & Syst, Zhejiang Univ, Inst Cyber-Syst & Control, Chinese Acad Sci, Shenyang Inst Automat, Beihang Univ, Robotics Inst, Beijing Res Inst Automat Machinery Ind, Tianjin Univ, Sch Mech Engn, ABB, YASKAWA Elect, KUKA, Willow Garage, Googol Tech., Adept Mobile Robots, Harbin Boshi Automat, Natl Instruments, Beijing Universal Pioneering Technol, Real-Time Control & Instrumentat Lab, GE Global Res, ALDEBARAN Robot, Int Federat Robot (IFR), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ ID FEATURES AB Stereo vision is useful for a variety of robotics tasks, such as navigation and obstacle avoidance. However, recovery of valid range data from stereo depends on accurate calibration of the extrinsic parameters of the stereo rig, i.e., the 6-DOF transform between the left and right cameras. Stereo self-calibration is possible, but, without additional information, the absolute scale of the stereo baseline cannot be determined. In this paper, we formulate stereo extrinsic parameter calibration as a batch maximum likelihood estimation problem, and use GPS measurements to establish the scale of both the scene and the stereo baseline. Our approach is similar to photogrammetric bundle adjustment, and closely related to many structure from motion algorithms. We present results from simulation experiments using a range of GPS accuracy levels; these accuracies are achievable by varying grades of commercially-available receivers. We then validate the algorithm using stereo and GPS data acquired from a moving vehicle. Our results indicate that the approach is promising. C1 [Kelly, Jonathan; Sukhatme, Gaurav S.] Univ Southern Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Matthies, Larry H.] CALTECH, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kelly, J (reprint author), Univ Southern Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM jonathsk@usc.edu; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov; gaurav@usc.edu FU US NSF [IIS-1017134, CCF-0120778]; Okawa Foundation; University of Southern California; NSERC; Government of Canada FX This work was funded in part by the US NSF (grants IIS-1017134 and CCF-0120778) and by a gift from the Okawa Foundation. Jonathan Kelly was supported by an Annenberg Fellowship from the University of Southern California and by an NSERC doctoral postgraduate scholarship from the Government of Canada NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 978-1-61284-385-8 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2011 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BWZ18 UT WOS:000295396600045 ER PT S AU Williams, B Hudson, N Tweddle, B Brockers, R Matthies, L AF Williams, Brian Hudson, Nicolas Tweddle, Brent Brockers, Roland Matthies, Larry GP IEEE TI Feature and Pose Constrained Visual Aided Inertial Navigation for Computationally Constrained Aerial Vehicles SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA) SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 09-13, 2011 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE, Robot & Automat Soc, Minist Educ China, Minist Sci & Technol China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Sci & Technol Commiss Shanghai Municipal, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, State Key Lab Mech Syst & Vibrat, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Digital Mfg Equipment & Technol, Harbin Inst Technol, State Key Lab Robot & Syst, Zhejiang Univ, Inst Cyber-Syst & Control, Chinese Acad Sci, Shenyang Inst Automat, Beihang Univ, Robotics Inst, Beijing Res Inst Automat Machinery Ind, Tianjin Univ, Sch Mech Engn, ABB, YASKAWA Elect, KUKA, Willow Garage, Googol Tech., Adept Mobile Robots, Harbin Boshi Automat, Natl Instruments, Beijing Universal Pioneering Technol, Real-Time Control & Instrumentat Lab, GE Global Res, ALDEBARAN Robot, Int Federat Robot (IFR), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ AB A Feature and Pose Constrained Extended Kalman Filter (FPC-EKF) is developed for highly dynamic computationally constrained micro aerial vehicles. Vehicle localization is achieved using only a low performance inertial measurement unit and a single camera. The FPC-EKF framework augments the vehicle's state with both previous vehicle poses and critical environmental features, including vertical edges. This filter framework efficiently incorporates measurements from hundreds of opportunistic visual features to constrain the motion estimate, while allowing navigating and sustained tracking with respect to a few persistent features. In addition, vertical features in the environment are opportunistically used to provide global attitude references. Accurate pose estimation is demonstrated on a sequence including fast traversing, where visual features enter and exit the field-of-view quickly, as well as hover and ingress maneuvers where drift free navigation is achieved with respect to the environment. C1 [Williams, Brian; Hudson, Nicolas; Brockers, Roland; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Tweddle, Brent] MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Williams, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM bpwillia@jpl.nasa.gov; nhudson@jpl.nasa.gov; tweddle@mit.edu; brockers@jpl.nasa.gov; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov FU MAST CTA program; BW to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at JPL; NASA FX The research described in this publication was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Funding was provided by the MAST CTA program, and an appointment for BW to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at JPL, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 978-1-61284-385-8 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2011 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BWZ18 UT WOS:000295396600068 ER PT S AU Perez, RJ AF Perez, Reinaldo J. GP IEEE TI Modeling from Local to Subsystem Level Effects in Analog and Digital Circuits due Space Induced Single Event Transients SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) SE IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (ISEMC) CY AUG 14-19, 2011 CL Long Beach, CA SP ETS-LINDGREN, RETLIF TESTING LABS, ANDRO Comp Solut, LLC, China Electrotech Soc (CES), Electromagnet News Report (ENR), Evaluat Engn (EE), IN Compliance Magazine, Interference Technol/ITEM, Microwave Journal, Safety & EMC Magazine, IEEE Electromagnet Compatibil Soc (EMC) AB Single Event Transients in analog and digital electronics from space generated high energetic nuclear particles can disrupt either temporarily and sometimes permanently the functionality and performance of electronics in space vehicles. This work first provides some insights into the modeling of SET in electronic circuits that can be used in SPICE-like simulators. The work is then directed to present methodologies, one of which was developed by this author, for the assessment of SET at different levels of integration in electronics, from the circuit level to the subsystem level. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Perez, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM reinaldo.j.perez@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2158-110X BN 978-1-4577-0812-1 J9 IEEE INT SYMP ELEC PY 2011 BP 312 EP 317 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BXT97 UT WOS:000297048300054 ER PT S AU Lukash, JA Daley, E AF Lukash, James A. Daley, Earl GP IEEE TI Design and Development of an Equipotential Voltage Reference (Grounding) System for a Low-Cost Rapid-Development Modular Spacecraft Architecture SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) SE IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (ISEMC) CY AUG 14-19, 2011 CL Long Beach, CA SP ETS-LINDGREN, RETLIF TESTING LABS, ANDRO Comp Solut, LLC, China Electrotech Soc (CES), Electromagnet News Report (ENR), Evaluat Engn (EE), IN Compliance Magazine, Interference Technol/ITEM, Microwave Journal, Safety & EMC Magazine, IEEE Electromagnet Compatibil Soc (EMC) AB This work describes the design and development effort to adapt rapid-development space hardware by creating a ground system using solutions of low complexity, mass, & cost. The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft is based on the modular common spacecraft bus architecture developed at NASA Ames Research Center. The challenge was building upon the existing modular common bus design and development work and improving the LADEE spacecraft design by adding an Equipotential Voltage Reference (EVeR) system, commonly referred to as a ground system. This would aid LADEE in meeting Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) requirements, thereby making the spacecraft more compatible with itself and its space environment. The methods used to adapt existing hardware are presented, including provisions which may be used on future spacecraft. C1 [Lukash, James A.] Lockheed Martin Space Syst Co, 1111 Lockheed Martin Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 USA. [Daley, Earl] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lukash, JA (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Space Syst Co, 1111 Lockheed Martin Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 USA. EM James.A.Lukash@lmco.com; Earl.T.Daley@nasa.gov FU LADEE spacecraft program team FX The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the entire LADEE spacecraft program team, with special thanks to Stephan Spremo, Jim McKennon , Joe Camisa, Van Johnson, and Bill Reeve. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2158-110X BN 978-1-4577-0812-1 J9 IEEE INT SYMP ELEC PY 2011 BP 629 EP 634 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BXT97 UT WOS:000297048300110 ER PT S AU Scully, RC AF Scully, Robert C. GP IEEE TI Crew Quarters (CQ) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Measurement Facility Combined Impedance Study SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) SE IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (ISEMC) CY AUG 14-19, 2011 CL Long Beach, CA SP ETS-LINDGREN, RETLIF TESTING LABS, ANDRO Comp Solut, LLC, China Electrotech Soc (CES), Electromagnet News Report (ENR), Evaluat Engn (EE), IN Compliance Magazine, Interference Technol/ITEM, Microwave Journal, Safety & EMC Magazine, IEEE Electromagnet Compatibil Soc (EMC) DE conducted susceptibility; LISN; instability AB This report documents an investigation into observed anomalous behavior associated with conducted susceptibility testing of Crew Quarters (CQ) hardware in the Johnson Space Center (JSC) Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Measurement Facility, and the work accomplished to identify the source of the observed behavior. Investigation led to the conclusion that the hardware power input impedance was interacting with the facility power impedance leading to instability at the observed frequencies of susceptibility. Testing performed in other facilities did not demonstrate this same behavior, pointing back to the EMI Measurement Facility power as the location of the potential root cause. Ultimately, a Line Impedance Simulation Network (LISN) emulating the Station power bus impedance was inserted into the power circuit, and the anomalous behavior was eliminated from the measurements. C1 NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Engn Directorate, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Scully, RC (reprint author), NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Engn Directorate, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2158-110X BN 978-1-4577-0812-1 J9 IEEE INT SYMP ELEC PY 2011 BP 814 EP 818 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BXT97 UT WOS:000297048300143 ER PT S AU Feinberg, LD Barto, A Waldman, M Whitman, T AF Feinberg, Lee D. Barto, Allison Waldman, Mark Whitman, Tony BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI James Webb Space Telescope System Cryogenic Optical Test Plans SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XIII CY AUG 24-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Space Telescope; JWST; OTE; James Webb Space Telescope AB The James Webb Space Telescope Optical Telescope Element (OTE) and Optical Telescope Element/Integrated Science Instrument Module (OTIS) will be tested at the same time in the final and only cryogenic optical test of the observatory. Due to the size and temperature of JWST, this is a complex test which has undergone changes in the last year aimed at reducing test execution risk. We will summarize the test plan changes, architecture changes, and predicted timeline changes for this test. We will also explain the checkout plans for assuring the test will go smoothly. C1 [Feinberg, Lee D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Feinberg, LD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-760-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8150 AR 815007 DI 10.1117/12.892222 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BXL73 UT WOS:000296319700007 ER PT S AU Gong, Q Chu, J Tournois, S Eichhorn, W Kubalak, D AF Gong, Qian Chu, Jenny Tournois, Severine Eichhorn, William Kubalak, David BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Testing and calibration of phase plates for JWST optical simulator SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XIII CY AUG 24-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB Three phase plates were designed to simulate the JWST segmented primary mirror wavefront at three on-orbit alignment stages: coarse phasing, intermediate phasing, and fine phasing. The purpose is to verify JWST's on-orbit wavefront sensing capability. Amongst the three stages, coarse alignment is defined to have piston error between adjacent segments being 30 mu m to 300 mu m, intermediate being 0.4 mu m to 10 mu m, and fine being below 0.4 mu m. The phase plates were made of fused silica, and were assembled in JWST Optical Simulator (OSIM). The piston difference was realized by the thickness difference of two adjacent segments. The two important parameters to phase plates are piston and wavefront errors. Dispersed Fringe Sensor (DFS) method was used for initial coarse piston evaluation, which is the emphasis of this paper. Point Diffraction Interferometer (PDI) is used for fine piston and wavefront error. In order to remove piston's 2 pi uncertainty with PDI, three laser wavelengths, 640nm, 660nm, and 780nm, are used for the measurement. The DHS test setup, analysis algorithm and results are presented. The phase plate design concept and its application (i.e. verifying the JWST on-orbit alignment algorithm) are described. The layout of JWST OSIM and the function of phase plates in OSIM are also addressed briefly. C1 [Gong, Qian; Eichhorn, William; Kubalak, David] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gong, Q (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Qian.gong-1@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-760-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8150 AR 81500M DI 10.1117/12.892125 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BXL73 UT WOS:000296319700022 ER PT S AU Johnston, J Cofie, E Hylan, J Ohl, R Nowak, M McGuffey, D Pontius, J Johnson, E AF Johnston, John Cofie, Emmanuel Hylan, Jason Ohl, Raymond Nowak, Maria McGuffey, Douglas Pontius, James Johnson, Eric BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Cryogenic Thermal Distortion Performance Characterization for the JWST ISIM Structure SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XIII CY AUG 24-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE JWST; ISIM Structure; Cryogenic Performance Test; Thermal Distortion; Photogrammetry AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) Structure is a precision optical metering structure for the JWST science instruments. Optomechanical performance requirements place stringent limits on the allowable thermal distortion of the metering structure between ambient and cryogenic operating temperature (similar to 35 K). This paper focuses on thermal distortion testing and successful verification of performance requirements for the flight ISIM Structure. The ISIM Structure Cryoset Test was completed in Spring 2010 at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in the Space Environment Simulator Chamber. During the test, the ISIM Structure was thermal cycled twice between ambient and cryogenic (similar to 35 K) temperatures. Photogrammetry was used to measure the Structure in the ambient and cryogenic states for each cycle to assess both cooldown thermal distortion and repeatability. This paper will provide details on the post-processing of the metrology datasets completed to compare measurements with performance requirements. C1 [Johnston, John; Hylan, Jason; Ohl, Raymond; Nowak, Maria; McGuffey, Douglas; Pontius, James; Johnson, Eric] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20711 USA. RP Johnston, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20711 USA. EM John.D.Johnston@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-760-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8150 AR 815009 DI 10.1117/12.893932 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BXL73 UT WOS:000296319700009 ER PT S AU Johnston, J Cofie, E AF Johnston, John Cofie, Emmanuel BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Cryogenic Thermal Distortion Model Validation for the JWST ISIM Structure SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XIII CY AUG 24-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE JWST; ISIM Structure; Thermal Distortion; Finite Element Analysis; Model Validation AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) Structure is a precision optical metering structure for the JWST science instruments. Optomechanical performance requirements place stringent limits on the allowable thermal distortion of the metering structure. A significant effort was completed to develop capabilities to predict and metrologize cryogenic thermal distortion of the ISIM Structure. This paper focuses on thermal distortion finite element modeling, analysis, and model validation. Extensive thermal distortion analysis was completed during the design phase for the ISIM Structure to demonstrate that thermal distortion requirements were achieved. Comparison of measurements from recently completed cryogenic testing and model predictions demonstrate the adequacy of thermal distortion modeling uncertainty factors adopted during the design phase, and provide bounds on the accuracy of the model predictions. This paper will provide an overview of the test configurations, describe the thermal distortion models of the tests, and provide a comparison of test results and analytical predictions from the models. C1 [Johnston, John] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20711 USA. RP Johnston, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20711 USA. EM John.D.Johnston@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-760-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8150 AR 81500A DI 10.1117/12.893942 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BXL73 UT WOS:000296319700010 ER PT S AU Quijada, MA Hagopian, JG Getty, S Kinzer, RE Wollack, EJ AF Quijada, Manuel A. Hagopian, John G. Getty, Stephanie Kinzer, Raymond (Robin) E., Jr. Wollack, Edward J. BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Hemispherical Reflectance and Emittance Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Coatings at Infrared Wavelengths SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XIII CY AUG 24-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT); Hemispherical Reflectance; Emittance; Stray-light AB Recent visible wavelength observations of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) coatings have revealed that they represent the blackest materials known in nature with a Total Hemispherical Reflectance (THR) of less than 0.25%. This makes them exceptionally good as absorbers, with the potential to provide order-of-magnitude improvement in stray-light suppression over current black surface treatments when used in an optical system. Here we extend the characterization of this class of materials into the infrared spectral region to further evaluate their potential for use on instrument baffles for stray-light suppression and to manage spacecraft thermal properties through radiant heat transfer process. These characterizations will include the wavelength-dependent Total Hemispherical Reflectance (THR) properties in the mid-and far-infrared spectral regions (2-110 mu m). Determination of the temperature-dependent emittance will be investigated in the temperature range of 40 to 300 K. These results will be compared with other more conventional black coatings such as Acktar Fractal Black or Z306 coatings among others. C1 [Quijada, Manuel A.; Hagopian, John G.; Getty, Stephanie; Kinzer, Raymond (Robin) E., Jr.; Wollack, Edward J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Quijada, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM manuel.a.quijada@nasa.gov RI Getty, Stephanie/D-7037-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-760-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8150 AR 815002 DI 10.1117/12.894601 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BXL73 UT WOS:000296319700002 ER PT S AU Wu, YH Key, R Sander, S Blavier, JF Rider, D AF Wu, Yen-Hung Key, Richard Sander, Stanley Blavier, Jean-Francois Rider, David BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI A Panchromatic Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer for the NASA Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events Mission SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XIII CY AUG 24-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Imaging spectrometer; Fourier transform spectrometer; Michelson interferometer; air pollution monitoring; greenhouse gases; aerosols AB This paper summarizes the design and development of the Panchromatic Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (PanFTS) for the NASA Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) Mission. The PanFTS instrument will advance the understanding of the global climate and atmospheric chemistry by measuring spectrally resolved outgoing thermal and reflected solar radiation. With continuous spectral coverage from the near-ultraviolet through the thermal infrared, this instrument is designed to measure pollutants, greenhouse gases, and aerosols as called for by the U. S. National Research Council Decadal Survey; Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond(1). The PanFTS instrument is a hybrid based on spectrometers like the Tropospheric Emissions Spectrometer (TES) that measures thermal emission, and those like the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO), and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) that measure scattered solar radiation. Simultaneous measurements over the broad spectral range from IR to UV is accomplished by a two sided interferometer with separate optical trains and detectors for the UV-visible and IR spectral domains. This allows each side of the instrument to be independently optimized for its respective spectral domain. The overall interferometer design is compact because the two sides share a single high precision cryogenic optical path difference mechanism (OPDM) and metrology laser as well as a number of other instrument systems including the line-of-sight pointing mirror, the data management system, thermal control system, electrical system, and the mechanical structure. The PanFTS breadboard instrument has been tested in the laboratory and demonstrated the basic functionality for simultaneous measurements in the visible and IR. It is set to begin operations in the field at the California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS) observatory on Mt. Wilson measuring the atmospheric chemistry across the Los Angeles basin. Development has begun on a flight size PanFTS engineering model (EM) that addresses all critical scaling issues and demonstrates operation over the full spectral range of the flight instrument which will show the PanFTS instrument design is mature. C1 [Wu, Yen-Hung; Key, Richard; Sander, Stanley; Blavier, Jean-Francois; Rider, David] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wu, YH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Yen-Hung.Wu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-760-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8150 AR 81500O DI 10.1117/12.892437 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BXL73 UT WOS:000296319700023 ER PT S AU Lansdowne, CA Maclean, JR Winton, CE McCartney, PA AF Lansdowne, Chatwin A. Maclean, John R. Winton, Christopher E. McCartney, Patrick A. GP IEEE TI Automation Hooks Architecture for Flexible Test Orchestration - Concept Development and Validation SO IEEE AUTOTESTCON 2011: SYSTEMS READINESS TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE SE IEEE Autotestcon LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE AUTOTESTCON - Systems Readiness Technology Conference CY SEP 12-15, 2011 CL Baltimore, MD SP Inst Elect & Elect Engineers (IEEE), IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc (IMS) DE Software standards; Test equipment; Test facilities; Testing; Software management; Software reusability AB The Automation Hooks Architecture Trade Study for Flexible Test Orchestration sought a standardized data-driven alternative to conventional automated test programming interfaces. The study recommended composing the interface using multicast DNS (mDNS/SD) service discovery, Representational State Transfer (Restful) Web Services, and Automatic Test Markup Language (ATML). We describe additional efforts to rapidly mature the Automation Hooks Architecture candidate interface definition by validating it in a broad spectrum of applications. These activities have allowed us to further refine our concepts and provide observations directed toward objectives of economy, scalability, versatility, performance, severability, maintainability, scriptability and others. C1 [Lansdowne, Chatwin A.] NASA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Maclean, John R.] METECS, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Lansdowne, CA (reprint author), NASA, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM chatwin.lansdowne@nasa.gov; john.r.maclean@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1088-7725 BN 978-1-4244-9361-6 J9 IEEE AUTOTESTCON PY 2011 BP 197 EP 202 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BXU56 UT WOS:000297105600031 ER PT S AU Ginart, AE Ali, IN Goldin, JW Barlas, I Kalgren, P Roemer, MJ Balaban, E AF Ginart, Antonio E. Ali, Irfan N. Goldin, Jonathan W. Barlas, Irtaza Kalgren, Patrick Roemer, Michael J. Balaban, Edward GP IEEE TI On-line Intermittent Connector Anomaly Detection SO IEEE AUTOTESTCON 2011: SYSTEMS READINESS TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE SE IEEE Autotestcon LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE AUTOTESTCON - Systems Readiness Technology Conference CY SEP 12-15, 2011 CL Baltimore, MD SP Inst Elect & Elect Engineers (IEEE), IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc (IMS) DE Connectors; disconnection; arcing; PHM; fault detection AB This paper investigates a non-traditional use of differential current sensor and current sensor to detect intermittent disconnection problems in connectors. An intermittent disconnect, often resulting in an arc, creates an imbalance which is manifested in the current. The traveling wave generated due to the perturbation can be detected using current sensors. This paper shows the feasibility to detect disconnection based on this principle. C1 [Ginart, Antonio E.; Ali, Irfan N.; Goldin, Jonathan W.; Barlas, Irtaza; Kalgren, Patrick; Roemer, Michael J.] Impact Technol LLC, Rochester, NY USA. [Balaban, Edward] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Ginart, AE (reprint author), Impact Technol LLC, Rochester, NY USA. EM antonio.ginart@impact-tek.com; edward.balaban@nasa.gov FU NASA SBIR [NNX11CD01P]; NASA Ames Research Center FX This work was funded by the NASA SBIR program under contract number NNX11CD01P, with oversight and technical support provided by NASA Ames Research Center. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1088-7725 BN 978-1-4244-9361-6 J9 IEEE AUTOTESTCON PY 2011 BP 235 EP 239 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BXU56 UT WOS:000297105600037 ER PT S AU Korniski, R Bae, SY Shearn, M Manohara, H Shahinian, H AF Korniski, Ronald Bae, Sam Y. Shearn, Michael Manohara, Harish Shahinian, Hrayr BE Koshel, RJ Gregory, GG TI 3D imaging with a single-aperture 3-mm objective lens: concept, fabrication and test SO NOVEL OPTICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization XIV CY AUG 22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Stereoscopic; 3D; stereopsis; endoscope; endoscopy; surgery ID SURGERY; VISION AB There are many advantages to minimally invasive surgery (MIS). An endoscope is the optical system of choice by the surgeon for MIS. The smaller the incision or opening made to perform the surgery, the smaller the optical system needed. For minimally invasive neurological and skull base surgeries the openings are typically 10-mm in diameter (dime sized) or less. The largest outside diameter (OD) endoscope used is 4mm. A significant drawback to endoscopic MIS is that it only provides a monocular view of the surgical site thereby lacking depth information for the surgeon. A stereo view would provide the surgeon instantaneous depth information of the surroundings within the field of view, a significant advantage especially during brain surgery. Providing 3D imaging in an endoscopic objective lens system presents significant challenges because of the tight packaging constraints. This paper presents a promising new technique for endoscopic 3D imaging that uses a single lens system with complementary multi-bandpass filters (CMBFs), and describes the proof-of-concept demonstrations performed to date validating the technique. These demonstrations of the technique have utilized many commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components including the ones used in the endoscope objective. C1 [Korniski, Ronald; Bae, Sam Y.; Shearn, Michael; Manohara, Harish] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Korniski, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ron.korniski@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-739-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8129 AR 812904 DI 10.1117/12.894110 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXL72 UT WOS:000296319100003 ER PT S AU Larar, AM Smith, WL Zhou, DK Liu, X Noe, A Oliver, D Flood, M Rochette, L Tian, JL AF Larar, Allen M. Smith, William L. Zhou, Daniel K. Liu, Xu Noe, Anna Oliver, Don Flood, Michael Rochette, Luc Tian, Jialin BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI An update on the NAST-I airborne FTS SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XV CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP SPIE DE Airborne remote sensing; interferometer; advanced sounders ID TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; RETRIEVAL; VALIDATION; CLOUD AB The NPOESS / NASA Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer (NAST-I) is a well-proven airborne remote sensing system, which has flown in 18 previous field campaigns aboard the high altitude NASA ER-2, Northrop Grumman / Scaled Composites Proteus, and NASA WB-57 aircraft since initially being flight qualified in 1998. While originally developed to provide experimental observations needed to finalize specifications and test proposed designs and data processing algorithms for the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) to fly on the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP) and the Joint Polar Satellite System, JPSS (formerly NPOESS, prior to recent program restructuring), its unprecedented data quality and system characteristics have contributed to a variety of atmospheric research and measurement validation objectives. This paper will provide a program overview and update, including a summary of measurement system capabilities, select scientific results, and recent refurbishment activities. C1 [Larar, Allen M.; Zhou, Daniel K.; Liu, Xu; Noe, Anna; Oliver, Don; Flood, Michael; Tian, Jialin] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Larar, AM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM Allen.M.Larar@nasa.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-803-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8176 AR 81761Q DI 10.1117/12.898211 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXL74 UT WOS:000296319800047 ER PT S AU Neeck, SP Volz, SM AF Neeck, Steven P. Volz, Stephen M. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI NASA's Earth Science Flight Program Overview SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XV CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP SPIE AB NASA's Earth Science Division (ESD) conducts pioneering work in Earth system science, the interdisciplinary view of Earth that explores the interaction among the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, land surface interior, and life itself that has enabled scientists to measure global and climate changes and to inform decisions by governments, organizations, and people in the United States and around the world. The ESD makes the data collected and results generated by its missions accessible to other agencies and organizations to improve the products and services they provide, including air quality indices, disaster management, agricultural yield projections, and aviation safety. In addition to four missions now in development and 14 currently operating on-orbit, the ESD is now developing the first tier of missions recommended by the 2007 Earth Science Decadal Survey and is conducting engineering studies and technology development for the second tier. Furthermore, NASA's ESD is planning implementation of a set of climate continuity missions to assure availability of key data sets needed for climate science and applications. These include a replacement for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO), OCO-2, planned for launch in 2013; refurbishment of the SAGE III atmospheric chemistry instrument to be hosted by the International Space Station (ISS) as early as 2014; and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE FO) mission scheduled for launch in 2016. The new Earth Venture (EV) class of missions is a series of uncoupled, low to moderate cost, small to medium-sized, competitively selected, full orbital missions, instruments for orbital missions of opportunity, and sub-orbital projects. C1 [Neeck, Steven P.; Volz, Stephen M.] NASA Headquarters, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Neeck, SP (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-803-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8176 AR 817602 DI 10.1117/12.899369 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXL74 UT WOS:000296319800001 ER PT S AU Sen, A Caruso, D Durham, D Falcon, C AF Sen, Amit Caruso, Daniel Durham, David Falcon, Carlos BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Launch and on-orbit checkout of Aquarius/SAC-D Observatory - An International Remote Sensing Satellite Mission measuring Sea Surface Salinity SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XV CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP SPIE DE International Sea surface salinity mission; SSS; global water cycle; microwave remote sensing; projects; climate studies; Aquarius/SAC-D; Observatory; launch; in-orbit spacecraft checkout and commissioning; instrument performance; NASA; CONAE; ASI; CNES; CSA; AEB (INPE/LIT); INVAP AB The Aquarius/SAC-D observatory was launch in June 2011 from Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), in California, USA. This mission is the fourth joint earth-observation endeavor between NASA and CONAE. The primary objective of the Aquarius/SAC-D mission is to investigate the links between global water cycle, ocean circulation and climate by measuring Sea Surface Salinity (SSS). Over the last year, the observatory successfully completed system level environmental and functional testing at INPE, Brazil and was transported to VAFB for launch operations. This paper will present the challenges of this mission, the system, the preparation of the spacecraft, instruments, testing, launch, in-orbit checkout and commissioning of this Observatory in space. C1 [Sen, Amit; Durham, David] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Sen, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-803-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8176 AR 817603 DI 10.1117/12.903547 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXL74 UT WOS:000296319800002 ER PT S AU Trenkle, T Driggers, P AF Trenkle, Timothy Driggers, Phillip BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Joint Polar Satellite System SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XV CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP SPIE DE JPSS; climate; weather AB The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is a joint NOAA/NASA mission comprised of a series of polar orbiting weather and climate monitoring satellites which will fly in a sun-synchronous orbit, with a 1330 equatorial crossing time. JPSS resulted from the decision to reconstitute the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) into two separate programs, one to be run by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the other by NOAA. This decision was reached in early 2010, after numerous development issues caused a series of unacceptable delays in launching the NPOESS system. C1 [Trenkle, Timothy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Trenkle, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-803-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8176 AR 817605 DI 10.1117/12.900045 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXL74 UT WOS:000296319800003 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Geng, X Angal, A Sun, JQ Barnes, W AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack) Geng, Xu Angal, Amit Sun, Junqiang Barnes, William BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Using the Moon to Track MODIS Reflective Solar Bands Calibration Stability SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XV CY SEP 19-22, 2011 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP SPIE DE Terra; Aqua; MODIS; sensor; Moon; calibration; stability AB MODIS has 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) in the visible (VIS), near infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral regions. In addition to instrument on-board calibrators (OBC), lunar observations have been used by both Terra and Aqua MODIS to track their reflective solar bands (RSB) on-orbit calibration stability. On a near monthly basis, lunar observations are scheduled and implemented for each instrument at nearly the same lunar phase angles. A time series of normalized detector responses to the Moon is used to monitor its on-orbit calibration stability. The normalization is applied to correct the differences of lunar viewing geometries and the Sun-Moon-Sensor distances among different lunar observations. Initially, the lunar calibration stability monitoring was only applied to MODIS bands (1-4 and 8-12) that do not saturate while viewing the Moon. As the mission continued, we extended the lunar calibration stability monitoring to other RSB bands (bands 13-16) that contain saturated pixels. For these bands, the calibration stability is monitored by referencing their non-saturated pixels to the matched pixels in a non-saturation band. In this paper, we describe this relative approach and apply it to MODIS regularly scheduled lunar observations. We present lunar trending results for both Terra and Aqua MODIS over their entire missions. Also discussed in the paper are the advantages and limitations of this approach and its potential applications to other earth-observing sensors. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-803-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8176 AR 817611 DI 10.1117/12.897784 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXL74 UT WOS:000296319800029 ER PT S AU Yildiz, Y Kolmanovsky, IV Acosta, D AF Yildiz, Yildiray Kolmanovsky, Ilya V. Acosta, Diana GP IEEE TI A Control Allocation System for Automatic Detection and Compensation of Phase Shift Due To Actuator Rate Limiting SO 2011 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference (ACC) CY JUN 29-JUL 01, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP Boeing, Bosch, Corning, Eaton, GE Global Res, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, MathWorks, Natl Instruments, NT-MDT, United Technol ID RATE-SATURATING ACTUATORS; DESIGN AB This paper proposes a control allocation system that can detect and compensate the phase shift between the desired and the actual total control effort due to rate limiting of the actuators. Phase shifting is an important problem in control system applications since it effectively introduces a time delay which may destabilize the closed loop dynamics. A relevant example comes from flight control where aggressive pilot commands, high gain of the flight control system or some anomaly in the system may cause actuator rate limiting and effective time delay introduction. This time delay can instigate Pilot Induced Oscillations (PIO), which is an abnormal coupling between the pilot and the aircraft resulting in unintentional and undesired oscillations. The proposed control allocation system reduces the effective time delay by first detecting the phase shift and then minimizing it using constrained optimization techniques. Flight control simulation results for an unstable aircraft with inertial cross coupling are reported, which demonstrate phase shift minimization and recovery from a PIO event. C1 [Yildiz, Yildiray; Acosta, Diana] NASA, UC Santa Cruz, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Kolmanovsky, Ilya V.] Univ Michigan, Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Yildiz, Y (reprint author), NASA, UC Santa Cruz, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM yildiray.yildiz@nasa.gov; ilya@umich.edu; diana.m.acosta@nasa.gov NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 978-1-4577-0081-1 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2011 BP 444 EP 449 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BWZ06 UT WOS:000295376000073 ER PT S AU Ali, AA D'Amato, AM Holzel, MS Kukreja, SL Bernstein, DS AF Ali, Asad A. D'Amato, A. M. Holzel, M. S. Kukreja, S. L. Bernstein, Dennis S. GP IEEE TI Consistent Identification of Hammerstein Systems Using an Ersatz Nonlinearity SO 2011 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference (ACC) CY JUN 29-JUL 01, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP Boeing, Bosch, Corning, Eaton, GE Global Res, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, MathWorks, Natl Instruments, NT-MDT, United Technol ID WIENER SYSTEMS; MODELS AB We develop a method for identifying SISO Hammerstein systems with an unknown static nonlinearity, linear dynamics, white input noise and colored output noise. We use least squares with a mu-Markov model to estimate the Markov parameters of the linear time-invariant dynamical system. Since the input to the linear system is not available, we use a substitute (ersatz) nonlinearity to transform the input for use in the regressor matrix. We prove that the Markov parameters of the system can be estimated consistently up to a constant scalar as the amount of data increases. This method is demonstrated with several numerical examples. C1 [Ali, Asad A.; D'Amato, A. M.; Holzel, M. S.; Bernstein, Dennis S.] Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Kukreja, S. L.] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwardsville, IL 93523 USA. RP Ali, AA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM asadali@umich.edu; amdamato@umich.edu; mholzel@umich.edu; sunil.l.kukreja@gmail.com; dsbaero@umich.edu NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 978-1-4577-0081-1 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2011 BP 1242 EP 1246 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BWZ06 UT WOS:000295376001125 ER PT S AU Balas, MJ Frost, SA AF Balas, Mark J. Frost, Susan A. GP IEEE TI Adaptive Control of Linear Modal Systems using Residual Mode Filters and a Simple Disturbance Estimator SO 2011 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference (ACC) CY JUN 29-JUL 01, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP Boeing, Bosch, Corning, Eaton, GE Global Res, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, MathWorks, Natl Instruments, NT-MDT, United Technol ID SPACE AB Flexible structures containing a large number of modes can benefit from adaptive control techniques which are well suited to applications that have unknown modeling parameters and poorly known operating conditions. In this paper, we focus on a direct adaptive control approach that has been extended to handle adaptive rejection of persistent disturbances. We extend our adaptive control theory to accommodate troublesome modal subsystems of a plant that might inhibit the adaptive controller. In some cases the plant does not satisfy the requirements of Almost Strict Positive Realness. Instead, there maybe be a modal subsystem that inhibits this property. This section will present new results for our adaptive control theory. We will modify the adaptive controller with a Residual Mode Filter (RMF) to compensate for the troublesome modal subsystem, or the Q modes. Here we present the theory for adaptive controllers modified by RMFs, with attention to the issue of disturbances propagating through the Q modes. We apply the theoretical results to a flexible structure example to illustrate the behavior with and without the residual mode filter. C1 [Balas, Mark J.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Frost, Susan A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Balas, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM mbalas@uwyo.edu; susan.frost@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 978-1-4577-0081-1 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2011 BP 2338 EP 2343 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BWZ06 UT WOS:000295376003008 ER PT S AU Carson, JM Acikmese, B Blackmore, L AF Carson, John M., III Acikmese, Behcet Blackmore, Lars GP IEEE TI Lossless Convexification of Powered-Descent Guidance with Non-Convex Thrust Bound and Pointing Constraints SO 2011 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference (ACC) CY JUN 29-JUL 01, 2011 CL San Fransisco, CA SP Boeing, Bosch, Corning, Eaton, GE Global Res, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, MathWorks, Natl Instruments, NT-MDT, United Technol AB A numerically-efficient, convex formulation of PDG (Powered-Descent Guidance) for Mars pinpoint and precision landing has been enhanced to include thrust pointing constraints. The original algorithm was designed to enforce both control and state constraints, including maximum and minimum thrust bounds, maximum speed limits and descent within a glideslope cone (surface impact avoidance). The thrust bounds are non-convex, so the original formulation developed a lossless convexification of these constraints. Likewise, thrust pointing constraints are non-convex. In this paper we present a relaxation for the thrust pointing constraint such that the enhanced PDG algorithm generates a lossless convexification for both the thrust bound and thrust pointing constraints. Pointing constraints are needed for onboard terrain-relative sensors that have specific field-of-view requirements during landing. C1 [Carson, John M., III; Acikmese, Behcet; Blackmore, Lars] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Carson, JM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 198-326, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jmcarson@jpl.nasa.gov; behcet@jpl.nasa.gov; lars@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 978-1-4577-0081-1 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2011 BP 2651 EP 2656 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BWZ06 UT WOS:000295376003060 ER PT J AU Mitchell, C Laws, C MacLeod, TC Ho, FD AF Mitchell, Cody Laws, Crystal MacLeod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Static Characteristics of the Ferroelectric Transistor Inverter SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF) CY JUN 13-16, 2010 CL San Juan, PR SP Inst Complex Adapt Matters, Natl Sci Fdn, Inst Funct Nanomat UPR, SPECLAB (UPR), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Radiant Technol, Quantum Design, Aja Int, Jeol Corp, Taylor & Francis Publishers DE MOSFET; inverter; ferroelectric transistor AB The inverter is one of the most fundamental building blocks of digital logic, and it can be used as the foundation for understanding more complex logic gates and circuits. This paper presents the characteristics of an inverter circuit using a ferroelectric field-effect transistor. The voltage transfer characteristics are analyzed with respect to varying parameters such as supply voltage, input voltage, and load resistance. The effects of the ferroelectric layer between the gate and semiconductor are examined, and comparisons are made between the inverters using ferroelectric transistors and those using traditional MOSFETs. C1 [Mitchell, Cody; Laws, Crystal; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [MacLeod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Mitchell, C (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM cody_mitchell@mentor.com NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2011 VL 125 BP 123 EP 129 DI 10.1080/10584587.2011.574466 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 847XS UT WOS:000297009300016 ER PT J AU Laws, C Mitchell, C MacLeod, TC Ho, FD AF Laws, Crystal Mitchell, Cody MacLeod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Switching Characteristics of Ferroelectric Transistor Inverters SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF) CY JUN 13-16, 2010 CL San Juan, PR SP Inst Complex Adapt Matters, Natl Sci Fdn, Inst Funct Nanomat UPR, SPECLAB (UPR), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Radiant Technol, Quantum Design, Aja Int, Jeol Corp, Taylor & Francis Publishers DE MOSFET; FeFET; ferroelectric transistor AB This paper presents the switching characteristics of an inverter circuit using a ferro-electric field effect transistor, FeFET. The propagation delay time characteristics, tau(phl) and tau(plh) are presented along with the output voltage rise and fall times, tau(rise) and tau(fall). The propagation delay is the time-delay between the V-50% transitions of the input and output voltages. The rise and fall times are the times required for the output voltages to transition between the voltage levels V-10% and V-90%. Comparisons are made between the MOSFET inverter and the ferroelectric transistor inverter. C1 [Laws, Crystal; Mitchell, Cody; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [MacLeod, Todd C.] NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Laws, C (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM crystal.laws@us.army.mil NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2011 VL 125 BP 141 EP 146 DI 10.1080/10584587.2011.574472 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 847XS UT WOS:000297009300018 ER PT J AU Sayyah, R Hunt, M MacLeod, TC Ho, FD AF Sayyah, Rana Hunt, Mitchell MacLeod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Modeling a Common-Source Amplifier Using a Ferroelectric Transistor SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF) CY JUN 13-16, 2010 CL San Juan, PR SP Inst Complex Adapt Matters, Natl Sci Fdn, Inst Funct Nanomat UPR, SPECLAB (UPR), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Radiant Technol, Quantum Design, Aja Int, Jeol Corp, Taylor & Francis Publishers DE FeFET; FFET; ferroelectric transistor; common-source amplifier AB This paper presents a mathematical model characterizing the behavior of a common-source (CS) amplifier using a ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET). The model is based on empirical data and incorporates several variables that affect the output, including frequency, load resistance, and gate-to-source voltage. Since the common-source amplifier is the most widely used amplifier in MOS technology, understanding and modeling the behavior of the FeFET-based common-source amplifier will help in the integration of FeFETs into many circuits. C1 [Sayyah, Rana; Hunt, Mitchell; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [MacLeod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ho, FD (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM ho@ece.uah.edu NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2011 VL 124 BP 147 EP 156 DI 10.1080/10584587.2011.573741 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 847XJ UT WOS:000297007500021 ER PT J AU Hunt, M Sayyah, R MacLeod, TC Ho, FD AF Hunt, Mitchell Sayyah, Rana MacLeod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Characterization of a Common-Source Amplifier Using Ferroelectric Transistors SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF) CY JUN 13-16, 2010 CL San Juan, PR SP Inst Complex Adapt Matters, Natl Sci Fdn, Inst Funct Nanomat UPR, SPECLAB (UPR), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Radiant Technol, Quantum Design, Aja Int, Jeol Corp, Taylor & Francis Publishers DE FeFET; FFET; ferroelectric transistor; common-source amplifier ID ANALOG AMPLIFIER AB This paper presents empirical data that was collected through experiments using a FeFET in the established common-source amplifier circuit. The unique behavior of the FeFET lends itself to interesting and useful operation in this widely used common-source amplifier. The paper examines the effect of using a ferroelectric transistor for the amplifier. It also examines the effects of varying load resistance, biasing, and input voltages on the output signal and gives several examples of the output of the amplifier for a given input. The difference between a common-source amplifier using a ferroelectric transistor and that using a MOSFET is addressed. C1 [Hunt, Mitchell; Sayyah, Rana; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [MacLeod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ho, FD (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM ho@ece.uah.edu NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2011 VL 124 BP 157 EP 166 DI 10.1080/10584587.2011.573742 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 847XJ UT WOS:000297007500022 ER PT J AU Li, D Chen, X Liu, A AF Li, D. Chen, X. Liu, A. TI On the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves in the northwestern South China Sea SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Internal solitary waves; Numerical modeling; Northwestern SCS; Tide-topography interaction ID TIDAL FLOW; SOLITONS; TIDES AB Recently, internal solitary waves (ISWs) were observed from remote sensing images of the northwestern South China Sea (SCS). Scrutinizing the crests of these ISWs, it was suggested that they were generated locally as a result of tide-topography interaction. To confirm this assumption, a 2-D, fully nonlinear, non-hydrostatic Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) was applied to investigate the generation process and mechanism of ISWs in the northwestern SCS. A series of numerical simulations were carried out to explore the influences from the bottom topography, strength of tidal forcing, stratification and different tidal harmonics on ISW generation. It can be concluded that the ISWs to west of the sills were generated when the tidal flow over the sills changed from an ebb tide to a flood tide, while the generation of those to the east of the sills was associated with the start of the ebb tide. Analyses of the Froude number and slope parameter, which govern generation regimes, indicate that the generation of ISWs in this area is subject to mixed lee waves rather than to a baroclinic tide regime or unsteady lee wave regime. Scrutiny of these ISWs reveals that the superposition of different internal wave modes exists around the sills, and well-developed first and second ISWs are pronounced further away from the sills. There are three sills in the model domain, labeled sills a, b and c from the west to the east, respectively. Numerical experiments suggest that ISWs to the west of these sills are generated by sills b and c, while sill a intensifies the nonlinearity of the internal waves and generates higher internal wave modes. ISWs to the east of these sills are generated by sill c only. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, D.; Chen, X.] Ocean Univ China, Coll Phys & Environm Oceanog, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. [Liu, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chen, X (reprint author), Ocean Univ China, Coll Phys & Environm Oceanog, 238 Songling Rd, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. EM xchen@ouc.edu.cn FU Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2008AA09A402] FX This work was supported by the National 863 High-tech Program (No. 2008AA09A402) under the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. The authors would like to thank Mr. Chuncheng Guo for his insightful discussions. The authors would also like to thank Prof. Stephen Griffies and the three anonymous reviewers whose comments were valuable and have greatly improved the manuscript. Finally, the authors would like to thank Global Ocean Associates for providing ASTER false-color VNIR images. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2011 VL 40 IS 2 BP 105 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.08.005 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 847EP UT WOS:000296955000001 ER PT J AU Chen, DD Macauley, MK AF Chen, David D. Macauley, Molly K. BE Sadeh, E TI Commercial Space Actors SO POLITICS OF SPACE: A SURVEY, 1ST EDITION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Macauley, Molly K.] Resources Future Inc, Berkeley, CA USA. [Macauley, Molly K.] NOAA, National Level Comm & Panels, Space Studies Board, Climate Working Grp, Washington, DC 20230 USA. [Macauley, Molly K.] NASA, Earth Sci Applicat Anal Grp, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 978-1-85743-419-4 PY 2011 BP 104 EP 119 PG 16 WC International Relations; Political Science SC International Relations; Government & Law GA BWE18 UT WOS:000293731000006 ER PT J AU Dadgour, HF Hussain, MM Cassell, A Singh, N Banerjee, K AF Dadgour, Hamed F. Hussain, Muhammad M. Cassell, Alan Singh, Navab Banerjee, Kaustav GP IEEE TI Impact of Scaling on the Performance and Reliability Degradation of Metal-Contacts in NEMS Devices SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM (IRPS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) CY APR 10-14, 2011 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE DE Contact Degradation; Contact Reliability; Contact Resistance; Digital Circuits; Nano-electro-mechanical Switches (NEMS); Process Variations; Scaling Analysis; Stiction; Wear and Fatigue ID SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; MONOLAYER FILMS; ELASTIC SOLIDS; ANTI-STICTION; MEMS; ADHESION; WEAR; FORCES; TRANSPORT; SWITCHES AB Nano-electro-mechanical switches (NEMS) offer new possibilities for the design of ultra energy-efficient systems; however, thus far, all the fabricated NEMS devices require high supply voltages that limit their applicability for logic designs. Therefore, research is being conducted to lower the operating voltages by scaling down the physical dimensions of these devices. However, the impact of device scaling on the electrical and mechanical properties of metal contacts in NEMS devices has not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. Such a study is essential because metal contacts play a critical role in determining the overall performance and reliability of NEMS. Therefore, the comprehensive analytical study presented in this paper highlights the performance and reliability degradations of such metal contacts caused by scaling. The proposed modeling environment accurately takes into account the impact of roughness of contact surfaces, elastic/plastic deformation of contacting asperities, and various inter-molecular forces between mating surfaces (such as Van der Waals and capillary forces). The modeling results are validated and calibrated using available measurement data. This scaling analysis indicates that the key contact properties of gold contacts (resistance, stiction and wear-out) deteriorate "exponentially" with scaling. Simulation results demonstrate that reliable (stiction-free) operation of very small contact areas (approximate to 6nm x 6nm) will be a daunting task due to the existence of strong surface forces. Hence, contact degradation is identified as a major problem to the scaling of NEMS transistors. C1 [Dadgour, Hamed F.; Banerjee, Kaustav] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Hussain, Muhammad M.] King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia. [Cassell, Alan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Singh, Navab] ASTAR, Inst Microelect, Singapore 117685, Singapore. RP Dadgour, HF (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NR 56 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-9111-7 PY 2011 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BWY60 UT WOS:000295322100047 ER PT J AU Johnston, A AF Johnston, Allan GP IEEE TI Space Radiation Effects and Reliability Considerations for the Proposed Jupiter Europa Orbiter SO 2011 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM (IRPS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) CY APR 10-14, 2011 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE ID MICROELECTRONICS; ELECTRONICS; MECHANISMS; CIRCUITS; FAILURE; DEVICES; DAMAGE AB The proposed Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) mission to explore the Jovian moon Europa poses a number of challenges. The spacecraft must operate for about seven years during the transit time to the vicinity of Jupiter, and then endure unusually high radiation levels during exploration and orbiting phases. The ability to withstand usually high total dose levels is critical for the mission, along with meeting the high reliability standards for flagship NASA missions. Reliability of new microelectronic components must be sufficiently understood to meet overall mission requirements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Johnston, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM allan.h.johnston@jpl.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-9111-7 PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BWY60 UT WOS:000295322100029 ER PT S AU Lodewyck, J Westergaard, PG Lorini, L Zawada, M Burt, EA Gurov, M Lemonde, P AF Lodewyck, J. Westergaard, P. G. Lorini, L. Zawada, M. Burt, E. A. Gurov, M. Lemonde, P. GP IEEE TI Trapping induced frequency shifts by comparison of two Sr optical lattice clocks at the 10(-17) level SO 2011 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM/EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Joint Conference of the 65th IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium / 25th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 01-05, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE, IEEE UFFC, EFTF AB We present a comprehensive study of the frequency shifts associated with the lattice potential in Sr lattice clocks. By comparing two such clocks with a frequency stability better than 5.10(-17) after one hour of averaging time, and varying the lattice depth up to U-0 = 900 E-r with E-r being the recoil energy, we evaluate lattice related shifts with an unprecedented accuracy. C1 [Lodewyck, J.; Westergaard, P. G.; Lorini, L.; Zawada, M.; Burt, E. A.; Gurov, M.; Lemonde, P.] Observ Paris, CNRS, LNE SYRTE, UPMC, F-75014 Paris, France. [Lorini, L.; Zawada, M.; Burt, E. A.] INRIM, Turin, Italy. [Lorini, L.; Zawada, M.; Burt, E. A.] Nicoalus Coprnicus Univ, Torun, Poland. [Lorini, L.; Zawada, M.; Burt, E. A.] JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Lodewyck, J (reprint author), Observ Paris, CNRS, LNE SYRTE, UPMC, F-75014 Paris, France. RI Zawada, Michal/C-9779-2014; Westergaard, Philip/J-4436-2014 OI Zawada, Michal/0000-0002-2826-5129; FU European Community'sFP7,ERANETPlus [217257]; CNES; ESA (SOC project) FX This work has received funding from the European CommunitysFP7, ERANETPlus, under Grant Agreement No. 217257, as well as from CNES and ESA (SOC project). NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-61284-110-6 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2011 BP 1 EP 1 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BWX38 UT WOS:000295261600001 ER PT S AU Aveline, DC Farr, WH Yu, N AF Aveline, David C. Farr, William H. Yu, Nan GP IEEE TI Optical Carrier Phase Recovery and Locking in a Pulse-Position Modulation Communication Link SO 2011 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM/EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Joint Conference of the 65th IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium/25th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 01-05, 2011 CL San Fransisco, CA SP IEEE, IEEE UFFC, EFTF AB We have demonstrated optical phase recovery from a Pulse-Position Modulated (PPM) laser beam. Our goal is to develop and validate a laser communication and ranging method that utilizes optical coherence within the well-established scheme of PPM with photon-counting detection. Recovery of the carrier phase within optical PPM signals will enable precision Doppler tracking and ranging at optical wavelengths, benefitting spacecraft navigation and scientific measurements based on the propagation of light signals. It also has direct implications for ideal quantum-limited optical communication receivers. C1 [Aveline, David C.; Farr, William H.; Yu, Nan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Architectures & Res Sect, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Aveline, DC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Architectures & Res Sect, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM daveline@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-61284-110-6 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2011 BP 716 EP 719 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BWX38 UT WOS:000295261600163 ER PT S AU Baumgartel, L Thompson, R Strekalov, D Grudinin, I Yu, N AF Baumgartel, Lukas Thompson, Rob Strekalov, Dmitry Grudinin, Ivan Yu, Nan GP IEEE TI Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators as Optical Reference Cavities SO 2011 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM/EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Joint Conference of the 65th IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium / 25th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 01-05, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE, IEEE UFFC, EFTF ID SURFACE-LAYER; STABILIZATION AB Highly stabilized lasers are an increasingly valuable tool for metrology. For many applications, however, existing Fabry Perot systems are too bulky and cumbersome. We are investigating the use of miniature monolithic whispering gallery mode resonators as reference cavities for laser stabilization. We seek to exploit the benefit of small size and vibration resistance by suppressing thermally induced frequency fluctuations. We have theoretically investigated the viability of using a thin-film coating to achieve temperature compensation. We have experimentally investigated an active temperature stabilization scheme based on birefringence in a crystalline resonator. We also report progress of laser locking to the resonators. C1 [Baumgartel, Lukas] Univ Southern Calif, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Baumgartel, Lukas; Thompson, Rob; Strekalov, Dmitry; Grudinin, Ivan; Yu, Nan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Baumgartel, L (reprint author), Univ Southern Calif, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM lbaumgar@jpl.nasa.gov FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology, under a contract from NASA; University of Southern Califo FX This work was performed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract from NASA. Lukas Baumgartel acknowledges the College Doctoral Fellowship from University of Southern Califo NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-61284-110-6 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2011 BP 720 EP 723 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BWX38 UT WOS:000295261600164 ER PT S AU Thompson, R Folkner, WM deVine, G Klipstein, WM McKenzie, K Spero, R Yu, N Stephens, M Leitch, J Pierce, R Lam, TTY Shaddock, DA AF Thompson, R. Folkner, W. M. deVine, G. Klipstein, W. M. McKenzie, K. Spero, R. Yu, N. Stephens, M. Leitch, J. Pierce, R. Lam, T. T. -Y. Shaddock, D. A. GP IEEE TI A Flight-Like Optical Reference Cavity for GRACE Follow-on Laser Frequency Stabilization SO 2011 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM/EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Joint Conference of the 65th IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium / 25th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 01-05, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE, IEEE UFFC, EFTF AB We describe a prototype optical cavity and associated optics that has been developed to provide a stable frequency reference for a future space-based laser ranging system. This instrument is being considered for inclusion as a technology demonstration on the recently announced GRACE follow-on mission, which will monitor variations in the Earth's gravity field. C1 [Thompson, R.; Folkner, W. M.; deVine, G.; Klipstein, W. M.; McKenzie, K.; Spero, R.; Yu, N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Stephens, M.; Leitch, J.; Pierce, R.] Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. [Lam, T. T. -Y.; Shaddock, D. A.] Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Thompson, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Robert.J.Thompson@jpl.nasa.gov RI Lam, Timothy/G-8735-2013; Shaddock, Daniel/A-7534-2011 OI Shaddock, Daniel/0000-0002-6885-3494 FU NASA Earth Science Instrument Incubator; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Australian Government's Advanced Space Research FX This work was sponsored by the NASA Earth Science Instrument Incubator Program. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. T. T.-Y. Lam and D. A. Shaddock were supported under the Australian Governments Advanced Space Research Program NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-61284-110-6 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2011 BP 729 EP 731 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BWX38 UT WOS:000295261600166 ER PT S AU Li, T Argence, B Haboucha, A Jiang, H Dornaux, JL Kone, D Clairon, A Lemonde, P Santarelli, G Nelson, C Hati, A Burt, E AF Li, T. Argence, B. Haboucha, A. Jiang, H. Dornaux, J. L. Kone, D. Clairon, A. Lemonde, P. Santarelli, G. Nelson, C. Hati, A. Burt, E. GP IEEE TI Low Vibration Sensitivity Fiber Spools for Laser Stabilization SO 2011 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM/EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Joint Conference of the 65th IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium / 25th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 01-05, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE, IEEE UFFC, EFTF ID FREQUENCY-NOISE AB Mechanical vibration induced frequency noise is dominated at low Fourier frequencies in a fiber spool stabilized laser. Environmental vibration causes mechanical deformations in the fiber which induce phase fluctuations and then convert into excess frequency noise to the lasers. Therefore, the spool which supports the fiber plays a critical role in this frequency noise conversion. We have studied several different structures of spool. The preliminary results are about 3x10(-10)/m s(-2) for accelerations along the spool axis. In this paper, we describe the development of a spool design which is optimized for low vibration sensitivity along all spatial directions. Both simulations by Finite Element Modeling (FEM) and vibration sensitivity measurements are presented. C1 [Li, T.] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Opt & Fine Mech, Key Lab Quantum Opt, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China. [Argence, B.; Haboucha, A.; Jiang, H.; Dornaux, J. L.; Kone, D.; Clairon, A.; Lemonde, P.; Santarelli, G.] Observ Paris, UPMC, CNRS, LNE SYRTE, Paris, France. [Nelson, C.; Hati, A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. [Burt, E.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Li, T (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Opt & Fine Mech, Key Lab Quantum Opt, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China. RI jiang, haifeng/A-6637-2011 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-61284-110-6 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2011 BP 739 EP 741 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BWX38 UT WOS:000295261600169 ER PT S AU Greenhall, CA AF Greenhall, Charles A. GP IEEE TI Reduced Kalman Filters for Clock Ensembles SO 2011 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM/EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Joint Conference of the 65th IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium/25th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 01-05, 2011 CL San Fransisco, CA SP IEEE, IEEE UFFC, EFTF ID ADMITS MEASUREMENT NOISE; TIME SCALE ALGORITHM; TIMESCALES; VARIANCE; MODEL; ALLAN AB This paper summarizes the author's work on timescales based on Kalman filters that act upon the clock comparisons. The natural Kalman timescale algorithm tends to optimize long-term timescale stability at the expense of short-term stability. By subjecting each post-measurement error covariance matrix to a non-transparent reduction operation, one obtains corrected clocks with improved short-term stability and little sacrifice of long-term stability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Greenhall, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM cgreenhall@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-61284-110-6 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2011 BP 774 EP 778 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BWX38 UT WOS:000295261600177 ER PT S AU Khoshakhlagh, A Ting, DZ Soibel, A Hoglund, L Nguyen, J Keo, SA Liao, A Gunapala, SD AF Khoshakhlagh, A. Ting, D. Z. Soibel, A. Hoeglund, L. Nguyen, J. Keo, S. A. Liao, A. Gunapala, S. D. BE Strojnik, M Paez, G TI Growth and characteristics of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice-based detectors SO INFRARED REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XIX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XIX CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Unipolar barrier; infrared detectors; superlattice; long-wave ID INFRARED DETECTORS AB We report on growth and device performance of infrared photodetectors based on type II InAs/Ga(In)Sb strain layer superlattices (SLs) using the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. The unipolar barriers on either side of the absorber in the CBIRD design in combination with the type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice material system are expected to outperform traditional III-V LWIR imaging technologies and offer significant advantages over the conventional II-VI material based FPAs. The innovative design of CBIRDS, low defect density material growth, and robust fabrication processes have resulted in the development of high performance long wave infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays at JPL. C1 [Khoshakhlagh, A.; Ting, D. Z.; Soibel, A.; Hoeglund, L.; Nguyen, J.; Keo, S. A.; Liao, A.; Gunapala, S. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Khoshakhlagh, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-764-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8154 AR 81540K DI 10.1117/12.894286 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF54 UT WOS:000295964600016 ER PT S AU Mertens, CJ Xu, XJ Wellard, SJ AF Mertens, Christopher J. Xu, Xiaojing Wellard, Stanley J. BE Strojnik, M Paez, G TI Advancements in Understanding Auroral Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling from Infrared Remote Sensing SO INFRARED REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XIX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XIX CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID 5.3 MU-M; ALTITUDE TERRESTRIAL THERMOSPHERE; NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSION; KINETIC TEMPERATURE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOLAR STORMS; APRIL 2002; MODEL; TIMED/SABER AB Recent discoveries from analysis of measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite have shown that NO(v) 5.3 um emission is the primary mechanism of dissipating solar-geomagnetic storm energy in the thermosphere. Further insight into the ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) storm-time response emerged from observations and analysis of the SABER 4.3 um channel radiances, which showed that nighttime 4.3 um emission is dominated by NO+(v) during geomagnetically disturbed conditions. Analysis of SABER NO+(v) 4.3 um emission led to major advances in the understanding of E-region ion-neutral chemistry and kinetics, such as the identification of a new source of auroral 4.3 um emission, which also provides a new context for understanding auroral infrared emission from O-2(a(1)Delta(g)). Surprisingly, NO+(v) 4.3 um emission is the second largest contribution to solar-geomagnetic infrared radiative response and provides a non-negligible contribution to the "natural thermostat" thought to be solely due to NO(v) 5.3 um emission. Despite these major advances, a fully physics-based understanding of the two largest sources of storm-time energy dissipation in the IT system from NO(v) and NO+(v) is lacking because of the limited information content contained in SABER's broadband infrared channel measurements. On the other hand, detailed information on the chemical-radiative excitation and loss processes for NO(v), NO+(v), and O-2(a(1)Delta(g)) emission is encoded in the infrared spectrum, of which SABER only provides an integral constraint. Consequently, a prototype infrared field-wide Michelson interferometer (FWMI) is currently under development to advance the understanding of IT storm-time energetics beyond the current state of knowledge. It is anticipated that progress in the developments of the FWMI technology, along with advancements in a physics-based understanding of the fundamental chemical-radiative mechanisms responsible for IT infrared emission, will play an integral role in the future planning of a rocket-borne and satellite-based E-region science missions. In this paper, a survey of recent SABER discoveries in IT ion-neutral coupling will be given, open questions in a physics-based understanding of chemical-radiative vibration-rotation excitation and loss from important IT infrared emitters will be identified, and the FWMI instrument requirements necessary to address these open science questions will be presented. C1 [Mertens, Christopher J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Mertens, CJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-764-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8154 AR 815405 DI 10.1117/12.895235 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF54 UT WOS:000295964600005 ER PT S AU Stephen, MA Yu, AW Krainak, MA Abshire, JB Harding, DJ Riris, H Li, SX Chen, J Numata, K Wu, S Camp, J AF Stephen, Mark A. Yu, Anthony W. Krainak, Michael A. Abshire, James B. Harding, David J. Riris, Haris Li, Steven X. Chen, Jeffrey Numata, Kenji Wu, Stewart Camp, Jordan BE Strojnik, M Paez, G TI Spaceborne laser development for future remote sensing applications SO INFRARED REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XIX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XIX CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE lidar; laser; remote sensing; altimetry; spectroscopy ID REFLECTED SUNLIGHT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION; MESSENGER MISSION; ALTIMETER; COLUMN; TRANSMITTER; MERCURY; SYSTEM AB At NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, we are developing the next generation laser transmitters for future remote sensing applications including a micropulse altimeter for ice- sheet monitoring, laser spectroscopic measurements and high resolution mapping of the Earth's surface as well as potential missions to other planets for trace gas measurement and mapping. In this paper we will present an overview of the spaceborne laser programs and offer insights into future spaceborne lasers for remote sensing applications. C1 [Stephen, Mark A.; Yu, Anthony W.; Krainak, Michael A.; Abshire, James B.; Harding, David J.; Riris, Haris; Li, Steven X.; Chen, Jeffrey; Numata, Kenji; Wu, Stewart; Camp, Jordan] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stephen, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mark.a.stephen@nasa.gov RI Harding, David/F-5913-2012; Riris, Haris/D-1004-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013 NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-764-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8154 AR 815406 DI 10.1117/12.896693 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF54 UT WOS:000295964600006 ER PT S AU Susskind, J Molnar, G Iredell, L AF Susskind, Joel Molnar, Gyula Iredell, Lena BE Strojnik, M Paez, G TI Contributions to Climate Research Using the AIRS Science Team Version-5 Products SO INFRARED REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XIX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XIX CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Satellite meteorology; OLR; climate; ENSO; water vapor; clouds ID TOVS PATHFINDER PATH; CLOUDS AB This paper compares recent spatial anomaly time series of OLR (Outgoing Longwave Radiation) and OLRCLR (Clear Sky OLR) as determined using CERES and AIRS observations over the time period September 2002 through June 2010. We find excellent agreement in OLR anomaly time series of both data sets in almost every detail, down to the 1 degrees x 1 degrees spatial grid point level. This extremely close agreement of OLR anomaly time series derived from observations by two different instruments implies that both sets of results must be highly stable. This agreement also validates to some extent the anomaly time series of the AIRS derived products used in the computation of the AIRS OLR product. The paper then examines anomaly time series of AIRS derived products over the extended time period September 2002 through April 2011. We show that OLR anomalies during this period are closely in phase with those of an El Nino index, and that recent global and tropical mean decreases in OLR and OLRCLR are a result of a transition from an El Nino condition at the beginning of the data record to La Nino conditions toward the end of the data period. This relationship can be explained by temporal changes of the distribution of mid-tropospheric water vapor and cloud cover in two spatial regions that are in direct response to El Nino/La Ni a activity which occurs outside these spatial regions. C1 [Susskind, Joel] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-764-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8154 AR 81540P DI 10.1117/12.893576 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF54 UT WOS:000295964600019 ER PT S AU Ting, DZ Soibel, A Jean, N Hoeglund, L Khoshakhlagh, A Rafol, SB Keo, SA Liao, A Mumolo, JM Liu, JK Gunapala, SD AF Ting, David Z. Soibel, Alexander Jean Nguyen Hoeglund, Linda Khoshakhlagh, Arezou Rafol, Sir B. Keo, Sam A. Liao, Anna Mumolo, Jason M. Liu, John K. Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Strojnik, M Paez, G TI Type-II superlattice barrier infrared detector SO INFRARED REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XIX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XIX CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE unipolar barrier; heterostructure; infrared; photodetector; superlattice ID MINORITY-CARRIER LIFETIME; SUPER-LATTICE; DEVICES; HGCDTE AB Significant progress has been achieved in the antimonide-based type-II superlattices since the analysis by Smith and Mailhiot in 1987 first pointed out their advantages for infrared detection. In the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR), type-II InAs/Ga(In)Sb superlattices have been shown theoretically to have reduced Auger recombination and suppressed band-to-band tunneling. Suppressed tunneling in turn allows for higher doping in the absorber, which has led to reduced diffusion dark current. The versatility of the antimonide material system, with the availability of three different types of band offsets, provides great flexibility in device design. Heterostructure designs that make effective use of unipolar barriers have demonstrated strong reduction of generation-recombination (G-R) dark current. As a result, the dark current performance of antimonide superlattice based single element LWIR detectors is now approaching that of the state-of-the-art MCT detector. To date, the antimonide superlattices still have relatively short carrier lifetimes; this issue needs to be resolved before type-II superlattice infrared detectors can achieve their true potential. The antimonide material system has relatively good mechanical robustness when compared to II-VI materials; therefore FPAs based on type-II superlattices have potential advantages in manufacturability. Improvements in substrate quality and size, and reliable surface leakage current suppression methods, such as those based on robust surface passivation or effective use of unipolar barriers, could lead to high-performance large-format LWIR focal plane arrays. C1 [Ting, David Z.; Soibel, Alexander; Jean Nguyen; Hoeglund, Linda; Khoshakhlagh, Arezou; Rafol, Sir B.; Keo, Sam A.; Liao, Anna; Mumolo, Jason M.; Liu, John K.; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ting, DZ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM David.Z.Ting@jpl.nasa.gov NR 47 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-764-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8154 AR 81540L DI 10.1117/12.896240 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF54 UT WOS:000295964600017 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB Rozanov, AY AF Hoover, Richard B. Rozanov, Alexei Yu BE Hoover, RB Davies, PCW Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Filaments in Carbonaceous Meteorites: Mineral Crystals, Modern Bio-Contaminants or Indigenous Microfossils of Trichomic Prokaryotes? SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIV CY AUG 23-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Carbonaceous Meteorites; Orgueil; Murchison; FESEM; EDS; Minerals; Microfossils; Bio-Contaminants; Trichomic Prokaryotes; Filaments ID MURCHISON METEORITE; ORGUEIL METEORITE; AMINO-ACIDS; MARTIAN METEORITE; ORGANIZED ELEMENTS; HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS; PAST LIFE; CHONDRITES; NITROGEN; ALH84001 AB Environmental (ESEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) investigations have resulted in the detection of a large number of complex filaments in a variety of carbonaceous meteorites. Many of the filaments were observed to be clearly embedded the rock matrix of freshly fractured interior surfaces of the meteorites. The high resolution images obtained combined with tilt and rotation of the stage provide 3-dimensional morphological and morphometric data for the filaments. Calibrated Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and 2-D elemental X-ray maps have provided information on the chemical compositions of the filaments and the minerals of the associated meteorite rock matrix. These observations are used to evaluate diverse hypotheses regarding the possible abiotic or biogenic nature of the filaments found embedded in these meteorites. C1 [Hoover, Richard B.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr VP 62, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr VP 62, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM Richard.Hoover@NASA.GOV; Aroza@paleo.ru NR 78 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-762-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8152 AR 815204 DI 10.1117/12.898659 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology; Optics GA BXH10 UT WOS:000296107200003 ER PT S AU Sheldon, RB AF Sheldon, Robert B. BE Hoover, RB Davies, PCW Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI The Cometary Biosphere and the Origin of Life SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIV CY AUG 23-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID ENTROPY PRODUCTION PRINCIPLE AB The Origin-of-Life (OOL) is defined as an information threshold and compared to the Shannon information of the universe. It is shown that the information content of a minimally viable cell must be greater than the capabilities of the universe to calculate with a random search, and must therefore include coherence. Since No-Free-Lunch theorems argue that there are no better algorithms than random searches, we eliminate several alternate theories of OOL that rely on "smart" algorithms, including the anti-entropic "luck" solution. Then high negentropy states can only be achieved by coherent addition of pre-existing negentropy via some low-entropy mechanism. Since most cosmologists believe information is conserved, it is shown that the addition of information corresponds to a flow of information through Fourier space from large to small scales. The requirements on the information "adder" for low temporal entropy, high spatial coherence, rapid coherent addition, and dense Fourier space flow, are shown to be met by comets. We close with a speculation that the fractal dimension of the galactic matter distributed through the cosmos may reveal the details of a dark matter origin in comets. C1 NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35801 USA. RP Sheldon, RB (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, VP62, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35801 USA. EM rbs@rbsp.info NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-762-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8152 AR 815213 DI 10.1117/12.899352 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology; Optics GA BXH10 UT WOS:000296107200030 ER PT S AU Bos, BJ Ohl, RG Kubalak, DA AF Bos, Brent J. Ohl, Raymond G. Kubalak, David A. BE Sasian, J Youngworth, RN TI Pupil alignment considerations for large, deployable space telescopes SO OPTICAL SYSTEM ALIGNMENT, TOLERANCING, AND VERIFICATION V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical System Alignment, Tolerancing, and Verification V CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE James Webb Space Telescope; pupil alignment; space telescope; optical alignment; optics ID JWST AB For many optical systems the properties and alignment of the internal apertures and pupils are not critical or controlled with high precision during optical system design, fabrication or assembly. In wide angle imaging systems, for instance, the entrance pupil position and orientation is typically unconstrained and varies over the system's field of view in order to optimize image quality. Aperture tolerances usually do not receive the same amount of scrutiny as optical surface aberrations or throughput characteristics because performance degradation is typically graceful with misalignment, generally only causing a slight reduction in system sensitivity due to vignetting. But for a large deployable space-based observatory like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we have found that pupil alignment is a key parameter. For in addition to vignetting, JWST pupil errors cause uncertainty in the wavefront sensing process that is used to construct the observatory on-orbit. Furthermore they also open stray light paths that degrade the science return from some of the telescope's instrument channels. In response to these consequences, we have developed several pupil measurement techniques for the cryogenic vacuum test where JWST science instrument pupil alignment is verified. These approaches use pupil alignment references within the JWST science instruments; pupil imaging lenses in three science instrument channels; and unique pupil characterization features in the optical test equipment. This will allow us to verify and crosscheck the lateral pupil alignment of the JWST science instruments to approximately 1-2% of their pupil diameters. C1 [Bos, Brent J.; Ohl, Raymond G.; Kubalak, David A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bos, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brent.J.Bos@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-741-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8131 AR 81310J DI 10.1117/12.894674 PG 15 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BXM66 UT WOS:000296396100018 ER PT S AU West, E Cirtain, J Kobayashi, K Davis, J Gary, A Adams, M AF West, Edward Cirtain, Jonathan Kobayashi, Ken Davis, John Gary, Allen Adams, Mitzi BE Shaw, JA Tyo, JS TI MgII linear polarization measurements using the MSFC Solar Ultraviolet Magnetograph SO POLARIZATION SCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization Science and Remote Sensing V CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE MgII polarization; VUV; SUMI; Solar Ultraviolet Magnetograph; VUV spectrograph; sounding rocket ID GRATINGS; REGION AB This paper will describe the Marshall Space Flight Center's Solar Ultraviolet Magnetograph (SUMI) sounding rocket program, with emphasis on the polarization characteristics of the VUV optics and their spectral, spatial and polarization resolution. SUMI's first flight (7/30/2010) met all of its mission success criteria and this paper will describe the data that was acquired with emphasis on the MgII linear polarization measurements. C1 [West, Edward; Cirtain, Jonathan; Adams, Mitzi] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP West, E (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-770-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8160 AR 816010 DI 10.1117/12.894004 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BXI33 UT WOS:000296182300031 ER PT S AU Jenkins, JM Dunnuck, J AF Jenkins, Jon M. Dunnuck, Jeb BE Shaklan, S TI The Little Photometer That Could: Technical Challenges and Science Results from the Kepler Mission SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Kepler Mission; exoplanet; transit; photometry; data compression; systematic error correction ID PLANETS; CANDIDATES; HAT-P-7B; STARS AB The Kepler spacecraft launched on March 7, 2009, initiating NASA's first search for Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars. Since launch, Kepler has announced the discovery of 17 exoplanets, including a system of six transiting a Sun-like star, Kepler-11, and the first confirmed rocky planet, Kepler-10b, with a radius of 1.4 that of Earth. Kepler is proving to be a cornucopia of discoveries: it has identified over 1200 candidate planets based on the first 120 days of observations, including 54 that are in or near the habitable zone of their stars, and 68 that are 1.2 Earth radii or smaller. An astounding 408 of these planetary candidates are found in 170 multiple systems, demonstrating the compactness and flatness of planetary systems composed of small planets. Never before has there been a photometer capable of reaching a precision near 20 ppm in 6.5 hours and capable of conducting nearly continuous and uninterrupted observations for months to years. In addition to exoplanets, Kepler is providing a wealth of astrophysics, and is revolutionizing the field of asteroseismology. Designing and building the Kepler photometer and the software systems that process and analyze the resulting data to make the discoveries presented a daunting set of challenges, including how to manage the large data volume. The challenges continue into flight operations, as the photometer is sensitive to its thermal environment, complicating the task of detecting 84 ppm drops in brightness corresponding to Earth-size planets transiting Sun-like stars. C1 [Jenkins, Jon M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94305 USA. RP Jenkins, JM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, M-S 244-30, Moffett Field, CA 94305 USA. EM Jon.Jenkins@nasa.gov NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 BP XIII EP XXIV AR 814602 DI 10.1117/12.897767 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700001 ER PT S AU Balasubramanian, K Shaklan, S Give'on, A Cady, E Marchen, L AF Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham Shaklan, Stuart Give'on, Amir Cady, Eric Marchen, Luis BE Shaklan, S TI Deep UV to NIR space telescopes and exoplanet coronagraphs: a trade study on throughput, polarization, mirror coating options and requirements SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Exoplanet; coronagraph; polarization; off-axis telescope; UV; NIR AB The NASA Exoplanet program and the Cosmic Origins program are exploring technical options to combine the visible to NIR performance requirements of a space coronagraph with the general astrophysics requirements of a space telescope covering the deep UV spectrum. Are there compatible options in terms of mirror coatings and telescope architecture to satisfy both goals? In this paper, we address some of the main concerns, particularly relating to polarization in the visible and throughput in the UV. Telescope architectures employing different coating options compatible with current technology are considered in this trade study. C1 [Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham; Shaklan, Stuart; Give'on, Amir; Cady, Eric; Marchen, Luis] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Balasubramanian, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kbala@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81511G DI 10.1117/12.902440 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700050 ER PT S AU Balasubramanian, K Cady, E Pueyo, L An, X Shaklan, S Guyon, O Belikov, R AF Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham Cady, Eric Pueyo, Laurent An, Xin Shaklan, Stuart Guyon, Olivier Belikov, Ruslan BE Shaklan, S TI Diamond turned high precision PIAA optics and four mirror PIAA system for high contrast imaging of exo-planets SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraphy; phase-induced amplitude apodization; PIAA; diamond-turning AB Off-axis, high-sag PIAA optics for high contrast imaging present challenges in manufacturing and testing. With smaller form factors and consequently smaller surface deformations (< 80 microns), diamond turned fabrication of these mirrors becomes feasible. Though such a design reduces the system throughput, it still provides 2 lambda/D inner working angle. We report on the design, fabrication, measurements, and initial assessment of the novel PIAA optics in a coronagraph testbed. We also describe, for the first time, a four mirror PIAA coronagraph that relaxes apodizer requirements and significantly improves throughput while preserving the low-cost benefits. C1 [Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham; Cady, Eric; An, Xin; Shaklan, Stuart] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Balasubramanian, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kbala@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815105 DI 10.1117/12.892849 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700006 ER PT S AU Barry, R Kruk, J Anderson, J Beaulieu, JP Bennett, DP Catanzarite, J Cheng, E Gaudi, S Gehrels, N Kane, S Lunine, J Sumi, T Tanner, A Traub, W AF Barry, Richard Kruk, Jeffrey Anderson, Jay Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe Bennett, David P. Catanzarite, Joseph Cheng, Ed Gaudi, Scott Gehrels, Neil Kane, Stephen Lunine, Jonathan Sumi, Takahiro Tanner, Angelle Traub, Wesley BE Shaklan, S TI The Exoplanet Microlensing Survey by the Proposed WFIRST Observatory SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE WFIRST; microlensing; exoplanets; dark energy ID PLANETARY COMPANIONS; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; SYSTEMS; STARS AB The New Worlds, New Horizons report released by the Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey Board in 2010 listed the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) as the highest-priority large space mission for the coming decade. This observatory will provide wide-field imaging and slitless spectroscopy at near infrared wavelengths. The scientific goals are to obtain a statistical census of exoplanets using gravitational microlensing, measure the expansion history of and the growth of structure in the Universe by multiple methods, and perform other astronomical surveys to be selected through a guest observer program. A Science Definition Team has been established to assist NASA in the development of a Design Reference Mission that accomplishes this diverse array of science programs with a single observatory. In this paper we present the current WFIRST payload concept and the expected capabilities for planet detection. The observatory, with science goals that are complimentary to the Kepler exoplanet transit mission, is designed to complete the statistical census of planetary systems in the Galaxy, from habitable Earth-mass planets to free floating planets, including analogs to all of the planets in our Solar System except Mercury. The exoplanet microlensing survey will observe for 500 days spanning 5 years. This long temporal baseline will enable the determination of the masses for most detected exoplanets down to 0.1 Earth masses. C1 [Barry, Richard; Kruk, Jeffrey; Gehrels, Neil] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Barry, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Richard.K.Barry@nasa.gov RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012; Gaudi, Bernard/I-7732-2012 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81510L DI 10.1117/12.898574 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700021 ER PT S AU Belikov, R Pluzhnik, E Witteborn, FC Greene, TP Lynch, DH Zell, PT Guyon, O AF Belikov, Ruslan Pluzhnik, Eugene Witteborn, Fred C. Greene, Thomas P. Lynch, Dana H. Zell, Peter T. Guyon, Olivier BE Shaklan, S TI Laboratory demonstration of high-contrast imaging at inner working angles 2 lambda/D and better SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE extrasolar planet; high contrast; coronagraph; PIAA; wavefront control ID INDUCED AMPLITUDE APODIZATION; DESIGN AB Coronagraph technology is advancing and promises to enable direct imaging and spectral characterization of extrasolar Earth-like planets in the 2020 decade with a telescope as small as 1.5m. A small Explorer-sized telescope can also be launched in the 2010 decade capable of seeing debris disks as dim as tens of zodis and potentially a few large planets. The Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph makes such aggressive performance possible, providing high throughput and high contrast close to the diffraction limit. We report on the latest results from a testbed at NASA Ames that is focused on developing and testing the PIAA coronagraph. This laboratory facility was built in 2008 and is designed to be flexible, operated in an actively thermally stabilized air environment, and to complement collaborative efforts at NASA JPL's High Contrast Imaging Testbed. For our wavefront control we are using small Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System deformable mirrors (MEMS DMs), which promise to reduce the size of the beam and overall instrument, a consideration that becomes very important for small telescopes. We describe our lab progress and results, which include (as of August 2011): the demonstration of 1.9x10(-8) average raw contrast in a dark zone from 2.0-3.4 lambda/D and of 1.2x10(-6) contrast from 1.5-2.0 lambda/D (in monochromatic light); the testing of the next-generation reflective PIAA mirror set built by Tinsley and designed for broadband; and finally, discuss our most important past limiting factors as well as expected future ones. C1 [Belikov, Ruslan; Pluzhnik, Eugene; Witteborn, Fred C.; Greene, Thomas P.; Lynch, Dana H.; Zell, Peter T.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Belikov, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Ruslan.belikov@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815102 DI 10.1117/12.894201 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700003 ER PT S AU Bryden, G Traub, W Roberts, LC Bruno, R Unwin, S Backovsky, S Brugarolas, P Chakrabarti, S Chen, P Hillenbrand, L Krist, J Lillie, C Macintosh, B Mawet, D Mennesson, B Moody, D Rahman, Z Rey, J Stapelfeldt, K Stuchlik, D Trauger, J Vasisht, G AF Bryden, Geoffrey Traub, Wesley Roberts, Lewis C., Jr. Bruno, Robin Unwin, Stephen Backovsky, Stan Brugarolas, Paul Chakrabarti, Supriya Chen, Pin Hillenbrand, Lynne Krist, John Lillie, Charles Macintosh, Bruce Mawet, Dimitri Mennesson, Bertrand Moody, Dwight Rahman, Zahidul Rey, Justin Stapelfeldt, Karl Stuchlik, David Trauger, John Vasisht, Gautam BE Shaklan, S TI Zodiac II: Debris Disk Science from a Balloon SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Suborbital; Coronagraph; Disks; Exoplanets ID SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; SUN-LIKE STARS; NEARBY STARS; HR 8799; STELLAR SCINTILLATION; ADAPTIVE OPTICS; BETA-PICTORIS; PLANET; IMAGES; YOUNG AB Zodiac II is a proposed balloon-borne science investigation of debris disks around nearby stars. Debris disks are analogs of the Asteroid Belt (mainly rocky) and Kuiper Belt (mainly icy) in our Solar System. Zodiac II will measure the size, shape, brightness, and color of a statistically significant sample of disks. These measurements will enable us to probe these fundamental questions: what do debris disks tell us about the evolution of planetary systems; how are debris disks produced; how are debris disks shaped by planets; what materials are debris disks made of; how much dust do debris disks make as they grind down; and how long do debris disks live? In addition, Zodiac II will observe hot, young exoplanets as targets of opportunity. The Zodiac II instrument is a 1.1-m diameter SiC telescope and an imaging coronagraph on a gondola carried by a stratospheric balloon. Its data product is a set of images of each targeted debris disk in four broad visible-wavelength bands. Zodiac II will address its science questions by taking high-resolution, multi-wavelength images of the debris disks around tens of nearby stars. Mid-latitude flights are considered: overnight test flights within the United States followed by half-global flights in the Southern Hemisphere. These longer flights are required to fully explore the set of known debris disks accessible only to Zodiac II. On these targets, it will be 100 times more sensitive than the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys (HST/ACS); no existing telescope can match the Zodiac II contrast and resolution performance. A second objective of Zodiac II is to use the near-space environment to raise the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of SiC mirrors, internal coronagraphs, deformable mirrors, and wavefront sensing and control, all potentially needed for a future space-based telescope for high-contrast exoplanet imaging. C1 [Bryden, Geoffrey; Traub, Wesley; Roberts, Lewis C., Jr.; Bruno, Robin; Unwin, Stephen; Brugarolas, Paul; Chen, Pin; Krist, John; Mawet, Dimitri; Mennesson, Bertrand; Moody, Dwight; Rahman, Zahidul; Trauger, John; Vasisht, Gautam] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bryden, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Stapelfeldt, Karl/D-2721-2012 NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81511E DI 10.1117/12.899688 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700048 ER PT S AU Cady, E AF Cady, Eric BE Shaklan, S TI Nondimensional representations for occulter design and performance evaluation SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB An occulter is a spacecraft with a precisely-shaped optical edges which flies in formation with a telescope, blocking light from a star while leaving light from nearby planets unaffected. Using linear optimization, occulters can be designed for use with telescopes over a wide range of telescope aperture sizes, science bands, and starlight suppression levels. It can be shown that this optimization depends primarily on a small number of independent nondimensional parameters, which correspond to Fresnel numbers and physical scales and enter the optimization only as constraints. We show how these can be used to span the parameter space of possible optimized occulters; this data set can then be mined to determine occulter sizes for various mission scenarios and sets of engineering constraints. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cady, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM eric.j.cady@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815112 DI 10.1117/12.892742 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700036 ER PT S AU Give'on, A Kern, BD Shaklan, S AF Give'on, Amir Kern, Brian D. Shaklan, Stuart BE Shaklan, S TI Pair-wise, deformable mirror, image plane-based diversity electric field estimation for high contrast coronagraphy SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE high contrast imaging; wavefront estimation AB In this paper we describe the complex electric field reconstruction from image plane intensity measurements for high contrast coronagraphic imaging. A deformable mirror (DM) surface is modified with pairs of complementary shapes to create diversity in the image plane of the science camera where the intensity of the light is measured. Along with the Electric Field Conjugation correction algorithm, this estimation method has been used in various high contrast imaging testbeds to achieve the best contrasts to date both in narrow and in broad band light. We present the basic methodology of estimation in easy to follow list of steps, present results from HCIT and raise several open questions we are confronted with using this method. C1 [Give'on, Amir; Kern, Brian D.; Shaklan, Stuart] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Give'on, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815110 DI 10.1117/12.895117 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700034 ER PT S AU Kern, B Guyon, O Give'on, A Kuhnert, A Niessner, A AF Kern, Brian Guyon, Olivier Give'on, Amir Kuhnert, Andreas Niessner, Albert BE Shaklan, S TI Laboratory Testing of a Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) Coronagraph SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Exoplanets; coronagraphy; deformable mirror; wavefront control; wavefront estimation ID PRINCIPLE AB We present high-contrast images from laboratory testing of a Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph at NASA's High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT). Using a deformable mirror and wavefront estimation and control algorithms, we create a "dark hole" in the monochromatic point-spread function with an inner working angle of 2.05 f lambda/D, with a mean intensity 3.5x10(-8). We discuss the contributions to this floor, and the techniques being developed to improve it. We also present simulations that investigate the effect of Lyot stops of various sizes, and conclude that a Lyot stop is necessary for 10(-9) performance but that an annular postapodizer is not necessary. C1 [Kern, Brian; Give'on, Amir; Kuhnert, Andreas; Niessner, Albert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kern, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Brian.D.Kern@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815104 DI 10.1117/12.896467 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700005 ER PT S AU Krist, JE Belikov, R Pueyo, L Mawet, DP Moody, D Trauger, JT Shaklan, SB AF Krist, John E. Belikov, Ruslan Pueyo, Laurent Mawet, Dimitri P. Moody, Dwight Trauger, John T. Shaklan, Stuart B. BE Shaklan, S TI Assessing the performance limits of internal coronagraphs through end-to-end modeling: a NASA TDEM study SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraph ID AMPLITUDE APODIZATION CORONAGRAPH; DESIGN; MASKS AB As part of the NASA ROSES Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions (TDEM) program, we are conducting a study of three internal coronagraphs (PIAA, vector vortex, hybrid bandlimited) to understand their behaviors in realistically-aberrated systems with wavefront control (deformable mirrors). This study consists of two milestones: (1) develop wavefront propagation codes appropriate for each coronagraph that are accurate to 1% or better (compared to a reference algorithm) but are also time and memory efficient, and (2) use these codes to determine the wavefront control limits of each architecture. We discuss the results from the study so far, with emphasis on representing the PIAA coronagraph and its wavefront control behavior. C1 [Krist, John E.; Moody, Dwight; Trauger, John T.; Shaklan, Stuart B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Krist, JE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81510E DI 10.1117/12.892772 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700014 ER PT S AU Lyon, RG Clampin, M Petrone, P Mallik, U Madison, T Bolcar, MR Noecker, MC Kendrick, S Helmbrecht, M AF Lyon, Richard G. Clampin, Mark Petrone, Peter Mallik, Udayan Madison, Timothy Bolcar, Matthew R. Noecker, M. Charley Kendrick, Stephen Helmbrecht, Michael BE Shaklan, S TI Vacuum Nuller Testbed (VNT) Performance, Characterization and Null Control: Progress Report SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Exosolar planets; visible nulling coronagraph; visible nulling interferometer; coronagraph; wavefront control; null control; interferometry AB Herein we report on the development, sensing and control and our first results with the Vacuum Nuller Testbed to realize a Visible Nulling Coronagraph (VNC) for exoplanet coronagraphy. The VNC is one of the few approaches that works with filled, segmented and sparse or diluted-aperture telescope systems. It thus spans a range of potential future NASA telescopes and could be flown as a separate instrument on such a future mission. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has a well-established effort to develop VNC technologies, and has developed an incremental sequence of VNC testbeds to advance this approach and the enabling technologies associated with it. We discuss the continued development of the vacuum Visible Nulling Coronagraph testbed (VNT). The VNT is an ultra-stable vibration isolated testbed that operates under closed-loop control within a vacuum chamber. It will be used to achieve an incremental sequence of three visible-light nulling milestones with sequentially higher contrasts of 10(8), 10(9), and ideally 10(10) at an inner working angle of 2*lambda/D. The VNT is based on a modified Mach-Zehnder nulling interferometer, with a "W" configuration to accommodate a hex-packed MEMS based deformable mirror, a coherent fiber bundle and achromatic phase shifters. We discuss the initial laboratory results, the optical configuration, critical technologies and the null sensing and control approach. C1 [Lyon, Richard G.; Clampin, Mark; Mallik, Udayan; Madison, Timothy; Bolcar, Matthew R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lyon, RG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Richard.G.Lyon@nasa.gov RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81510F DI 10.1117/12.894531 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700015 ER PT S AU Martin, S Ksendzov, A Lay, O Peters, RD Scharf, DP AF Martin, Stefan Ksendzov, Alex Lay, Oliver Peters, Robert D. Scharf, Daniel P. BE Shaklan, S TI TPF-Interferometer: a decade of development in exoplanet detection technology SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Nulling; Interferometry; exoplanets ID TERRESTRIAL PLANET FINDER; NULLING INTERFEROMETER; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; PRIMITIVE LIFE; CHARA ARRAY; MISSION; SEARCH; NULLER; ARCHITECTURE; PROGRESS AB The last decade has seen great advances in interferometric nulling technology, propelled at first by the SIM and KECK nulling programs and then by the Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer (TPF-I). In the infrared at N-band (using a CO2 laser at 10.6 micron wavelength) the first million to one nulls were reported on a KECK testbed in 2003. For TPF-I, nulls needed to be both deep and broadband, and a suite of testbeds was designed and built to study all aspects of achromatic nulling and system implementation, including formation flying technology. Also, observatory designs were drawn up and studied against performance models. Modeling revealed that natural variations in the alignment and control of the optical system produced an "instability noise" signal and this realization eventually led to a redesign of the layout to a rectangular formation. The complexity of the early TPF-I spacecraft design was mitigated by the infusion of ideas from Europe and produced the current X-Array design which utilizes simple reflectors to form the apertures together with a stretched three dimensional formation geometry. This paper summarizes the main achievements of the infrared nulling technology program including the development of adaptive nulling for broadband performance and the demonstration of starlight suppression by 100 million to one. C1 [Martin, Stefan; Ksendzov, Alex; Lay, Oliver; Peters, Robert D.; Scharf, Daniel P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Martin, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 65 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81510D DI 10.1117/12.893839 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700013 ER PT S AU Nemati, B Shao, M Zhai, CX Erlig, H Wang, X Goullioud, R AF Nemati, Bijan Shao, Michael Zhai, Chengxing Erlig, Hernan Wang, Xu Goullioud, Renaud BE Shaklan, S TI Micro-pixel Image Position Sensing Testbed SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Astrometry; Exoplanets; CCD; Metrology; Micro-pixel ID CHARGE-COUPLED-DEVICE AB The search for Earth-mass planets in the habitable zones of nearby Sun-like stars is an important goal of astrophysics. This search is not feasible with the current slate of astronomical instruments. We propose a new concept for microarcsecond astrometry which uses a simplified instrument and hence promises to be low cost. The concept employs a telescope with only a primary, laser metrology applied to the focal plane array, and new algorithms for measuring image position and displacement on the focal plane. The required level of accuracy in both the metrology and image position sensing is at a few micro-pixels. We have begun a detailed investigation of the feasibility of our approach using simulations and a micro-pixel image position sensing testbed called MCT. So far we have been able to demonstrate that the pixel-to-pixel distances in a focal plane can be measured with a precision of 20 micro-pixels and image-to-image distances with a precision of 30 micro-pixels. We have also shown using simulations that our image position algorithm can achieve accuracy of 4 micro-pixels in the presence of lambda/20 wavefront errors. C1 [Nemati, Bijan; Shao, Michael; Zhai, Chengxing; Erlig, Hernan; Wang, Xu; Goullioud, Renaud] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nemati, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bijan.nemati@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81510W DI 10.1117/12.894477 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700030 ER PT S AU Shaklan, SB Marchen, L Lisman, PD Cady, E Martin, S Thomson, M Dumont, P Kasdin, NJ AF Shaklan, Stuart B. Marchen, Luis Lisman, P. Douglas Cady, Eric Martin, Stefan Thomson, Mark Dumont, Philip Kasdin, N. Jeremy BE Shaklan, S TI A starshade petal error budget for exo-earth detection and characterization SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraphy; external occulters; starshades; error budget; high contrast imaging ID OCCULTER; PLANETS AB We present a starshade error budget with engineering requirements that are well within the current manufacturing and metrology capabilities. The error budget is based on an observational scenario in which the starshade spins about its axis on timescales short relative to the zodi-limited integration time, typically several hours. The scatter from localized petal errors is smoothed into annuli around the center of the image plane, resulting in a large reduction in the background flux variation while reducing thermal gradients caused by structural shadowing. Having identified the performance sensitivity to petal shape errors with spatial periods of 3-4 cycles/petal as the most challenging aspect of the design, we have adopted and modeled a manufacturing approach that mitigates these perturbations with 1-m long precision edge segments positioned using commercial metrology that readily meets assembly requirements. We have performed detailed thermal modeling and show that the expected thermal deformations are well within the requirements as well. We compare the requirements for four cases: a 32 m diameter starshade with a 1.5 m telescope, analyzed at 75 and 90 mas, and a 40 m diameter starshade with a 4 m telescope, analyzed at 60 and 75 mas. C1 [Shaklan, Stuart B.; Marchen, Luis; Lisman, P. Douglas; Cady, Eric; Martin, Stefan; Thomson, Mark] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaklan, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Stuart.b.shaklan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815113 DI 10.1117/12.892834 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700037 ER PT S AU Shaklan, SB Marchen, L Krist, J Rud, M AF Shaklan, Stuart B. Marchen, Luis Krist, John Rud, Mayer BE Shaklan, S TI Stability error budget for an aggressive coronagraph on a 3.8 m telescope SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraphy; high contrast imaging; error budget ID SENSITIVITY; MASKS AB We evaluate in detail the stability requirements for a band-limited coronagraph with an inner working angle as small as 2 lambda/D coupled to an off-axis, 3.8-m diameter telescope. We have updated our methodologies since presenting a stability error budget for the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph mission that worked at 4 lambda/D and employed an 8th-order mask to reduce aberration sensitivities. In the previous work, we determined the tolerances relative to the total light leaking through the coronagraph. Now, we separate the light into a radial component, which is readily separable from a planet signal, and an azimuthal component, which is easily confused with a planet signal. In the current study, throughput considerations require a 4th-order coronagraph. This, combined with the more aggressive working angle, places extraordinarily tight requirements on wavefront stability and opto-mechanical stability. We find that the requirements are driven mainly by coma that leaks around the coronagraph mask and mimics the localized signal of a planet, and pointing errors that scatter light into the background, decreasing SNR. We also show how the requirements would be relaxed if a low-order aberration detection system could be employed. C1 [Shaklan, Stuart B.; Marchen, Luis; Krist, John; Rud, Mayer] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaklan, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Stuart.b.shaklan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815109 DI 10.1117/12.892838 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700009 ER PT S AU Shao, M Nemati, B Zhai, C Goullioud, R Malbet, F Leger, A AF Shao, M. Nemati, B. Zhai, C. Goullioud, R. Malbet, F. Leger, A. BE Shaklan, S TI NEAT: a Microarcsec Astrometric Telescope SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB NEAT, Nearby Exo-Earth Astrometric Telescope is a medium-small telescope similar to 1m in diameter that is designed to make ultra precise < 1 uas (microarcsec) astrometric measurements of nearby stars in a similar to 1hr observation. Four major error sources prevent normal space telescopes from obtaining accuracies close to 1 uas. Even with a small 1m telescope, photon noise is usually not a problem for the bright nearby target stars. But in general, the reference stars are much fainter. Typically a field of view of similar to 0.5 deg dia is needed to obtain enough bright reference stars. The NEAT concept uses a very simple but unusual design to avoid optically induced astrometric errors. The third source of error is the accuracy and stability of the focal plane. A 1uas error over a similar to 2000 arcsec field of view implies the focal plane is accurate or at least stable to 5 parts in 10(10) over the lifetime of the mission (similar to 5yrs). The 4(th) class of error has to do with our knowledge of the PSF and how that PSF is sampled by an imperfect detector. A Nyquist sampled focal plane would have > 2 pixels per lambda/D, and centroiding to 1uas means centroiding to 10(-5) pixels. This paper describes the mission concept, and an overview of the technology needed to perform 1uas astrometry with a small telescope, and how we overcome problems 1 and 2. A companion paper will describe the technical progress we've made in solving problems 3 and 4. C1 [Shao, M.; Nemati, B.; Zhai, C.; Goullioud, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Shao, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81510V DI 10.1117/12.894481 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700029 ER PT S AU Sidick, E Shaklan, S Give'on, A Kern, B AF Sidick, Erkin Shaklan, Stuart Give'on, Amir Kern, Brian BE Shaklan, S TI Studies of the Effects of Optical System Errors on the HCIT Contrast Performance SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraphy; adaptive optics; space telescopes; exoplanets ID CORONAGRAPH AB The High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory employs a broadband wavefront correction algorithm called Electric Field Conjugation (EFC) to obtain the required 10(-10) contrast. This algorithm works with one deformable mirror (DM) to estimate the electric-field to be controlled, and with one or multiple DM's to create a "darkhole" in a predefined region of the image plane where terrestrial planets would be found. We have investigated the effects of DM actuator errors and the optic position errors on the efficiency of the EFC algorithm in a Lyot coronagraph configuration. The structural design of the optical system as well as the parameters of various optical elements used in the analysis are drawn from those of the HCIT system that have been implemented with one DM. The simulation takes into account the surface errors of various optical elements. Results of some of these studies have been verified by actual measurements. C1 [Sidick, Erkin; Shaklan, Stuart; Give'on, Amir; Kern, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sidick, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Erkin.Sidick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815106 DI 10.1117/12.894453 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700007 ER PT S AU Trauger, J Moody, D Gordon, B Krist, J Mawet, D AF Trauger, John Moody, Dwight Gordon, Brian Krist, John Mawet, Dimitri BE Shaklan, S TI A hybrid Lyot coronagraph for the direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanet systems: recent results and prospects SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE exoplanet; coronagraph; active optics AB We report our best laboratory contrast demonstrations achieved to date. We review the design, fabrication, performance, and future prospects of a hybrid focal plane occulter for exoplanet coronagraphy. Composed of thickness-profiled metallic and dielectric thin films vacuum deposited on a fused silica substrate, the hybrid occulter uses two superimposed thin films for control over both the real and imaginary parts of the complex attenuation pattern. Together with a deformable mirror for adjustment of wavefront phase, the hybrid Lyot coronagraph potentially exceeds billion-to-one contrast over dark fields extending to within angular separations of 3 lambda/D from the central star, over spectral bandwidths of 20% or more, and with throughput efficiencies up to 60%. We report laboratory contrasts of 3x10(-10) over 2% bandwidths, 6x10(-10) over 10% bandwidths, and 2x10(-9) over 20% bandwidths, achieved across high contrast fields extending from an inner working angle of 3 lambda/D to a radius of 15 lambda/D. Occulter performance is analyzed in light of recent experiments and optical models, and prospects for further improvements are summarized. The science capabilities of the hybrid Lyot coronagraph are compared with requirements of the ACCESS mission, a representative exoplanet space telescope concept study for the direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanet systems. This work has been supported by NASA's Technology Demonstration for Exoplanet Missions (TDEM) program. C1 [Trauger, John; Moody, Dwight; Gordon, Brian; Krist, John] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Trauger, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM john.trauger@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 81510G DI 10.1117/12.895032 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700016 ER PT S AU Witteborn, FC Van Cleve, J Borucki, W Argabright, V Hascall, P AF Witteborn, Fred C. Van Cleve, Jeffrey Borucki, William Argabright, Vic Hascall, Patrick BE Shaklan, S TI DEBRIS sightings in the Kepler field SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V CY AUG 23-24, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE spacecraft debris; meteoroids; comet dust trails; Kepler telescope ID DISCOVERY AB A small fraction of Kepler telescope exposures are rejected because of transient, excess background in the field. The patterns of illumination vary from broad streaks to diffuse patches, sometimes filling the focal plane. Examination of such images and their temporal variation shows that they can be attributed to nearby particles crossing the field-of-view of the telescope. Most of the particles appear to be receding. The visual appearance and frequency are consistent with the "debris storms" reported by STEREO SECCHI observers and which they found to be coincident with meteoroid impacts. In addition, a few events, lasting several hours each, appear to be caused by more distant extended sources, possibly the remains of comet dust trails. The tracking cameras, located at the opposite end from the telescope's entrance, and pointed at roughly right angles to its line-of-sight, also detected moving light sources. Their behavior was consistent with the main telescope sightings. Future missions requiring precise, uninterrupted photometry and pointing may benefit from understanding this phenomenon and mitigating it by design and data analysis. C1 [Witteborn, Fred C.] NASA, Orbital Sci Corp, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Witteborn, FC (reprint author), NASA, Orbital Sci Corp, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-761-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8151 AR 815117 DI 10.1117/12.892850 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BXH03 UT WOS:000296102700041 ER PT S AU Hoffman, JP Del Castillo, L Jenabi, M Miller, J Birur, G AF Hoffman, James Patrick Del Castillo, Linda Jenabi, Masud Miller, Jennifer Birur, Gajanana GP IEEE TI Advanced Thermal Packaging for High Power TR Modules SO 2011 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE (RADAR) SE IEEE National Radar Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR) CY MAY 23-27, 2011 CL Kansas City, MO SP IEEE, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), IEEE Kansas City Sect, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, KURSL ID CIRCUIT AB The higher output power densities required of modern radar architectures, such as the proposed DESDynI [Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice] SAR [Synthetic Aperture Radar] Instrument (or DSI) require increasingly dense high power electronics. To enable these higher power densities, while maintaining or even improving hardware reliability, requires advances in integrating advanced thermal packaging technologies into radar transmit/receive (TR) modules. New materials and techniques have been studied and compared to standard technologies. C1 [Hoffman, James Patrick; Del Castillo, Linda; Jenabi, Masud; Miller, Jennifer; Birur, Gajanana] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hoffman, JP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM James.p.hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5659 BN 978-1-4244-8902-2 J9 IEEE NATL RADAR CONF PY 2011 BP 985 EP 988 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BWZ74 UT WOS:000295457000196 ER PT S AU Rosen, PA Eisen, H Shen, YS Hensley, S Shaffer, S Veilleux, L Dubayah, R Ranson, KJ Dress, A Blair, JB Luthcke, S Hager, BH Joughin, I AF Rosen, Paul A. Eisen, Howard Shen, Yuhsyen Hensley, Scott Shaffer, Scott Veilleux, Louise Dubayah, Ralph Ranson, K. Jon Dress, Andre Blair, J. Bryan Luthcke, Scott Hager, Bradford H. Joughin, Ian GP IEEE TI The Proposed DESDynI Mission - From Science To Implementation SO 2011 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE (RADAR) SE IEEE National Radar Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR) CY MAY 23-27, 2011 CL Kansas City, MO SP IEEE, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), IEEE Kansas City Sect, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, KURSL AB The proposed DESDynI mission is being planned by NASA to study earth change in three distinct disciplines - ecosystems, solid earth, and cryospheric sciences. DESDynI would provide unique and unprecedented capabilities to the science community, with an imaging L-band radar proposed to include new modes and observational techniques, and a first-of-a-kind multi-beam lidar for measuring canopy height metrics at fine spatial resolution. Under current planning scenarios, DESDynI could be ready to launch in 2017. In this paper, we describe the science objectives, how these lead to the measurements that achieve these objectives, and how these requirements lead to a mission design. The properties of the radar are then described, including a number of new radar modes and capabilities such as "SweepSAR" scan-on-receive techniques and split-spectrum acquisitions in single and multipol configurations. C1 [Rosen, Paul A.; Eisen, Howard; Shen, Yuhsyen; Hensley, Scott; Shaffer, Scott; Veilleux, Louise] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Dubayah, Ralph] Univ Maryland, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Ranson, K. Jon; Dress, Andre; Blair, J. Bryan; Luthcke, Scott] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hager, Bradford H.] MIT, Cambridge, MA USA. [Joughin, Ian] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA USA. RP Rosen, PA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Khachadourian, Diana/C-8513-2012; Luthcke, Scott/D-6283-2012; Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012; Blair, James/D-3881-2013 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270; NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5659 BN 978-1-4244-8902-2 J9 IEEE NATL RADAR CONF PY 2011 BP 1129 EP 1131 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BWZ74 UT WOS:000295457000223 ER PT S AU Rubinstein, R AF Rubinstein, Robert BE Levin, DA Wysong, IJ Garcia, AL TI Navier-Stokes dynamics by a discrete Boltzmann model SO 27TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAREFIED GAS DYNAMICS, 2010, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics CY JUL 10-15, 2010 CL Asilomar Conf Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA SP Air Force Off Sci Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Dept Aerospace Engn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Coll Engn, San Jose State Univ Res Fdn, Spectral Sci, Inc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Pennsylvania State Univ, Conf & Inst, Outreach HO Asilomar Conf Grounds DE discrete velocity model; Boltzmann equation AB This work investigates the possibility of particle-based algorithms for the Navier-Stokes equations and higher order continuum approximations of the Boltzmann equation; such algorithms would generalize the well-known Pullin scheme for the Euler equations. One such method is proposed in the context of a discrete velocity model of the Boltzmann equation. Preliminary results on shock structure are consistent with the expectation that the shock should be much broader than the near discontinuity predicted by the Pullin scheme, yet narrower than the prediction of the Boltzmann equation. We discuss the extension of this essentially deterministic method to a stochastic particle method that, like DSMC, samples the distribution function rather than resolving it completely. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Computat AeroSci Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Rubinstein, R (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Computat AeroSci Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0889-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1333 BP 123 EP 127 DI 10.1063/1.3562636 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BXE34 UT WOS:000295855300016 ER PT S AU Cruden, BA AF Cruden, Brett A. BE Levin, DA Wysong, IJ Garcia, AL TI Absolute Radiation Measurement During Planetary Entry in the NASA Ames Electric Arc Shock Tube Facility SO 27TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAREFIED GAS DYNAMICS, 2010, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics CY JUL 10-15, 2010 CL Asilomar Conf Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA SP Air Force Off Sci Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Dept Aerospace Engn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Coll Engn, San Jose State Univ Res Fdn, Spectral Sci, Inc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Pennsylvania State Univ, Conf & Inst, Outreach HO Asilomar Conf Grounds DE Radiation; Planetary Entry; Shock Tube ID CONTINUUM RADIATION AB During planetary entry, a shock-heated plasma that imparts significant heating to the structure is formed in front of the space vehicle. At high velocities, a significant portion of that energy transfer originates from radiation from the shock-heated plasma. Shock tubes are capable of simulating the high velocity and low density conditions typical of planetary entry and thus are able to recreate the radiative environment encountered by spacecraft. The Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) at NASA Ames Research Center is one of the few shock tubes in the world that is capable of reaching the high velocities that are necessary to study more extreme entry conditions. The EAST is presently being utilized to simulate radiation in a variety of planetary atmospheres. It is presently the only facility in which radiation originating in the vacuum ultraviolet is being quantified. This paper briefly describes recent tests in the EAST facility relevant to Earth, Mars, and Venus entry conditions, and outlines the issues in relating ground test data to flight relevant condition via predictive radiation simulations. C1 NASA, ELORET Corp, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cruden, BA (reprint author), NASA, ELORET Corp, Ames Res Ctr, MS 230-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0889-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1333 BP 1106 EP 1111 DI 10.1063/1.3562792 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BXE34 UT WOS:000295855300172 ER PT S AU Cassidy, TA Johnson, RE Hendrix, AR AF Cassidy, T. A. Johnson, R. E. Hendrix, A. R. BE Levin, DA Wysong, IJ Garcia, AL TI Collisional Evolution of the Enceladus Neutral Cloud SO 27TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAREFIED GAS DYNAMICS, 2010, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics CY JUL 10-15, 2010 CL Asilomar Conf Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA SP Air Force Off Sci Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Dept Aerospace Engn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Coll Engn, San Jose State Univ Res Fdn, Spectral Sci, Inc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut (AIAA), Pennsylvania State Univ, Conf & Inst, Outreach HO Asilomar Conf Grounds ID SATURN; TORI AB Water vapor ejected from Saturn's small moon Enceladus easily escapes its meager gravity to form a Saturn-encircling cloud with a low collision rate. Observations show that the cloud is quite broad in the radial direction, and we show here that collisions, though quite rare, may be largely responsible for this radial spreading. We modeled this cloud using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method, as fluid methods would be inappropriate for such a tenuous gas. C1 [Cassidy, T. A.; Hendrix, A. R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Johnson, R. E.] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Cassidy, TA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU REJ through NASA Planetary Atmospheres program FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Copyright 2010. All rights reserved. This work was supported in part by grants to REJ through the NASA Planetary Atmospheres program. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0889-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1333 BP 1133 EP + DI 10.1063/1.3562796 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BXE34 UT WOS:000295855300176 ER PT S AU Liechty, DS Lewis, MJ AF Liechty, Derek S. Lewis, Mark J. BE Levin, DA Wysong, IJ Garcia, AL TI Extension of a Kinetic-Theory Approach for Computing Chemical-Reaction Rates to Reactions with Charged Particles SO 27TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAREFIED GAS DYNAMICS, 2010, PTS ONE AND TWO SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics CY JUL 10-15, 2010 CL Asilomar Conf Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA SP Air Force Off Sci Res, Natl Sci Fdn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Dept Aerospace Engn, Pennsylvania State Univ, Coll Engn, San Jose State Univ Res Fdn, Spectral Sci, Inc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Pennsylvania State Univ, Conf & Inst, Outreach HO Asilomar Conf Grounds DE DSMC; chemical reactions; ionization AB Recently introduced molecular-level chemistry models that predict equilibrium and nonequilibrium reaction rates using only kinetic theory and fundamental molecular properties (i.e., no macroscopic reaction rate information) are extended to include reactions involving charged particles and electronic energy levels. The proposed extensions include ionization reactions, exothermic associative ionization reactions, endothermic and exothermic charge exchange reactions, and other exchange reactions involving ionized species. The extensions are shown to agree favorably with the measured Arrhenius rates for near-equilibrium conditions. C1 [Liechty, Derek S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerothermodynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Liechty, DS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aerothermodynam Branch, Mail Stop 408A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0889-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2011 VL 1333 BP 1239 EP 1244 DI 10.1063/1.3562813 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BXE34 UT WOS:000295855300193 ER PT S AU Hoglund, L Khoshakhlagh, A Soibel, A Ting, DZ Hill, CJ Keo, S Gunapala, SD AF Hoeglund, Linda Khoshakhlagh, Arezou Soibel, Alexander Ting, David Z. Hill, Cory J. Keo, Sam Gunapala, Sarath D. BE LeVanPaul, D Sood, AK Wijewarnasuriya, PS Razeghi, M Vizcaino, JLP Sudharsanan, R Ulmer, MP Manzur, T TI Photoluminescence study of long wavelength superlattice infrared detectors SO INFRARED SENSORS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS AND SINGLE PHOTON IMAGING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications and Single Photon Imaging II CY AUG 22-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE photoluminescence; heterostructure; infrared; photodetector; superlattice; CBIRD; thermal broadening AB In this paper, the relation between the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the PL peak wavelength was studied. A linear decrease of the PL intensity with increasing cut-off wavelength of long wavelength infrared CBIRDs was observed at 77 K and the trend remained unchanged in the temperature range 10 - 77 K. This relation between the PL intensity and the peak wavelength can be favorably used for comparison of the optical quality of samples with different PL peak wavelengths. A strong increase of the width of the PL spectrum in the studied temperature interval was observed, which was attributed to thermal broadening. C1 [Hoeglund, Linda; Khoshakhlagh, Arezou; Soibel, Alexander; Ting, David Z.; Hill, Cory J.; Keo, Sam; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hoglund, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-765-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8155 AR 81550M DI 10.1117/12.894294 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF58 UT WOS:000295966100020 ER PT S AU Johnson, WR Hook, SJ Foote, M Eng, BT Jau, B AF Johnson, William R. Hook, Simon J. Foote, Marc Eng, Bjorn T. Jau, Bruno BE LeVanPaul, D Sood, AK Wijewarnasuriya, PS Razeghi, M Vizcaino, JLP Sudharsanan, R Ulmer, MP Manzur, T TI High speed, multi-channel, thermal instrument development in support of HyspIRI-TIR SO INFRARED SENSORS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS AND SINGLE PHOTON IMAGING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications and Single Photon Imaging II CY AUG 22-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE imaging; spectroscopy; Multi-spectral; MCT; thermal; LWIR AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently developing an end-to-end instrument which will provide a proof of concept prototype vehicle for a high data rate, multi-channel, thermal instrument in support of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI)-Thermal Infrared (TIR) space mission. HyspIRI mission was recommended by the National Research Council Decadal Survey (DS). The HyspIRI mission includes a visible shortwave infrared (SWIR) pushboom spectrometer and a multispectral whiskbroom thermal infrared (TIR) imager. The prototype testbed instrument addressed in this effort will only support the TIR. Data from the HyspIRI mission will be used to address key science questions related to the Solid Earth and Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems focus areas of the NASA Science Mission Directorate. Current designs for the HyspIRI-TIR space borne imager utilize eight spectral bands delineated with filters. The system will have 60m ground resolution, 200mK NEDT, 0.5C absolute temperature resolution with a 5-day repeat from LEO orbit. The prototype instrument will use mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) technology at the focal plane array in time delay integration mode. A custom read out integrated circuit (ROIC) will provide the high speed readout hence high data rates needed for the 5 day repeat. The current HyspIRI requirements dictate a ground knowledge measurement of 30m, so the prototype instrument will tackle this problem with a newly developed interferometeric metrology system. This will provide an absolute measurement of the scanning mirror to an order of magnitude better than conventional optical encoders. This will minimize the reliance on ground control points hence minimizing post-processing (e.g. geo-rectification computations). C1 [Johnson, William R.; Hook, Simon J.; Foote, Marc; Eng, Bjorn T.; Jau, Bruno] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Johnson, WR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM William.R.Johnson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-765-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8155 DI 10.1117/12.895152 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF58 UT WOS:000295966100031 ER PT S AU Krainak, MA Yang, GN Sun, XL Lu, W Bai, XG Yuan, P McDonald, P Boisvert, J Aebi, V Sykora, D Costello, K AF Krainak, Michael A. Yang, Guangning Sun, Xiaoli Lu, Wei Bai, Xiaogang Yuan, Ping McDonald, Paul Boisvert, Joseph Aebi, Verle Sykora, Derek Costello, Ken BE LeVanPaul, D Sood, AK Wijewarnasuriya, PS Razeghi, M Vizcaino, JLP Sudharsanan, R Ulmer, MP Manzur, T TI Comparison of 16-channel laser photoreceivers for topographic mapping SO INFRARED SENSORS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS AND SINGLE PHOTON IMAGING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications and Single Photon Imaging II CY AUG 22-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID HYBRID PHOTOMULTIPLIER; PHOTON AB Topographic mapping lidar instruments must be able to detect extremely weak laser return signals from high altitudes including orbital distance. The signals have a wide dynamic range caused by the variability in atmospheric transmission and surface reflectance under a fast moving spacecraft. Ideally, lidar detectors should be able to detect laser signal return pulses at the single photon level and produce linear output for multiple photon events. Silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors have been used in most space lidar receivers to date. Their sensitivity is typically hundreds of photons per pulse, and is limited by the quantum efficiency, APD gain noise, dark current, and preamplifier noise. NASA is pursuing three approaches for a 16-channel laser photoreceiver for use on the next generation direct-detection airborne and spaceborne lidars. We present our measurement results and a comparison of their performance. C1 [Krainak, Michael A.; Yang, Guangning; Sun, Xiaoli; Lu, Wei] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Krainak, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-765-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8155 DI 10.1117/12.905149 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF58 UT WOS:000295966100049 ER PT S AU Rauscher, BJ Arendt, RG Fixsen, DJ Lander, M Lindler, D Loose, M Moseley, SH Wilson, DV Xenophontos, C AF Rauscher, Bernard J. Arendt, Richard G. Fixsen, D. J. Lander, Matthew Lindler, Don Loose, Markus Moseley, S. H. Wilson, Donna V. Xenophontos, Christos BE LeVanPaul, D Sood, AK Wijewarnasuriya, PS Razeghi, M Vizcaino, JLP Sudharsanan, R Ulmer, MP Manzur, T TI Reducing the Read Noise of HAWAII-2RG Based Detector Systems with Improved Reference Sampling & Subtraction (IRS2) SO INFRARED SENSORS, DEVICES, AND APPLICATIONS AND SINGLE PHOTON IMAGING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications and Single Photon Imaging II CY AUG 22-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE JWST; detector; HgCdTe; NIRSpec; correlated noise AB In a previous paper,(1) we described a method for significantly reducing the read noise of HAWAII-2RG (H2RG) and SIDECAR application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based detector systems by making better use of reference signals. "Improved Reference Sampling & Subtraction" (IRS2; pronounced "IRS-square") is based on: (1) making better use of the H2RG's reference output, (2) sampling reference pixels more frequently in the time domain, and (3) optimal subtraction of both the reference output and reference pixels in the Fourier domain. Here we demonstrate that IRS2 works as expected using an engineering grade James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) SIDECAR ASIC and H2RG detector array. We were able to reduce the read noise per frame from 25 e(-) rms using traditional JWST readout to 10 e(-) rms per frame using IRS2. The only aspect of the system that we changed to make these impressive improvements was the SIDECAR ASIC readout software -we did not change the hardware. C1 [Rauscher, Bernard J.; Moseley, S. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Rauscher, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM Bernard.J.Rauscher@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-765-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8155 AR 81550C DI 10.1117/12.893924 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BXF58 UT WOS:000295966100010 ER PT S AU Hagopian, JG Roman, PA Shiri, S Wollack, EJ Roy, M AF Hagopian, John G. Roman, Patrick A. Shiri, Shahram Wollack, Edward J. Roy, Madhumita BE Stockman, MI TI Fabrication and Test of an Optical Magnetic Mirror SO PLASMONICS: METALLIC NANOSTRUCTURES AND THEIR OPTICAL PROPERTIES IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Plasmonics: Metallic Nanostructures and Their Optical Properties IX CY AUG 21-25, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE SURFACES; CONDUCTORS C1 [Hagopian, John G.; Roman, Patrick A.; Shiri, Shahram; Wollack, Edward J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Hagopian, JG (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-706-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8096 AR 80963W DI 10.1117/12.903925 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BXF48 UT WOS:000295962800048 ER PT S AU Crichton, DJ Mattmann, CA Hart, AF Kale, D Khemani, RG Ross, P Rubin, S Veeravatanayothin, P Braverman, A Goodale, C Wetzel, RC AF Crichton, Daniel J. Mattmann, Chris A. Hart, Andrew F. Kale, David Khemani, Robinder G. Ross, Patrick Rubin, Sarah Veeravatanayothin, Paul Braverman, Amy Goodale, Cameron Wetzel, Randall C. BE Olive, M Solomonides, T TI An Informatics Architecture for the Virtual Pediatric Intensive Care Unit SO 2011 24TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS (CBMS) SE IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS) CY JUN 27-30, 2011 CL Univ W England, Bristol, ENGLAND SP IEEE, IEEE Engn Med & Biol Soc (EMBS), British Comp Soc, Bristol Branch, ACM, IFIP HO Univ W England AB The Laura P. and Leland K. Whittier Virtual Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (VPICU) is an ambitious research network focused on building online databases for improving decision-making in pediatric intensive care units. Increasingly, there is a need to unify previously distributed and heterogeneous information captured in these databases to support both traditional retrospective support ad-hoc studies, and ad-hoc analyses. VPICU and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory have constructed a reference architecture and implementation framework that addresses these needs. The architecture is unobtrusive, scalable, and secure, with a strong focus on rapid deployment and integration. This paper reports on the current status of our efforts and details the strength of the framework via our recent work in unsupervised discovery of patient similarity within the hospital. C1 [Crichton, Daniel J.; Mattmann, Chris A.; Hart, Andrew F.; Braverman, Amy; Goodale, Cameron] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Kale, David; Khemani, Robinder G.; Ross, Patrick; Rubin, Sarah; Veeravatanayothin, Paul; Wetzel, Randall C.] Childrens Hosp Los Angeles, Dept Anesthesiol & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA. [Mattmann, Chris A.] Univ South Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Hart, Andrew F.] Univ Illinois, Biomed & Hlth Informat Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RP Crichton, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM crichton@jpl.nasa.gov FU NLM [1RC1LM010639]; American Recovery and Reinvestment Act FX Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Effort also supported by NLM grant number 1RC1LM010639 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2372-9198 BN 978-1-4577-1190-9 J9 COMP MED SY PY 2011 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BWZ98 UT WOS:000295472700009 ER PT S AU Burke, JC Evans, JW AF Burke, Jacob C. Evans, John W. GP IEEE TI Reliability of Wear-out Items in Electric Motors in Space - A Case Study SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS), 2011 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-APR 27, 2011 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL DE Actuator; Weibull distribution; Bearings C1 [Burke, Jacob C.; Evans, John W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burke, JC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Stop 322,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Jacob.C.Burke@nasa.gov; John.W.Evans@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-5103-6 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2011 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BXA21 UT WOS:000295508800103 ER PT S AU Carter, SD Deans, DM AF Carter, Sean D. Deans, Daniel M. GP IEEE TI Reliability Engineering As a Practical Application to Improving System Performance - From Concept to System Retirement SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS), 2011 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-APR 27, 2011 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL DE Reliability; Availability; Maintainability; Design; Analysis; Simulation; Modeling C1 [Carter, Sean D.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 Nasa Pkwy,MS ZG111, Houston, TX 77062 USA. [Deans, Daniel M.] Millennium Engn & Integrat Co, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. RP Carter, SD (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 Nasa Pkwy,MS ZG111, Houston, TX 77062 USA. EM sean.carter-1@nasa.gov; ddeans@meicompany.com NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-5103-6 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BXA21 UT WOS:000295508800074 ER PT S AU Myers, JG Lewandowski, BE Brooker, JE Weaver, AS AF Myers, Jerry G., Jr. Lewandowski, Beth E. Brooker, John E. Weaver, Aaron S. GP IEEE TI Assessing the Likelihood of Rare Medical Events in Astronauts SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS), 2011 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-APR 27, 2011 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL DE Probabilistic modeling; space medical events; astronaut health; medical risk analysis ID HAND IMPACT FORCE; MICROGRAVITY; PREDICTION; ARREST; FALLS C1 [Myers, Jerry G., Jr.; Lewandowski, Beth E.; Brooker, John E.; Weaver, Aaron S.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Myers, JG (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 77-7, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Jerry.G.Myers@nasa.gov; Beth.E.Lewandowski@nasa.gov; John.E.Brooker@nasa.gov; Aaron.S.Weaver@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-5103-6 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2011 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BXA21 UT WOS:000295508800085 ER PT S AU White, M Qin, J Bernstein, JB AF White, Mark Qin, Jin Bernstein, Joseph B. GP IEEE TI A Study Of Scaling Effects On DRAM Reliability SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS), 2011 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-APR 27, 2011 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL DE DRAM; reliability; scaling; voltage; temperature; soft error C1 [White, Mark] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Qin, Jin] Univ Sci & Technol China, Anhua 230026, Peoples R China. [Bernstein, Joseph B.] Bar Ilan Univ, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. RP White, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Mark.white@jpl.nasa.gov; qjin@ustc.edu.cn; bernstj@macs.biu.ac.il FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The work in this paper was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Government sponsorship acknowledged NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-5103-6 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2011 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BXA21 UT WOS:000295508800099 ER PT S AU Bender, HA Mouroulis, P Eastwood, ML Green, RO Geier, S Hochberg, EB AF Bender, Holly A. Mouroulis, Pantazis Eastwood, Michael L. Green, Robert O. Geier, Sven Hochberg, Eric B. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Alignment and characterization of high uniformity imaging spectrometers SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XVI CY AUG 22-23, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE imaging spectroscopy; Offner spectrometer; optical alignment AB Imaging spectrometers require precise adjustments, in some cases at the sub-micrometer level, in order to achieve a uniform response over both the spectral and spatial dimensions. We describe a set of measurement techniques and their corresponding alignment adjustments to achieve the 95% or higher uniformity specifications required for Earth-observing imaging spectrometers. The methods are illustrated with measurements from the Next Generation Imaging Spectrometer system that has been built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. C1 [Bender, Holly A.; Mouroulis, Pantazis; Eastwood, Michael L.; Green, Robert O.; Geier, Sven; Hochberg, Eric B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bender, HA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 306-392, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM holly.a.bender@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-768-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8158 AR 81580J DI 10.1117/12.892798 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXC99 UT WOS:000295777500014 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Olsen, ET Chahine, MT Ruzmaikin, A Nguyen, H Jiang, X AF Pagano, Thomas S. Olsen, Edward T. Chahine, Moustafa T. Ruzmaikin, Alexander Nguyen, Hai Jiang, Xun BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Monthly Representations of Mid-Tropospheric Carbon Dioxide from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XVI CY AUG 22-23, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Atmospheric Infrared Sounder; Aqua Spacecraft; Carbon Dioxide ID CO2 AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on NASA's Earth Observing System Aqua spacecraft was launched in May of 2002 and acquires hyperspectral infrared spectra used to generate a wide range of atmospheric products including temperature, water vapor, and trace gas species including carbon dioxide. Here we present monthly representations of global concentrations of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide produced from 8 years of data obtained by AIRS between the years of 2003 and 2010. We define them as "representations" rather than "climatologies" to reflect that the files are produced over a relatively short time period and represent summaries of the Level 3 data. Finally, they have not yet been independently validated. The representations have a horizontal resolution of 2.0 degrees x 2.5 degrees (Latitude x Longitude) and faithfully reproduce the original 8 years of monthly L3 CO2 concentrations with a standard deviation of 1.48 ppm and less than 2% outliers. The representations are intended for use in studies of the global general circulation of CO2 and identification of anomalies in CO2 typically associated with atmospheric transport. The seasonal variability and trend found in the AIRS CO2 data are discussed. C1 [Pagano, Thomas S.; Olsen, Edward T.; Chahine, Moustafa T.; Ruzmaikin, Alexander; Nguyen, Hai] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tpagano@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-768-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8158 AR 81580C DI 10.1117/12.894960 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXC99 UT WOS:000295777500010 ER PT S AU Van Gorp, B Mouroulis, P Wilson, DW Rodriguez, J Sobel, H Sellar, RG Blaney, D Green, RO AF Van Gorp, B. Mouroulis, P. Wilson, D. W. Rodriguez, J. Sobel, H. Sellar, R. G. Blaney, D. Green, R. O. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Optical design and performance of the Ultra-Compact Imaging Spectrometer SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XVI CY AUG 22-23, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Imaging spectroscopy AB We present the optical design and performance of the Ultra-Compact Imaging Spectrometer (UCIS) currently under development at Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The new instrument demonstrates a low optical bench mass of less than 0.5 kg and compact size that enables Mars Rover or other in situ planetary applications. UCIS is an F/4, wide field (30 degrees) design, covering the spectral range 600-2600 nm and is enabled by a simple all aluminum two-mirror telescope and Offner spectrometer. We discuss here the optical design and alignment method that enables this compact and low mass imaging spectrometer and demonstrate successful spectrometer alignment with smile and keystone levels at 2-3% of a pixel width. C1 [Van Gorp, B.; Mouroulis, P.; Wilson, D. W.; Rodriguez, J.; Sobel, H.; Sellar, R. G.; Blaney, D.; Green, R. O.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Van Gorp, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM byron.vangorp@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-768-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8158 AR 81580L DI 10.1117/12.892422 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BXC99 UT WOS:000295777500015 ER PT S AU Christensen, LE Spiers, GD Menzies, RT Jacob, JC Hyon, J AF Christensen, Lance E. Spiers, Gary D. Menzies, Robert T. Jacob, Joseph C. Hyon, Jason BE Singh, UN TI Carbon Dioxide Laser Absorption Spectrometer (CO2LAS) aircraft measurements of CO2 SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XII CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Lidar; heterodyne; laser ID CONSTRAINED MULTISPECTRUM ANALYSIS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SPEED DEPENDENCE; INTENSITIES; CM(-1); AIR AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Carbon Dioxide Laser Absorption Spectrometer (CO2LAS) utilizes Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) at 2.05 mu m to obtain CO2 column mixing ratios weighted heavily in the boundary layer. CO2LAS employs a coherent detection receiver and continuous-wave Th:Ho:YLF laser transmitters with output powers around 100 milliwatts. An offset frequency-locking scheme coupled to an absolute frequency reference enables the frequencies of the online and offline lasers to be held to within 200 kHz of desired values. We describe results from 2009 field campaigns when CO2LAS flew on the Twin Otter. We also describe spectroscopic studies aimed at uncovering potential biases in lidar CO2 retrievals at 2.05 mu m. C1 [Christensen, Lance E.; Spiers, Gary D.; Menzies, Robert T.; Jacob, Joseph C.; Hyon, Jason] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Christensen, LE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-769-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8159 AR 81590C DI 10.1117/12.896740 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BXD02 UT WOS:000295778100009 ER PT S AU Komar, GJ AF Komar, George J. BE Singh, UN TI Active Optical Technology: Recent Developments and Lessons Learned SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XII CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE technology development; remote sensing; active optical technology; lasers; lidar; Earth science AB This paper provides an overview of the active optical technology developments supporting the Earth Science Division at NASA. It summarizes key results from a multiyear NASA investment program aimed at enabling new Earth science measurement capabilities, and a special program focused upon developing new techniques in the 1- and 2-micron wavelengths and improving reliability and longevity of future NASA active sensing instruments. Examples for Earth Science measurements such as atmospheric composition, altimetry, wind profiles, ozone levels, and vegetation change are discussed. C1 NASA, Earth Sci Technol Off, Washington, DC USA. RP Komar, GJ (reprint author), NASA, Earth Sci Technol Off, Washington, DC USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-769-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8159 AR 815902 DI 10.1117/12.897237 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BXD02 UT WOS:000295778100002 ER PT S AU Liu, D Hostetler, C Miller, I Cook, A Hair, J AF Liu, Dong Hostetler, Chris Miller, Ian Cook, Anthony Hair, Johnathan BE Singh, UN TI Modeling of a tilted pressure-tuned field-widened Michelson interferometer for application in high spectral resolution lidar SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XII CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE field-widened; Michelson interferometer; spectral filter; high spectral resolution lidar; system optimization ID EXTINCTION; COEFFICIENTS AB High spectral resolution lidars (HSRLs) designed for aerosol and cloud remote sensing are increasingly being deployed on aircraft and called for on future space-based missions. The HSRL technique relies on spectral discrimination of the atmospheric backscatter signals to enable independent, unambiguous retrieval of aerosol extinction and backscatter. A compact, monolithic field-widened Michelson interferometer is being developed as the spectral discrimination filter for an HSRL system at NASA Langley Research Center. The Michelson interferometer consists of a cubic beam splitter, a solid glass arm, and an air arm. The spacer that connects the air arm mirror to the main part of the interferometer is designed to optimize thermal compensation such that the frequency of maximum interference can be tuned with great precision to the transmitted laser wavelength. In this paper, a comprehensive radiometric model for the field-widened Michelson interferometeric spectral filter is presented. The model incorporates the angular distribution and finite cross sectional area of the light source, reflectance of all surfaces, loss of absorption, and lack of parallelism between the air-arm and solid arm, etc. The model can be used to assess the performance of the interferometer and thus it is a useful tool to evaluate performance budgets and to set optical specifications for new designs of the same basic interferometer type. C1 [Liu, Dong; Hostetler, Chris; Cook, Anthony; Hair, Johnathan] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Liu, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM dong.liu@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-769-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8159 AR 81590Q DI 10.1117/12.899406 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BXD02 UT WOS:000295778100018 ER PT S AU Riris, H Rodriguez, MD Allan, GR Hasselbrack, WE Stephen, MA Abshire, JB AF Riris, Haris Rodriguez, Michael D. Allan, Graham R. Hasselbrack, William E. Stephen, Mark A. Abshire, James B. BE Singh, UN TI Airborne lidar measurements of atmospheric pressure made using the oxygen A-band SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XII CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Oxygen Measurements; Lidar; ASCENDS; Space Instrumentation ID DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR AB We report on the atmospheric pressure measurements using a fiber-based laser system using the oxygen A-band at 765 nm. Remote measurements of atmospheric temperature and pressure are required for a number of scientific applications including greenhouse gas monitoring, weather prediction, and climate modeling. C1 [Riris, Haris; Stephen, Mark A.; Abshire, James B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Riris, H (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Riris, Haris/D-1004-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013; Allan, Graham/D-3905-2013 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-769-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8159 AR 815909 DI 10.1117/12.892021 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Physics GA BXD02 UT WOS:000295778100008 ER PT J AU Shebalin, JV AF Shebalin, John V. TI Hybrid statistics of ideal 2D MHD turbulence in a mean magnetic field SO RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE statistical mechanics; turbulence; dynamo; magnetohydrodynamics ID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE; ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; BROKEN ERGODICITY; SIMULATION AB Computer models of two-dimensional (2D) homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence have three ideal invariants when the mean magnetic field B-o = 0, and two ideal invariants when B-o not equal 0. These ideal invariants are the energy E, cross-helicity H-C and mean-squared vector potential A when B-o = 0, but when B-o not equal 0, A can vary with time and is no longer an exact invariant. In each case, a distinct statistical theory exists and allows us to predict moments of Fourier modes (identified by wavevector k). When B-o = 0, modal energy is predicted to peak either at the smallest wavenumber k = vertical bar k vertical bar or at the largest k in a finite numerical model, depending on the values of E, H-C and A, and this is observed in simulations. However, when B-o not equal 0 and A is no longer an exact invariant, the prediction has been that energy spectra are independent of k, although simulations typically show that modes with k center dot B-o = 0 do not obey these predictions. Here, we resolve this issue by noting that, although the quantity A initially has large fluctuations when B-o not equal 0, it eventually becomes stationary and effectively invariant. Upon using this value of A, along with E and H-C, the theory for the B-o = 0 case predicts energy spectra for modes with k center dot B-o = 0 that match up with simulations (while modes with k center dot B-o not equal 0 obey the B-o not equal 0 theory). This is our principal new result: the discovery that hybrid statistics must be used to describe ideal 2D MHD turbulence with a mean magnetic field. Nevertheless, this hybrid statistics is not completely ergodic as modes with k center dot B-o = 0 still exhibit broken ergodicity, similar to that seen in the B-o = 0 case. The importance of this is that the large-scale coherent structure can arise in 2D MHD turbulence when B-o not equal 0 as well as when B-o = 0. C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Shebalin, JV (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM john.v.shebalin@nasa.gov NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1042-0150 EI 1029-4953 J9 RADIAT EFF DEFECT S JI Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids PY 2011 VL 166 IS 10 SI SI BP 774 EP 788 DI 10.1080/10420150.2011.615314 PG 15 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 833YO UT WOS:000295922000003 ER PT J AU Khazanov, GV Tel'nikhin, AA Kronberg, TK AF Khazanov, G. V. Tel'nikhin, A. A. Kronberg, T. K. TI Bursty precipitation driven by chorus waves SO RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS-INCORPORATING PLASMA SCIENCE AND PLASMA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particle precipitation; bursts; relativistic electrons; whistler mode ID OUTER RADIATION BELT; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; WHISTLER WAVES; VLF CHORUS; ACCELERATION; MICROBURSTS AB The electron precipitation bursts have been shown to be a major sink for the radiation belt relativistic electrons. As an underlying mechanism of such bursts, we propose particle scattering into the loss cone due to nonlinear resonance interaction between electrons and chorus. Stochastic heating due to the coupling leads to diffusion in pitch angle, and the rate of diffusion would be sufficient to account for the emptying of Earth's radiation belt over the time of the main phase of geomagnetic storms. The results obtained in the present paper account for a strong energy dependence in the electron precipitation event and the correlation between the energization and loss processes on macroscopic time scales, which is primarily attributed to the co-operative effects of the coupling. This mechanism of chorus scattering should produce pitch-angle distributions that are energy-dependent and butterfly-shaped. The calculated time scales and the total energy input to the atmosphere from precipitating relativistic electrons are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. C1 [Tel'nikhin, A. A.; Kronberg, T. K.] Altai State Univ, Dept Phys & Technol, Barnaul 656099, Russia. [Khazanov, G. V.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kronberg, TK (reprint author), Altai State Univ, Dept Phys & Technol, Barnaul 656099, Russia. EM kronberg.tatiana@gmail.com RI feggans, john/F-5370-2012 FU NASA FX Funding in support of this study was provided by NASA HQ POLAR Project and NASA LWS Program. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1042-0150 EI 1029-4953 J9 RADIAT EFF DEFECT S JI Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids PY 2011 VL 166 IS 10 SI SI BP 795 EP 805 DI 10.1080/10420150.2011.610319 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 833YO UT WOS:000295922000005 ER PT J AU Sen, S Khazanov, G Kishimoto, Y AF Sen, S. Khazanov, G. Kishimoto, Y. TI Environment, renewable energy and reduced carbon emissions SO RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS-INCORPORATING PLASMA SCIENCE AND PLASMA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE plasma; theory; technology ID THERMOELECTRIC-MATERIALS; METAL AB Increased energy security and reduced carbon emissions pose significant challenges for science and technology. However, they also create substantial opportunities for innovative research and development. In this review paper, we highlight some of the key opportunities and mention public policies that are needed to enable the efforts and to maximize the probability of their success. Climate is among the uttermost nonlinear behaviors found around us. As recent studies showed the possible effect of cosmic rays on the Earth's climate, we investigate how complex interactions between the planet and its environment can be responsible for climate anomalies. C1 [Sen, S.] Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4WA, England. [Khazanov, G.] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kishimoto, Y.] Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Energy Sci, Uji, Kyoto 611011, Japan. RP Sen, S (reprint author), Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4WA, England. EM ss36@st-and.ac.uk RI feggans, john/F-5370-2012 FU European Commission; Department of Science Technology; JSPS FX This work was supported by grants from the European Commission, Department of Science & Technology, through the Ramanujan Fellowship and through JSPS. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1042-0150 EI 1029-4953 J9 RADIAT EFF DEFECT S JI Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids PY 2011 VL 166 IS 10 SI SI BP 834 EP 842 DI 10.1080/10420150.2011.617752 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 833YO UT WOS:000295922000009 ER PT S AU Erkmen, BI Hardy, ND Venkatraman, D Wong, FNC Shapiro, JH AF Erkmen, Baris I. Hardy, Nicholas D. Venkatraman, Dheera Wong, Franco N. C. Shapiro, Jeffrey H. BE Caulfield, HJ Arsenault, HH TI Phase-Sensitive Coherence and the Classical-Quantum Boundary in Ghost Imaging SO TRIBUTE TO JOSEPH W. GOODMAN SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Tribute Conference to Joseph W Goodman CY AUG 21-22, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical imaging; quantum imaging; coherence theory; ghost imaging; phase-sensitive coherence ID ENTANGLED PHOTONS; PROPAGATION; NOISE AB The theory of partial coherence has a long and history in classical statistical optics. The vast majority of this work addresses fields that are statistically stationary in time, hence their complex envelopes only have phase-insensitive correlations. The quantum optics of squeezed-state generation, however, depends on nonlinear interactions producing baseband field operators with phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive correlations. Utilizing quantum light to enhance imaging has been a topic of considerable current interest, much of it involving biphotons, i.e., streams of entangled-photon pairs. Biphotons have been employed for quantum versions of optical coherence tomography, ghost imaging, holography, and lithography. However, their seemingly quantum features have been mimicked with classical-state light, questioning wherein lies the classical-quantum boundary. We have shown, for the case of Gaussian-state light, that this boundary is intimately connected to the theory of phase-sensitive partial coherence. Here we present that theory, contrasting it with the familiar case of phase-insensitive partial coherence, and use it to elucidate the Classical-quantum boundary of ghost imaging. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that classical phase-sensitive light produces ghost images most closely mimicking those obtained with biphotons, and we derive the spatial resolution, image contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio of a. standoff-sensing ghost imager, taking into account target-induced speckle. C1 [Erkmen, Baris I.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Erkmen, BI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM baris.i.erkmen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-732-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8122 AR 81220M DI 10.1117/12.893151 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA BXC95 UT WOS:000295774600018 ER PT J AU Martins, JV Marshak, A Remer, LA Rosenfeld, D Kaufman, YJ Fernandez-Borda, R Koren, I Correia, AL Zubko, V Artaxo, P AF Martins, J. V. Marshak, A. Remer, L. A. Rosenfeld, D. Kaufman, Y. J. Fernandez-Borda, R. Koren, I. Correia, A. L. Zubko, V. Artaxo, P. TI Remote sensing the vertical profile of cloud droplet effective radius, thermodynamic phase, and temperature SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; SOLAR-RADIATION MEASUREMENTS; EFFECTIVE PARTICLE RADIUS; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; POLLUTION AEROSOL; PHOTON TRANSPORT; CUMULUS CLOUDS; AIR-POLLUTION AB Cloud-aerosol interaction is a key issue in the climate system, affecting the water cycle, the weather, and the total energy balance including the spatial and temporal distribution of latent heat release. Information on the vertical distribution of cloud droplet microphysics and thermodynamic phase as a function of temperature or height, can be correlated with details of the aerosol field to provide insight on how these particles are affecting cloud properties and their consequences to cloud lifetime, precipitation, water cycle, and general energy balance. Unfortunately, today's experimental methods still lack the observational tools that can characterize the true evolution of the cloud microphysical, spatial and temporal structure in the cloud droplet scale, and then link these characteristics to environmental factors and properties of the cloud condensation nuclei. Here we propose and demonstrate a new experimental approach (the cloud scanner instrument) that provides the microphysical information missed in current experiments and remote sensing options. Cloud scanner measurements can be performed from aircraft, ground, or satellite by scanning the side of the clouds from the base to the top, providing us with the unique opportunity of obtaining snapshots of the cloud droplet microphysical and thermodynamic states as a function of height and brightness temperature in clouds at several development stages. The brightness temperature profile of the cloud side can be directly associated with the thermodynamic phase of the droplets to provide information on the glaciation temperature as a function of different ambient conditions, aerosol concentration, and type. An aircraft prototype of the cloud scanner was built and flew in a field campaign in Brazil. The CLAIM-3D (3-Dimensional Cloud Aerosol Interaction Mission) satellite concept proposed here combines several techniques to simultaneously measure the vertical profile of cloud microphysics, thermodynamic phase, brightness temperature, and aerosol amount and type in the neighborhood of the clouds. The wide wavelength range, and the use of multi-angle polarization measurements proposed for this mission allow us to estimate the availability and characteristics of aerosol particles acting as cloud condensation nuclei, and their effects on the cloud microphysical structure. These results can provide unprecedented details on the response of cloud droplet microphysics to natural and anthropogenic aerosols in the size scale where the interaction really happens. C1 [Martins, J. V.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Martins, J. V.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Martins, J. V.; Marshak, A.; Remer, L. A.; Kaufman, Y. J.; Fernandez-Borda, R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rosenfeld, D.] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. [Fernandez-Borda, R.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Koren, I.] Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. [Zubko, V.] USN Observ, Washington, DC 20392 USA. [Correia, A. L.; Artaxo, P.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Martins, JV (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM martins@umbc.edu RI Koren, Ilan/K-1417-2012; Marshak, Alexander/D-5671-2012; Rosenfeld, Daniel/F-6077-2016; Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010 OI Koren, Ilan/0000-0001-6759-6265; Rosenfeld, Daniel/0000-0002-0784-7656; Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036 FU NASA Goddard Space Flight Center New Opportunities Office; CPTEC/INPE; CNPq; FAPESP FX This work was partially supported by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center New Opportunities Office. We thank Keith Gendreau, Juan Carlos Ceballos, Karla Longo and Gilberto K. Nishioka for the essential help in collecting the aircraft data, and the CPTEC/INPE support on weather forecast during the CLAIM-2005 campaign in Brazil. P. Artaxo acknowledges financial support from CNPq and FAPESP. We also thank Graham Feingold, Anthony Davis, Bernhard Mayer, Steve Platnick and Zev Levin for the numerous stimulating discussions on this subject. NR 80 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 23 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 18 BP 9485 EP 9501 DI 10.5194/acp-11-9485-2011 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826QL UT WOS:000295368700004 ER PT J AU Vernier, JP Pommereau, JP Thomason, LW Pelon, J Garnier, A Deshler, T Jumelet, J Nielsen, JK AF Vernier, J. -P. Pommereau, J. -P. Thomason, L. W. Pelon, J. Garnier, A. Deshler, T. Jumelet, J. Nielsen, J. K. TI Overshooting of clean tropospheric air in the tropical lower stratosphere as seen by the CALIPSO lidar SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; TAPE-RECORDER; WATER-VAPOR; SAGE-II; AEROSOL; TROPOPAUSE; TRANSPORT; CONVECTION; AIRCRAFT; CAMPAIGN AB The evolution of aerosols in the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere between June 2006 and October 2009 is examined using the observations of the space borne CALIOP lidar aboard the CALIPSO satellite. Superimposed on several volcanic plumes and soot from an extreme biomass-burning event in 2009, the measurements reveal the existence of fast-cleansing episodes in the lower stratosphere to altitudes as high as 20 km. The cleansing of the layer, which extends from 14 to 20 km, takes place within 1 to 4 months during the southern tropics convective season that transports aerosol-poor tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere. In contrast, the convective season of the Northern Hemisphere summer shows an increase in the particle load at the tropopause consistent with a lofting of air rich with aerosols. These aerosols can consist of surface-derived material such as mineral dust and soot as well as liquid sulfate and organic particles. The flux of tropospheric air during the Southern Hemisphere convective season derived from CALIOP observations is shown to be 5 times at 16 km and 20 times at 19 km larger, respectively, than that associated with flux caused by slow ascent through radiative heating. These results suggest that convective overshooting is a major contributor to troposphere-to-stratosphere transport with concomitant implications for the Tropical Tropopause Layer top height, the humidity, the photochemistry and the thermal structure of the layer. C1 [Vernier, J. -P.; Thomason, L. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Vernier, J. -P.; Pommereau, J. -P.; Pelon, J.; Garnier, A.; Jumelet, J.] Univ Paris 06, Univ Versailles St Quentin, CNRS INSU, LATMOS,UMR8190, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Deshler, T.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Nielsen, J. K.] Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Vernier, JP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM jeanpaul.vernier@nasa.gov RI Nielsen, Johannes/F-2697-2011; OI Nielsen, Johannes/0000-0002-4185-8041; Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 FU Centre National la Recherche Scientifique at LATMOS/UVSQ in France now on a NASA at Langley Research Center; CNES CALIPSO; European SCOUT-O3 projects FX This work was part of the PhD thesis of JPV financed by the Centre National la Recherche Scientifique at LATMOS/UVSQ in France now on a NASA Postdoctoral Program at Langley Research Center, administrated by Oak Ridge Associated Universities. The research was supported by the CNES CALIPSO and roviding the TRMM and CloudSat MCS searching system (http:/European SCOUT-O3 projects. The CALIOP data were made available at the ICARE data center ( http://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/) and processed at NASA LaRC. The authors want also to thank the University of Utah for p/trmm.chpc.utah.edu/). The author wants to thank Kristina Ruhlman for making the conceptual view of overshoot in Fig. 7, Jay Kar for the processing of the Aerosol Optical Depth data from the CALIPSO level 2 products and P. Lucker for her help in the processing of the CALIPSO level 1 data. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge L. Pool for his microphysical calculation on the size-dependence of sulfate particles according to the temperature, nitric acid and water vapor mixing ratio. NR 57 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 18 BP 9683 EP 9696 DI 10.5194/acp-11-9683-2011 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826QL UT WOS:000295368700017 ER PT J AU Stutz, J Thomas, JL Hurlock, SC Schneider, M von Glasow, R Piot, M Gorham, K Burkhart, JF Ziemba, L Dibb, JE Lefer, BL AF Stutz, J. Thomas, J. L. Hurlock, S. C. Schneider, M. von Glasow, R. Piot, M. Gorham, K. Burkhart, J. F. Ziemba, L. Dibb, J. E. Lefer, B. L. TI Longpath DOAS observations of surface BrO at Summit, Greenland SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE DESTRUCTION; TROPOSPHERIC BRO; PEROXY-RADICALS; CHEMISTRY; TEMPERATURE; REGION; SNOW; AIR AB Reactive halogens, and in particular bromine oxide (BrO), have frequently been observed in regions with large halide reservoirs, for example during bromine catalyzed coastal polar ozone depletion events. Much less is known about the presence and impact of reactive halogens in areas without obvious halide reservoirs, such as the polar ice sheets or continental snow. We report the first LP-DOAS measurements of BrO at Summit research station in the center of the Greenland ice sheet at an altitude of 3200 m. BrO mixing ratios in May 2007 and June 2008 were typically between 1-3 pmol mol(-1), with maxima of up to 5 pmol mol(-1). These measurements unequivocally show that halogen chemistry is occurring in the remote Arctic, far from known bromine reservoirs, such as the ocean. During periods when FLEXPART retroplumes show that airmasses resided on the Greenland ice sheet for 3 or more days, BrO exhibits a clear diurnal variation, with peak mixing ratios of up to 3 pmol mol(-1) in the morning and at night. The diurnal cycle of BrO can be explained by a changing boundary layer height combined with photochemical formation of reactive bromine driven by solar radiation at the snow surface. The shallow stable boundary layer in the morning and night leads to an accumulation of BrO at the surface, leading to elevated BrO despite the expected smaller release from the snowpack during these times of low solar radiation. During the day when photolytic formation of reactive bromine is expected to be highest, efficient mixing into a deeper neutral boundary layer leads to lower BrO mixing ratios than during mornings and nights. The extended period of contact with the Greenland snow-pack combined with the diurnal profile of BrO, modulated by boundary layer height, suggests that photochemistry in the snow is a significant source of BrO measured at Summit during the 2008 experiment. In addition, a rapid transport event on 4 July 2008, during which marine air from the Greenland east coast was rapidly transported to Summit, led to enhanced mixing ratios of BrO and a number of marine tracers. However, rapid transport of marine air from the Greenland east coast is rare and most likely not the main source of bromide in surface snow at Summit. The observed levels of BrO are predicted to influence NOx chemistry as well as impact HOx partitioning. However, impact of local snow photochemistry on HOx is smaller than previously suggested for Summit. C1 [Stutz, J.; Thomas, J. L.; Hurlock, S. C.; Schneider, M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [von Glasow, R.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Piot, M.] EnBW Trading, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Gorham, K.] Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Phys Sci, Irvine, CA USA. [Burkhart, J. F.] Norwegian Inst Air Res NILU, Kjeller, Norway. [Ziemba, L.; Dibb, J. E.] Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Ziemba, L.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Lefer, B. L.] Univ Houston, Earth & Atmospher Sci Dept, Houston, TX USA. RP Stutz, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM jochen@atmos.ucla.edu RI von Glasow, Roland/E-2125-2011; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014; OI von Glasow, Roland/0000-0002-3944-2784; Burkhart, John/0000-0002-5587-1693 FU GSHOx campaign; Summit station; NSF [ATM-0612279:002] FX The authors would like to thank all the members of the GSHOx campaign, the staff at Summit station for their support, and the NSF GEO ATM Tropospheric Chemistry program for funding (Grant ATM-0612279:002). Logistic support was provided by NSF OPP Arctic Research Support and Logistics program and CH2MHill Polar Services. In addition, we extend thanks to the New York Air National Guard for the heavy airlift, and permission to conduct research at Summit granted by the Danish Polar Center and Greenland Home Rule. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 18 BP 9899 EP 9910 DI 10.5194/acp-11-9899-2011 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826QL UT WOS:000295368700031 ER PT J AU Gurgiolo, C Goldstein, ML Vinas, AF Matthaeus, WH Fazakerley, AN AF Gurgiolo, C. Goldstein, M. L. Vinas, A. F. Matthaeus, W. H. Fazakerley, A. N. TI Observations of electron vorticity in the inner plasma sheet SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics (Plasma sheet); Space plasma physics (Magnetic reconnection) ID DISTRIBUTIONS; RECONNECTION; 1ST AB From a limited number of observations it appears that vorticity is a common feature in the inner plasma sheet. With the four Cluster spacecraft and the four PEACE instruments positioned in a tetrahedral configuration, for the first time it is possible to directly estimate the electron fluid vorticity in a space plasma. We show examples of electron fluid vorticity from multiple plasma sheet crossings. These include three time periods when Cluster passed through a reconnection ion diffusion region. Enhancements in vorticity are seen in association with each crossing of the ion diffusion region. C1 [Gurgiolo, C.] Bitterroot Basic Res, Hamilton, MT USA. [Goldstein, M. L.; Vinas, A. F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geospace Phys Lab, Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Matthaeus, W. H.] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Fdn, Newark, DE USA. [Fazakerley, A. N.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. RP Gurgiolo, C (reprint author), Bitterroot Basic Res, Hamilton, MT USA. EM chris@gurgiolo.com RI Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008 FU NASA [NNX10AQ46G, NNX09AG31G] FX The authors would like to acknowledge the work and role the Cluster Active Archive (CAA) and thank the EFW, WHISPER and FGM teams for providing the data used in this study. We would also like to acknowledge the PEACE team at MSSL. CG would like to acknowledge support from NASA Grant NNX10AQ46G and WHM would like to acknowledge support from NASA Grant NNX09AG31G. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2011 VL 29 IS 9 BP 1517 EP 1527 DI 10.5194/angeo-29-1517-2011 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 827BB UT WOS:000295399100001 ER PT J AU Schwalm, CR Williams, CA Schaefer, K Baker, I Collatz, GJ Rodenbeck, C AF Schwalm, C. R. Williams, C. A. Schaefer, K. Baker, I. Collatz, G. J. Roedenbeck, C. TI Does terrestrial drought explain global CO2 flux anomalies induced by El Nino? SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE; FORESTS GREEN-UP; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; CARBON-CYCLE; COMBINING MODIS; AMERIFLUX DATA; AMAZON FORESTS; LAND-SURFACE AB The El Nino Southern Oscillation is the dominant year-to-year mode of global climate variability. El Nino effects on terrestrial carbon cycling are mediated by associated climate anomalies, primarily drought, influencing fire emissions and biotic net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Here we evaluate whether El Nino produces a consistent response from the global carbon cycle. We apply a novel bottom-up approach to estimating global NEE anomalies based on FLUXNET data using land cover maps and weather reanalysis. We analyze 13 years (1997-2009) of globally gridded observational NEE anomalies derived from eddy covariance flux data, remotely-sensed fire emissions at the monthly time step, and NEE estimated from an atmospheric transport inversion. We evaluate the overall consistency of biospheric response to El Nino and, more generally, the link between global CO2 flux anomalies and El Nino-induced drought. Our findings, which are robust relative to uncertainty in both methods and time-lags in response, indicate that each event has a different spatial signature with only limited spatial coherence in Amazonia, Australia and southern Africa. For most regions, the sign of response changed across El Nino events. Biotic NEE anomalies, across 5 El Nino events, ranged from -1.34 to +0.98 Pg C yr(-1), whereas fire emissions anomalies were generally smaller in magnitude (ranging from -0.49 to +0.53 Pg C yr(-1)). Overall drought does not appear to impose consistent terrestrial CO2 flux anomalies during El Ninos, finding large variation in globally integrated responses from -1.15 to +0.49 Pg C yr(-1). Despite the significant correlation between the CO2 flux and El Nino indices, we find that El Nino events have, when globally integrated, both enhanced and weakened terrestrial sink strength, with no consistent response across events. C1 [Schwalm, C. R.; Williams, C. A.] Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. [Schaefer, K.] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Baker, I.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Collatz, G. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Roedenbeck, C.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. RP Schwalm, CR (reprint author), Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. EM cschwalm@clarku.edu RI collatz, george/D-5381-2012; Garcia Bustamante, Elena/H-4188-2012 OI Garcia Bustamante, Elena/0000-0002-2677-0252 FU U.S. National Science Foundation [ATM-0910766] FX CRS, CAW, and KS were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation grant ATM-0910766. We thank the FLUXNET site PIs for contributing data, the agencies and institutions that funded long-term measurements at these sites. The FLUXNET data compilation used was the result of the 2007 La Thuile FLUXNET workshop. NR 71 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 39 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2011 VL 8 IS 9 BP 2493 EP 2506 DI 10.5194/bg-8-2493-2011 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 826SU UT WOS:000295375700006 ER PT S AU Amzajerdian, F Pierrottet, D Petway, L Hines, G Roback, V AF Amzajerdian, Farzin Pierrottet, Diego Petway, Larry Hines, Glenn Roback, Vincent BE Amzajerdian, F Chen, W Gao, C Xie, T TI Lidar systems for precision navigation and safe landing on planetary bodies SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PHOTOELECTRONIC DETECTION AND IMAGING 2011: LASER SENSING AND IMAGING AND BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTONICS SENSING AND IMAGING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2011 - Laser Sensing and Imaging and Biological and Medical Applications of Photonics Sensing and Imaging CY MAY 24-26, 2011 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Photoelect Technol Profess Comm, CSA, Tianjin Jinhang Inst Tech Phys, CASIC, Sci & Technol Low Light Level Night Vision Lab, Chinese Soc Astronaut DE Laser Remote Sensing; Laser Radar; Doppler Lidar; Flash Lidar; 3-D Imaging; Laser Altimeter; Precession Landing; Hazard Detection AB The ability of lidar technology to provide three-dimensional elevation maps of the terrain, high precision distance to the ground, and approach velocity can enable safe landing of robotic and manned vehicles with a high degree of precision. Currently, NASA is developing novel lidar sensors aimed at the needs of future planetary landing missions. These lidar sensors are a 3 -Dimensional Imaging Flash Lidar, a Doppler Lidar, and a Laser Altimeter. The Flash Lidar is capable of generating elevation maps of the terrain to indicate hazardous features such as rocks, craters, and steep slopes. The elevation maps, which are collected during the approach phase of a landing vehicle from about 1 km above the ground, can be used to determine the most suitable safe landing site. The Doppler Lidar provides highly accurate ground relative velocity and distance data thus enabling precision navigation to the landing site. Our Doppler lidar utilizes three laser beams that are pointed in different directions to measure line-of-sight velocities and ranges to the ground from altitudes of over 2 km. Starting at altitudes of about 20 km and throughout the landing trajectory, the Laser Altimeter can provide very accurate ground relative altitude measurements that are used to improve the vehicle position knowledge obtained from the vehicle's navigation system. Between altitudes of approximately 15 km and 10 km, either the Laser Altimeter or the Flash Lidar can be used to generate contour maps of the terrain, identifying known surface features such as craters to perform Terrain relative Navigation thus further reducing the vehicle's relative position error. This paper describes the operational capabilities of each lidar sensor and provides a status of their development. C1 [Amzajerdian, Farzin; Petway, Larry; Hines, Glenn; Roback, Vincent] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Amzajerdian, F (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-833-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8192 AR 819202 DI 10.1117/12.904062 PN 1 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Optics; Physics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BWV43 UT WOS:000295055800001 ER PT S AU Riris, H Numata, K Li, S Wu, S Abshire, J Allan, G Hasselbrack, W Rodriguez, M Chen, J Kawa, S Mao, JP Weaver, C Yu, A Sun, XL AF Riris, Haris Numata, Kenji Li, Steve Wu, Stewart Abshire, James Allan, Graham Hasselbrack, William Rodriguez, Mike Chen, Jeffrey Kawa, Stephen Mao, Jianping Weaver, Clark Yu, Anthony Sun, Xiaoli BE Amzajerdian, F Chen, W Gao, C Xie, T TI LIDAR Technology for measuring trace gases on Mars and Earth SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PHOTOELECTRONIC DETECTION AND IMAGING 2011: LASER SENSING AND IMAGING AND BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTONICS SENSING AND IMAGING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2011 - Laser Sensing and Imaging and Biological and Medical Applications of Photonics Sensing and Imaging CY MAY 24-26, 2011 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Photoelect Technol Profess Comm, CSA, Tianjin Jinhang Inst Tech Phys, CASIC, Sci & Technol Low Light Level Night Vision Lab, Chinese Soc Astronaut DE remote sensing; carbon dioxide; methane; lidar; laser sounder ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; CO2; SYSTEM; SPACE; GOSAT; CH4 AB Many fundamental questions about planetary evolution require monitoring of the planet's atmosphere with unprecedented accuracy at both high and low latitudes, over both day and night and all seasons. Each planetary atmosphere presents its own unique challenges. For the planets/moons that have relatively low surface pressure and low trace gas concentrations, such as Mars or Europa, the challenge is to have enough sensitivity to measure the trace gas of interest. For Earth, the challenge is to measure trace gases with very high precision and accuracy in the presence of other interfering species. An orbiting laser remote sensing instrument is capable of measuring trace gases on a global scale with unprecedented accuracy, and higher spatial resolution that can be obtained by passive instruments. For Mars, our proposed measurement uses Optical Parametric Amplifiers (OPA) and Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IDPA) in the 3-4 um spectral range to map various trace gas concentrations from orbit on a global scale. For earth, we propose to use Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier technology (EDFA) and IDPA at 1.57 and OPA at 1.65 mu m to measure carbon dioxide and methane concentrations respectively. C1 [Riris, Haris; Li, Steve; Wu, Stewart; Abshire, James; Chen, Jeffrey; Kawa, Stephen; Yu, Anthony; Sun, Xiaoli] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Riris, H (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM haris.riris@nasa.gov RI Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013; Riris, Haris/D-1004-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013; Allan, Graham/D-3905-2013 NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-833-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8192 AR 819203 DI 10.1117/12.900870 PN 1 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Optics; Physics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BWV43 UT WOS:000295055800002 ER PT J AU Brown, E Hughes, G Watanuki, R Johanos, TC Wurth, T AF Brown, Eric Hughes, Guy Watanuki, Randall Johanos, Thea C. Wurth, Tracy TI The Emergence of an Important Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi) Pupping Area at Kalaupapa, Moloka'i, in the Main Hawaiian Islands SO AQUATIC MAMMALS LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; pupping; habitat; Kalaupapa ID NORTHWESTERN; SIZE AB The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is one of the most endangered marine mammals on earth, with the majority (90%) of the population found in the relatively uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and the remaining 10% in the heavily developed main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). Since 1998, the total population has declined 4%/y to similar to 1,100 animals. Despite this trend, the population in the MHI is increasing, with monk seals pupping at Kalaupapa National Historical Park on the island of Moloka'i. Long-time human residents in Kalaupapa indicated that monk seals rarely used the beaches prior to 1997, and no births had been observed since at least 1941. Since 1997, a total of 53 pups have been born, with births increasing at an average annual rate of 26.6%. Reproductively active females born at Kalaupapa exhibited a 55.6% site fidelity. Spatially, monk seal density was higher on sandy beaches (2.0 monk seals km(-1)) than basalt (0.3 monk seals km(-1)) habitat. Temporally, monk seal density was highest during the late spring and early summer due to the presence of mother-pup pairs. After weaning, monk seals also used adjacent basalt habitat and typically moved away from Kalaupapa at the onset of winter; since 2009, monk seal sightings have increased throughout the year. Explanations for the emergence of the pupping area include suitable habitat characteristics (e. g., protected shallow water habitat, high prey abundance, and low predator/competitor abundance), reduction of human activities (e. g., elimination of cattle in 1985, sparse [3.4 people km(-2)] and declining [90% since 1900] human population, and low public visitation [8,494 people y(-1)]), and a supportive community. Current management actions include habitat-use surveys, population studies, community presentations, and law enforcement patrols. Kalaupapa has become a productive pupping area for monk seals in the MHI, and the establishment of a birthing area provides hope for the survival of this endangered species. C1 [Brown, Eric; Hughes, Guy; Watanuki, Randall] Kalaupapa Natl Hist Pk, Kalaupapa, HI 96742 USA. [Johanos, Thea C.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Wurth, Tracy] Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Brown, E (reprint author), Kalaupapa Natl Hist Pk, POB 2222, Kalaupapa, HI 96742 USA. EM Eric_Brown@nps.gov FU NPS [091261]; NMFS FX All tagging work was conducted under the Marine Mammal Protection Act/Endangered Species Protection Permit # 848-1365. The authors wish to thank Kazuki Kageyama, Maria Carnevale, and Kimberly Tice at KALA for their contributions with the field work. Ka'ohulani McGuire provided access to the historical documents at the park and translated the Hawaiian-language newspapers. Brenda Becker, Erin Moreland, David Schofield, and other NMFS staff assisted in the tagging and management efforts. Melissa Netze, Julien Christopher, and other University of Hawai'i-Hilo students documented monk seal behavior and location information. Julie Sigler, Julie Lopez, Diane Pike, Val Bloy, Claire Cappelle, and other volunteers on Moloka'i contributed their time and effort to document monk seals and notify resource personnel with the information. Pauline Chow from the State of Hawai'i, Department of Health, graciously provided the visitor statistics. Finally, the NPS coral reef program and the NPS discretionary fund program (Project Management Information System # 091261) financed this partnership with NMFS. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 21 PU EUROPEAN ASSOC AQUATIC MAMMALS PI MOLINE PA C/O DR JEANETTE THOMAS, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, WESTERN ILLIONIS UNIV-QUAD CITIES, 3561 60TH STREET, MOLINE, IL 61265 USA SN 0167-5427 J9 AQUAT MAMM JI Aquat. Mamm. PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 319 EP 325 DI 10.1578/AM.37.3.2011.319 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 822ZP UT WOS:000295090400013 ER PT J AU Gilmartin, WG Johanos, TC DeMaster, DP Henderson, JR AF Gilmartin, William G. Johanos, Thea C. DeMaster, Douglas P. Henderson, John R. TI Hawaiian Monk Seals (Monachus schauinslandi) at Kure Atoll: Some Life History Effects Following Effort to Enhance Pup Survival SO AQUATIC MAMMALS LA English DT Article C1 [Gilmartin, William G.] Hawaii Wildlife Fund, Volcano, HI 96785 USA. [Johanos, Thea C.; Henderson, John R.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. [DeMaster, Douglas P.] Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gilmartin, WG (reprint author), Hawaii Wildlife Fund, POB 70, Volcano, HI 96785 USA. EM Bill-Gilmartin@hawaii.rr.com NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 9 PU EUROPEAN ASSOC AQUATIC MAMMALS PI MOLINE PA C/O DR JEANETTE THOMAS, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, WESTERN ILLIONIS UNIV-QUAD CITIES, 3561 60TH STREET, MOLINE, IL 61265 USA SN 0167-5427 J9 AQUAT MAMM JI Aquat. Mamm. PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 326 EP 331 DI 10.1578/AM.37.3.2011.326 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 822ZP UT WOS:000295090400014 ER PT J AU Gilmartin, WG Sloan, AC Harting, AL Johanos, TC Baker, JD Breese, M Ragen, TJ AF Gilmartin, William G. Sloan, Amy C. Harting, Albert L. Johanos, Thea C. Baker, Jason D. Breese, Marlee Ragen, Timothy J. TI Rehabilitation and Relocation of Young Hawaiian Monk Seals (Monachus schauinslandi) SO AQUATIC MAMMALS LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; female; rehabilitation; captive care; relocation; survival; movement ID SURVIVAL RATES AB Observed high pup and juvenile mortality, as a result of starvation conditions that were prevalent in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) population in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), led to the development of a rehabilitation and reintroduction program for underweight monk seals. During 1984-1995, the program collected 98 young female monk seals whose mortality appeared certain (underweight and in some cases ill) from French Frigate Shoals (FFS) and attempted to nourish and rehabilitate these animals to enable their release as healthy individuals. Six additional young females of normal size were relocated from FFS (5) and Oahu (1) to Kure Atoll where their survival rate was expected to be higher than at their birth islands. The goal of the program was salvaging the reproductive potential of young female monk seals to aid in the recovery of this endangered species. Of the 104 animals collected, 17 died in captivity, 13 were converted to permanent captivity (for health or behavioral reasons), and the remaining 74 were released at Kure Atoll or Midway Islands within 14 mo of collection. Survival during the first year post-release was compromised, compared to native seals (born at the release site) but was similar to survival of natives in the second year. The released monk seals migrated among the three westernmost atolls at a higher rate than native seals. Monk seal monitoring continued through 2005 when 32 animals were known to be alive; they, with their offspring, constituted at least 12 to 14% of the animals in the three western NWHI populations. Captive-care management strategies were developed in a rapid response and varied greatly as did the success. These results are critical to the development of future captive-care initiatives that may be necessary to mitigate the continuing high loss of young monk seals in the NWHI. C1 [Gilmartin, William G.] Hawaii Wildlife Fund, Volcano, HI 96785 USA. [Sloan, Amy C.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Harting, Albert L.] Harting Biol Consulting, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. [Johanos, Thea C.; Baker, Jason D.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. [Breese, Marlee] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kailua, HI 96734 USA. [Ragen, Timothy J.] Marine Mammal Commiss, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Gilmartin, WG (reprint author), Hawaii Wildlife Fund, POB 70, Volcano, HI 96785 USA. EM Bill-Gilmartin@hawaii.rr.com NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 9 U2 31 PU EUROPEAN ASSOC AQUATIC MAMMALS PI MOLINE PA C/O DR JEANETTE THOMAS, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, WESTERN ILLIONIS UNIV-QUAD CITIES, 3561 60TH STREET, MOLINE, IL 61265 USA SN 0167-5427 J9 AQUAT MAMM JI Aquat. Mamm. PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 332 EP 341 DI 10.1578/AM.37.3.2011.332 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 822ZP UT WOS:000295090400015 ER PT J AU Norris, TA Littnan, CL Gulland, FMD AF Norris, Tenaya A. Littnan, Charles L. Gulland, Frances M. D. TI Evaluation of the Captive Care and Post-Release Behavior and Survival of Seven Juvenile Female Hawaiian Monk Seals (Monachus schauinslandi) SO AQUATIC MAMMALS LA English DT Article DE captive care; post-release monitoring; juvenile survival; foraging behavior; Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi ID FERRETS MUSTELA-NIGRIPES; ISLANDS; SIZE; NORTHWESTERN; CONSERVATION; EXPERIENCE; PREDATOR; MAMMALS; RATES AB Extremely poor juvenile survival in the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is primarily caused by prey limitation and continues to drive the population decrease in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). In 2006-2007, a pilot project was conducted to determine whether temporarily providing nutritional supplementation and protection from predation would enhance the survival of juvenile monk seals. Seven female seals, two of which were rare fraternal twins, were included in the captive care (CC) project. Six weanling seals gained weight commensurate with their duration in captivity, 89 to 297 d, with weight gains of 31 to 143% initial body weight, and were released at Midway Atoll. The seventh seal, a female yearling, died 23 d after being admitted from complications associated with malnutrition and stress. The CC and three control seals were instrumented with satellite-linked GPS dive recorders to monitor post-release behavior and survival as part of an assessment of the project's success. Satellite tags transmitted between 37 and 311 d. Initially, the CC seals foraged closer to shore, used less of the atoll, and dove to shallower depths (< 20 m) and for shorter durations (< 4 min) relative to the controls (> 60 m and > 4 min). Over the course of several weeks, most of the CC and control seals were foraging in a similar fashion. These results demonstrate that following a brief acclimation period, captive-fed monk seals are capable of foraging normally post-release. However, none of the CC seals were alive as 2-y-olds, whereas two of the control seals were alive in 2010 as 4-y-olds. Although post-release survival was poor in the current study, with a more suitable release location, an expanded captive-feeding program could be a useful tool to salvage the reproductive potential of Hawaiian monk seals in the future. C1 [Norris, Tenaya A.; Gulland, Frances M. D.] Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. [Littnan, Charles L.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Norris, TA (reprint author), Marine Mammal Ctr, 2000 Bunker Rd, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA. EM norrist@tmmc.org OI Norris, Tenaya/0000-0003-1682-7881 NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 26 PU EUROPEAN ASSOC AQUATIC MAMMALS PI MOLINE PA C/O DR JEANETTE THOMAS, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, WESTERN ILLIONIS UNIV-QUAD CITIES, 3561 60TH STREET, MOLINE, IL 61265 USA SN 0167-5427 J9 AQUAT MAMM JI Aquat. Mamm. PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 342 EP 353 DI 10.1578/AM.37.3.2011.342 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 822ZP UT WOS:000295090400016 ER PT J AU Watson, TK Kittinger, JN Walters, JS Schofield, TD AF Watson, Trisha Kehaulani Kittinger, John N. Walters, Jeffrey S. Schofield, T. David TI Culture, Conservation, and Conflict: Assessing the Human Dimensions of Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery SO AQUATIC MAMMALS LA English DT Article DE monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; endangered species; recovery; human dimensions; natural resources; culture; conservation ID CALIFORNIA CHANNEL-ISLANDS; ECOSYSTEMS AB The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is highly endangered, but relatively little is known about how human societies interacted with the species in the past. We reviewed historical documents to reconstruct past human-monk seal relationships in the Hawaiian archipelago and describe ongoing efforts to understand the significance of the species in Native Hawaiian culture. Though the prehistoric period remains poorly understood, our findings suggest that monk seals were likely rare but not unknown to Hawaiian communities in the 19th and 20th centuries. References are made to monk seals in Hawaiian-language newspapers, and oral history research with Native Hawaiian practitioners and community elders reveals new words for the species that were previously unknown. This information may prove useful in crafting culturally appropriate management plans for the species and for developing more effective outreach activities to engage with coastal communities and ocean users. Our research may also aid in establishing long-term ecological baselines that can inform modern efforts to recover the species. C1 [Watson, Trisha Kehaulani] Honua Consulting, Honolulu, HI 96839 USA. [Kittinger, John N.] Impact Assessment Inc, Pacific Isl Off, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. [Walters, Jeffrey S.; Schofield, T. David] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Protected Resources Div, Pacific Isl Reg Off, NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Watson, TK (reprint author), Honua Consulting, POB 61395, Honolulu, HI 96839 USA. EM jkittinger@gmail.com NR 72 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 5 U2 29 PU EUROPEAN ASSOC AQUATIC MAMMALS PI MOLINE PA C/O DR JEANETTE THOMAS, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, WESTERN ILLIONIS UNIV-QUAD CITIES, 3561 60TH STREET, MOLINE, IL 61265 USA SN 0167-5427 J9 AQUAT MAMM JI Aquat. Mamm. PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 386 EP 396 DI 10.1578/AM.37.3.2011.386 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 822ZP UT WOS:000295090400021 ER PT J AU Lowry, LF Laist, DW Gilmartin, WG Antonelis, GA AF Lowry, Lloyd F. Laist, David W. Gilmartin, William G. Antonelis, George A. TI Recovery of the Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi): A Review of Conservation Efforts, 1972 to 2010, and Thoughts for the Future SO AQUATIC MAMMALS LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; Endangered Species Act; extinction; recovery; marine mammal conservation; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; main Hawaiian Islands ID MARINE DEBRIS ACCUMULATION; ISLANDS; NORTHWESTERN; SURVIVAL; SIZE AB The Hawaiian monk seal is one of the world's rarest marine mammal species and is listed as depleted, endangered, and critically endangered based on national and international criteria. Although its precarious status was already recognized by the 1950s, it was not until the 1970s that direct protection was afforded to monk seals by U. S. legislation. Many important actions were taken to try and recover the population during the following four decades, including developing a population monitoring program; controlling impacts of military facilities in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI); managing fisheries to reduce their impacts; removing marine debris; and responding to other issues, including die-offs, inadequate nutrition, aggression by male seals, and shark predation. Recently, monk seals have reoccupied the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). While this may be good news for their recovery, the MHI are well-populated by humans and significant management issues have appeared as seal numbers have increased. In spite of all that has been done, Hawaiian monk seals are likely to go extinct unless current conditions change. At this time, the most crucial needs for the recovery are (1) maintaining an adequate research and management program throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago; (2) continuing to minimize all sources of mortality; (3) promoting an increase in the number of monk seals in the MHI; (4) considering bold actions that could create more favorable conditions for seals in the NWHI; (5) ensuring that bureaucratic requirements and processes do not impede recovery actions; and (6) designing, funding, and implementing a set of actions that will stop the Hawaiian monk seal's decline toward extinction and recover the population sufficiently so that it can be removed from the Endangered Species Act's list of endangered species. C1 [Lowry, Lloyd F.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Kailua Kona, HI 96740 USA. [Lowry, Lloyd F.] Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Team, Kailua Kona, HI 96740 USA. [Laist, David W.] US Marine Mammal Commiss, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. [Gilmartin, William G.] Hawaii Wildlife Fund, Volcano, HI 96785 USA. [Gilmartin, William G.] Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Team, Volcano, HI 96785 USA. [Antonelis, George A.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Lowry, LF (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, 73-4388 Paiaha St, Kailua Kona, HI 96740 USA. EM llowry@hawaii.rr.com NR 101 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 12 U2 61 PU EUROPEAN ASSOC AQUATIC MAMMALS PI MOLINE PA C/O DR JEANETTE THOMAS, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, WESTERN ILLIONIS UNIV-QUAD CITIES, 3561 60TH STREET, MOLINE, IL 61265 USA SN 0167-5427 J9 AQUAT MAMM JI Aquat. Mamm. PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 397 EP 419 DI 10.1578/AM.37.3.2011.397 PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 822ZP UT WOS:000295090400022 ER PT S AU Bonaccorsi, R AF Bonaccorsi, Rosalba BE Tewari, VC Seckbach, J TI PRESERVATION POTENTIAL AND HABITABILITY OF CLAY MINERALS- AND IRON-RICH ENVIRONMENTS: NOVEL ANALOGS FOR THE 2011 MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY MISSION SO STROMATOLITES: INTERACTION OF MICROBES WITH SEDIMENTS SE Cellular Origin Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Astrobiology; Atacama Desert; Death Valley National Park; Habitability; Mars Science Laboratory; Microbial biomass; Organics; Phyllosilicate analogs; Preservation potential; Rio Tinto ID ORGANIC-MATTER; ATACAMA DESERT; LIFE-DETECTION; RIO TINTO; SOILS; OXIDATION; DECOMPOSITION; PYRIMIDINES; SUBSURFACE; PURINES AB Near-future planetary missions, including the US 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL11) and the ESA 2016 Pasteur ExoMars, will primarily seek key information on the geological and biological history of Mars. In this context, studies addressing the potential for (1) preservation of organics and (2) habitability and microbial biomass in phyllosilicate-rich and ferric oxide-rich environments can provide key interpretive information for near-future Mars Science/life detection missions. In the first part of this chapter, a case for enhanced and preferential preservation of organics (similar to 0.23 wt.%) in phyllosilicate-rich (47-74%) zones within an organic-poor (C-org: 0.05 wt.%) ferric oxide-rich (42-94%) subsurface rock system is presented. In the second part, first-order observations on microbial biomass inhabiting clay-rich versus nonclays materials are given as an example to frame habitability potential in clay mineral-rich environments from arid (Death Valley, CA) and hyperarid (Atacama, Chile) deserts. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bonaccorsi, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rosalba.bonaccorsi-1@nasa.gov NR 53 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-661X BN 978-94-007-0396-4 J9 CELL ORIG LIFE EXTRE JI Cell. Orig. Life Extrem. Habitats Astrobiol. PY 2011 VL 18 BP 707 EP 722 D2 10.1007/978-94-007-0397-1 PG 16 WC Biology; Cell Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA BWJ51 UT WOS:000294028500034 ER PT J AU Kalafut-Pettibone, AJ Wang, J Eichinger, WE Clarke, A Vay, SA Blake, DR Stanier, CO AF Kalafut-Pettibone, A. J. Wang, J. Eichinger, W. E. Clarke, A. Vay, S. A. Blake, D. R. Stanier, C. O. TI Size-resolved aerosol emission factors and new particle formation/growth activity occurring in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZER; URBAN SUPERSITE T0; ON-ROAD; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FIELD CAMPAIGN; AIR-QUALITY; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; MCMA-2003 CAMPAIGN; METROPOLITAN-AREA AB Measurements of the aerosol size distribution from 11 nm to 2.5 microns were made in Mexico City in March 2006, during the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) field campaign. Observations at the urban supersite, referred to as T0, could often be characterized by morning conditions with high particle mass concentrations, low mixing heights, and highly correlated particle number and CO2 concentrations, indicative that particle number is controlled by primary emissions. Average size-resolved and total number-and volume-based emission factors for combustion sources impacting T0 have been determined using a comparison of peak sizes in particle number and CO2 concentration. Peaks are determined by subtracting the measured concentration from a calculated baseline concentration time series. The number emission and volume emission factors for particles from 11 nm to 494 nm are 1.56x10(15) particles, and 9.48x10(11) cubic microns per kg of carbon, respectively. The uncertainty of the number emission factor is approximately plus or minus 50 %. The mode of the number emission factor was between 25 and 32 nm, while the mode of the volume factor was between 0.25 and 0.32 microns. These emission factors are reported as log normal model parameters and are compared with multiple emission factors from the literature. In Mexico City in the afternoon, the CO2 concentration drops during ventilation of the polluted layer, and the coupling between CO2 and particle number breaks down, especially during new particle formation events when particle number is no longer controlled by primary emissions. Using measurements of particle number and CO2 taken aboard the NASA DC-8, the determined primary emission factor was applied to the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) plume to quantify the degree of secondary particle formation in the plume; the primary emission factor accounts for less than 50% of the total particle number and the surplus particle count is not correlated with photochemical age. Primary particle volume and number in the size range 0.1-2 mu m are similarly too low to explain the observed volume distribution. Contrary to the case for number, the apparent secondary volume increases with photochemical age. The size distribution of the apparent increase, with a mode at similar to 250 nm, is reported. C1 [Kalafut-Pettibone, A. J.; Stanier, C. O.] Univ Iowa, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Wang, J.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. [Eichinger, W. E.] Univ Iowa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Clarke, A.] Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Vay, S. A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Stanier, CO (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM charles-stanier@uiowa.edu RI Wang, Jian/G-9344-2011; Stanier, Charles/D-4307-2016 OI Stanier, Charles/0000-0001-9924-0853 FU NSF [ATM05-11521]; US Department of Energy (Office of Science, OBER) [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; [ATM07-48602] FX This work was supported by funding from ATM07-48602, from NSF grant ATM05-11521, and US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Science Program (Office of Science, OBER) under contract DE-AC02-98CH10886. We would like to acknowledge Cameron McNaughton and Steven Howell who were responsible for maintenance and operation of the aerosol measurement system aboard the NASA DC-8. The authors would like to thank Nancy Marley (University of Arkansas-Little Rock) for their contributions of nephelometer and meteorological data. NR 75 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 17 BP 8861 EP 8881 DI 10.5194/acp-11-8861-2011 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 819EW UT WOS:000294809200003 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma Introduction SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; ELECTRIC-FIELD DESCRIPTION; ASYMMETRIC RING CURRENT; SELF-CONSISTENT MODEL; SUPERTHERMAL ELECTRONS; MAGNETIC STORM; CURRENT ENERGY; POLAR WIND; IONOSPHERE; TRANSPORT C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 50 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_1 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100001 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Equations and Particle Collisions SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ELECTRONS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 11 EP 26 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_2 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100002 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI General Description of Wave-Particle Interaction Phenomena SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID WARM 2-FLUID PLASMA; PONDEROMOTIVE FORCE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; ACCELERATION; IONOSPHERE; IONS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 27 EP 63 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_3 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 37 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100003 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Hydrodynamic Description of Space Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; BI-MAXWELLIAN DISTRIBUTIONS; TRANSPORT-EQUATIONS; TEMPERATURE ANISOTROPY; VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION; ELECTRON-TEMPERATURE; MAGNETOSONIC WAVES; BOLTZMANN EQUATION; OUTER PLASMASPHERE; THERMAL ELECTRONS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 61 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 65 EP 124 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_4 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 60 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100004 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Transport of Superthermal Electrons: General Analysis SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IONOSPHERE-PLASMASPHERE TRANSPORT; ION-EXOSPHERE; POLAR WIND; PHOTOELECTRON FLUXES; COLLISIONLESS PLASMA; AURORAL ELECTRONS; MAGNETIC FIELD; ENERGY; MODEL; DISTRIBUTIONS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 66 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 125 EP 191 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_5 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 67 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100005 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Analysis of Cold Plasma Transport SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; AURORAL RED ARCS; ELECTRON-TEMPERATURE ANISOTROPY; COLLISIONLESS POLAR WIND; MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTION; PARTICLE INTERACTIONS; THERMAL ELECTRONS; RING CURRENT; F-REGION; HYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 138 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 193 EP 269 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_6 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 77 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100006 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of Superthermal Electron Transport SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IONOSPHERIC ELECTRODYNAMICS TECHNIQUE; PITCH-ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS; ASYMMETRIC RING CURRENT; CENTRAL PLASMA SHEET; MAGNETIC STORM; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; RADIATION BELT; SOLAR-WIND; PHOTOELECTRON FLUX; SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 181 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 271 EP 376 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_7 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 106 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100007 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Superthermal Electron Instabilities in the Ionosphere SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID PLASMA-DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS; THERMAL-ELECTRONS; PHOTOELECTRON FLUXES; E-REGION; LINE; SATELLITE; EMISSIONS; SPECTRUM; ROCKET; HISS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 75 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 377 EP 428 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_8 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 52 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100008 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of Ring Current and Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves: Fundamentals SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID GLOBAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS; ENERGY DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; ELECTRIC-FIELD OBSERVATIONS; ITERATIVE MAPPING PROCEDURE; NEUTRAL ATOM PRECIPITATION; 1-2 MAGNETIC PULSATIONS; PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING; LAW BOUNDARY-CONDITION; SELF-CONSISTENT MODEL; SAR ARC FORMATION C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 159 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 429 EP 489 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_9 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 61 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100009 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of Ring Current and Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves: Applications SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID 1-2 MAGNETIC PULSATIONS; PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING; SELF-CONSISTENT MODEL; AURORAL RED ARCS; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; EQUATORIAL MAGNETOSPHERE; DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS; FREQUENCY WAVES; CURRENT REGION C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 90 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 491 EP 540 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_10 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 50 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100010 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma Concluding Remarks SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 541 EP 543 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100011 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 545 EP 547 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100012 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 549 EP 551 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100013 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 553 EP 556 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100014 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 557 EP 560 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100015 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 561 EP 562 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100016 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 563 EP 564 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100017 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 565 EP 566 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100018 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma Other Possible Potential Energies SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 567 EP 569 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100019 ER PT S AU Khazanov, GV AF Khazanov, George V. BA Khazanov, GV BF Khazanov, GV TI Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma SO KINETIC THEORY OF THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID DISTRIBUTIONS C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Khazanov, GV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, HSD, Mail Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM George.V.Khazanov@nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0067-0057 BN 978-1-4419-6796-1 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2011 VL 372 BP 571 EP 575 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Physics GA BRL06 UT WOS:000282993100020 ER PT B AU Forestieri, AF AF Forestieri, Americo F. (Moe) BA Palz, W BF Palz, W TI The IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference SO POWER FOR THE WORLD: THE EMERGENCE OF ELECTRICITY FROM THE SUN LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Forestieri, AF (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PAN STANFORD PUBLISHING PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PENTHOUSE LEVEL, SUNTEC TOWER 3, 8 TEMASEK BLVD, SINGAPORE, 038988, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81430-338-5 PY 2011 BP 305 EP 309 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Energy & Fuels; History & Philosophy of Science GA BVR38 UT WOS:000292543200018 ER PT S AU Frey, H AF Frey, Herbert BE Ambrose, WA Williams, DA TI Previously unknown large impact basins on the Moon: Implications for lunar stratigraphy SO RECENT ADVANCES AND CURRENT RESEARCH ISSUES IN LUNAR STRATIGRAPHY SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT; MARS; ORIGIN; CONSTRAINTS; CHRONOLOGY; LOWLANDS; CRUST; SHAPE AB Lunar topographic and model crustal thickness data provide evidence for large basins on the Moon not previously recognized by photogeologic mapping. The number of these basins larger than 300 km diameter suggests that the total population may be 2-3 times greater than previously thought. Some previously proposed named basins have little to no basin-like topographic character; most of those that do also have pronounced crustal thickness signatures in the form of circular thin areas (CTAs). There also exist CTAs that lack a pronounced quasi-circular depression (QCD) signature in the available topographic data. Newly recognized candidate basins contribute significantly to a total population in which there are more large basins on the lunar farside than on the nearside. The North Pole region appears remarkably devoid of large basins, with only three larger than 300 km diameter and only one at >70 degrees N. Disruption of the topographic and/or crustal thickness structure can be used to establish overlap relationships between QCDs and CTAs and thus relative ages (and a relative local stratigraphy) for those features not visible in images. If large basins have the ability to significantly modify the surface out to twice their diameter, there are likely no parts of the Moon that remain unaffected by the total population shown here. If such effects extend out to only 1.5 basin diameters, there may be 1.8 million km(2) of lunar surface where rocks predating most basin formation may still exist. The early history of the Moon likely involved much greater large-diameter impact cratering than previously thought, and therefore much greater global mixing and redistribution of surface materials. Early lunar stratigraphy is likely far more complex than previously appreciated. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Frey, H (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2477-5 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2011 VL 477 BP 53 EP 75 DI 10.1130/2011.2477(02) D2 10.1130/9780813724775 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BWN51 UT WOS:000294291300003 ER PT S AU Garry, WB Bleacher, JE AF Garry, W. Brent Bleacher, Jacob E. BE Ambrose, WA Williams, DA TI Emplacement scenarios for Vallis Schroteri, Aristarchus Plateau, the Moon SO RECENT ADVANCES AND CURRENT RESEARCH ISSUES IN LUNAR STRATIGRAPHY SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LAVA FLOW MORPHOLOGY; LUNAR SINUOUS RILLS; EROSION; REGION; DEPOSITS; CHANNEL; EARTH; STRATIGRAPHY; TOPOGRAPHY; VISCOSITY AB The volcanic processes that formed Vallis Schroteri are not well understood. Vallis Schroteri, located on the Aristarchus Plateau, is the largest rille on the Moon, and it displays three key morphologic components: the Cobra Head, the 155-km-long primary rille, and the 240-km-long inner rille. Observations of terrestrial eruptions are applied here to help explain the morphologic relationships observed for Vallis Schroteri. The Cobra Head, a 10-km-wide source vent surrounded by a 35-km-diameter and 900-m-high low shield, might have been constructed from flows, spatter, and pyroclastic deposits erupted during lava fountain events, similar to the early stages of the vent at Pu'u 'O''o in Hawaii and the final morphology of Bandera crater, a cinder cone in New Mexico. The vent fed an initial sheet flow controlled by preeruption topography. A channel formed within this sheet flow was the foundation for the primary rille, which deepened through construction and thermomechanical erosion by lava. The inner rille is confined to the flat floor of the primary rille and is characterized by tight gooseneck meanders. This rille crosscuts the distal scarp of the primary rille and extends toward Oceanus Procellarum. This enigmatic relationship can be explained through backup, overflow, and diversion of the lava into a new rille that eroded into the margin of the primary rille. Similar backup, overflow, and redirection of the lava flow were observed during the 1984 Mauna Loa eruption in Hawaii. Analysis of the final morphology of lunar rilles provides key information about lunar volcanic processes and insight into the local stratigraphy. C1 [Garry, W. Brent] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Bleacher, Jacob E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Garry, WB (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, MRC 315,POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RI Bleacher, Jacob/D-1051-2012 OI Bleacher, Jacob/0000-0002-8499-4828 NR 76 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2477-5 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2011 VL 477 BP 77 EP 93 DI 10.1130/2011.2477(03) D2 10.1130/9780813724775 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BWN51 UT WOS:000294291300004 ER PT S AU Mest, SC AF Mest, Scott C. BE Ambrose, WA Williams, DA TI The geology of Schrodinger basin: Insights from post-Lunar Orbiter data SO RECENT ADVANCES AND CURRENT RESEARCH ISSUES IN LUNAR STRATIGRAPHY SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID POLE-AITKEN BASIN; PROSPECTOR GAMMA-RAY; IMPACT BASINS; WESTERN LIMB; MOON; CLEMENTINE; SURFACE; MANTLE; ABUNDANCES; CRATERS AB The lunar south polar region (60 degrees S-90 degrees S) is being mapped at 1:2,500,000 scale using spacecraft data (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Clementine, Lunar Prospector, and Lunar Orbiter) to characterize geologic units, recognize contacts and structures, and identify impact craters (diameter [D] >2 km) for age dating. Most of the map area is located within the South Pole-Aitken basin, the largest (similar to 2600 km) and oldest basin known on the Moon. At 18 km deep, South Pole-Aitken basin is believed to have exposed materials from the Moon's lower crust or upper mantle. Several large impact basins, such as Schrodinger basin (D = 334 km), are superposed on the floor of South Pole-Aitken and may have excavated through the floor of the basin. Thus, the materials that form the primary basin structures (rim and peak-ring) of Schrodinger, as well as the materials that cover its floor, may be used as proxies for the ancient lunar crustal and/or upper-mantle materials. Characterization of the materials that constitute Schrodinger and geologic mapping of the basin have identified nine units within the Schrodinger assemblage organized into three groups: basin materials, the plains formation, and the volcanic formation. The volcanic and plains materials found on the floor of Schrodinger exhibit flat expanses with smooth to rough surfaces and are dissected by floor fractures. These materials are interpreted to consist of impact melt and/or were emplaced by effusive eruptions of mafic materials, and they are some of the youngest materials in the basin, ranging from early Imbrian to early Eratosthenian in age. C1 [Mest, Scott C.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Mest, Scott C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab Code 698, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mest, SC (reprint author), Planetary Sci Inst, 1700 E Ft Lowell Rd,Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 59 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2477-5 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2011 VL 477 BP 95 EP 115 DI 10.1130/2011.2477(04) D2 10.1130/9780813724775 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BWN51 UT WOS:000294291300005 ER PT S AU O'Sullivan, KM Kohout, T Thaisen, KG Kring, DA AF O'Sullivan, Katie M. Kohout, Tomas Thaisen, Kevin G. Kring, David A. BE Ambrose, WA Williams, DA TI Calibrating several key lunar stratigraphic units representing 4 b.y. of lunar history within Schrodinger basin SO RECENT ADVANCES AND CURRENT RESEARCH ISSUES IN LUNAR STRATIGRAPHY SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID INNER SOLAR-SYSTEM; POLE-AITKEN BASIN; LASER ALTIMETRY; MARE BASALTS; AGES; MOON; STRATIGRAPHY; PETROGENESIS; CLEMENTINE; VOLCANISM AB To test the lunar cataclysm hypothesis and anchor the beginning of the basin-forming epoch on the Moon, which are high science priorities for lunar exploration, we evaluated potential landing sites within Schrodinger basin. This impact site is the second youngest basin-forming event and lies within the South Pole-Aitken basin, which is the oldest and largest impact basin on the Moon. Thus, landing sites within Schrodinger should provide access to impact lithologies with ages of each event, providing a bracket of the entire basin-forming epoch and resolving both of the leading science priorities. Additionally, the floor of Schrodinger basin has been partially covered by younger mare and pyroclastic units. The volcanic materials, as well as impact-excavated and uplifted units, will provide chemical and lithologic samples of the lunar crust and potentially the upper mantle. Collectively, the impact and volcanic lithologies will provide calibration points to the entire lunar stratigraphic column. C1 [O'Sullivan, Katie M.] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Kohout, Tomas] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Kohout, Tomas] Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Geol, VVI, Prague 16500, Czech Republic. [Thaisen, Kevin G.] Univ Tennessee, Planetary Geosci Inst, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Kring, David A.] Lunar & Planetary Inst, Univ Space Res Assoc, Ctr Lunar Sci & Explorat, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Kring, David A.] NASA, Lunar Sci Inst, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP O'Sullivan, KM (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RI Kohout, Tomas/C-1394-2008 OI Kohout, Tomas/0000-0003-4458-3650 NR 51 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2477-5 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2011 VL 477 BP 117 EP 127 DI 10.1130/2011.2477(05) D2 10.1130/9780813724775 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BWN51 UT WOS:000294291300006 ER PT S AU Petro, NE Mest, SC Teich, Y AF Petro, Noah E. Mest, Scott C. Teich, Yaron BE Ambrose, WA Williams, DA TI Geomorphic terrains and evidence for ancient volcanism within northeastern South Pole-Aitken basin SO RECENT ADVANCES AND CURRENT RESEARCH ISSUES IN LUNAR STRATIGRAPHY SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LUNAR IMPACT BASINS; WESTERN LIMB; COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES; OCEANUS-PROCELLARUM; ERUPTION CONDITIONS; CLEMENTINE DATA; MARE DEPOSITS; GALILEO; SURFACE; MOON AB The interior of the enigmatic South Pole-Aitken basin has long been recognized as being compositionally distinct from its exterior. However, the source of the compositional anomaly has been subject to some debate. Is the source of the iron-enhancement due to lower-crustal/upper-mantle material being exposed at the surface, or was there some volume of ancient volcanism that covered portions of the basin interior? While several obvious mare basalt units are found within the basin and regions that appear to represent the original basin interior, there are several regions that appear to have an uncertain origin. Using a combination of Clementine and Lunar Orbiter images, several morphologic units are defined based on albedo, crater density, and surface roughness. An extensive unit of ancient mare basalt (cryptomare) is defined and, based on the number of superimposed craters, potentially represents the oldest volcanic materials within the basin. Thus, the overall iron-rich interior of the basin is not solely due to deeply derived crustal material, but is, in part due to the presence of ancient volcanic units. C1 [Petro, Noah E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mest, Scott C.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Mest, Scott C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab Code 698, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Teich, Yaron] Walter Johnson High Sch, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Petro, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Branch, Code 698, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Noah.E.Petro@nasa.gov NR 50 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2477-5 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2011 VL 477 BP 129 EP 140 DI 10.1130/2011.2477(06) D2 10.1130/9780813724775 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BWN51 UT WOS:000294291300007 ER PT S AU Cable, ML Levine, DJ Kirby, JP Gray, HB Ponce, A AF Cable, Morgan L. Levine, Dana J. Kirby, James P. Gray, Harry B. Ponce, Adrian BE VanEldik, R Stochel, G TI LUMINESCENT LANTHANIDE SENSORS SO ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, VOL 63: INORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY SE Advances in Inorganic Chemistry LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE Lanthanide; Sensor; Sensitized luminescence; Dipicolinate; Macrocycle; Ternary complex; Bacterial spore; Ancillary ligand; Gadolinium break; Catecholamine; Salicylic acid; Salicylurate ID DIPICOLINIC ACID CONTENT; TRANSITION-METAL IONS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTRONIC ENERGY LEVELS; RARE-EARTH; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; SALICYLIC-ACID; 3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL DERIVATIVES; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS AB Luminescent lanthanide optical sensors have been developed that utilize ancillary ligands to enhance detection of a target analyte. In these systems, the lanthanide (ligand) binary complex serves as the receptor, which upon analyte binding forms a ternary complex resulting in detectable change in lanthanide luminescence (Fig. 1). The ancillary ligand improves many properties of analyte detection by protecting the lanthanide and strengthening analyte binding affinity. Encapsulation shields the lanthanide ion from solvent-quenching effects and interfering ions, improving assay sensitivity and selectivity. The ligand-induced enhancement in binding affinity appears to be the result of an increase in positive charge at the analyte binding site due to the electronegative ancillary ligand bound on the opposite hemisphere of the lanthanide. We have elucidated the effects of ancillary ligands for various lanthanide/analyte systems and shown how such effects can greatly improve sensor performance for medical, planetary science, and biodefense applications. C1 [Cable, Morgan L.; Kirby, James P.; Ponce, Adrian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Sci Sect, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Cable, Morgan L.; Levine, Dana J.; Gray, Harry B.] CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Cable, ML (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Sci Sect, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 171 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 72 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0898-8838 BN 978-0-12385-904-4 J9 ADV INORG CHEM JI Adv. Inorg. Chem. PY 2011 VL 63 BP 1 EP 45 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-385904-4.00010-X PG 45 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA BWE65 UT WOS:000293762800001 ER PT S AU Crichton, DJ Mattmann, CA Hughes, JS Kelly, SC Hart, AF AF Crichton, Daniel J. Mattmann, Chris A. Hughes, John S. Kelly, Sean C. Hart, Andrew F. BE Yang, X Wang, L Jie, W TI A Multidisciplinary, Model-Driven, Distributed Science Data System Architecture SO GUIDE TO E-SCIENCE: NEXT GENERATION SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY SE Computer Communications and Networks Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB The twenty-first century has transformed the world of science by breaking the physical boundaries of distributed organizations and interconnecting them into virtual science environments, allowing for systems and systems of systems to seamlessly access and share information and resources across highly geographically distributed areas. This e-science transformation is enabling new scientific discoveries by allowing for greater collaboration as well as by enabling systems to combine and correlate disparate data sets. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, we have been developing science data systems for highly distributed communities in physical and life sciences that require extensive sharing of distributed services and common information models based on common architectures. The common architecture contributes a set of atomic functions, interfaces, and information models that support sharing and distributed processing. Additionally, the architecture provides a blueprint for a software product line known as the Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT) framework. OODT has enabled reuse of software for science data generation, capture and management, and delivery across highly distributed organizations for planetary science, earth science, and cancer research. Our experience to date shows that a well-defined architecture and set of accompanied software vastly improves our ability to develop road maps for and to construct virtual science environments. C1 [Crichton, Daniel J.; Mattmann, Chris A.; Hughes, John S.; Kelly, Sean C.; Hart, Andrew F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mattmann, Chris A.] Univ So Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Crichton, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM daniel.j.crichton@jpl.nasa.gov NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 1617-7975 BN 978-0-85729-438-8 J9 COMPUT COMMUN NETW S PY 2011 BP 117 EP 143 DI 10.1007/978-0-85729-439-5_5 D2 10.1007/978-0-85729-439-5 PG 27 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BWB58 UT WOS:000293373000005 ER PT J AU Le Moigne, J Netanyahu, NS Eastman, RD AF Le Moigne, Jacqueline Netanyahu, Nathan S. Eastman, Roger D. BE LeMoigne, J Netanyahu, NS Eastman, RD TI IMAGE REGISTRATION FOR REMOTE SENSING Introduction SO IMAGE REGISTRATION FOR REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID MISREGISTRATION C1 [Le Moigne, Jacqueline] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Netanyahu, Nathan S.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Netanyahu, Nathan S.] Bar Ilan Univ, IL-52100 Ramat Gan, Israel. [Eastman, Roger D.] Loyola Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Le Moigne, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-52151-611-2 PY 2011 BP 3 EP 23 PG 21 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BWC01 UT WOS:000293386100002 ER PT J AU Le Moigne, J Zavorin, I Stone, H AF Le Moigne, Jacqueline Zavorin, Ilya Stone, Harold BE LeMoigne, J Netanyahu, NS Eastman, RD TI On the use of wavelets for image registration SO IMAGE REGISTRATION FOR REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID REMOTELY-SENSED IMAGERY; SUBPIXEL REGISTRATION AB Wavelets provide a multiresolution description of images according to a wellchosen division of the space-frequency plane. This description provides information about various features present in the images that can be utilized to perform registration of remotely sensed images. In the last few years, many wavelet filters have been proposed for applications such as compression; in this chapter, we review the general principle of wavelet decomposition and the many filters that have been proposed for wavelet transforms, as they apply to image registration. In particular, we consider orthogonal wavelets, spline wavelets, and two pyramids obtained from a steerable decomposition. These different filters are studied and compared using synthetic datasets generated from a Landsat-Thematic Mapper (TM) scene. C1 [Le Moigne, Jacqueline] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zavorin, Ilya] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci Technol GEST Ctr, NASA Goddard, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Le Moigne, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-52151-611-2 PY 2011 BP 240 EP 264 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511777684 PG 25 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BWC01 UT WOS:000293386100012 ER PT J AU Le Moigne, J Cole-Rhodes, AA Eastman, RD Netanyahu, NS Stone, HS Zavorin, I Morisette, JT AF Le Moigne, Jacqueline Cole-Rhodes, Arlene A. Eastman, Roger D. Netanyahu, Nathan S. Stone, Harold S. Zavorin, Ilya Morisette, Jeffrey T. BE LeMoigne, J Netanyahu, NS Eastman, RD TI Multitemporal and multisensor image registration SO IMAGE REGISTRATION FOR REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SUBPIXEL REGISTRATION; MUTUAL INFORMATION; FEATURES AB Registration of multiple source imagery is one of the most important issues when dealing with Earth science remote sensing data where information from multiple sensors exhibiting various resolutions must be integrated. Issues ranging from different sensor geometries, different spectral responses, to various illumination conditions, various seasons and various amounts of noise, need to be dealt with when designing a new image registration algorithm. This chapter represents a first attempt at characterizing a framework that addresses these issues, in which possible choices for the three components of any registration algorithm are validated and combined to provide different registration algorithms. A few of these algorithms were tested on three different types of datasets - synthetic, multitemporal and multispectral. This chapter presents the results of these experiments and introduces a prototype registration toolbox. C1 [Le Moigne, Jacqueline; Morisette, Jeffrey T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Cole-Rhodes, Arlene A.] Morgan State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Eastman, Roger D.] Loyola Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. [Netanyahu, Nathan S.] Bar Ilan Univ, IL-52100 Ramat Gan, Israel. [Netanyahu, Nathan S.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Zavorin, Ilya] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci Technol GEST Ctr, NASA Goddard, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Le Moigne, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-52151-611-2 PY 2011 BP 293 EP + PG 62 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BWC01 UT WOS:000293386100015 ER PT J AU Jovanovic, VM Diner, DJ Davies, R AF Jovanovic, Veljko M. Diner, David J. Davies, Roger BE LeMoigne, J Netanyahu, NS Eastman, RD TI Challenges, solutions, and applications of accurate multiangle image registration: Lessons learned from MISR SO IMAGE REGISTRATION FOR REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SPECTRORADIOMETER MISR; TOP HEIGHT; PERFORMANCE; RETRIEVAL; CALIBRATION; ALGORITHM; LAND; ICE AB A novel approach implemented to meet coregistration/georectification requirements and continuous data-intensive processing demands of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) science data system has been in operation since the beginning of on-orbit data acquisition in February 2000. Remote sensing image data are typically only radiometrically and spectrally corrected as a part of standard processing, prior to being distributed to investigators. In the case of MISR, with its unique configuration of nine fixed pushbroom cameras, continuous and autonomous coregistration and geolocation of the data are essential prior to application of any subsequent scientific retrieval algorithm. A fully automated system for continuous orthorectification, including removal of errors related to camera internal geometry, spacecraft attitude data, and surface topography, has been implemented. The challenges involved in employing such a system range from purely algorithmic issues to those related to limitations on computational resources and data volumes. Processing algorithms had to be designed so that similar to 35GB of image data per day are orthorectified without interruption and with high fidelity, as verified by an automated quality assessment process. We adopted a processing strategy that distributes the effort between the MISR Science Computing Facility at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA and the Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. Accurate geolocation and coregistration of multiangle, multispectral MISR data is critical for the higher-level science retrieval algorithms. Applications include retrieval of (1) global geometric cloud heights with sufficient accuracy and precision to infer climate trends, (2) height-resolved tropospheric winds with pole-to-pole coverage as a proof-of-concept for design of a future operational system, and (3) stereoscopically derived aerosol plume heights as inputs to chemical transport models. Cloud geometric retrievals, where cloud-top heights and cloud motion vectors are retrieved simultaneously using camera triplets, are especially demanding on image coregistration accuracies. In addition, nonrigid cloud deformations and complex behavior of multilayered cloud surface are currently difficult to handle in an automated image-processing environment. Directions of future research, including 3D reconstructions from optical multiangle imagery, are outlined. C1 [Jovanovic, Veljko M.; Diner, David J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Davies, Roger] Univ Auckland, Dept Phys, Auckland 1, New Zealand. RP Jovanovic, VM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-52151-611-2 PY 2011 BP 355 EP 382 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511777684 PG 28 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BWC01 UT WOS:000293386100017 ER PT J AU Wolfe, RE Nishihama, M AF Wolfe, Robert E. Nishihama, Masahiro BE LeMoigne, J Netanyahu, NS Eastman, RD TI Accurate MODIS global geolocation through automated ground control image matching SO IMAGE REGISTRATION FOR REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MISREGISTRATION; IMPACT AB A global network of ground control points (GCPs) is being used to maintain the geolocation accuracy of terrestrial remote sensing data from the two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua spacecrafts. Biases and trends in the sensor orientation determined from automated control point matching are removed by updating models of the spacecraft and instrument orientation in the MODIS geolocation software. This technique has been used to keep the MODIS geolocation accuracy to approximately 50 m (1 sigma) at nadir. This chapter overviews an approach to automated matching of global GCPs and summarizes eight years of geolocation analysis. This approach allows an operational characterization of the MODIS geolocation errors and enables individual MODIS observations to be geolocated to the subpixel accuracies required for terrestrial global change applications. C1 [Wolfe, Robert E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Nishihama, Masahiro] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wolfe, RE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-52151-611-2 PY 2011 BP 437 EP 455 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BWC01 UT WOS:000293386100022 ER PT B AU Patt, FS AF Patt, Frederick S. BE LeMoigne, J Netanyahu, NS Eastman, RD TI SeaWiFS operational geolocation assessment system SO IMAGE REGISTRATION FOR REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB An automated method has been developed for performing geolocation assessment on global satellite-based Earth remote sensing data. The method utilizes islands as targets that can be readily located in the sensor data and identified with reference locations. The essential elements are an algorithm for classifying the sensor data according to the source, a reference catalog of island locations, and a robust algorithm for matching viewed islands with the catalog locations. This method was originally developed and tested for the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) before its launch in 1997, and was refined using the flight data after launch. The results have been used for both ongoing assessment of geolocation accuracy and development of improvements to the geolocation processing algorithms. The method has also been applied to other moderate-resolution satellite sensors. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Patt, FS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-52151-611-2 PY 2011 BP 456 EP 471 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BWC01 UT WOS:000293386100023 ER PT S AU Jhabvala, M Choi, K Waczynski, A La, A Sundaram, M Costard, E Jhabvala, C Kan, E Kahle, D Foltz, R Boehm, N Hickey, M Sun, J Adachi, T Costen, N Hess, L Facoetti, H Montanaro, M AF Jhabvala, M. Choi, K. Waczynski, A. La, A. Sundaram, M. Costard, E. Jhabvala, C. Kan, E. Kahle, D. Foltz, R. Boehm, N. Hickey, M. Sun, J. Adachi, T. Costen, N. Hess, L. Facoetti, H. Montanaro, M. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI Performance of the QWIP focal plane arrays for NASA's Landsat Data Continuity Mission SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXXVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVII CY APR 25-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE QWIPs; quantum well detectors; infrared focal planes; IR detector arrays; GaAs detectors AB The focal plane assembly for the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) instrument on NASA's Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) consists of three 512 x 640 GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) arrays. The three arrays are precisely mounted and aligned on a silicon carrier substrate to provide a continuous viewing swath of 1850 pixels in two spectral bands defined by filters placed in close proximity to the detector surfaces. The QWIP arrays are hybridized to Indigo ISC9803 readout integrated circuits (ROICs). QWIP arrays were evaluated from four laboratories; QmagiQ, (Nashua, NH), Army Research Laboratory, (Adelphi, MD), NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, (Greenbelt, MD) and Thales, (Palaiseau, France). All were found to be suitable. The final discriminating parameter was the spectral uniformity of individual pixels relative to each other. The performance of the QWIP arrays and the fully assembled, NASA flight-qualified, focal plane assembly will be reviewed. An overview of the focal plane assembly including the construction and test requirements of the focal plane will also be described. C1 [Jhabvala, M.; Waczynski, A.; La, A.; Jhabvala, C.; Kan, E.; Kahle, D.; Foltz, R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jhabvala, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-586-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8012 AR 80120Q DI 10.1117/12.886274 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BWS70 UT WOS:000294735100025 ER PT S AU Ting, DZ Soibel, A Rafol, SB Nguyen, J Hoglund, L Khoshakhlagh, A Keo, SA Liu, JK Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD AF Ting, David Z. Soibel, Alexander Rafol, Sir B. Nguyen, Jean Hoeglund, Linda Khoshakhlagh, Arezou Keo, Sam A. Liu, John K. Mumolo, Jason M. Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI Superlattice barrier infrared detector development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXXVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVII CY APR 25-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE unipolar barrier; heterostructure; infrared; photodetector; superlattice ID MINORITY-CARRIER LIFETIME; SUPER-LATTICE; HGCDTE AB We report recent efforts in achieving state-of-the-art performance in type-II superlattice based infrared photodetectors using the barrier infrared detector architecture. We used photoluminescence measurements for evaluating detector material and studied the influence of the material quality on the intensity of the photoluminescence. We performed direct noise measurements of the superlattice detectors and demonstrated that while intrinsic 1/f noise is absent in superlattice heterodiode, side-wall leakage current can become a source of strong frequency-dependent noise. We developed an effective dry etching process for these complex antimonide-based superlattices that enabled us to fabricate single pixel devices as well as large format focal plane arrays. We describe the demonstration of a 1024x1024 pixel long-wavelength infrared focal plane array based the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. An 11.5 mu m cutoff focal plane without anti-reflection coating has yielded noise equivalent differential temperature of 53 mK at operating temperature of 80 K, with 300 K background and cold-stop. Imaging results from a recent 10 mu m cutoff focal plane array are also presented. C1 [Ting, David Z.; Soibel, Alexander; Rafol, Sir B.; Nguyen, Jean; Hoeglund, Linda; Khoshakhlagh, Arezou; Keo, Sam A.; Liu, John K.; Mumolo, Jason M.; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ting, DZ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM David.Z.Ting@jpl.nasa.gov NR 45 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-586-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8012 AR 801214 DI 10.1117/12.888094 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BWS70 UT WOS:000294735100039 ER PT B AU Moshir, M AF Moshir, Mehrdad BE Rauh, A Auer, E TI Quantifying Spacecraft Failure in an Uncertain Environment: the Case of Jupiter Europa Orbiter SO MODELING, DESIGN, AND SIMULATION OF SYSTEMS WITH UNCERTAINTIES SE Mathematical Engineering LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID GALILEO SPACECRAFT AB Study of the Outer Planets is considered as a high priority activity by the Planetary Science community. One candidate for the next Outer Planets Flagship Mission (OPFM -missions in the $2B-$4B range) is the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) concept. In this work, we address the interplay of various types of uncertainties to probe the possibility of characterizing the reliability of a proposed mission concept. By combining the aleatory characterization of spacecraft subsystems and the epistemic uncertainties of the Jovian environment we describe an approach for quantifying possible ranges of mission durations for a potential JEO concept. The work here illustrates the potential for probabilistic representations of epistemic uncertainties by introducing temporal correlations. In addition the effects of failure correlations among similar components in a spacecraft are incorporated to assess their impact on the failure likelihood. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moshir, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mehrdad.moshir@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-15955-8 J9 MATH ENG PY 2011 BP 221 EP 248 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-15956-5 PG 28 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematics GA BVZ45 UT WOS:000293208200011 ER PT S AU Cooper, KB Dengler, RJ Llombart, N AF Cooper, Ken B. Dengler, Robert J. Llombart, Nuria BE Wikner, DA Luukanen, AR TI Impact of frequency and polarization diversity on a terahertz radar's imaging performance SO PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology XIV CY APR 28, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE terahertz imaging radar; standoff concealed weapons detection; radar polarimetry ID 100 GHZ AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's 675 GHz, 25 m standoff imaging radar can achieve >1 Hz real time frame rates over 40x40 cm fields of view for rapid detection of person-borne concealed weapons. In its normal mode of operation, the radar generates imagery based solely on the time-of-flight, or range, between the radar and target. With good clothing penetration at 675 GHz, a hidden object will be detectable as an anomaly in the range-to-surface profile of a subject. Here we report on results of two modifications in the radar system that were made to asses its performance using somewhat different detection approaches. First, the radar's operating frequency and bandwidth were cut in half, to 340 GHz and 13 GHz, where there potential system advantages include superior transmit power and clothing penetration, as well as a lower cost of components. In this case, we found that the twofold reduction in range and cross-range resolution sharply limited the quality of through-clothes imagery, although some improvement is observed for detection of large targets concealed by very thick clothing. The second radar modification tested involved operation in a fully polarimetric mode, where enhanced image contrast might occur between surfaces with different material or geometric characteristics. Results from these tests indicated that random speckle dominates polarimetric power imagery, making it an unattractive approach for contrast improvement. Taken together, the experiments described here underscore the primary importance of high resolution imaging in THz radar applications for concealed weapons detection. C1 [Cooper, Ken B.; Dengler, Robert J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cooper, KB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ken.b.cooper@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-596-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8022 AR 80220D DI 10.1117/12.883124 PG 8 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BWU68 UT WOS:000294908500012 ER PT J AU Yu, ZH Ziemba, LD Onasch, TB Herndon, SC Albo, SE Miake-Lye, R Anderson, BE Kebabian, PL Freedman, A AF Yu, Zhenhong Ziemba, Luke D. Onasch, Timothy B. Herndon, Scott C. Albo, Simon E. Miake-Lye, Richard Anderson, Bruce E. Kebabian, Paul L. Freedman, Andrew TI Direct Measurement of Aircraft Engine Soot Emissions Using a Cavity-Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS)-Based Extinction Monitor SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL MASS-SPECTROMETER; ATLANTA-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT; COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT; JET AIRCRAFT; CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES; PARTICULATE-EMISSIONS; CRUISE CONDITIONS; FIELD DEPLOYMENT; EXHAUST PLUME; SULFURIC-ACID AB The optical properties of soot particles in plumes emanating from a high bypass turbofan aircraft engine (V2527) were measured at distances of 40-80 m behind the engine with a cavity-enhanced phase shift (CAPS)-based extinction monitor (known as the CAPS PMex) and a multi-angle absorption photometer, both operating at wavelength similar to 630 nm. Integrated plume measurements from the two instruments were highly correlated with each other (r(2) > 0.99, N = 12) and with measured carbon dioxide emission concentrations. Ancillary measurements indicated that the soot particle volume-weighted mobility diameter distribution peaked at 60 nm with a full width at half maximum of similar to 60 nm. The soot single scattering albedo determined using the absorption and extinction measurements under engine idle conditions was 0.05 +/- 0.02 (where the uncertainty represents 2 sigma precision), in agreement with previous measurements of aircraft exhaust. The engine soot emission index (mass soot per mass fuel burned) for this particular engine, derived from these measurements and a wavelength-specific mass absorption coefficient and the measured in-plume carbon dioxide concentrations, was 225 +/- 35 mg kg(-1) at engine idle conditions. These results plus more limited data collected from in-use aircraft on the runway indicate that the CAPS extinction monitor can provide (with an appropriate albedo correction) a credible measurement of the engine soot emission index in situations where the time response and sensitivity of particle absorption monitors are not otherwise sufficient. C1 [Yu, Zhenhong; Onasch, Timothy B.; Herndon, Scott C.; Albo, Simon E.; Miake-Lye, Richard; Kebabian, Paul L.; Freedman, Andrew] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. [Ziemba, Luke D.; Anderson, Bruce E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Freedman, A (reprint author), Aerodyne Res Inc, 45 Manning Rd, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. EM af@aerodyne.com FU NASA FX The NASA Small Business Innovation Research program supported the preparation of this manuscript. The authors thank United Air Lines, and specifically its Chicago Airport Operations, Line Maintenance and Operational Engineering organizations for their kind and generous assistance in the conduct of these studies. We also acknowledge the ACRP02-03a program for providing the opportunity to perform the ODR-2010 measurements. Matthew Marich and Aaron Frame of City of Chicago are greatly thanked for their cooperation and support during the measurements. We also thank Ray Hoffelt, O'Hare Airport Operations Chief, for providing detailed runway activity data. NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2011 VL 45 IS 11 BP 1319 EP 1325 DI 10.1080/02786826.2011.592873 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 816MF UT WOS:000294604200004 ER PT S AU Williams, PE Pesnell, WD AF Williams, Peter E. Pesnell, W. Dean BE Appourchaux, T TI Properties of Supergranulation During the Solar Minima of Cycles 22/23 and 23/24 SO GONG-SOHO 24: A NEW ERA OF SEISMOLOGY OF THE SUN AND SOLAR-LIKE STARS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT GONG2010-SoHO24 Conference on A New Era of Seismology of the Sun and Solar-Like Stars CY JUN 27-JUL 02, 2010 CL Aix-en-Province, FRANCE SP Univ Paris Sud, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Programme Natl Relations Soleil-Terre, Programme Natl Phys Stellaire, INSU Ctr Natl Rech Sci, SoHo Project European Space Agcy, Sci Programme ESA, Global Oscillat Network Grp, European Aeronaut Def Space Co, Inst Natl Sci Univers ID STEADY PHOTOSPHERIC FLOWS AB The solar minimum at the transition from cycle 23 to 24 was notable for its low level of activity and its extended duration. Among the various fields of study, the evolution of the solar convection zone may provide insight into the causes and consequences of this recent minimum. This study continues previous investigations of the characteristics of solar supergranulation, a convection component strongly linked to the structure of the magnetic field, namely the time-evolution of the global mean of supergranule cell size, determined from spectral analysis of MDI Dopplergrams from the two previous solar minima. Analyses of the global mean of supergranule sizes show a quasi-oscillatory nature to the evolution of this particular supergranule characteristic. Performing similar analyses on realistic, synthetic Doppler images show similar time-dependent characteristics. We conclude that the observed fluctuations are not observational artifacts, and that an underlying trend exists within the evolution of the supergranulation network. C1 [Williams, Peter E.; Pesnell, W. Dean] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Williams, PE (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 671, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM peter.williams@nasa.gov RI Pesnell, William/D-1062-2012 OI Pesnell, William/0000-0002-8306-2500 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2011 VL 271 AR 012082 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/271/1/012082 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BWS76 UT WOS:000294742700082 ER PT S AU Bar-Cohen, Y Lih, SS Badescu, M Bao, XQ Sherrit, S Widholm, S Ostlund, P Blosiu, J AF Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Lih, Shyh-Shiuh Badescu, M. Bao, Xiaoqi Sherrit, Stewart Widholm, Scott Ostlund, Patrick Blosiu, Julian BE Kundu, T TI High temperature monitoring the height of condensed water in steam pipes SO HEALTH MONITORING OF STRUCTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2011 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems 2011 CY MAR 07-10, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE High Temperatures (HT); HT piezoelectric transducers; Fluid Height Monitoring; health monitoring; monitoring steam condensation; Sensors AB An in-service health monitoring system is needed for steam pipes to track through their wall the condensation of water. The system is required to measure the height of the condensed water inside the pipe while operating at temperatures that are as high as 250 degrees C. The system needs to be able to make real time measurements while accounting for the effects of cavitation and wavy water surface. For this purpose, ultrasonic wave in pulse-echo configuration was used and reflected signals were acquired and auto-correlated to remove noise from the data and determine the water height. Transmitting and receiving the waves is done by piezoelectric transducers having Curie temperature that is significantly higher than 250 degrees C. Measurements were made at temperatures as high as 250 degrees C and have shown the feasibility of the test method. This manuscript reports the results of this feasibility study. C1 [Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Lih, Shyh-Shiuh; Badescu, M.; Bao, Xiaoqi; Sherrit, Stewart; Widholm, Scott; Ostlund, Patrick; Blosiu, Julian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 67-119,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM yosi@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-546-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7984 AR 798423 DI 10.1117/12.880907 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BWQ88 UT WOS:000294550700060 ER PT J AU Yamakov, VI AF Yamakov, V. I. BE Whang, SH TI The mechanical behavior of nanostructured metals based on molecular dynamics computer simulations SO NANOSTRUCTURED METALS AND ALLOYS: PROCESSING, MICROSTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS SE Woodhead Publishing in Materials LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE nanocrystalline metals; molecular dynamics simulation; nanocrystalline deformation ID GRAIN-BOUNDARY MIGRATION; NANOCRYSTALLINE AL; DIFFUSION CREEP; DEFORMATION-MECHANISM; THIN-FILMS; ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS; LOW-TEMPERATURE; SELF-DIFFUSION; FCC METALS; GROWTH AB The major advances of the past two decades in the atomistic simulation of the fundamental deformation mechanisms in nanocystalline metals are presented in this chapter. The discussion focuses on an overview of work that has contributed to our understanding of the mechanical behavior of these important emerging materials while also noting several disputed and controversial issues that remain to be resolved. The chapter includes a discussion of the properties of grain boundaries, grain-boundary deformation mechanisms, dislocation processes, grain growth and structure evolution in nanocrystalline metals as seen from the perspective of molecular dynamics simulations. C1 NASA, Durabil & Damage Tolerance Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Yamakov, VI (reprint author), NASA, Durabil & Damage Tolerance Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM yamakov@nianet.org NR 96 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-84569-670-2 J9 WOODHEAD PUBL MATER PY 2011 BP 459 EP 480 D2 10.1533/9780857091123 PG 22 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BVR71 UT WOS:000292593500016 ER PT S AU Mouroulis, P Van Gorp, BE White, VE Mumolo, JM Hebert, D Feldman, M AF Mouroulis, Pantazis Van Gorp, Byron E. White, Victor E. Mumolo, Jason M. Hebert, Daniel Feldman, Martin BE Druy, MA Crocombe, RA TI A compact, fast, wide-field imaging spectrometer system SO NEXT-GENERATION SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNOLOGIES IV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies IV CY APR 25-26, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE imaging spectrometry; Dyson spectrometer; diffraction grating; x-ray lithography ID BLAZED GRATING FABRICATION; X-RAY-LITHOGRAPHY; DESIGN AB We present test results from a compact, fast (F/1.4) imaging spectrometer system with a 33 degrees field of view, operating in the 450-1650 nm wavelength region with an extended response InGaAs detector array. The system incorporates a simple two-mirror telescope and a steeply concave bilinear groove diffraction grating made with gray scale x-ray lithography techniques. High degree of spectral and spatial uniformity (97%) is achieved. C1 [Mouroulis, Pantazis; Van Gorp, Byron E.; White, Victor E.; Mumolo, Jason M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mouroulis, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM pantazis.mouroulis@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-606-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8032 AR 80320U DI 10.1117/12.882706 PG 12 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BWQ95 UT WOS:000294556600025 ER PT B AU Doarn, CR AF Doarn, Charles R. BE Latifi, R TI Evolution of Telemedicine in the Space Program and Earth Applications SO TELEMEDICINE FOR TRAUMA, EMERGENCIES AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MOUNT EVEREST; TECHNOLOGIES; MEDICINE; WORLD C1 [Doarn, Charles R.] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. [Doarn, Charles R.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. RP Doarn, CR (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARTECH HOUSE PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA BN 978-1-60783-997-2 PY 2011 BP 9 EP 21 PG 13 WC Emergency Medicine; Medical Informatics SC Emergency Medicine; Medical Informatics GA BSO31 UT WOS:000285115500003 ER PT B AU Poropatich, RK Lappan, C Lam, DM AF Poropatich, Ronald K. Lappan, Charles Lam, David M. BE Latifi, R TI Operational Use of US Army Telemedicine Information Systems in Iraq and Afghanistan-Considerations for NATO Operations SO TELEMEDICINE FOR TRAUMA, EMERGENCIES AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Poropatich, Ronald K.] Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. [Poropatich, Ronald K.] USAMRMC, TATRC, Ft Detrick, MD USA. [Lappan, Charles] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Cincinnati, OH USA. [Lappan, Charles] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. [Lam, David M.] Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Poropatich, RK (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARTECH HOUSE PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA BN 978-1-60783-997-2 PY 2011 BP 173 EP 182 PG 10 WC Emergency Medicine; Medical Informatics SC Emergency Medicine; Medical Informatics GA BSO31 UT WOS:000285115500013 ER PT J AU Nowottnick, E Colarco, P da Silva, A Hlavka, D McGill, M AF Nowottnick, E. Colarco, P. da Silva, A. Hlavka, D. McGill, M. TI The fate of saharan dust across the atlantic and implications for a central american dust barrier SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; GOCART MODEL; AFRICAN DUST; DESERT DUST; TRANSPORT; OCEAN; IRON; DEPOSITION; LIDAR AB Saharan dust was observed over the Caribbean basin during the summer 2007 NASA Tropical Composition, Cloud, and Climate Coupling (TC4) field experiment. Airborne Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL) and satellite observations from MODIS suggest a barrier to dust transport across Central America into the eastern Pacific. We use the NASA GEOS-5 atmospheric transport model with online aerosol tracers to perform simulations of the TC4 time period in order to understand the nature of this barrier. Our simulations are driven by the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological analyses. Compared to observations from MODIS and CALIOP, GEOS-5 reproduces the observed location and magnitude of observed dust events, but our baseline simulation does not develop as strong a barrier to dust transport across Central America as observations suggest. Analysis of the dust transport dynamics and loss processes suggest that while both mechanisms play a role in defining the dust transport barrier, loss processes by wet removal of dust are about twice as important as transport. Sensitivity analyses with our model showed that the dust barrier would not exist without convective scavenging over the Caribbean. The best agreement between our model and the observations was obtained when dust wet removal was parameterized to be more aggressive, treating the dust as we do hydrophilic aerosols. C1 [Nowottnick, E.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Colarco, P.] NASA, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Code 613 3, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [da Silva, A.] NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Code 610 1, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Hlavka, D.] NASA, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Code 613 1, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [McGill, M.] NASA, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 613 1, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Nowottnick, E (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM epnowott@atmos.umd.edu RI da Silva, Arlindo/D-6301-2012; McGill, Matthew/D-8176-2012; Nowottnick, Edward/B-1990-2015; Colarco, Peter/D-8637-2012 OI da Silva, Arlindo/0000-0002-3381-4030; Colarco, Peter/0000-0003-3525-1662 FU NASA FX We would like to thank Judd Welton for his assistance with CALIOP data. This work was funded by the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction program and a NASA Earth System Science Fellowship. NR 48 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 16 BP 8415 EP 8431 DI 10.5194/acp-11-8415-2011 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813YL UT WOS:000294406300012 ER PT J AU Khosrawi, F Urban, J Pitts, MC Voelger, P Achtert, P Kaphlanov, M Santee, ML Manney, GL Murtagh, D Fricke, KH AF Khosrawi, F. Urban, J. Pitts, M. C. Voelger, P. Achtert, P. Kaphlanov, M. Santee, M. L. Manney, G. L. Murtagh, D. Fricke, K-H TI Denitrification and polar stratospheric cloud formation during the Arctic winter 2009/2010 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; LIDAR OBSERVATIONS; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; PARTICLE FORMATION; ANTARCTIC OZONE; NAT; HNO3; MICROPHYSICS; TEMPERATURES; CHEMISTRY AB The sedimentation of HNO(3) containing Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC) particles leads to a permanent removal of HNO(3) and thus to a denitrification of the stratosphere, an effect which plays an important role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The polar vortex in the Arctic winter 2009/2010 was very cold and stable between end of December and end of January. Strong denitrification between 475 to 525K was observed in the Arctic in mid of January by the Odin Sub Millimetre Radiometer (Odin/SMR). This was the strongest denitrification that had been observed in the entire Odin/SMR measuring period (2001-2010). Lidar measurements of PSCs were performed in the area of Kiruna, Northern Sweden with the IRF (Institutet for Rymdfysik) lidar and with the Esrange lidar in January 2010. The measurements show that PSCs were present over the area of Kiruna during the entire period of observations. The formation of PSCs during the Arctic winter 2009/2010 is investigated using a microphysical box model. Box model simulations are performed along air parcel trajectories calculated six days backward according to the PSC measurements with the ground-based lidar in the Kiruna area. From the temperature history of the backward trajectories and the box model simulations we find two PSC regions, one over Kiruna according to the measurements made in Kiruna and one north of Scandinavia which is much colder, reaching also temperatures below T(ice). Using the box model simulations along backward trajectories together with the observations of Odin/SMR, Aura/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder), CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) and the ground-based lidar we investigate how and by which type of PSC particles the denitrification that was observed during the Arctic winter 2009/2010 was caused. From our analysis we find that due to an unusually strong synoptic cooling event in mid January, ice particle formation on NAT may be a possible formation mechanism during that particular winter that may have caused the denitrification observed in mid January. In contrast, the denitrification that was observed in the beginning of January could have been caused by the sedimentation of NAT particles that formed on mountain wave ice clouds. C1 [Khosrawi, F.; Achtert, P.; Kaphlanov, M.] Stockholm Univ, MISU, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Urban, J.; Murtagh, D.] Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Voelger, P.] Swedish Inst Space Phys IRF, Kiruna, Sweden. [Santee, M. L.; Manney, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Fricke, K-H] Univ Bonn, Inst Phys, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. RP Khosrawi, F (reprint author), Stockholm Univ, MISU, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. EM farah@misu.su.se RI Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011; OI Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559; Achtert, Peggy/0000-0003-0156-5276 FU Sweden (SNSB); Canada (CSA); Finland (TEKES); France (CNES); European Space Agency (ESA); National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Swedish Research Council FX We are grateful to the European Space Agency (ESA) for providing the Odin/SMR data. Odin is a Swedish led project funded jointly by Sweden (SNSB), Canada (CSA), Finland (TEKES), and France (CNES) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.php) used in this publication for calulating the trajectories. We would like to thank P. Konopka for the diffusive uptake code, P. Deuflhard and U. Nowak for providing the solver for ordinary differential equations used in the microphysical box model and M. Hervig for providing a program to calculate the NAT existence temperatures. Further, we would like to thank U. Blum for help with the PSC classification and analysis of the lidar data, R. Muller for helpful discussions and the two anonymous reviewer for helpful comments. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. WRF simulations were conducted using the resources of the High Performance Computing Center North (HPC2N), Umea, Sweden. We are also grateful to the Swedish Research Council for funding F. Khosrawi. NR 69 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 16 BP 8471 EP 8487 DI 10.5194/acp-11-8471-2011 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813YL UT WOS:000294406300016 ER PT J AU Fleming, EL Jackman, CH Stolarski, RS Douglass, AR AF Fleming, E. L. Jackman, C. H. Stolarski, R. S. Douglass, A. R. TI A model study of the impact of source gas changes on the stratosphere for 1850-2100 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE MODEL; OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES; BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION; NITROUS-OXIDE N2O; GREENHOUSE GASES; LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; TEMPERATURE TRENDS; TRANSPORT MODEL; CARBON-DIOXIDE AB The long-term stratospheric impacts due to emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and ozone depleting substances (ODSs) are investigated using an updated version of the Goddard two-dimensional (2-D) model. Perturbation simulations with the ODSs, CO2, CH4, and N2O varied individually are performed to isolate the relative roles of these gases in driving stratospheric changes over the 1850-2100 time period. We also show comparisons with observations and the Goddard Earth Observing System chemistry-climate model simulations for the time period 1960-2100 to illustrate that the 2-D model captures the basic processes responsible for long-term stratospheric change. The ODSs, CO2, CH4, and N2O impact ozone via several mechanisms. ODS and N2O loading decrease stratospheric ozone via the increases in atmospheric halogen and odd nitrogen species, respectively. CO2 loading impacts ozone by: (1) cooling the stratosphere which increases ozone via the reduction in the ozone chemical loss rates, and (2) accelerating the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) which redistributes ozone in the lower stratosphere. The net result of CO2 loading is an increase in global ozone in the total column and upper stratosphere. CH4 loading impacts ozone by: (1) increasing atmospheric H2O and the odd hydrogen species which decreases ozone via the enhanced HOx-ozone loss rates; (2) increasing the H2O cooling of the middle atmosphere which reduces the ozone chemical loss rates, partially offsetting the enhanced HOx-ozone loss; (3) converting active to reservoir chlorine via the reaction CH4+Cl -> HCl+CH3 which leads to more ozone; and (4) increasing the NOx-ozone production in the troposphere. The net result of CH4 loading is an ozone decrease above 40-45 km, and an increase below 40-45 km and in the total column. The 2-D simulations indicate that prior to 1940, the ozone increases due to CO2 and CH4 loading outpace the ozone losses due to increasing N2O and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) emissions, so that total column and upper stratospheric global ozone reach broad maxima during the 1920s-1930s. This precedes the significant ozone depletion during similar to 1960-2050 driven by the ODS loading. During the latter half of the 21st century as ODS emissions diminish, CO2, N2O, and CH4 loading will all have significant impacts on global total ozone based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B (medium) scenario, with CO2 having the largest individual effect. Sensitivity tests illustrate that due to the strong chemical interaction between methane and chlorine, the CH4 impact on total ozone becomes significantly more positive with larger ODS loading. The model simulations also show that changes in stratospheric temperature, BDC, and age of air during 1850-2100 are controlled mainly by the CO2 and ODS loading. The simulated acceleration of the BDC causes the global average age of air above 22 km to decrease by similar to 1 yr from 1860-2100. The photochemical lifetimes of N2O, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, and CCl4 decrease by 11-13% during 1960-2100 due to the acceleration of the BDC, with much smaller lifetime changes (< 4 %) caused by changes in the photochemical loss rates. C1 [Fleming, E. L.; Jackman, C. H.; Stolarski, R. S.; Douglass, A. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. [Fleming, E. L.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Stolarski, R. S.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Fleming, EL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. EM eric.l.fleming@nasa.gov RI Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013 OI Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012 FU NASA FX We thank Susan Strahan and Steve Steenrod for providing the GMI CH4 simulations; Vitali Fioletov for supplying the ground-based total ozone data; and Stacey Frith for providing the near global BUV/SBUV data and derived trends. This work was supported by the NASA Atmospheric Composition: Modeling and Analysis (ACMA) Program. NR 77 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 31 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 16 BP 8515 EP 8541 DI 10.5194/acp-11-8515-2011 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813YL UT WOS:000294406300019 ER PT J AU Harrigan, DL Fuelberg, HE Simpson, IJ Blake, DR Carmichael, GR Diskin, GS AF Harrigan, D. L. Fuelberg, H. E. Simpson, I. J. Blake, D. R. Carmichael, G. R. Diskin, G. S. TI Anthropogenic emissions during Arctas-A: mean transport characteristics and regional case studies SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DISPERSION MODEL FLEXPART; ASIAN CONTINENTAL OUTFLOW; AIR-POLLUTION TRANSPORT; SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION; PACIFIC TRACE-P; CARBONYL SULFIDE; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; WESTERN PACIFIC; COMPOUNDS VOCS AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission during 2008 as a part of the International Polar Year (IPY). The purpose of ARCTAS was to study the factors responsible for changes in the Arctic's atmospheric composition and climate. A major emphasis was to investigate Arctic haze, which is most pronounced during winter and early spring. This study focuses on the spring phase of ARCTAS (ARCTAS-A) that was based in Alaska during April 2008. Although anthropogenic emissions historically have been associated with Arctic haze, biomass burning emissions dominated the ARCTAS-A period and have been the focus of many ARCTAS related studies. This study determines mean transport characteristics of anthropogenic emissions during ARCTAS-A. Trajectories are initiated each day from three significant regions of anthropogenic emissions (Asia, North America, and Europe). The fifteen day forward trajectories are calculated using data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 45 km horizontal resolution. The trajectory calculations indicate: origins of emissions that reach the Arctic (defined as north of 70 degrees N) within fifteen days, pathways of these emissions, Arctic entry locations, and altitudes at which the trajectories enter the Arctic. Three cases during the ARCTAS-A period (one for each of the regions above) are examined using backward trajectories and chemical fingerprinting based on in situ data sampled from the NASA DC-8. The fingerprinting utilizes volatile organic compounds that represent pure anthropogenic tracers, Asian anthropogenic pollution, incomplete combustion, and natural gas emissions. We determine flight legs containing anthropogenic emissions and the pathways travelled by these emissions. Results show that the DC-8 sampled anthropogenic emissions from Asia, North America, and Europe during the spring phase of ARCTAS. The pathways travelled by these emissions agree with our derived transport characteristics and previous studies of Arctic transport. Meteorological analysis and trajectory calculations indicate that middle latitude cyclones and their associated warm conveyor belts play an important role in lofting the surface based emissions to their sampling altitude in all three cases. C1 [Harrigan, D. L.; Fuelberg, H. E.] Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Simpson, I. J.; Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Carmichael, G. R.] Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA USA. [Harrigan, D. L.] Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Tallahassee, FL USA. [Diskin, G. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Fuelberg, HE (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM hfuelberg@fsu.edu FU NASA [NNX0AH72G, NNX09AB22G] FX The research at Florida State University was sponsored by the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program under Grant NNX0AH72G. The research at the University of California-Irvine was supported by NASA grant NNX09AB22G. We would like to express our sincere thanks to everyone who participated in the highly successful ARCTAS mission. Finally, we appreciate the helpful suggestions of three anonymous reviewers. NR 69 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 16 BP 8677 EP 8701 DI 10.5194/acp-11-8677-2011 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 813YL UT WOS:000294406300029 ER PT J AU Connor, TC Shephard, MW Payne, VH Cady-Pereira, KE Kulawik, SS Luo, M Osterman, G Lampel, M AF Connor, T. C. Shephard, M. W. Payne, V. H. Cady-Pereira, K. E. Kulawik, S. S. Luo, M. Osterman, G. Lampel, M. TI Long-term stability of TES satellite radiance measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE; AURA MISSION; EMISSIVITY; WATER; SKIN AB The utilization of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) Level 2 (L2) retrieval products for the purpose of assessing long term changes in atmospheric trace gas composition requires knowledge of the overall radiometric stability of the Level 1B (L1B) radiances. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stability of the radiometric calibration of the TES instrument by analyzing the difference between measured and calculated brightness temperatures in selected window regions of the spectrum. The Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) profiles for temperature and water vapor and the Real-Time Global Sea Surface Temperature (RTGSST) are used as input to the Optimal Spectral Sampling (OSS) radiative transfer model to calculate the simulated spectra. The TES reference measurements selected cover a 4-year period of time from mid 2005 through mid 2009 with the selection criteria being; observation latitudes greater than -30 degrees and less than 30 degrees, over ocean, Global Survey mode (nadir view) and retrieved cloud optical depth of less than or equal to 0.01. The TES cloud optical depth retrievals are used only for screening purposes and no effects of clouds on the radiances are included in the forward model. This initial screening results in over 55 000 potential reference spectra spanning the four year period. Presented is a trend analysis of the time series of the residuals (observation minus calculations) in the TES 2B1, 1B2, 2A1, and 1A1 bands, with the standard deviation of the residuals being approximately equal to 0.6K for bands 2B1, 1B2, 2A1, and 0.9K for band 1A1. The analysis demonstrates that the trend in the residuals is not significantly different from zero over the 4-year period. This is one method used to demonstrate that the relative radiometric calibration is stable over time, which is very important for any longer term analysis of TES retrieved products (L2), particularly well-mixed species such as carbon dioxide and methane. C1 [Connor, T. C.; Payne, V. H.; Cady-Pereira, K. E.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. [Shephard, M. W.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Kulawik, S. S.; Luo, M.; Osterman, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Lampel, M.] Raytheon Co, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Connor, TC (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. EM tconnor@aer.com RI Payne, Vivienne/D-9713-2012 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We would like to thank Ned Snell at AER for his helpful insights and discussions, and Robert Morris at Environment Canada for his help with the Mann-Kendall trend statistical analysis. This work was supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2011 VL 4 IS 7 BP 1481 EP 1490 DI 10.5194/amt-4-1481-2011 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 814LZ UT WOS:000294457000010 ER PT S AU Bos, BJ Antonille, SR Memarsadeghi, N AF Bos, Brent J. Antonille, Scott R. Memarsadeghi, Nargess BE Bouman, CA Pollak, I Wolfe, PJ TI Characterization of Moving Dust Particles SO COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Imaging IX CY JAN 24-25, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE, GE Healthcare DE Planetary lander; velocimetry; compression; filtering; deconvolution; deblurring AB A large depth-of-field Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) has been developed at NASA GSFC to characterize dynamic dust environments on planetary surfaces. This instrument detects and senses lofted dust particles. To characterize a dynamic planetary dust environment, the instrument would have to operate for at least several minutes during an observation period, easily producing more than a terabyte of data per observation. Given current technology, this amount of data would be very difficult to store onboard a spacecraft and downlink to Earth. We have been developing an autonomous image analysis algorithm architecture for the PIV instrument to greatly reduce the amount of data that it has to store and downlink. The algorithm analyzes PIV images and reduces the image information down to only the particle measurement data we are interested in receiving on the ground - typically reducing the amount of data to be handled by more than two orders of magnitude. We give a general description of the PIV algorithms and describe in detail the algorithm for estimating the direction and velocity of the traveling particles, which was done by taking advantage of the optical properties of moving dust particles along with image processing techniques. C1 [Bos, Brent J.; Antonille, Scott R.; Memarsadeghi, Nargess] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bos, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brent.J.Bos@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8410-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7873 AR 78730E DI 10.1117/12.872018 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BWF30 UT WOS:000293787600010 ER PT S AU Memarsadeghi, N Le Moigne, J Blake, PN Morey, PA Landsman, WB Chambers, VJ Moseley, SH AF Memarsadeghi, Nargess Le Moigne, Jacqueline Blake, Peter N. Morey, Peter A. Landsman, Wayne B. Chambers, Victor J. Moseley, Samuel H. BE Bouman, CA Pollak, I Wolfe, PJ TI Image Registration for Stability Testing of MEMS SO COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Imaging IX CY JAN 24-25, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE, GE Healthcare DE Image registration; wavelet transformation; Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS); Microshutters; James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ID WEBB-SPACE-TELESCOPE AB Image registration, or alignment of two or more images covering the same scenes or objects, is of great interest in many disciplines such as remote sensing, medical imaging, astronomy, and computer vision. In this paper, we introduce a new application of image registration algorithms. We demonstrate how through a wavelet based image registration algorithm, engineers can evaluate stability of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). In particular, we applied image registration algorithms to assess alignment stability of the MicroShutters Subsystem (MSS) of the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) instrument of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This work introduces a new methodology for evaluating stability of MEMS devices to engineers as well as a new application of image registration algorithms to computer scientists. C1 [Memarsadeghi, Nargess; Le Moigne, Jacqueline; Blake, Peter N.; Chambers, Victor J.; Moseley, Samuel H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Memarsadeghi, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Stop 587, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Nargess.Memarsadeghi@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-8410-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7873 AR 78730G DI 10.1117/12.872076 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BWF30 UT WOS:000293787600012 ER PT S AU Bar-Cohen, Y AF Bar-Cohen, Yoseph BE BarCohen, Y Carpi, F TI Directions for development of the field of Electroactive Polymer (EAP) SO ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER ACTUATORS AND DEVICES (EAPAD) 2011 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2011 CY MAR 07-10, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE EAP; actuators; Electroactive polymers; Biomimetics; Biologically inspired technologies; Robotics ID ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE AB In last few years, the rate of development and advances in the field of EAP has accelerated significantly and it is increasingly getting closer to the point of finding them used in commercial products. Substantial development has been reported in the understanding of their drive mechanisms and the parameters that control their electro-activation behavior. Further, efforts are being made to develop mass production techniques with greatly improved actuation capability and operation durability. The recent efforts to develop energy harvesting techniques, haptic interfacing (including refreshable braille displays), and toys are further increasing the likelihood of finding niches for these materials. In this paper, the author sought to examine the potential directions for the future development of the field of EAP in relation to the state-of-the-art. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM yosi@jpl.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-89418-538-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7976 AR 797604 DI 10.1117/12.880056 PG 8 WC Optics; Polymer Science SC Optics; Polymer Science GA BWM88 UT WOS:000294254200004 ER PT J AU Scheel, MLM Rohrer, M Huggel, C Villar, DS Silvestre, E Huffman, GJ AF Scheel, M. L. M. Rohrer, M. Huggel, Ch Villar, D. Santos Silvestre, E. Huffman, G. J. TI Evaluation of TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) performance in the Central Andes region and its dependency on spatial and temporal resolution SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; PASSIVE MICROWAVE; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; RAINFALL; RADAR; MODEL; VALIDATION; ALGORITHMS; PREDICTION; PROJECT AB Climate time series are of major importance for base line studies for climate change impact and adaptation projects. However, for instance, in mountain regions and in developing countries there exist significant gaps in ground based climate records in space and time. Specifically, in the Peruvian Andes spatially and temporally coherent precipitation information is a prerequisite for ongoing climate change adaptation projects in the fields of water resources, disasters and food security. The present work aims at evaluating the ability of Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) to estimate precipitation rates at daily 0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees scale in the Central Andes and the dependency of the estimate performance on changing spatial and temporal resolution. Comparison of the TMPA product with gauge measurements in the regions of Cuzco, Peru and La Paz, Bolivia were carried out and analysed statistically. Large biases are identified in both investigation areas in the estimation of daily precipitation amounts. The occurrence of strong precipitation events was well assessed, but their intensities were underestimated. TMPA estimates for La Paz show high false alarm ratio. The dependency of the TMPA estimate quality with changing resolution was analysed by comparisons of 1-, 7-, 15- and 30-day sums for Cuzco, Peru. The correlation of TMPA estimates with ground data increases strongly and almost linearly with temporal aggregation. The spatial aggregation to 0.5 degrees, 0.75 degrees and 1 degrees grid box averaged precipitation and its comparison to gauge data of the same areas revealed no significant change in correlation coefficients and estimate performance. In order to profit from the TMPA combination product on a daily basis, a procedure to blend it with daily precipitation gauge measurements is proposed. Different sources of errors and uncertainties introduced by the sensors, sensor-specific algorithm aspects and the TMPA processing scheme are discussed. This study reveals the possibilities and restrictions of the use of TMPA estimates in the Central Andes and should assist other researchers in the choice of the best resolution-accuracy relationship according to requirements of their applications. C1 [Scheel, M. L. M.; Huggel, Ch] Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, Switzerland. [Scheel, M. L. M.; Rohrer, M.] Meteodat GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland. [Scheel, M. L. M.] Humboldt Univ, Dept Geog, Berlin, Germany. [Villar, D. Santos] Univ Nacl Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru. [Silvestre, E.] SENAMHI, Meteorol & Hydrol Serv Peru, Lima, Peru. [Huffman, G. J.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Huffman, G. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Scheel, MLM (reprint author), Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, Switzerland. EM mscheel@alumni.ethz.ch RI Huffman, George/F-4494-2014 OI Huffman, George/0000-0003-3858-8308 NR 40 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2011 VL 15 IS 8 BP 2649 EP 2663 DI 10.5194/hess-15-2649-2011 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 814MH UT WOS:000294458200016 ER PT S AU Clark, N AF Clark, Natalie BE Varadan, VK TI Design and Performance Evaluation of Sensors and Actuators for Advanced Optical Systems SO NANOSENSORS, BIOSENSORS, AND INFO-TECH SENSORS AND SYSTEMS 2011 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanosensors, Biosensors, and Info-Tech Sensors and Systems 2011 CY MAR 07-09, 2010 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Photonics; Adaptive Optics; Tunable Filters; MEMs.; MOEMs; Coronagraph; Star Tracker AB Current state-of-the-art commercial sensors and actuators do not meet many of NASA's next generation spacecraft and instrument needs. Nor do they satisfy the DoD needs for satellite missions, especially micro/nano satellite missions. In an effort to develop advanced optical devices and instruments that meet mission requirements, NASA Langley recently completed construction of a new cleanroom housing equipment capable of fabricating high performance active optic and adaptive optic technologies including deformable mirrors, reconfigurable lenses (both refractive and diffractive), spectrometers, spectro-polarimeters, tunable filters and many other active optic devices. In addition to performance, these advanced optic technologies offer advantages in speed, size, weight, power consumption, and radiation tolerance. The active optic devices described in this paper rely on birefringent liquid crystal materials to alter either the phase or the polarization of the incoming light. Design considerations and performance evaluation results for various NASA applications are presented. Applications presented will include large space telescopes, optical communications, spacecraft windows, coronagraphs, and star trackers. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Clark, N (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-542-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7980 AR 798004 DI 10.1117/12.881924 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BWP73 UT WOS:000294448900003 ER PT S AU Badescu, M Sherrit, S Bao, XQ Bar-Cohen, Y Chen, B AF Badescu, Mircea Sherrit, Stewart Bao, Xiaoqi Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Chen, Beck BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Giurgiutiu, V Lynch, JP TI Auto-Gopher - a wire-line rotary-hammer ultrasonic drill SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2011 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2011 CY MAR 07-10, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, KAIST AB Developing technologies that would enable NASA to sample rock, soil, and ice by coring, drilling or abrading at a significant depth is of great importance for a large number of in-situ exploration missions as well as for earth applications. Proven techniques to sample Mars subsurface will be critical for future NASA astrobiology missions that will search for records of past and present life on the planet, as well as the search of water and other resources. A deep corer, called Auto-Gopher, is currently being developed as a joint effort of the JPL's NDEAA laboratory and Honeybee Robotics Corp. The Auto-Gopher is a wire-line rotary-hammer drill that combines rock breaking by hammering using an ultrasonic actuator and cuttings removal by rotating a fluted bit. The hammering mechanism is based on the Ultrasonic/Sonic Drill/Corer (USDC) that has been developed as an adaptable tool for many of drilling and coring applications. The USDC uses an intermediate free-flying mass to transform the high frequency vibrations of the horn tip into a sonic hammering of a drill bit. The USDC concept was used in a previous task to develop an Ultrasonic/Sonic Ice Gopher. The lessons learned from testing the ice gopher were implemented into the design of the Auto-Gopher by inducing a rotary motion onto the fluted coring bit. A wire-line version of such a system would allow penetration of significant depth without a large increase in mass. A laboratory version of the corer was developed in the NDEAA lab to determine the design and drive parameters of the integrated system. The design configuration lab version of the design and fabrication and preliminary testing results are presented in this paper. C1 [Badescu, Mircea; Sherrit, Stewart; Bao, Xiaoqi; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Chen, Beck] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Badescu, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 67-119,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Mircea.Badescu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-543-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7981 AR 79813U DI 10.1117/12.880827 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BWP70 UT WOS:000294447800109 ER PT S AU Bao, XQ Badescu, M Bar-Cohen, Y Lih, SS Sherrit, S Chang, ZS Chen, B Widholm, S Ostlund, P AF Bao, Xiaoqi Badescu, Mircea Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Lih, Shyh-Shiuh Sherrit, Stewart Chang, Zensheu Chen, Beck Widholm, Scott Ostlund, Patrick BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Giurgiutiu, V Lynch, JP TI Sensor for direct measurement of the boundary shear stress in fluid flow SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2011 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2011 CY MAR 07-10, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, KAIST DE Sensor; shear stress; fluid flow AB The formation of scour patterns at bridge piers is driven by the forces at the boundary of the water flow. In most experimental scour studies, indirect processes have been applied to estimate the shear and normal stress using measured velocity profiles. The estimations are based on theoretical models and associated assumptions. However, the turbulence flow fields and boundary layer in the pier-scour region are very complex. In addition, available turbulence models cannot account accurately for the bed roughness effect. Direct measurement of the boundary shear and normal stress and their fluctuations are attractive alternatives. However, this approach is a challenging one especially for high spatial resolution and high fidelity measurements. The authors designed and fabricated a prototype miniature shear stress sensor including an EDM machined floating plate and a high-resolution optical encoder. Tests were performed both in air as well as operation in water with controlled flow. The sensor sensitivity, stability and signal-to-noise level were measured and evaluated. The detailed test results and a discussion of future work will be presented in this paper. C1 [Bao, Xiaoqi; Badescu, Mircea; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Lih, Shyh-Shiuh; Sherrit, Stewart; Chang, Zensheu; Chen, Beck; Widholm, Scott; Ostlund, Patrick] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bao, XQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 67-119,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM xbao@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-543-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7981 AR 79814G DI 10.1117/12.880901 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BWP70 UT WOS:000294447800126 ER PT S AU Sherrit, S Bao, XQ Badescu, M Chang, ZS Geiyer, D Allen, P Ostlund, P Bar-Cohen, Y AF Sherrit, Stewart Bao, Xiaoqi Badescu, Mircea Chang, Zensheu Geiyer, Daniel Allen, Phillip Ostlund, Patrick Bar-Cohen, Yoseph BE Tomizuka, M Yun, CB Giurgiutiu, V Lynch, JP TI Planar Rotary Motor using Ultrasonic Horns SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2011 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2011 CY MAR 07-10, 2011 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, KAIST DE Piezoelectric; piezoelectric horn transducers; planar structures; rotary motion; ultrasonic impacts AB One of the first piezoelectric motor designs with significant rotational speeds was outlined by Barth. This device used extensional piezoelectric elements to produce a time varying force at a distance r from the center of a centrally supported disk. These extensional actuators produced micro-steps at a high frequency with the end result being macroscopic rotation of the disk and high torque. The rotation direction is controlled by the choice of the actuators and the direction of the extension about the rotor center. A recent advancement in producing pre-stressed power ultrasonic horns using flexures allows for the development of high torque ultrasonic motors based on the Barth's idea that can be fabricated in a 2D plate or in more complicated 3D structures. In addition to the pre-stress flexures the design also allows for the use of flexures to produce the rotor/horn normal force. The torque can be controlled by the number of actuators in the plane and the amplitude of the normal force. This paper will present analytical and experimental results obtained from testing prototype planar motors. C1 [Sherrit, Stewart; Bao, Xiaoqi; Badescu, Mircea; Chang, Zensheu; Geiyer, Daniel; Allen, Phillip; Ostlund, Patrick; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sherrit, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-543-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7981 AR 79810O DI 10.1117/12.880496 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BWP70 UT WOS:000294447800022 ER PT B AU Clancey, WJ AF Clancey, William J. BE Koschmann, T TI A Transactional Perspective on the Practice-Based Science of Teaching and Learning SO THEORIES OF LEARNING AND STUDIES OF INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICE SE Explorations in the Learning Sciences Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Clancey, William J.] Florida Inst Human & Machine Cognit, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Clancey, William J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Clancey, WJ (reprint author), Florida Inst Human & Machine Cognit, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA USA. EM william.j.clancey@nasa.gov NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-1-4419-7581-2 J9 EXPLOR LEARN SCI PY 2011 BP 247 EP 278 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7582-9_15 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-7582-9 PG 32 WC Education & Educational Research SC Education & Educational Research GA BUY32 UT WOS:000290692800015 ER PT B AU Clancey, WJ AF Clancey, William J. BE Koschmann, T TI A Transactional Perspective on the Workshop: Looking Again and Wondering SO THEORIES OF LEARNING AND STUDIES OF INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICE SE Explorations in the Learning Sciences Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Clancey, William J.] Florida Inst Human & Machine Cognit, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Clancey, William J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Clancey, WJ (reprint author), Florida Inst Human & Machine Cognit, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA USA. EM william.j.clancey@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-1-4419-7581-2 J9 EXPLOR LEARN SCI PY 2011 BP 337 EP 345 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7582-9_20 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-7582-9 PG 9 WC Education & Educational Research SC Education & Educational Research GA BUY32 UT WOS:000290692800020 ER PT S AU Sburlan, SE Farr, WH AF Sburlan, S. E. Farr, W. H. BE Itzler, MA Campbell, JC TI Characterization of photon-counting detector responsivity for nonlinear two-photon absorption process SO ADVANCED PHOTON COUNTING TECHNIQUES V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Photon Counting Techniques V CY APR 27-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE two-photon; Geiger mode detector; optical communications; responsivity; non-linear absorption; microlens array; detection efficiency; pixel ID AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES; DESIGN; DIODES AB Sub-band absorption at 1550 nm has been demonstrated and characterized on silicon Geiger mode detectors, which normally would be expected to have no response at this wavelength. We compare responsivity measurements to single-photon absorption for wavelengths slightly above the band gap wavelength of silicon (similar to 1100 mu m). One application for this low efficiency sub-band absorption is in deep space optical communication systems where it is desirable to track a 1030 nm uplink beacon on the same flight terminal detector array that monitors a 1550 nm downlink signal for pointing control. The currently observed absorption at 1550 nm provides 60-70 dB of isolation compared to the response at 1064 nm, which is desirable to avoid saturation of the detector by scattered light from the downlink laser. C1 [Sburlan, S. E.; Farr, W. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Sburlan, SE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-607-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8033 AR 803305 DI 10.1117/12.884366 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BWL86 UT WOS:000294206400003 ER PT J AU Jackman, CH Marsh, DR Vitt, FM Roble, RG Randall, CE Bernath, PF Funke, B Lopez-Puertas, M Versick, S Stiller, GP Tylka, AJ Fleming, EL AF Jackman, C. H. Marsh, D. R. Vitt, F. M. Roble, R. G. Randall, C. E. Bernath, P. F. Funke, B. Lopez-Puertas, M. Versick, S. Stiller, G. P. Tylka, A. J. Fleming, E. L. TI Northern Hemisphere atmospheric influence of the solar proton events and ground level enhancement in January 2005 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-PRECIPITATION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; OZONE DEPLETION; STRATOSPHERE; NITROGEN AB Solar eruptions in early 2005 led to a substantial barrage of charged particles on the Earth's atmosphere during the 16-21 January period. Proton fluxes were greatly increased during these several days and led to the production of HOx (H, OH, HO2) and NOx (N, NO, NO2), which then caused the destruction of ozone. We focus on the Northern polar region, where satellite measurements and simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM3) showed large enhancements in mesospheric HOx and NOx constituents, and associated ozone reductions, due to these solar proton events (SPEs). The WACCM3 simulations show enhanced short-lived OH and HO2 concentrations throughout the mesosphere in the 60-82.5 degrees N latitude band due to the SPEs for most days in the 16-21 January 2005 period, somewhat higher in abundance than those observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). These HOx enhancements led to huge predicted and MLS-measured ozone decreases of greater than 40% throughout most of the northern polar mesosphere during the SPE period. Envisat Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) show increases throughout the stratosphere with highest enhancements of about 60 pptv in the lowermost mesosphere over the 16-18 January 2005 period due to the solar protons. WACCM3 predictions indicate H2O2 enhancements over the same time period of about three times that amount. Measurements of nitric acid (HNO3) by both MLS and MIPAS show an increase of about 1 ppbv above background levels in the upper stratosphere during 16-29 January 2005. WACCM3 simulations show only minuscule HNO3 increases (< 0.05 ppbv) in the upper stratosphere during this time period. Polar mesospheric enhancements of NOx are computed to be greater than 50 ppbv during the SPE period due to the small loss rates during winter. Computed NOx increases, which were statistically significant at the 95% level, lasted about a month past the SPEs. The SCISAT-1 Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer NOx measurements and MIPAS NO2 measurements for the polar Northern Hemisphere are in reasonable agreement with these predictions. An extremely large ground level enhancement (GLE) occurred during the SPE period on 20 January 2005. We find that protons of energies 300 to 20 000 MeV, associated with this GLE, led to very small enhanced lower stratospheric odd nitrogen concentrations of less than 0.1% and ozone decreases of less than 0.01 %. C1 [Jackman, C. H.; Fleming, E. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Marsh, D. R.; Vitt, F. M.; Roble, R. G.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Randall, C. E.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Funke, B.; Lopez-Puertas, M.] Inst Astrofis Andalucia, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spain. [Versick, S.; Stiller, G. P.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Tylka, A. J.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Fleming, E. L.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Jackman, CH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM charles.h.jackman@nasa.gov RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013; Tylka, Allan/G-9592-2014; Funke, Bernd/C-2162-2008; Marsh, Daniel/A-8406-2008 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734; Funke, Bernd/0000-0003-0462-4702; Marsh, Daniel/0000-0001-6699-494X FU NASA [NNX08AU44G, NNX06AC05G]; National Science Foundation; DFG [1176 CAWSES]; Spanish MICINN [AYA2008-03498/ESP]; EC; Canadian Space Agency FX We thank NASA Headquarters Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology Program and the Aura Science Team Program for support during the time that this manuscript was written. CER was supported by NASA LWS grants NNX08AU44G and NNX06AC05G. We thank Nathaniel Livesey, Shuhui Wang, and Herbert Pickett of the Aura MLS Team for help in utilizing the MLS measurements and application of the MLS averaging kernels to WACCM3 output. We thank Gordon J. Labow (Science Systems and Applications, Inc.) for help with plotting Figs. 3 and 4. We thank the NOAA GOES team for providing the solar proton flux data over the Internet. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. WACCM3 results presented in this paper were generated using NASA's Columbia supercomputer housed at the NASA Ames Research Center. The ACE mission is supported primarily by the Canadian Space Agency. Some support was also provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council, NERC. MIPAS work presented in this paper was funded by the project MANOXUVA within the DFG priority project 1176 CAWSES. The IAA team was supported by the Spanish MICINN under project AYA2008-03498/ESP and EC FEDER funds. MIPAS level-1b data have been provided by ESA. NR 44 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 13 BP 6153 EP 6166 DI 10.5194/acp-11-6153-2011 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 792GE UT WOS:000292728400001 ER PT J AU Pumphrey, HC Santee, ML Livesey, NJ Schwartz, MJ Read, WG AF Pumphrey, H. C. Santee, M. L. Livesey, N. J. Schwartz, M. J. Read, W. G. TI Microwave Limb Sounder observations of biomass-burning products from the Australian bush fires of February 2009 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EOS MLS; HCN; TRANSPORT; CH3CN; ATMOSPHERE; SATELLITE; EMISSIONS; AEROSOLS; BUDGETS; MISSION AB The large bush fires which occurred in southeast Australia in February 2009 were unusually destructive. However, they were also unusual in the amounts of various combustion products which were injected directly into the stratosphere. We report the observations by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Aura satellite of some of these combustion products. The highest quality observations are of CO; these clearly show a large region of enhanced mixing ratios to the north of New Zealand which remains in that region for about ten days before drifting westwards and finally dissipating over the Atlantic about a month after the fire. The region of enhanced CO ascends from the tropopause to 46 hPa during this period. Back trajectories run from the points where MLS observes enhanced CO pass close to the site of the fire. The MLS observations of CH3CN and HCN resemble those of CO except for their poorer vertical resolution and more limited vertical range. An apparent enhancement in ClO is also observed by MLS, but detailed analysis of the measured radiances reveals this feature to be a signature of CH3OH, which is not currently retrieved by the MLS data processing system. The fires of February 2009 are the only event of this type and magnitude in the 7-yr MLS record. C1 [Pumphrey, H. C.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch GeoSci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Santee, M. L.; Livesey, N. J.; Schwartz, M. J.; Read, W. G.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Pumphrey, HC (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch GeoSci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. EM h.c.pumphrey@ed.ac.uk RI Schwartz, Michael/F-5172-2016 OI Schwartz, Michael/0000-0001-6169-5094 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. HCP thanks the University of Edinburgh for granting the sabbatical time during which this paper was written. Thanks are also due to Svetlana Petelina, Harjinder Sembhi, Mike Fromm and an anonymous referee for various helpful suggestions. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 13 BP 6285 EP 6296 DI 10.5194/acp-11-6285-2011 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 792GE UT WOS:000292728400009 ER PT J AU Aghedo, AM Bowman, KW Shindell, DT Faluvegi, G AF Aghedo, A. M. Bowman, K. W. Shindell, D. T. Faluvegi, G. TI The impact of orbital sampling, monthly averaging and vertical resolution on climate chemistry model evaluation with satellite observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER; NADIR RETRIEVALS; OZONE; SIMULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; VALIDATION; POLLUTION; AEROSOLS; GASES AB Ensemble climate model simulations used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments have become important tools for exploring the response of the Earth System to changes in anthropogenic and natural forcings. The systematic evaluation of these models through global satellite observations is a critical step in assessing the uncertainty of climate change projections. This paper presents the technical steps required for using nadir sun-synchronous infrared satellite observations for multimodel evaluation and the uncertainties associated with each step. This is motivated by need to use satellite observations to evaluate climate models. We quantified the implications of the effect of satellite orbit and spatial coverage, the effect of variations in vertical sensitivity as quantified by the observation operator and the impact of averaging the operators for use with monthly-mean model output. We calculated these biases in ozone, carbon monoxide, atmospheric temperature and water vapour by using the output from two global chemistry climate models (ECHAM5-MOZ and GISS-PUCCINI) and the observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument on board the NASA-Aura satellite from January 2005 to December 2008. The results show that sampling and monthly averaging of the observation operators produce zonal-mean biases of less than +/- 3% for ozone and carbon monoxide throughout the entire troposphere in both models. Water vapour sampling zonal-mean biases were also within the insignificant range of +/- 3% (that is +/- 0.14 g kg(-1)) in both models. Sampling led to a temperature zonal-mean bias of +/- 0.3 K over the tropical and mid-latitudes in both models, and up to -1.4 K over the boundary layer in the higher latitudes. Using the monthly average of temperature and water vapour operators lead to large biases over the boundary layer in the southern-hemispheric higher latitudes and in the upper troposphere, respectively. Up to 8% bias was calculated in the upper troposphere water vapour due to monthly-mean operators, which may impact the detection of water vapour feedback in response to global warming. Our results reveal the importance of using the averaging kernel and the a priori profiles to account for the limited vertical resolution and clouds of a nadir observation during model application. Neglecting the observation operators resulted in large biases, which are more than 60% for ozone, +/- 30% for carbon monoxide, and range between -1.5K and 5K for atmospheric temperature, and between -60% and 100% for water vapour. C1 [Aghedo, A. M.; Bowman, K. W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Aghedo, AM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM adetutu.aghedo@gmail.com RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012 FU United States government FX We thank the members of TES team for useful discussions, and also to Sebastian Rast at the Max Planck Institute of Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany. A. M. A. acknowledge the use of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) supercomputers to perform the ECHAM5-MOZ simulations whose results were used in this manuscript. The ECHAM5-MOZ model was run at JPL under the license from the Max Planck Institute of Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany. The authors thank the Editor and the two anonymous referees for their comments, which has helped to improve the manuscript. The United States government sponsorship is acknowledged. NR 64 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 13 BP 6493 EP 6514 DI 10.5194/acp-11-6493-2011 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 792GE UT WOS:000292728400022 ER PT J AU Felker, SR Moody, JL Wimmers, AJ Osterman, G Bowman, K AF Felker, S. R. Moody, J. L. Wimmers, A. J. Osterman, G. Bowman, K. TI A multi-sensor upper tropospheric ozone product (MUTOP) based on TES Ozone and GOES water vapor: derivation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OBSERVED SPATIAL GRADIENTS; EMISSION SPECTROMETER; NADIR RETRIEVALS; SATELLITE; TROPOPAUSE; TRANSPORT; AURA; VARIABILITY; HUMIDITY; EXCHANGE AB The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), a hyperspectral infrared instrument on the Aura satellite, retrieves a vertical profile of tropospheric ozone. However, polar-orbiting instruments like TES provide limited nadir-view coverage. This work illustrates the value of these observations when taken in context with geostationary imagery describing synoptic-scale weather patterns. The goal of this study is to create map-view products of upper troposphere (UT) ozone through the integration of TES ozone measurements with two synoptic dynamic tracers of stratospheric influence: specific humidity derived from the GOES Imager water vapor absorption channel, and potential vorticity (PV) from an operational forecast model. As a mixing zone between tropospheric and stratospheric reservoirs, the upper troposphere (UT) exhibits a complex chemical makeup. Determination of ozone mixing ratios in this layer is especially difficult without direct in situ measurement. However, it is well understood that UT ozone is correlated with dynamical tracers like low specific humidity and high potential vorticity. Blending the advantages of two remotely sensed quantities (GOES water vapor and TES ozone) is at the core of the Multi-sensor Upper Tropospheric Ozone Product (MUTOP). Our results suggest that 72% of TES-observed UT ozone variability can be explained by its correlation with dry air and high PV. MUTOP reproduces TES retrievals across the GOES-West domain with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 18 ppbv (part per billion by volume). There are several advantages to this multi-sensor derived product approach: (1) it is calculated from two operational fields (GOES specific humidity and GFS PV), so maps of layer-average ozone can be created and used in near real-time; (2) the product provides the spatial resolution and coverage of a geostationary image as it depicts the variable distribution of ozone in the UT; and (3) the 6 h temporal resolution of the derived product imagery allows for the visualization of rapid movement of this dynamically-driven ozone, as illustrated in the animation Supplement. This paper presents the scientific basis and methodology behind the creation of this unique ozone product, as well as a statistical comparison of the derived product to an evaluation dataset of coincident TES observations. C1 [Felker, S. R.; Moody, J. L.] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Wimmers, A. J.] Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. [Osterman, G.; Bowman, K.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Felker, SR (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM srfelker@gmail.com FU NASA [NNG06GA93G] FX UVA participation in the INTEX/B field program was supported by NASA (award NNG06GA93G). We thank the UCAR Unidata program for data access to near real-time GOES imagery. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 13 BP 6515 EP 6527 DI 10.5194/acp-11-6515-2011 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 792GE UT WOS:000292728400023 ER PT S AU Cockell, CS Bagshaw, E Balme, M Doran, P McKay, CP Miljkovic, K Pearce, D Siegert, MJ Tranter, M Voytek, M Wadham, J AF Cockell, Charles S. Bagshaw, Elizabeth Balme, Matt Doran, Peter McKay, Christopher P. Miljkovic, Katarina Pearce, David Siegert, Martin J. Tranter, Martyn Voytek, Mary Wadham, Jemma BA Kennicutt, MC Bindschadler, RA BF Kennicutt, MC Bindschadler, RA BE Siegert, MJ TI Subglacial Environments and the Search for Life Beyond the Earth SO ANTARTIC SUBGLACIAL AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID HAUT-GLACIER-DAROLLA; GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; HIGH ARCTIC GLACIER; SURFACE GROUND ICE; LAKE VOSTOK; CERBERUS FOSSAE; NEAR-SURFACE; EARLY MARS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY AB One of the most remarkable discoveries resulting from the robotic and remote sensing exploration of space is the inferred presence of bodies of liquid water under ice deposits on other planetary bodies: extraterrestrial subglacial environments. Most prominent among these are the ice-covered ocean of the Jovian moon, Europa, and the Saturnian moon, Enceladus. On Mars, although there is no current evidence for subglacial liquid water today, conditions may have been more favorable for liquid water during periods of higher obliquity. Data on these extraterrestrial environments show that while they share similarities with some subglacial environments on the Earth, they are very different in their combined physicochemical conditions. Extraterrestrial environments may provide three new types of subglacial settings for study: (1) uninhabitable environments that are more extreme and life-limiting than terrestrial subglacial environments, (2) environments that are habitable but are uninhabited, which can be compared to similar biotically influenced subglacial environments on the Earth, and (3) environments with examples of life, which will provide new opportunities to investigate the interactions between a biota and glacial environments. C1 [Cockell, Charles S.; Balme, Matt; Miljkovic, Katarina] Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [Bagshaw, Elizabeth; Tranter, Martyn; Wadham, Jemma] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. [Doran, Peter] Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Pearce, David] British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [McKay, Christopher P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. [Voytek, Mary] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Siegert, Martin J.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Cockell, CS (reprint author), Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. EM C.S.Cockell@open.ac.uk RI Siegert, Martin/A-3826-2008; Miljkovic, Katarina/D-4844-2013; OI Siegert, Martin/0000-0002-0090-4806; Miljkovic, Katarina/0000-0001-8644-8903; Bagshaw, Elizabeth/0000-0001-8392-1750 NR 158 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-482-5 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2011 VL 192 BP 129 EP 148 DI 10.1029/2010GM000939 D2 10.1029/GM192 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Oceanography GA BUV01 UT WOS:000290418300008 ER PT J AU Yuan, T AF Yuan, T. TI Cloud macroscopic organization: order emerging from randomness SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CELLULAR CONVECTION; CUMULUS CLOUDS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SATELLITE DATA; OPEN CELLS; PRECIPITATION; STRATOCUMULUS; SIMULATIONS; STATISTICS AB Clouds play a central role in many aspects of the climate system and their forms and shapes are remarkably diverse. Appropriate representation of clouds in climate models is a major challenge because cloud processes span at least eight orders of magnitude in spatial scales. Here we show that there exists order in cloud size distribution of low-level clouds, and that it follows a power-law distribution with exponent gamma close to 2. gamma is insensitive to yearly variations in environmental conditions, but has regional variations and landocean contrasts. More importantly, we demonstrate this self-organizing behavior of clouds emerges naturally from a complex network model with simple, physical organizing principles: random clumping and merging. We also demonstrate symmetry between clear and cloudy skies in terms of macroscopic organization because of similar fundamental underlying organizing principles. The order in the apparently complex cloud-clear field thus has its root in random local interactions. Studying cloud organization with complex network models is an attractive new approach that has wide applications in climate science. We also propose a concept of cloud statistic mechanics approach. This approach is fully complementary to deterministic models, and the two approaches provide a powerful framework to meet the challenge of representing clouds in our climate models when working in tandem. C1 [Yuan, T.] UMBC, Joint Ctr Environm Technol, Baltimore, MD USA. [Yuan, T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmosphere, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yuan, T (reprint author), UMBC, Joint Ctr Environm Technol, Baltimore, MD USA. EM tianle.yuan@nasa.gov RI Yuan, Tianle/D-3323-2011 FU NASA FX I thank Eric Wilcox and the other anonymous reviewer as well as the editor Timothy Garrett for their constructive and helpful comments. Discussions with Lazaros Oreopoulos and Lorraine Remer are also helpful. Funding is provided by NASA IDS and Radiation Science programs. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 15 BP 7483 EP 7490 DI 10.5194/acp-11-7483-2011 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806RA UT WOS:000293826500005 ER PT J AU Pfister, GG Avise, J Wiedinmyer, C Edwards, DP Emmons, LK Diskin, GD Podolske, J Wisthaler, A AF Pfister, G. G. Avise, J. Wiedinmyer, C. Edwards, D. P. Emmons, L. K. Diskin, G. D. Podolske, J. Wisthaler, A. TI CO source contribution analysis for California during ARCTAS-CARB SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORTED BACKGROUND OZONE; AIR-QUALITY; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; NORTH-AMERICA; SURFACE OZONE; MODEL; MONOXIDE; EMISSIONS; PACIFIC; RESOLUTION AB Air pollution is of concern in many parts of California and is impacted by both local emissions and also by pollution inflow from the North Pacific Ocean. In this study, we use the regional chemical transport model WRF-Chem V3.2 together with the global Model for OZone and Related Chemical Tracers to examine the CO budget over California. We include model CO tracers for different emission sources in the models, which allow estimation of the relative importance of local sources versus pollution inflow on the distribution of CO at the surface and in the free troposphere. The focus of our study is on the 15 June-15 July 2008 time period, which coincides with the aircraft deployment of the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission over California. Model simulations are evaluated using these aircraft observations as well as satellite retrievals and surface observations of CO. Evaluation results show that the model overall predicts the observed CO fields well, but points towards an underestimate of CO from the fires in Northern California, which had a strong influence during the study period, and towards a slight overestimate of CO from pollution inflow and local anthropogenic sources. The analysis of the CO budget over California reveals that inflow of CO explains on average 99 +/- 11 ppbV of surface CO during the study period, compared to 61 +/- 95 ppbV for local anthropogenic direct emissions of CO and 84 +/- 194 ppbV for fires. In the free troposphere, the average CO contributions are estimated as 96 +/- 7 ppbV for CO inflow, 8 +/- 9 ppbV for CO from local anthropogenic sources and 18 +/- 13 ppbV for CO from fires. Accounting for the low bias in the CO fire emission inventory, the fire impact during the study period might have been up to a factor 4 higher than the given estimates. C1 [Pfister, G. G.; Wiedinmyer, C.; Edwards, D. P.; Emmons, L. K.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Avise, J.] California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA USA. [Diskin, G. D.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Podolske, J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Wisthaler, A.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ion Phys & Appl Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RP Pfister, GG (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM pfister@ucar.edu RI Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 FU NASA [NNX10AH45G, NNX08AD22G, NNX07AL57G]; National Science Foundation FX The authors like to acknowledge Stu McKeen (NOAA ESRL) for support in using the EPA-NEI emissions inventory. We further acknowledge Simone Tilmes and Merritt Deeter for providing valuable input to the manuscript and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. Acetonitrile measurements were supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG-ALR) and the Tiroler Zukunftstiftung and carried out with the help/support of T. Mikoviny, M. Graus, A. Hansel and T. D. Maerk. The research was supported by NASA grants NNX10AH45G, NNX08AD22G and NNX07AL57G. NCAR is operated by the University Corporation of Atmospheric Research under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation NR 45 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 23 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 15 BP 7515 EP 7532 DI 10.5194/acp-11-7515-2011 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 806RA UT WOS:000293826500007 ER PT B AU Spector, B Yager, R AF Spector, Barbara Yager, Robert BE Totten, S Pedersen, JE TI THE MANY FACES OF STS Social Issues in Science Education SO TEACHING AND STUDYING SOCIAL ISSUES: MAJOR PROGRAMS AND APPROACHES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID TECHNOLOGY-SOCIETY; TEACHERS; REFORM; VIEWS; STUDENTS; BELIEFS; PROJECT; DOMAIN; VOSTS C1 [Spector, Barbara] Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Spector, Barbara] Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. [Spector, Barbara] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [Yager, Robert] Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 90 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMATION AGE PUBLISHING-IAP PI CHARLOTTE PA PO BOX 79049, CHARLOTTE, NC 28271-7047 USA BN 978-1-61735-044-3 PY 2011 BP 277 EP 311 PG 35 WC Education & Educational Research; Social Issues SC Education & Educational Research; Social Issues GA BTH09 UT WOS:000286920900015 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Rafol, SB Ting, DZ AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Rafol, S. B. Ting, D. Z. BE Gunapala, SD Rhiger, DR Jagadish, C TI Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors SO ADVANCES IN INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS SE Semiconductors and Semimetals LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID FOCAL-PLANE ARRAY; RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT; MU-M; BROAD-BAND; INTERSUBBAND ABSORPTION; PHOTOCONDUCTIVE GAIN; DARK CURRENT; NARROW-BAND; IMPROVED RESPONSIVITY; NOISE PERFORMANCE C1 [Gunapala, S. D.; Rafol, S. B.; Ting, D. Z.] NASA, Ctr Infrared Sensors, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bandara, S. V.] Night Vis & Elect Sensors Directorate, Ft Belvoir, VA 22060 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), NASA, Ctr Infrared Sensors, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sarath.d.gunapala@jpl.nasa.gov; sumith.bandara@us.army.mil; Sir.B.Rafol@jpl.nasa.gov; david.z.ting@jpl.nasa.gov; sarath.d.gunapala@jpl.nasa.gov NR 133 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0080-8784 BN 978-0-12-381337-4 J9 SEMICONDUCT SEMIMET JI Semicond. Sdemimet. PY 2011 VL 84 BP 59 EP 151 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-381337-4.00002-4 PG 93 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BVG20 UT WOS:000291452800002 ER PT B AU Smith, AK Marsh, DR Mlynczak, MG Russell, JM Mast, JC AF Smith, Anne K. Marsh, Daniel R. Mlynczak, Martin G. Russell, James M., III Mast, Jeffrey C. BE Abdu, MA Pancheva, D Bhattacharyya, A TI SABER Observations of Daytime Atomic Oxygen and Ozone Variability in the Mesosphere SO AERONOMY OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE SE IAGA Special Sopron Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ATMOSPHERE; AIRGLOW; MODEL AB Multiyear observations from the SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) instrument on the TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics) satellite are used to determine the daytime variations of ozone and atomic oxygen in the upper mesosphere. Both O-3 and O vary during the daylight hours in response to tidal variations in temperature and winds. Ozone around 85 km responds most strongly to the very large O variations and its variations are in phase with those of O and T. At 97 km, where the O variations are weaker, ozone responds more strongly to the temperature and its variations are out of phase with those of O and T. C1 [Smith, Anne K.; Marsh, Daniel R.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Russell, James M., III] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Mast, Jeffrey C.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Mlynczak, Martin G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Smith, AK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM aksmith@ucar.edu; marsh@ucar.edu; m.g.mlynczak@nasa.gov; james.russell@hamptonu.edu; jeffrey.c.mast@nasa.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-94-007-0325-4 J9 IAGA SPEC SOPRON PY 2011 VL 2 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_5 D2 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BUW26 UT WOS:000290497500005 ER PT B AU Hysell, DL Yokoyama, T Nossa, E Hedden, RB Larsen, MF Munro, J Smith, S Sulzer, MP Gonzalez, SA AF Hysell, David L. Yokoyama, Tatsuhiro Nossa, Elnana Hedden, Russell B. Larsen, Miguel F. Munro, John Smith, Steven Sulzer, Michael P. Gonzalez, Sixto A. BE Abdu, MA Pancheva, D Bhattacharyya, A TI Radar and Optical Observations of Irregular Midlatitude Sporadic E Layers Beneath MSTIDs SO AERONOMY OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE SE IAGA Special Sopron Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID FIELD-ALIGNED IRREGULARITIES; QUASI-PERIODIC ECHOES; TRAVELING IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES; E-REGION IRREGULARITIES; MULTI-CHANNEL SYSTEM; MU-RADAR; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; PERKINS INSTABILITY; MID-LATITUDE; GPS NETWORK AB An irregular sporadic E ionization layer was observed by the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar and a coherent scatter radar imager located on St. Croix during the passage of an MSTID observed by the Boston University all-sky camera in 630 nm imagery. The MSTID in question was not very intense and was barely detectable in the vertical F region plasma drifts measured by Arecibo. The intensity of the coherent scatter from small-kale irregularities in the sporadic E layer appeared nonetheless to be modulated by the MSTID and was strongest in the F region, airglow crests, mapped along magnetic field lines to the E region volume being observed. The coherent scatter Doppler shifts were highly correlated with altitude displacements in the sporadic E layer, and the sign of the correlation was controlled by the sign of the background zonal electric field. The MSTID did not appear to modulate the morphology of the sporadic E layer irregularities themselves, which took the form of convective rolls and which drifted with the ambient neutral wind. C1 [Hysell, David L.; Hedden, Russell B.] Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Sulzer, Michael P.; Gonzalez, Sixto A.] Natl Astron & Ionosphere Ctr, Arecibo Observ, Arecibo, PR 00613 USA. [Larsen, Miguel F.] Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Munro, John] Univ Virgin Isl, St Croix, VI USA. [Nossa, Elnana] Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY USA. [Smith, Steven] Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Yokoyama, Tatsuhiro] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hysell, DL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM dlh37@cornell.edu; tatsuhiro.yokoyama@gsfc.nasa.gov; en45@cornell.edu; rbh92@cornell.edu; mlarsen@clemson.edu; jmunro@uvi.edu; smsm@bu.edu; msulzer@naic.edu; sixto@naic.edu RI Larsen, Miguel/A-1079-2013 NR 49 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-94-007-0325-4 J9 IAGA SPEC SOPRON PY 2011 VL 2 BP 269 EP 281 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_19 D2 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BUW26 UT WOS:000290497500019 ER PT B AU Yokoyama, T AF Yokoyama, Tatsuhiro BE Abdu, MA Pancheva, D Bhattacharyya, A TI Instabilities in the Midlatitude Ionosphere in Terms of E-F Coupling SO AERONOMY OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE SE IAGA Special Sopron Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SPORADIC-E LAYERS; SPREAD F; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; MU RADAR; E-REGION; ELECTRODYNAMICS; DISTURBANCES; JAPAN AB There are two intriguing phenomena in the midlatitude ionosphere: quasi-periodic (QP) radar echoes associated with a sporadic-E (E-s) layer in the E region and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) in the F region, both of which often show northwest southeast alignment and propagate southwestward in the Northern Hemisphere. The Perkins instability in the F region and the E-s-layer instability in the E region can produce the tilted structure, but the growth rate of the Perkins instability alone cannot account for the observed MSTIDs. The electrodynamical coupling between these instabilities is now believed to be an important factor for the rapid growth of MSTIDs. From recent numerical studies, it is found that the polarization process in the E region is essential for the full development of MSTIDs as well as for the seeding of NW-SE perturbation in the F region. Further observations to identify the cause and effect of the coupling process are required in the future. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Yokoyama, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM tatsuhiro.yokoyama@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-94-007-0325-4 J9 IAGA SPEC SOPRON PY 2011 VL 2 BP 283 EP 290 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_20 D2 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BUW26 UT WOS:000290497500020 ER PT B AU Birkett, C Reynolds, C Beckley, B Doorn, B AF Birkett, C. Reynolds, C. Beckley, B. Doorn, B. BE Vignudelli, S Kostianoy, AG Cipollini, P Benveniste, J TI From Research to Operations: The USDA Global Reservoir and Lake Monitor SO COASTAL ALTIMETRY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Lakes; Reservoirs; Satellite radar altimetry; Surface water level ID ALTIMETRY C1 [Birkett, C.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USA. [Reynolds, C.; Doorn, B.] Foreign Agr Serv, Int Prod Assessments Branch, Off Global Anal, USDA, Washington, DC USA. [Beckley, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Birkett, C (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD USA. EM cmb@essic.umd.edu; curt.reynolds@fas.usda.gov; brian.o.beckley@nasa.gov; bradley.doorn@nasa.gov NR 35 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-12795-3 PY 2011 BP 19 EP 50 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-12796-0_2 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-12796-0 PG 32 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BTY27 UT WOS:000288421900002 ER PT B AU Bonnefond, P Haines, BJ Watson, C AF Bonnefond, P. Haines, B. J. Watson, C. BE Vignudelli, S Kostianoy, AG Cipollini, P Benveniste, J TI In situ Absolute Calibration and Validation: A Link from Coastal to Open-Ocean Altimetry SO COASTAL ALTIMETRY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Altimetry; GPS; In situ instrumentation; Reference frame; Sea level ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; TIME-SERIES; GPS BUOY; TOPEX/POSEIDON; STABILITY; MISSION; IMPACT C1 [Bonnefond, P.] Observ Cote Azur GeoAzur, F-06130 Grasse, France. [Haines, B. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Watson, C.] Univ Tasmania, Surveying & Spatial Sci Grp, Sch Geog & Environm Studies, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Bonnefond, P (reprint author), Observ Cote Azur GeoAzur, Ave Nicolas Copernic, F-06130 Grasse, France. EM Pascal.Bonnefond@obs-azur.fr OI Watson, Christopher/0000-0002-7464-4592 NR 68 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-12795-3 PY 2011 BP 259 EP 296 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-12796-0_11 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-12796-0 PG 38 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BTY27 UT WOS:000288421900011 ER PT S AU Kovalik, J Wilson, K Wright, M Williamson, W AF Kovalik, J. Wilson, K. Wright, M. Williamson, W. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI FIELD TESTS OF LASER RANGING USING PRBS MODULATION TECHNIQUES SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVI CY APR 27-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Laser Ranging; Pseudo-Random Bit Stream; Laser Tracking; Differential GPS Experimental technique AB We have developed and tested an optical ranging system using a Pseudo-Random Bit Stream (PRBS) modulation technique. The optical transceiver consisted of an infrared laser transmitter co-aligned with a receiver telescope. The infrared laser beam was propagated to a retro-reflector and then received by a detector coupled to the telescope. The transceiver itself was mounted on a gimbal that could actively track moving targets through a camera that was bore sighted with the optical detector. The detected optical signal was processed in real time to produce a range measurement with sub mm accuracy. This system was tested in the field using both stationary and moving targets up to 5 km away. Ranging measurements to an aircraft were compared with results obtained by differential GPS (Global Positioning System) techniques. C1 [Kovalik, J.; Wilson, K.; Wright, M.; Williamson, W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kovalik, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-611-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8037 AR 80371C DI 10.1117/12.882965 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BWF18 UT WOS:000293783800034 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Lu, TT AF Chao, Tien-Hsin Lu, Thomas T. BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Feasibility Breadboard Demonstration of an Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer Using Solid State Time Delay SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXII CY APR 28-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Hyperspectral Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer; solid state time delay line; birefringent material AB JPL has developed an innovative electro-optic time delay line and utilize it to build a prototype proof-of-principle completely non-mechanical Electro-optic Hyperspectral Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (EOHIFTS). Due to the use of the EO time delay line, the EOHIFTS is lightweight, broad spectral band, hyperspectral resolution that cannot be achieved simultaneously by any of the Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometers (IFTS) developed to date. We will report the recent progress in the development of a feasibility breadboard and its feasibility demonstration. C1 [Chao, Tien-Hsin; Lu, Thomas T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-629-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8055 AR 805507 DI 10.1117/12.886150 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BWE41 UT WOS:000293738500005 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Lu, TT Davis, SR Rommel, SD Farca, G Luey, B Martin, A Anderson, MH AF Chao, Tien-Hsin Lu, Thomas T. Davis, Scott R. Rommel, Scott D. Farca, George Luey, Ben Martin, Alan Anderson, Michael H. BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Monolithic Liquid Crystal Waveguide Fourier Transform Spectrometer for Gas Species Sensing SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXII CY APR 28-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Solid-state Fourier transform spectrometer; liquid crystal clad waveguide; monolithic spectrometer; near-IR spectrometer; electro-optic FTIR AB Jet Propulsion Lab and Vescent Photonics Inc. and are jointly developing an innovative ultra-compact (volume < 10 cm(3)), ultra-low power (<10(-3) Watt-hours per measurement and zero power consumption when not measuring), completely non-mechanical Liquid Crystal Waveguide Fourier Transform Spectrometer (LCWFTS) that will be suitable for a variety of remote-platform, in-situ measurements. These devices are made possible by novel electro-evanescent waveguide architecture, enabling "monolithic chip-scale" Electro Optic-FTS (EO-FTS) sensors. The potential performance of these EO-FTS sensors include: i) a spectral range throughout 0.4-5 mu m (25000 - 2000 cm(-1)), ii) high-resolution (Delta lambda <= 0.1 nm), iii) high-speed (< 1 ms) measurements, and iv) rugged integrated optical construction. This performance potential enables the detection and quantification of a large number of different atmospheric gases simultaneously in the same air mass and the rugged construction will enable deployment on previously inaccessible platforms. The sensor construction is also amenable for analyzing aqueous samples on remote floating or submerged platforms. We will report a proof-of-principle prototype LCWFTS sensor that has been demonstrated in the near-IR (range of 1450-1700 nm) with a 5 nm resolution. This performance is in good agreement with theoretical models, which are being used to design and build the next generation LCWFTS devices. C1 [Chao, Tien-Hsin; Lu, Thomas T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-629-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8055 AR 805506 DI 10.1117/12.886146 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BWE41 UT WOS:000293738500004 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Lu, TT AF Chao, Tien-Hsin Lu, Thomas T. BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Autonomous Learning Approach for Automatic Target Recognition Processor SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXII CY APR 28-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Automatic Target Recognition; Anomaly Detection; Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC); Self-organizing Neural Network ID GRAYSCALE OPTICAL CORRELATOR AB JPL is developing a comprehensive Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) system that consists of an innovative anomaly detection preprocessing module and an automatic training target recognition module. The anomaly detection module is trained with an imaging data feature retrieved from an imaging sensor suite that represents the states of the normalcy model. The normalcy model is then trained from a self-organizing learning system over a period of time and fed into the anomaly detection module for scene anomaly monitoring and detection. The "abnormal" event detection will be sent to a human operator for further investigation responses. The target recognition will be continuously updated with the "normal' input sensor data. The combination of the anomaly detection preprocessing module to the re-trainable target recognition processor will result in a dynamic ATR system that is capable of automatic detection of anomaly event and provide an early warning to a human operator for in-time warning and response. C1 [Chao, Tien-Hsin; Lu, Thomas T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-629-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8055 AR 805502 DI 10.1117/12.886145 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BWE41 UT WOS:000293738500001 ER PT S AU Nguyen, J Hill, CJ Rafol, D Keo, S Soibel, A Ting, DZY Mumolo, J Liu, J Gunapala, SD AF Jean Nguyen Hill, Cory J. Rafol, Don Keo, Sam Soibel, Alexander Ting, David Z. -Y. Mumolo, Jason Liu, John Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Razeghi, M Sudharsanan, R Brown, GJ TI Pixel isolation of low dark-current large-format InAs/GaSb superlattice complementary barrier infrared detector focal plane arrays with high fill factor SO QUANTUM SENSING AND NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices VIII CY JAN 23-27, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE InAs/GaSb; Focal Plane Arrays; Superlattice; Long-Wave Infrared ID PHOTODIODES AB Low dark current and high fill factor are two crucial characteristics for the realization of the InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) technology as third generation focal plane arrays (FPAs). Recent development proved high performance results for the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design, and a high-quality etch technique is required to minimize surface leakage currents. We report on a n-CBIRD with 10.3 mu m cutoff, exhibiting a responsivity of 1.7 A/W and dark current density of 1x10(-5) A/cm(2) at 77K under 0.2 V bias, without AR coating and without passivation. Results from four different mesa isolation techniques are compared on single element diodes: chemical wet etch using C4H6O6:H3PO4:H2O2:H2O, BCl3/Ar inductively coupled plasma (ICP), CH4/H-2/Ar ICP, and CH4/H-2/BCl3/Cl-2/Ar ICP. The CH4/H-2/BCl3/Cl-2/Ar etched structures yielded more than 2.5 times improvement in dark current density and near-vertical sidewalls. Using this etching technique, we then implement a 1k x 1k p-CBIRD array with 11.5 mu m cutoff and peak responsivity of 3 A/W. Operating at T = 80K, the array yielded a 81% fill factor with 98% operability and performance results of 21% quantum efficiency, 53 mK NE Delta T, and NEI of 6.9x10(13) photons/sec-cm(2). C1 [Jean Nguyen; Hill, Cory J.; Rafol, Don; Keo, Sam; Soibel, Alexander; Ting, David Z. -Y.; Mumolo, Jason; Liu, John; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nguyen, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-482-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7945 AR 79451T DI 10.1117/12.875354 PG 6 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BWE00 UT WOS:000293695800054 ER PT S AU Soibel, A Ting, DZY Hill, CJ Lee, M Nguyen, J Keo, SA Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD AF Soibel, Alexander Ting, David Z. -Y. Hill, Cory J. Lee, Mike Jean Nguyen Keo, Sam A. Mumolo, Jason M. Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Razeghi, M Sudharsanan, R Brown, GJ TI High-performance long wavelength superlattice infrared detectors SO QUANTUM SENSING AND NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices VIII CY JAN 23-27, 2011 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE infrared photodetectors; antimonide-based superlattice detectors ID PHOTODIODES AB The nearly lattice-matched InAs/GaSb/AlSb (antimonide) material system offers tremendous flexibility in realizing high-performance infrared detectors. Antimonide-based superlattice (SL) detectors can be tailor-made to have cutoff wavelengths ranging from the short wave infrared (SWIR) to the very long wave infrared (VLWIR). SL detectors are predicted to have suppressed Auger recombination rates and low interband tunneling, resulting in the suppressed dark currents. Moreover, the nearly lattice-matched antimonide material system, consisting of InAs, GaSb, AlSb and their alloys, allows for the construction of superlattice heterostructures. In particular, unipolar barriers, which blocks one carrier type without impeding the flow of the other, have been implemented in the design of SL photodetectors to realize complex heterodiodes with improved performance. Here, we report our recent efforts in achieving state-of-the-art performance in antimonide superlattice based infrared photodetectors. C1 [Soibel, Alexander; Ting, David Z. -Y.; Hill, Cory J.; Lee, Mike; Jean Nguyen; Keo, Sam A.; Mumolo, Jason M.; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Soibel, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM asoibel@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-482-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 7945 AR 79451P DI 10.1117/12.873427 PG 9 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BWE00 UT WOS:000293695800051 ER PT S AU Kunzi, K Bauer, P Eresmaa, R Eriksson, P Healy, SB Mugnai, A Livesey, N Prigent, C Smith, EA Stephens, G AF Kunzi, Klaus Bauer, Peter Eresmaa, Reima Eriksson, Patrick Healy, Sean B. Mugnai, Alberto Livesey, Nathaniel Prigent, Catherine Smith, Eric A. Stephens, Graeme BE Burrows, JP Platt, U Borrell, P TI Microwave Absorption, Emission and Scattering: Trace Gases and Meteorological Parameters SO REMOTE SENSING OF TROPOSPHERIC COMPOSITION FROM SPACE SE Physics of Earth and Space Environments LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION; CLOUD LIQUID-WATER; NUMERICAL WEATHER-PREDICTION; GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; RADIO OCCULTATION MEASUREMENTS; TROPICAL UPPER TROPOSPHERE; TRMM PRECIPITATION RADAR; SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE/IMAGER; SATELLITE PASSIVE MICROWAVE C1 [Kunzi, Klaus] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. [Bauer, Peter; Eresmaa, Reima; Healy, Sean B.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF, Reading, Berks, England. [Eriksson, Patrick] Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Mugnai, Alberto] CNR, Ist Sci Atmosfera & Clima, Rome, Italy. [Livesey, Nathaniel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Microwave Atmospher Sci Team, Pasadena, CA USA. [Prigent, Catherine] Observ Paris, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France. [Smith, Eric A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Stephens, Graeme] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kunzi, K (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. NR 285 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1610-1677 BN 978-3-642-14790-6 J9 PHYS EARTH SPACE ENV PY 2011 BP 153 EP 230 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3_4 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3 PG 78 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BUR01 UT WOS:000290127000004 ER PT S AU de Leeuw, G Kinne, S Leon, JF Pelon, J Rosenfeld, D Schaap, M Veefkind, PJ Veihelmann, B Winker, DM von Hoyningen-Huene, W AF de Leeuw, Gerrit Kinne, Stefan Leon, Jean-Francois Pelon, Jacques Rosenfeld, Daniel Schaap, Martijn Veefkind, Pepijn J. Veihelmann, Ben Winker, David M. von Hoyningen-Huene, Wolfgang BE Burrows, JP Platt, U Borrell, P TI Retrieval of Aerosol Properties SO REMOTE SENSING OF TROPOSPHERIC COMPOSITION FROM SPACE SE Physics of Earth and Space Environments LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID OPTICAL DEPTH; AIR-QUALITY; RADIOMETER MEASUREMENTS; SPACEBORNE MEASUREMENTS; SCATTERING CALCULATIONS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; LAND SURFACES; DESERT DUST; LIDAR; CLOUD C1 [de Leeuw, Gerrit] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Climate Change Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [de Leeuw, Gerrit] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland. [de Leeuw, Gerrit; Schaap, Martijn] TNO Environm & Geosci, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Kinne, Stefan] MPI Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Leon, Jean-Francois] LOA, Lille, France. [Pelon, Jacques] Univ Paris 06, Paris, France. [Rosenfeld, Daniel] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. [Veefkind, Pepijn J.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. [Veihelmann, Ben] European Space Agcy, ESA ESTEC, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Winker, David M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [von Hoyningen-Huene, Wolfgang] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. RP de Leeuw, G (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Climate Change Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. OI de Leeuw, Jan/0000-0001-7020-2503 NR 126 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1610-1677 BN 978-3-642-14790-6 J9 PHYS EARTH SPACE ENV PY 2011 BP 259 EP 313 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3_6 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3 PG 55 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BUR01 UT WOS:000290127000006 ER PT B AU Bovensmann, H Aben, I Van Roozendael, M Kuhl, S Gottwald, M von Savigny, C Buchwitz, M Richter, A Frankenberg, C Stammes, P de Graaf, M Wittrock, F Sinnhuber, M Sinnhuber, BM Schonhardt, A Beirle, S Gloudemans, A Schrijver, H Bracher, A Rozanov, AV Weber, M Burrows, JP AF Bovensmann, H. Aben, I. Van Roozendael, M. Kuehl, S. Gottwald, M. von Savigny, C. Buchwitz, M. Richter, A. Frankenberg, C. Stammes, P. de Graaf, M. Wittrock, F. Sinnhuber, M. Sinnhuber, B. M. Schoenhardt, A. Beirle, S. Gloudemans, A. Schrijver, H. Bracher, A. Rozanov, A. V. Weber, M. Burrows, J. P. BE Gottwald, M Bovensmann, H TI SCIAMACHY's View of the Changing Earth's Environment SO SCIAMACHY: EXPLORING THE CHANGING EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Earth's atmosphere; Greenhouse gases; Air quality; Reactive gases; Ozone layer; Solar-terrestrial interactions; Troposphere; Stratosphere; Mesosphere; Lower thermosphere ID STRATOSPHERIC BROMINE MONOXIDE; ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY DOAS; OH ROTATIONAL TEMPERATURES; LIMB MEASUREMENTS; GLOBAL OBSERVATIONS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SATELLITE DATA; CHLORINE ACTIVATION; OZONE DEPLETION; SPECTRAL RANGE AB Since August 2002 SCIAMACHY delivers a wealth of high-quality data permitting to study the status of the Earth's atmosphere. Enhanced concentrations of greenhouse gases are identified as the major source of global warming and their atmospheric concentrations are increasing. SCIAMACHY monitors the most prominent species such as CO2, CH4 and water vapour, the latter including isotope variants. Further anthropogenic impacts on the troposphere occur by emission of reactive trace gases contributing to pollution and affecting air quality. With SCIAMACHY their global, regional and even local signatures can be detected. Long-term analyses document how the emissions of NO2, SO2, HCHO, CHOCHO and CO evolve with time. In addition, the halogen cycle of polar BrO and IO, both of natural origin, is studied. The stratosphere is the layer where public interest in the Earth's atmosphere has begun to grow with the detection of the ozone hole in the mid-1980s. Until the mid-1990s a steady decrease has been observed in the ozone abundance. The most striking feature is the massive loss of stratospheric ozone over Antarctica during each southern spring. In order to detect possible signs of recovery, SCIAMACHY contributes to the continuous monitoring of the ozone layer, the ozone hole, Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) and species impacting the ozone chemistry such as NO2, OCIO and BrO. A much more poorly explored region is the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, which forms the transition between interplanetary space and the terrestrial atmosphere. This region is dominated by extraterrestrial impacts as well as couplings to the lower atmosphere. With SCIAMACHY's limb viewing capabilities Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) are studied providing insight into generation and depletion mechanisms. At times of strong solar activity, SCIAMACHY measurements reveal how the chemistry of the upper atmosphere is disturbed. By analysis of emission lines in SCIAMACHY spectra the composition of the thermosphere above 100 km can be studied. SCIAMACHY is the first instrument to globally observe the metal layers in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) region. When applying appropriate retrieval techniques it is meanwhile possible to derive vegetation information over land and phytoplankton characteristics in the oceans from SCIAMACHY data. Finally SCIAMACHY even has proven useful in planetary science by measuring spectra of our solar system neighbour Venus. C1 [Bovensmann, H.; von Savigny, C.; Buchwitz, M.; Richter, A.; Wittrock, F.; Sinnhuber, M.; Sinnhuber, B. M.; Schoenhardt, A.; Rozanov, A. V.; Weber, M.; Burrows, J. P.] Univ Bremen, Inst Remote Sensing IUP IFE, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Aben, I.; Gloudemans, A.; Schrijver, H.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Van Roozendael, M.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron BIRA IASB, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. [Gottwald, M.] German Aerosp Ctr DLR IMF, Remote Sensing Technol Inst, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Kuehl, S.; Beirle, S.] Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Stammes, P.; de Graaf, M.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, NL-3732 GK De Bilt, Netherlands. [Bracher, A.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Bracher, A.] Univ Bremen, Inst Remote Sensing IUP IFE, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. RP Bovensmann, H (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Remote Sensing IUP IFE, Inst Environm Phys, Otto Hahn Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. EM heinrich.bovensmann@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI Bracher, Astrid/B-7805-2013; Wittrock, Folkard/B-6959-2008; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014; OI Bracher, Astrid/0000-0003-3025-5517; Wittrock, Folkard/0000-0002-3024-0211; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580; Richter, Andreas/0000-0003-3339-212X; Bovensmann, Heinrich/0000-0001-8882-4108 NR 100 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-90-481-9895-5 PY 2011 BP 175 EP 216 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9896-2_10 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9896-2 PG 42 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BUM04 UT WOS:000289757300010 ER PT B AU Gopalswamy, N AF Gopalswamy, Nat BE Miralles, MP Almeida, JS TI Universal Heliophysical Processes SO SUN, THE SOLAR WIND, AND THE HELIOSPHERE SE IAGA Special Sopron Book Series LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID MAGNETIC-FLUX; HELICITY AB The physical processes in the heliospace are a direct consequence of the Sun's mass and electromagnetic emissions. There has been enormous progress in studying these processes since the dawn of the space age half a century ago. The heliospace serves as a great laboratory to study numerous physical processes, using the vast array of ground and space-based measurements of various physical quantities. The observational capabilities collectively form the Great Observatory to make scientific investigations not envisioned by individual instrument teams. The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) program has been promoting scientific investigations on the universality of physical processes such as shocks, particle acceleration, dynamo, magnetic reconnection, magnetic flux ropes, plasma-neutral matter interactions, turbulence, and several other topics. This chapter highlights scientific deliberations on these and related topics that took place during the IAGA session on "Universal Heliophysical Processes" in Sopron, Hungary. The session featured several invited and contributed papers that focused on observations, theory and modeling of the universal heliophysical processes. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gopalswamy, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nat.gopalswamy@nasa.gov NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-90-481-9786-6 J9 IAGA SPEC SOPRON PY 2011 VL 4 BP 9 EP 20 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3_2 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BUN20 UT WOS:000289819000002 ER PT B AU Marsden, RG Muller, D AF Marsden, Richard G. Mueller, Daniel BE Miralles, MP Almeida, JS TI Solar Orbiter: Linking the Sun and Inner Heliosphere SO SUN, THE SOLAR WIND, AND THE HELIOSPHERE SE IAGA Special Sopron Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB Solar Orbiter, a candidate mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision programme, is designed to study the Sun and inner heliosphere in greater detail than ever before. At the closest point on its heliocentric orbit, the Solar Orbiter spacecraft will be about 0.23 AU from the Sun, closer than any other satellite to date. In addition to providing high-resolution images of the solar surface, perihelion passes at these distances occur in near co-rotation with the Sun, allowing the instruments to track features on the surface for several days. The mission profile also includes a latitude cranking phase that will allow observations from up to 340 above the solar equator. Multiple Venus gravity assist manoeuvres will be employed to increase the inclination of the orbital plane. The combination of near-Sun, quasi-heliosynchronous and out-of-ecliptic observations by remote-sensing and in-situ instruments makes Solar Orbiter a unique platform for the study of the links between the Sun and the inner heliosphere. These aspects can be further enhanced by exploiting the joint capabilities of Solar Orbiter and NASAs Solar Probe Plus mission, which is planned to be launched in the same time-frame as Solar Orbiter. In this chapter, we review the science goals of Solar Orbiter and present the mission design. C1 [Marsden, Richard G.] European Space Agcy, ESTEC, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Mueller, Daniel] ESA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Marsden, RG (reprint author), European Space Agcy, ESTEC, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. EM Richard.Marsden@esa.int; dmueller@esa.nascom.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-90-481-9786-6 J9 IAGA SPEC SOPRON PY 2011 VL 4 BP 347 EP 354 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3_25 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BUN20 UT WOS:000289819000025 ER PT B AU Davila, JM Gopalswamy, N Thompson, BJ Bogdan, T Hapgood, M AF Davila, Joseph M. Gopalswamy, Nat Thompson, Barbara J. Bogdan, Tom Hapgood, Mike BE Miralles, MP Almeida, JS TI The International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) SO SUN, THE SOLAR WIND, AND THE HELIOSPHERE SE IAGA Special Sopron Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) provided a successful model for the deployment of arrays of small scientific instruments in new and scientifically interesting geographic locations, and outreach. The new International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) is designed to build on this momentum to promote the observation, understanding, and prediction space weather phenomena, and to communicate the scientific results to the public. C1 [Davila, Joseph M.; Gopalswamy, Nat] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Bogdan, Tom] NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Hapgood, Mike] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Davila, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Joseph.M.Davila@nasa.gov; nat.gopalswamy@nasa.gov; Barbara.J.Thompson@nasa.gov; tom.bogdan@noaa.gov; hapgood@stst.ac.uk RI Thompson, Barbara/C-9429-2012 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-90-481-9786-6 J9 IAGA SPEC SOPRON PY 2011 VL 4 BP 375 EP 379 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3_28 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BUN20 UT WOS:000289819000028 ER PT S AU Geldzahler, BJ AF Geldzahler, B. J. BE Gilbreath, GC Hawley, CT TI Coherent Uplink Arraying Techniques for Next Generation Space Communications and Planetary Radar Systems SO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SIGNATURES II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Active and Passive Signatures II CY APR 27-28, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE antenna arrays; atmospheric fluctuations; coherent uplink; coherent forward link AB For several years, NASA has been pursuing demonstrations and development of coherent uplink arraying techniques for the next generation space communications and planetary radar systems. In addition radio science experiments would benefit with a 1000 times increase in signal to noise over current systems. I shall describe the three methods of uplink arraying NASA has pursued, all successful, and share the vision for going forward from laboratory demonstrations to the proposed implementation and deployment of a dedicated multi-purpose facility to infuse an amalgam of these methods into a system that enhances NASA's missions. C1 NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Geldzahler, BJ (reprint author), NASA, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-614-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8040 AR 80400A DI 10.1117/12.896229 PG 15 WC Optics SC Optics GA BWB21 UT WOS:000293339000005 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Jarnevich, CS Esaias, WE Morisette, JT AF Stohlgren, Thomas J. Jarnevich, Catherine S. Esaias, Wayne E. Morisette, Jeffrey T. TI Bounding species distribution models SO CURRENT ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Niche models; Geographic information systems; Extrapolation; Clamping ID GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS; PREDICTION AB Species distribution models are increasing in popularity for mapping suitable habitat for species of management concern. Many investigators now recognize that extrapolations of these models with geographic information systems (GIS) might be sensitive to the environmental bounds of the data used in their development, yet there is no recommended best practice for "clamping" model extrapolations. We relied on two commonly used modeling approaches: classification and regression tree (CART) and maximum entropy (Maxent) models, and we tested a simple alteration of the model extrapolations, bounding extrapolations to the maximum and minimum values of primary environmental predictors, to provide a more realistic map of suitable habitat of hybridized Africanized honey bees in the southwestern United States. Findings suggest that multiple models of bounding, and the most conservative bounding of species distribution models, like those presented here, should probably replace the unbounded or loosely bounded techniques currently used [Current Zoology 57 (5): 642-647, 2011]. C1 [Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Jarnevich, Catherine S.; Morisette, Jeffrey T.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Esaias, Wayne E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614 5, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM stohlgrent@USGS.gov FU Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University; U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Program; USGS; USDA [CSREES/NRI 2008-35615-04666]; [NoNNH08AI02I] FX We thank NASA grant NoNNH08AI02I for funding, and the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University, and USGS Fort Collins Science Center for logistical support. We thank Pete Ma and Elizabeth Sellers for helpful review comments on an earlier draft. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. TJS contribution supported by U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Program, USGS Fort Collins Science Program, and USDA CSREES/NRI 2008-35615-04666. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 10 PU CURRENT ZOOLOGY PI BEIJING PA CHINESE ACAD SCIENCES, INST ZOOLOGY, BEICHEN XILU, CHAOYANG DISTRICT, BEIJING, 100101, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1674-5507 J9 CURR ZOOL JI Curr. Zool. PY 2011 VL 57 IS 5 BP 642 EP 647 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 800EX UT WOS:000293343700009 ER PT J AU Canuto, VM Dubovikov, MS AF Canuto, V. M. Dubovikov, M. S. TI Comparison of four mixed layer mesoscale parameterizations and the equation for an arbitrary' tracer SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Mixed layer; Tracer equation; Eddy induced velocity ID OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL; EDDY; TRANSPORT; DYNAMICS; EDDIES AB In this paper we discuss two issues, the inter-comparison of four mixed layer mesoscale parameterizations and the search for the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer. It must be stressed that our analysis is limited to mixed layer mesoscales since we do not treat sub-mesoscales and small turbulent mixing. As for the first item, since three of the four parameterizations are expressed in terms of a stream function and a residual flux of the RMT formalism (residual mean theory), while the fourth is expressed in terms of vertical and horizontal fluxes, we needed a formalism to connect the two formulations. The standard RMT representation developed for the deep ocean cannot be extended to the mixed layer since its stream function does not vanish at the ocean's surface. We develop a new RMT representation that satisfies the surface boundary condition. As for the general form of the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer, thus far, it has been assumed that there is only the one that originates from the curl of the stream function. This is because it was assumed that the tracer residual flux is purely diffusive. On the other hand, we show that in the case of an arbitrary tracer, the residual flux has also a skew component that gives rise to an additional bolus velocity. Therefore, instead of only one bolus velocity, there are now two, one coming from the curl of the stream function and other from the skew part of the residual flux. In the buoyancy case, only one bolus velocity contributes to the mean buoyancy equation since the residual flux is indeed only diffusive. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Canuto, V. M.; Dubovikov, M. S.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Canuto, V. M.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Dubovikov, M. S.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Canuto, VM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM vcanuto@giss.nasa.gov NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2011 VL 39 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 200 EP 207 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.04.008 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 799YN UT WOS:000293323100016 ER PT J AU Yuan, T Remer, LA Yu, H AF Yuan, T. Remer, L. A. Yu, H. TI Microphysical, macrophysical and radiative signatures of volcanic aerosols in trade wind cumulus observed by the A-Train SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; SHALLOW CUMULUS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; INDIAN-OCEAN; CLOUD COVER; CLIMATE; PRECIPITATION; SATELLITE AB Increased aerosol concentrations can raise planetary albedo not only by reflecting sunlight and increasing cloud albedo, but also by changing cloud amount. However, detecting aerosol effect on cloud amount has been elusive to both observations and modeling due to potential buffering mechanisms and convolution of meteorology. Here through a natural experiment provided by long-term degassing of a low-lying volcano and use of A-Train satellite observations, we show modifications of trade cumulus cloud fields including decreased droplet size, decreased precipitation efficiency and increased cloud amount are associated with volcanic aerosols. In addition we find significantly higher cloud tops for polluted clouds. We demonstrate that the observed microphysical and macrophysical changes cannot be explained by synoptic meteorology or the orographic effect of the Hawaiian Islands. The "total shortwave aerosol forcin", resulting from direct and indirect forcings including both cloud albedo and cloud amount, is almost an order of magnitude higher than aerosol direct forcing alone. Furthermore, the precipitation reduction associated with enhanced aerosol leads to large changes in the energetics of air-sea exchange and trade wind boundary layer. Our results represent the first observational evidence of large-scale increase of cloud amount due to aerosols in a trade cumulus regime, which can be used to constrain the representation of aerosol-cloud interactions in climate models. The findings also have implications for volcano-climate interactions and climate mitigation research. C1 [Yuan, T.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Yuan, T.; Remer, L. A.; Yu, H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Yu, H.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Yuan, T (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM tianle.yuan@nasa.gov RI Yu, Hongbin/C-6485-2008; Yuan, Tianle/D-3323-2011 OI Yu, Hongbin/0000-0003-4706-1575; FU NASA FX 'We thank three anonymous reviewers and the editor Yves Balkanski for their comments and suggestions. The research was supported by NASA's IDS and Radiation Science programs. We also wish to acknowledge many science product teams of various A-Train sensors. NR 69 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 14 BP 7119 EP 7132 DI 10.5194/acp-11-7119-2011 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 797KI UT WOS:000293125100021 ER PT J AU Yankovsky, V Manuilova, R Babaev, A Feofilov, A Kutepov, A AF Yankovsky, Valentine Manuilova, Rada Babaev, Alexander Feofilov, Artem Kutepov, Alexander TI Model of electronic-vibrational kinetics of the O-3 and O-2 photolysis products in the middle atmosphere: applications to water vapour retrievals from SABER/TIMED 6.3 mu m radiance measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; HARTLEY BAND; OZONE; MESOSPHERE; PHOTODISSOCIATION; DISSOCIATION; RELAXATION; GAS; H2O AB In this work, we present a methodology of simple yet accurate calculations of H2O(v(2)) vibrational levels pumping from the collisions with vibrationally excited O-2(X-3 Sigma(-)(g), v = 1) molecules, which is required for correct retrievals of H2O volume mixing ratios from the 6.3 mu m band radiance. The electronic-vibrational kinetics model of O-2 and O-3 photolysis products used in this study includes 44 electronic-vibrational states of the O-2 molecule (three states of O-2(b(1)Sigma(+)(g), v), six states of O-2(a(1)Delta(g), v) and 35 states of O-2(X-3 Sigma(-)(g), v)) as well as the first excited state of atomic oxygen, O(D-1) and considers more than 100 photochemical reactions linking these states. We introduce the Resulting Quantum Output (RQO) approach that describes the O-2(X-3 Sigma(-)(g), v = 1) production quantum yield per one act of O3 photolysis in the Hartley, Huggins, Chappuis and Wulf bands (200-900 nm). We demonstrate that the RQO weakly depends on latitude and season, and suggest a parameterization formula for the altitude dependence of this parameter. We show the application of RQO to H2O retrievals from the 6.3 m broadband radiance measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)/Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) instrument that has been performing remote sensing of the Earth's atmosphere in the 13-110 km altitude range from 2002 onwards. C1 [Yankovsky, Valentine; Manuilova, Rada; Babaev, Alexander] St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. [Feofilov, Artem; Kutepov, Alexander] Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Feofilov, Artem; Kutepov, Alexander] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yankovsky, V (reprint author), St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. EM vyankovsky@gmail.com RI Manuilova, Rada/I-3601-2012; Feofilov, Artem/A-2271-2015; Yankovsky, Valentine/B-6165-2011 OI Manuilova, Rada/0000-0003-3757-6321; Feofilov, Artem/0000-0001-9924-4846; Yankovsky, Valentine/0000-0002-1310-6870 NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 11 SI SI BP 3065 EP 3078 DI 10.1080/01431161.2010.541506 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 798PS UT WOS:000293223900010 ER PT J AU Veraverbeke, S Lhermitte, S Verstraeten, WW Goossens, R AF Veraverbeke, Sander Lhermitte, Stefaan Verstraeten, Willem W. Goossens, R. TI Evaluation of pre/post-fire differenced spectral indices for assessing burn severity in a Mediterranean environment with Landsat Thematic Mapper SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; BOREAL FOREST; RATIO DNBR; IMAGERY; INTENSITY; MOUNTAINS; EROSION; ABILITY; VERSION; MODELS AB In this study several pre/post-fire differenced spectral indices for assessing burn severity in a Mediterranean environment are evaluated. GeoCBI (Geo Composite Burn Index) field data of burn severity were correlated with remotely sensed measures, based on the NBR (Normalized Burn Ratio), the NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index) and the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). In addition, the strength of the correlation was evaluated for specific fuel types and the influence of the regression model type is pointed out. The NBR was the best remotely sensed index for assessing burn severity, followed by the NDMI and the NDVI. For this case study of the 2007 Peloponnese fires, results show that the GeoCBI-dNBR (differenced NBR) approach yields a moderate-high R-2 = 0.65. Absolute indices outperformed their relative equivalents, which accounted for pre-fire vegetation state. The GeoCBI-dNBR relationship was stronger for forested ecotypes than for shrub lands. The relationship between the field data and the dNBR and dNDMI (differenced NDMI) was nonlinear, while the GeoCBI-dNDVI (differenced NDVI) relationship appeared linear. C1 [Veraverbeke, Sander; Goossens, R.] Univ Ghent, Dept Geog, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. [Veraverbeke, Sander] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Lhermitte, Stefaan] Univ La Serena, CEAZA, La Serena, Chile. [Verstraeten, Willem W.] Katholieke Univ Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. RP Veraverbeke, S (reprint author), Univ Ghent, Dept Geog, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM Sander.S.Veraverbeke@jpl.nasa.gov RI Veraverbeke, Sander/H-2301-2012; Verstraeten, Willem W./D-3247-2014; Lhermitte, Stef (Stefaan)/A-3385-2013 OI Veraverbeke, Sander/0000-0003-1362-5125; Verstraeten, Willem W./0000-0002-7222-5212; Lhermitte, Stef (Stefaan)/0000-0002-1622-0177 FU Ghent University FX The study was financed by the Ghent University special research funds (BOF: Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds). NR 45 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3521 EP 3537 DI 10.1080/01431161003752430 PG 17 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 798QK UT WOS:000293226100015 ER PT J AU Godoy, WF Liu, X AF Godoy, William F. Liu, Xu TI Introduction of Parallel GPGPU Acceleration Algorithms for the Solution of Radiative Transfer SO NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER PART B-FUNDAMENTALS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE ORDINATES METHOD; MONTE-CARLO AB General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is a recent technique that allows the parallel graphics processing unit (GPU) to accelerate calculations performed sequentially by the central processing unit (CPU). To introduce GPGPU to radiative transfer, the Gauss-Seidel solution of the well-known expressions for 1-D and 3-D homogeneous, isotropic media is selected as a test case. Different algorithms are introduced to balance memory and GPU-CPU communication, critical aspects of GPGPU. Results show that speed-ups of one to two orders of magnitude are obtained when compared to sequential solutions. The underlying value of GPGPU is its potential extension in radiative solvers (e.g., Monte Carlo, discrete ordinates) at a minimal learning curve. C1 [Godoy, William F.; Liu, Xu] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Godoy, WF (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM william.f.godoycastaneda@nasa.gov OI Godoy, William/0000-0002-2590-5178 FU NASA FX This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP) at the Langley Research Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). The authors would like to acknowledge the Center of Computational Research (CCR) of SUNY at Buffalo for the use of their facilities to run the CPU calculations. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-7790 J9 NUMER HEAT TR B-FUND JI Numer Heat Tranf. B-Fundam. PY 2011 VL 59 IS 1 BP 1 EP 25 AR PII 932887794 DI 10.1080/10407790.2010.541359 PG 25 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 714OX UT WOS:000286820000001 ER PT J AU Niamsuwan, N Johnson, JT Jezek, KC AF Niamsuwan, N. Johnson, J. T. Jezek, K. C. TI Modeling the nadiral low-frequency pulse return of one-dimensionally rough surfaces SO WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING; RADAR AB Measurements of radar pulse return waveforms are known to provide information on properties of the observed surface, and are commonly used in oceanographic altimetry. In such applications, the convolution model (also called the oBrown modelo) is widely applied for waveform analysis. This model describes pulse return waveforms as a multiple convolution of the oflat surface impulse responseo, the surface's height probability density function, and the radar's point target response. The flat surface impulse response is typically determined by an integration of scattering contributions from incremental surface elements weighted by a geometrical optics (GO) prediction of the normalized radar cross-section of the elemental surfaces. Recent interest in the analysis of pulse return waveforms at VHF and lower frequencies for ice sheet sensing applications motivate reconsideration of the convolution model. While the ultimate goal of this effort is the development of a model to be utilized for interpreting VHF radar measurements over ice sheets, it is important first to establish the validity of the convolution model for these applications. Such an investigation, which involves the comparison of convolution model predictions with those of a method that does not require a separation of surface length-scales into oelementalo and large-scale regions, is most easily performed for one-dimensional surfaces. This paper describes a derivation of the convolution model for one-dimensionally rough surfaces that is applicable at low frequencies, primarily through the replacement of GO surface scattering coefficients with those of a physical optics theory. The method is validated by comparing its predictions with a Monte Carlo physical optics approach. Results show the convolution model to provide reasonable estimates of the pulse return waveform, so that a similar method can be utilized to develop a convolution model for two-dimensional surface pulse return waveforms in ice-sheet sensing applications. The results also suggest the possibility of retrieving surface profile statistical information from waveform measurements. C1 [Niamsuwan, N.; Johnson, J. T.] Electrosci Lab, Columbus, OH 43220 USA. [Jezek, K. C.] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Niamsuwan, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM noppasin.niamsuwan@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA; Center of Remote Sensing of the Ice Sheet (CReSIS) FX This work is supported by NASA's Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) and Center of Remote Sensing of the Ice Sheet (CReSIS). NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1745-5030 J9 WAVE RANDOM COMPLEX JI Waves Random Complex Media PY 2011 VL 21 IS 1 BP 184 EP 197 AR PII 932873397 DI 10.1080/17455030.2010.537710 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 714PP UT WOS:000286821800014 ER PT S AU Montanaro, M Reuter, DC Markham, BL Thome, KJ Lunsford, AW Jhabvala, MD Rohrbach, SO Gerace, AD AF Montanaro, Matthew Reuter, Dennis C. Markham, Brian L. Thome, Kurtis J. Lunsford, Allen W. Jhabvala, Murzy D. Rohrbach, Scott O. Gerace, Aaron D. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Spectral Analysis of the Primary Flight Focal Plane Arrays for the Thermal Infrared Sensor SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XVII CY APR 25-28, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE LANDSAT; LDCM; TIRS; THERMAL INFRARED; SYNTHETIC IMAGE GENERATION; SPECTRAL UNIFORMITY; QWIP; MODTRAN; DIRSIG AB The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on board the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is a two-channel, push-broom imager that will continue Landsat thermal band measurements of the Earth. The core of the instrument consists of three Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) arrays whose data are combined to effectively produce a linear array of 1850 pixels for each band with a spatial resolution of approximately 100 meters and a swath width of 185 kilometers. In this push-broom configuration, each pixel may have a slightly different band shape. An on-board blackbody calibrator is used to correct each pixel. However, depending on the scene being observed, striping and other artifacts may still be present in the final data product. The science-focused mission of LDCM requires that these residual effects be understood. The analysis presented here assisted in the selection of the three flight QWIP arrays. Each pixel was scrutinized in terms of its compliance with TIRS spectral requirements. This investigation utilized laboratory spectral measurements of the arrays and filters along with radiometric modeling of the TIRS instrument and environment. These models included standard radiometry equations along with complex physics-based models such as the MODerate spectral resolution TRANsmittance (MODTRAN) and Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) tools. The laboratory measurements and physics models were used to determine the extent of striping and other spectral artifacts that might be present in the final TIRS data product. The results demonstrate that artifacts caused by the residual pixel-to-pixel spectral non-uniformity are small enough that the data can be expected to meet the TIRS radiometric and image quality requirements. C1 [Montanaro, Matthew; Reuter, Dennis C.; Markham, Brian L.; Thome, Kurtis J.; Lunsford, Allen W.; Jhabvala, Murzy D.; Rohrbach, Scott O.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Montanaro, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM matthew.montanaro@nasa.gov RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-622-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8048 AR 804816 DI 10.1117/12.889265 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BVT68 UT WOS:000292737000041 ER PT S AU Thome, K Lunsford, A Montanaro, M Reuter, D Smith, R Tesfaye, Z Wenny, B AF Thome, K. Lunsford, A. Montanaro, M. Reuter, D. Smith, R. Tesfaye, Z. Wenny, B. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Calibration plan for the Thermal Infrared Sensor on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XVII CY APR 25-28, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE LDCM; preflight calibration AB The Landsat Data Continuity Mission consists of a two-sensor platform with the Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). Much of the success of the Landsat program is the emphasis placed on knowledge of the calibration of the sensors relying on a combination of laboratory, onboard, and vicarious calibration methods. Rigorous attention to NIST-traceability of the radiometric calibration, knowledge of out-of-band spectral response, and characterizing and minimizing stray light should provide sensors that meet the quality of Landsat heritage. Described here are the methods and facilities planned for the calibration of TIRS which is a pushbroom sensor with two spectral bands (10.8 and 12 micrometer) and the spatial resolution 100 m with 185-km swath width. Testing takes place in a vacuum test chamber at NASA GSFC using a recently-developed calibration system based on a 16-aperture black body source to simulate spatial and radiometric sources. A two-axis steering mirror moves the source across the TIRS field while filling the aperture. A flood source fills the full field without requiring movement of beam providing a means to evaluate detector-to-detector response effects. Spectral response of the sensor will be determined using a monochromator source coupled to the calibration system. Knowledge of the source output will be through NIST-traceable thermometers integrated to the blackbody. The description of the calibration system, calibration methodology, and the error budget for the calibration system shows that the required 2% radiometric accuracy for scene temperatures between 260 and 330 K is well within the capabilities of the system. C1 [Thome, K.; Reuter, D.; Smith, R.] NASA, GSFC, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Thome, K (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM kurtis.thome@nasa.gov RI Smith, Ramsey/D-4710-2012; Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-622-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8048 AR 804813 DI 10.1117/12.886473 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BVT68 UT WOS:000292737000038 ER PT J AU Jones, A Urban, J Murtagh, DP Sanchez, C Walker, KA Livesey, NJ Froidevaux, L Santee, ML AF Jones, A. Urban, J. Murtagh, D. P. Sanchez, C. Walker, K. A. Livesey, N. J. Froidevaux, L. Santee, M. L. TI Analysis of HCl and ClO time series in the upper stratosphere using satellite data sets SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SEPTEMBER 2002; WATER-VAPOR; OZONE; CHLORINE; CLIMATOLOGY; VALIDATION; RECOVERY; TRENDS AB Previous analyses of satellite and ground-based measurements of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (CIO) have suggested that total inorganic chlorine in the upper stratosphere is on the decline. We create HCl and CIO time series using satellite data sets extended to November 2008, so that an update can be made on the long term evolution of these two species. We use the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) data for the HCl analysis, and the Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (Aura-MLS) measurements for the study of CIO. Altitudes between 35 and 45 km and two mid-latitude bands: 30 degrees S-50 degrees S and 30 degrees N-50 degrees N, for HCl, and 20 degrees S-20 degrees N for CIO and HCl are studied. ACE-FTS and HALOE HCl anomaly time series (with QBO and seasonal contributions removed) are combined to produce all instrument average time series, which show HCl to be reducing from peak 1997 values at a linear estimated rate of -5.1% decade(-1) in the Northern Hemisphere and -5.2% decade(-1) in the Southern Hemisphere, while the tropics show a linear trend of -5.8% per decade (although we do not remove the QBO contribution there due to sparse data). Trend values are significantly different from a zero trend at the 2 sigma level. CIO is decreasing in the tropics by -7.1% +/- 7.8% decade(-1) based on measurements made from December 2001 to November 2008. The statistically significant downward trend found in HCl after 1997 and the apparent downward CIO trend since 2001 (although not statistically significant) confirm how effective the 1987 Montreal protocol objectives and its amendments have been in reducing the total amount of inorganic chlorine. C1 [Jones, A.; Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Urban, J.; Murtagh, D. P.; Sanchez, C.] Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Livesey, N. J.; Froidevaux, L.; Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Jones, A (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. EM ajones@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca RI Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011 OI Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559 FU Swedish National Space Board (SNSB); European Space Agency (ESA); Canadian Space Agency (CSA); National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes); Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France; [EU-SCOUT-03] FX Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), the European Space Agency (ESA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes) and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT-1 is a Canadian led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Thanks also to Erik Zakrisson and Marcus Jansson for their assistance and input concerning the atmospheric box model. We would also like to thank the EU-SCOUT-03 project and those involved for their contribution to funding this work. Thanks also to Andreas Jonsson at the University of Toronto, Canada, for his help with the CMAM data. NR 45 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 11 BP 5321 EP 5333 DI 10.5194/acp-11-5321-2011 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 777PT UT WOS:000291636400014 ER PT J AU Fu, D Walker, KA Mittermeier, RL Strong, K Sung, K Fast, H Bernath, PF Boone, CD Daffer, WH Fogal, P Kolonjari, F Loewen, P Manney, GL Mikhailov, O Drummond, JR AF Fu, D. Walker, K. A. Mittermeier, R. L. Strong, K. Sung, K. Fast, H. Bernath, P. F. Boone, C. D. Daffer, W. H. Fogal, P. Kolonjari, F. Loewen, P. Manney, G. L. Mikhailov, O. Drummond, J. R. TI Simultaneous trace gas measurements using two Fourier transform spectrometers at Eureka, Canada during spring 2006, and comparisons with the ACE-FTS SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT ACE; GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS; INFRARED MEASUREMENTS; ERROR ANALYSIS; SOLAR FTIR; PARIS-IR; VALIDATION; OZONE; O-3; NO2 AB The 2006 Canadian Arctic ACE (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment) Validation Campaign collected measurements at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL, 86.42 degrees W, 80.05 degrees N, 610 m a.s.l.) at Eureka, Canada from 17 February to 31 March 2006. Two of the ten instruments involved in the campaign, both Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs), were operated simultaneously, recording atmospheric solar absorption spectra. The first instrument was an ABB Bomem DA8 high-resolution infrared FTS. The second instrument was the Portable Atmospheric Research Interferometric Spectrometer for the Infrared (PARIS-IR), the ground-based version of the satellite-borne FTS on the ACE satellite (ACE-FTS). From the measurements collected by these two ground-based instruments, total column densities of seven stratospheric trace gases (O-3, HCl, ClONO2, HF, HNO3, NO2, and NO) were retrieved using the optimal estimation method and these results were compared. Since the two instruments sampled the same portions of atmosphere by synchronizing observations during the campaign and used consistent retrieval parameters, the biases in retrieved columns from the two spectrometers represent the instrumental differences. Mean differences in total column densities of O-3, HCl, ClONO2, HF, HNO3, and NO2 from the observations between PARIS-IR and the DA8 FTS are 2.8%, -3.2%, -4.3%, -1.5%, -1.9%, and -0.1%, respectively. Partial column results from the ground-based spectrometers were also compared with partial columns derived from ACE-FTS version 2.2 (including updates for O-3) profiles. Mean differences in partial column densities of O-3, HCl, ClONO2, HF, HNO3, NO2, and NO from the measurements between ACE-FTS and the DA8 FTS are -5.9%, -8.5%, -11.8%, -0.9%, -6.6%, -21.6% and -7.6% respectively. Mean differences in partial column densities of O-3, HCl, ClONO2, HF, HNO3, NO2 from the measurements between ACE-FTS and the PARIS-IR are -5.2%, -4.6%, -2.3%, -4.7%, 5.7% and -11.9%, respectively. This work provides further evidence of the reliability of ACE-FTS measurements from the first three years of on-orbit observations. Column densities of O-3, HCl, ClONO2, and HNO3 from the three FTSs were normalized with respect to HF and used to compare the time evolution of the chemical constituents in the atmosphere over Eureka during spring 2006. C1 [Fu, D.; Walker, K. A.; Bernath, P. F.; Boone, C. D.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Walker, K. A.; Strong, K.; Sung, K.; Fogal, P.; Kolonjari, F.; Loewen, P.; Mikhailov, O.; Drummond, J. R.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Mittermeier, R. L.; Fast, H.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Daffer, W. H.; Manney, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Walker, KA (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. EM kwalker@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Strong, Kimberly/D-2563-2012; Drummond, James/O-7467-2014; Sung, Keeyoon/I-6533-2015 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; FU Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Environment Canada (EC); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; Northern Scientific Training Program; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, NSERC; Canadian Foundation for Innovation; Ontario Innovation Trust; Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation; Nova Scotia Research and Innovation Trust FX The Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaign project has been supported by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Environment Canada (EC), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, and the Northern Scientific Training Program. Logistical and on-site technical support for the 2006 campaign was provided by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC). CANDAC and PEARL are funded by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, NSERC, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Ontario Innovation Trust, the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation, and the Nova Scotia Research and Innovation Trust. The authors wish to thank J. Davies at Environment Canada for processing and providing the ozonesonde profiles and the Eureka Weather Station staff for their hospitality, for providing radiosonde profiles for the analyses and for launching the additional ozonesondes during the campaign. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment is mainly supported by CSA and NSERC. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 58 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 11 BP 5383 EP 5405 DI 10.5194/acp-11-5383-2011 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 777PT UT WOS:000291636400018 ER PT B AU Schuster, DM AF Schuster, David M. BE Kuzmin, A TI The Expanding Role of Applications in the Development and Validation of CFD at NASA SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2010 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 12-16, 2010 CL St Petersburg, RUSSIA SP Aerospace Res & Dev, European Off, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm AB This chapter focuses on the recent escalation in application of CFD to manned and unmanned flight projects at NASA and the need to often apply these methods to problems for which little or no previous validation data directly applies. The chapter discusses the evolution of NASA's CFD development from a strict "Develop, Validate, Apply" strategy to sometimes allowing for a "Develop, Apply, Validate" approach. The risks of this approach and some of its unforeseen benefits are discussed and tied to specific operational examples. There are distinct advantages for the CFD developer that is able to operate in this paradigm, and recommendations are provided for those inclined and willing to work in this environment. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, NASA Engn & Safety Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Schuster, DM (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, NASA Engn & Safety Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM david.m.schuster@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-17883-2 PY 2011 BP 3 EP 29 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-17884-9_1 PG 27 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA BVW20 UT WOS:000292954200001 ER PT B AU Salas, MD AF Salas, Manuel D. BE Kuzmin, A TI A Brief History of Shock-Fitting SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2010 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics CY JUL 12-16, 2010 CL St Petersburg, RUSSIA SP Aerospace Res & Dev, European Off, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm ID BLUNT-BODY; FLOWS AB The development of shock-fitting techniques for computational fluid dynamics over the last 50 years is reviewed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Salas, MD (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM m.d.salas@nasa.gov NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-17883-2 PY 2011 BP 37 EP 53 DI 10.1007/978-3-642-17884-9_3 PG 17 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA BVW20 UT WOS:000292954200003 ER PT B AU Swanson, RC Turkel, E Yaniv, S AF Swanson, R. C. Turkel, E. Yaniv, S. BE Kuzmin, A TI Analysis of a RK/Implicit Smoother for Multigrid SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2010 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICCFD) CY JUL 12-16, 2010 CL St Petersburg, RUSSIA SP Aerosp Res & Dev, European Off, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm ID SCHEMES AB The steady-state compressible Navier - Stokes equations are solved with a finite-volume, second-order accurate scheme. The equations are solved with a multigrid algorithm that uses a 3-stage Runge - Kutta scheme with an implicit preconditioner as a smoother. We analyze this smoother in which the implicit system is approximately inverted by a few symmetric Gauss - Seidel relaxation sweeps. The analysis for the linear system determines the Fourier spectrum of the multigrid smoother. Improved performance of the algorithm based on the analysis is demonstrated by computing laminar flow in a rocket motor and turbulent flow over a wing. RP Swanson, RC (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM r.c.swanson10@gmail.com; eliturkel@gmail.com; syaniv@imi-israel.com NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-17883-2 PY 2011 BP 409 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-642-17884-9_51 PG 2 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA BVW20 UT WOS:000292954200051 ER PT B AU Blankson, IM Gonor, AL Khaikine, VA AF Blankson, I. M. Gonor, A. L. Khaikine, V. A. BE Kuzmin, A TI Numerical Simulations of the Performance of Scramjet Engine Model with Pylon Set Located in the Inlet SO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 2010 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICCFD) CY JUL 12-16, 2010 CL St Petersburg, RUSSIA SP Aerosp Res & Dev, European Off, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm AB This work is devoted to numerical simulations of the flow in the scramjet engine model with hydrogen/air mixture combustion. The sub-scale model consists of the inlet with pylons, fuel injectors located on pylons, mixing region, combustion chamber, and nozzle. The goal of this work is to obtain efficient and stable combustion in the combustion chamber and thrust using this design, and to compare it with other existing scramjet engine models. A pylon set is proposed for installation in the rectangular inlet to decrease drag of the inlet and to create several air/fuel mixing layers to increase mixing efficiency. A movable cylindrical rod was placed in the combustor to initiate shock-induced combustion. Numerical simulations were conducted using the NASA CFD code VULCAN and performance of this scramjet engine model was computed. These simulations showed that efficient combustion and resulting thrust addition in the case of this design significantly exceeds the drag introduced by the obstacle in the combustor. As a result, in the relatively short combustor, we obtained the combustion efficiency, eta(c) = 0.85, and a relatively high value of the engine model specific impulse, I-sp = 1,275 s. C1 [Blankson, I. M.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Blankson, IM (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Isaiah.M.Blankson@nasa.gov; AGonor@rogers.com; Vitali.Khaikine@hamptonu.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-642-17883-2 PY 2011 BP 769 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-642-17884-9_98 PG 2 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA BVW20 UT WOS:000292954200098 ER PT S AU Kwak, D Kiris, CC AF Kwak, Dochan Kiris, Cetin C. TI Computation of Viscous Incompressible Flows SO COMPUTATION OF VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS SE Scientific Computation LA English DT Article; Book ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; CAROTID-ARTERY BIFURCATION; UPWIND DIFFERENCING SCHEME; VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE; NON-NEWTONIAN PROPERTIES; PROSTHETIC HEART-VALVES; SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINE; LOCAL BLOOD-FLOW; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; TURBULENT FLOWS C1 [Kwak, Dochan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Kiris, Cetin C.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Appl Modeling & Simulat Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kwak, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Mail Stop 258-5,Bldg 258, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM dochan.kwak@nasa.gov; cetin.c.kiris@nasa.gov NR 314 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1434-8322 BN 978-94-007-0192-2 J9 SCI COMPUT PY 2011 BP 1 EP 278 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-0193-9 PG 278 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mechanics; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA BSR70 UT WOS:000285558800001 ER PT B AU De Gregorio, BT Sharp, TG Rushdi, AI Simoneit, BRT AF De Gregorio, Bradley T. Sharp, Thomas G. Rushdi, Ahmed I. Simoneit, Bernd R. T. BE Golding, SD Glikson, M TI Bugs or Gunk? Nanoscale Methods for Assessing the Biogenicity of Ancient Microfossils and Organic Matter SO EARLIEST LIFE ON EARTH: HABITATS, ENVIORNMENTS AND METHODS OF DETECTION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Microfossil; Kerogen; Fischer-Tropsch; Apex chert; Strelley pool chert; TEM; XANES ID X-RAY SPECTROMICROSCOPY; K-EDGE XANES; SIMULATED HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; OLDEST PUTATIVE MICROFOSSILS; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; INNER-SHELL EXCITATION; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; PILBARA CRATON; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION AB Ancient microfossils and stromatolites represent some of our best evidence of early living organisms on Earth. However, due to increasingly critical evaluation of such biomarkers in the last decade, assessing the biogenicity of preserved microbe-like features and stromatolitic structures is far from trivial. Carbonaceous matter associated with bona fide microfossils and stromatolites should contain a general microstructure consistent with that of kerogen, the biogenic organic matter common in oil, gas, and coal source rocks. Although kerogen structure and composition can vary, there are consistent characteristics that may be used to identify "kerogen-like" carbonaceous material. Fischer-Trospch-type (FTT) reactions and other organic synthesis mechanisms may be a significant source of abiotic organic matter on the early Earth. Many minerals associated with hydrothermal activity, which was prevalent on the early Earth, have been shown to catalyze FTT synthesis. However, significant research into the maturation and preservation of FTT-derived carbonaceous matter is necessary before a robust distinction can be made from biogenic kerogen. Controversial microfossils from the 3.458-3.465 Ga Apex Basalt and stromatolites from the 3.350-3.458 Ga Strelley Pool Chert are associated with hydrothermal activity, leading to the suggestion that the carbonaceous matter comprising these features is derived from abiotic FTT synthesis rather than biological processes. Carbon-rich black chert dike samples were obtained from the Apex and Strelley Pool localities for comparison with kerogen from the 1.9 Ga Gunflint Formation and laboratory-derived FTT carbonaceous matter. In situ scanning-transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal the presence of similar to 100 nm carbonaceous films along quartz grain boundaries in the chert samples, which may be separated from the quartz grains in ultramicrotomed sections. Electron energy-loss near-edge structure spectroscopy (ELNES) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) indicate Apex and Strelley carbonaceous matter contains a complex microstructure with abundant aromatic domains and oxygenated organic functional groups similar to that observed in Gunflint kerogen. FTT samples were chemically distinct, containing abundant carboxyl functional groups and lacking polyaromatic domains. Although it is possible that FTT material could mature into an abiotic kerogen-like material with similar characteristics, it is more likely that the Apex and Strelley Pool carbonaceous matter formed from biological processes. Biogenic material could be preserved within an ancient hydrothermal system either through gravitational influx of microbial material from the surface or transport of carbonaceous matter from a deeper sediment. C1 [De Gregorio, Bradley T.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Sharp, Thomas G.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Rushdi, Ahmed I.; Simoneit, Bernd R. T.] King Saud Univ, Coll Agr & Food Sci, COGER, Riyadh 11452, Saudi Arabia. [Simoneit, Bernd R. T.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP De Gregorio, BT (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM bradley.t.degregorio@nasa.gov OI Rushdi, Ahmed/0000-0002-5967-8620 NR 160 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-90-481-8793-5 PY 2011 BP 239 EP 289 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-8794-2_10 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-8794-2 PG 51 WC Developmental Biology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Developmental Biology; Physical Geography; Geology GA BSP81 UT WOS:000285318700010 ER PT S AU von Puttkamer, J AF von Puttkamer, Jesco BE Liepack, OG TI Watercress and Rockets: My Saturn Years with the von Braun Team SO HISTORY OF ROCKETRY AND ASTRONAUTICS SE AAS History Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th International-Academy-of-Astronautics History Symposium CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 2003 CL Bremen, GERMANY AB After the establishment of the civilian National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) by the U.S. Congress and President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 29 July 1958, Wernher von Braun's team of former Peenemunde rocket developers joined NASA in 1960, marking the initiation of the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Throughout the ensuing decade of the 1960s, the German engineers and scientists, with their skilled engineering conservatism and unique "arsenal approach" of in-house, hands-on development, provided the core and management leadership of NASA's rocket development efforts for the Apollo lunar landing program, progressing from the initial Redstone rocket of the U.S. Army to the stunningly successful Saturn family of launch vehicles-the Saturn I, Saturn IB, and the giant Saturn V. The history of modern Huntsville, Alabama, is inseparably intertwined with the "Rocket Team." The author joined this group in summer 1962 after President John F. Kennedy's rallying call of the Moon landing goal (25 May 1961) and spent the next 12 years at MSFC. He worked with the team on Apollo, Skylab, and advanced planning for a space station, shuttle, and human Mars expeditions before he transferred to NASA Headquarters in 1974. This chapter describes memorable highlights, personal impressions, and recollections of those legendary years in Huntsville, which provided the foundation of the U.S. space program as it is known today. C1 [von Puttkamer, Jesco] NASA Headquarters, Off Space Flight, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SAN DIEGO PA PUBLICATIONS OFFICE PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 0730-3564 BN 978-0-87703-564-0 J9 AAS HIST SER PY 2011 VL 34 BP 67 EP 88 PG 22 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; History; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; History; History & Philosophy of Science GA BVS00 UT WOS:000292619100005 ER PT B AU Salomonson, V Abrams, MJ Kahle, A Barnes, W Xiong, XX Yamaguchi, Y AF Salomonson, Vincent Abrams, Michael J. Kahle, Anne Barnes, William Xiong, Xiaoxiong Yamaguchi, Yasushi BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI Evolution of NASA's Earth Observing System and Development of the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Instruments SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MODIS; CALIBRATION; INFORMATION; IMAGES C1 [Salomonson, Vincent] Univ Utah, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Abrams, Michael J.; Kahle, Anne] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Barnes, William] GEST Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Xiong, Xiaoxiong] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Yamaguchi, Yasushi] Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. RP Salomonson, V (reprint author), Univ Utah, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM vincent.v.salomonson@nasa.gov NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 3 EP 34 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_1 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600001 ER PT B AU Maiden, M AF Maiden, Martha BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI Philosophy and Architecture of the EOS Data and Information System SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Maiden, M (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM martha.e.maiden@nasa.gov NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 35 EP 47 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_2 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600002 ER PT B AU Xiong, XX Wolfe, R Barnes, W Guenther, B Vermote, E Saleous, N Salomonson, V AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Wolfe, Robert Barnes, William Guenther, Bruce Vermote, Eric Saleous, Nazmi Salomonson, Vincent BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI Terra and Aqua MODIS Design, Radiometry, and Geometry in Support of Land Remote Sensing SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; BANDS CALIBRATION; PRODUCTS; PERFORMANCE; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Wolfe, Robert] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Barnes, William; Guenther, Bruce] GEST Univ Baltimore Maryland Cty, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Vermote, Eric] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Saleous, Nazmi] United Arab Emirates Univ, Dept Geog, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. [Salomonson, Vincent] Univ Utah, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM xiaoxiong.xiong-1@nasa.gov RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 133 EP 164 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_7 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600007 ER PT B AU Urai, M Pieri, D AF Urai, Minoru Pieri, David BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI ASTER Applications in Volcanology SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; REFLECTION RADIOMETER; SATSUMA-IWOJIMA; ERUPTION; FLUX; RUSSIA; JAPAN C1 [Urai, Minoru] AIST, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Pieri, David] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Urai, M (reprint author), AIST, Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. EM urai-minoru@aist.go.jp NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 245 EP 272 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_12 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 28 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600012 ER PT B AU Masuoka, E Roy, D Wolfe, R Morisette, J Sinno, S Teague, M Saleous, N Devadiga, S Justice, CO Nickeson, J AF Masuoka, Edward Roy, David Wolfe, Robert Morisette, Jeffery Sinno, Scott Teague, Michael Saleous, Nazmi Devadiga, Sadashiva Justice, Christopher O. Nickeson, Jaime BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI MODIS Land Data Products: Generation, Quality Assurance and Validation SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ACTIVE FIRE DETECTION; LEAF-AREA INDEX; ALGORITHMS; FRAMEWORK; TERRA C1 [Masuoka, Edward; Sinno, Scott; Teague, Michael; Devadiga, Sadashiva; Nickeson, Jaime] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Roy, David] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Wolfe, Robert] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Morisette, Jeffery] Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. [Saleous, Nazmi] United Arab Emirates Univ, Dept Geog, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. [Justice, Christopher O.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Masuoka, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM edward.j.masuoka@nasa.gov RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 509 EP 531 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_22 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600022 ER PT B AU Zhao, MS Running, S Heinsch, FA Nemani, R AF Zhao, Maosheng Running, Steven Heinsch, Faith Ann Nemani, Ramakrishna BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI MODIS-Derived Terrestrial Primary Production SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SATELLITE DATA; PLANT RESPIRATION; VEGETATION INDEX; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAND-COVER; FOREST C1 [Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven; Heinsch, Faith Ann] Univ Montana, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Nemani, Ramakrishna] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Zhao, MS (reprint author), Univ Montana, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM zhao@ntsg.umt.edu NR 70 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 635 EP 660 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_28 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600028 ER PT B AU Riggs, G Hall, D AF Riggs, George Hall, Dorothy BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI MODIS Snow and Ice Products, and Their Assessment and Applications SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; COVER PRODUCTS; RIVER-BASIN; ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; SATELLITE DATA; VALIDATION; MODEL; STREAMFLOW; ALGORITHM; MAPS C1 [Riggs, George] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Hall, Dorothy] NASA, Cryospher Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Riggs, G (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM george.a.riggs@nasa.gov NR 58 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 681 EP 707 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_30 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600030 ER PT B AU Goward, S Williams, D Arvidson, T Irons, J AF Goward, Samuel Williams, Darrel Arvidson, Terry Irons, James BE Ramachandran, B Justice, CO Abrams, MJ TI The Future of Landsat-Class Remote Sensing SO LAND REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: NASA'S EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTER AND MODIS SE Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID COVER; DEFORESTATION; AMAZON C1 [Goward, Samuel] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Williams, Darrel; Arvidson, Terry; Irons, James] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Goward, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM sgoward@umd.edu NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4419-6748-0 J9 REMOTE SENS DIGIT IM PY 2011 VL 11 BP 807 EP 834 DI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_35 D2 10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7 PG 28 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BSG06 UT WOS:000284351600035 ER PT J AU Nielsen, EJ Jones, WT AF Nielsen, E. J. Jones, W. T. TI Integrated Design of an Active Flow Control System Using a Time-Dependent Adjoint Method SO MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF NATURAL PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE design; flow control; unsteady; adjoint; unstructured; Navier-Stokes ID SYNTHETIC JET ACTUATOR; UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS; TURBULENT FLOWS; OPTIMIZATION; ALGORITHM; CONFIGURATIONS; SIMULATION; SEPARATION; IMPLICIT; MESHES AB An exploratory study is performed to investigate the use of a time-dependent discrete adjoint methodology for design optimization of a high-lift wing configuration augmented with an active flow control system. The location and blowing parameters associated with a series of jet actuation orifices are used as design variables. In addition, a geometric parameterization scheme is developed to provide a compact set of design variables describing the wing shape. The scaling of the implementation is studied using several thousand processors and it is found that asynchronous file operations can greatly improve the overall performance of the approach in such massively parallel environments. Three design examples are presented which seek to maximize the mean value of the lift coefficient for the coupled system, and results demonstrate improvements as high as 27% relative to the lift obtained with non-optimized actuation. This lift gain is more than three times the incremental lift provided by the non-optimized actuation. C1 [Nielsen, E. J.; Jones, W. T.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Computat AeroSci Branch, Hampton, VA 23693 USA. RP Nielsen, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Computat AeroSci Branch, Hampton, VA 23693 USA. EM Eric.J.Nielsen@nasa.gov NR 51 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0973-5348 EI 1760-6101 J9 MATH MODEL NAT PHENO JI Math. Model. Nat. Phenom. PY 2011 VL 6 IS 3 BP 141 EP 165 DI 10.1051/mmnp/20116306 PG 25 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 791GG UT WOS:000292652400007 ER PT S AU Heaton, AF Howard, RT AF Heaton, Andrew F. Howard, Richard T. BE Pham, KD Zmuda, H Cox, JL Meyer, GJ TI POSE Algorithms for Automated Docking SO SENSORS AND SYSTEMS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS IV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Systems for Space Applications IV CY APR 25-26, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE VNS; POSE; AR&D; automated docking; sensor; algorithm; flash LIDAR AB POSE (relative position and attitude) can be computed in many different ways. Given a sensor that measures bearing to a finite number of spots corresponding to known features (such as a target) of a spacecraft, a number of different algorithms can be used to compute the POSE. NASA has sponsored the development of a flash LIDAR proximity sensor called the Vision Navigation Sensor (VNS) for use by the Orion capsule in future docking missions. This sensor generates data that can be used by a variety of algorithms to compute POSE solutions inside of 15 meters, including at the critical docking range of approximately 1-2 meters. Previously NASA participated in a DARPA program called Orbital Express that achieved the first automated docking for the American space program. During this mission a large set of high quality mated sensor data was obtained at what is essentially the docking distance. This data set is perhaps the most accurate truth data in existence for docking proximity sensors in orbit. In this paper, the flight data from Orbital Express is used to test POSE algorithms at 1.22 meters range. Two different POSE algorithms are tested for two different Fields-of-View (FOVs) and two different pixel noise levels. The results of the analysis are used to predict future performance of the POSE algorithms with VNS data. C1 [Heaton, Andrew F.; Howard, Richard T.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Heaton, AF (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM ricky.howard@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-618-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8044 AR 80440T DI 10.1117/12.887022 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BVS72 UT WOS:000292687100023 ER PT B AU Groisman, P Gutman, G Reissell, A AF Groisman, Pavel Gutman, Garik Reissell, Anni BE Gutman, G Reissel, A TI Introduction: Climate and Land-Cover Changes in the Arctic SO EURASIAN ARCTIC LAND COVER AND LAND USE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SNOW COVER; NORTHERN EURASIA; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY AB The last 10 years have been the warmest in the Arctic during the 120-year period of instrumental observations. The global mean surface temperature during that period has increased by about 0.8 degrees C, with stronger changes in the Arctic. Retreat of the Arctic sea ice during the past decades open an additional source of heat and water vapor in the autumn and early winter seasons. If these warming trends continue, they will significantly affect the Arctic land cover and land use, also causing impacts on the global scale. The changes will occur in the natural land cover, with perhaps the greatest effects in that part of the Arctic where the land cover has already been modified by human activities. In many Arctic areas there has been a clear shift from the land use practiced by indigenous peoples to intensive exploitation of the land for commercial and industrial uses. New navigation routes across the Arctic Ocean shelf seas are broadly discussed. If and when implemented, these routes will change the Arctic land use and the life style of the population. The International Polar Year (IPY) program involving over 200 projects with thousands of scientists from over 60 nations is coming to its final stage. This book is a compilation of the studies which have been conducted in the framework of the NASA Land-Cover/Land-Use Change Program and which have been focused on the Arctic region of Northern Eurasia, although some comparisons are made with the results in North America. The region of interest in the current book is north of 60 degrees latitude, specifically transitional forest-tundra and tundra zones. C1 [Groisman, Pavel] Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Gutman, Garik] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Reissell, Anni] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Groisman, P (reprint author), Natl Climate Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM pasha.groisman@noaa.gov; ggutman@nasa.gov; anni.reissell@helsinki.fi NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-90-481-9117-8 PY 2011 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5_1 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BSD75 UT WOS:000284236100001 ER PT B AU Sun, GQ Ranson, KJ Kharuk, VI Im, ST Naurzbaev, MM AF Sun, Guoqing Ranson, Kenneth J. Kharuk, Viatcheslav I. Im, Sergey T. Naurzbaev, Mukhtar M. BE Gutman, G Reissel, A TI Characterization and Monitoring of Tundra-Taiga Transition Zone with Multi-sensor Satellite Data SO EURASIAN ARCTIC LAND COVER AND LAND USE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID RECENT CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAND-COVER CHANGE; FOREST-TUNDRA; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; BOREAL FOREST; VEGETATION; IMAGERY; GROWTH; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB Monitoring the dynamics of the circumpolar boreal forest (taiga) and Arctic tundra boundary is important for understanding the causes and consequences of changes observed in these areas. Because of the inaccessibility and large extent of this zone, remote sensing data can play an important role for the purposes. In this study, climate-related changes that occurred in the Ary-Mas larch forests (the world's northernmost forest range) in the last three decades of the twentieth century were analyzed. An analysis of Landsat images in 1973 and 2000 has provided evidence for an increase in the closeness of larch forest canopy by 65% and the expansion of larch to the tundra for 3-10 m per year and to areas relatively poorly protected from wind due to topographic features (elevation, azimuth, and slope). It was found that a tundra-taiga transitional area can be characterized using multi-spectral Landsat ETM+ summer images, multi-angle MISR red band reflectance images, RADARSAT images with larger incidence angle, or multi-temporal and multi-spectral MODIS data. Because of different resolutions and spectral regions covered, the transition zone maps derived from different data types were not identical, but the general patterns were consistent. C1 [Sun, Guoqing] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sun, Guoqing] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kharuk, Viatcheslav I.; Im, Sergey T.; Naurzbaev, Mukhtar M.] SB RAS, VN Sukachev Inst Forest, Krasnoyarsk 660036 50, Russia. RP Sun, GQ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Guoqing.Sun@nasa.gov; kenneth.j.ranson@nasa.gov; kharuk@forest.akadem.ru; stim@ksc.krasn.ru; mukhtar@forest.akadem.ru RI Im, Sergei/J-2736-2016 OI Im, Sergei/0000-0002-5794-7938 NR 62 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-90-481-9117-8 PY 2011 BP 53 EP 77 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5_4 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BSD75 UT WOS:000284236100004 ER PT B AU Maynard, NG Oskal, A Turi, JM Mathiesen, SD Eira, IMG Yurchak, B Etylin, V Gebelein, J AF Maynard, Nancy G. Oskal, Anders Turi, Johan M. Mathiesen, Svein D. Eira, Inger Marie G. Yurchak, Boris Etylin, Vladimir Gebelein, Jennifer BE Gutman, G Reissel, A TI Impacts of Arctic Climate and Land Use Changes on Reindeer Pastoralism: Indigenous Knowledge and Remote Sensing SO EURASIAN ARCTIC LAND COVER AND LAND USE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CARIBOU HERD; IMAGERY; ALASKA; TM AB Eurasian indigenous reindeer herders have developed an important initiative to study the impacts of climate change and to develop local adaptation strategies based upon their traditional knowledge of the land and its uses in an international, interdisciplinary partnership with the science community involving extensive collaborations and co-production of knowledge to minimize the impacts of the various changes. This unprecedented reindeer herder-led initiative is the IPY EALAT Project, "EALAT, Reindeer Pastoralism in a Changing Climate". This chapter provides an overview of the EALAT initiative, with an emphasis on how remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other scientific data are being combined with indigenous knowledge to "co-produce" datasets to improve decision-making and herd management; some early results; and a description of the EALAT/Monitoring data integration and sharing system and portal being developed for reindeer pastoralism to integrate traditional indigenous knowledge together with remote sensing and other scientific data to enhance early warning and management for change responses and adaptation. C1 [Maynard, Nancy G.; Yurchak, Boris] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Oskal, Anders; Turi, Johan M.; Mathiesen, Svein D.] Int Ctr Reindeer Husb, N-9520 Guovdageaidnu, Kautokeino, Norway. [Mathiesen, Svein D.; Eira, Inger Marie G.] Sami Allaskuvla Sami Univ Coll, N-9520 Guovdageaidnu, Kautokeino, Norway. [Mathiesen, Svein D.] Norwegian Sch Vet Sci, N-9292 Tromso, Norway. [Etylin, Vladimir] Russian Acad Sci, Chukotka Branch, NE Res Inst, Anadyr, Chukotka, Russia. [Gebelein, Jennifer] Florida Int Univ, Dept Int Relat & Geog, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Maynard, NG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nancy.g.maynard@nasa.gov; anders.oskal@reindeercentre.org; johan.m.turi@reindeerworld.net; svein.d.mathiesen@veths.no; ingermge@samiskhs.no; boris.s.yurchak@nasa.gov; etylin.vladimir@gmail.com; jennifer_gebelein@hotmail.com NR 52 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-90-481-9117-8 PY 2011 BP 177 EP 205 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5_8 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BSD75 UT WOS:000284236100008 ER PT B AU Gutman, G Justice, CO AF Gutman, Garik Justice, Chris O. BE Gutman, G Reissel, A TI Summary and Outstanding Scientific Challenges for Land-Cover and Land-Use Research in the Arctic Region SO EURASIAN ARCTIC LAND COVER AND LAND USE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CLIMATIC TRENDS AB This chapter summarizes the volume content focusing on NASA LCLUC Program contribution to the IPY program, which has been completed. The volume is compilation of results of the most recent US and European studies on land-cover and land-use changes and their interactions with biogeochemical and water cycles, atmospheric aerosol, and human and wildlife populations in the Northern Eurasian Arctic. Emphasis of global change research in this region has traditionally focused on the processes of the biophysical systems. The papers presented in this volume extend this research, primarily addressing land cover but also some of the human-environment interactions in this region. Outstanding scientific challenges are outlined as they were discussed in each chapter. C1 [Gutman, Garik] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Justice, Chris O.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gutman, G (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM ggutman@nasa.gov; justice@hermes.geog.umd.edu NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-90-481-9117-8 PY 2011 BP 291 EP 300 DI 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5_12 D2 10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BSD75 UT WOS:000284236100012 ER PT S AU Willman, S Cohen, PA AF Willman, Sebastian Cohen, Phoebe A. BE Laflamme, M Schiffbauer, JD Dornbos, SQ TI Ultrastructural Approaches to the Microfossil Record: Assessing Biological Affinities by Use of Transmission Electron Microscopy SO QUANTIFYING THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY LIFE : NUMERICAL APPROACHES TO THE EVALUATION OF FOSSILS AND ANCIENT ECOSYSTEMS SE Topics in Geobiology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE TEM; Ultrastructure; Preparation; Acritarch; Biological affinities ID WALL ULTRASTRUCTURE; NEOPROTEROZOIC ACRITARCHS; PROTEROZOIC ACRITARCHS; EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS; CELL-WALL; FOSSILS; AUSTRALIA; EDIACARAN; SPECTROSCOPY; PALEOBIOLOGY AB One of the major technological advances in biological research was the invention and development of the transmission electron microscope, which enables high resolution and high magnification studies of cross-sections of specimens. As such, it has proved to be a useful tool to describe ultrastructural features of taxonomic and phylogenetic importance in modern organisms. Here we discuss how to extend the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to the fossil record, with emphasis on acritarchs (organic-walled microfossils of unknown affinity). Microfossils are traditionally studied by use of transmitted light microscopy, a method that reveals details of external morphology only. TEM however, gives an additional level of detail and reveals structures that can greatly aid in interpretation of taxonomic affinity, and thus can reveal further detail on the origination and diversification of myriad eukaryotic groups in the fossil record. In this chapter we describe the preparation procedure, show advantages and shortcomings of the technique, and discuss how to interpret the results from a geobiological perspective. C1 [Willman, Sebastian] Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. [Cohen, Phoebe A.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Cohen, Phoebe A.] MIT, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Willman, S (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Villavagen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. EM Sebastian.Willman@geo.uu.se; pacohen@fas.harvard.edu NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0275-0120 BN 978-94-007-0679-8 J9 TOP GEOBIOL JI Top. Geobiol. PY 2011 VL 36 BP 301 EP 320 DI 10.1007/978-94-007-0680-4_12 D2 10.1007/978-94-007-0680-4 PG 20 WC Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Paleontology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Evolutionary Biology; Paleontology GA BUD19 UT WOS:000288917000012 ER PT J AU Snover, ML Hohn, AA Goshe, LR Balazs, GH AF Snover, Melissa L. Hohn, Aleta A. Goshe, Lisa R. Balazs, George H. TI Validation of annual skeletal marks in green sea turtles Chelonia mydas using tetracycline labeling SO AQUATIC BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fluorescent marks; Skeletochronology; Age; Growth marks ID LOGGERHEAD CARETTA-CARETTA; SKELETOCHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS; HAWAIIAN ARCHIPELAGO; AGE ESTIMATION; GROWTH; LIZARD; BONE AB The technique of skeletochronology has been widely applied to age and growth studies of most species of sea turtles, although direct validation of annual growth marks has only been demonstrated for loggerheads Caretta caretta and Kemp's ridleys Lepidochelys kempii. In this study we present validation of annual growth mark deposition in green sea turtles Chelonia mydas. Fourteen green sea turtles, previously captured in nearshore waters in the main Hawaiian Islands and injected with oxytetracycline (OTC), were recovered stranded, and the humeri were prepared for skeletochronological analysis. Each sea turtle had received a single dose of 25 mg kg(-1) OTC, with half injected into each pectoral muscle. Seven of these sea turtles either were not at large long enough or did not grow enough for either the OTC mark to be discernable in bone cross-sections or for a growth mark to have been deposited after the OTC mark. Based on the hypothesis of one mark per year, the expected number of growth marks was visible exterior to the OTC mark in the humeri of the 7 remaining sea turtles, providing strong validation that growth marks are annual. These results support the use of skeletochronology for age and growth rate estimates in green sea turtles and the need for validation to ensure accurate interpretation of growth marks. C1 [Snover, Melissa L.; Balazs, George H.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Hohn, Aleta A.; Goshe, Lisa R.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Snover, ML (reprint author), Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, POB 9, Denali Natl Pk, AK 99755 USA. EM melissa_snover@nps.gov RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 9 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 1864-7790 EI 1864-7782 J9 AQUAT BIOL JI Aquat. Biol. PY 2011 VL 12 IS 3 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.3354/ab00337 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 778IA UT WOS:000291696100001 ER PT S AU Chamis, CC AF Chamis, Christos C. BE Sandera, P TI Probabilistic Simulation for Combined Cyclic Fatigue in Composites SO MATERIALS STRUCTURE & MICROMECHANICS OF FRACTURE SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Materials Structure and Micromechanics of Fracture CY JUN 28-30, 2010 CL Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC DE Fiber Composites; Cumulative Distribution Function; Probabilistic Sensitivities; Multi Factor Interaction Model AB The combined cyclic fatigue is computationally simulated by a judicious combination of three independent computational modules: composite mechanics, a multi-factor equation module (MFIM) and probabilistic algorithm (FPI). The inputs to each module are constituent material properties, processing variables, loading and environmental conditions and probabilistic variables. The composite fatigue is simulated by considering an inplane loaded-component in a structure which is subjected to fatigue because of cyclic loading. Typical results show that the low probability fatigue cycle is about 50 percent of the corresponding static value. C1 [Chamis, Christos C.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chamis, CC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Christos.C.Chamis@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2011 VL 465 BP 543 EP 547 DI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.465.543 PG 5 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA BVK41 UT WOS:000291704700128 ER PT S AU Boersma, C Allamandola, LJ Bauschlicher, CW Ricca, A Cami, J Peeters, E de Armas, FS Saborido, GP Mattioda, AL Hudgins, DM AF Boersma, C. Allamandola, L. J. Bauschlicher, C. W., Jr. Ricca, A. Cami, J. Peeters, E. de Armas, F. Sanchez Saborido, G. Puerta Mattioda, A. L. Hudgins, D. M. BE Joblin, C Tielens, AGGM TI THE NASA AMES PAH IR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE AND THE FAR-IR SO PAHS AND THE UNIVERSE: A SYMPOSIUM TO CELEBRATE THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PAH HYPOTHESIS SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium to Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the PAH Hypothesis CY MAY 31-JUN 04, 2010 CL Univ Toulouse, Toulouse, FRANCE SP CESR, LCPQ, CNRS, Univ Toulouse, INSU CNRS, Univ Paul Sabatier, CNES, Region Midi Pyrenees, Minist Enseignement Superieur & Rech, ESA, IRSAMC UPS, INC CNRS, Reseau Chimie Theor, INP CNRS, Departement Haute Garonne HO Univ Toulouse ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SPECTRA AB Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread across the Universe and influence many stages of the Galactic lifecycle. The presence of PAHs has been well established and the rich mid-IR PAH spectrum is now commonly used as a probe into (inter)stellar environments. The NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database has been key to test and refine the "PAH hypothesis". This database is a large coherent set (>600 spectra) of laboratory measured and DFT computed infrared spectra of PAHs from C10H8 to C130H28 and has been made available on the web at (http://www.astrochem.org/pandb). With a new spectral window opening up; the far-IR, the study of PAH far-IR spectra and the quest for identifying a unique member of the interstellar PAH family has begun. To guide this research, the far-IR (>20 mu m) spectra of different sets of PAHs are investigated using the NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database. These sets explore the influence of size, shape, charge and composition on the far-IR PAH spectrum. The far-IR is also the domain of the so-called "drumhead" modes and other molecular vibrations involving low order bending vibrations of the carbon skeleton as a whole. As with drums, these are molecule and shape specific and promise to be a key diagnostic for specific PAHs. Here, the sensitivity of these "drumhead" modes to size and shape is assessed by comparing the frequencies of the lowest drumhead modes of a family of circular shaped (the coronene "family") and rhombus shaped (the pyrene "family") PAH molecules. From this study, some consequences for an observing strategy are drawn. C1 [Boersma, C.; Allamandola, L. J.; Bauschlicher, C. W., Jr.; Ricca, A.; Mattioda, A. L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Cami, J.; Peeters, E.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. [de Armas, F. Sanchez; Saborido, G. Puerta] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Hudgins, D. M.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Boersma, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Christiaan.Boersma@nasa.gov RI Boersma, Christiaan/L-7696-2014 OI Boersma, Christiaan/0000-0002-4836-217X NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-0624-9 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2011 VL 46 BP 109 EP + DI 10.1051/eas/1146011 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BVJ75 UT WOS:000291672700011 ER PT S AU Contreras, CS Ricketts, CL Salama, F AF Contreras, C. S. Ricketts, C. L. Salama, F. BE Joblin, C Tielens, AGGM TI FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF CIRCUMSTELLAR AND INTERSTELLAR PAHS: A LABORATORY STUDY SO PAHS AND THE UNIVERSE: A SYMPOSIUM TO CELEBRATE THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PAH HYPOTHESIS SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium to Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the PAH Hypothesis CY MAY 31-JUN 04, 2010 CL Univ Toulouse, Toulouse, FRANCE SP CESR, LCPQ, CNRS, Univ Toulouse, INSU CNRS, Univ Paul Sabatier, CNES, Region Midi Pyrenees, Minist Enseignement Superieur & Rech, ESA, IRSAMC UPS, INC CNRS, Reseau Chimie Theor, INP CNRS, Departement Haute Garonne HO Univ Toulouse ID CARBON; GROWTH AB Studies of dust analogs formed from hydrocarbon (CH(4), C(2) H(2), C(2)H(4), C(2)H(6)) and PAH precursors have been performed using a new facility that we have developed to simulate interstellar and circumstellar processes. The species formed in a plasma are detected, characterized and monitored in situ with high-sensitivity techniques, which provide both spectroscopic and ion mass information. From these measurements we derive information on the nature, the size and the structure of dust particles, as well as a better understanding of the growth and destruction processes of extraterrestrial dust. C1 [Contreras, C. S.; Ricketts, C. L.; Salama, F.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Contreras, CS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Salama, Farid/A-8787-2009 OI Salama, Farid/0000-0002-6064-4401 NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-0624-9 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2011 VL 46 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1051/eas/1146021 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BVJ75 UT WOS:000291672700021 ER PT S AU Sellgren, K Werner, MW Ingalls, JG Smith, JDT Carleton, TM Joblin, C AF Sellgren, K. Werner, M. W. Ingalls, J. G. Smith, J. D. T. Carleton, T. M. Joblin, C. BE Joblin, C Tielens, AGGM TI CONFIRMATION OF C-60 IN THE REFLECTION NEBULA NGC 7023 SO PAHS AND THE UNIVERSE: A SYMPOSIUM TO CELEBRATE THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PAH HYPOTHESIS SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium to Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the PAH Hypothesis CY MAY 31-JUN 04, 2010 CL Univ Toulouse, Toulouse, FRANCE SP CESR, LCPQ, CNRS, Univ Toulouse, INSU CNRS, Univ Paul Sabatier, CNES, Region Midi Pyrenees, Minist Enseignement Superieur & Rech, ESA, IRSAMC UPS, INC CNRS, Reseau Chimie Theor, INP CNRS, Departement Haute Garonne HO Univ Toulouse ID CORONAE-BOREALIS STARS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBON MOLECULES; DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; CARBON CLUSTERS; INFRARED-EMISSION; DUST FORMATION; FEATURES; SPECTRUM; SEARCH; BANDS AB The fullerene C-60 has four infrared active vibrational transitions at 7.0, 8.5, 17.5 and 18.9 mu m. We have previously observed emission features at 17.4 and 18.9 mu m in the reflection nebula NGC 7023 and demonstrated spatial correlations suggestive of a common origin. We now confirm the identification of these features with C-60 by detecting a third emission feature at 7.04 +/- 0.05 mu m at a position of strong 18.9 mu m emission in NGC 7023. We also report the detection of these three features in the reflection nebula NGC 2023. We show with spectroscopic mapping of NGC 7023 that the 18.9 mu m feature peaks on the central star, that the 16.4 mu m emission feature due to PAHs peaks between the star and a nearby photodissociation front, and that the 17.4 mu m feature is a blend of a PAH feature and C-60. The derived C-60 abundance is consistent with that from previous upper limits and possible fullerene detections in the interstellar medium. C1 [Sellgren, K.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Werner, M. W.] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ingalls, J. G.] CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Smith, J. D. T.] Univ Toledo, Ritter Astrophys Res Ctr, Toledo, OH USA. [Carleton, T. M.] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Joblin, C.] Univ Toulouse 1, UPS, CESR, F-31042 Toulouse, France. [Joblin, C.] CNRS, F-75700 Paris, France. RP Sellgren, K (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-0624-9 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2011 VL 46 BP 209 EP + DI 10.1051/eas/1146022 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BVJ75 UT WOS:000291672700022 ER PT S AU Allamandola, LJ AF Allamandola, L. J. BE Joblin, C Tielens, AGGM TI PAHS AND ASTROBIOLOGY SO PAHS AND THE UNIVERSE: A SYMPOSIUM TO CELEBRATE THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PAH HYPOTHESIS SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium to Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the PAH Hypothesis CY MAY 31-JUN 04, 2010 CL Univ Toulouse, Toulouse, FRANCE SP CESR, LCPQ, CNRS, Univ Toulouse, INSU CNRS, Univ Paul Sabatier, CNES, Region Midi Pyrenees, Minist Enseignement Superieur & Rech, ESA, IRSAMC UPS, INC CNRS, Reseau Chimie Theor, INP CNRS, Departement Haute Garonne HO Univ Toulouse ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; INTERSTELLAR ICE ANALOGS; SIDE-GROUP ADDITION; AMINO-ACIDS; ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATION; MICROWAVE DETECTION; ASTROPHYSICAL ICES; WATER ICES; H2O; PHOTOLYSIS AB In dense molecular clouds, the birthplace of stars and planets, interstellar atoms and molecules freeze onto extremely cold dust and ice particles. These ices are processed by ultraviolet light and cosmic rays forming hundreds of far more complex species, some of astrobiological interest. Eventually, these rain down on primordial planets where they take part in the young chemistry on these new worlds. Although the IR spectroscopy and energetic processing of interstellar ice analogs have been studied for nearly 30 years, similar studies of PAH containing ices have only just begun. This paper presents recent results from laboratory studies on the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photochemistry of PAHs in water ice at low temperatures to assess the roles they play in the photochemical evolution of interstellar ices and their relevance to astrobiology. A number of "surprises" were found in these studies on PAH containing water-rich ices, indicating that PAHs likely play very important, unexpected roles in cosmic ice chemistry, physics and astrobiology. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Allamandola, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-0624-9 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2011 VL 46 BP 305 EP 317 DI 10.1051/eas/1146032 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BVJ75 UT WOS:000291672700032 ER PT J AU Kriegel, C Koehne, J Tinkle, S Maynard, AD Hill, RA AF Kriegel, Christina Koehne, Jessica Tinkle, Sally Maynard, Andrew D. Hill, Rodney A. TI Challenges of Trainees in a Multidisciplinary Research Program: Nano-Biotechnology SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article C1 [Koehne, Jessica] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Koehne, Jessica] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Tinkle, Sally] Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Maynard, Andrew D.] Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Maynard, Andrew D.] Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Risk Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Hill, Rodney A.] Univ Idaho, Dept Anim & Vet Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Kriegel, Christina] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Food Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Kriegel, C (reprint author), Northeastern Univ, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM rodhill@uidaho.edu OI Maynard, Andrew/0000-0003-2117-5128 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 88 IS 1 BP 53 EP 55 DI 10.1021/ed1001174 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA 694WE UT WOS:000285328900014 ER PT J AU Sun, WB Videen, G Lin, B Hu, YX Fu, QA AF Sun, Wenbo Videen, Gorden Lin, Bing Hu, Yongxiang Fu, Qiang TI Beyond Snel's law: Refraction of a nano-beam of light SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Atmospheric Light Scattering and Remote Sensing CY JUL 13-17, 2009 CL Xian, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Xian Univ Technol, Sch Machinery & Precis Instrument Engn DE Refraction; Narrow beam; Snel's law ID TIME-DOMAIN SOLUTION; ABSORBING BOUNDARY-CONDITION; SCATTERING; PARTICLES; LASERS AB The refraction of a localized narrow beam is significantly different from that of a plane wave. As the beam width decreases to be in the order of the wavelength, the refraction behavior deviates noticeably from Snel's law, and when the width of a light beam is smaller than about one fifth of the wavelength of the incident light, finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrate that refraction becomes negligible. That is, the narrow light beam retains its propagation direction even after entering another medium at an oblique angle. The result reveals novel features of nano-beams and may have applications in precise biomedical measurement or micro optical device. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sun, Wenbo] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Videen, Gorden] USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. [Lin, Bing; Hu, Yongxiang] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Fu, Qiang] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Sun, WB (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM wenbo.sun-1@nasa.gov RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 112 IS 2 SI SI BP 174 EP 176 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2010.03.009 PG 3 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 702LQ UT WOS:000285896600004 ER PT J AU Allen, C Allton, J Lofgren, G Righter, K Zolensky, M AF Allen, Carlton Allton, Judith Lofgren, Gary Righter, Kevin Zolensky, Michael TI Curating NASA's extraterrestrial samples-Past, present, and future SO CHEMIE DER ERDE-GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE Curation; Extraterrestrial samples; Lunar samples; Meteorites; Cosmic dust; Genesis; Stardust ID INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES; X-RAY SPECTROMETER; SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE; ANTARCTIC METEORITES; COMET 81P/WILD-2; STARDUST MISSION; IMPACT FEATURES; LUNAR METEORITE; SOLAR-SYSTEM; R CHONDRITE AB The NASA Johnson Space Center Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office has the unique responsibility to curate NASA's extraterrestrial samples from past and forthcoming missions into the indefinite future. Presently curation includes documentation, preservation, preparation, and distribution of samples from the Moon, asteroids, comets, the solar wind, and the planet Mars. Each of these sample sets has a unique history and comes from a unique environment. The curation laboratories and procedures developed over forty years have proven both necessary and sufficient to serve the evolving needs of a worldwide research community. A new generation of sample return missions is being planned and proposed to destinations across the solar system. Curation must evolve to meet the increased challenges of these new samples. Published by Elsevier GmbH. C1 [Allen, Carlton; Allton, Judith; Lofgren, Gary; Righter, Kevin; Zolensky, Michael] NASA, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Allen, C (reprint author), NASA, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci Directorate, Johnson Space Ctr, Mailcode KT,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM carlton.c.allen@nasa.gov NR 99 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0009-2819 J9 CHEM ERDE-GEOCHEM JI Chem Erde-Geochem. PY 2011 VL 71 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1016/j.chemer.2010.12.003 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 774JK UT WOS:000291381300001 ER PT S AU Brockers, R Bouffard, P Ma, J Matthies, L Tomlin, C AF Brockers, Roland Bouffard, Patrick Ma, Jeremy Matthies, Larry Tomlin, Claire BE George, T Islam, MS Dutta, AK TI Autonomous landing and ingress of micro-air-vehicles in urban environments based on monocular vision. SO MICRO- AND NANOTECHNOLOGY SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICATIONS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micro- and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications III CY APR 25-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE ID PROJECTIONS AB Unmanned micro air vehicles (MAVs) will play an important role in future reconnaissance and search and rescue applications. In order to conduct persistent surveillance and to conserve energy, MAVs need the ability to land, and they need the ability to enter (ingress) buildings and other structures to conduct reconnaissance. To be safe and practical under a wide range of environmental conditions, landing and ingress maneuvers must be autonomous, using real-time, onboard sensor feedback. To address these key behaviors, we present a novel method for vision-based autonomous MAV landing and ingress using a single camera for two urban scenarios: landing on an elevated surface, representative of a rooftop, and ingress through a rectangular opening, representative of a door or window. Real-world scenarios will not include special navigation markers, so we rely on tracking arbitrary scene features; however, we do currently exploit planarity of the scene. Our vision system uses a planar homography decomposition to detect navigation targets and to produce approach waypoints as inputs to the vehicle control algorithm. Scene perception, planning, and control run onboard in real-time; at present we obtain aircraft position knowledge from an external motion capture system, but we expect to replace this in the near future with a fully self-contained, onboard, vision-aided state estimation algorithm. We demonstrate autonomous vision-based landing and ingress target detection with two different quadrotor MAV platforms. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of onboard, vision-based autonomous landing and ingress algorithms that do not use special purpose scene markers to identify the destination. C1 [Brockers, Roland; Ma, Jeremy; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Brockers, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM brockers@jpl.nasa.gov; bouffard@eecs.berkeley.edu; jeremy.c.ma@jpl.nasa.gov; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov; tomlin@eecs.berkeley.edu NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-605-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8031 AR 803111 DI 10.1117/12.884449 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BVG10 UT WOS:000291441400032 ER PT S AU Chen, Y Weber, CT Mojarradi, M Kolawa, E AF Chen, Yuan Weber, Carissa Tudryn Mojarradi, Mohammad Kolawa, Elizabeth BE George, T Islam, MS Dutta, AK TI Micro- and Nano-Electronic Technologies and their Qualification Methodology for Space Applications under Harsh Environments SO MICRO- AND NANOTECHNOLOGY SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICATIONS III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micro- and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications III CY APR 25-29, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE electronics reliability; packaging reliability; electronics for harsh environments; packaging for harsh environments; design for reliability; qualification for harsh environments ID LOW-TEMPERATURE; DEVICES; MEMS AB This paper gives a brief overview of the micro-and nano-electronic technologies for space applications under harsh environments, i.e. for operating temperatures beyond the range of -55 degrees C to 125 degrees C, and with exposure to radiation, pressure, shock, etc. The paper also addresses the technology reliability, the challenges and the qualification approaches for the harsh environment applications with a case study. The case study highlights the design-for-reliability approach and space qualification methodology developed to successfully design, fabricate, qualify, and infuse a motor drive electronics assembly with micro-and nano-electronics and packaging technology into a flight mission, which requires an operational temperature range over -128 degrees C to + 85 degrees C. C1 [Chen, Yuan] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-605-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8031 AR 80311Y DI 10.1117/12.884680 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BVG10 UT WOS:000291441400062 ER PT J AU Jung, HC Alsdorf, D Moritz, M Lee, H Vassolo, S AF Jung, Hahn Chul Alsdorf, Doug Moritz, Mark Lee, Hyongki Vassolo, Sara TI Analysis of the relationship between flooding area and water height in the Logone floodplain SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article DE Chad Basin; Flood; Landsat ETM; Logone floodplain; Hydrology; Inundation ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; LAKE CHAD; LANDSAT; IMAGERY; ALTIMETRY; BASIN; VALIDATION; INUNDATION; CAMEROON; MEKONG AB The intra- and inter-annual variations in the area, depth, and duration of seasonal flooding have direct and indirect impacts on ecosystems and human lives and livelihoods in the Logone floodplain, located in the Chad Basin. Flood inundation mapping helps us to better understand the variation in flooding and its impact on dynamic coupled human and natural systems in the Logone floodplain. We generated flood maps from 33 multi-temporal Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images acquired during three years from 2006 to 2008. Flooded area is classified using a short-wave infrared band whereas open water is classified by Iterative Self-organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) clustering. The maximum flooding area in the Logone floodplain reached up to similar to 5.8 K km(2) in late October 2008. A second polynomial regression model showed a strong correlation between the flooding areas and water height variations in both the floodplain and the Logone River. The water heights stem from ENVISAT altimetry in the floodplain and gauge measurements in the river. Coefficients of determination between flooding areas and water height variations are greater than 0.91 with 4-36 days in time lag between the two measurements. Floodwater drains back to the river and to the northwest during the recession period in December and January. The study contributes to a better understanding of the Logone floodplain dynamics with details of the spatial pattern and size of the flooding area. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Jung, Hahn Chul; Alsdorf, Doug; Lee, Hyongki] Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Jung, Hahn Chul; Alsdorf, Doug] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Moritz, Mark] Ohio State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Vassolo, Sara] BGR, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. [Vassolo, Sara] LCBC, Rond Point De Letoile, Ndjamena, Chad. RP Jung, HC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-3,Bldg 33,Rm G218, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jung.196@osu.edu FU NASA Headquarters [09-Earth09F-197]; Korean Science and Engineering Foundation [C00131]; OSU FX This work was supported by NASA Headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (09-Earth09F-197). Funding for this research was also provided by a Korean Science and Engineering Foundation Grant (No. C00131) and by OSU's Climate, Water, and Carbon program. USGS EROS supplied the Landsat ETM+ data. ENVISAT radar altimetry data were provided by ESA/ESRIN. The river gauge data are courtesy of the Lake Chad Basin Commission. NR 38 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 EI 1873-5193 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2011 VL 36 IS 7-8 BP 232 EP 240 DI 10.1016/j.pce.2011.01.010 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 774HC UT WOS:000291375300003 ER PT S AU Cramer, KE Winfree, WP AF Cramer, K. Elliott Winfree, William P. BE Safai, M Brown, JR TI Fixed Eigenvector Analysis of Thermographic NDE Data SO THERMOSENSE: THERMAL INFRARED APPLICATIONS XXXIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Thermosense - Thermal Infrared Applications XXXIII CY APR 26-28, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE thermography; reinforced carbon-carbon; signal-to-noise; principal component analysis ID PRINCIPAL-COMPONENTS AB Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been shown effective for reducing thermographic NDE data. This paper will discuss an alternative method of analysis that has been developed where a predetermined set of eigenvectors is used to process the thermal data from both reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) and graphite-epoxy honeycomb materials. These eigenvectors can be generated either from an analytic model of the thermal response of the material system under examination, or from a large set of experimental data. This paper provides the details of the analytic model, an overview of the PCA process, as well as a quantitative signal-to-noise comparison of the results of performing both conventional PCA and fixed eigenvector analysis on thermographic data from two specimens, one Reinforced Carbon-Carbon with flat bottom holes and the second a sandwich construction with graphite-epoxy face sheets and aluminum honeycomb core. C1 [Cramer, K. Elliott; Winfree, William P.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Cramer, KE (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM k.elliott.cramer@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-587-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8013 AR 80130T DI 10.1117/12.882359 PG 11 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BVH40 UT WOS:000291560900021 ER PT S AU Winfree, WP Zalameda, JN Howell, PA AF Winfree, William P. Zalameda, Joseph N. Howell, Patricia A. BE Safai, M Brown, JR TI Improved Flaw Detection and Characterization with Difference Thermography SO THERMOSENSE: THERMAL INFRARED APPLICATIONS XXXIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Thermosense - Thermal Infrared Applications XXXIII CY APR 26-28, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE thermography; composites; flaw detection; nondestructive evaluation ID TRANSIENT THERMOGRAPHY; IMPACT DAMAGE; COMPOSITES; DEFECTS; DEPTH AB Flaw detection and characterization with thermographic techniques in graphite polymer composites is often limited by localized variations in the thermographic response. Variations in properties such as acceptable porosity, variations in fiber volume content and surface polymer thickness result in variations in the thermal response that in general cause significant variations in the initial thermal response. These variations result in a noise floor that increases the difficulty of detecting and characterizing deeper flaws. The paper investigates comparing thermographic responses taken before and after a change in state in a composite to improve the detection of subsurface flaws. A method is presented for registration of the responses before finding the difference. A significant improvement in the detectability is achieved by comparing the differences in response. Examples of changes in state due to application of a load and impact are presented. C1 [Winfree, William P.; Zalameda, Joseph N.; Howell, Patricia A.] NASA Langley Res Ctr MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Winfree, WP (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM william.p.winfree@nasa.gov; Joseph.N.Zalameda@nasa.gov; Patricia.A.Howell@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-587-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8013 AR 80130U DI 10.1117/12.883472 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BVH40 UT WOS:000291560900022 ER PT S AU Wu, MC Winfree, WP AF Wu, Meng-Chou Winfree, William P. BE Safai, M Brown, JR TI Fiber optic thermal detection of composite delaminations SO THERMOSENSE: THERMAL INFRARED APPLICATIONS XXXIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Thermosense - Thermal Infrared Applications XXXIII CY APR 26-28, 2011 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE fiber Bragg grating; temperature sensor; thermal health monitoring; thermography; composite; delamination ID BRAGG GRATINGS; TEMPERATURE; SENSORS; STRAIN AB A recently developed technique is presented for thermographic detection of delaminations in composites by performing temperature measurements with fiber optic Bragg gratings. A single optical fiber with multiple Bragg gratings employed as surface temperature sensors was bonded to the surface of a composite with subsurface defects. The investigated structure was a 10-ply composite specimen with prefabricated delaminations of various sizes and depths. Both during and following the application of a thermal heat flux to the surface, the individual Bragg grating sensors measured the temporal and spatial temperature variations. The data obtained from grating sensors were analyzed with thermal modeling techniques of conventional thermography to reveal particular characteristics of the interested areas. Results were compared and found to be consistent with the calculations using numerical simulation techniques. Also discussed are methods including various heating sources and patterns, and their limitations for performing in-situ structural health monitoring. C1 [Wu, Meng-Chou; Winfree, William P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wu, MC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Meng-Chou.Wu-1@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-81948-587-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2011 VL 8013 AR 801314 DI 10.1117/12.883037 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BVH40 UT WOS:000291560900029 ER PT J AU Srivastava, AK Tiwari, S Devara, PCS Bisht, DS Srivastava, MK Tripathi, SN Goloub, P Holben, BN AF Srivastava, A. K. Tiwari, S. Devara, P. C. S. Bisht, D. S. Srivastava, Manoj K. Tripathi, S. N. Goloub, P. Holben, B. N. TI Pre-monsoon aerosol characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: implications to climatic impact SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Radiative processes ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DUST STORMS; PENINSULAR INDIA; AERONET; VARIABILITY; ASIA; ABSORPTION; TRANSPORT; PLAINS AB Sun/sky radiometer observations over the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) region during pre-monsoon (from April-June 2009) have been processed to analyze various aerosol characteristics in the central and eastern IGB region, represented by Kanpur and Gandhi College, respectively, and their impacts on climate in terms of radiative forcing. Monthly mean aerosol optical depth (AOD at 500 nm) and corresponding Angstrom Exponent (AE at 440-870 nm, given within the brackets) was observed to be about 0.50 (0.49) and 0.51 (0.65) in April, 0.65 (0.74) and 0.67 (0.91) in May and 0.69 (0.45) and 0.77 (0.71) in June at Kanpur and Gandhi College, respectively. Results show a positive gradient in AOD and AE from central to eastern IGB region with the advancement of the pre-monsoon, which may be caused due to diverse geographical location of the stations having different meteorological conditions and emission sources. Relatively lower SSA was observed at the eastern IGB (0.89) than the central IGB (0.92) region during the period, which suggests relative dominance of absorbing aerosols at the eastern IGB as compared to central IGB region. The absorbing aerosol optical properties over the station suggest that the atmospheric absorption over central IGB region is mainly due to dominance of coarse-mode dust particles; however, absorption over eastern IGB region is mainly due to dominance of fine-particle pollution. The derived properties from sun/sky radiometer during pre-monsoon period are used in a radiative-transfer model to estimate aerosol radiative forcing at the top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface over the IGB region. Relatively large TOA and surface cooling was observed at the eastern IGB as compared to the central IGB region. This translates into large heating of the atmosphere ranging from 0.45 to 0.55 K day(-1) at Kanpur and from 0.45 to 0.59 K day(-1) at Gandhi College. C1 [Srivastava, A. K.; Tiwari, S.; Bisht, D. S.] Indian Inst Trop Meteorol Branch, New Delhi, India. [Devara, P. C. S.] Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Pune, Maharashtra, India. [Srivastava, Manoj K.] Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Geophys, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India. [Tripathi, S. N.] Indian Inst Technol Kanpur, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. [Goloub, P.] Univ Lille, CNRS, Lab Opt Atmospher, Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Srivastava, AK (reprint author), Indian Inst Trop Meteorol Branch, Prof Ramnath Vij Marg, New Delhi, India. EM atul@tropmet.res.in RI Tripathi, Sachchida/J-4840-2016; OI Srivastava, Manoj Kumar/0000-0002-1035-8220 FU ISRO-ARFI; DST; ICRP; ISRO-GBP; NASA FX Authors are thankful to the AERONET group of NASA, USA for sun/sky radiometers data (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and NOAA-ARL for the HYSPLIT air mass back-trajectories. We are thankful to A. K. Mishra from FSU, USA for providing the synoptic meteorological plots. Thanks are also due to B. N. Goswami, Director, IITM, Pune for his encouragements and infrastructure supports. Author MKS is thankful to ISRO-ARFI and author SNT is thankful to DST, ICRP, ISRO-GBP and NASA Postdoctoral Program for funding support. Authors are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions, which helped to improve the scientific content of the manuscript. NR 67 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2011 VL 29 IS 5 BP 789 EP 804 DI 10.5194/angeo-29-789-2011 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770ND UT WOS:000291092600007 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Echer, E Gonzalez, WD AF Tsurutani, B. T. Echer, E. Gonzalez, W. D. TI The solar and interplanetary causes of the recent minimum in geomagnetic activity (MGA23): a combination of midlatitude small coronal holes, low IMF B-Z variances, low solar wind speeds and low solar magnetic fields SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID ORIGIN; STORMS; CYCLE AB Minima in geomagnetic activity (MGA) at Earth at the ends of SC23 and SC22 have been identified. The two MGAs (called MGA23 and MGA22, respectively) were present in 2009 and 1997, delayed from the sunspot number minima in 2008 and 1996 by similar to 1/2-1 years. Part of the solar and interplanetary causes of the MGAs were exceptionally low solar (and thus low interplanetary) magnetic fields. Another important factor in MGA23 was the disappearance of equatorial and low latitude coronal holes and the appearance of midlatitude coronal holes. The location of the holes relative to the ecliptic plane led to low solar wind speeds and low IMF (B-z) variances (sigma(2)(Bz)) and normalized variances (sigma(2)(Bz)/B-0(2)) at Earth, with concomitant reduced solar wind-magnetospheric energy coupling. One result was the lowest ap indices in the history of ap recording. The results presented here are used to comment on the possible solar and interplanetary causes of the low geomagnetic activity that occurred during the Maunder Minimum. C1 [Tsurutani, B. T.; Echer, E.; Gonzalez, W. D.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. [Tsurutani, B. T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. EM bruce.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov RI Tecnologias espaciai, Inct/I-2415-2013 FU NASA; CNPq agency [PQ-300211/2008-2]; FAPESP agency [2007/52533-1, 2008/06650-9] FX Portions of this work were performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with NASA. EE would like to thank the CNPq (PQ-300211/2008-2) and FAPESP (2007/52533-1) agencies for financial support. WDG would like to thank the FAPESP agency (2008/06650-9) for financial support. BTT thanks INPE for logistical support during his sabbatical stay in Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil during 2 months of 2010. NR 26 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2011 VL 29 IS 5 BP 839 EP 849 DI 10.5194/angeo-29-839-2011 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770ND UT WOS:000291092600012 ER PT J AU Jacobson, AR Holzworth, RH Pfaff, RF McCarthy, MP AF Jacobson, A. R. Holzworth, R. H. Pfaff, R. F. McCarthy, M. P. TI Study of oblique whistlers in the low-latitude ionosphere, jointly with the C/NOFS satellite and the World-Wide Lightning Location Network SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; Equatorial ionosphere; Wave propagation; Instruments and techniques ID FIELDS REFLEXION COEFFICIENTS; LONG RADIO WAVES; ELECTRON-PRECIPITATION; NUMERICAL CALCULATION; TEMPORAL SIGNATURES; POLARIZATIONS; ACCURACY; DISTANCE; ALAMOS; WWLLN AB We use the C/NOFS satellite's Vector Electric Field Instrument (VEFI) to study the relationship of impulsive electron whistlers in the low-latitude ionosphere to lightning strokes located by the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). In order to systematize this work, we develop an automated algorithm for recognizing and selecting the signatures of electron whistlers amongst many Very Low Frequency (VLF) recordings provided by VEFI. We demonstrate the application of this whistler-detection algorithm to data mining of a similar to two-year archive of VEFI recordings. It is shown that the relatively simple oblique electron whistler adequately accounts of the great majority of low-latitude oscillatory VLF waves seen in this study. C1 [Jacobson, A. R.; Holzworth, R. H.; McCarthy, M. P.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Pfaff, R. F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Space Weather, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jacobson, AR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM abramj@u.washington.edu RI Pfaff, Robert/F-5703-2012 OI Pfaff, Robert/0000-0002-4881-9715 FU AFOSR [FA9550-09-1-0309]; NASA [NNX08AD12G]; Defense Advanced Projects Agency FX This analysis at the University of Washington was supported in part by AFOSR Grant FA9550-09-1-0309, in part by NASA grant NNX08AD12G and in part by the Defense Advanced Projects Agency (Nimbus project). The authors wish to thank the World Wide Lightning Location Network (http://wwlln.net), a collaboration among over 50 universities and institutions, for providing the lightning location data used in this paper. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2011 VL 29 IS 5 BP 851 EP 863 DI 10.5194/angeo-29-851-2011 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770ND UT WOS:000291092600013 ER PT J AU Lahoz, WA Errera, Q Viscardy, S Manney, GL AF Lahoz, W. A. Errera, Q. Viscardy, S. Manney, G. L. TI The 2009 stratospheric major warming described from synergistic use of BASCOE water vapour analyses and MLS observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DATA-ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; TRANSPORT MODELS; LOWER MESOSPHERE; ECMWF ANALYSES; POLAR VORTEX; EOS MLS; OZONE; EVOLUTION AB The record-breaking major stratospheric warming of northern winter 2009 (January-February) is studied using BASCOE (Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical ObsErvation) stratospheric water vapour analyses and MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) water vapour observations, together with meteorological data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and potential vorticity (PV) derived from ECMWF meteorological data. We focus on the interaction between the cyclonic wintertime stratospheric polar vortex and subsidiary anticyclonic stratospheric circulations during the build-up, peak and aftermath of the major warming. We show dynamical consistency between the water vapour analysed fields and the meteorological and PV fields. Using various approaches, we use the analysed water vapour fields to estimate descent in the polar vortex during this period of between similar to 0.5 km day(-1) and similar to 0.7 km day(-1). New results include the analysis of water vapour during the major warming and demonstration of the benefit of assimilating MLS satellite data into the BASCOE model. C1 [Lahoz, W. A.] Meteo France, CNRM GAME, URA1357, Toulouse, France. [Lahoz, W. A.] CNRS, Toulouse, France. [Lahoz, W. A.] NILU, Norsk Inst Luftforskning, Tromso, Norway. [Errera, Q.; Viscardy, S.] BIRA IASB, Inst Aeronom Spatiale Belgique, Brussels, Belgium. [Manney, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Lahoz, WA (reprint author), NILU, Norsk Inst Luftforskning, Tromso, Norway. EM wal@nilu.no FU WAVACS COST Action; NILU; RTRA/STAE; Belgian Federal Science Policy; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Thanks to the MLS team and the EOS Aura project for their roles in producing, documenting and distributing the MLS data. Thanks to William Daffer (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) for data analysis/graphics assistance. The WAVACS COST Action funded a Short Term Scientific Mission (STSM) for S. Viscardy to visit NILU. WAL is supported by an internal NILU project and by RTRA/STAE during his time at CNRM-GAME. QE and SV are supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy in the framework of the SECPEA ProDEx project. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Thanks to Finn Bjorklid (NILU) for improving various figures. Thanks to Alan Geer and an anonymous reviewer for comments that helped improve the paper. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 10 BP 4689 EP 4703 DI 10.5194/acp-11-4689-2011 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770NU UT WOS:000291094500008 ER PT J AU Halasinski, TM Ruiterkamp, R Salama, F Foing, BH Ehrenfreund, P AF Halasinski, T. M. Ruiterkamp, R. Salama, F. Foing, B. H. Ehrenfreund, P. TI C84: A Prototype of Larger Fullerenes. Laboratory Spectroscopy and Astronomical Relevance SO FULLERENES NANOTUBES AND CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE Interstellar medium; C84; DIBs; Fullerenes ID DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS; ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; ALLENDE METEORITE; C-60; C-84; SEARCH; NEBULA; CLOUDS AB We present for the first time the UV/Vis spectrum of the neutral and ionized fullerene C-84 isolated in a neon matrix at low temperature. After ionization with high energy (10.2 eV) UV photons, we are able to identify a new spectroscopic absorption band at 718.2 nm that we tentatively attribute to the C-84(+) ion. We compare the optical spectrum to the diffuse interstellar absorption bands (DIBs) and find eight possible DIBs that fall within the expected shift induced by the solid matrix (+/- 5 nm) of the assigned C-84(+) absorption band at 713.6, 713.8, 715.4, 716.1, 718.0, 722.3, 722.4, and 722.8 nm. The astronomical C-84(+) column density that is required to account for the observed strength of these DIBs is calculated assuming the oscillator strength of the C-84(+) transition obtained from the laboratory spectrum (f = 0.004). We find that 0.08% and 0.06% of the cosmic carbon abundance would be required to reproduce the 713.6 and 715.4 nm DIB, respectively. A ratio of cosmic C-84(+) to C-60(+) of similar to 7% or similar to 5% is derived based on the assignment of C-84(+) to the weakest DIBs at 713.6 or 715.4 nm, respectively. Both ratios are in good agreement with the C-84(+) to C-60(+) ratio measured in the laboratory under various experimental conditions. C1 [Salama, F.] NASA, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Halasinski, T. M.] Middlesex Cty Coll, Dept Chem & Phys, Edison, NJ USA. [Ruiterkamp, R.] Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. [Foing, B. H.] Sci & Robot Explorat SRE, ESTEC, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Ehrenfreund, P.] Leiden Univ, Leiden Inst Chem, Astrobiol Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. [Ehrenfreund, P.] George Washington Univ, Inst Space Policy, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Salama, F (reprint author), NASA, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Farid.salama@nasa.gov RI Salama, Farid/A-8787-2009 OI Salama, Farid/0000-0002-6064-4401 FU SRON [MG-049, NWO-VI 016.023.003]; NASA [NNX08AG78G]; NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) FX This research was supported by SRON (program MG-049, NWO-VI 016.023.003) and NASA SMD (APRA Program). The authors wish to thank Prof. Mvan Hemert for extended discussions and Robert Walker (NASA ARC) for his outstanding technical support. P. Ehrenfreund is supported by NASA grant NNX08AG78G and the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI). NR 54 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1536-383X J9 FULLER NANOTUB CAR N JI Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct. PY 2011 VL 19 IS 5 BP 398 EP 409 AR PII 936750992 DI 10.1080/15363831003721807 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 765CZ UT WOS:000290682300003 ER PT J AU Clark, JW Sheppard, E AF Clark, John W. Sheppard, Eric TI Dreaming of Flight SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF AFRICAN AMERICAN ART LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Clark, John W.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Clark, John W.] USAF, Art Program, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Clark, John W.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Sheppard, Eric] Hampton Univ, Sch Engn & Technol, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Clark, JW (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUSEUM AFR AMER ART PI LOS ANGELES PA 4005 CRENSHAW BLVD, LOS ANGELES, CA 90008-2534 USA SN 1045-0920 J9 INT REV AFR AM ART JI Int. Rev. Afr. Am. Art PY 2011 VL 23 IS 3 SI SI BP 23 EP 26 PG 4 WC Art SC Art GA 764BZ UT WOS:000290604700007 ER PT J AU Tatara, CP Riley, SC Berejikian, BA AF Tatara, Christopher P. Riley, Stephen C. Berejikian, Barry A. TI Effects of Hatchery Fish Density on Emigration, Growth, Survival, and Predation Risk of Natural Steelhead Parr in an Experimental Stream Channel SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; COHO SALMON; REARING ENVIRONMENT; WASHINGTON STREAMS; PRIOR RESIDENCE; HABITAT USE; TERRITORIAL CONTESTS; NORTHERN PIKEMINNOW; CHINOOK SALMON AB Hatchery supplementation of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss raises concerns about the impacts on natural populations, including reduced growth and survival, displacement, and increased predation. The potential risks may be density dependent. We examined how hatchery stocking density and the opportunity to emigrate affect the responses of natural steelhead parr in an experimental stream channel and after 15 d found no density-dependent effects on growth, emigration, or survival at densities ranging from 1-6 hatchery parr/m(2). The opportunity for steelhead parr to emigrate reduced predation by coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii on both hatchery and natural steelhead parr. The cutthroat trout exhibited a type-I functional response (constant predation rate with increased prey density) for the hatchery and composite populations. In contrast, the predation rate on natural parr decreased as hatchery stocking density increased. Supplementation with hatchery parr at any experimental stocking density reduced the final natural parr density. This decline was explained by increased emigration from the supplemented groups. Natural parr had higher mean instantaneous growth rates than hatchery parr. The proportion of parr emigrating decreased as parr size increased over successive experimental trials. Smaller parr had lower survival and suffered higher predation. The final density of the composite population, a measure of supplementation effectiveness, increased with the hatchery steelhead stocking rate. Our results indicate that stocking larger hatchery parr (over 50 d postemergence) at densities within the carrying capacity would have low short-term impact on the growth, survival, and emigration of natural parr while increasing the density of the composite population; in addition, a stocking density greater than 3 fish/m(2) might be a good starting point for the evaluation of parr stocking in natural streams. C1 [Tatara, Christopher P.; Riley, Stephen C.; Berejikian, Barry A.] NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Tatara, CP (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. EM chris.p.tatara@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PY 2011 VL 31 IS 2 BP 224 EP 235 DI 10.1080/02755947.2011.571503 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 761VJ UT WOS:000290428800005 ER PT J AU Roesch, A Wild, M Ohmura, A Dutton, EG Long, CN Zhang, T AF Roesch, A. Wild, M. Ohmura, A. Dutton, E. G. Long, C. N. Zhang, T. TI Assessment of BSRN radiation records for the computation of monthly means (vol 4, pg 339, 2011) SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Correction C1 [Roesch, A.; Wild, M.; Ohmura, A.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Dutton, E. G.] NOAA Earth Syst Res Lab GMD, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Long, C. N.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Zhang, T.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Roesch, A (reprint author), ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Univ Str 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM andreas.roesch@env.ethz.ch RI Wild, Martin/J-8977-2012 NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2011 VL 4 IS 5 BP 973 EP 973 DI 10.5194/amt-4-973-2011 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770MM UT WOS:000291090800017 ER PT J AU Allen, DR Douglass, AR Manney, GL Strahan, SE Krosschell, JC Trueblood, JV Nielsen, JE Pawson, S Zhu, Z AF Allen, D. R. Douglass, A. R. Manney, G. L. Strahan, S. E. Krosschell, J. C. Trueblood, J. V. Nielsen, J. E. Pawson, S. Zhu, Z. TI Modeling the Frozen-In Anticyclone in the 2005 Arctic Summer Stratosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT MODEL; TRACE CONSTITUENTS; VERTICAL SHEAR; GMI CHEMISTRY; VARIABILITY; VARIANCE; VORTICES; SCHEMES; VORTEX; AIR AB Immediately following the breakup of the 2005 Arctic spring stratospheric vortex, a tropical air mass, characterized by low potential vorticity (PV) and high nitrous oxide (N(2)O), was advected poleward and became trapped in the easterly summer polar vortex. This feature, known as a "Frozen-In Anticyclone (FrIAC)", was observed in Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data to span the potential temperature range from similar to 580 to 1100 K (similar to 25 to 40 km altitude) and to persist from late March to late August 2005. This study compares MLS N(2)O observations with simulations from the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry and transport model, the GEOS-5/MERRA Replay model, and the Van Leer Icosahedral Triangular Advection (VITA) isentropic transport model to elucidate the processes involved in the lifecycle of the FrIAC, which is here divided into three distinct phases. During the " spin-up phase" (March to early April), strong poleward flow resulted in a tight isolated anticyclonic vortex at similar to 70-90 degrees N, marked with elevated N(2)O. GMI, Replay, and VITA all reliably simulated the spin-up of the FrIAC, although the GMI and Replay peak N(2)O values were too low. The FrIAC became trapped in the developing summer easterly flow and circulated around the polar region during the " anticyclonic phase" (early April to the end of May). During this phase, the FrIAC crossed directly over the pole between 7 and 14 April. The VITA and Replay simulations transported the N(2)O anomaly intact during this crossing, in agreement with MLS, but unrealistic dispersion of the anomaly occurred in the GMI simulation due to excessive numerical mixing of the polar cap. The vortex associated with the FrIAC was apparently resistant to the weak vertical shear during the anticyclonic phase, and it thereby protected the embedded N(2)O anomaly from stretching. The vortex decayed in late May due to diabatic processes, leaving the N(2)O anomaly exposed to horizontal and vertical wind shears during the "shearing phase" (June to August). The observed lifetime of the FrIAC during this phase is consistent with timescales calculated from the ambient horizontal and vertical wind shear. Replay maintained the horizontal structure of the N(2)O anomaly similar to MLS well into August. Isentropic simulations using VITA also captured the horizontal structure of the FrIAC during this phase, but small-scale structures maintained by VITA are problematic and show that important mixing processes are absent from this single-level simulation. C1 [Allen, D. R.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Douglass, A. R.; Nielsen, J. E.; Pawson, S.; Zhu, Z.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Manney, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Strahan, S. E.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Krosschell, J. C.; Trueblood, J. V.] Dordt Coll, Sioux Ctr, IA USA. [Nielsen, J. E.; Zhu, Z.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Allen, DR (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM douglas.allen@nrl.navy.mil RI Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X FU JPL [102330-622.56.16]; NASA [NNH09ZDA001N] FX The work was supported by a subcontract of JPL Project-Task 102330-622.56.16 and by the NASA ACMAP Program (NNH09ZDA001N). The authors would like to thank George Nakos for the triangular grid used for the VITA simulations in this study and two anonymous referees for helpful reviews. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 9 BP 4557 EP 4576 DI 10.5194/acp-11-4557-2011 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 764GT UT WOS:000290618600035 ER PT J AU Rabideau, G Chien, S McLaren, D AF Rabideau, Gregg Chien, Steve McLaren, David TI Tractable Goal Selection for Embedded Systems with Oversubscribed Resources SO JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE COMPUTING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION LA English DT Article ID COMPLEXITY AB We describe an efficient, online goal selection algorithm and its use for selecting goals at runtime. Our focus is on the replanning that must be performed in a timely manner on the embedded system where computational resources are limited (as in many aerospace systems). In particular, our algorithm generates near optimal solutions to problems with fully specified goal requests that can oversubscribe available resources but have no temporal flexibility. By using a fast, incremental algorithm, goal selection can be postponed in a "just-in-time" fashion allowing requests to be changed or added at the last minute. This enables shorter response cycles and greater autonomy for the system under control. We show that the average case complexity for updating the goals set is O(N IgN) and runtime execution isO(N). We perform an empirical analysis on both synthetic data and space operations mission-like scenarios that confirm these performance characteristics. Finally, we show that scaling these performance figures to existing, very limited onboard spacecraft embedded environments (a Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter like environment) appears feasible. C1 [Rabideau, Gregg; Chien, Steve; McLaren, David] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Artificial Intelligence Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rabideau, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Artificial Intelligence Grp, M-S 301-260,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM gregg.rabideau@jpl.nasa.gov; steve.chien@jpl.nasa.gov; david.mclaren@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 1940-3151 EI 2327-3097 J9 J AEROS COMP INF COM JI J. Aerosp. Comput. Inf. Commun. PY 2011 VL 8 IS 5 BP 151 EP 169 DI 10.2514/1.48919 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 767JJ UT WOS:000290852300002 ER PT J AU Fuchs, YT Jackson, KE AF Fuchs, Yvonne T. Jackson, Karen E. TI Vertical Drop Testing and Analysis of the WASP Helicopter Skid Gear SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Human occupant modeling and injury risk assessment have been identified as areas of research for improved prediction of rotorcraft crashworthiness within the NASA Aeronautics Subsonic Rotary Wing Program. As part of this effort, an experimental program was conducted to assess the impact performance of a skid gear for use on the WASP kit-built helicopter, which is marketed by HeloWerks, Inc., of Hampton, Virginia. Test data from a drop test at an impact velocity of 8.4 feet-per-second (fps) were used to assess a finite element model of the skid gear test article. This assessment included analytic models of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) developed for execution in LS-DYNA. The test article consisted of an aluminum skid gear mounted beneath a steel plate. A seating platform was attached to the upper surface of the steel plate, and two 95th percentile Hybrid III male Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-type ATDs were seated on the platform and secured using four-point restraint systems. The goal of the test analysis correlation is to assess the capabilities of LS-DYNA occupant models to predict vertical (or spinal) direction responses in FAA-type ATDs. By correlating ATD experimental test data for a purely vertical impact with the LS-DYNA-predicted responses, improved confidence in the use of these tools and better understanding of the limitations of the automotive-based occupant models for aerospace application can be developed. C1 [Jackson, Karen E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Fuchs, Yvonne T.] Scaled Composites Inc, Mojave, CA 93501 USA. RP Jackson, KE (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM karen.e.jackson-1@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 56 IS 1 AR 012005 DI 10.4050/JAHS.56.012005 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 765VV UT WOS:000290738100005 ER PT J AU Deakos, MH Baker, JD Bejder, L AF Deakos, Mark H. Baker, Jason D. Bejder, Lars TI Characteristics of a manta ray Manta alfredi population off Maui, Hawaii, and implications for management SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Population size; Movement; Site fidelity; Mark recapture; Anthropogenic threat ID SHARKS RHINCODON-TYPUS; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; MARKED ANIMALS; SITE FIDELITY; WHALES; PHOTOIDENTIFICATION; MOBULIDAE; BIROSTRIS; SURVIVAL; ECOLOGY AB Late maturity, few offspring and a residential nature are typical characteristics of Manta alfredi that make this species vulnerable to localized anthropogenic threats. Improving its life history information is crucial for successful management. A total of 229 surveys was conducted from 2005 to 2009 at a manta ray aggregation site off Maui, Hawaii, to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the abundance, movements and temporal habits of this population. Photo-identifications revealed 290 unique individuals, but a discovery curve showed no asymptotic trend, indicating that the number of individuals using the area was much larger. Resightings and manta ray follows revealed that this population and a population off the Big Island may be independent, island-associated stocks. High resighting rates within and across years provided strong evidence of site fidelity. Findings were consistent with a population of manta rays moving into and out of the Maui aggregation area, with a varying portion of the total population temporarily resident at any given time. Males, accounting for 53% of all individuals, resided for shorter periods than females around the study area. Manta rays were usually absent at first light with numbers increasing throughout the day. More frequent mating trains were observed during the winter months. Shark predation was evident in 33% of individuals, and 10% had an amputated or non-functional cephalic fin. This small, demographically independent population appears vulnerable to the impacts from non-target fisheries, primarily from entanglement in fishing line, and could suffer from exploitation by commercial, unregulated 'swim-with manta ray' programs. Management on an island-area basis is recommended. C1 [Deakos, Mark H.] Hawaii Assoc Marine Educ & Res Inc, Lahaina, HI 96761 USA. [Deakos, Mark H.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Baker, Jason D.] NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Bejder, Lars] Murdoch Univ, Ctr Fish & Fisheries Res, Cetacean Res Unit, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RP Deakos, MH (reprint author), Hawaii Assoc Marine Educ & Res Inc, PMB 175,5095 Napilihau St 109B, Lahaina, HI 96761 USA. EM deakos@hawaii.edu RI Bejder, Lars/D-1772-2017 OI Bejder, Lars/0000-0001-8138-8606 NR 72 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 40 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2011 VL 429 BP 245 EP 260 DI 10.3354/meps09085 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 765CX UT WOS:000290682100021 ER PT S AU Desert, JM Charbonneau, D Madhusudhan, N Fortney, J Fressin, F Knutson, H Deming, D AF Desert, J. M. Charbonneau, D. Madhusudhan, N. Fortney, J. Fressin, F. Knutson, H. Deming, D. CA Kepler Team BE Bouchy, F Diaz, R Moutou, C TI Observations of Hot-Jupiter occultations combining Spitzer and Kepler photometry SO DETECTION AND DYNAMICS OF TRANSITING EXOPLANETS SE EPJ Web of Conferences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Transiting Planets - Detection and Dynamics CY AUG 23-27, 2010 CL FRANCE ID TRANSITING PLANET AB We present the status of an ongoing program which aim at measuring occultations by their parent stars of transiting hot giant exoplanets discovered recently by Kepler. The observations are obtained in the near infrared with Warm S pitzer Space Telescope and at optical wavelengths by combining more than a year of Kepler photometry. The investigation consists of measuring the mid-occultation times and the relative occultation depths in each band-passes. Our measurements of occultations depths in the Kepler bandpass is turned into the determination of the optical geometric albedo A(g) in this wavelength domain. The brightness temperatures of these planets are deduced from the infrared observations. We combine the optical and near infrared planetary emergent fluxes to obtain broad band emergent spectra of individual planet. We finally compare these spectra to hot Jupiter atmospheric models in order broadly distinguishing these atmospheres between different classes of models. C1 [Desert, J. M.; Charbonneau, D.; Fressin, F.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Madhusudhan, N.] Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 05844 USA. [Fortney, J.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Knutson, H.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Deming, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Desert, JM (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM jdesert@cfa.harvard.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 2100-014X J9 EPJ WEB CONF PY 2011 VL 11 AR UNSP 03007 DI 10.1051/epjconf/20111103007 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BUU70 UT WOS:000290390000023 ER PT S AU Kane, SR Ciardi, D Fischer, D Henry, G Howard, A Jensen, E Laughlin, G Mahadevan, S von Braun, K Wright, J AF Kane, S. R. Ciardi, D. Fischer, D. Henry, G. Howard, A. Jensen, E. Laughlin, G. Mahadevan, S. von Braun, K. Wright, J. BE Bouchy, F Diaz, R Moutou, C TI Improving Transit Predictions of Known Exoplanets with TERMS SO DETECTION AND DYNAMICS OF TRANSITING EXOPLANETS SE EPJ Web of Conferences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Transiting Planets - Detection and Dynamics CY AUG 23-27, 2010 CL FRANCE AB Transiting planet discoveries have largely been restricted to the short-period or low-periastron distance regimes due to the bias inherent in the geometric transit probability. Through the refinement of planetary orbital parameters, and hence reducing the size of transit windows, long-period planets become feasible targets for photometric follow-up. Here we describe the TERMS project that is monitoring these host stars at predicted transit times. C1 [Kane, S. R.; Ciardi, D.; von Braun, K.] CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Fischer, D.] Yale Univ, Dept Astron, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Henry, G.] Tennessee State Univ, Nashville, TN 37209 USA. [Howard, A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Jensen, E.] Swarthmore Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Swarthmore, PA 19081 USA. [Laughlin, G.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Lick Observ, UCO, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Mahadevan, S.; Wright, J.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Kane, SR (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Wright, Jason/0000-0001-6160-5888; Ciardi, David/0000-0002-5741-3047; Fischer, Debra/0000-0003-2221-0861 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 2100-014X J9 EPJ WEB CONF PY 2011 VL 11 AR UNSP 06005 DI 10.1051/epjconf/20111106005 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BUU70 UT WOS:000290390000044 ER PT S AU von Braun, K Kane, SR Mahadevan, S Laughlin, G Howard, A Ciardi, DR AF von Braun, K. Kane, S. R. Mahadevan, S. Laughlin, G. Howard, A. Ciardi, D. R. BE Bouchy, F Diaz, R Moutou, C TI System Geometries and Transit/Eclipse Probabilities SO DETECTION AND DYNAMICS OF TRANSITING EXOPLANETS SE EPJ Web of Conferences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Transiting Planets - Detection and Dynamics CY AUG 23-27, 2010 CL FRANCE ID ORBITAL ECCENTRICITY; EXOPLANETS AB Transiting exoplanets provide access to data to study the mass-radius relation and internal structure of extrasolar planets. Long-period transiting planets allow insight into planetary environments similar to the Solar System where, in contrast to hot Jupiters, planets are not constantly exposed to the intense radiation of their parent stars. Observations of secondary eclipses additionally permit studies of exoplanet temperatures and large-scale exo-atmospheric properties. We show how transit and eclipse probabilities are related to planet-star system geometries, particularly for long-period, eccentric orbits. The resulting target selection and observational strategies represent the principal ingredients of our photometric survey of known radial-velocity planets with the aim of detecting transit signatures (TERMS). C1 [von Braun, K.; Kane, S. R.; Ciardi, D. R.] CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, MC 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Mahadevan, S.] Penn State Univ, 418 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Howard, A.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron, Space Sci Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP von Braun, K (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, MC 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM kaspar@caltech.edu OI Ciardi, David/0000-0002-5741-3047 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 2100-014X J9 EPJ WEB CONF PY 2011 VL 11 AR UNSP 06006 DI 10.1051/epjconf/20111106006 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BUU70 UT WOS:000290390000045 ER PT J AU Watson, AB AF Watson, Andrew B. TI Special Issue Introduction Introduction to the 10th Anniversary Issue of the Journal of Vision SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Watson, Andrew B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Watson, AB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2011 VL 11 IS 5 AR i DI 10.1167/11.5.i PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 762YF UT WOS:000290517400001 ER PT J AU Tkachenko, O Safrankova, J Nemecek, Z Sibeck, DG AF Tkachenko, O. Safrankova, J. Nemecek, Z. Sibeck, D. G. TI Dayside magnetopause transients correlated with changes of the magnetosheath magnetic field orientation SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; Magnetosheath; Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics ID FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DYNAMIC PRESSURE VARIATIONS; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETOSPHERIC BOUNDARY; PLASMA; RECONNECTION; MAGNETOMETER; CLUSTER; MODEL AB The paper analyses one long-term pass (26 August 2007) of the THEMIS spacecraft across the dayside low-latitude magnetopause. THEMIS B, serving partly as a magnetosheath monitor, observed several changes of the magnetic field that were accompanied by dynamic changes of the magnetopause location and/or the structure of magnetopause layers observed by THEMIS C, D, and E, whereas THEMIS A scanned the inner magnetosphere. We discuss the plasma and the magnetic field data with motivation to identify sources of observed quasiperiodic plasma transients. Such events at the magnetopause are usually attributed to pressure pulses coming from the solar wind, foreshock fluctuations, flux transfer events or surface waves. The presented transient events differ in nature (the magnetopause surface deformation, the low-latitude boundary layer thickening, the crossing of the reconnection site), but we found that all of them are associated with changes of the magnetosheath magnetic field orientation and with enhancements or depressions of the plasma density. Since these features are not observed in the data of upstream monitors, the study emphasizes the role of magnetosheath fluctuations in the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. C1 [Tkachenko, O.; Safrankova, J.; Nemecek, Z.] Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic. [Sibeck, D. G.] NASA, Goddard Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Safrankova, J (reprint author), Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, V Holesovickach 2, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic. EM jana.safrankova@mff.cuni.cz RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Kruparova, Oksana/H-6243-2014 FU NASA [NAS5-02099]; German Ministry for Economy and Technology; German Centre for Aviation and Space (DLR) [50 OC 0302]; Czech Grant Agency [205/09/0170, 205/09/0112, 202/08/H057]; Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic [MSM 0021620860]; Charles University Grant Agency [GAUK 163810] FX We acknowledge NASA contract NAS5-02099 and V. Angelopoulos for use of data from the THEMIS Mission. Specifically, we acknowledge C. W. Carlson and J. P. McFadden for the use of ESA data, K. H. Glassmeier, U. Auster and W. Baumjohann for the use of FGM data provided under the lead of the Technical University of Braunschweig and with financial support through the German Ministry for Economy and Technology and the German Centre for Aviation and Space (DLR) under contract 50 OC 0302. We also acknowledge ACE, Wind and CDAWeb for the solar wind data. Further, we thank V. Kondratovich for reprocessing the electron spectra and computation of normalized pitch-angle distributions. The present work was partly supported by the Czech Grant Agency under Contracts 205/09/0170, 205/09/0112, and 202/08/H057 and partly by the Research Plan MSM 0021620860 that is financed by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic. O. Tkachenko thanks the Charles University Grant Agency (GAUK 163810) for support. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2011 VL 29 IS 4 BP 687 EP 699 DI 10.5194/angeo-29-687-2011 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756NC UT WOS:000290018000008 ER PT J AU Raman, GG AF Raman, Ganesh G. TI Reviews in Aeroacoustics-2011 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROACOUSTICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Raman, Ganesh G.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, NASA High Speed Civil Transport Program, Cleveland, OH USA. [Raman, Ganesh G.] AIAA, Aeroacoust Tech Comm, Reston, VA USA. [Raman, Ganesh G.] Royal Aeronaut Soc, Reston, VA USA. RP Raman, GG (reprint author), IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MULTI-SCIENCE PUBL CO LTD PI BRENTWOOD PA 5 WATES WAY, BRENTWOOD CM15 9TB, ESSEX, ENGLAND SN 1475-472X J9 INT J AEROACOUST JI Int. J. Aeroacoust. PY 2011 VL 10 IS 2-3 SI SI BP III EP III PG 1 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Aerospace; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 758QM UT WOS:000290180000001 ER PT J AU Toole, CL Brodeur, RD Donohoe, CJ Markle, DF AF Toole, Christopher L. Brodeur, Richard D. Donohoe, Christopher J. Markle, Douglas F. TI Seasonal and interannual variability in the community structure of small demersal fishes off the central Oregon coast SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Fish communities; Demersal habitat; Size; Density; Diversity; Depth; Oregon Coast ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CURRENT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SPECIES COMPOSITION; UPPER SLOPE; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES; GROUNDFISH ASSEMBLAGES; MICROSTOMUS-PACIFICUS; DOVER SOLE; WASHINGTON; ECOSYSTEM AB Small demersal fishes were collected along the central Oregon coast using a shrimp trawl with small-mesh liner. The trawl was deployed bimonthly in 1989 along 3 transects and along a single transect in March 1989 to 1994. Forty species, 19 of which are not commercially important and rarely reported in other studies, occurred in >5% of the samples. Species assemblages were structured primarily by depth, with mid-shelf stations dominated by flatfishes; on the outer shelf and slope, gadids, scorpaenids, osmerids, and zoarcids were also important. Additionally, 4 out of 5 identified station groups were more closely associated with a single season. Seasonal assemblage structure included a broad range of species whose distributions shifted inshore in summer. This phenomenon, previously described for only a few species off Oregon, further accentuated the correlation of assemblages with depth. Seasonal shifts in distributions appeared to be a function of juvenile settlement and ontogenetic changes in nursery habitat and of seasonal inshore-offshore movements of individuals of many sizes, which indicated that sediment type was not the only feature important in habitat selection. March assemblages were weakly structured by interannual differences, in spite of environmental conditions ranging from the cold La Nina of 1989 to the warm El Nino of 1992. The largest annual differences were among short-lived species and likely reflected differences in recruitment. This study targeted smaller fish than are collected in most bottom trawl surveys and illustrates the importance of seasonal changes in habitat for smaller fish and the value of understanding all life stages in a demersal fish community. C1 [Brodeur, Richard D.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Toole, Christopher L.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. [Donohoe, Christopher J.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. [Markle, Douglas F.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM rick.brodeur@noaa.gov FU Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Region of the Minerals Management Service, Department of the Interior [14-12-0001-30429]; Oregon Sea Grant Program [NA85AA-D-SG095]; National Marine Fisheries Service [NA-87-ABH-00014] FX We thank the many people who assisted in the field and laboratory, including P. Harris, D. Simon, P. Petry, S. Banks, E. Degener, L. Hohner, R. Melendez, D. Nelson, D. Platt, J. Platz, B. Ralston, T. Shibahara, C. Ridgely, B. Stradley, and B. Thom. We also thank W. Wakefield, N. Tolimieri, E. Casillas, and 3 anonymous reviewers for reviews of earlier versions of the manuscript; L. Ciannelli for encouragement and helpful discussions; and J. Clemons and A. Smith for assistance with figures. Captain T. N. Thompson of the FV 'Olympic' donated a portion of the ship time. This work was funded in part by the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Region of the Minerals Management Service, Department of the Interior contract No. 14-12-0001-30429; by the Oregon Sea Grant Program, project No. NA85AA-D-SG095; and by National Marine Fisheries Service contract NA-87-ABH-00014. NR 68 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2011 VL 428 BP 201 EP 217 DI 10.3354/meps09028 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 759ME UT WOS:000290248800015 ER PT J AU Minschwaner, K Manney, GL Wang, SH Harwood, RS AF Minschwaner, K. Manney, G. L. Wang, S. H. Harwood, R. S. TI Hydroxyl in the stratosphere and mesosphere - Part 1: Diurnal variability SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; WATER-VAPOR; OH; RADIATION; RADICALS; PHOTODISSOCIATION; OZONE; O-3; MLS AB Diurnal variations in hydroxyl (OH) in the stratosphere and mesosphere are analyzed using measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). The primary driver for OH diurnal variations is the ultraviolet actinic flux that initiates the photochemical production of reactive hydrogen species. The magnitude of this flux is governed largely by changes in solar zenith angle (SZA) throughout the day, and OH diurnal variations are well approximated by an exponential function of the secant of SZA. Measured OH concentrations are fit to a function of the form exp[-beta sec(SZA)], where the parameter beta is a function of altitude. We examine the magnitude of beta and show that it is related to the optical depths of ultraviolet absorption by ozone and molecular oxygen. Values of beta from SLIMCAT model simulations show the same vertical structure as those from MLS and the average level of agreement between model and measurements is 6%. The vertical profile of beta from MLS can be represented by a simple analytic formulation involving the ozone and water vapor photodissociation rates. This formulation is used to infer the altitude dependence of the primary production mechanisms for OH: the reaction of excited-state atomic oxygen with water vapor versus the direct photodissociation of water vapor. C1 [Minschwaner, K.; Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Manney, G. L.; Wang, S. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Harwood, R. S.] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Minschwaner, K (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. EM krm@nmt.edu FU NASA [NNX08AN78G]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This research was supported by NASA grant NNX08AN78G to NMT. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Herb Pickett's role as PI of the MLS OH measurements is acknowledged; the work presented here was made possible only through Herb's substantial accomplishments in instrument design and construction, retrieval algorithms, and data validation. We thank Martyn Chipperfield of Leeds University, UK, who developed the SLIMCAT model, for making the code available to us. The useful comments and suggestions of two anonymous referees is acknowledged. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 3 BP 955 EP 962 DI 10.5194/acp-11-955-2011 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 721KW UT WOS:000287354100004 ER PT J AU Long, MS Keene, WC Kieber, DJ Erickson, DJ Maring, H AF Long, M. S. Keene, W. C. Kieber, D. J. Erickson, D. J. Maring, H. TI A sea-state based source function for size- and composition-resolved marine aerosol production SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; BREAKING WAVES; ORGANIC-CARBON; AIR ENTRAINMENT; CHLOROPHYLL DATA; OCEAN SURFACE; SALT AEROSOL; BUBBLES; MODEL; WATER AB A parameterization for the size- and composition-resolved production fluxes of nascent marine aerosol was developed from prior experimental observations and extrapolated to ambient conditions based on estimates of air entrainment by the breaking of wind-driven ocean waves. Production of particulate organic carbon (OCaer) was parameterized based on Langmuir equilibrium-type association of organic matter to bubble plumes in seawater and resulting aerosol as constrained by measurements of aerosol produced from productive and oligotrophic seawater. This novel approach is the first to parameterize size- and composition-resolved aerosol production based on explicit evaluation of wind-driven air entrainment/detrainment fluxes and chlorophyll-a as a proxy for surfactants in surface seawater. Production fluxes were simulated globally with an eight aerosol-size-bin version of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM v3.5.07). Simulated production fluxes fell within the range of published estimates based on observationally constrained parameterizations. Because the parameterization does not consider contributions from spume drops, the simulated global mass flux (1.5 x 10(3) Tg y(-1)) is near the lower end of published estimates. The simulated production of aerosol number (1.4 x 10(6) m(-2) s(-1)) and OCaer (29 Tg C y(-1)) fall near the upper end of published estimates and suggest that primary marine aerosols may have greater influences on the physicochemical evolution of the troposphere, radiative transfer and climate, and associated feedbacks on the surface ocean than suggested by previous model studies. C1 [Long, M. S.; Keene, W. C.] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Kieber, D. J.] SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Erickson, D. J.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Maring, H.] NASA, Headquarters Radiat Sci Program, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Long, MS (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM msl3v@virginia.edu FU U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science through the Office of Biological and Environmental Research [DE-FG02-07ER64442]; Global Change Education Program Graduate Research Environmental Fellowship; National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ONRL) [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; National Science Foundation [ATM-0343146, ATM-0638741, ATM 0343199] FX We thank M. C. Facchini for helpful discussions and for providing unpublished data. We also thank C. Fairall and C. Blenkinsopp for constructive comments regarding wind-waves and air entrainment. Staff and scientists at the ORNL Computational Science and Mathematics Division (P. Worley), the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division (S. Ghan, X. Liu), and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry's Atmospheric Chemistry Department (A. Kerkweg, P. Jockel, R. Sander) provided valuable assistance. We also acknowledge the contribution of processed SeaWIFS chl-a data by W. Gregg of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry Research Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington also provided analytical facilities and assistance. Financial support was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science through the Office of Biological and Environmental Research (grant number DE-FG02-07ER64442 to UVA), a Global Change Education Program Graduate Research Environmental Fellowship, and the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ONRL, contract DE-AC05-00OR22725). Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation through awards ATM-0343146 and ATM-0638741 to UVA and ATM 0343199 to SUNY. NR 64 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 3 BP 1203 EP 1216 DI 10.5194/acp-11-1203-2011 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 721KW UT WOS:000287354100022 ER PT J AU Pickett-Heaps, CA Jacob, DJ Wecht, KJ Kort, EA Wofsy, SC Diskin, GS Worthy, DEJ Kaplan, JO Bey, I Drevet, J AF Pickett-Heaps, C. A. Jacob, D. J. Wecht, K. J. Kort, E. A. Wofsy, S. C. Diskin, G. S. Worthy, D. E. J. Kaplan, J. O. Bey, I. Drevet, J. TI Magnitude and seasonality of wetland methane emissions from the Hudson Bay Lowlands (Canada) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; NORTHERN WETLANDS; MODELING APPROACH; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; TUNDRA AB The Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) is the second largest boreal wetland ecosystem in the world and an important natural source of global atmospheric methane. We quantify the HBL methane emissions by using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to simulate aircraft measurements over the HBL from the ARCTAS and pre-HIPPO campaigns in May-July 2008, together with continuous 2004-2008 surface observations at Fraserdale (southern edge of HBL) and Alert (Arctic background). The difference in methane concentrations between Fraserdale and Alert is shown to be a good indicator of HBL emissions, and implies a sharp seasonal onset of emissions in late May (consistent with the aircraft data), a peak in July-August, and a seasonal shut-off in September. The model, in which seasonal variation of emission is mainly driven by surface temperature, reproduces well the observations in summer but its seasonal shoulders are too broad. We suggest that this reflects the suppression of emissions by snow cover and greatly improve the model simulation by accounting for this effect. Our resulting best estimate for HBL methane emissions is 2.3 Tga(-1), several-fold higher than previous estimates (Roulet et al., 1994; Worthy et al., 2000). C1 [Pickett-Heaps, C. A.; Jacob, D. J.; Wecht, K. J.; Kort, E. A.; Wofsy, S. C.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Diskin, G. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Worthy, D. E. J.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Kaplan, J. O.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Environm Engn, Lausanne, Switzerland. [Bey, I.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Ctr Climate Syst Modeling C2SM, Zurich, Switzerland. [Drevet, J.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Modelisat Chim Atmospher, Lausanne, Switzerland. [Pickett-Heaps, C. A.; Jacob, D. J.; Wecht, K. J.; Kort, E. A.; Wofsy, S. C.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Pickett-Heaps, CA (reprint author), CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. EM christopher.pickett-heaps@csiro.au RI Kort, Eric/F-9942-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Kaplan, Jed/P-1796-2015 OI Kort, Eric/0000-0003-4940-7541; Kaplan, Jed/0000-0001-9919-7613 FU US National Science Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation and by the Tropospheric Chemistry Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank the reviewers for useful comments. NR 39 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 8 BP 3773 EP 3779 DI 10.5194/acp-11-3773-2011 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756MC UT WOS:000290014300014 ER PT J AU Chae, JH Wu, DL Read, WG Sherwood, SC AF Chae, J. H. Wu, D. L. Read, W. G. Sherwood, S. C. TI The role of tropical deep convective clouds on temperature, water vapor, and dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS CLOUDS; HEAT-BALANCE; ANNUAL CYCLE; STRATOSPHERE; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; IMPACT; MODEL; THIN AB Temperature and water vapor variations due to clouds in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are investigated using co-located MLS, CALIPSO, and CloudSat data. Convective cooling occurs only up to the cloud tops, with warming above these heights in the TTL. Water vapor and ozone anomalies above the cloud tops are consistent with the warming being due to downward motion. Thicker clouds are associated with larger anomalies. Environmental water vapor below cloud tops can be either higher or lower than when clouds are absent, depending on the cloud top height. The critical factor determining the sign of this change appears to be the relative humidity. In general cloud-forming processes hydrate the environment below 16 km, where the air after mixing between cloud and the environmental air does not reach saturation, but clouds dehydrate above 16 km, as the larger temperature drop and the high initial relative humidity cause supersaturation to occur. Negative water vapor anomalies above cloud tops compared to clear skies suggest another dehydration mechanism operating above the detected cloud layers. C1 [Chae, J. H.; Wu, D. L.; Read, W. G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Chae, J. H.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Sherwood, S. C.] Univ New S Wales, Climate Change Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Chae, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM junghyo.chae@aya.yale.edu RI Sherwood, Steven/B-5673-2008; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Sherwood, Steven/0000-0001-7420-8216; FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [443983-LI-79043] FX The research was carried out at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We would like to thank T. Kubar for help and advice and M. Schwartz for helpful discussions regarding the MLS instrument. This research was funded by NASA grant 443983-LI-79043. Copyright 2010. All rights reserved. NR 47 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 8 BP 3811 EP 3821 DI 10.5194/acp-11-3811-2011 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756MC UT WOS:000290014300017 ER PT J AU Sayer, AM Poulsen, CA Arnold, C Campmany, E Dean, S Ewen, GBL Grainger, RG Lawrence, BN Siddans, R Thomas, GE Watts, PD AF Sayer, A. M. Poulsen, C. A. Arnold, C. Campmany, E. Dean, S. Ewen, G. B. L. Grainger, R. G. Lawrence, B. N. Siddans, R. Thomas, G. E. Watts, P. D. TI Global retrieval of ATSR cloud parameters and evaluation (GRAPE): dataset assessment SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; AEROSOL RETRIEVAL; SATELLITE DATA; TOP HEIGHTS; MISR DATA; MODIS; PRODUCTS; ALGORITHM; OCEAN; CLIMATE AB The Along-Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSRs) provide a long time-series of measurements suitable for the retrieval of cloud properties. This work evaluates the freely-available Global Retrieval of ATSR Cloud Parameters and Evaluation (GRAPE) dataset (version 3) created from the ATSR-2 (1995-2003) and Advanced ATSR (AATSR; 2002 onwards) records. Users are recommended to consider only retrievals flagged as high-quality, where there is a good consistency between the measurements and the retrieved state (corresponding to about 60% of converged retrievals over sea, and more than 80% over land). Cloud properties are found to be generally free of any significant spurious trends relating to satellite zenith angle. Estimates of the random error on retrieved cloud properties are suggested to be generally appropriate for optically-thick clouds, and up to a factor of two too small for optically-thin cases. The correspondence between ATSR-2 and AATSR cloud properties is high, but a relative calibration difference between the sensors of order 5-10% at 660 nm and 870 nm limits the potential of the current version of the dataset for trend analysis. As ATSR-2 is thought to have the better absolute calibration, the discussion focusses on this portion of the record. Cloud-top heights from GRAPE compare well to ground-based data at four sites, particularly for shallow clouds. Clouds forming in boundary-layer inversions are typically around 1 km too high in GRAPE due to poorly-resolved inversions in the modelled temperature profiles used. Global cloud fields are compared to satellite products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) measurements, and a climatology of liquid water content derived from satellite microwave radiometers. In all cases the main reasons for differences are linked to differing sensitivity to, and treatment of, multi-layer cloud systems. The correlation coefficient between GRAPE and the two MODIS products considered is generally high (greater than 0.7 for most cloud properties), except for liquid and ice cloud effective radius, which also show biases between the datasets. For liquid clouds, part of the difference is linked to choice of wavelengths used in the retrieval. Total cloud cover is slightly lower in GRAPE (0.64) than the CALIOP dataset (0.66). GRAPE underestimates liquid cloud water path relative to microwave radiometers by up to 100 g m(-2) near the Equator and overestimates by around 50 g m(-2) in the storm tracks. Finally, potential future improvements to the algorithm are outlined. C1 [Sayer, A. M.; Arnold, C.; Campmany, E.; Dean, S.; Ewen, G. B. L.; Grainger, R. G.; Thomas, G. E.] Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. [Sayer, A. M.; Poulsen, C. A.; Lawrence, B. N.; Siddans, R.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Watts, P. D.] EUMETSAT, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany. RP Sayer, AM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM andrew.sayer@nasa.gov RI Dean, Sam/F-7711-2011; Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; NCEO, COMET+`/A-3443-2013; Grainger, Roy/E-8823-2011 OI Lawrence, Bryan/0000-0001-9262-7860; Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Grainger, Roy/0000-0003-0709-1315 FU UK Natural Environment Research Council [NER/T/S/2001/002] FX This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (grant number NER/T/S/2001/002). ECMWF are thanked for the atmospheric data required as input for the ORAC cloud retrieval, and NASA and BU for the MODIS surface reflectance dataset used. The NEODC and BADC are thanked for storing the ATSR level 1 and GRAPE datasets. NASA, NOAA, CNES, REMSS and the University of Wisconsin are thanked for the MODIS, CALIOP and satellite microwave radiometer data used. The MODIS-CE data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. The MODIS-ST data were obtained from the NASA level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System. ARM and CFARR are thanked for the ground-based cloud data used. Dave Smith, Tim Nightingale, Barry Latter, Chris Mutlow, and Jack Abolins of STFC-RAL are thanked for numerous useful discussions about the construction, calibration, and in-orbit performance of the ATSRs. Brent Maddux, Steve Platnick, Patrick Minnis, Benjamin Grandey and Johannes Quaas are thanked for advice and assistance regarding the MODIS cloud products. Finally, the authors would like to thank the reviewers (Alexander Kokhanovsky and Andi Walther) for their helpful suggestions on the manuscript. NR 60 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 8 BP 3913 EP 3936 DI 10.5194/acp-11-3913-2011 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756MC UT WOS:000290014300024 ER PT J AU Kacenelenbogen, M Vaughan, MA Redemann, J Hoff, RM Rogers, RR Ferrare, RA Russell, PB Hostetler, CA Hair, JW Holben, BN AF Kacenelenbogen, M. Vaughan, M. A. Redemann, J. Hoff, R. M. Rogers, R. R. Ferrare, R. A. Russell, P. B. Hostetler, C. A. Hair, J. W. Holben, B. N. TI An accuracy assessment of the CALIOP/CALIPSO version 2/version 3 daytime aerosol extinction product based on a detailed multi-sensor, multi-platform case study SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION LIDAR; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; GROUND-BASED LIDAR; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; CALIPSO LIDAR; PROFILES; CLOUD; RETRIEVAL; VALIDATION AB The Cloud Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), on board the CALIPSO platform, has measured profiles of total attenuated backscatter coefficient (level 1 products) since June 2006. CALIOP's level 2 products, such as the aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficient profiles, are retrieved using a complex succession of automated algorithms. The goal of this study is to help identify potential shortcomings in the CALIOP version 2 level 2 aerosol extinction product and to illustrate some of the motivation for the changes that have been introduced in the next version of CALIOP data (version 3, released in June 2010). To help illustrate the potential factors contributing to the uncertainty of the CALIOP aerosol extinction retrieval, we focus on a one-day, multi-instrument, multiplatform comparison study during the CALIPSO and Twilight Zone (CATZ) validation campaign on 4 August 2007. On that day, we observe a consistency in the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values recorded by four different instruments (i.e. space-borne MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS: 0.67 and POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances, POLDER: 0.58, airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar, HSRL: 0.52 and ground-based AErosol RObotic NETwork, AERONET: 0.48 to 0.73) while CALIOP AOD is a factor of two lower (0.32 at 532 nm). This case study illustrates the following potential sources of uncertainty in the CALIOP AOD: (i) CALIOP's low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) leading to the misclassification and/or lack of aerosol layer identification, especially close to the Earth's surface; (ii) the cloud contamination of CALIOP version 2 aerosol backscatter and extinction profiles; (iii) potentially erroneous assumptions of the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio (Sa) used in CALIOP's extinction retrievals; and (iv) calibration coefficient biases in the CALIOP daytime attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles. The use of version 3 CALIOP extinction retrieval for our case study seems to partially fix factor (i) although the aerosol retrieved by CALIOP is still somewhat lower than the profile measured by HSRL; the cloud contamination (ii) appears to be corrected; no particular change is apparent in the observation-based CALIOP Sa value (iii). Our case study also showed very little difference in version 2 and version 3 CALIOP attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles, illustrating a minor change in the calibration scheme (iv). C1 [Kacenelenbogen, M.] ORAU NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Vaughan, M. A.; Rogers, R. R.; Ferrare, R. A.; Hostetler, C. A.; Hair, J. W.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. [Redemann, J.] Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA USA. [Russell, P. B.] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Holben, B. N.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MA USA. RP Kacenelenbogen, M (reprint author), ORAU NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. EM meloe.s.kacenelenbogen@nasa.gov RI Hoff, Raymond/C-6747-2012 FU Ames Research Center FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.php) used in this publication and the ICARE thematic center for the provision of POLDER data. They also thank the AERONET network (especially Thomas Eck), the NASA HSRL, CALIPSO and MODIS team (especially Robert Levy) and the CNES POLDER team for their data. A special acknowledgment goes towards the UMBC lidar team and the Sunphotometer/Satellite group at NASA AMES Research Center. This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Ames Research Center, administered by Oak Ridge. NR 52 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 4 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 8 BP 3981 EP 4000 DI 10.5194/acp-11-3981-2011 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 756MC UT WOS:000290014300027 ER PT J AU Johnson, HR AF Johnson, Hollis R. TI Worlds Come and Pass Away Evolution of Stars and Planets in the Pearl of Great Price? SO BYU STUDIES LA English DT Article C1 [Johnson, Hollis R.] Observ Paris, Paris, France. [Johnson, Hollis R.] Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Johnson, Hollis R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Johnson, Hollis R.] Univ Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Johnson, HR (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. EM byustudies@byu.edu NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0007-0106 J9 BYU STUD JI BYU Stud. PY 2011 VL 50 IS 1 BP 46 EP 64 PG 19 WC Humanities, Multidisciplinary SC Arts & Humanities - Other Topics GA 752BS UT WOS:000289663600003 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, A Chassignet, EP Bertino, L Brankart, JM Brasseur, P Chin, TM Counillon, F Cummings, JA Mariano, AJ Smedstad, OM Thacker, WC AF Srinivasan, A. Chassignet, E. P. Bertino, L. Brankart, J. M. Brasseur, P. Chin, T. M. Counillon, F. Cummings, J. A. Mariano, A. J. Smedstad, O. M. Thacker, W. C. TI A comparison of sequential assimilation schemes for ocean prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM): Twin experiments with static forecast error covariances SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Data assimilation; Ocean modeling; Ocean prediction; Twin experiments; Sequential assimilation; MVOI; EnOI; SEEK; ROIF; EnROIF ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS; VERTICAL COORDINATE; KALMAN FILTERS; INTERPOLATION; OCEANOGRAPHY; CIRCULATION; SYSTEMS; GODAE; ENKF AB We assess and compare four sequential data assimilation methods developed for HYCOM in an identical twin experiment framework. The methods considered are Multi-variate Optimal Interpolation (MVOI), Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI), the fixed basis version of the Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman Filter (SEEK) and the Ensemble Reduced Order Information Filter (EnROIF). All methods can be classified as statistical interpolation but differ mainly in how the forecast error covariances are modeled. Surface elevation and temperature data sampled from an 1/12 degrees Gulf of Mexico HYCOM simulation designated as the truth are assimilated into an identical model starting from an erroneous initial state, and convergence of assimilative runs towards the truth is tracked. Sensitivity experiments are first performed to evaluate the impact of practical implementation choices such as the state vector structure, initialization procedures, correlation scales, covariance rank and details of handling multivariate datasets, and to identify an effective configuration for each assimilation method. The performance of the methods are then compared by examining the relative convergence of the assimilative runs towards the truth. All four methods show good skill and are able to enhance consistency between the assimilative and truth runs in both observed and unobserved model variables. Prediction errors in observed variables are typically less than the errors specified for the observations, and the differences between the assimilated products are small compared to the observation errors. For unobserved variables, RMS errors are reduced by 50% relative to a non-assimilative run and differ between schemes on average by about 5%. Dynamical consistency between the updated state space variables in the data assimilation algorithm, and the data adequately sampling significant dynamical features are the two crucial components for reliable predict:ions. The experiments presented here suggest that practical implementation details can have at least as much an impact on the accuracy of the assimilated product as the choice of assimilation technique itself. We also present a discussion of the numerical implementation and the computational requirements for the use of these methods in large scale applications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Srinivasan, A.; Mariano, A. J.] Univ Miami, RSMAS, MPO Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Srinivasan, A.] Univ Miami, Ctr Computat Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Chassignet, E. P.] Florida State Univ, COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Thacker, W. C.] Univ Miami, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Thacker, W. C.] Atlantic Meteorol & Oceanog Labs, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Bertino, L.; Counillon, F.] Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, Bergen, Norway. [Brankart, J. M.; Brasseur, P.] Lab Ecoulements Geophys & Ind, Grenoble, France. [Smedstad, O. M.] QinetiQ N Amer, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Cummings, J. A.] USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Chin, T. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Srinivasan, A (reprint author), Univ Miami, RSMAS, MPO Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM asrinivasan@rsmas.miami.edu; echassignet@coaps.fsu.edu; laurent.bertino@nersc.no; Jean-Michel.Brankart@hmg.inpg.fr; Pierre.Brasseur@hmg.inpg.fr; tmchin@jpl.nasa.gov; francois.counillon@nersc.no; cummings@nrlmry.navy.mil; amariano@rsmas.miami.edu; smedstad@nrlsscs.r.avy.mil; thacker@amol.noaa.gov RI Thacker, Carlisle/I-3813-2013 OI Thacker, Carlisle/0000-0002-9285-8826 NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 EI 1463-5011 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3-4 BP 85 EP 111 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.01.006 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 752OE UT WOS:000289701000002 ER PT S AU Shao, M Nemati, B Zhai, C AF Shao, M. Nemati, B. Zhai, C. BE Turon, C Meynadier, F Arenou, F TI SPACE INTERFEROMETRY MISSION (SIM)-LITE STATUS SO GAIA: AT THE FRONTIERS OF ASTROMETRY SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gaia at the Frontiers of Astrometry CY JUN 07-11, 2010 CL Sevres, FRANCE SP Observ Paris, ESA, CNES AB The SIM-Lite mission has finished its technology programme and continues with an engineering risk reduction activity while waiting for the results of the 2010 decadal review. One of the last remaining activities is work on the SCDU testbed, which is designed to calibrate the spectral bias in interferometric astrometry to 0.1 microarcsec. This talk will provide a summary of engineering activities on building flight-like prototypes of the key interferometer subassemblies, as well as an overview of the types of problems one encounters when attempting to do astrometry below 1 microarcsec, as well as their solution. C1 [Shao, M.; Nemati, B.; Zhai, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Shao, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-0608-9 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2011 VL 45 BP 141 EP 142 DI 10.1051/eas/1045024 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BUG58 UT WOS:000289226200024 ER PT J AU Lorincik, J Denton, MB Sperline, RP Young, ET Williams, P AF Lorincik, Jan Denton, M. Bonner Sperline, Roger P. Young, Erick T. Williams, Peter TI Testing of a Micro Faraday Cup Array for Ion Detection in SIMS SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Capacitance transimpedance amplifier; Faraday cup; Ion detection; SIMS AB A micro-Faraday array detector (row of miniature 32 thin film strip electrodes wire bonded to an on-chip integrated capacitance transimpedance amplifier) was tested for use in a multiple collector secondary ion mass spectrometry. The detector was mounted on a standard IMS3f SIMS instrument in place of a microchannel plate. The measurements were performed by using a silicon sample bombarded by either [image omitted] or Cs+ primary ions with or without D2O flooding and detecting secondary ions of Si +/-, SiH +/-, O-, SiD-, OD-. A parallel detection of near masses of 29Si and 28SiH or 18O and 16OD was demonstrated at a sensitivity level 230 counts/s. C1 [Lorincik, Jan] Inst Photon & Elect AS CR, Vvi, Prague 18251 8, Czech Republic. [Denton, M. Bonner; Sperline, Roger P.] Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Young, Erick T.] NASA Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA Sci Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Williams, Peter] Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Lorincik, J (reprint author), Inst Photon & Elect AS CR, Vvi, Chaberska 57, Prague 18251 8, Czech Republic. EM lorincik@ufe.cz RI Lorincik, Jan/F-9054-2014 OI Lorincik, Jan/0000-0003-4227-1514 FU NASA [NAG5-11899]; Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic [ME894] FX We are thankful to Dr. Klaus Franzreb from ASU for help with the IMS3f alignment and for valuable comments to this work. This work was supported by NASA Grant NAG5-11899 and by the grant of the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic ME894. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 2011 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1050 EP 1057 AR PII 935349541 DI 10.1080/00032719.2010.511739 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 746KS UT WOS:000289246200008 ER PT J AU De La Rocque, S Formenty, P Rogers, DJ Anyamba, A AF De La Rocque, Stephane Formenty, Pierre Rogers, David J. Anyamba, Assaf TI Revisiting the Ecology of Rift Valley Fever: Primary and Secondary Emergence Areas in Africa and the Middle East SO ECOHEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [De La Rocque, Stephane] UN, FAO, EMPRES Anim Prod & Hlth Div AGAH, Rome, Italy. [De La Rocque, Stephane] UN, FAO, EMPRES Anim Prod & Hlth Div AGAH, Montpellier, France. [Formenty, Pierre] WHO, Global Alert & Response Dept HSE GAR, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. [Rogers, David J.] Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, TALA Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England. [Anyamba, Assaf] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-9202 J9 ECOHEALTH JI EcoHealth PY 2011 VL 7 SU 1 BP S17 EP S17 PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 728VB UT WOS:000287901500020 ER PT J AU Calderhead, AI Therrien, R Rivera, A Martel, R Garfias, J AF Calderhead, A. I. Therrien, R. Rivera, A. Martel, R. Garfias, J. TI Simulating pumping-induced regional land subsidence with the use of InSAR and field data in the Toluca Valley, Mexico SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE Regional land subsidence; 1-D compaction; InSAR; Toluca, Mexico; HydroGeoSphere model ID AQUIFER SYSTEM COMPACTION; ONE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; DEFORMATION; CONSOLIDATION; CALIFORNIA; PARAMETERS; PIXLEY AB A multidisciplinary approach is presented here for quantifying land subsidence in a heavily pumped aquifer system with complex stratigraphy. The methodology consists in incorporating Terzaghi's 1D instantaneous compaction principle into a 3D groundwater flow model that is then applied and calibrated to reproduce observed hydraulic heads and compaction for the Toluca Valley, Mexico. Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR), a generated 3D-geological model, extensometers, monitoring wells, and available literature are used to constrain the model. The D-InSAR measured subsidence, extensometers, and numerical simulations of subsidence agree relatively well. Simulations show that since regional subsidence began in the mid 1960s there has been up to 2 m of subsidence in the industrial corridor, where heavy pumping and thick clay layers are found. This study shows that an approach using various sources of data is useful in estimating and constraining the vertical component of the inelastic skeletal specific storage. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Calderhead, A. I.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Calderhead, A. I.; Martel, R.] Ctr Eau Terre & Environm, Inst Natl Rech Sci, Quebec City, PQ G1K 9A9, Canada. [Therrien, R.] Univ Laval, Dept Geol & Genie Geol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. [Rivera, A.] Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, Quebec City, PQ G1K 9A9, Canada. [Garfias, J.] Univ Autonoma Estado Mexico, Fac Ingn CIRA, Toluca 50130, Mex, Mexico. RP Calderhead, AI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM aicalderhead@gmail.com RI Therrien, Rene/N-3354-2014; OI Therrien, Rene/0000-0002-7650-0824; Garfias, Jaime/0000-0001-6388-2109 FU Ministere des Relations Internationales du Quebec; CONACyT; Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEM); INRS-ETE; NSERC; AUCC/IDRC; Ministere d'Education du Quebec FX We are thankful to the Ministere des Relations Internationales du Quebec, CONACyT, the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEM), INRS-ETE, NSERC (discovery grants held by Richard Martel and Rene Therrien), AUCC/IDRC, and the Ministere d'Education du Quebec for their financial support. We are appreciative of Geoffrey Edwards from Laval University and Vern Singh-roy from the Canadian Center for Remote Sensing for providing support with InSAR software and techniques; and Sergio Murillo from the Comision National del Agua for the logistical support on the field. We are grateful to the Canadian Space Agency and the Geological Survey of Canada for providing the RADARSAT-1 data. We acknowledge the European Space Agency's contribution for providing ERS and ENVISAT ASAR data at cost of reproduction under project C1P 3821. Part of the research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Finally, we are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. NR 53 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 34 IS 1 BP 83 EP 97 DI 10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.09.017 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 742GT UT WOS:000288930000007 ER PT J AU Johnson, MS Meskhidze, N Kiliyanpilakkil, VP Gasso, S AF Johnson, M. S. Meskhidze, N. Kiliyanpilakkil, V. P. Gasso, S. TI Understanding the transport of Patagonian dust and its influence on marine biological activity in the South Atlantic Ocean SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NATURAL IRON-FERTILIZATION; MINERAL DUST; ICE CORE; TRANSPACIFIC TRANSPORT; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; EAST ANTARCTICA; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB The supply of bioavailable iron to the high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters of the Southern Ocean through atmospheric pathways could stimulate phytoplankton blooms and have major implications for the global carbon cycle. In this study, model results and remotely-sensed data are analyzed to examine the horizontal and vertical transport pathways of Patagonian dust and quantify the effect of iron-laden mineral dust deposition on marine biological productivity in the surface waters of the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO). Model simulations for the atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust and bioavailable iron are carried out for two large dust outbreaks originated at the source regions of northern Patagonia during the austral summer of 2009. Model-simulated horizontal and vertical transport pathways of Patagonian dust plumes are in reasonable agreement with remotely-sensed data. Simulations indicate that the synoptic meteorological patterns of high and low pressure systems are largely accountable for dust transport trajectories over the SAO. According to model results and retrievals from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), synoptic flows caused by opposing pressure systems (a high pressure system located to the east or north-east of a low pressure system) elevate the South American dust plumes well above the marine boundary layer. Under such conditions, the bulk concentration of mineral dust can quickly be transported around the low pressure system in a clockwise manner, follow the southeasterly advection pathway, and reach the HNLC waters of the SAO and Antarctica in similar to 3-4 days after emission from the source regions of northern Patagonia. Two different mechanisms for dust-iron mobilization into a bioavailable form are considered in this study. A global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), implemented with an iron dissolution scheme, is employed to estimate the atmospheric fluxes of soluble iron, while a dust/biota assessment tool (Boyd et al., 2010) is applied to evaluate the amount of bioavailable iron formed through the slow and sustained leaching of dust in the ocean mixed layer. The effect of iron-laden mineral dust supply on surface ocean biomass is investigated by comparing predicted surface chlorophyll-a concentration ([Chl-a]) to remotely-sensed data. As the dust transport episodes examined here represent large summertime outflows of mineral dust from South American continental sources, this study suggests that (1) atmospheric fluxes of mineral dust from Patagonia are not likely to be the major source of bioavailable iron to ocean regions characterized by high primary productivity; (2) even if Patagonian dust plumes may not cause visible algae blooms, they could still influence background [Chl-a] in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. C1 [Johnson, M. S.; Meskhidze, N.; Kiliyanpilakkil, V. P.] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Gasso, S.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Meskhidze, N (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM nmeskhidze@ncsu.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Gasso, Santiago/H-9571-2014 OI Gasso, Santiago/0000-0002-6872-0018 FU National Science Foundation [ATM-0826117]; North Carolina Space Graduate Research Fellowship FX This research was supported by the National Science Foundation through the grant ATM-0826117 and the North Carolina Space Graduate Research Fellowship. Matthew Johnson also acknowledges the opportunity to participate in the Graduate Student Summer Program in Earth System Science at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The authors would like to thank Dr. Yongxiang Hu of the NASA Langley Research Center for his help with the processing and application of CALIPSO data. Thanks are due to Daniel Jacob and the Harvard University Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Group for providing the base model GEOS-Chem used during our research. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments. NR 86 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2487 EP 2502 DI 10.5194/acp-11-2487-2011 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742YW UT WOS:000288982300005 ER PT J AU He, H Tarasick, DW Hocking, WK Carey-Smith, TK Rochon, Y Zhang, J Makar, PA Osman, M Brook, J Moran, MD Jones, DBA Mihele, C Wei, JC Osterman, G Argall, PS McConnell, J Bourqui, MS AF He, H. Tarasick, D. W. Hocking, W. K. Carey-Smith, T. K. Rochon, Y. Zhang, J. Makar, P. A. Osman, M. Brook, J. Moran, M. D. Jones, D. B. A. Mihele, C. Wei, J. C. Osterman, G. Argall, P. S. McConnell, J. Bourqui, M. S. TI Transport analysis of ozone enhancement in Southern Ontario during BAQS-Met SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; AIR-QUALITY; EMISSION SPECTROMETER; 15-YEAR CLIMATOLOGY; INTRUSIONS; TROPOPAUSE; VARIABILITY; VALIDATION; SATELLITE AB Twice-daily ozonesondes were launched from Harrow, in southwestern Ontario, Canada, during the BAQS-Met (Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study) field campaign in June and July of 2007. A co-located radar wind-profiler measured tropopause height continuously. These data, in combination with continuous surface ozone measurements and geo-statistical interpolation of satellite ozone observations, present a consistent picture and indicate that a number of significant ozone enhancements in the troposphere were observed that were the result of stratospheric intrusion events. The combined observations have also been compared with results from two Environment Canada numerical models, the operational weather prediction model GEM (as input to FLEXPART), and a new version of the regional air quality model AURAMS, in order to examine the ability of these models to accurately represent sporadic cross-tropopause ozone transport events. The models appear to reproduce intrusion events with some skill, implying that GEM dynamics (which also drive AURAMS) are able to represent such events well. There are important differences in the quantitative comparison, however; in particular, the poor vertical resolution of AURAMS around the tropopause causes it to bring down too much ozone in individual intrusions. These campaign results imply that stratospheric intrusions are important to the ozone budget of the mid-latitude troposphere, and appear to be responsible for much of the variability of ozone in the free troposphere. GEM-FLEXPART calculations indicate that stratospheric ozone intrusions contributed significantly to surface ozone on several occasions during the BAQS-Met campaign, and made a moderate but significant contribution to the overall tropospheric ozone budget. C1 [He, H.; Tarasick, D. W.; Rochon, Y.; Zhang, J.; Makar, P. A.; Brook, J.; Moran, M. D.; Mihele, C.] Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Sci & Technol Branch, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Hocking, W. K.; Osman, M.; Argall, P. S.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON, Canada. [Carey-Smith, T. K.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand. [Jones, D. B. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Wei, J. C.] NASA GSFC, ADNET Syst Inc, GES DISC 610 2, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Osterman, G.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [McConnell, J.] York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Bourqui, M. S.] McGill Univ, Dept Chem & Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP He, H (reprint author), Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Div, Sci & Technol Branch, Downsview, ON, Canada. EM huixia.he@ec.gc.ca RI Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014; OI Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692 FU Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS); Canada Innovation Foundation; Ontario Innovation Trust FX This work was supported by funding from the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS). The Harrow radar was installed with support from the Canada Innovation Foundation and Ontario Innovation Trust. We thank Jonathan Davies, Rad Sakura and Ildiko Beres for ozone launch support. We thank members of the TES team and AIRS teams for their measurements and data products. NR 90 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2569 EP 2583 DI 10.5194/acp-11-2569-2011 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742YW UT WOS:000288982300010 ER PT J AU Wu, DL Chae, JH Lambert, A Zhang, FF AF Wu, D. L. Chae, J. H. Lambert, A. Zhang, F. F. TI Characteristics of CALIOP attenuated backscatter noise: implication for cloud/aerosol detection SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIDAR; CLOUDS; PERFORMANCE; RETRIEVAL; ALGORITHM; MISSION AB A research algorithm is developed for noise evaluation and feature detection of the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) Level 1 (L1) backscatter data with an emphasis on cloud/aerosol features in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). CALIOP measurement noise of the version v2.01 and v2.02 L1 backscatter data aggregated to (5 km) horizontal resolution is analyzed with two approaches in this study. One is to compare the observed and modeled molecular scatter profiles by scaling the modeled profile (with a fitted scaling factor alpha) to the observed clear-sky backscatter profiles. This scaling alpha value is sensitive to errors in the calibrated backscatter and the atmospheric model used. Most of the nighttime 532-nm alpha values are close to unity, as expected, but an abrupt drop occurred in October 2008 in the daytime 532-nm alpha, which is likely indicative of a problem in the v2.02 daytime calibrated data. The 1064-nm night alpha is generally close to 2 while its day alpha is similar to 3. The other approach to evaluate the lidar measurement noise is to use the calibrated lidar backscatter data at altitudes above 19 km. With this method, the 532-nm and 1064-nm measurement noises are analyzed and characterized individually for each profile in terms of the mean (mu) and standard deviation (sigma), showing larger sigma values in general over landmasses or bright surfaces during day and in radiation-hard regions during night. A significant increasing trend is evident in the nighttime 1064-nm sigma, which is likely responsible for the increasing difference between the feature occurrence frequencies (532-nm vs. 1064-nm) derived from this study. For feature detection with the research algorithm, we apply a sigma-based method to the aggregated L1 data. The derived morphology of feature occurrence frequency is in general agreement with that obtained from the Level 2 (L2) 05 km_CLAY+05_km ALAY products at 5 km horizontal resolution. Finally, a normalized probability density function (PDF) method is employed to evaluate the day-night backscatter data in which noise levels are largely different. CALIOP observations reveal a higher probability of daytime cloud/aerosol occurrence than nighttime in the tropical UT/LS region for 532-nm total backscatters >0.01 km(-1) sr(-1). C1 [Wu, D. L.; Chae, J. H.; Lambert, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Chae, J. H.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Zhang, F. F.] Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Wu, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM dong.l.wu@jpl.nasa.gov RI Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FX This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We would like to thank Z. Liu, Y. Hu, W. Hunt, C. Trepte, M. Vaughan, and D. Winker for helpful discussions on CALIPSO instrument and data analysis. The data processing and distribution by the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center are gratefully acknowledged. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2641 EP 2654 DI 10.5194/acp-11-2641-2011 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742YW UT WOS:000288982300014 ER PT J AU Barletta, B Nissenson, P Meinardi, S Dabdub, D Rowland, FS VanCuren, RA Pederson, J Diskin, GS Blake, DR AF Barletta, B. Nissenson, P. Meinardi, S. Dabdub, D. Rowland, F. Sherwood VanCuren, R. A. Pederson, J. Diskin, G. S. Blake, D. R. TI HFC-152a and HFC-134a emission estimates and characterization of CFCs, CFC replacements, and other halogenated solvents measured during the 2008 ARCTAS campaign (CARB phase) over the South Coast Air Basin of California SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; HALOCARBON EMISSIONS; MONTREAL PROTOCOL; GREENHOUSE GASES; UNITED-STATES; ART.; POLLUTION; AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERE; MISSION AB This work presents results from the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) study. Whole air samples were obtained on board research flights that flew over California during June 2008 and analyzed for selected volatile organic compounds, including several halogenated species. Samples collected over the South Coast Air Basin of California (SoCAB), which includes much of Los Angeles (LA) County, were compared with samples from inflow air masses over the Pacific Ocean. The levels of many halocarbon species were enhanced significantly over the SoCAB, including compounds regulated by the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments. Emissions estimates of HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane, CH(3)CHF(2); 0.82 +/- 0.11 Gg) and HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CH(2)FCF(3); 1.16 +/- 0.22 Gg) in LA County for 2008 were obtained using the observed HFC: carbon monoxide (CO) enhancement ratio. Emission rates also were calculated for the SoCAB (1.60 +/- 0.22 Gg yr(-1) for HFC-152a and 2.12 +/- 0.28 Gg yr(-1) for HFC-134a) and then extrapolated to the United States (32 +/- 4 Gg yr(-1) for HFC-152a and 43 +/- 6 Gg yr(-1) for HFC-134a) using population data. In addition, emission rates of the two HFCs in LA County and SoCAB were calculated by a second method that utilizes air quality modeling. Emissions estimates obtained using both methods differ by less than 25% for the LA County and less than 45% for the SoCAB. C1 [Barletta, B.; Meinardi, S.; Rowland, F. Sherwood; Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Nissenson, P.; Dabdub, D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Henry Samueli Sch Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [VanCuren, R. A.; Pederson, J.] Calif Air Resources Board, Div Res, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA. [Diskin, G. S.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Barletta, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM bbarlett@uci.edu FU NASA; California Air Resources Board; United States National Science Foundation [CHE-0431312, ATM-0423804] FX The authors would like to thank the flight crew of the NASA DC-8 aircraft for their help during the field deployment, and Brent Love and Gloria Liu (University of California, Irvine) for technical support. This work was funded by the NASA Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program, the California Air Resources Board, and the United States National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. CHE-0431312 and ATM-0423804). NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 10 U2 30 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2655 EP 2669 DI 10.5194/acp-11-2655-2011 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742YW UT WOS:000288982300015 ER PT J AU Feng, L Palmer, PI Yang, Y Yantosca, RM Kawa, SR Paris, JD Matsueda, H Machida, T AF Feng, L. Palmer, P. I. Yang, Y. Yantosca, R. M. Kawa, S. R. Paris, J-D. Matsueda, H. Machida, T. TI Evaluating a 3-D transport model of atmospheric CO2 using ground-based, aircraft, and space-borne data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; MOIST CONVECTION; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY; INVERSION; SURFACE; SINKS; CAMPAIGNS; INSIGHTS AB We evaluate the GEOS-Chem atmospheric transport model (v8-02-01) of CO2 over 2003-2006, driven by GEOS-4 and GEOS-5 meteorology from the NASA Goddard Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, using surface, aircraft and space-borne concentration measurements of CO2. We use an established ensemble Kalman Filter to estimate a posteriori biospheric+biomass burning (BS + BB) and oceanic (OC) CO2 fluxes from 22 geographical regions, following the TransCom-3 protocol, using boundary layer CO2 data from a subset of GLOBALVIEW surface sites. Global annual net BS + BB + OC CO2 fluxes over 2004-2006 for GEOS-4 (GEOS-5) meteorology are -4.4 +/- 0.9 (-4.2 +/- 0.9), -3.9 +/- 0.9 (-4.5 +/- 0.9), and -5.2 +/- 0.9 (-4.9 +/- 0.9) PgC yr(-1), respectively. After taking into account anthropogenic fossil fuel and bio-fuel emissions, the global annual net CO2 emissions for 20042006 are estimated to be 4.0 +/- 0.9 (4.2 +/- 0.9), 4.8 +/- 0.9 (4.2 +/- 0.9), and 3.8 +/- 0.9 (4.1 +/- 0.9) PgC yr(-1), respectively. The estimated 3-yr total net emission for GEOS-4 (GEOS-5) meteorology is equal to 12.5 (12.4) PgC, agreeing with other recent top-down estimates (12-13 PgC). The regional a posteriori fluxes are broadly consistent in the sign and magnitude of the TransCom-3 study for 1992-1996, but we find larger net sinks over northern and southern continents. We find large departures from our a priori over Europe during summer 2003, over temperate Eurasia during 2004, and over North America during 2005, reflecting an incomplete description of terrestrial carbon dynamics. We find GEOS-4 (GEOS-5) a posteriori CO2 concentrations reproduce the observed surface trend of 1.91-2.43 ppm yr(-1) (parts per million per year), depending on latitude, within 0.15 ppm yr(-1) (0.2 ppm yr(-1)) and the seasonal cycle within 0.2 ppm (0.2 ppm) at all latitudes. We find the a posteriori model reproduces the aircraft vertical profile measurements of CO2 over North America and Siberia generally within 1.5 ppm in the free and upper troposphere but can be biased by up to 4-5 ppm in the boundary layer at the start and end of the growing season. The model has a small negative bias in the free troposphere CO2 trend (1.95-2.19 ppm yr(-1)) compared to AIRS data which has a trend of 2.21-2.63 ppm yr(-1) during 2004-2006, consistent with surface data. Model CO2 concentrations in the upper troposphere, evaluated using CONTRAIL (Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner) aircraft measurements, reproduce the magnitude and phase of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in both hemispheres. We generally find that the GEOS meteorology reproduces much of the observed tropospheric CO2 variability, suggesting that these meteorological fields will help make significant progress in understanding carbon fluxes as more data become available. C1 [Feng, L.; Palmer, P. I.; Yang, Y.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. [Yang, Y.] China Univ Geosci, Sch Geosci & Resources, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Yantosca, R. M.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Kawa, S. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Paris, J-D.] CNRS CEA UVSQ, IPSL, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Matsueda, H.; Machida, T.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. RP Feng, L (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. EM lfeng@staffmail.ed.ac.uk RI Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Yantosca, Robert/F-7920-2014; Palmer, Paul/F-7008-2010 OI Yantosca, Robert/0000-0003-3781-1870; FU GLOB-ALVIEW; UK Natural Environment Research Council [NE/H003940/1] FX We gratefully acknowledge the GLOB-ALVIEW project based at NOAA ESRL; Steve Wofsy (Harvard University) and the COBRA project funded principally by NASA; the CONTRAIL project team; and the engineers and scientists associated the NASA AIRS satellite instrument. We thank Frederic Chevallier and Christian Rodenbeck for providing their a posteriori flux estimates. CarbonTracker 2009 results are provided by NOAA ESRL, Boulder, Colorado, USA. This study is funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council under NE/H003940/1. YY acknowledges funding from the China Scholarship Council. NR 42 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2789 EP 2803 DI 10.5194/acp-11-2789-2011 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742YW UT WOS:000288982300023 ER PT J AU Juarez, MD Davis, AB Fetzer, EJ AF Juarez, M. de la Torre Davis, A. B. Fetzer, E. J. TI Scale-by-scale analysis of probability distributions for global MODIS-AQUA cloud properties: how the large scale signature of turbulence may impact statistical analyses of clouds SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE SENSITIVITY; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; RADIATION BUDGET; SATELLITE DATA; MODEL; VARIABILITY; RESOLUTION; LIQUID; EARTH AB Means, standard deviations, homogeneity parameters used in models based on their ratio, and the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of cloud properties from the MODerate resolution Infrared Spectrometer (MODIS) are estimated globally as function of averaging scale varying from 5 to 500 km. The properties - cloud fraction, droplet effective radius, and liquid water path - all matter for cloud-climate uncertainty quantification and reduction efforts. Global means and standard deviations are confirmed to change with scale. For the range of scales considered, global means vary only within 3% for cloud fraction, 7% for liquid water path, and 0.2% for cloud particle effective radius. These scale dependences contribute to the uncertainties in their global budgets. Scale dependence for standard deviations and generalized flatness are compared to predictions for turbulent systems. Analytical expressions are identified that fit best to each observed PDF. While the best analytical PDF fit to each variable differs, all PDFs are well described by log-normal PDFs when the mean is normalized by the standard deviation inside each averaging domain. Importantly, log-normal distributions yield significantly better fits to the observations than gaussians at all scales. This suggests a possible approach for both sub-grid and unified stochastic modeling of these variables at all scales. The results also highlight the need to establish an adequate spatial resolution for two-stream radiative studies of cloud-climate interactions. C1 [Juarez, M. de la Torre; Davis, A. B.; Fetzer, E. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Juarez, MD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mtj@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX Funding provided by the NASA MEaSURES and NEWS programs. The work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Conversations with J. Teixeira and J. Jimenez, and comments by the anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. MODIS data are from http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/. Numpy, Scipy modules and the Generic Mapping Tools (SOEST-GMT) were used for this work. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 2893 EP 2901 DI 10.5194/acp-11-2893-2011 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742YW UT WOS:000288982300030 ER PT J AU Goldblatt, C Zahnle, KJ AF Goldblatt, C. Zahnle, K. J. TI Clouds and the Faint Young Sun Paradox SO CLIMATE OF THE PAST LA English DT Article ID COSMIC-RAY FLUX; EARLY EARTH; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; CLIMATE MODELS; CARBON-CYCLE; LIFE-SPAN; ACCURATE PARAMETERIZATION; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; ARCHEAN ATMOSPHERE; VERTICAL STRUCTURE AB We investigate the role which clouds could play in resolving the Faint Young Sun Paradox (FYSP). Lower solar luminosity in the past means that less energy was absorbed on Earth (a forcing of -50Wm(-2) during the late Archean), but geological evidence points to the Earth having been at least as warm as it is today, with only very occasional glaciations. We perform radiative calculations on a single global mean atmospheric column. We select a nominal set of three layered, randomly overlapping clouds, which are both consistent with observed cloud climatologies and reproduced the observed global mean energy budget of Earth. By varying the fraction, thickness, height and particle size of these clouds we conduct a wide exploration of how changed clouds could affect climate, thus constraining how clouds could contribute to resolving the FYSP. Low clouds reflect sunlight but have little greenhouse effect. Removing them entirely gives a forcing of +25Wm(-2) whilst more modest reduction in their efficacy gives a forcing of +10 to +15Wm(-2). For high clouds, the greenhouse effect dominates. It is possible to generate +50Wm(-2) forcing from enhancing these, but this requires making them 3.5 times thicker and 14K colder than the standard high cloud in our nominal set and expanding their coverage to 100% of the sky. Such changes are not credible. More plausible changes would generate no more than +15Wm(-2) forcing. Thus neither fewer low clouds nor more high clouds can provide enough forcing to resolve the FYSP. Decreased surface albedo can contribute no more than +5Wm(-2) forcing. Some models which have been applied to the FYSP do not include clouds at all. These overestimate the forcing due to increased CO2 by 20 to 25% when pCO(2) is 0.01 to 0.1 bar. C1 [Goldblatt, C.; Zahnle, K. J.] NASA, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Goldblatt, C (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM cgoldbla@uw.edu FU NASA; NASA Astrobiology Institute Ames Team FX Thanks to Richard Freedman for plotting the HITRAN data for Fig. 9 and William Rossow for providing the data for Fig. 2. Thanks to J. Kasting and I. Halevy for reviews and R. Pierrehumbert for comments. C. G. was funded by a NASA Postdoctoral Program fellowship. K. J. Z. was funded by the NASA Astrobiology Institute Ames Team and the NASA Exobiology program. NR 80 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1814-9324 EI 1814-9332 J9 CLIM PAST JI Clim. Past. PY 2011 VL 7 IS 1 BP 203 EP 220 DI 10.5194/cp-7-203-2011 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 743CC UT WOS:000288992700016 ER PT J AU Westervelt, J BenDor, T Sexton, J AF Westervelt, James BenDor, Todd Sexton, Joseph TI A technique for rapidly forecasting regional urban growth SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-PLANNING & DESIGN LA English DT Article ID LAND-COVER CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; MODELS; SIMULATION; SCENARIOS AB Recent technological and theoretical advances have helped produce a wide variety of computer models for simulating future urban land-use change. However, implementing these models is often cost prohibitive due to intensive data-collection requirements and complex technical implementation. There is a growing need for a rapid, inexpensive method to project regional urban growth for the purposes of assessing environmental impacts and implementing long-term growth-management plans. We present the Regional Urban Growth (RUG) model, an extensible mechanism for assessing the relative attractiveness of a given location for urban growth within a region. This model estimates development attraction for every location in a rasterized landscape on the basis of proximity to development attractors, such as existing dense development, roads, highways, and natural amenities. RUG can be rapidly installed, parameterized, calibrated, and run on almost any several-county region within the USA. We implement the RUG model for a twelve-county region surrounding the Jordan Lake Reservoir, an impoundment of the Haw River Watershed (North Carolina, USA). This reservoir is experiencing major water-quality problems due to increased runoff from rapid urban growth. We demonstrate the RUG model by testing three scenarios that assume (1) 'business-as-usual' growth levels, (2) enforcement of state-mandated riparian buffer regulations, and (3) riparian buffer regulations augmented with forecast conservation measures. Our findings suggest that the RUG model can be useful not only for environmental assessments, stakeholder engagement, and regional planning purposes, but also for studying specific state and regional policy interventions on the direction and location of future growth pressure. C1 [BenDor, Todd] Univ N Carolina, Dept City & Reg Planning, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Westervelt, James] USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Construct Engn Res Lab, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. [Sexton, Joseph] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP BenDor, T (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept City & Reg Planning, CB 3140,New E Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM james.d.westervelt@usace.army.mil; bendor@unc.edu; joseph.sexton@nasa.gov RI BenDor, Todd/E-1375-2016 OI BenDor, Todd/0000-0003-0132-7702 NR 55 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 13 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0265-8135 J9 ENVIRON PLANN B JI Environ. Plan. B-Plan. Des. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 38 IS 1 BP 61 EP 81 DI 10.1068/b36029 PG 21 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735MN UT WOS:000288419100005 ER PT J AU Wu, D Hu, YX McCormick, MP Yan, FQ AF Wu, Dong Hu, Yongxiang McCormick, M. Patrick Yan, Fengqi TI Global cloud-layer distribution statistics from 1 year CALIPSO lidar observations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL STRUCTURE; DATA PRODUCTS; PART II; RAWINSONDE; PROFILES; ISCCP; MODIS AB In this paper, the cloud statistics and global cloud distributions are derived from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) level 2, 5 km lidar cloud-layer products between 13 June 2006 and 24 June 2007. The global cloud-layer occurrence frequency, the horizontal and the vertical distributions of cloud-occurrence frequency, the global cloud-top height statistics and their seasonal changes are given for 1 year CALIPSO observations. Opaque cloud-layer statistics are analysed for better understanding the statistics of the clouds observed using CALIPSO. Parts of the results are compared with some results from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) observations, the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) observations and the global rawinsonde observations, the Aqua MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) monthly cloud-fraction data. The comparisons show that results are in agreement with other observations. Due to the primary advance from the active optical sensing, CALIPSO lidar can offer measurements of accurate, highly resolved vertical profiles of atmospheric scattering layers. It has advantages in determining the location of optically thin clouds and detecting occurrences of multiple layers. Long-term observations by CALIPSO lidar can provide valuable information for the better understanding of the climate system and global climate change. C1 [Wu, Dong; Yan, Fengqi] Ocean Univ China, Minist Educ, Key Lab Ocean Remote Sensing, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. [Hu, Yongxiang] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [McCormick, M. Patrick] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Wu, D (reprint author), Ocean Univ China, Minist Educ, Key Lab Ocean Remote Sensing, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. EM dongwu@ouc.edu.cn RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 FU NASA; China Scholarship Council FX This study was supported by the Multi-Instrument Data Analysis and Synthesis (MIDAS) project of NASA's Radiation Science Program. The authors wish to thank the CALIPSO team at NASA Langley Research Center for providing the data used in this paper. Parts of the study by the first author were carried out in the Center for Atmospheric Sciences of Hampton University while a visiting Scholar and supported by the China Scholarship Council. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1269 EP 1288 DI 10.1080/01431160903530821 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 739DN UT WOS:000288693800004 ER PT J AU Song, GB Ma, N Li, LY Penney, N Barr, T Lee, HJ Arnold, S AF Song, Gangbing Ma, Ning Li, Luyu Penney, Nick Barr, Todd Lee, Ho-Jun Arnold, Steve TI Design and control of a proof-of-concept active jet engine intake using shape memory alloy actuators SO SMART STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE shape memory alloy wire; Nitinol; jet engine intake; sliding mode control ID AREA FAN NOZZLE; TRACKING CONTROL; SYSTEM AB It has been shown in the literature that active adjustment of the intake area of a jet engine has potential to improve its fuel efficiency. This paper presents the design and control of a novel proof-of-concept active jet engine intake using Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti or Nitinol) shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuators. The Nitinol SMA material is used in this research due to its advantages of high power-to-weight ratio and electrical resistive actuation. The Nitinol SMA material can be fabricated into a variety of shapes, such as strips, foils, rods and wires. In this paper, SMA wires are used due to its ability to generate a large strain: up to 6% for repeated operations. The proposed proof-of-concept engine intake employs overlapping leaves in a concentric configuration. Each leaf is mounted on a supporting bar than can rotate. The supporting bars are actuated by an SMA wire actuator in a ring configuration. Electrical resistive heating is used to actuate the SMA wire actuator and rotate the supporting bars. To enable feedback control, a laser range sensor is used to detect the movement of a leaf and therefore the radius of the intake area. Due to the hysteresis, an inherent nonlinear phenomenon associated with SMAs, a nonlinear robust controller is used to control the SMA actuators. The control design uses the sliding-mode approach and can compensate the nonlinearities associated with the SMA actuator. A proof-of-concept model is fabricated and its feedback control experiments show that the intake area can be precisely controlled using the SMA wire actuator and has the ability to reduce the area up to 25%. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of engine intake area control using an SMA wire actuator under the proposed design. C1 [Song, Gangbing; Ma, Ning; Li, Luyu] Univ Houston, Dept Mech Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Penney, Nick] OAI, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. [Barr, Todd] Jackson & Tull Aerosp Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Lee, Ho-Jun] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. [Arnold, Steve] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Song, GB (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Mech Engn, 207 Engn Bldg 1, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM gsong@uh.edu FU NASA [NCC3-939-1]; NSF [0093737]; Institute of Space Systems Operations (ISSO) at the University of Houston FX The first author would like to thank for the supports provided by NASA via a cooperative grant (No. NCC3-939-1) and NSF via a CAREER grant (Grant No. 0093737). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. This research is also partially supported an internal grant from the Institute of Space Systems Operations (ISSO) at the University of Houston. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 15 PU TECHNO-PRESS PI DAEJEON PA PO BOX 33, YUSEONG, DAEJEON 305-600, SOUTH KOREA SN 1738-1584 J9 SMART STRUCT SYST JI Smart. Struct. Syst. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 710FW UT WOS:000286497300001 ER PT J AU Canuto, VM Cheng, Y Howard, AM AF Canuto, V. M. Cheng, Y. Howard, A. M. TI Vertical diffusivities of active and passive tracers SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Diffusivities; Tracers; OGCM; Turbulence ID RELEASE EXPERIMENT; OCEAN; PYCNOCLINE; TURBULENCE AB The climate models that include a carbon-cycle need the vertical diffusivity of a passive tracer. Since an expression for the latter is not available, it has been common practice to identify it with that of salt. The identification is questionable since T, S are active, not passive tracers. We present the first derivation of the diffusivity of a passive tracer in terms of Ri (Richardson number) and R(rho) (density ratio, ratio of salinity over temperature z-gradients). The following results have emerged: (a) The passive tracer diffusivity is an algebraic function of Ri, R(rho). (b) In doubly stable regimes (DS, partial derivative T/partial derivative z > 0, partial derivative S/partial derivative z < 0), the passive scalar diffusivity is nearly the same as that of salt/heat for any values of R(rho) < 0 and Ri > 0. (c) In DC regimes (diffusive convection, partial derivative T/partial derivative z < 0, partial derivative S/partial derivative z < 0, R(rho) > 1), the passive scalar diffusivity is larger than that of salt. At Ri = O(1), it can be more than twice as large. (d) In SF regimes (salt fingers, partial derivative T/partial derivative z > 0, partial derivative S/partial derivative z > 0, R(rho) < 1), the passive scalar diffusivity is smaller than that of salt. At Ri = O(1), it can be less than half of it. (e) The passive tracer diffusivity predicted at the location of NATRE (North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment) is discussed. (f) Perhaps the most relevant conclusion is that the common identification of the tracer diffusivity with that of salt is valid only in DS regimes. In the Southern Ocean, where there is the largest CO(2) absorption, the dominant regime is diffusive convection discussed in (c) above. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Canuto, V. M.; Cheng, Y.; Howard, A. M.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Canuto, V. M.] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Cheng, Y.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Howard, A. M.] CUNY Medgar Evers Coll, Dept Phys Environm & Comp Sci, Brooklyn, NY 11225 USA. RP Canuto, VM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM vcanuto@giss.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2011 VL 36 IS 3-4 BP 198 EP 207 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.12.002 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 736UQ UT WOS:000288520900002 ER PT J AU Tessler, A Di Sciuva, M Gherlone, M AF Tessler, Alexander Di Sciuva, Marco Gherlone, Marco TI A Homogeneous Limit Methodology and Refinements of Computationally Efficient Zigzag Theory for Homogeneous, Laminated Composite, and Sandwich Plates SO NUMERICAL METHODS FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Mathematics of Finite Elements and Applications CY JUN 09-12, 2009 CL London, ENGLAND SP Univ Brunel, Brunel Inst Computat Math DE composite plates; plate theory; sandwich plates; shear deformation; virtual work; principle zigzag kinematics ID SHEAR-DEFORMATION; ORDER THEORY; STRESS; BEAMS AB The Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) for homogeneous laminated composite, and sandwich plates is revisited to offer a fresh insight into its fundamental assumptions and practical possibilities The theory is introduced from a multiscale formalism starting with the inplane displacement field expressed as a superposition of coarse and fine contribunons The coarse displacement field is that of first-order shear-deformation theory, whereas the fine displacement field has a piecewise-linear zigzag distribution through the thickness The resulting kinematic field provides a more realistic representation of the deformation states of transverse-shear-flexible plates than other similar theories The condition of limiting homogeneity of transverse-shear properties is proposed and yields four distinct variants of zigzag functions Analytic solutions for highly heterogeneous sandwich plates undergoing elastostatic deformations are used to identify the best-performing zigzag functions Unlike previously used methods which often result in anomalous conditions and nonphysical solutions, the present theory does not rely on transverse-shear-stress equilibrium constraints For all material systems, there are no requirements for use of transverse shear correction factors to yield accurate results To model homogeneous plates with the full power of zigzag kinematics infinitesimally small perturbations in the transverse shear properties are derived thus enabling highly accurate predictions of homogeneous-plate behavior without the use of shear correction factors The RZT predictive capabilities to model highly heterogeneous sandwich plates are critically assessed demonstrating its superior efficiency accuracy and a wide range of applicability This theory which is derived from the virtual work principle is well-suited for developing computationally efficient C-0 a continuous function of (x(1) x(2)) coordinates whose first order derivatives are discontinuous along finite element interfaces and is thus appropriate for the analysis and design of high-performance load-bearing aerospace structures (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals Inc * Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 27 208-229 2011 C1 [Di Sciuva, Marco; Gherlone, Marco] Politecn Torino, Dept Aeronaut & Space Engn, I-10129 Turin, Italy. [Tessler, Alexander] NASA, Struct Mech & Concepts Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Gherlone, M (reprint author), Politecn Torino, Dept Aeronaut & Space Engn, Corso Duca Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Turin, Italy. RI Tessler, Alexander/A-4729-2009; OI Gherlone, Marco/0000-0002-5711-0046 NR 37 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0749-159X EI 1098-2426 J9 NUMER METH PART D E JI Numer. Meth. Part Differ. Equ. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 27 IS 1 SI SI BP 208 EP 229 DI 10.1002/num.20646 PG 22 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 696KZ UT WOS:000285441600010 ER PT J AU Schneider, VI Healy, AF Barshi, I Kole, JA AF Schneider, Vivian I. Healy, Alice F. Barshi, Immanuel Kole, James A. TI Following Navigation Instructions Presented Verbally or Spatially: Effects on Training, Retention and Transfer SO APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHORT-TERM-MEMORY; WORKING-MEMORY; SPECIFICITY; PERFORMANCE; MODALITY AB Two experiments investigated participants' ability to follow navigation instructions in a situation simulating communication between air traffic controllers and aircrews. A verbal condition, in which instructions were given orally, was compared with a spatial condition, in which commands were shown on a computer display as simulated movements, with the presentation times in the two conditions equated. Retention and transfer were studied a week later when participants performed in either the same or the other condition. In both sessions, participants' initial proportion correct was much higher in the spatial than in the verbal condition, but after three blocks, accuracy in the two conditions was equivalent. Retention was perfect when training and test conditions matched. Training in the verbal condition transferred to the spatial condition but not vice versa. Thus, there is evidence that participants' representations of the movements in the verbal and spatial conditions were not equivalent. Published 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Schneider, Vivian I.] Univ Colorado, Dept Psychol & Neurosci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Barshi, Immanuel] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Schneider, VI (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Psychol & Neurosci, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM vivian.schneider@colorado.edu NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-4080 J9 APPL COGNITIVE PSYCH JI Appl. Cogn. Psychol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 25 IS 1 BP 53 EP 67 DI 10.1002/acp.1642 PG 15 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 718QX UT WOS:000287142000008 ER PT J AU Pfister, GG Parrish, DD Worden, H Emmons, LK Edwards, DP Wiedinmyer, C Diskin, GS Huey, G Oltmans, SJ Thouret, V Weinheimer, A Wisthaler, A AF Pfister, G. G. Parrish, D. D. Worden, H. Emmons, L. K. Edwards, D. P. Wiedinmyer, C. Diskin, G. S. Huey, G. Oltmans, S. J. Thouret, V. Weinheimer, A. Wisthaler, A. TI Characterizing summertime chemical boundary conditions for airmasses entering the US West Coast SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MOZAIC AIRBORNE PROGRAM; MEXICO-CITY EMISSIONS; AIR-QUALITY; OZONE POLLUTION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NORTH-AMERICA; BACKGROUND OZONE; SURFACE OZONE; MODEL AB The objective of this study is to analyze the pollution inflow into California during summertime and how it impacts surface air quality through combined analysis of a suite of observations and global and regional models. The focus is on the transpacific pollution transport investigated by the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission in June 2008. Additional observations include satellite retrievals of carbon monoxide and ozone by the EOS Aura Tropospheric Emissions Spectrometer (TES), aircraft measurements from the MOZAIC program and ozonesondes. We compare chemical boundary conditions (BC) from the MOZART-4 global model, which are commonly used in regional simulations, with measured concentrations to quantify both the accuracy of the model results and the variability in pollution inflow. Both observations and model reflect a large variability in pollution inflow on temporal and spatial scales, but the global model captures only about half of the observed free tropospheric variability. Model tracer contributions show a large contribution from Asian emissions in the inflow. Recirculation of local US pollution can impact chemical BC, emphasizing the importance of consistency between the global model simulations used for BC and the regional model in terms of emissions, chemistry and transport. Aircraft measurements in the free troposphere over California show similar concentration ranges, variability and source contributions as free tropospheric air masses over ocean, but caution has to be taken that local pollution aloft is not misinterpreted as inflow. A flight route specifically designed to sample boundary conditions during ARCTAS-CARB showed a prevalence of plumes transported from Asia and thus may not be fully representative for average inflow conditions. Sensitivity simulations with a regional model with altered BCs show that the temporal variability in the pollution inflow does impact modeled surface concentrations in California. We suggest that time and space varying chemical boundary conditions from global models provide useful input to regional models, but likely still lead to an underestimate of peak surface concentrations and the variability associated with long-range pollution transport. C1 [Pfister, G. G.; Worden, H.; Emmons, L. K.; Edwards, D. P.; Wiedinmyer, C.; Weinheimer, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Parrish, D. D.; Oltmans, S. J.] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Diskin, G. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Huey, G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Thouret, V.] CNRS, Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. [Thouret, V.] Univ Toulouse, Toulouse, France. [Wisthaler, A.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ion Phys & Appl Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RP Pfister, GG (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM pfister@ucar.edu RI Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; FU INSU-CNRS (France); Meteo-France; Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany); NASA [NNX10AH45G, NNX08AD22G, NNX07AL57G]; National Science Foundation FX The authors like to acknowledge Ajith Kaduwela and Jeremy Avise (CARB) for providing emission estimates for California and Stu McKeen (NOAA ESRL) for support in using the EPA-NEI emissions inventory. We further acknowledge Jean-Francois Lamarque and Anne Boynard for providing valuable input to the manuscript. The authors further like to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. Acetonitrile measurements were supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG-ALR) and the Tiroler Zukunftstiftung and carried out with the help/support of T. Mikoviny, M. Graus, A. Hansel and T. D. Maerk. The authors acknowledge the strong support of the European Commission, Airbus, and the Airlines (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France) who carry free of charge the MOZAIC equipment and perform the maintenance since 1994. MOZAIC is presently funded by INSU-CNRS (France), Meteo-France, and Forschungszentrum (FZJ, Julich, Germany). The MOZAIC data based is supported by ETHER (CNES and INSU-CNRS). The research was supported by NASA grants NNX10AH45G, NNX08AD22G and NNX07AL57G. NCAR is operated by the University Corporation of Atmospheric Research under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. NR 59 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1769 EP 1790 DI 10.5194/acp-11-1769-2011 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727JW UT WOS:000287795700026 ER PT J AU Pitts, MC Poole, LR Dornbrack, A Thomason, LW AF Pitts, M. C. Poole, L. R. Doernbrack, A. Thomason, L. W. TI The 2009-2010 Arctic polar stratospheric cloud season: a CALIPSO perspective SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; LIDAR OBSERVATIONS; WAVE GENERATION; MOUNTAIN WAVES; LONG-TERM; CLIMATOLOGY; MICROPHYSICS; ICE; NAT; DENITRIFICATION AB Spaceborne lidar measurements from CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) are used to provide a vortex-wide perspective of the 2009-2010 Arctic PSC (polar stratospheric cloud) season to complement more focused measurements from the European Union RECONCILE (reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions) field campaign. The 2009-2010 Arctic winter was unusually cold at stratospheric levels from mid-December 2009 until the end of January 2010, and was one of only a few winters from the past fifty-two years with synoptic-scale regions of temperatures below the frost point. More PSCs were observed by CALIPSO during the 2009-2010 Arctic winter than in the previous three Arctic seasons combined. In particular, there were significantly more observations of high number density NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) mixtures (referred to as Mix 2-enh) and ice PSCs. We found that the 2009-2010 season could roughly be divided into four periods with distinctly different PSC optical characteristics. The early season (15-30 December 2009) was characterized by patchy, tenuous PSCs, primarily low number density liquid/NAT mixtures. No ice clouds were observed by CALIPSO during this early phase, suggesting that these early season NAT clouds were formed through a non-ice nucleation mechanism. The second phase of the season (31 December 2009-14 January 2010) was characterized by frequent mountain wave ice clouds that nucleated widespread NAT particles throughout the vortex, including Mix 2-enh. The third phase of the season (15-21 January 2010) was characterized by synoptic-scale temperatures below the frost point which led to a rare outbreak of widespread ice clouds. The fourth phase of the season (22-28 January) was characterized by a major stratospheric warming that distorted the vortex, displacing the cold pool from the vortex center. This final phase was dominated by STS (supercooled ternary solution) PSCs, although NAT particles may have been present in low number densities, but were masked by the more abundant STS droplets at colder temperatures. We also found distinct variations in the relative proportion of PSCs in each composition class with altitude over the course of the 2009-2010 Arctic season. Lower number density liquid/NAT mixtures were most frequently observed in the lower altitude regions of the clouds (below similar to 18-20 km), which is consistent with CALIPSO observations in the Antarctic. Higher number density liquid/NAT mixtures, especially Mix 2-enh, were most frequently observed at altitudes above 18-20 km, primarily downstream of wave ice clouds. This pattern is consistent with the conceptual model whereby low number density, large NAT particles are precipitated from higher number density NAT clouds (i.e. mother clouds) that are nucleated downstream of mountain wave ice clouds. C1 [Pitts, M. C.; Thomason, L. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Poole, L. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Doernbrack, A.] DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82230 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. RP Pitts, MC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM michael.c.pitts@nasa.gov OI Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 FU EC [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; NASA [NNL07AA00C] FX The Aura MLS gas species data were provided courtesy of the MLS team and obtained through the Aura MLS website (http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/index-eos-mls.php). The NCEP Reanalysis data were provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, and obtained from their Web site at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. The ECMWF data were available through the special project "Effect of nonhydrostatic gravity waves on the stratosphere above Scandinavia" by one of the authors (A.D.). The field activities in Kiruna were funded by the EC as part of the FP7 project RECONCILE (Grant number: RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1). We would also like to thank Dr. Hal Maring, NASA Radiation Sciences Program manager, and Dr. David Considine, Program Scientist for the CALIPSO/CloudSat Missions for continued support of this research. Support for L. Poole is provided under NASA contract NNL07AA00C. NR 42 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 5 BP 2161 EP 2177 DI 10.5194/acp-11-2161-2011 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734VS UT WOS:000288368900020 ER PT J AU Omar, AA Abu Safia, OH Scardelletti, MC AF Omar, A. A. Abu Safia, O. H. Scardelletti, M. C. TI Design of dual-band bandpass coplanar waveguide filter SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE bandpass filters; coplanar waveguide; dual band; frequency transformation; resonators AB Several recent applications in communications require filters that can operate in two or more frequency bands. The aim of this article is to exploit the advantages of coplanar waveguides (CPWs) to design a dual-band bandpass coplanar waveguide filter (DBBPF). Starting from the prototype of a two pole Chebyshev low pass filter, two frequency transformations are applied to generate the DBBPF's lumped equivalent circuit. These circuits are then implemented using compact CPW series-connected resonators patterned in the centre conductor. The designed filter operates at the two frequency bands centred at 1.7 GHz and 2.7 GHz. Measured results are obtained and compared to HFSS-simulated results with very good agreement. C1 [Omar, A. A.] King Faisal Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia. [Abu Safia, O. H.] Yarmouk Univ, Dept Commun Engn, Hijjawi Fac Engn Technol, Irbid 21163, Jordan. [Scardelletti, M. C.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Omar, AA (reprint author), King Faisal Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia. EM amomar@kfu.edu.sa OI Omar, Amjad/0000-0001-7953-3552 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7217 J9 INT J ELECTRON JI Int. J. Electron. PY 2011 VL 98 IS 3 BP 311 EP 321 AR PII 934745359 DI 10.1080/00207217.2010.538900 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 733QK UT WOS:000288277500004 ER PT J AU Painter, TH AF Painter, Thomas H. TI Comment on Singh and others, 'Hyperspectral analysis of snow reflectance to understand the effects of contamination and grain size' SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID SPECTROSCOPY C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Painter, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Thomas.Painter@jpl.nasa.gov RI Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2011 VL 57 IS 201 BP 183 EP 185 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 736WT UT WOS:000288526400017 ER PT J AU Harris, RD Farr, WH Becker, HN AF Harris, Richard D. Farr, William H. Becker, Heidi N. TI Degradation of InP-based Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes due to proton irradiation SO JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Single Photon Technologies CY NOV, 2009 CL Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO HO Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE APD; avalanche photodiode; Geiger-mode; proton irradiation; radiation effects; single photon detector ID PHOTON; DIODES; GAIN AB Degradation of InGaAs/InP Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes caused by proton irradiation is reported for the first time. The devices are found to be very sensitive to displacement damage. Substantial changes in the dark count rate, and the after-pulse count rate are observed following room temperature irradiation and characterization at -50 degrees C. The device detection efficiency is unaffected by irradiation. Following 51 MeV proton fluences in the mid 109 protons/cm2 range, the dark count rate becomes so large that the devices are rendered essentially unusable. This is a very low fluence at which to observe device failure. C1 [Harris, Richard D.; Farr, William H.; Becker, Heidi N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Harris, RD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM richard.d.harris@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0340 J9 J MOD OPTIC JI J. Mod. Opt. PY 2011 VL 58 IS 3-4 BP 225 EP 232 AR PII 930093900 DI 10.1080/09500340.2010.525328 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 733OQ UT WOS:000288272500005 ER PT J AU Takahashi, F Linteris, GT Katta, VR AF Takahashi, Fumiaki Linteris, Gregory T. Katta, Viswanath R. TI Extinguishment of methane diffusion flames by inert gases in coflow air and oxygen-enriched microgravity environments SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article DE Diffusion flame stabilization; Spacecraft fire suppression; Microgravity combustion; Oxygen-enriched air; Reaction kernel ID CUP-BURNER FLAMES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; STABILIZATION; SUPPRESSION AB Extinguishment of laminar coflow diffusion flames in microgravity (mu g) have been studied experimentally and computationally. The mu g experiments were conducted using a methane cup-burner flame aboard the NASA Reduced-Gravity Aircraft. Transient computations with full methane chemistry and a gray-gas radiation model were performed to reveal the flame structure and extinguishment processes. In mu g, as an inert gas (N-2, He, or Ar) was added incrementally to the coflowing O-2-N-2 mixture with the initial oxygen volume fraction (XO2,ox) of 0.21 at 101 kPa or 0.3 at 70.3 kPa, the flame tip opened, and the flame base gradually lifted off the burner parallel to the axis until blowout. The predicted minimum extinguishing concentration (MEC) of each agent in the oxidizing stream was in a reasonable agreement with the measurement. The measured MEC was nearly independent of the mean oxidizer velocity. In mu g, the MEC for each diluent was nearly at a critical air-inertization point of the Coward-Jones flammability-limit curve (the maximum diluent concentration that sustains premixed combustion); whereas in earth gravity, studied previously, the flame prematurely blew off after oscillations at approximate to 70% of the critical condition. The maximum oxygen volume fractions at extinguishment (converted from the MECs) were nearly the same for XO2,ox = 0: 21 and 0.3 despite the different atmospheric pressures. The computation of the lifted flame with a sufficiently long fuel-oxidizer mixing time (approximate to 0.2 s) revealed that: (1) a peak reactivity spot (i.e., reaction kernel), formed in the flame base, broadened laterally, thereby supporting a super-lean reaction wing on the oxidizer side and a trailing diffusion flame on the fuel side; (2) the flammable mixture layer was, nevertheless, radially thin (approximate to 0.4 mm); and (3) the unburned mixture velocity at the flame base was comparable to the stoichiometric laminar flame speed found in the literature. (C) 2010 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Takahashi, Fumiaki] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res Fluids & Combust, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Linteris, Gregory T.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Katta, Viswanath R.] Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. RP Takahashi, F (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res Fluids & Combust, MS 110-3,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM fumiaki.takahashi-1@nasa.gov RI Sanders, Susan/G-1957-2011 FU NASA Office of Biological and Physical Research; Exploration Technology Development Program Office FX This research was supported by the NASA Office of Biological and Physical Research and the Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression program in the Exploration Technology Development Program Office. Assistance by Jeffrey Taggart (Case Western Reserve University), Gary Ruff, James Withlow, and John Yaniec (NASA) in conducting the experiment are acknowledged. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1540-7489 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2011 VL 33 BP 2531 EP 2538 DI 10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.086 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 698XR UT WOS:000285629000101 ER PT J AU Olson, SL AF Olson, S. L. TI Piloted ignition delay times of opposed and concurrent flame spread over a thermally-thin fuel in a forced convective microgravity environment SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article DE Piloted ignition delay; Forced convection; Microgravity; Thermally-thin fuel; Normoxic atmospheres ID LOW-VELOCITY FLOWS; SOLID-FUEL; RADIATIVE IGNITION; AMBIENT OXYGEN; SHEET AB Piloted ignition delay of thermally-thin cellulose as a function of forced flow, oxygen concentration, and pressure was studied in a low-speed flow tunnel mounted on a NASA Zero Gravity Research Facility drop vehicle. Fuel heat-up times are very short and invariant due to the rapid heating of the pilot igniter and thermally- thin fuel used in this study. The effect of flow was found to be negligible for the test conditions studied, where mixing times were very rapid. Ignition delay in these tests was found to be dominated by the induction time, which was found to be inversely proportional to the oxygen concentration and the total pressure, or equivalently, the oxygen partial pressure. The reaction rate (the inverse of the induction time) is thus linear with the oxygen partial pressure, in agreement with kinetic theory for simple thermal reactions. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. C1 NASA Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Olson, SL (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM sandra.l.olson@nasa.gov FU NASA FX The research at NASA Glenn's Zero Gravity Research Facility was supported by NASA's Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression Program. Special thanks to Dr. Zengguang Yuan and Fletcher Miller for help with the igniter design and assistance with some of the tests, and to Michael Brace for the current control circuitry. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1540-7489 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2011 VL 33 BP 2633 EP 2639 DI 10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.020 PN 2 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 698XR UT WOS:000285629000113 ER PT J AU Smith, CE Morscher, GN Xia, ZH AF Smith, Craig E. Morscher, Gregory N. Xia, Zhenhai TI Electrical Resistance as a Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites Under Creep-Rupture Loading SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DAMAGE DETECTION; STRAIN; COMBUSTOR; STRESS AB SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites under creep-rupture loading accumulate damage by means of local matrix cracks that typically form near a stress concentration, such as a 90 degrees fiber tow or a large matrix pore, and grow over time. Such damage is difficult to detect through conventional techniques. This study demonstrates that electrical resistance is a viable method of monitoring and inspecting damage in SiC/SiC composites at high temperature. Both interrupted and uninterrupted creep-rupture experiments were performed at 1315 degrees C and 110 MPa with in situ resistance measurements. A linear relationship was found between resistance and cumulative crack depth. C1 [Smith, Craig E.] NASA, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Ceram Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Morscher, Gregory N.; Xia, Zhenhai] Univ Akron, Dept Mech Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RP Smith, CE (reprint author), NASA, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Ceram Branch, MS 106-5, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM craig.e.smith@NASA.gov FU NASA Glenn Research Center [NNX07AN56H] FX This work was financially supported by the NASA Glenn Research Center ARMD Hypersonics program, under Grant No. NNX07AN56H. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2011 VL 8 IS 2 BP 298 EP 307 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2010.02587.x PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 730EP UT WOS:000288016300006 ER PT J AU Zou, LH Wali, N Yang, JM Bansal, NP Yan, D AF Zou, Linhua Wali, Natalie Yang, Jenn-Ming Bansal, Narottam P. Yan, Dong TI Microstructural Characterization of a C-f/ZrC Composite Manufactured by Reactive Melt Infiltration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SILICON-CARBIDE; TEMPERATURE CERAMICS; THERMAL-EXPANSION; SURFACE-TENSION; ZIRCONIUM; CARBON; VISCOSITY; OXIDATION; SELECTION AB The microstructure of a carbon fiber-reinforced ZrC matrix composite, C-f/ZrC, manufactured by reactive melt infiltration (RMI) was characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy. Characterization results revealed a heterogeneous microstructure typical of composites processed by RMI. The major features that were observed include ZrC single crystals in the matrix, Zr-ZrC eutectic phase, and the fiber/matrix interface. The hardness and modulus of ZrC single crystals and the eutectic phase were determined through micro- and nanoindentation. EBSD studies proved that ZrC matrix grains distribute randomly. Fiber bundle areas were examined and revealed poor intrabundle infiltration. Closer inspection of the ZrC crystals revealed the presence of never-before reported inclusions. Analysis of the inclusions revealed their phase composition and a microstructural formation mechanism outlines their development during processing. The phase composition was proved to be nanosized alpha-Zr with round or needle-like shape. There are two plausible mechanisms for the formation of the inclusion. One is the trapping mechanism that some liquid zirconium from grain boundaries of ZrC grains may become trapped inside ZrC particles during their coalescence growth. The other is precipitation mechanism that alpha-Zr may precipitate inside some ZrC grains during formation of Zr-ZrC eutectic phase or ZrC grains with deficient carbon under cooling. C1 [Zou, Linhua; Wali, Natalie; Yang, Jenn-Ming] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Bansal, Narottam P.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Yan, Dong] Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Nanosci & Nanoengn, Riverside, CA 92780 USA. RP Zou, LH (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM linhua@seas.ucla.edu NR 26 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 27 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2011 VL 8 IS 2 BP 329 EP 341 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2010.02580.x PG 13 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 730EP UT WOS:000288016300009 ER PT J AU McKee, S Panov, V AF McKee, Sean Panov, Victor TI Archiving Color Images to Single Strip Black-and-White 35mm Film-The Visionary Archive Process SO SMPTE MOTION IMAGING JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SMPTE Annual Tech Conference and Expo CY OCT 26-28, 2010 CL Hollywood, CA SP SMPTE AB For decades, color motion pictures have been archived for long-term preservation storage by separating the three primary color components that when combined make a full-color image, yellow, cyan, and magenta, known as YCM separations, and recorded each color channel onto a black-and-white strip of film, also known as a "3-strip." Black-and-white film stock is known to have a longer shelf life with less degradation than color film stock. This archival process is the same whether the movie was shot on film, or with modern digital cinema cameras. In the case of stereoscopic 3D movies that contain left-eye and right-eye content, a total of six strips (three for each eye) would have to be made for archival purposes. Ultimately, a future generation would be able to take these strips, recombine them (called registration), and view a full-color movie. C1 [McKee, Sean] Point 360 Digital Film Labs, Burbank, CA USA. [McKee, Sean] Screen Time Images, Chicago, IL USA. [Panov, Victor] NASA, JPL, Washington, DC USA. [Panov, Victor] Russian Acad Sci, Kurchatov Inst Atom Energy, Moscow 117901, Russia. [Panov, Victor] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Genet, Moscow 117901, Russia. RP McKee, S (reprint author), Point 360 Digital Film Labs, Burbank, CA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC MOTION PICTURE TV ENG INC PI WHITE PLAINS PA 3 BARKER AVE, WHITE PLAINS, NY 10601-1509 USA SN 0036-1682 J9 SMPTE MOTION IMAG J JI SMPTE Motion Imaging J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 120 IS 1 BP 24 EP 28 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA 731IX UT WOS:000288100600002 ER PT J AU Hogrefe, C Hao, W Zalewsky, EE Ku, JY Lynn, B Rosenzweig, C Schultz, MG Rast, S Newchurch, MJ Wang, L Kinney, PL Sistla, G AF Hogrefe, C. Hao, W. Zalewsky, E. E. Ku, J-Y. Lynn, B. Rosenzweig, C. Schultz, M. G. Rast, S. Newchurch, M. J. Wang, L. Kinney, P. L. Sistla, G. TI An analysis of long-term regional-scale ozone simulations over the Northeastern United States: variability and trends SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AIR-QUALITY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; PERFORMANCE EVALUATION; OPERATIONAL EVALUATION; DYNAMIC EVALUATION; MODEL PERFORMANCE; NITROGEN-OXIDES; DAILY MORTALITY; SURFACE OZONE; CMAQ MODEL AB This study presents the results from two sets of 18-year air quality simulations over the Northeastern US performed with a regional photochemical modeling system. These two simulations utilize different sets of lateral boundary conditions, one corresponding to a time-invariant climatological vertical profile and the other derived from monthly mean concentrations extracted from archived ECHAM5-MOZART global simulations. The objective is to provide illustrative examples of how model performance in several key aspects - trends, intra- and interannual variability of ground-level ozone, and ozone/precursor relationships - can be evaluated against available observations, and to identify key inputs and processes that need to be considered when performing and improving such long-term simulations. To this end, several methods for comparing observed and simulated trends and variability of ground level ozone concentrations, ozone precursors and ozone/precursor relationships are introduced. The application of these methods to the simulation using time-invariant boundary conditions reveals that the observed downward trend in the upper percentiles of summertime ozone concentrations is captured by the model in both directionality and magnitude. However, for lower percentiles there is a marked disagreement between observed and simulated trends. In terms of variability, the simulations using the time-invariant boundary conditions underestimate observed inter-annual variability by 30%-50% depending on the percentiles of the distribution. The use of boundary conditions from the ECHAM5-MOZART simulations improves the representation of interannual variability but has an adverse impact on the simulated ozone trends. Moreover, biases in the global simulations have the potential to significantly affect ozone simulations throughout the modeling domain, both at the surface and aloft. The comparison of both simulations highlights the significant impact lateral boundary conditions can have on a regional air quality model's ability to simulate long-term ozone variability and trends, especially for the lower percentiles of the ozone distribution. C1 [Hogrefe, C.] SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Hogrefe, C.; Hao, W.; Zalewsky, E. E.; Ku, J-Y.; Sistla, G.] New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. [Lynn, B.] Weather It Is LTD, Efrat, Israel. [Rosenzweig, C.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Schultz, M. G.] Forschungszentrum Julich, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Rast, S.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Newchurch, M. J.; Wang, L.] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Kinney, P. L.] Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY USA. RP Hogrefe, C (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12222 USA. EM chogrefe@dec.state.ny.us RI Kinney, Patrick/H-7914-2012; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012 OI Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X FU NOAA [NAO40AR4310185185]; European Union FX We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals and groups for providing some of the observational data analyzed in this study: (1) F. Schmidlin of NASA for the ozonesonde data at Wallops Island, VA, (2) the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Center for providing consolidated access to the ozonesonde data at Huntsville, AL, and Wallops Island, VA, and (3) J. W. Munger of Harvard University for the data at Harvard Forest. The work presented in this paper was performed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). However, the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of NYSDEC. Part of the work was supported by NOAA under award NAO40AR4310185185, but it has not been subjected to its required peer and policy review. Therefore, the statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA and no official endorsement should be inferred. M. G. Schultz and S. Rast acknowledge funding from the European Union under the RETRO project. NR 58 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 30 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 2 BP 567 EP 582 DI 10.5194/acp-11-567-2011 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713GE UT WOS:000286722300012 ER PT J AU Chen, G Ziemba, LD Chu, DA Thornhill, KL Schuster, GL Winstead, EL Diskin, GS Ferrare, RA Burton, SP Ismail, S Kooi, SA Omar, AH Slusher, DL Kleb, MM Reid, JS Twohy, CH Zhang, H Anderson, BE AF Chen, G. Ziemba, L. D. Chu, D. A. Thornhill, K. L. Schuster, G. L. Winstead, E. L. Diskin, G. S. Ferrare, R. A. Burton, S. P. Ismail, S. Kooi, S. A. Omar, A. H. Slusher, D. L. Kleb, M. M. Reid, J. S. Twohy, C. H. Zhang, H. Anderson, B. E. TI Observations of Saharan dust microphysical and optical properties from the Eastern Atlantic during NAMMA airborne field campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TOTAL SCATTER/BACKSCATTER NEPHELOMETER; AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; SEA-SALT AEROSOLS; MINERAL DUST; PERFORMANCE-CHARACTERISTICS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; HIGH-SENSITIVITY; SAMUM 2006; ART. AB As part of the international project entitled "African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)", NAMMA (NASA AMMA) aimed to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the African Easterly Waves (AEWs), the Sahara Air Layer (SAL), and tropical cyclogenesis. The NAMMA airborne field campaign was based out of the Cape Verde Islands during the peak of the hurricane season, i.e., August and September 2006. Multiple Sahara dust layers were sampled during 62 encounters in the eastern portion of the hurricane main development region, covering both the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the western Saharan desert (i.e., 5-22 degrees N and 10-35 degrees W). The centers of these layers were located at altitudes between 1.5 and 3.3 km and the layer thickness ranged from 0.5 to 3 km. Detailed dust microphysical and optical properties were characterized using a suite of in-situ instruments aboard the NASA DC-8 that included a particle counter, an Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer, an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer, a nephelometer, and a Particle Soot Absorption Photometer. The NAAMA sampling inlet has a size cut (i.e., 50% transmission efficiency size) of approximately 4 mu m in diameter for dust particles, which limits the representativeness of the NAMMA observational findings. The NAMMA dust observations showed relatively low particle number densities, ranging from 268 to 461 cm(-3), but highly elevated volume density with an average at 45 mu m(3) cm(-3). NAMMA dust particle size distributions can be well represented by tri-modal lognormal regressions. The estimated volume median diameter (VMD) is averaged at 2.1 mu m with a small range of variation regardless of the vertical and geographical sampling locations. The Angstrom Exponent assessments exhibited strong wavelength dependence for absorption but a weak one for scattering. The single scattering albedo was estimated at 0.97 +/- 0.02. The imaginary part of the refractive index for Sahara dust was estimated at 0.0022, with a range from 0.0015 to 0.0044. Closure analysis showed that observed scattering coefficients are highly correlated with those calculated from spherical Mie-Theory and observed dust particle size distributions. These values are generally consistent with literature values reported from studies with similar particle sampling size range. C1 [Chen, G.; Ziemba, L. D.; Thornhill, K. L.; Schuster, G. L.; Winstead, E. L.; Diskin, G. S.; Ferrare, R. A.; Burton, S. P.; Ismail, S.; Kooi, S. A.; Omar, A. H.; Kleb, M. M.; Anderson, B. E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Ziemba, L. D.] Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Chu, D. A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Thornhill, K. L.; Winstead, E. L.; Burton, S. P.; Kooi, S. A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Slusher, D. L.] Coastal Carolina Univ, Conway, SC 29528 USA. [Reid, J. S.] USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Twohy, C. H.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Zhang, H.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Chen, G (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM gao.chen@nasa.gov RI Reid, Jeffrey/B-7633-2014; Omar, Ali/D-7102-2017 OI Reid, Jeffrey/0000-0002-5147-7955; Omar, Ali/0000-0003-1871-9235 FU NASA; Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program; Tropospheric Chemistry Program; NASA Radiation Sciences; ONR 32 FX This work was supported by the NASA Radiation Science Program, Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program, and Tropospheric Chemistry Program. Dr. Reid's participation was funded by NASA Radiation Sciences and ONR 32. The authors would like to thank the DC-8 crew and the NAMMA science team for making this work possible. NR 53 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2011 VL 11 IS 2 BP 723 EP 740 DI 10.5194/acp-11-723-2011 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713GE UT WOS:000286722300022 ER PT J AU Mielonen, T Levy, RC Aaltonen, V Komppula, M de Leeuw, G Huttunen, J Lihavainen, H Kolmonen, P Lehtinen, KEJ Arola, A AF Mielonen, T. Levy, R. C. Aaltonen, V. Komppula, M. de Leeuw, G. Huttunen, J. Lihavainen, H. Kolmonen, P. Lehtinen, K. E. J. Arola, A. TI Evaluating the assumptions of surface reflectance and aerosol type selection within the MODIS aerosol retrieval over land: the problem of dust type selection SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID UNIFIED SATELLITE CLIMATOLOGY; OPTICAL DEPTH; PRODUCTS; AERONET; URBAN; INSTRUMENT; VEGETATION; NETWORK; MISR AB Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent (AE) values derived with the MODIS retrieval algorithm over land (Collection 5) are compared with ground based sun photometer measurements at eleven sites spanning the globe. Although, in general, total AOD compares well at these sites (R-2 values generally over 0.8), there are cases (from 2 to 67% of the measurements depending on the site) where MODIS clearly retrieves the wrong spectral dependence, and hence, an unrealistic AE value. Some of these poor AE retrievals are due to the aerosol signal being too small (total AOD < 0.3) but in other cases the AOD should have been high enough to derive accurate AE. However, in these cases, MODIS indicates AE values close to 0.6 and zero fine model weighting (FMW), i.e. dust model provides the best fitting to the MODIS observed reflectance. Yet, according to evidence from the collocated sun photometer measurements and backtrajectory analyses, there should be no dust present. This indicates that the assumptions about aerosol model and surface properties made by the MODIS algorithm may have been incorrect. Here we focus on problems related to parameterization of the land-surface optical properties in the algorithm, in particular the relationship between the surface reflectance at 660 and 2130 nm. The retrieval assumes that there is a linear equation that relates the reflectance in these two channels, with the value of the slope (slope(660/2130)) determined, in part, by the infrared Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, (NDVISWIR). However, the assumed dependence of the slope on the NDVISWIR is not supported by a MODIS based surface albedo climatology. The use of a modified relationship based on the albedo data improves the AE retrieval at the studied sites. The increase in the AE agreement fraction between MODIS and AERONET measurements is between 3 and 22 percentage units depending on the site. These results indicate that the surface reflectance assumptions, especially the slope(660/2130) in the MODIS algorithm is the major reason for the inaccurate AE values and the flawed aerosol model combining in the retrieval. However, at some of these sites, the new relationship slightly reduces the correlation between the MODIS and AERONET AOD. This decrease indicates that the combination of the assumed surface and aerosol properties still do not match the actual properties under investigation. C1 [Mielonen, T.; Komppula, M.; Huttunen, J.; Lehtinen, K. E. J.; Arola, A.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Kuopio Unit, Kuopio, Finland. [Levy, R. C.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Levy, R. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Aaltonen, V.; de Leeuw, G.; Lihavainen, H.; Kolmonen, P.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [de Leeuw, G.] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland. [de Leeuw, G.] TNO Built Environm & Geosci, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Lehtinen, K. E. J.] Univ Eastern Finland, Dept Appl Phys, Kuopio, Finland. RP Mielonen, T (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Kuopio Unit, Kuopio, Finland. EM tero.mielonen@fmi.fi RI Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013; Mielonen, Tero/L-7067-2014; Lihavainen, Heikki/N-4840-2014; Kolmonen, Pekka/E-6493-2017; OI Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303; Mielonen, Tero/0000-0003-1496-097X; Arola, Antti/0000-0002-9220-0194 NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2011 VL 4 IS 2 BP 201 EP 214 DI 10.5194/amt-4-201-2011 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727JZ UT WOS:000287796100006 ER PT J AU Chubarova, NY Sviridenkov, MA Smirnov, A Holben, BN AF Chubarova, N. Y. Sviridenkov, M. A. Smirnov, A. Holben, B. N. TI Assessments of urban aerosol pollution in Moscow and its radiative effects SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; AERONET; NO2; IRRADIANCE; ZVENIGOROD; NETWORK; DEPTH; SUN AB Simultaneous measurements by the collocated AERONET CIMEL sun/sky photometers at the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory (MSU MO) and at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS) of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics during September 2006-April 2009 provide the estimates of the effects of urban pollution on various aerosol properties in different seasons. The average difference in aerosol optical thickness between MO MSU and ZSS, which can characterize the effect of aerosol pollution, has been estimated to be about dAOT = 0.02 in visible spectral region. The most pronounced difference is observed in winter conditions when relative AOT difference can reach 26%. The high correlation of the AOT's, the Angstrom exponent values and the effective radii between the sites confirms that natural processes are the dominating factor in the changes of the aerosol properties even over the Moscow megacity area. The existence of positive correlation between dAOT and difference in water vapor content explains many cases with large dAOT between the sites by the time lag in the airmass advection. However, after excluding the difference due to this factor, AOT in Moscow remains higher even in a larger number of cases (more than 75%) with the same mean dAOT = 0.02. Due to the negative average difference in aerosol radiative forcing at the TOA of about dARF(TOA) = -0.9 W m(-2), the aerosol urban pollution provides a distinct cooling effect of the atmosphere. The PAR and UV irradiance reaching the ground is only 2-3% lower in Moscow due to the pollution effects, though in some situations the attenuation can reach 13% in visible and more than 20% in UV spectral region. C1 [Chubarova, N. Y.] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Geog, Moscow, Russia. [Sviridenkov, M. A.] RAS, AM Obukhov Inst Atmospher Phys, Moscow 117901, Russia. [Smirnov, A.; Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chubarova, NY (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Geog, Moscow, Russia. EM chubarova@imp.kiae.ru RI Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009 OI Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304 FU Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation [02.740.11.0676]; RFBR [10-05-01019, 09-05-00582] FX The work was partially supported by the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation (contract #02.740.11.0676), and by the RFBR grants #10-05-01019, #09-05-00582. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2011 VL 4 IS 2 BP 367 EP 378 DI 10.5194/amt-4-367-2011 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727JZ UT WOS:000287796100015 ER PT J AU Pandya, R Smith, D Ackerman, SA Brahma, PP Charlevoix, DJ Foster, SQ Gaertner, VK Lee, TF Hayes, MJ Mostek, A Murillo, ST Murphy, KA Olsen, L Stanitski, DM Whittaker, T AF Pandya, Rajul Smith, David Ackerman, Steven A. Brahma, Priti P. Charlevoix, Donna J. Foster, Susan Q. Gaertner, Volker Karl Lee, Thomas F. Hayes, Marianne J. Mostek, Anthony Murillo, Shirley T. Murphy, Kathleen A. Olsen, Lola Stanitski, Diane M. Whittaker, Thomas TI A SUMMARY OF THE 18TH AMS SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Pandya, Rajul] UCAR, SOARS, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Smith, David] USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. [Ackerman, Steven A.; Whittaker, Thomas] Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA. [Brahma, Priti P.] NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Charlevoix, Donna J.] Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Gaertner, Volker Karl] EUMESTAT, Darmstadt, Germany. [Lee, Thomas F.] NRL, Monterey, CA USA. [Hayes, Marianne J.] AMS Educ Resource Educator, Columbus, OH USA. [Mostek, Anthony] NOAA NWS, Boulder, CO USA. [Murillo, Shirley T.] NOAA AOML HRD, Miami, FL USA. [Murphy, Kathleen A.] AMS Educ Resource Educator, St Louis, MO USA. [Olsen, Lola] NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Stanitski, Diane M.] Geocation LLC, Boulder, CO USA. RP Pandya, R (reprint author), UCAR, SOARS, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM pandya@ucar.edu RI Murillo, Shirley/C-3259-2014; Ackerman, Steven/G-1640-2011 OI Murillo, Shirley/0000-0002-2075-8682; Ackerman, Steven/0000-0002-4476-0269 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 92 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1175/2010BAMS2933.1 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 729OD UT WOS:000287959200013 ER PT J AU Bailey, JE Chen, AJ AF Bailey, John E. Chen, Aijun TI The role of Virtual Globes in geoscience SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Bailey, John E.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Scenarios Network Alaska & Arctic Planning SNAP, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. [Chen, Aijun] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GES DISC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bailey, JE (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Scenarios Network Alaska & Arctic Planning SNAP, 3352 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. EM geobrowser@gmail.com; aijunchen@gmail.com RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 0 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 1 SI SI BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.06.001 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 716WK UT WOS:000287004000001 ER PT J AU Turk, FJ Hawkins, J Richardson, K Surratt, M AF Turk, F. Joseph Hawkins, Jeff Richardson, Kim Surratt, Mindy TI A tropical cyclone application for virtual globes SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Hurricane; Cyclone; Satellite; Microwave; Wind; Precipitation; KML ID PRECIPITATION; CLOUDS; SPACE AB Within the past ten years, a wide variety of publicly available environmental satellite-based data have become available to users and gained popular exposure in meteorological applications. For example, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has maintained a well accepted web-based tropical cyclone (TC) website (NRL TC-Web) with a diverse selection of environmental satellite imagery and products covering worldwide tropical cyclones extending back to 1997. The rapid development of virtual globe technologies provides for an effective framework to efficiently demonstrate meteorological and oceanographic concepts to not only specialized weather forecasters but also to students and the general public. With their emphasis upon geolocated data, virtual globes represent the next evolution beyond the traditional web browser by allowing one to define how, where, and when various data are displayed and dynamically updated. In this article, we describe a virtual globe implementation of the NRL TC-Web satellite data processing system. The resulting NRL Tropical Cyclones on Earth (TC-Earth) application is designed to exploit the capabilities of virtual globe technology to facilitate the display, animation, and layering of multiple environmental satellite imaging and sounding sensors for effective visualization of tropical cyclone evolution. As with the NRL TC-Web, the TC-Earth application is a dynamic, realtime application, driven by the locations of active and historical tropical cyclones. TC-Earth has a simple interface that is designed around a series of placemarks that follow the storm track history. The position coordinates along the storm track are used to map-register imagery and subset other types of information, allowing the user a wide range of freedom to choose data types, overlay combinations, and animations with a minimum number of clicks. TC-Earth enables the user to quickly select and navigate to the storm of interest from the multiple TCs active at anytime around the world or to peruse data from archived storms. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Turk, F. Joseph; Hawkins, Jeff; Richardson, Kim; Surratt, Mindy] USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Turk, FJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jturk@jpl.nasa.gov FU Oceanographer of the Navy through the program office at the PEO [C4ISpace/PMW-120, P-0603207N] FX The authors would like to thank the other members of the NRL TC-Web team, Charles Sampson, Steve Miller (CSU/Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere), and John Kent (Science Applications International Corporation) for their efforts in making the data products seamlessly available. The authors express their appreciation to Cris Castello (Google, Inc.) and Svetla Hristova-Veleva (JPL) for the helpful comments and suggestions. We acknowledge the NASA Precipitation Processing System (PPS) for providing near realtime access to TRMM data, the NASA Land and Atmosphere Near-Realtime Capability for EOS (LANCE) for providing MODIS and AMSR-E data, and the Fleet Numerical Meteorological and Oceanographic Center (FNMOC) for their support of near realtime DMSP and WindSat data. This work was supported by the Oceanographer of the Navy through the program office at the PEO C4I&Space/PMW-120 under Program Element P-0603207N. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 37 IS 1 SI SI BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.05.001 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 716WK UT WOS:000287004000003 ER PT J AU Cox, MK Heintz, R Hartman, K AF Cox, M. Keith Heintz, Ron Hartman, Kyle TI Measurements of resistance and reactance in fish with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis: sources of error SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; SKIN TEMPERATURE; MUSCLE AB New technologies can be riddled with unforeseen sources of error, jeopardizing the validity and application of their advancement. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a new technology in fisheries research that is capable of estimating proximate composition, condition, and energy content in fish quickly, cheaply, and (after calibration) without the need to sacrifice fish. Before BIA can be widely accepted in fisheries science, it is necessary to identify sources of error and determine a means to minimize potential errors with this analysis. We conducted controlled laboratory experiments to identify sources of errors within BIA measurements. We concluded that electrode needle location, procedure deviations, user experience, time after death, and temperature can affect resistance and reactance measurements. Sensitivity analyses showed that errors in predictive estimates of composition can be large (>50%) when these errors are experienced. Adherence to a strict protocol can help avoid these sources of error and provide BIA estimates that are both accurate and precise in a field or laboratory setting. C1 [Cox, M. Keith; Heintz, Ron] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Hartman, Kyle] W Virginia Univ, Davis Coll Agr Forestry & Consumer Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Cox, MK (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Labs, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Keith.Cox@noaa.gov FU Alaska Fisheries Science Center; National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration; West Virginia University; U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Forest Service; MeadWestvaco Corporation; West Virginia Department of Wildlife; United States Forest Service; University of Alaska; Sitka Sound Science Center, Sitka, Alaska; Fairbanks FX We acknowledge the financial support of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, West Virginia University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, MeadWestvaco Corporation, West Virginia Department of Wildlife, United States Forest Service, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and the Sitka Sound Science Center, Sitka, Alaska. We thank the many researchers and volunteers that helped collect data. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 109 IS 1 BP 34 EP 47 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 709OG UT WOS:000286449400003 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE Everson, AR Nichols, RS AF DeMartini, Edward E. Everson, Alan R. Nichols, Ryan S. TI Estimates of body sizes at maturation and at sex change, and the spawning seasonality and sex ratio of the endemic Hawaiian grouper (Hyporthodus quernus, F. Epinephelidae) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; GULF-OF-MEXICO; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; CEPHALOPHOLIS-BOENAK; STOCK DYNAMICS; FISH; SERRANIDAE; MANAGEMENT; PATTERNS; AGE AB A case study of the reproductive biology of the endemic Hawaiian grouper or hapu'upu'u (Hyporthodus quernus) is presented as a model for comprehensive future studies of economically important epinephelid groupers. Specimens were collected throughout multiple years (1978-81, 1992-93, and 2005-08) from most reefs and banks of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The absence of small males, presence of atretic oocytes and brown bodies in testes of mature males, and both developed ovarian and testicular tissues in the gonads of five transitional fish provided evidence of protogynous hermaphroditism. No small mature males were collected, indicating that Hawaiian grouper are monandrous (all males are sex-changed females). Complementary microscopic criteria also were used to assign reproductive stage and estimate median body sizes (L-50) at female sexual maturity and at adult sex change from female to male. The L-50 at maturation and at sex change was 580 +/- 8 (95% confidence interval [CI]) mm total length (TL) and 895 +/- 20 mm TL, respectively. The adult sex ratio was strongly female biased (6:1). Spawning seasonality was described by using gonadosomatic indices. Females began ripening in the fall and remained ripe through April. A February-June main spawning period that followed peak ripening was deduced from the proportion of females whose ovaries contained hydrated oocytes, post-ovulatory follicles, or both. Testes weights were not affected by season; average testes weight was only about 0.2% of body weight-an order of magnitude smaller than that for ovaries that peaked at 1-3% of body weight. The species' reproductive life history is discussed in relation to its management. C1 [DeMartini, Edward E.; Nichols, Ryan S.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hawaii Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. [Everson, Alan R.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Reg Off, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hawaii Res Ctr, 99-193 Aiea Hts Dr,Suite 417, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. EM edward.demartini@noaa.gov FU Federal Disaster Relief Project [657787]; University of Hawaii FX We thank the many NOAA Fisheries biologists and technicians who processed specimens used in this study and the captains and crews of NOAA research vessels for their assistance. We acknowledge Federal Disaster Relief Project no. 657787, and the Pelagic Fisheries Research Program (University of Hawaii), for funding the purchase of recent specimens; A. Andrews and R. Humphreys for reviewing the draft manuscript; and M. McCracken for statistical advice. This article is dedicated to the memory of Julia P. Leung DeMartini, who photo-edited the final version of Figure 3; may her many memes continue to spread throughout the biological research community. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 109 IS 1 BP 123 EP 134 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 709OG UT WOS:000286449400011 ER PT J AU Fang, HL Liang, SL Hoogenboom, G AF Fang, Hongliang Liang, Shunlin Hoogenboom, Gerrit TI Integration of MODIS LAI and vegetation index products with the CSM-CERES-Maize model for corn yield estimation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SENSING DATA ASSIMILATION; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODELS; CANOPY REFLECTANCE MODEL; CROP GROWTH; SIMULATION-MODELS; GENETIC ALGORITHM; INVERSION; INFORMATION AB Advanced information on crop yield is important for crop management and food policy making. A data assimilation approach was developed to integrate remotely sensed data with a crop growth model for crop yield estimation. The objective was to model the crop yield when the input data for the crop growth model are inadequate, and to make the yield forecast in the middle of the growing season. The Cropping System Model (CSM)-Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CERES)-Maize and the Markov Chain canopy Reflectance Model (MCRM) were coupled in the data assimilation process. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Leaf Area Index (LAI) and vegetation index products were assimilated into the coupled model to estimate corn yield in Indiana, USA. Five different assimilation schemes were tested to study the effect of using different control variables: independent usage of LAI, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and synergic usage of LAI and EVI or NDVI. Parameters of the CSM-CERES-Maize model were initiated with the remotely sensed data to estimate corn yield for each county of Indiana. Our results showed that the estimated corn yield agreed very well with the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) data. Among different scenarios, the best results were obtained when both MODIS vegetation index and LAI products were assimilated and the relative deviations from the NASS data were less than 3.5%. Including only LAI in the model performed moderately well with a relative difference of 8.6%. The results from using only EVI or NDVI were unacceptable, as the deviations were as high as 21% and -13% for the EVI and NDVI schemes, respectively. Our study showed that corn yield at harvest could be successfully predicted using only a partial year of remotely sensed data. C1 [Fang, Hongliang; Liang, Shunlin] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Fang, Hongliang] NASA, Goddard Earth Sci Data & Informat Serv Ctr GES DI, Mclean, VA USA. [Hoogenboom, Gerrit] Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Fang, HL (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Natl Resources Res, State Key Lab Resources & Environm Informat Syst, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. EM Fanghl@lreis.an.cn RI Hoogenboom, Gerrit/F-3946-2010; liang, shunlin/C-2809-2015 OI Hoogenboom, Gerrit/0000-0002-1555-0537; FU US Department of Agriculture (USDA) [SCA58-1275-9-096] FX This work was supported by US Department of Agriculture (USDA) grant SCA58-1275-9-096. The authors would like to thank Dr Xiaoyang Zhang, Earth Resources Technology, Inc. for providing the phenology code. The daily weather data were distributed by the North America Land Data Assimilation Systems (NLDAS), located at the Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA (http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/). NR 69 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 8 U2 36 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1039 EP 1065 DI 10.1080/01431160903505310 PG 27 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 730VZ UT WOS:000288065100008 ER PT J AU Paielli, RA AF Paielli, Russell A. TI Evaluation of Tactical Conflict Resolution Algorithms for Enroute Airspace SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article AB Algorithms for resolving air traffic conflicts are tested on archived tracking data from 102 actual operational errors (violations of minimum required separation due to controller error). The algorithms compute horizontal or vertical resolution maneuvers for tactical conflicts in which the minimum required separation is predicted to be lost within approximately two min. The horizontal maneuvers are issued as heading vectors, and the vertical maneuvers are issued as standard altitude clearances. Algorithms for the vertical resolutions were presented in an earlier paper, and algorithms for the horizontal resolutions are described in this paper. Simulation results show that these resolution algorithms could have prevented most of the archived operational errors. In some cases, the controller failed to enter an altitude amendment consistent with the voice clearance, and in eight such cases the conflict was not detected early enough to be resolved in the simulation. The correct altitude amendments were added to the recorded data for those cases (to simulate the correct entry by the controller), and successful resolution was then achieved for all cases. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Paielli, RA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, AFT 210-10, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Russ.Paielli@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 324 EP 330 DI 10.2514/1.C031131 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 719RS UT WOS:000287227200030 ER PT J AU Banks, BA Backus, JA Manno, MV Waters, DL Cameron, KC de Groh, KK AF Banks, Bruce A. Backus, Jane A. Manno, Michael V. Waters, Deborah L. Cameron, Kevin C. de Groh, Kim K. TI Prediction of Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield for Spacecraft Polymers SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment (ISMSE) CY SEP, 2009 CL Aix En Provence, FRANCE SP Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales (CNES) AB The ability to predict the atomic oxygen erosion yield of polymers based on their chemistry and physical properties has been only partially successful because of a lack of reliable low-Earth-orbit erosion yield data. The retrieval of the polymer erosion and contamination experiment after 3.95 years in low Earth orbit as part of the Materials International Space Station Experiment 2 provided accurate measurements of the erosion yields of 38 polymers and pyrolytic graphite. The resulting erosion yield data was used to develop a predictive tool with a correlation coefficient of 0.895 and uncertainty of +/- 6.3 x 10(-25) cm(3)/atom. The predictive tool uses the chemical structures and physical properties of polymers to predict in-space atomic oxygen erosion yields. A technique which uses the erosion yields of two materials is presented to allow prediction of the erosion yield of a composite material. C1 [Banks, Bruce A.; Manno, Michael V.] Alphaport Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Backus, Jane A.] Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. [Waters, Deborah L.] ASRC Aerosp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Cameron, Kevin C.] Ohio Aerosp Inst, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. [de Groh, Kim K.] NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Space Expt & Environm Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Banks, BA (reprint author), Alphaport Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 14 EP 22 DI 10.2514/1.48849 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 726ME UT WOS:000287725600002 ER PT J AU Winter, MW Trumble, KA AF Winter, Michael W. Trumble, Kerry A. TI Near-Ultraviolet Emission Spectroscopy During an Airborne Observation of the Stardust Reentry SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION AB Thermal radiation of the heatshield and the emission of the postshock layer around the Stardust capsule, during its reentry, were detected by a NASA-led observation campaign aboard NASA's DC-8 airborne observatory involving teams from several nations. The German sur experiment used a conventional spectrometer, in a Czerny-Turner configuration (300 mm focal length and a 600 lines/mm grating), fed by fiber optics, to cover a wavelength range from 324 to 456 nm with a pixel resolution of 0.08 nm. The reentering spacecraft was tracked manually using a camera with a view angle of 20 deg, and light from the capsule was collected using a small mirror telescope with a view angle of only 0.45 deg. Data were gathered with a measurement frequency of 5 Hz in a 30-s time interval around the point of maximum heating until the capsule left the field of view. The emission of carbon nitride (as a major ablation product), N(2)(+) and different atoms were monitored successfully during that time. Because of the nature of the experimental setup, spatial resolution of the radiation field was not possible. Therefore, all measured values represent an integration of radiation from the visible part of the glowing heatshield, and from the plasma in the postshock region. Further, due to challenges in tracking, not every spectrum gathered contained data. The measured spectra can be split up into two parts: 1) continuum spectra, which represent a superposition of the heatshield radiation and the continuum radiation of particles due to microspallation in the plasma, and 2) line spectra from the plasma in the shock layer. Planck temperatures (interpreted as the surface temperatures of the Stardust heatshield) were determined assuming either a constant surface temperature, or a temperature distribution deduced from numerical simulation. The constant surface temperatures are in good agreement with numerical simulations, but the peak values at the stagnation point are significantly lower than those in the numerical simulation if a temperature distribution over the surface is assumed. Emission bands of carbon nitride and N(2)(+) were tracked along the visible trajectory and compared with a spectral simulation with satisfying agreement. Values for the integrated radiation of the transitions of interest for these species were extracted from this comparison. C1 [Winter, Michael W.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Trumble, Kerry A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Winter, MW (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Affiliated Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Michael.Winter@nasa.gov; Kerry.A.Trumble@nasa.gov FU DLR, German Aerospace Center; Steinbeis Transferzentrum Plasma- und Raumfahrttechnologie; NASA Engineering and Safety Center FX Preparation of the measurement campaign and first evaluation took place at the Institut fur Raumfahrtsysteme of the Universitat Stuttgart. The authors wish to thank all IRS members who were involved, in particular, Georg Herdich, as well as Monika Auweter-Kurtz for her continued support, and Markus Pietras, Ricarda Wernitz, and Haida Abdennabi for contributions during conception and first evaluation, and Thiemo Knigge and Maria von Schonermark for providing the ModTran data. The authors wish to acknowledge DLR, German Aerospace Center and the Steinbeis Transferzentrum Plasma- und Raumfahrttechnologie for funding the development of SLIT and the observation itself, and to LOT-Oriel/Andor for providing the EMCCD camera. Furthermore, the authors also wish to thank NASA for the opportunity to participate in this mission, as well as to the NASA Engineering and Safety Center for funding the observation mission in general. The whole mission would not have been possible without the support of the ground crew at NASA Ames Research Center or without the great performance of the DC-8 crew. Thanks also to Peter Jenniskens from SETI Institute for the coordination of the mission. Finally, thanks to Dinesh Prabhu, ELORET Corporation, for discussion and comments, David Saunders, ELORET Corporation, for data on effective surface areas which was used to independently cross-check the values used in the present work, and to the reviewers for their detailed and valuable suggestions. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 59 EP 71 DI 10.2514/1.38176 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 726ME UT WOS:000287725600009 ER PT J AU Thornburgh, RP AF Thornburgh, Robert P. TI Axial-Weld Land Buckling in Compression-Loaded Orthogrid Cylinders SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB Large stiffened cylinders used in launch vehicles, such as the space shuttle external tank, are manufactured by welding curved panels into complete barrels. The effects of the axial-weld lands between the panels on the buckling strength of unpressurized cylinders are studied, along with the interaction between the acreage stiffener arrangement and the weld land geometry. The relatively thick, unstiffened axial-weld lands are shown to significantly reduce the buckling load when the cylinder is loaded in uniform axial compression, and a relationship between the reduction in buckling load and the orthogrid design is shown. Reducing the width of the weld lands is shown to be the most effective means of minimizing the reduction in buckling strength, and thicker weld lands are shown to not always increase their buckling resistance. Detailed models with individual stiffeners modeled as beams are used to show that the weld land buckling phenomenon is very sensitive to the specific location and geometry of stiffeners near the axial-weld lands. It is also shown that the buckling strength can be significantly improved by ensuring that the distance between the weld land and the adjacent longitudinal stiffener is minimized. C1 USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Thornburgh, RP (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA Langley Res Ctr, M-S 340, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 199 EP 207 DI 10.2514/1.49782 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 726ME UT WOS:000287725600023 ER PT J AU Murakami, J Hanada, T Liou, JC AF Murakami, Junko Hanada, Toshiya Liou, J. -C. TI Microsatellite Impact Tests to Investigate the Outcome of Satellite Fragmentations SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB To predict the future orbital environments, it is necessary to know outcome of the satellite fragmentation. The NASA standard breakup model is designed to describe the outcome of typical satellite fragmentation. This model is an empirical model and the major data sources are the 1980s on-orbit satellite breakup events and the ground-based Satellite Orbit Debris Characterization Impact Test series conducted in early 1990s. The target cubic satellites ranged from 15 to 20 cm in size and about 1000 g in mass. Results from all seven impact tests carried out in 2008 are shown in this paper and compared with the NASA standard breakup model to demonstrate potential improvements of the model in the future. C1 [Liou, J. -C.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Orbital Debris Program Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Murakami, Junko; Hanada, Toshiya] Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan. RP Murakami, J (reprint author), 744 Motooka,Nishi Ku, Fukuoka, Japan. EM junko_m@aero.kyushu-u.ac.jp; toshi@aero.kyushu-u.ac.jp; jer-chyi.liou-1@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 208 EP 212 DI 10.2514/1.49204 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 726ME UT WOS:000287725600024 ER PT J AU Canfield, SL Peddieson, J Garbe, G AF Canfield, Stephen L. Peddieson, John Garbe, Gregory TI Similarity Criteria and Associated Design Procedures for Scaling Solar Sail Systems SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article C1 [Canfield, Stephen L.; Peddieson, John] Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. [Garbe, Gregory] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Canfield, SL (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, 115 W 10th St, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 48 IS 1 BP 218 EP 221 DI 10.2514/1.49578 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 726ME UT WOS:000287725600026 ER PT J AU Kita, NT Huberty, JM Kozdon, R Beard, BL Valley, JW AF Kita, N. T. Huberty, J. M. Kozdon, R. Beard, B. L. Valley, J. W. TI High-precision SIMS oxygen, sulfur and iron stable isotope analyses of geological materials: accuracy, surface topography and crystal orientation SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT SIMS XVII Conference CY SEP, 2009 CL Toronto, CANADA DE Secondary Ion Mass spectrometer; geology; isotope ratio; crystal orientation; magnetite ID ION MICROPROBE; MAGNETITE; STANDARD; RATIOS AB A high-precision SIMS analysis technique has been established for oxygen, sulfur, and iron isotope ratios and applied to a wide range of geoscience research areas using a Cameca IMS-1280 at the Wisconsin Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer Laboratory (WiscSIMS). Precision and accuracy of 0.3 parts per thousand is achieved routinely for the measurement of O-18/O-16 ratio using multicollection Faraday Cup (FC) detectors and primary Cs+ beam size of 10 mu m. Smaller beam sizes of 3 mu m to <1 mu m yield precisions of 0.7-2 parts per thousand using a multicollection Electron Multiplier (EM) in pulse-counting mode for O-18. We evaluate small SIMS analytical biases at the level of a few parts per thousand or less using standard minerals with homogeneous oxygen isotope ratios: (i) topography of samples related to polishing relief of grains and location of analysis in a sample holder; and (ii) crystal orientation effects in magnetite (Fe3O4). The latter effect has not been detected for oxygen isotope ratio measurements in other minerals including a variety of silicate, oxide, and carbonate minerals at WiscSIMS. However, similar analytical biases that are correlated with crystal orientation have been identified from Fe isotope analyses in magnetite and S isotope analysis in sphalerite (ZnS), and many minerals have not yet been evaluated. The total range of analytical bias among randomly oriented magnetite grains becomes smaller by reducing the sputtering energy of the primary ions (from 20 to 10 keV), which may help reduce crystal orientation effects. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Kita, N. T.] Univ Wisconsin, WiscSIMS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Kita, N. T.] Univ Wisconsin, NASA Astrobiol Inst, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Kita, NT (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, WiscSIMS, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM noriko@geology.wisc.edu RI Kozdon, Reinhard/J-9468-2014; Kita, Noriko/H-8035-2016; Valley, John/B-3466-2011 OI Kozdon, Reinhard/0000-0001-6347-456X; Kita, Noriko/0000-0002-0204-0765; Valley, John/0000-0003-3530-2722 FU NSF [EAR03-19230, EAR07-44079]; NASA Astrobiology Institute, NASA [NNA08CN86A]; DOE [93ER14389] FX The WiscSIMS laboratory is partly supported by NSF (EAR03-19230, EAR07-44079). Parts of this research were supported by the NASA Astrobiology Institute, NASA (NNA08CN86A) and DOE (93ER14389). We thank J. Kern and B. Hess for technical support and sample preparation. NR 15 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0142-2421 EI 1096-9918 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 427 EP 431 DI 10.1002/sia.3424 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 725TR UT WOS:000287669500106 ER PT J AU McKay, CP Schulze-Makuch, D Boston, PJ ten Kate, IL Davila, AF Shock, E AF McKay, Christopher P. Schulze-Makuch, Dirk Boston, Penelope Jane ten Kate, Inge L. Davila, Alfonso F. Shock, Everett TI The Next Phase in Our Search for Life: An Expert Discussion SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [McKay, Christopher P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Schulze-Makuch, Dirk] Washington State Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Boston, Penelope Jane] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM USA. [Boston, Penelope Jane] Natl Cave & Karst Res Inst, Carlsbad, NM USA. [ten Kate, Inge L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [ten Kate, Inge L.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Davila, Alfonso F.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA USA. [Shock, Everett] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. RP McKay, CP (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Davila, Alfonso/A-2198-2013; OI Davila, Alfonso/0000-0002-0977-9909; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk/0000-0002-1923-9746 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 12 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD JAN-FEB PY 2011 VL 11 IS 1 BP 2 EP 8 DI 10.1089/ast.2010.1122 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 726AQ UT WOS:000287689200001 ER PT J AU Laurel, BJ Hurst, TP Ciannelli, L AF Laurel, Benjamin J. Hurst, Thomas P. Ciannelli, Lorenzo TI An experimental examination of temperature interactions in the match-mismatch hypothesis for Pacific cod larvae SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA; ATLANTIC COD; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GADUS-MORHUA; DEPENDENT GROWTH; LIMITED GROWTH; MARINE FISH; NORTH-SEA; SURVIVAL AB The match-mismatch hypothesis (MMH) predicts that marine fish larvae will have their highest rate of growth and survival when they overlap with their prey. However, Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and other gadids continue to thrive in the Bering Sea despite delayed prey production resulting from warming and loss of sea ice. In this study, we examined how temperature mediates growth and survival of Pacific cod larvae under varying match-mismatch conditions. Cod larvae were reared at two temperatures (3 degrees C and 8 degrees C) and exposed to one of five different food treatments over a 6-week period: (i) high food (HF) (match); (ii) low food (LF); (iii) HF then LF (HF-LF); and (iv) LF then HF (LF-HF) (24 mismatch); and (v) no food (NF) (complete mismatch). Results showed that cold environments allow Pacific cod larvae to bridge gaps in prey availability (i.e., timing and magnitude), but negatively impact survival over longer periods. Under warmer conditions, mismatches in prey significantly impacted growth and survival. However, both yolk reserves and compensatory growth mechanisms reduced the severity of mismatches occurring in the first 3 weeks of development. Our results demonstrate a clear need to incorporate the direct effects of temperature on fish larvae in food limitation models. C1 [Laurel, Benjamin J.; Hurst, Thomas P.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Ciannelli, Lorenzo] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Laurel, BJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM ben.laurel@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 FU North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) [R0605] FX Thanks to P. Iseri and M. Ottmar in the construction of laboratory facilities and to S. Haines and L. Copeman for their help with live-food cultures. We also thank B. Knoth and A. Abookire for their assistance with egg collections in the field. Boat charters were kindly provided by T. Tripp aboard the F/V Miss O. We thank I. Bradbury, A. Stoner, and M. Davis for reviewing earlier drafts of this manuscript. This project was supported with funding from the North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) grant No. R0605 and is NPRB contribution No. 267. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 20 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 68 IS 1 BP 51 EP 61 DI 10.1139/F10-130 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718SK UT WOS:000287146300005 ER PT J AU Rambaux, N Williams, JG AF Rambaux, N. Williams, J. G. TI The Moon's physical librations and determination of their free modes SO CELESTIAL MECHANICS & DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article DE Moon; Physical librations; Spin-orbit synchronous resonance ID LASER RANGE MEASUREMENTS; LUNAR; PRECESSION; DISSIPATION; EXPRESSIONS; PARAMETERS; PLANETS; SYSTEM AB The Lunar Laser Ranging experiment has been active since 1969 when Apollo astronauts placed the first retroreflector on the Moon. The data accuracy of a few centimeters over recent decades, joined to a new numerically integrated ephemeris, DE421, encourages a new analysis of the lunar physical librations of that ephemeris, and especially the detection of three modes of free physical librations (longitude, latitude, and wobble modes). This analysis was performed by iterating a frequency analysis and linear least-squares fit of the wide spectrum of DE421 lunar physical librations. From this analysis we identified and estimated about 130-140 terms in the angular series of latitude librations and polar coordinates, and 89 terms in the longitude angle. In this determination, we found the non-negligible amplitudes of the three modes of free physical libration. The determined amplitudes reach 1.296'' in longitude (after correction of two close forcing terms), 0.032'' in latitude and 8.183'' x 3.306'' for the wobble, with the respective periods of 1056.13 days, 8822.88 days (referred to the moving node), and 27257.27 days. The presence of such terms despite damping suggests the existence of some source of stimulation acting in geologically recent times. C1 [Rambaux, N.] Univ Paris 06, IMCCE, Observ Paris, CNRS UMR 8028, F-75014 Paris, France. [Rambaux, N.; Williams, J. G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rambaux, N (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, IMCCE, Observ Paris, CNRS UMR 8028, 77 Ave Denfert Rochereau, F-75014 Paris, France. EM Nicolas.Rambaux@imcce.fr; james.g.williams@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We thank Dale H. Boggs for integrating DE421 for a millenium. The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Government sponsorship acknowledged. Nicolas Rambaux started this research under the Oak Ridge NASA Postdoctoral Program and finished it as an Independent Research Advisor. We thank S. Bouquillon and G. Francou for providing the series of Chapront et al. (1999) and J. Laskar and M. Gastineau for providing the frequency analysis software TRIP (Gastineau and Laskar (2008)). NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-2958 J9 CELEST MECH DYN ASTR JI Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 109 IS 1 BP 85 EP 100 DI 10.1007/s10569-010-9314-2 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics GA 709TG UT WOS:000286463700006 ER PT J AU Lin, TH Hsu, NC Tsay, SC Huang, SJ AF Lin, Tang-Huang Hsu, N. Christina Tsay, Si-Chee Huang, Shih-Jen TI Asian dust weather categorization with satellite and surface observations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; CHINA; VISIBILITY; REGION; STORMS AB This study categorizes various dust weather types by means of satellite remote sensing over central Asia. Airborne dust particles can be identified by satellite remote sensing because of the different optical properties exhibited by coarse and fine particles (i.e. varying particle sizes). If a correlation can be established between the retrieved aerosol optical properties and surface visibility, the intensity of dust weather can be more effectively and consistently discerned using satellite rather than surface observations. In this article, datasets consisting of collocated products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aqua and surface measurements are analysed. The results indicate an exponential relationship between the surface visibility and the satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth, which is subsequently used to categorize the dust weather. The satellite-derived spatial frequency distributions in the dust weather types are consistent with China's weather station reports during 2003, indicating that dust weather classification using satellite data is highly feasible. Although the period during the springtime from 2004 to 2007 may be not sufficient for statistical significance, our results reveal an increasing tendency in both intensity and frequency of dust weather over central Asia during this time period. C1 [Lin, Tang-Huang] Natl Cent Univ, Ctr Space & Remote Sensing Res, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan. [Lin, Tang-Huang] Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan. [Hsu, N. Christina; Tsay, Si-Chee] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Huang, Shih-Jen] Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ, Dept Marine Environm Informat, Chilung 20224, Taiwan. RP Lin, TH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Ctr Space & Remote Sensing Res, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan. EM thlin@csrsr.ncu.edu.tw RI Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Tsay, Si-Chee/J-1147-2014 FU National Science Council (NSC); Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan [NSC 96-2752-M-008-005-PAE, 96-2745-M-008-003, 97-2752-M-008-012-PAE, 97-2745-M-008-012, 97-EPA-M-008-001] FX We thank Dr. Douglas Westphal for providing the visibility data, and the MODIS team from the Goddard Space Flight Center for the MODIS data set. We also thank Dr. Myeong-Jae Jeong for data processing assistance and C. Liang for reviewing the English in this article. This research was supported by the National Science Council (NSC) and the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan under grants NSC 96-2752-M-008-005-PAE, 96-2745-M-008-003, 97-2752-M-008-012-PAE, 97-2745-M-008-012 and 97-EPA-M-008-001. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 1 BP 153 EP 170 DI 10.1080/01431160903439932 PG 18 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 717DE UT WOS:000287022500010 ER PT J AU Zhao, TXP Loeb, NG Laszlo, I Zhou, M AF Zhao, Tom X. -P. Loeb, Norman G. Laszlo, Istvan Zhou, Mi TI Global component aerosol direct radiative effect at the top of atmosphere SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION MODELS; ENERGY SYSTEM INSTRUMENT; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; FLUX ESTIMATION; GOCART MODEL; SATELLITE; CLOUDS; MODIS; PRODUCTS; OCEANS AB The two-step approach of combining Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) shortwave (SW) flux and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 0.55m with the component AOT fractions from the Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC)/Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model to derive top of atmosphere (TOA) component aerosol direct radiative effect (ADRE) over the global cloud-free oceans proposed by the first author in a previous publication has been extended to cloud-free land areas for nearly global coverage. Validation has also been performed by comparing the ADRE computation with calculations from the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model at globally distributed AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sites by using the aerosol optical properties observed from AERONET and surface reflectance obtained from MODIS observations as the model inputs. The promising validation results provide support for extending the two-step approach from global clear-sky oceans to global clear-sky land areas. The global annual mean values of ADRE for clear-sky condition are +0.3 +/- 0.2W m-2 for black carbon, -1.0 +/- 0.6W m-2 for organic carbon; -2.3 +/- 0.7W m-2 for sulphate; -1.6 +/- 0.5W m-2 for dust; -2.2 +/- 0.6W m-2 for sea salt; -2.4 +/- 0.8W m-2 for anthropogenic aerosol; -4.5 +/- 1.2W m-2 for natural aerosol; and -6.8 +/- 1.7W m-2 for total aerosols. For global average cloudy skies, the all-sky values of component ADRE are about 42% of their clear-sky counterparts. The major sources of uncertainty in the estimates are also discussed. C1 [Zhao, Tom X. -P.] NOAA NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. [Loeb, Norman G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Laszlo, Istvan] NOAA NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. [Zhou, Mi] IM Syst Grp Inc, Kensington, MD 20895 USA. RP Zhao, TXP (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Xuepeng.Zhao@noaa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708 FU NCDC; NASA [RSP-0022-0005] FX We would like to acknowledge the NASA CERES project for providing the CERES/MODIS data and Dr Mian Chin at the NASA GSFC for providing GOCART model data. Proofreading of the manuscript by Drs Ken Knapp and Huaimin Zhang at the NCDC is greatly appreciated. Dr Zhao is supported by the CDR program at the NCDC and the NASA Radiation Program managed by Dr Hal Maring through grant RSP-0022-0005. Dr Laszlo also acknowledges the funding support by the NASA Radiation Program. Constructive comments and encouragement from two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. We also appreciate the effort of Editor Costas Varotsos for organizing the special issue of International Journal of Remote Sensing on the role of remote sensing in monitoring the climate change. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 EI 1366-5901 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 3 BP 633 EP 655 AR PII 934099715 DI 10.1080/01431161.2010.517790 PG 23 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 726QG UT WOS:000287740600004 ER PT J AU Saini, V Li, ZR Bourdo, S Kunets, VP Trigwell, S Couraud, A Rioux, J Boyer, C Nteziyaremye, V Dervishi, E Biris, AR Salamo, GJ Viswanathan, T Biris, AS AF Saini, Viney Li, Zhongrui Bourdo, Shawn Kunets, Vasyl P. Trigwell, Steven Couraud, Arthur Rioux, Julien Boyer, Cyril Nteziyaremye, Valens Dervishi, Enkeleda Biris, Alexandru R. Salamo, Gregory J. Viswanathan, Tito Biris, Alexandru S. TI Photovoltaic devices based on high density boron-doped single-walled carbon nanotube/n-Si heterojunctions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BC2N THIN-FILMS; SOLAR-CELLS; POLYMER AB A simple and easily processible photovoltaic device has been developed based on boron-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (B-SWNTs) and n-type silicon (n-Si) heterojunctions. The SWNTs were substitutionally doped with boron atoms by thermal annealing, in the presence of B(2)O(3). The samples used for these studies were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The fully functional solar cell devices were fabricated by airbrush deposition that generated uniform B-SWNT films on top of the n-Si substrates. The carbon nanotube films acted as exciton-generation sites, charge collection, and transportation while the heterojunctions formed between B-SWNTs and n-Si acted as charge dissociation centers. The current-voltage characteristics in the absence of light and under illumination, as well as optical transmittance spectrum are reported here. It should be noted that the device fabrication process can be made amenable to scalability by depositing direct and uniform films using airbrushing, inkjet printing, or spin-coating techniques. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3531112] C1 [Saini, Viney; Li, Zhongrui; Bourdo, Shawn; Couraud, Arthur; Rioux, Julien; Boyer, Cyril; Nteziyaremye, Valens; Dervishi, Enkeleda; Biris, Alexandru S.] Univ Arkansas, UALR Nanotechnol Ctr, Dept Appl Sci, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. [Bourdo, Shawn; Viswanathan, Tito] Univ Arkansas, Dept Chem, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. [Kunets, Vasyl P.; Salamo, Gregory J.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Trigwell, Steven] NASA Kennedy Space Ctr, ASRC Aerosp Corp, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Couraud, Arthur; Rioux, Julien; Boyer, Cyril] Ecole Ingenieurs CESI EIA, La Couronne, France. [Biris, Alexandru R.] Natl Inst Res & Dev Isotop & Mol Technol, Cluj Napoca, Romania. RP Saini, V (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, UALR Nanotechnol Ctr, Dept Appl Sci, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. EM vxsaini@ualr.edu; asbiris@ualr.edu RI Biris, Alexandru/A-8507-2010; Biris, Alexandru /C-4517-2011 FU DOE [DE-FG 36-06 GO 86072]; Arkansas Science and Technology Authority (ASTA) [08-CAT-03] FX This research was partially supported by the DOE (Grant No. DE-FG 36-06 GO 86072). Also, financial support from the Arkansas Science and Technology Authority (ASTA) under Grant No. 08-CAT-03 is highly appreciated. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2011 VL 109 IS 1 AR 014321 DI 10.1063/1.3531112 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 706LG UT WOS:000286219300127 ER PT J AU Titov, EV Levin, DA Anderson, BP Rodriguez, A Picetti, DJ AF Titov, E. V. Levin, D. A. Anderson, Brian P. Rodriguez, Alvaro Picetti, Donald J. TI Simulation of the Stagnation Region Microcrack Growth During Space Shuttle Reentry SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article AB The newly developed reinforced-carbon carbon damage assessment model is applied to a micrometeoroid crack at the stagnation point of a sphere for a space shuttle reentry trajectory. The model, which has been validated against arcjet tests (Titov, E., Zhong, J., Levin, D., and Picetti, D., "Simulation of Carbon Carbon Crack Growth due to Carbon Oxidation in High Temperatures," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 23, No. 3, July Sept. 2009, pp. 489-501.) (Titov, E., Levin, D., Picetti, D., and Anderson, B. P., "Thermal Protection System Crack Growth Simulation Using Advanced Grid Morphing Techniques," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2010, pp. 708-720.), predicts the microhole wall material response to the high-energy, atomic oxygen rich flow to simulate a micrometeoroid impact of the space shuttle nose cap shield during the STS-5 mission reentry. The extent of the crack damage site hole diameter was found to grow by a factor of 2.7, which agrees within about 30% of the NASA Johnson Space Center reinforced-carbon carbon damage growth tool, version 2, a semi-empirical approach developed through extensive arcjet testing. C1 [Titov, E. V.; Levin, D. A.] Penn State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Anderson, Brian P.] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Appl Aerosci & Computat Fluid Dynam Branch, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Rodriguez, Alvaro] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Thermal Design Branch, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Picetti, Donald J.] Boeing Co, Flight Sci & Adv Design, Huntington Beach, CA 92647 USA. RP Titov, EV (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. FU NASA/Johnson Space Flight Center, NASA [NNX08AD84G] FX E. V. Titov and D. A. Levin would like to acknowledge support from NASA Grant NNX08AD84G from NASA/Johnson Space Flight Center. We would especially like to thank the AeroSoft Corporation, Blacksburg, Virginia, for their technical support and assistance in incorporating the gas wall oxidation boundary condition. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2011 VL 25 IS 1 BP 48 EP 54 DI 10.2514/1.49993 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 725IV UT WOS:000287639300004 ER PT J AU Balasubramaniam, R Gokoglu, S Sacksteder, K Wegeng, R Suzuki, N AF Balasubramaniam, R. Gokoglu, S. Sacksteder, K. Wegeng, R. Suzuki, N. TI Analysis of Solar-Heated Thermal Wadis to Support Extended-Duration Lunar Exploration SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 05-08, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut (AIAA) AB The realization of the renewed exploration of the moon presents many technical challenges; among them is the survival of lunar-surface assets during periods of darkness when the lunar environment is very cold. Thermal wadis are engineered sources of stored solar energy using modified lunar regolith as a thermal storage mass that can supply energy to protect lightweight robotic rovers or other assets during the lunar night. This paper describes an analysis of the performance of thermal wadis based on the known solar illumination of the moon and estimates of producible thermal properties of modified lunar regolith. Analysis has been performed for the lunar equatorial region and for a potential outpost location near the lunar south pole. The calculations indicate that thermal wadis can provide the desired thermal energy and temperature control for the survival of rovers or other equipment during periods of darkness. C1 [Balasubramaniam, R.; Gokoglu, S.; Sacksteder, K.] NASA John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Balasubramaniam, R.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Wegeng, R.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Suzuki, N.] NASA Headquarters, Explorat Syst Mission Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Balasubramaniam, R (reprint author), NASA John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2011 VL 25 IS 1 BP 130 EP 139 DI 10.2514/1.49843 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 725IV UT WOS:000287639300014 ER PT J AU Frate, DT Pham, NT Christie, RJ Mcquillen, JB Motil, BJ Chao, DF Zhang, N AF Frate, D. T. Pham, N. T. Christie, R. J. Mcquillen, J. B. Motil, B. J. Chao, D. F. Zhang, N. TI Flow and Heat Transfer in Hydraulic Reservoir of Thrust Vector Control System SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID LAMINAR MIXED CONVECTION; HORIZONTAL CYLINDER; FORCED-CONVECTION; CROSS-FLOW AB Launch vehicle thrust vector control provides vehicle steering functions during powered flight starting from liftoff until engine cutoff. The thrust vector control on the first stage of Ares 1 provides steering during the first 133 s of ascent, while the thrust vector control on the upper stage provides steering for the next 465 s. Heat absorption by the hydraulic reservoir is a key factor in the performance of the upper stage thrust vector control system. A computational fluid dynamics simulation of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the hydraulic reservoir in the Ares 1 upper stage thrust vector control has been performed with the corresponding operating conditions and environmental conditions. The reservoir was set at 75% full of working fluid. Two steady-state cases, for fluid inlet temperatures of 294.3 and 394.3 K, and one transient case for the fluid inlet temperature ramping from 294.3 to 352.2 K over a 4.63 min period were simulated. The temperature, velocity, and pressure fields, as well as the absorbed heat for each case, were obtained, which have improved the understanding of the thermal dynamics of the thrust vector control subsystem. C1 [Frate, D. T.; Pham, N. T.] NASA John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Launch Syst Project Off, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Christie, R. J.] NASA John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Thermal Syst Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Mcquillen, J. B.; Motil, B. J.; Chao, D. F.] NASA John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Fluid Phys & Transport Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zhang, N (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, Fluid Phys & Transport Branch, Mail Stop 77-5, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2011 VL 25 IS 1 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.2514/1.51163 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 725IV UT WOS:000287639300016 ER PT J AU Zipfel, J Schroder, C Jolliff, BL Gellert, R Herkenhoff, KE Rieder, R Anderson, R Bell, JF Bruckner, J Crisp, JA Christensen, PR Clark, BC de Souza, PA Dreibus, G d'Uston, C Economou, T Gorevan, SP Hahn, BC Klingelhofer, G McCoy, TJ McSween, HY Ming, DW Morris, RV Rodionov, DS Squyres, SW Wanke, H Wright, SP Wyatt, MB Yen, AS AF Zipfel, Jutta Schroeder, Christian Jolliff, Bradley L. Gellert, Ralf Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. Rieder, Rudolf Anderson, Robert Bell, James F., III Brueckner, Johannes Crisp, Joy A. Christensen, Philip R. Clark, Benton C. de Souza, Paulo A., Jr. Dreibus, Gerlind d'Uston, Claude Economou, Thanasis Gorevan, Steven P. Hahn, Brian C. Klingelhoefer, Goestar McCoy, Timothy J. McSween, Harry Y., Jr. Ming, Douglas W. Morris, Richard V. Rodionov, Daniel S. Squyres, Steven W. Waenke, Heinrich Wright, Shawn P. Wyatt, Michael B. Yen, Albert S. TI Bounce Rock-A shergottite-like basalt encountered at Meridiani Planum, Mars SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; FE-BEARING CLINOPYROXENES; MARTIAN METEORITES; OPPORTUNITY ROVER; GUSEV CRATER; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; HYPERFINE PARAMETERS; CA-RICH; CHEMISTRY AB The Opportunity rover of the Mars Exploration Rover mission encountered an isolated rock fragment with textural, mineralogical, and chemical properties similar to basaltic shergottites. This finding was confirmed by all rover instruments, and a comprehensive study of these results is reported here. Spectra from the miniature thermal emission spectrometer and the Panoramic Camera reveal a pyroxene-rich mineralogy, which is also evident in Mossbauer spectra and in normative mineralogy derived from bulk chemistry measured by the alpha particle X-ray spectrometer. The correspondence of Bounce Rock's chemical composition with the composition of certain basaltic shergottites, especially Elephant Moraine (EET) 79001 lithology B and Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94201, is very close, with only Cl, Fe, and Ti exhibiting deviations. Chemical analyses further demonstrate characteristics typical of Mars such as the Fe/Mn ratio and P concentrations. Possible shock features support the idea that Bounce Rock was ejected from an impact crater, most likely in the Meridiani Planum region. Bopolu crater, 19.3 km in diameter, located 75 km to the southwest could be the source crater. To date, no other rocks of this composition have been encountered by any of the rovers on Mars. The finding of Bounce Rock by the Opportunity rover provides further direct evidence for an origin of basaltic shergottite meteorites from Mars. C1 [Zipfel, Jutta] Senckenberg Forschungsinst, Sekt Meteoritenforsch, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. [Zipfel, Jutta] Nat Museum Frankfurt, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. [Schroeder, Christian; Klingelhoefer, Goestar; Rodionov, Daniel S.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan Chem & Analyt Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Jolliff, Bradley L.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Gellert, Ralf] Univ Guelph, Dept Phys, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Herkenhoff, Kenneth E.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Rieder, Rudolf; Brueckner, Johannes; Dreibus, Gerlind; Waenke, Heinrich] Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Geochem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. [Anderson, Robert; Crisp, Joy A.; Yen, Albert S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bell, James F., III; Squyres, Steven W.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Christensen, Philip R.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Clark, Benton C.] Lockheed Martin Corp, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. [de Souza, Paulo A., Jr.] CSIRO, Tasmanian ICT Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [d'Uston, Claude] Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France. [Economou, Thanasis] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Lab Atmospher & Space Res, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Gorevan, Steven P.] Honeybee Robot, New York, NY 10012 USA. [Hahn, Brian C.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [McCoy, Timothy J.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA. [McSween, Harry Y., Jr.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Ming, Douglas W.; Morris, Richard V.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Wright, Shawn P.] Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Wyatt, Michael B.] Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Zipfel, J (reprint author), Senckenberg Forschungsinst, Sekt Meteoritenforsch, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. EM jzipfel@senckenberg.de RI de Souza, Paulo/B-8961-2008; Centre, TasICT/D-1212-2011; Schroder, Christian/B-3870-2009; Crisp, Joy/H-8287-2016 OI de Souza, Paulo/0000-0002-0091-8925; Schroder, Christian/0000-0002-7935-6039; Crisp, Joy/0000-0002-3202-4416 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors thank the Meteorite Working Group and the curator for Antarctic meteorites, Kevin Righter, for loan of an unpolished butt of EETA79001. Some of this research was carried out at and for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This article has benefitted greatly from reviews of an earlier version of the manuscript by Phil Bland, Cyrena Goodrich, Takashi Mikouchi, Deon van Niekerk, and Larry Nittler. We also thank M. Schmidt, E. Walton, and Alan Treiman for their reviews. NR 72 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1086-9379 EI 1945-5100 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 46 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01127.x PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 719YR UT WOS:000287247900001 ER PT J AU Kimura, Y Nuth, JA Tsukamoto, K Kaito, C AF Kimura, Yuki Nuth, Joseph A., III Tsukamoto, Katsuo Kaito, Chihiro TI Laboratory annealing experiments of refractory silicate grain analogs using differential scanning calorimetry SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-ABSORPTION SPECTRA; DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; COSMIC DUST ANALOGS; CRYSTALLINE SILICATES; COMPOSITIONAL DEPENDENCE; MAGNESIUM SILICATES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; BETA-PICTORIS; SOLAR NEBULA; CONDENSATION AB Exothermic reactions during the annealing of laboratory synthesized amorphous magnesium-bearing silicate particles used as grain analogs of cosmic dust were detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in air. With infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we show that cosmic dust could possibly undergo fusion to larger particles, with oxidation of magnesium silicide and crystallization of forsterite as exothermic reactions in the early solar system. The reactions begin at approximately 425, approximately 625, and approximately 1000 K, respectively, and the reaction energies (enthalpies) are at least 727, 4151, and 160.22 J g-1, respectively. During the crystallization of forsterite particles, the spectral evolution of the 10 mu m feature from amorphous to crystalline was observed to begin at lower temperature than the crystallization temperature of 1003 K. During spectral evolution at lower temperature, nucleation and/or the formation of nanocrystallites of forsterite at the surface of the grain analogs was observed. C1 [Kimura, Yuki; Tsukamoto, Katsuo] Tohoku Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Mat Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. [Nuth, Joseph A., III] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kaito, Chihiro] Ritsumeikan Univ, Lab Nanostruct Sci, Dept Phys, Kusatsu, Shiga 5258577, Japan. RP Kimura, Y (reprint author), Tohoku Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Mat Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan. EM ykimura@m.tohoku.ac.jp RI Nuth, Joseph/E-7085-2012; Kimura, Yuki/J-9635-2014 OI Kimura, Yuki/0000-0002-9218-7663 FU Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [19840048]; NASA; Tohoku University; Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Japan FX Adrian J. Brearley and Ying-Bing Jiang provided technical support for TEM analysis at the University of New Mexico. Grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad from April 2004 to March 2006 and from NASA's Cosmochemistry Research and Analysis Program made these studies possible. This work was also supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Start-up) from KAKENHI (19840048) of JSPS, by Tohoku University GCOE program for "Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics," and by the "Program Research" in the Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Japan. Joseph Nuth is grateful for support from the NASA Cosmochemistry Program. We thank Christine Floss for useful suggestion and A. Brearley and H.-P. Gail for careful and constructive reviews. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 46 IS 1 BP 92 EP 102 DI 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01143.x PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 719YR UT WOS:000287247900006 ER PT J AU Durda, DD Chapman, CR Cintala, MJ Flynn, GJ Strait, MM Minnick, A AF Durda, Daniel D. Chapman, Clark R. Cintala, Mark J. Flynn, George J. Strait, Melissa M. Minnick, Anderson TI Experimental investigation of the impact fragmentation of blocks embedded in regolith SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ASTEROIDS AB We present results of a set of impact experiments designed to examine the effects of impacts onto rocky blocks resting on and embedded within regoliths. The targets were approximately 500 g granodiorite blocks, struck with one-eighth inch aluminum spheres at nominal speeds of approximately 5 km s-1. The granodiorite blocks were emplaced in 20-30 grade silica sand to simulate an asteroidal or lunar regolith; block burial depths ranged from resting flush on the surface to submerged completely below the surface. We observe a trend for largest remnant mass to increase with block burial depth. Documentary still image and high-speed video of the resulting block fragments and surrounding regolith reveal new insights into the morphologies of blocks and secondary craters observed on asteroids like 433 Eros. C1 [Durda, Daniel D.; Chapman, Clark R.] SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Cintala, Mark J.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Flynn, George J.] SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. [Strait, Melissa M.; Minnick, Anderson] Alma Coll, Dept Chem, Alma, MI 48801 USA. RP Durda, DD (reprint author), SW Res Inst, 1050 Walnut St,Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM durda@boulder.swri.edu FU NASA [NNX07AR29G, NNG06GF92G, NNG05GB96G, NNJ06HD82A] FX This work was supported by NASA Planetary Geology & Geophysics program grant NNX07AR29G, and NASA Discovery Data Analysis program grants NNG06GF92G, NNG05GB96G, and NNJ06HD82A. We thank Chuck Cornelison, Donald M. Holt, Donald B. Bowling, and Richard E. Smythe of the Ames Vertical Gun Range for their assistance in conducting the impact experiments, and J.-P. Wiens for photographic and high-speed video support. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 46 IS 1 BP 149 EP 155 DI 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01163.x PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 719YR UT WOS:000287247900010 ER PT J AU Lee, CK Han, SC Steinberger, B AF Lee, Choon-Ki Han, Shin-Chan Steinberger, Bernhard TI Influence of variable uncertainties in seismic tomography models on constraining mantle viscosity from geoid observations SO PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS LA English DT Article DE Mantle viscosity; Geoid; Seismic tomography; Total least squares ID TOTAL LEAST-SQUARES; SURFACE VELOCITIES; GENETIC ALGORITHM; JOINT INVERSION; SHEAR VELOCITY; WHOLE-MANTLE; CONVECTION; HETEROGENEITIES; TOPOGRAPHY; ANOMALIES AB The radial viscosity structure of the Earth is explored on the basis of the geoid observations. The variations of uncertainty in seismic tomography models are accounted for when finding the radial viscosity structure. The new methodology we propose attempts to fit more closely those features of the geoid that are better constrained by tomography models and avoids to fit those features that are poorly constrained. This approach is particularly important because the error of geoid predictions caused by uncertainties in seismic tomography models is overwhelmingly larger than the noise in the geoid measurements. The synthetic tests indicate that the viscosity structures obtained by disregarding the uncertainty variations in seismic tomography models can be biased depending on the geoid spectral band and on the 'input' seismic tomography model. When the uncertainty variations in seismic models are considered in the inversion process, results do not indicate a viscosity in the transition zone lower than in the upper mantle. A robust feature found with the new method is a viscosity in the upper mantle two orders of magnitude smaller than in the lower mantle. The error covariance of seismic tomography models is critical for the method we suggest. A covariance matrix rigorously derived by seismologists should help to even more reliably infer the viscosity structure and relation between anomalies in density and seismic velocities from surface observations such as the geoid, and thus lead to a better knowledge of the Earth interior. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Lee, Choon-Ki; Han, Shin-Chan] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lee, Choon-Ki; Han, Shin-Chan] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Steinberger, Bernhard] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Helmholtz Ctr Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. [Steinberger, Bernhard] Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway. [Steinberger, Bernhard] Norwegian Acad Sci & Letters, Ctr Adv Studies, NO-0271 Oslo, Norway. RP Han, SC (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Code 698, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM shin-chan.han@nasa.gov RI Han, Shin-Chan/A-2022-2009 FU U.S. National Aeronautical and Space Administration FX This work was supported by the U.S. National Aeronautical and Space Administration program in Earth Surface and Interior and GRACE projects. The comments by an anonymous reviewer and Mark Jellinek greatly helped improve the original manuscript. NR 46 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-9201 J9 PHYS EARTH PLANET IN JI Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 184 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 62 DI 10.1016/j.pepi.2010.10.012 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 717AR UT WOS:000287015100005 ER PT J AU Haupt, SE Stoica, A Yan, W Howard, D AF Haupt, Sue Ellen Stoica, Adrian Yan, Wei Howard, Daniel TI Special issue on Bio-inspired Learning and Intelligent Systems for Security (BLISS-07) SO SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Haupt, Sue Ellen] Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. [Stoica, Adrian] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Yan, Wei] UCL, Dept Comp Sci, London, England. [Howard, Daniel] Howard Sci Ltd, Malvern, Worcs, England. RP Haupt, SE (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. EM seh19@psu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-7643 J9 SOFT COMPUT JI Soft Comput. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 15 IS 1 SI SI BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1007/s00500-009-0519-9 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 706DN UT WOS:000286197800001 ER PT J AU Yanushkevich, SN Gavrilova, ML Shmerko, VP Lyshevski, SE Stoica, A Yager, RR AF Yanushkevich, S. N. Gavrilova, M. L. Shmerko, V. P. Lyshevski, S. E. Stoica, A. Yager, R. R. TI Belief trees and networks for biometric applications SO SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Article AB This paper aims to introduce the novel approach to the design of a class of decision-making tools based on belief networks for biometric applications. The problem is formulated as mapping the belief networks into the homogeneous computing network, in order to meet the requirements of real-time computing, in particular, the biometric-based physical access control system. The feasible approach to this problem is the accelerating of software computing using hardware. Our experiments show that the straightforward utilization of the hardware tools may not satisfy real-time applications, since the belief networks may not be mapped directly into the hardware. We propose generating the belief network based on mapping of the belief trees into the linear networks with further fusion, so that the obtained structures can be mapped into homogeneous computing arrays. C1 [Yanushkevich, S. N.; Gavrilova, M. L.; Shmerko, V. P.] Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Lyshevski, S. E.] Rochester Inst Technol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. [Stoica, A.] NASA, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Humanoid Robot Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Yager, R. R.] Iona Coll, Inst Machine Intelligence, New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA. RP Yanushkevich, SN (reprint author), Univ Calgary, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM syanshk@ucalgary.ca; mgavrilo@ucalgary.ca; vshmerko@ucalgary.ca; seleee@rit.edu; Adrian.Stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; yager@panix.com FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Canadian Foundation for Innovations (CFI); Government of the Province of Alberta; Alberta Informatics Circle of Excellence (iCore); US Department of Energy FX This Project was partially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Foundation for Innovations (CFI), the Government of the Province of Alberta, and the Alberta Informatics Circle of Excellence (iCore). A part of the Project has been implemented as an initiative within the JPLs Humanoid Robotics Laboratory and Machine Intelligence Institute, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY. The authors sincerely acknowledge a partial support from the US Department of Energy under the contracts Three-Dimensional Biomolecular Computing Architectures. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-7643 J9 SOFT COMPUT JI Soft Comput. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 15 IS 1 SI SI BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1007/s00500-009-0512-3 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 706DN UT WOS:000286197800002 ER PT J AU Lim, YK Shin, DW Cocke, S Kang, SD Kim, HD AF Lim, Young-Kwon Shin, D. W. Cocke, Steven Kang, Sung-Dae Kim, Hae-Dong TI Simulation of the Indian summer monsoon using comprehensive atmosphere-land interactions, in the absence of two-way air-sea interactions SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Indian summer monsoon; Monsoon precipitation; Climate modeling; Atmosphere-land interaction; CLM2; SLM ID COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; SURFACE PROCESSES; ONSET; PRECIPITATION; PREDICTIONS AB Community Land Model version 2 (CLM2) as a comprehensive land surface model and a simple land surface model (SLM) were coupled to an atmospheric climate model to investigate the role of land surface processes in the development and the persistence of the South Asian summer monsoon. Two-way air-sea interactions were not considered in order to identify the reproducibility of the monsoon evolution by the comprehensive land model, which includes more realistic vertical soil moisture structures, vegetation and 2-way atmosphere-land interactions at hourly intervals. In the monsoon development phase (May and June), comprehensive land-surface treatment improves the representation of atmospheric circulations and the resulting convergence/divergence through the improvements in differential heating patterns and surface energy fluxes. Coupling with CLM2 also improves the timing and spatial distribution of rainfall maxima, reducing the seasonal rainfall overestimation by similar to 60% (1.8 mm d(-1) for SLM, 0.7 mm d(-1) for CLM2). As for the interannual variation of the simulated rainfall, correlation coefficients of the Indian seasonal rainfall with observation increased from 0.21 (SLM) to 0.45 (CLM2). However, in the mature monsoon phase (July to September), coupling with the CLM2 does not exhibit a clear improvement. In contrast to the development phase, latent heat flux is underestimated and sensible heat flux and surface temperature over India are markedly overestimated. In addition, the moisture fluxes do not correlate well with lower-level atmospheric convergence, yielding correlation coefficients and root mean square errors worse than those produced by coupling with the SLM. A more realistic representation of the surface temperature and energy fluxes is needed to achieve an improved simulation for the mature monsoon period. C1 [Kang, Sung-Dae] Korea Meteorol Adm, Natl Typhoon Ctr, Cheju 699942, South Korea. [Lim, Young-Kwon; Cocke, Steven; Kang, Sung-Dae] Florida State Univ, COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Kim, Hae-Dong] Keimyung Univ, Dept Environm Conservat, Taegu 704701, South Korea. RP Lim, YK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ylim@fsu.edu FU Korea Meteorological Administration [2010-75] FX This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant CATER (Center for Atmospheric Sciences and Earthquake Research) 2010-75. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIM RES JI Clim. Res. PY 2011 VL 46 IS 1 BP 85 EP 99 DI 10.3354/cr00948 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719KS UT WOS:000287204200008 ER PT J AU Sgambitterra, G Adumitroaie, A Barbero, EJ Tessler, A AF Sgambitterra, G. Adumitroaie, A. Barbero, E. J. Tessler, A. TI A robust three-node shell element for laminated composites with matrix damage SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Transverse cracking; Damage mechanics; Finite element analysis (FEA) ID ENERGY-BASED PREDICTION; THERMOELASTIC PROPERTIES; CONSTITUTIVE MODEL; CONTIGUOUS PLIES; CRACKING; EXTENSION; ANGLE AB A constitutive model for laminated composite shells with transverse matrix damage and its associated shell constitutive equations in three-dimensional space are developed. A single, physically relevant state variable is used in each lamina to track the state of transverse damage. The state variable also defines a physically relevant, solution dependent, characteristic length for the problem. Therefore, the constitutive model does not introduce constitutive mesh dependency on the solution. The model predicts crack initiation and evolution in good agreement with published experimental results for several materials and many different laminate stacking sequences. Input material parameters are limited to elastic properties and fracture toughness in modes I and II. Unlike continuum damage mechanics models, no adjustable parameters are needed to describe the initiation and evolution of damage. That is, the material parameters needed for the analysis are limited to invariant material properties that can be measured with standard test methods. The excellent predictive capabilities of the model and its versatility of application to a variety of materials and laminate configurations hinges upon computation of energy release rate for the entire laminate as a results of cracks propagating in any one lamina. Such computation requires knowledge about the state variables in all laminae when computing damage evolution in any one lamina, which in turn requires implementation of the constitutive equations directly into the element formulation. Therefore, the constitutive model is integrated into a shell element based on 1,2-order shell theory, and further implemented as a user element into commercial finite element analysis software. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sgambitterra, G.] Univ Calabria, Dept Struct Engn, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy. [Adumitroaie, A.; Barbero, E. J.] W Virginia Univ 6106, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Tessler, A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. RP Sgambitterra, G (reprint author), Univ Calabria, Dept Struct Engn, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy. EM gsgambitterra@libero.it RI Tessler, Alexander/A-4729-2009 FU Italian government FX The authors wish to thank Dr. Xavier Martinez for his insightful suggestions regarding the use of user material subroutines in commercial FEA codes. The first author acknowledges partial financial support from the Italian government for his stay at West Virginia University. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-8368 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PD JAN PY 2011 VL 42 IS 1 BP 41 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.09.016 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 715EE UT WOS:000286862500005 ER PT J AU Centrella, J Baker, J Kelly, B van Meter, J AF Centrella, Joan Baker, John Kelly, Bernard van Meter, James TI Merging black holes SO CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE gravitational waves; black holes; numerical relativity ID NUMERICAL RELATIVITY; GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION; COMPACT BINARIES; GALACTIC NUCLEI AB Black-hole mergers take place in regions of very strong and dynamical gravitational fields, and are among the strongest sources of gravitational radiation. Probing these mergers requires solving the full set of Einstein's equations of general relativity numerically. For more than 40 years, progress towards this goal has been very slow, as numerical relativists encountered a host of difficult problems. Recently, several breakthroughs have led to dramatic progress, enabling stable and accurate calculations of black-hole mergers. This article presents an overview of this field, including impacts on astrophysics and applications in gravitational wave data analysis. C1 [Centrella, Joan; Baker, John; Kelly, Bernard; van Meter, James] NASA GSFC, Gravitat Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kelly, Bernard; van Meter, James] CRESST, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Kelly, Bernard; van Meter, James] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Centrella, J (reprint author), NASA GSFC, Gravitat Astrophys Lab, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joan.centrella@nasa.gov RI van meter, james/E-7893-2011; Kelly, Bernard/G-7371-2011 FU University of Maryland, Baltimore County [NNG06EO90A]; NASA [08-ATFP08-0126, 09-ATP09-0136] FX The work as part of Bernard Kelly and James van Meter's official duties as Federal Government Contractors is published by permission of the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology (CRESST) and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County under Contract Number NNG06EO90A. The US Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up, non-exclusive, and irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.; We are pleased to acknowledge support from NASA grants 08-ATFP08-0126 and 09-ATP09-0136. NR 45 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0010-7514 EI 1366-5812 J9 CONTEMP PHYS JI Contemp. Phys. PY 2011 VL 52 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 AR PII 930193166 DI 10.1080/00107514.2010.520908 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 714ML UT WOS:000286813600001 ER PT J AU Catarino, I Paine, C AF Catarino, I. Paine, C. TI He-3 gas gap heat switch SO CRYOGENICS LA English DT Article DE Adsorbent; He-3; Thermal conductivity; Heat transfer AB Thermal control at 1 K is still demanding for heat switches development. A gas gap heat switch using He-3 gas as the heat-transfer fluid was tested and characterized. The switch is actuated by a sorption pump, whose triggering temperatures were also characterized. Switching times were recorded for different thermalizations of the sorption pump. This paper presents the conductance results of such switch. The temperature scanning of the actuator is also presented. The effect of filling pressure is discussed as well as the thermalization of the sorption pump. About 60 mu W/K OFF-state conductance and 100 mW/K ON-state conductance were obtained at 1.7 K. The actuation temperature is slightly adjustable upon the charging pressure of the working gas. Thermalization of the sorption pump at about 8-10 K is enough for producing an OFF state - it can be comfortably linked to a 4 K stage. Temperatures of 15-20 K at the sorption pump are required for reaching the viscous range for maximum ON conduction. Switching time dependence on the thermalization of the sorption pump is discarded. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Catarino, I.] Univ Nova Lisboa, CEFITEC, Dept Fis, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, P-2829516 Caparica, Portugal. [Paine, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Catarino, I (reprint author), Univ Nova Lisboa, CEFITEC, Dept Fis, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, P-2829516 Caparica, Portugal. EM isabel.catarino@fct.unl.pt RI Catarino, Isabel/N-8681-2015 OI Catarino, Isabel/0000-0002-1562-7821 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; FLAD, the Luso-American Foundation for Development FX The experimental research reported was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. I. Catarino acknowledges a sabbatical grant from FLAD, the Luso-American Foundation for Development. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0011-2275 J9 CRYOGENICS JI Cryogenics PD JAN PY 2011 VL 51 IS 1 BP 45 EP 48 DI 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.10.009 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA 714YT UT WOS:000286848300007 ER PT J AU Rengarajan, SR AF Rengarajan, Sembiam R. TI Excitation of a Parallel Plate Waveguide by an Array of Rectangular Waveguides SO ELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE parallel plate waveguide; method of moments; scanning array ID SCATTERING; JUNCTION AB The problem of exciting a parallel plate waveguide by a linear array of rectangular waveguides is considered. Coupled integral equations are formulated for the aperture electric field at the junction. The integral equations are solved by the method of moments. Numerical results for the reflection coefficient as a function of scan angle are presented. Vertical and horizontal polarizations in the parallel plate guide are realized by TE10 and TE01 modes of excitation in the rectangular waveguides, respectively. E-plane and H-plane coupling between elements is presented. The method of moments results for a large finite array have been validated by comparing its reflection coefficients with corresponding results for an infinite array generated by the commercial finite element code, HFSS. C1 [Rengarajan, Sembiam R.] Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. [Rengarajan, Sembiam R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rengarajan, SR (reprint author), Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. EM srengarajan@csun.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this article was conducted in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The author is grateful to Dr. Ronald J. Pogorzelski for useful discussions and for his review of this paper. Sung Kim provided the HFSS results, and Luis Amaro at JPL provided Figure 1. Reference herein to any specific commercialproduct, process, orservicebytradename, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0272-6343 J9 ELECTROMAGNETICS JI Electromagnetics PY 2011 VL 31 IS 2 BP 101 EP 116 AR PII 933317965 DI 10.1080/02726343.2011.548192 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 719LJ UT WOS:000287205900002 ER PT J AU Battaglia, A Tanelli, S AF Battaglia, Alessandro Tanelli, Simone TI DOMUS: DOppler MUltiple-Scattering Simulator SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Doppler radar theory; millimeter-wave radar; radar application; scattering ID CLOUD PROFILING RADAR; TRMM OBSERVATIONS; VELOCITY-MEASUREMENTS; RAINFALL; VARIABILITY; MISSION; RANGE AB Multiple scattering (MS) strongly affects CloudSat's W-band cloud-profiling radar (CPR) reflectivity when the satellite is overpassing moderate and heavy precipitation systems. With the upcoming deployment of W-band Doppler radars in space-Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer's CPR in primis-and the goal of retrieving vertical motions within convective systems, there is an urgent need to assess the impact of MS onto the Doppler signatures. A Monte Carlo code capable of simulating the reflectivity enhancement due to higher orders of scattering has been extended to include the Doppler effects. This paper presents the main guidelines for the inclusion of the Doppler analysis into the Monte Carlo scheme. To our knowledge, this simulator is the first one capable of simulating realistic Doppler signals in the presence of MS. The case studies are first presented in uniform beam-filling conditions for the profiles extracted from a cloud-resolving model simulation of deep convection (i.e., 1-D profiles are used to characterize a stratified atmosphere). The simulations demonstrate that, at ranges where MS contributions affect the overall radar signal, two main features appear as the following: 1) The Doppler spectrum tends to broaden with increasing MS enhancement, adding up to the single-scattering (SS) Doppler fading due to the satellite motion; and 2) the mean Doppler of the backscattered signal departs from the mean Doppler determined by the combined effect of the vertical-wind and hydrometeor-terminal velocities at all range bins below the altitude where the MS contribution significantly overcomes the SS. The simulator can be run in nonuniform-beam-filling conditions as well (i.e., a 3-D field is used to characterize the atmosphere at scales smaller than the radar resolution). With its cutting-edge capabilities, it provides a unique tool for the evaluation of the performances of the upcoming high-frequency spaceborne Doppler radars. C1 [Battaglia, Alessandro] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Tanelli, Simone] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Battaglia, A (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM a.battaglia@le.ac.uk; simone.tanelli@jpl.nasa.gov OI Battaglia, Alessandro/0000-0001-9243-3484 FU German Science Foundation; European Space Agency; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The work of A. Battaglia was supported in part by the German Science Foundation under the Towards an Optimal-estimation-based Snow Characterization Algorithm project, by the European Space Agency under the Doppler Air Motion Estimate project, and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Advanced Information Systems Technology Program under the Instrument Simulator Suite for Atmospheric Remote Sensing project. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2011 VL 49 IS 1 BP 442 EP 450 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2052818 PN 2 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 701TA UT WOS:000285845100012 ER PT J AU Kuang, S Burris, JF Newchurch, MJ Johnson, S Long, S AF Kuang, Shi Burris, John F. Newchurch, M. J. Johnson, Steve Long, Stephanie TI Differential Absorption Lidar to Measure Subhourly Variation of Tropospheric Ozone Profiles SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL); lidar; ozone; remote sensing; troposphere ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; DIAL MEASUREMENTS; CROSS-SECTIONS; AEROSOL EXTINCTION; RAMAN LIDAR; TEMPERATURE-MEASUREMENTS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; UNITED-STATES; SYSTEMS; AIR AB A tropospheric ozone Differential Absorption Lidar system, developed jointly by The University of Alabama in Huntsville and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is making regular observations of ozone vertical distributions between 1 and 8 km with two receivers under both daytime and nighttime conditions using lasers at 285 and 291 nm. This paper describes the lidar system and analysis technique with some measurement examples. An iterative aerosol correction procedure reduces the retrieval error arising from differential aerosol backscatter in the lower troposphere. Lidar observations with coincident ozonesonde flights demonstrate that the retrieval accuracy ranges from better than 10% below 4 km to better than 20% below 8 km with 750-m vertical resolution and 10-min temporal integration. C1 [Kuang, Shi; Newchurch, M. J.] Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Burris, John F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Johnson, Steve] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Long, Stephanie] Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Kuang, S (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM mike@nsstc.uah.edu FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Science Mission Directorate; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service FX This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Science Mission Directorate and in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. NR 91 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2011 VL 49 IS 1 BP 557 EP 571 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2054834 PN 2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 701TA UT WOS:000285845100022 ER PT J AU Refaat, TF Ismail, S Koch, GJ Rubio, M Mack, TL Notari, A Collins, JE Lewis, J De Young, R Choi, Y Abedin, MN Singh, UN AF Refaat, Tamer F. Ismail, Syed Koch, Grady J. Rubio, Manuel Mack, Terry L. Notari, Anthony Collins, James E. Lewis, Jasper De Young, Russell Choi, Yonghoon Abedin, M. Nurul Singh, Upendra N. TI Backscatter 2-mu m Lidar Validation for Atmospheric CO2 Differential Absorption Lidar Applications SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Backscattering; carbon dioxide; infrared; lidar; remote sensing ID 2.1-MU-M HO LIDAR; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; MU-M; LASER; (CO2)-C-12-O-16; PROFILES; CM(-1); BANDS; CH4 AB A 2-mu m backscatter lidar system has been developed by utilizing tunable pulsed laser and infrared phototransistor for the transmitter and the receiver, respectively. To validate the system, the 2-mu m atmospheric backscatter profiles were compared to profiles obtained at 1 and 0.5 mu m using avalanche photodiode and photomultiplier tube, respectively. Consequently, a methodology is proposed to compare the performance of different lidar systems operating at different wavelengths through various detection technologies. The methodology is based on extracting the system equivalent detectivity and comparing it to that of the detectors, as well as the ideal background detectivity. Besides, the 2-mu m system capability for atmospheric CO2 temporal profiling using the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique was demonstrated. This was achieved by tuning the laser at slightly different wavelengths around the CO2 R22 absorption line in the 2.05-mu m band. CO2 temporal profiles were also compared to in situ measurements. Preliminary results indicated average mixing ratios close to 390 ppm in the atmospheric boundary layer with 3.0% precision. The development of this system is an initial step for developing a high-resolution, high-precision direct-detection atmospheric CO2 DIAL system. A successful development of this system would be a valuable tool in obtaining and validating global atmospheric CO2 measurements. C1 [Refaat, Tamer F.] Old Dominion Univ, Appl Res Ctr, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Ismail, Syed; Koch, Grady J.; Rubio, Manuel; De Young, Russell; Abedin, M. Nurul; Singh, Upendra N.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Mack, Terry L.] Lockheed Martin, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Notari, Anthony; Collins, James E.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Lewis, Jasper; Choi, Yonghoon] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Refaat, TF (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Appl Res Ctr, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. EM trefaat@odu.edu FU NASA FX This work was supported in part by the NASA Instrument Incubator Program and in part by the NASA Laser Risk Reduction Program. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2011 VL 49 IS 1 BP 572 EP 580 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2055874 PN 2 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 701TA UT WOS:000285845100023 ER PT J AU Wu, AS Xiong, XX Angal, A Barnes, W AF Wu, Aisheng Xiong, Xiaoxiong Angal, A. Barnes, W. TI Evaluation of detector-to-detector and mirror side differences for Terra MODIS reflective solar bands using simultaneous MISR observations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION; AQUA MODIS; RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION; INFRARED CHANNELS; PERFORMANCE; AVHRR; EARTH; TEMPERATURE; SYSTEM AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the five Earth-observing instruments on-board the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth-Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft, launched in December 1999. It has 36 spectral bands with wavelengths ranging from 0.41 to 14.4 m and collects data at three nadir spatial resolutions: 0.25 km for 2 bands with 40 detectors each, 0.5 km for 5 bands with 20 detectors each and 1 km for the remaining 29 bands with 10 detectors each. MODIS bands are located on four separate focal plane assemblies (FPAs) according to their spectral wavelengths and aligned in the cross-track direction. Detectors of each spectral band are aligned in the along-track direction. MODIS makes observations using a two-sided paddle-wheel scan mirror. Its on-board calibrators (OBCs) for the reflective solar bands (RSBs) include a solar diffuser (SD), a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) and a spectral-radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA). Calibration is performed for each band, detector, sub-sample (for sub-kilometre resolution bands) and mirror side. In this study, a ratio approach is applied to MODIS observed Earth scene reflectances to track the detector-to-detector and mirror side differences. Simultaneous observed reflectances from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), also onboard the Terra spacecraft, are used with MODIS observed reflectances in this ratio approach for four closely matched spectral bands. Results show that the detector-to-detector difference between two adjacent detectors within each spectral band is typically less than 0.2% and, depending on the wavelengths, the maximum difference among all detectors varies from 0.5% to 0.8%. The mirror side differences are found to be very small for all bands except for band 3 at 0.44 m. This is the band with the shortest wavelength among the selected matching bands, showing a time-dependent increase for the mirror side difference. This study is part of the effort by the MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST) in order to track the RSB on-orbit performance for MODIS collection 5 data products. To support MCST efforts for future data re-processing, this analysis will be extended to include more spectral bands and temporal coverage. C1 [Wu, Aisheng; Angal, A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Xiong, Xiaoxiong] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Barnes, W.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Wu, AS (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, 10210 Greenbelt Rd,Suite 600, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM aisheng.wu@sigmaspace.com FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the U.S. [NAS5-02041] FX This material is published by permission of the Science and Systems Applications, Inc. for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the U.S. under Contract No. [NAS5-02041]. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up, non-exclusive, and irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 2 BP 299 EP 312 AR PII 933109997 DI 10.1080/01431160903464138 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 717ET UT WOS:000287026900001 ER PT J AU Goncalves, FG Santos, JR Treuhaft, RN AF Goncalves, F. G. Santos, J. R. Treuhaft, R. N. TI Stem volume of tropical forests from polarimetric radar SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST; BIOMASS ESTIMATION; SAR DATA; ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS; RAIN-FOREST; BRAZIL; UNCERTAINTY; BACKSCATTER; CALIBRATION AB In this study, we investigated the potential of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data for the estimation of stem volume in tropical forests. We used calibrated L-band, high incidence angle data from the airborne system SAR-R99B, acquired over an experimental area in the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. To evaluate the potential of PolSAR data for this application we used regression analysis, in which first-order models were fit to predict stem volume per hectare, as determined from field measurements. Unlike previous studies in tropical forests, the set of potential explanatory variables included a series of PolSAR attributes based on phase information, in addition to power measurements. Model selection techniques based on coefficient of determination (R2) and mean square error (MSE) identified several useful subsets of explanatory variables for stem volume estimation, including backscattering coefficient in HH polarization, cross-polarized ratio, HH-VV phase difference, polarimetric coherence, and the volume scatter component of the Freeman decomposition. Evaluation of the selected models indicated that PolSAR data can be used to quantify stem volume in the study site with a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 20-29 m3 ha-1, corresponding to 8-12% of the mean stem volume. External validation using independent data showed average prediction errors of less than 14%. Saturation effects in measured versus modelled volume were not observed up to volumes of 308 m3 ha-1 (biomasses of 357 Mg ha-1). However, no formal assessment of saturation was possible due to limitations of the volume range of the dataset. C1 [Goncalves, F. G.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Santos, J. R.] Natl Inst Space Res, Remote Sensing Div, BR-12227 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. [Treuhaft, R. N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Goncalves, FG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM fabio.goncalves@oregonstate.edu RI chen, zhu/K-5923-2013 FU Council for Advanced Professional Training (CAPES); National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This study was supported by the Council for Advanced Professional Training (CAPES), and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). We acknowledge Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE), through the MAPSAR Project, for institutional support, and LBA/Santarem for logistic support during the field work. We thank Corina Freitas and Camilo Renno for assisting us with statistical analysis, and Antonio Henrique Correia and Jose Claudio Mura for assistance with the SAR-R99B processing at INPE. We also thank Roberto Ventura (CENSIPAM) and Nilo Andrade (FAB-COMGAR) for acquisition/distribution of the SAR-R99B data, Fernando Miranda (PETROBRAS) for providing the corner reflectors, and Dan Donato for suggestions that improved the clarity of this manuscript. Acknowledgements of field data collection to: Erly Pedroso, Joni Oliveira, Raimundo dos Santos, Paulo Cesar Albuquerque, Claudia Cristina dos Santos, and Marcos Elmiro. The research described in this paper was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 52 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PY 2011 VL 32 IS 2 BP 503 EP 522 AR PII 933107668 DI 10.1080/01431160903475217 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 717ET UT WOS:000287026900011 ER EF