FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT B AU Thompson, DR Castano, R Gilmore, MS AF Thompson, David R. Castano, Rebecca Gilmore, Martha S. GP IEEE TI SPARSE SUPERPIXEL UNMIXING FOR EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF CRISM HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES SO 2009 FIRST WORKSHOP ON HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING: EVOLUTION IN REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing - Evolution in Remote Sensing CY AUG 26-29, 2009 CL Grenoble, FRANCE SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc DE Sparse Bayesian Unmixing; CRISM; Hyperspectral Images; Superpixels; Image Segmentation AB Fast automated analysis of hyperspectral imagery can inform observation planning and tactical decisions during planetary exploration. Products such as mineralogical maps can focus analysts' attention on areas of interest and assist data mining in large hyperspectral catalogs. In this work, sparse spectral unmixing drafts mineral abundance maps with Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. We demonstrate a novel "superpixel" segmentation strategy enabling efficient unmixing in an interactive session. Tests correlate automatic unmixing results based on redundant spectral libraries against hand-tuned summary products currently in use by CRISM researchers. C1 [Thompson, David R.; Castano, Rebecca] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gilmore, Martha S.] Wesleyan Univ, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RP Thompson, DR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.r.thompson@jpl.nasa.gov; rebecca.castano@jpl.nasa.gov; mgilmore@wesleyan.edu RI Gilmore, Martha/G-5856-2011 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4686-5 PY 2009 BP 303 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BOC66 UT WOS:000276190400075 ER PT B AU Grau, E Gastellu-Etchegorry, JP Gascon, F Rubio, J Brut, A AF Grau, E. Gastellu-Etchegorry, J. P. Gascon, F. Rubio, J. Brut, A. GP IEEE TI EARTH-ATMOSPHERE RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN DART MODEL SO 2009 FIRST WORKSHOP ON HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING: EVOLUTION IN REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing - Evolution in Remote Sensing CY AUG 26-29, 2009 CL Grenoble, FRANCE SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc DE DART; atmosphere; model; radiative transfer ID TRANSFER CODE; VECTOR VERSION; SATELLITE DATA; VALIDATION AB DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) simulates the 3D radiative transfer (R.T.) in the Earth-Atmosphere system. Earth scenes are natural and urban landscapes with topography. DART works in the optical domain, from the ultra-violet up to the thermal infrared domain. Its products are spectral remote sensing images, spectra and 3D radiative budget. A major goal of the DART model is to provide accurate simulations with reasonable computation time. This implies an R.T. accurate modeling in the Earth scene and the atmosphere, with an accurate "Earth scene - Atmosphere" coupling. Recently, the atmosphere R.T. was greatly improved in terms of accuracy and flexibility. Its algorithm relies on a specific atmosphere grid with the use of atmosphere transfer functions for decreasing computation time. Its accuracy is improved. Compared to ModTran, the mean relative error decreased from 6.5% to 1.3%. C1 [Grau, E.; Gastellu-Etchegorry, J. P.; Brut, A.] Univ Toulouse, 18 Av Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. [Grau, E.; Gastellu-Etchegorry, J. P.; Brut, A.] CESBIO, UPS, CNES, CNRS IRD, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. [Gascon, F.] European Space Agcy, TEC EE, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Rubio, J.] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Rubio, J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD USA. RP Grau, E (reprint author), Univ Toulouse, 18 Av Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4686-5 PY 2009 BP 320 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BOC66 UT WOS:000276190400079 ER PT B AU Le Mouelic, S Combe, JP Sarago, V Mangold, N Masse, M Bibring, JP Gondet, B Langevin, Y Sotin, C AF Le Mouelic, S. Combe, J-Ph Sarago, V. Mangold, N. Masse, M. Bibring, J-P Gondet, B. Langevin, Y. Sotin, C. GP IEEE TI AN ITERATIVE LEAST SQUARES APPROACH TO DECORRELATE MINERALS AND ICES CONTRIBUTIONS IN HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES : APPLICATION TO CUPRITE (EARTH) AND MARS SO 2009 FIRST WORKSHOP ON HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING: EVOLUTION IN REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing - Evolution in Remote Sensing CY AUG 26-29, 2009 CL Grenoble, FRANCE SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc DE hyperspectral; Mars; OMEGA; composition; minerals ID OMEGA/MARS EXPRESS AB We present an Iterative Linear Spectral Unmixing Model (ILSUM) which is aimed at finding the main surface components that contribute to the signal in visible and infrared hyperspectral images. We processed the global dataset of the OMEGA imaging spectrometer onboard Mars Express up to orbit 5300, covering two martian years. We also present a preliminary test on AVIRIS data on the Cuprite (Nevada) site. We use ILSUM to identify the contribution of each endmember of an input library containing laboratory spectra of ices and mineral powders that are representative of the main mineral families. Synthetic spectra (pure slope endmembers) are included to account at first order for aerosol and grain size variations. Applied to the global OMEGA data set, this algorithm provides a distribution map for the main minerals present on the martian surface, which appears to be mainly dominated by pyroxenes, olivine, ferric oxides, with localized exposures of sulfates and phyllosilicates. C1 [Le Mouelic, S.; Sarago, V.; Mangold, N.; Masse, M.; Sotin, C.] Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, 2 Rue Houssiniere, F-44300 Nantes, France. [Combe, J-Ph] Bear Fight Ctr, Winthrop, WA USA. [Bibring, J-P; Gondet, B.; Langevin, Y.] Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Orsay, France. [Sotin, C.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Le Mouelic, S (reprint author), Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, 2 Rue Houssiniere, F-44300 Nantes, France. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4686-5 PY 2009 BP 438 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BOC66 UT WOS:000276190400108 ER PT B AU Woollard, D Mattmann, C Medvidovic, N AF Woollard, David Mattmann, Chris Medvidovic, Nenad GP IEEE TI Injecting Software Architectural Constraints into Legacy Scientific Applications SO 2009 ICSE WORKSHOP ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING FOR COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ICSE Workshop on Software Engineering for Computational Science and Engineering CY MAY 23, 2009 CL Vancouver, CANADA AB While software architectures have been shown to aid developers in maintenance, reuse, and evolution as well as many other software engineering tasks, there is little language-level support for these architectural concepts in scientific programming languages such as Fortran and C. Because many existing scientific codes are written in legacy languages, it is difficult to integrate them into architected software systems. By wrapping scientific codes in architecturally-aware interfaces, we are able to componentize legacy programs, integrating them into systems built with first-class architectural elements while meeting performance and throughput requirements of scientific codes. C1 [Woollard, David; Mattmann, Chris] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 171-264, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Woollard, David; Mattmann, Chris; Medvidovic, Nenad] Univ So Calif, Dept Comp Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Woollard, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 171-264, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM woollard@jpl.nasa.gov; mattmann@jpl.nasa.gov; neno@usc.edu FU National Science Foundation [ITR-0312780]; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, managed by the California Institute of Technology under contract with NASA FX This work has been partially sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Grant number ITR-0312780 and by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, managed by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3737-5 PY 2009 BP 65 EP + DI 10.1109/SECSE.2009.5069164 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BMC62 UT WOS:000271851900010 ER PT S AU Lai, R Deal, WR Radisic, V Leong, K Mei, XB Sarkozy, S Gaier, T Samoska, L Fung, A AF Lai, R. Deal, W. R. Radisic, V. Leong, K. Mei, X. B. Sarkozy, S. Gaier, T. Samoska, L. Fung, A. GP IEEE TI Sub-MMW active integrated circuits based on 35 nm InP HEMT technology SO 2009 IEEE 21ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDIUM PHOSPHIDE & RELATED MATERIALS (IPRM) SE International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials CY MAY 10-14, 2009 CL Newport Beach, CA SP IEEE AB In this paper, we present the latest advancements of active sub-MMW integrated circuits (S-MMIC) based on 35 nm InP HEMT technology. The current state-of-the-art results include the first demonstrated LNA, PA and fundamental oscillator modules above 300 GHz. C1 [Lai, R.; Deal, W. R.; Radisic, V.; Leong, K.; Mei, X. B.; Sarkozy, S.] Northrop Grumman Space Technol, 1 Space Pk, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. [Gaier, T.; Samoska, L.; Fung, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lai, R (reprint author), Northrop Grumman Space Technol, 1 Space Pk, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. FU DARPA SWIFT Program; Army Research Laboratory under the ARL [W911QX-06-C-0050] FX This work was supported by DARPA SWIFT Program (Dr. Mark Rosker) and Army Research Laboratory (Dr. H. Alfred Hung) under the ARL Contract No: W911QX-06-C-0050. The authors would like to thank Jane Lee, Jansen Uyeda, Joe Zhou, Raffi Elmanjarian, Jennifer Wang, Linh Dang, Mike Barsky, Tim Naeole, Danny Li, Mike Lange, Po-Hsin Liu, Wayne Yoshida, Weidong Liu, Abdullah Cavus, Bichson Nguyen, Stella Makishi, Jeff Coakley, Brian Bayuk, Young-Min Kim, Patty Oliver, Richard To, Javier Velasquez, Bob Lyons and other members from NGC microelectronics laboratory and RF team for their contributions. The authors would also like to thank Phillip Chang (BAH), Aaron Oki (NGST), Reynold Kagiwada(NGST), Dwight Streit (NGST), Elliot Cohen, Bruce Wallace and the late Barry Allen for their support and advice. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8669 BN 978-1-4244-3432-9 J9 CONF P INDIUM PHOSPH PY 2009 BP 185 EP + DI 10.1109/ICIPRM.2009.5012474 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BLM48 UT WOS:000270539400049 ER PT B AU McPherson, R Dean, R Johnson, RW Del Castillo, L AF McPherson, Ryan Dean, Robert Johnson, R. Wayne Del Castillo, Linda GP IEEE TI Ultra-Thin, Flexible Electronics SO 2009 IEEE 59TH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Electronic Components and Technology Conference CY MAY 26-29, 2009 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE CPMT, Elect Components, Assemblies & Mat Assoc, Elect Ind Alliance, Elect Components Sector AB Ultra-thin, flexible electronics are advantageous for integration into biomedical sensors, wearable electronics, multifunction surfaces and low profile applications. Although flexible interconnects have been successfully demonstrated for these applications [1], the embedding of thinned, flexible semiconductor die will greatly enhance the application of this technology. Die thinning, thin multilayer substrates and the elimination of solder joints are required to meet the thickness targets for these applications. A process sequence has been developed to achieve final thicknesses of 35-75 mu m. C1 [McPherson, Ryan; Dean, Robert; Johnson, R. Wayne] Auburn Univ, ECE Dept, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Del Castillo, Linda] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP McPherson, R (reprint author), Auburn Univ, ECE Dept, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM Rjm0002@auburn.edu FU NASA JPL FX NASA JPL is acknowledged for sponsoring this effort. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4475-5 PY 2009 BP 607 EP + DI 10.1109/ECTC.2009.5074075 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BLX49 UT WOS:000271288900089 ER PT B AU Lall, P Lowe, R Goebel, K AF Lall, Pradeep Lowe, Ryan Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI Resistance Spectroscopy-based Condition Monitoring for Prognostication of High Reliability Electronics Under Shock-Impact SO 2009 IEEE 59TH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Electronic Components and Technology Conference CY MAY 26-29, 2009 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE CPMT, Elect Components, Assemblies & Mat Assoc, Elect Ind Alliance, Elect Components Sector ID AREA-ARRAY PACKAGES; HARSH ENVIRONMENTS; VIBRATION; MODELS; BIST AB Leading indicators of failure have been developed based on high-frequency characteristics, and system-transfer function derived from resistance spectroscopy measurements during shock and vibration. The technique is intended for condition monitoring in high reliability applications where the knowledge of impending failure is critical and the risks in terms of loss-of-functionality are too high to bear. Previously, resistance spectroscopy measurements [Constable 1992, Lizzul 1994, Prassana 1995] have been used during thermal cycling tests to monitor damage progression due to thermo-mechanical stresses. The development of resistance spectroscopy based damage pre-cursors for prognostication under shock and vibration is new. In this paper, the high-frequency characteristics, and system transfer function based on resistance spectroscopy measurements have been correlated with the damage progression in electronics during shock and vibration. Packages being examined include ceramic area-array packages. Second level interconnect technologies examined include copper-rein forced solder column, SAC305 solder ball, and 90Pb10Sn high-lead solder ball. Assemblies have been subjected to 1500g, 0.5 ms pulse [JESD-B2111]. Continuity has been monitored in-situ during the shock test for identification of part-failure. Resistance spectroscopy based damage pre-cursors have been correlated with the optically measured transient strain based feature vectors. High speed cameras have-been used to capture the transient strain histories during shock-impact. Statistical pattern recognition techniques have been used to identify damage initiation and progression and determine the statistical significance in variance between healthy and damaged assemblies. Models for healthy and damaged packages have been developed based on package characteristics. Data presented shows that high-frequency characteristics and system-transfer characteristics based on resistance spectroscopy measurements can be used for condition-monitoring, damage initiation and progression in electronic systems. A positive prognostic distance has been demonstrated for each of the interconnect technologies tested. C1 [Lall, Pradeep; Lowe, Ryan] Auburn Univ, Dept Mech Engn, NSF Ctr Adv Vehicle & Extreme Environm Elect, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lall, P (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Mech Engn, NSF Ctr Adv Vehicle & Extreme Environm Elect, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM lall@eng.auburn.edu FU NASA-IVHM Program from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNA08BA21C] FX The research presented in this paper has been supported by NASA-IVHM Program Grant NNA08BA21C from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4475-5 PY 2009 BP 1245 EP + DI 10.1109/ECTC.2009.5074171 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BLX49 UT WOS:000271288900184 ER PT B AU Lall, P More, V Vaidya, R Goebel, K AF Lall, Pradeep More, Vikrant Vaidya, Rahul Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI Prognostication of Latent Damage and Residual Life in Leadfree Electronics Subjected to Multiple Thermal-Environments SO 2009 IEEE 59TH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Electronic Components and Technology Conference CY MAY 26-29, 2009 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE CPMT, Elect Components, Assemblies & Mat Assoc, Elect Ind Alliance, Elect Components Sector ID SN-AG-CU; FREE SOLDER ALLOYS; MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; THERMOMECHANICAL FATIGUE; BOUNDARY-SCAN; SHOCK; RELIABILITY; JOINTS; VIBRATION; TESTABILITY AB Electronic assemblies deployed in harsh environments may be subjected to multiple thermal environments during the use-life of the equipment. Often the equipment may not have any macro-indicators of damage such as cracks or delamination. Quantification of thermal environments during use-life is often not feasible because of the data-capture and storage requirements, and the overhead on core-system functionality. There is need for tools and techniques to quantify damage in deployed systems in absence of macro-indicators of damage without knowledge of prior stress history. The presented PHM framework is targeted towards high reliability applications such as avionic and space systems. In this paper, Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu alloy packages have been subjected to multiple thermal cycling environments including -55 to 125C and 0 to 100C. Assemblies investigated include area-array packages soldered on FR4 printed circuit cards. The methodology involves the use of condition monitoring devices, for gathering data on damage pre-cursors at periodic intervals. Damage-state interrogation technique has been developed based on the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm in conjunction with the microstructural damage evolution proxies. The presented technique is applicable to electronic assemblies which have been deployed on one thermal environment, then withdrawn from service and targeted for redeployment in a different thermal environment., Test cases have been presented to demonstrate the viability of the technique for assessment of prior damage, operational readiness and residual life for assemblies exposed to multiple thermo-mechanical environments. Prognosticated prior damage and the residual life show good correlation with experimental data, demonstrating the validity of the presented technique for multiple thermo-mechanical environments. C1 [Lall, Pradeep; More, Vikrant; Vaidya, Rahul] Auburn Univ, Dept Mech Engn, NSF Ctr Adv Vehicle & Extreme Environm Elect, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lall, P (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Mech Engn, NSF Ctr Adv Vehicle & Extreme Environm Elect, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM lall@eng.auburn.edu FU NASA-IVHM Program National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNA08BA21C] FX The research presented in this paper has been supported by NASA-IVHM Program Grant NNA08BA21C from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 57 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4475-5 PY 2009 BP 1381 EP + DI 10.1109/ECTC.2009.5074193 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BLX49 UT WOS:000271288900206 ER PT S AU Hudson, N Younse, P Backes, P Bajracharya, M AF Hudson, Nicolas Younse, Paulo Backes, Paul Bajracharya, Max GP IEEE TI Rover Reconfiguration for Body-Mounted Coring with Slip SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Active and passive approaches to accommodating moderate rover slip during coring, using a body mounted coring tool were studied. The work addresses the possibility of a 200kg rover experiencing moderate slip such as 1cm/minute while coring on a Martian slope using a body-mounted coring tool in a possible future Mars Sample Return mission. Rover slip while coring could be accommodated with passive compliance or active rover reconfiguration. A passive compliance device was designed that constrains the compliant motion of the tool relative to the rover to a plane with travel of approximately 1.5cm. Active reconfiguration relies upon wheel motion and a transverse linear stage to provide actuation of the coring tool position in the nominal wheel plane. The rover actively reconfigures utilizing six axis force feedback of the forces and torques on the coring tool. Rover slip is measured using Absolute Motion Visual Odometry (AMVO). Rover reconfiguration is demonstrated while coring on a slope with slip. However, the implemented body mounted coring tool approach is fundamentally limited: First, no out-of-plane actuation is considered, negating the possibility of rover roll and pitch compensation. Second, wheel-ground interaction could cause unintended system responses when wheel motion occurs, including motion in the uncontrollable roll and pitch degrees-of-freedom. (1 2) C1 [Hudson, Nicolas; Younse, Paulo; Backes, Paul; Bajracharya, Max] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hudson, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Nicolas.Hudson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 35 EP 41 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000003 ER PT S AU Bonitz, R Shiraishi, L Robinson, M Carsten, J Volpe, R Trebi-Ollennu, A Arvidson, RE Chu, PC Wilson, JJ Davis, KR AF Bonitz, Robert Shiraishi, Lori Robinson, Matthew Carsten, Joseph Volpe, Richard Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey Arvidson, Raymond E. Chu, P. C. Wilson, J. J. Davis, K. R. GP IEEE TI The Phoenix Mars Lander Robotic Arm SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Phoenix Mars Lander Robotic Arm (RA) has operated for 149 sols since the Lander touched down on the north polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008. During its mission it has dug numerous trenches in The Martian regolith, acquired samples of Martian dry and icy soil, and delivered them to the Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) and the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA). The RA inserted the Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) into the Martian regolith and positioned it at various heights above the surface for relative humidity measurements. The RA was used to point the Robotic Arm Camera to take images of the surface, trenches, samples within the scoop, and other objects of scientific interest within its workspace. Data from the RA sensors during trenching, scraping, and trench cave-in experiments have been used to infer mechanical properties of the Martian soil. This paper describes the design and operations of the RA as a critical component of the Phoenix Mars Lander necessary to achieve the scientific goals of the mission.(12) C1 [Bonitz, Robert; Shiraishi, Lori; Robinson, Matthew; Carsten, Joseph; Volpe, Richard; Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Arvidson, Raymond E.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Chu, P. C.; Wilson, J. J.; Davis, K. R.] Honeybee Robot Spacecraft Mechanisms Corp, New York, NY 10001 USA. RP Bonitz, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Robert.G.Bonitz@jpl.nasa.gov; Lori.R.Shiraishi@jpl.nasa.gov; Matthew.L.Robinson@jpl.nasa.gov; Joseph.Carsten@jpl.nasa.gov; volpe@jpl.nasa.gov; ashitey@jpl.nasa.gov; arvidson@rsmail.wustl.edu; chu@honeybeerobotics.com; wilson@honeybeerobotics.com; davis@honeybeerobotics.com NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 42 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000004 ER PT S AU Backes, P Onstott, T Bar-Cohen, Y Badescu, M Pratt, L Helmick, D Sherrit, S Johnson, A Bao, XQ AF Backes, Paul Onstott, Tullis Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Badescu, Mircea Pratt, Lisa Helmick, Daniel Sherrit, Stewart Johnson, Adam Bao, Xiaoqi GP IEEE TI Planetary Sample Sealing for Caching SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA; SIBERIAN PERMAFROST; METHANE AB A sample sealing technique was developed and tested for a possible Mars Sample Return mission application. The effect on the scientific viability of biological samples from storage of samples in a sample container for a long period of time on the Martian surface was also investigated. Sealing techniques were investigated and a soldering concept was developed and tested to provide a hermetic seal between a sample tube and cap. A sample caching subsystem design concept was updated to allow for sealing of sample tubes. A gas-tight vessel was constructed that could be used to simulate environmental conditions that would be experienced by a sample of regolith on Mars and to test the affects of thermal cycling of the vessel on psychrophilic microorganisms embedded in a regolith simulant to assess the degree of deterioration of the microorganisms (12) C1 [Backes, Paul; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Badescu, Mircea; Helmick, Daniel; Sherrit, Stewart; Bao, Xiaoqi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Onstott, Tullis] Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Pratt, Lisa; Johnson, Adam] Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Backes, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Paul.G.Backes@jpl.nasa.gov; tullis@Princeton.edu; prattl@indiana.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 54 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000005 ER PT S AU Abad-Manterola, P Burdick, J Nesnas, IAD Cecava, J AF Abad-Manterola, Pablo Burdick, Joel Nesnas, Issa A. D. Cecava, Johanna GP IEEE TI Wheel Design and Tension Analysis for the Tethered Axel Rover on Extreme Terrain SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB As the Mars Exploration rovers have reaffirmed, some of the most interesting sites for scientists to explore on planetary surfaces lie in terrains that are currently inaccessible to state-of-the art rovers. We have been developing the Axel rover as a robotic platform to access steep and challenging terrain. We will summarize the recent mechanical upgrades since we introduced the tethered Axel concept last year. In this paper, we will also investigate how different wheel parameters affect Axel's performance on various terrain types. We will begin with a theoretical analysis and then present our experimental results from testing with different wheel designs on flat, sloped, and rocky terrain. Tether tension management is essential for reliable and safe operation of the Axel rover. We will demonstrate a design that uses Axel's three actuators and its body for reeling and unreeling the tether. We will then present theoretical tension calculations and compare them to experimental results in which we implemented a tension sensor to directly measure the forces on the tether. (1,2) C1 [Abad-Manterola, Pablo; Burdick, Joel] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Nesnas, Issa A. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Cecava, Johanna] Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Abad-Manterola, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM pablo@caltech.edu; jwb@robotics.caltech.edu; nesnas@jpl.nasa.gov; Johanna.R.Cecava@nasa.gov FU Caltech; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work is a joint collaboration between Caltech and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The work was done at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 64 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000006 ER PT S AU Pivtoraiko, M Nesnas, IAD Kelly, A AF Pivtoraiko, Mihail Nesnas, Issa A. D. Kelly, Alonzo GP IEEE TI Autonomous Robot Navigation using Advanced Motion Primitives SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB We present an approach to efficient navigation of autonomous wheeled robots operating in Cluttered natural environments. The approach builds upon a popular method of autonomous robot navigation, where desired robot motions are computed using local and global motion planners operating in tandem. A conventional approach to designing the local planner in this setting is to evaluate a fixed number of constant-curvature arc motions and pick one that is the best balance between the quality of obstacle avoidance and minimizing traversed path length to the goal (or a similar measure of operation cost). The presented approach proposes a different set of motion alternatives considered by the local planner. Important performance improvement is achieved by relaxing the assumption that motion alternatives are constant-curvature arcs. We first present a method to measure the quality of local planners in this setting. Further, we identify general techniques of designing improved sets of motion alternatives. By virtue of a minor modification, solely replacing the motions considered by the local planner, our approach offers a measurable performance improvement of dual-planner navigation systems(1,2). C1 [Pivtoraiko, Mihail; Nesnas, Issa A. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Kelly, Alonzo] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Pivtoraiko, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mpivtora@jpl.nasa.gov; nesnas@jpl.nasa.gov; alonzo@cmu.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 72 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000007 ER PT S AU Schreckenghost, D Fong, T Milam, T Pacis, E Utz, H AF Schreckenghost, Debra Fong, Terrence Milam, Tod Pacis, Estrellina Utz, Hans GP IEEE TI Real-Time Assessment of Robot Performance during Remote Exploration Operations SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB To ensure that robots are used effectively for exploration missions, it is important to assess their performance during operations. We are investigating the definition and computation of performance metrics for assessing remote robotic operations in real-time. Our approach is to monitor data streams from robots, compute performance metrics, and provide Web-based displays of these metrics for assessing robot performance during operations. We evaluated our approach for measuring robot performance with the K10 rovers from NASA Ames Research Center during a field test at Moses Lake Sand Dunes (WA) in June 2008. In this paper we present the results of evaluating our software for robot performance and discuss our conclusions from this evaluation for future robot operations. (12) C1 [Schreckenghost, Debra; Milam, Tod] TRACLabs, 1012 Hercules, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Fong, Terrence] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Pacis, Estrellina] Space & Naval Warfare Syst Command, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. [Utz, Hans] Res Inst Adv Comp Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Schreckenghost, D (reprint author), TRACLabs, 1012 Hercules, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM ghost@ieee.org; terry.fong@nasa.gov; tmilam@traclabs.com; estrellina.b.pacis@nasa.gov; hans.utz@nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 79 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000008 ER PT S AU Younse, P Stroupe, A Huntsberger, T Garrett, M Eigenbrode, JL Benning, LG Fogel, M Steele, A AF Younse, P. Stroupe, A. Huntsberger, T. Garrett, M. Eigenbrode, J. L. Benning, L. G. Fogel, M. Steele, A. GP IEEE TI Sample Acquisition and Caching using Detachable Scoops for Mars Sample Return SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Future Mars sample return missions would require technology to robotically acquire and cache multiple samples for delivery back to Earth. Anticipating the need to acquire samples and prevent cross-contamination, individual detachable scoops and caching boxes were designed for use with a rover. Four sample scoop/cache assemblies were mounted onto the back of Mars technology rover Sample Return Rover 2000 (SRR2K) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. A robotic arm on the rover was used to open and close the cache boxes. A clamping mechanism designed for the end effector of the robotic arm attached and detached individual scoops and performed the scooping for sample collection. The spring-loaded cache boxes had a labyrinth seal incorporated into the lid to provide a biobarrier from external contaminants. The sample collection and caching system was tested, along with a cleaning protocol, to ensure cleanliness of the samples for life-detection studies August 2008 in Svalbard, Nor-way during the Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition (AMASE).(12) C1 [Younse, P.; Stroupe, A.; Huntsberger, T.; Garrett, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Eigenbrode, J. L.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Benning, L. G.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Fogel, M.; Steele, A.] Carnegie Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Younse, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Paulo.J.Younse@jpl.nasa.gov; Jennifer.L.Eigenbrode@nasa.gov; liane@earth.leeds.ac.uk; fogel@gl.ciw.edu RI Benning, Liane/E-7071-2011; Eigenbrode, Jennifer/D-4651-2012 OI Benning, Liane/0000-0001-9972-5578; NR 11 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 103 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000010 ER PT S AU Clark, K Tan-Wang, G Boldt, J Greeley, R Jun, I Lock, R Ludwinski, J Pappalardo, R Van Houten, T Yan, T AF Clark, K. Tan-Wang, G. Boldt, J. Greeley, R. Jun, I. Lock, R. Ludwinski, J. Pappalardo, R. Van Houten, T. Yan, T. GP IEEE TI Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa Orbiter Mission SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young.(12) Subsequently, Galileo supplied fascinating new insights into that satellite's secrets. The Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) would be the NASA-led portion of the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM), an international mission with orbiters developed by NASA, ESA and possibly JAXA. JEO would address a very important subset of the complete EJSM science objectives and is designed to function alone or in conjunction with ESA's Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO). The JEO mission concept uses a single orbiter flight system which would travel to Jupiter by means of a multiple-gravity-assist trajectory reaching Jupiter and perform a multi-year study of Europa and the Jupiter system, including 30 months of Jupiter system science and a comprehensive Europa orbit phase of 9 months. The JEO mission science objectives, as defined by the international EJSM Science Definition Team, include: A. Europa's Ocean: Characterize the extent of the ocean and its relation to the deeper interior B. Europa's Ice Shell: Characterize the ice shell and any subsurface water, including their heterogeneity, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange C. Europa's Chemistry: Determine global surface compositions and chemistry, especially as related to habitability D. Europa's Geology: Understand the formation of surface features, including sites of recent or current activity, and identify and characterize candidate sites for future in situ exploration E. Jupiter System: Understand Europa in the context of the Jupiter system In concert with achieving these science objectives, NASA has provided study guidelines, including: Launch no earlier than 2020, with preferred flight times to Jupiter of < 7 years Use the 34m DSN station network for primary science downlink Carry robust margins in all areas (technical and financial) The primary challenge of a Europa orbital mission is to perform in Jupiter's radiation environment, radiation damage being the life limiting parameter for the flight system. Designing for reliability and long life requires key knowledge of the environment, understanding of available hardware, conservative hardware and software design approaches, and a management structure that elevates the importance of radiation issues to the project office level. Instilling a system-level radiation-hardened-by-design approach very early in the mission concept would mitigate the pervasive mission and system level impacts (including trajectory, configuration, fault protection, operational scenarios, and circuit design) that can otherwise result in run-away cost and mass growth. This paper will address the mission concept developed by a joint JPL and APL team to address the science objectives as defined by an international Science Definition Team formed in 2008 while designing for the Jupiter environment and meeting NASA guidelines. C1 [Clark, K.; Tan-Wang, G.; Jun, I.; Lock, R.; Ludwinski, J.; Pappalardo, R.; Van Houten, T.; Yan, T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Clark, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Karla.B.Clark@jpl.nasa.gov; Grace.H.Tan-Wang@jpl.nasa.gov; John.Boldt@jhuapl.edu; greeley@asu.edu; Insoo.Jun@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.E.Lock@jpl.nasa.gov; Jan.M.Ludwinski@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.Pappalardo@jpl.nasa.gov; Tracy.J.VanHouten@jpl.nasa.gov; Tsun-Yee.Yan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 141 EP 160 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000013 ER PT S AU Reh, KR AF Reh, Kim R. GP IEEE TI Titan Saturn System Mission SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Titan is a high priority for exploration, as recommended by NASA's 2006 Solar System Exploration (SSE) Roadmap [1], NASA's 2003 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey [2] and ESA's Cosmic Vision Program Themes.(1,2) Recent revolutionary Cassini-Huygens discoveries have dramatically escalated interest in Titan as the next scientific target in the outer Solar System. Results of this study as documented in the TSSM Final Report [3] and Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) NASA/ESA Joint Summary Report [4] demonstrates that an exciting Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) that explores two worlds of intense astrobiological interest can be initiated now as a single NASA/ESA collaboration. Following 50 years of space exploration, the Cassini-Huygens mission has revealed the Earth-like world of Saturn's moon Titan and showed the potential habitability of another moon, Enceladus. As anticipated by the 2003 Decadal Survey, recent Cassini-Huygens discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of the Titan system and its potential for harboring the "ingredients" necessary for life. These discoveries reveal that Titan is very rich in organics, possibly contains a vast subsurface ocean, and has energy sources to drive chemical evolution. The complex interaction between the atmosphere and surface produces lakes, dunes, and seasonal changes that are features that Titan shares with Earth. Cassini's discovery of active geysers on Enceladus revealed a second icy moon in the Saturn system that is synergistic with Titan in understanding planetary evolution and in adding another potential abode in the Saturn system for life as we know it. These discoveries have dramatically escalated the interest in Titan as the next scientific target for an outer planet mission. Although the scope of science possible at Titan covers the entire range of planetary science disciplines, the TSSM team has developed a mission that focuses NASA and ESA resources on the highest priority science questions. Results of this study confirm that a flagship-class mission to Titan (including the Saturn system and Enceladus) can be done at acceptable risk within the specified budgetary constraints and can proceed now. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Reh, KR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kim.r.reh@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 161 EP 168 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000014 ER PT S AU Spilker, TR Moeller, RC Borden, CS Smythe, WD Lock, RE Elliott, JO Wertz, JA Strange, NJ AF Spilker, T. R. Moeller, R. C. Borden, C. S. Smythe, W. D. Lock, R. E. Elliott, J. O. Wertz, J. A. Strange, N. J. GP IEEE TI Analysis of Architectures for the Scientific Exploration of Enceladus SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In 2007 a JPL Rapid Mission Architecture (RMA) analysis team identified and evaluated a broad set of mission architecture options for a suite of scientific exploration objectives targeting the Saturnian moon Enceladus. Primary science objectives were largely focused on examination of the driving mechanisms and extent of interactions by the plumes of Enceladus recently discovered by Cassini mission science teams. Investigation of the architectural trade space spanned a wide range of options, from high-energy flybys of Enceladus as a re-instrumented expansion on the Cassini mission, to more complex, multi-element combinations of Enceladus orbiters carrying multiple variants of in-situ deployable systems. Trajectory design emerged as a critical element of the mission concepts, enabling challenging missions on Atlas V and Delta IV-Heavy class launch vehicles. Various Enceladus Flagship-class mission concepts identified were analyzed and compared against several first-order figures of merit, including mass, cost, risk, mission timeline, and associated science value with respect to accomplishment of the full set of science objectives. Results are presented for these comparative analyses and the characterization of the explored trade space. C1 [Spilker, T. R.; Moeller, R. C.; Borden, C. S.; Smythe, W. D.; Lock, R. E.; Elliott, J. O.; Wertz, J. A.; Strange, N. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Spilker, TR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Thomas.R.Spilker@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 169 EP 184 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000015 ER PT S AU Tsou, P AF Tsou, P. GP IEEE TI STARDUST: A Comet Coma Flyby Sample Return SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID SILICA AEROGEL; 81P/WILD-2; DUST; WILD-2; MISSION; HALLEY; EXTRACTION; INTACT; GIOTTO; CAMERA AB STARDUST, the 4(th) NASA Discovery Mission, returned the world's first coma sample from a comet with known history. The returned samples gave the world the first opportunity to per-form detailed laboratory studies of comet Wild 2 and a time capsule of the formational times of our Solar System. The completion of a comet coma flyby sample return mission required heroic endeavors from many participants, extensive advocacy by officials and reviewers, considerable doses of serendipitous miracles and, invariably, disappointments. This chronicle recounts some of the technology breakthroughs and significant engineering and strategic innovations that made STARDUST possible. For those who dream of future space exploration, this account may provide inspiration for even more incredible discoveries to come. A flight project distinguished by the excellence of its technical concept is only a necessary condition; completing such a mission successfully depends on sufficiency factors that are often slighted-programmatic, interpersonal and cosmic happenstances. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91099 USA. RP Tsou, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91099 USA. EM Peter.Tsou@jpl.nasa.gov NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 192 EP 204 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000017 ER PT S AU Jones, MA Herrell, L Banerdt, WB Hansen, D Miyake, R Kondos, S Timmerman, P Randolph, V AF Jones, Melissa A. Herrell, Linda Banerdt, W. Bruce Hansen, David Miyake, Robert Kondos, Steve Timmerman, Paul Randolph, Vincent GP IEEE TI Next Generation Autonomous Lunar Geophysical Experiment Package SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Geophysical exploration of the interior structure and processes of the Moon has been a high scientific priority dating back to the Apollo days and still remains a high priority even today. The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) deployed during the Apollo era played an important role in extending knowledge of the Moon's history through seismic, magnetic, and geothermal measurements. In this concept study, a contemporary equivalent of ALSEP was investigated. Autonomous Lunar Geophysical Experiment Package (ALGEP) contains instruments similar to ALSEP but has taken advantage of thirty years of technology advances, allowing for development of instruments with increased sensitivity and reduced size and power requirements. Solar powered modular platforms were designed with each instrument equipped with its own miniaturized power, telecom, command and data handling, and thermal subsystems allowing for nighttime data collection. A base station would provide communication with the Earth. The instruments could be deployed long distances from one another and would be essentially wireless, decreasing deployment complexity and risk. (1 2) C1 [Jones, Melissa A.; Herrell, Linda; Banerdt, W. Bruce; Hansen, David; Miyake, Robert; Kondos, Steve; Timmerman, Paul; Randolph, Vincent] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jones, MA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM melissa.a.jones@jpl.nasa.gov; linda.m.herrell@jpl.nasa.gov; bruce.banerdt@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 216 EP 232 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000019 ER PT S AU Anderson, M Allwood, A AF Anderson, Mark Allwood, Abigail GP IEEE TI In Situ Sampling using Meta-Stable Helium SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID RAMAN-SCATTERING AB A Meta-Stable Helium (MSHe) extraction method has been developed for In Situ chemical analysis of rocks and soils. MSHe provides soft-ionization and desorption of organics from soil and rocks without the use of solvents or high temperatures. This enables rapid, simple and effective extraction of analytes for very sensitive chemical analysis. The work presented extends the MSHe sampling from mass spectroscopy to other analytical methods including Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Applications include in situ analysis of planetary samples as well as current research on ancient sedimentary rocks that potentially contain microbial remains on Earth. The new sampling technology provides a powerful and widely applicable sampling tool for planetary and astrobiology science requiring in situ organic analysis. C1 [Anderson, Mark] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Analyt Chem & Mat Dev Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Allwood, Abigail] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Sci & Life Detect Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Anderson, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Analyt Chem & Mat Dev Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mark.s.anderson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 233 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000020 ER PT S AU Klesh, A Taniguchi, S Burke, C Cartwright, M Gadre, R Wang, JG Horodyskyj, L Milam, K Moskovitz, N Oiler, J Pagano, M Ostrowski, D Smith, R Townsend-Small, A Budney, C U-Yen, K Vance, S Westlake, J Zacny, K AF Klesh, Andrew Taniguchi, Shintaro Burke, Caley Cartwright, Megan Gadre, Rajeev Wang, Jiuguang Horodyskyj, Lev Milam, Keith Moskovitz, Nicholas Oiler, Jonathon Pagano, Michael Ostrowski, Daniel Smith, Ramsey Townsend-Small, Amy Budney, Charles U-Yen, Kongpop Vance, Steve Westlake, Joseph Zacny, Kris GP IEEE TI SHOTPUT: A JPL Planetary Summer Science School Study SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID TROJAN ASTEROIDS; CONSTRAINTS; CAPTURE; ALBEDO; SYSTEM; EARTH AB During 2015, a unique launch opportunity exists that allows for a New-Frontiers-class mission to discover a compositional gradient of small bodies in our solar system. (12)The proposed seven year mission includes a flyby of main belt asteroid (108144) 2001 HM1, a flyby and impactor release (a la Deep Impact) at the Trojan asteroid (624) Hektor (a suspected contact binary) with companion P/2006, and a flyby with impactor release at the Centaur asteroid 39P/Oterma. The variety of types and positions of these small bodies will help answer some of the fundamental questions we have for the evolution and composition of our solar system. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Planetary Science Summer School team has designed a mission designed to address all of these scientific questions and design objectives. We will describe instrument selection, launch dates and mission timetables, measurement and encounter strategies, impactor design and benefits, data acquisition and communication tradeoffs and provide background into the mission science goals. Furthermore, cost estimates and a work breakdown will be provided to prove the practicality 978-1-4244-2622-5/09/$25.00 (C) 2009 IEEE. IEEEAC paper # 1634, Version 2, Updated Jan 7, 2009 of meeting all the science objectives within a short period of time. A strategy for the development of our system based upon previously used instruments and hardware will also be presented. C1 [Klesh, Andrew; Taniguchi, Shintaro] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Burke, Caley] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Cartwright, Megan] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Gadre, Rajeev; Wang, Jiuguang] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Horodyskyj, Lev] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Milam, Keith] Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. [Moskovitz, Nicholas] Univ Hawaii, Astron Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Oiler, Jonathon; Pagano, Michael] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Ostrowski, Daniel] Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Smith, Ramsey] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ORAU NASA Postdoctoral Program, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Townsend-Small, Amy] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Budney, Charles] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [U-Yen, Kongpop] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Green belt, MD USA. [Vance, Steve] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, ORAU NASA Postdoctoral Program, Green belt, MD USA. [Westlake, Joseph] Univ Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA. [Zacny, Kris] Honeybee Robot, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Klesh, A (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM sxt@umich.edu; sxt@umich.edu; axs@mit.edu; mcartwri@ucla.edu; rgadre3@gatech.edu; j.w@gatech.edu; levh@psu.edu; milamk@ohio.edu; nmosko@ifa.hawaii.edu; michael.pagano@asu.edu; michael.pagano@asu.edu; dostrow@uark.edu; ramsey.l.smith@nasa.gov; atownsen@uci.edu; charles.j.budney@jpl.nasa.gov; kongpop.u-yen-l@nasa.gov; svance@jpl.nasa.gov; jwestlak@gmail.com; zacny@honeybeerobotics.com RI Smith, Ramsey/D-4710-2012; Westlake, Joseph/G-2732-2015 OI Westlake, Joseph/0000-0003-0472-8640 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 240 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000021 ER PT S AU Smith, JH Elfes, A Hua, H Mrozinski, J Shelton, K Lincoln, W Adumitroaie, V Weisbin, C AF Smith, Jeffrey H. Elfes, A. Hua, H. Mrozinski, J. Shelton, K. Lincoln, W. Adumitroaie, V. Weisbin, C. GP IEEE TI Mobility Productivity Impacts on Selection of Lunar Exploration Architectures SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The productivity of scientific exploration of the Moon and Mars has been significantly improved through the mobility of roving vehicles (rovers) since these vehicles allow scientists to conduct operations well beyond the immediate vicinity of the landing area. This paper reports on a quantitative approach developed to evaluate the productivity of alternative human and robot work-system alternatives for a lunar science mission. A graph-search approach for task planning was used for assigning human and robotic work systems to scientific tasks in order to evaluate the productivity of different mobility options. The results were used to identify the benefits and costs of alternative rover combinations in order to establish guidelines for the roles of the different vehicle types. Pressurized rovers displayed advantages over unpressurized rovers due to enhanced range and duration yielding more science productivity. Multiple pressurized rovers were found to be more productive than multiple unpressurized rovers. (1) (2) C1 [Smith, Jeffrey H.; Elfes, A.; Hua, H.; Mrozinski, J.; Shelton, K.; Lincoln, W.; Adumitroaie, V.; Weisbin, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smith, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jeffrey.h.smith@jpl.nasa.gov RI Elfes, Alberto/E-2463-2011 OI Elfes, Alberto/0000-0003-2433-995X NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 253 EP 260 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000022 ER PT S AU Grammier, RS AF Grammier, Richard S. GP IEEE TI A Look inside the Juno Mission to Jupiter SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Juno, the second mission within the New Frontiers Program, is a Jupiter polar orbiter mission designed to return high-priority science data that spans across multiple divisions within NASA's Science Mission Directorate. Juno's science objectives, coupled with the natural constraints of a cost-capped, PI-led mission and the harsh environment of Jupiter, have led to a very unique mission and spacecraft design. The mission and spacecraft design accommodates the required payload suite of instruments in a way that maximizes science data collection and return, maintains a simplified orbital operations approach, and meets the many challenges associated with operating a spin-stabilized, solar-powered spacecraft in Jupiter's high radiation and magnetic environment. The project's efforts during the preliminary design phase have resulted in an integrated design and operations approach that meets all science objectives, retains significant technical, schedule and cost margins, and has retired key risks and challenges. As a result, Juno has been authorized to proceed with the detailed design phase and work toward an August 2011 launch. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Grammier, RS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-320, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Richard.s.grammier@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 283 EP 292 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000024 ER PT S AU Hoffman, TL AF Hoffman, Tom L. GP IEEE TI GRAIL: Gravity Mapping the Moon SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID CLEMENTINE AB The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission is the most recently selected NASA Discovery mission. The GRAIL mission will utilize two spacecraft flying in tandem to provide a crust-to-core lunar gravity map. This lunar gravity map will provide important insight into the evolution of the Moon and other planetary bodies. The mission is currently in development with a September 2011 planned launch. The GRAIL mission concept is based on heritage from the GRACE instrument being used to map the gravity of the Earth. The spacecraft bus is based on a heritage system used successfully by Lockheed-Martin, the spacecraft contractor. This paper will discuss the science return expected from the GRAIL mission and provide an overview of the spacecraft system and mission design being developed to implement this exciting Discovery mission. (12) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hoffman, TL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Tom.L.Hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000025 ER PT S AU Leibee, J Seidleck, M McEnery, J AF Leibee, Jack Seidleck, Mark McEnery, Julie GP IEEE TI The Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope: Overview and Early Science Results SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly named GLAST) was designed and built by NASA, the United States Department of Energy, and agencies in France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Sweden. It launched in June of 2008 and has been observing the gamma-ray sky for over 6 months. This paper describes the mission overview and the mission systems; outlines how the instruments work; summarizes the on-orbit activation, and discusses the recent science highlights. (1,2) C1 [Leibee, Jack; Seidleck, Mark; McEnery, Julie] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leibee, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jack.e.leibee@nasa.gov; mark.s.seidleck@nasa.gov; julie.mcenery@nasa.gov RI McEnery, Julie/D-6612-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 301 EP 312 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000026 ER PT S AU Goldstein, B Shotwell, R AF Goldstein, Barry Shotwell, Robert GP IEEE TI Phoenix: The First Mars Scout Mission SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID HYDROGEN; ODYSSEY AB As the first of the new Mars Scouts missions, the Phoenix project was selected by NASA in August of 2003. Four years later, almost to the day, Phoenix was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Station and successfully injected into an interplanetary trajectory on its way to Mars. On May 25, 2008 Phoenix conducted the first successful powered decent on Mars in over 30 years. This paper will highlight some of the key changes since the 2008 IEEE paper of the same name, as well as performance through cruise, landing at the north pole of Mars and some of the preliminary results of the surface mission. (1 2) Phoenix "Follows the water" responding directly to the recently published data from Dr. William Boynton, PI (and Phoenix co-I) of the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS). GRS data indicate extremely large quantities of water ice (up to 50% by mass) within the upper 50 cm of the northern polar regolith. Phoenix will land within the north polar region at 68.3 degrees N, 124.6 degrees W identified by GRS to harbor near surface water ice and provide in-situ confirmation of this extraordinary find. Our mission has investigated water in all its phases, as well as the history of water as evidenced in the soil and atmospheric characteristics.. Access to the critical subsurface region which contains this information was made possible by a third generation robotic arm capable of excavating the expected Martian regolith to a depth of 1 m. Phoenix had four primary science objectives: 1) Determine the polar climate and weather, interaction with the surface, and composition of the lower atmosphere around 70 degrees N for at least 90 sols focusing on water, ice, dust, noble gases, and CO2. Determine the atmospheric characteristics during descent through the atmosphere. 2) Characterize the geomorphology and active processes shaping the northern plains and the physical properties of the near surface regolith focusing on the role of water. 3) Determine the aqueous mineralogy and chemistry as well as the adsorbed gases and organic content of the regolith. Verify the Odyssey discovery of near-surface ice. 4) Characterize the history of water, ice, and the polar climate. Determine the past and present biological potential of the surface and subsurface environments. C1 [Goldstein, Barry; Shotwell, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Goldstein, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM barry.g.goldstein@jpl.nasa.gov; robert.f.shotwell@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 313 EP 332 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000027 ER PT S AU Kowbel, W Vaughn, WL Thiebeault, SA AF Kowbel, W. Vaughn, W. L. Thiebeault, S. A. GP IEEE TI 0-00 Boron-Based Fiber Composites for MISSE 6 Experiment SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Boron fibers have a significant potential to be utilized as structural components for flight / space applications. The key technical issue was to develop a cost effective method to produce continuous boron fibers. MER has accomplished success in that area by utilizing spread, low-cost PANEX 48K carbon fibers. Subsequently, process conditions were optimized to coat about 1.5 - 2 mu m boron on the carbon fibers without spreading. A new technology was developed to produce boron fiber / epoxy composites. The MISSE 6 experiment allowed for the space exposure of the new class of radiation protection technology.(12) C1 [Kowbel, W.] FMC MER Corp, 7960 S Kolb Rd, Tucson, AZ 85756 USA. [Vaughn, W. L.; Thiebeault, S. A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Kowbel, W (reprint author), FMC MER Corp, 7960 S Kolb Rd, Tucson, AZ 85756 USA. EM kowbel@mercorp.com NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 352 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000030 ER PT S AU Sengupta, A Kulleck, J Sell, S Van Norman, J Mehta, M Pokora, M AF Sengupta, Anita Kulleck, James Sell, Steve Van Norman, John Mehta, Manish Pokora, Mark GP IEEE TI Mars Lander Engine Plume Impingement Environment of the Mars Science Laboratory SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission will land a 900-kg rover on the surface of Mars in 2010. Four Mars Lander Engines (MLE's) will be fired during the final propulsive descent to maintain a 0.75 m/s vertical rate of descent, in support of a tethered landing approach referred to as the "Sky-Crane". At 20 m above the surface the rover will be lowered on a bridle as it continues to descend. At touch-down, a minimum of 6.5 m of vertical separation are provided between the engines nozzle exit plane and the ground-surface below [1]. This maneuver was chosen in part to minimize the ground/soil interaction that occurs when rocket engine plumes are fired into a soil media. In spite of the 6.5 m altitude above the surface, surface impingement pressures are expected to reach in excess of 2000 Pa, a metric previously established by the Viking program to mitigate soil bearing capacity failure. Plume-ground interaction has been a concern of Lunar and Mars propulsive landings for some time, but was not an issue for the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Explorer Rover era due to their use of airbag landing systems [2][3]. This was also a concern of the Phoenix lander program, which fired twelve pulsed hydrazine monopropellant thrusters for its final descent and touch-down [4]. Phoenix was concerned with plume impingement soil interaction due to its high surface impingement pressure and potential for diffused gas eruptions. Phoenix was also concerned with landing site alteration due to its lack of mobility as well as instrument and solar array contamination issues. As MSL will operate in a regime that will result in ground-soil erosion a plume-ground interaction program has been undertaken to quantify the amount of soil erosion, namely the trajectory and number flux of particulates and the contamination and erosion this can impart to sensitive instruments and thermal surface coatings. *(,dagger) C1 [Sengupta, Anita; Kulleck, James; Sell, Steve] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Van Norman, John] Analyt Mech Assoc Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Mehta, Manish; Pokora, Mark] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Sengupta, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM anita.sengupta@jpl.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 462 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000043 ER PT S AU Marrese-Reading, C St Vaughn, J Frisbee, R Zell, P Hamm, K Corliss, J Gayle, S Pain, R Rooney, D Ramos, A Lewis, D Shepherd, J Inaba, K AF Marrese-Reading, Colleen St Vaughn, Josh Frisbee, Robert Zell, Peter Hamm, Kenneth Corliss, James Gayle, Steve Pain, Rob Rooney, Daniel Ramos, Amadi Lewis, Doug Shepherd, Joseph Inaba, Kazuaki GP IEEE TI Retro Rocket Plume Actuated Heat Shield Exhaust Ports SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB A preliminary scheme was developed for base-mounted solid-propellant retro rocket motors to self-penetrate the Orion Crew Module heat shield for configurations with the heat shield retained during landings on Earth. In this system the motors propel impactors into structural push plates, which in turn push through the heat shield ablator material. The push plates are sized such that the port created in the ablator material is large enough to provide adequate flow area for the motor exhaust plume. The push plate thickness is sized to assure structural integrity behind the ablative thermal protection material. The concept feasibility was demonstrated and the performance was characterized using a gas gun to launch representative impactors into heat shield targets with push plates. The tests were conducted using targets equipped with Fiberform (R) and PICA as the heat shield ablator material layer. The PICA penetration event times were estimated to be less than 30 ms from the start of motor ignition. The mass of the system (not including motors) was estimated to be less than 2.3 kg (5 lbm) per motor. The configuration and demonstrations are discussed in this paper.(1,2) C1 [Marrese-Reading, Colleen; St Vaughn, Josh; Frisbee, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Zell, Peter; Hamm, Kenneth] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Corliss, James; Gayle, Steve] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Pain, Rob; Rooney, Daniel; Ramos, Amadi; Lewis, Doug] ATK Tactical Prop & Controls, Elkton, MD 21921 USA. [Shepherd, Joseph; Inaba, Kazuaki] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Marrese-Reading, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Colleen.M.Marrese-Reading@jpl.nasa.gov; Peter.T.Zell@nasa.gov; James.M.Corliss@nasa.gov; Robert.Pain@ATK.com; Joseph.E.Shepherd@caltech.edu RI Shepherd, Joseph/B-5997-2014 OI Shepherd, Joseph/0000-0003-3181-9310 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 499 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000046 ER PT S AU Marrese-Reading, C St Vaughn, J Prakash, R Singh, G Frisbee, R Mandic, M Corliss, J Tutterow, R Pain, R Slade, W Rooney, D Leipold, D Ramos, A True, W Robbins, R Barr, D Stephens, J Pierce, D Wirz, R AF Marrese-Reading, Colleen St Vaughn, Joshua Prakash, Ravi Singh, Guru Frisbee, Robert Mandic, Milan Corliss, James Tutterow, Robin Pain, Rob Slade, William Rooney, Daniel Leipold, Daniel Ramos, Amadi True, William Robbins, Rick Barr, Dustin Stephens, John Pierce, Dave Wirz, Richard GP IEEE TI Orion Spacecraft Nominal and Contingency Earth Landing Retro Rocket System Options SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Retro rocket Earth landing system architectures for the Orion crew module were developed for the Constellation Program during the Landing System Advanced Development Project design trades. The architectures include both variable and fixed impulse base-mounted solid-propellant retro rocket motors for vertical and horizontal landing velocity control. Monte Carlo performance analyses were conducted, detailed motors were designed and support system configurations were developed for mass and performance characterization. Preliminary penetration schemes for blow-out ports through the TPS were designed for the motor exhaust plumes. The requirements, configurations, elements, mass and performance of the retro rocket landing system architectures for multiple landing scenarios are discussed.(1,2) C1 [Marrese-Reading, Colleen; St Vaughn, Joshua; Prakash, Ravi; Singh, Guru; Frisbee, Robert; Mandic, Milan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Corliss, James; Tutterow, Robin] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Pain, Rob; Slade, William; Rooney, Daniel; Leipold, Daniel; Ramos, Amadi] ATK Tactical Prop & Control, Elkton, MD 21921 USA. [Slade, William; Robbins, Rick; Barr, Dustin; Stephens, John] Aerojet, Sacramento, CA 95813 USA. [Pierce, Dave] ATK Swales, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA. [Wirz, Richard] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Marrese-Reading, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Colleen.M.Marrese-Reading@jpl.nasa.gov; James.M.Corliss@nasa.gov; Robert.Pain@ATK.com; William.True@Aerojet.com; David.Pierce@ATK.com; wirz@ucla.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 511 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000047 ER PT S AU Herrell, LM Peden, JC AF Herrell, Linda M. Peden, Joseph C. GP IEEE TI The Development of Small-Payload Rideshare Capabilities: A 2000-2008 Summary SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper summarizes the development from 2000 to the present of rideshare capabilities by various Government Agencies and Organizations. This development will allow acceptable, low-cost access to space for small satellites and payloads. The paper reviews the needs for such capabilities and provides an overview of the development and status of the enabling technologies, hardware, etc. required to achieve the desired capability. It reviews the development and status of each principal element necessary in developing an acceptable, low cost, access to space capability for small satellites and payloads. This includes a review of: The development and status of new and emerging small launch vehicle capabilities, i.e., Minotaur I and IV, SpaceX Falcon, etc. The development and status of compatible payload adapters for single, dual and multiple payloads. The development of interface standards, planners guides, etc., to assist potential users. The development of the launch and ground support/tracking facilities for small launch vehicles to support the low-cost access to space for small satellites and payloads, i.e., Wallops, Kodiak and Kwajalein, Facilities. In addition, this paper also addresses the potential opportunities for low-cost access to space for small satellites and payloads as either auxiliary payloads (i.e., piggyback satellites on operational launches) or as hosted payloads on operational satellites (including civil, Department of Defense [DoD], or commercial programs). Specific examples (as presented at the recent 2008 Small Payload Rideshare Conference) [1] will include summaries of on-going DoD/SDTW activities in the development, demonstration, and utilization of these evolving capabilities, such as the Minotaur I and IV launch vehicles, Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) ridesharing via the EELV Secondary Payload Adaptor (ESPA), future plans utilizing the Standard Interface Vehicle (SIV), etc. Also, it presents a brief overview of on-going and emerging small satellite/payload development activities at the Government (NASA, DoD), university (CubeSats/P-PODS), and commercial levels. Finally, it gives a brief review of various, recent Government agencies/stakeholders collaborative activities, policies, etc., which are necessary to utilize these emerging capabilities, including some of programmatic factors and issues that must be dealt with in a ridesharing arrangement; including schedules, cost/cost sharing, risks, standard interfaces, and processes.(1 2) C1 [Herrell, Linda M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Peden, Joseph C.] Sci Applcat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RP Herrell, LM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Linda.M.Herrell@jpl.nasa.gov; Joseph.c.peden@saic.com NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 527 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000048 ER PT S AU Diaz-Aguado, MF Ghassemieh, S VanOutryve, C Beasley, C Schooley, A AF Diaz-Aguado, Millan F. Ghassemieh, Shakib VanOutryve, Cassandra Beasley, Christopher Schooley, Aaron GP IEEE TI Small Class-D Spacecraft Thermal Design, Test and Analysis - PharmaSat Biological Experiment SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Small spacecraft have been increasing in popularity because of their low cost, short turnaround and relative efficiency. In the past, small spacecraft have been primarily used for technology demonstrations, but advances in technology have made the miniaturization of space science possible [1,2]. PharmaSat is a low cost, three cube size nanosatellite spacecraft, with a biological experiment on board, built at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center (ARC). Small spacecraft present several thermal design challenges. Smaller surface area translates into power and thermal constraints. The spacecraft is thermally designed to operate colder in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space environment, and heated to reach the temperatures required by the science payload. ne power obtained from the solar panels of limited surface area constrains the power available to heat the payload to required temperatures. The pressurized payload is isolated with low thermal conductance paths from the largely dynamic ambient temperature changes. The thermal design consists of different optical properties of section surfaces, Multi Layer Insulation (MLI), low thermal conductance materials, flexible heaters and thermal spreaders. The payload temperature is controlled with software, temperature sensors and flexible heaters. Finite Difference Analysis and testing were used to aid the thermal design of the spacecraft. Various tests were conducted to verify the thermal design. An infrared imager was used on the electronic boards to find large heat sources and eliminate any possible temperature runaways. The spacecraft was tested in a thermal vacuum chamber to optimize the thermal and power analysis, and validate and qualify the thermal design of the spacecraft for the mission.(12) C1 [Diaz-Aguado, Millan F.] Arctic Slope Reg Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Ghassemieh, Shakib] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [VanOutryve, Cassandra] San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. [Beasley, Christopher; Schooley, Aaron] Jacobs Engn, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Diaz-Aguado, MF (reprint author), Arctic Slope Reg Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Millan.F.Diaz-Aguado@nasa.gov; Shakib.Ghassemieh@nasa.gov; Cassandra.B.Vanoutryve@nasa.gov; Christopher.C.Beasley@nasa.gov; Aaron.J.Schooley@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 544 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000050 ER PT S AU Brady, T Robertson, E Epp, C Paschall, S Zimpfer, D AF Brady, Tye Robertson, Edward Epp, Chirold Paschall, Stephen Zimpfer, Doug GP IEEE TI Hazard Detection Methods for Lunar Landing SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The methods and experiences from the Apollo Program are fundamental building blocks for the development of lunar landing strategies for the Constellation Program. Each of the six lunar landing Apollo missions landed under near ideal lighting conditions. The astronauts visually performed terrain relative navigation while looking out of windows, and were greatly aided by external communication and well lit scenes. As the LM approached the landing site, the astronauts performed visual hazard detection and avoidance, also under near-ideal lighting conditions. The astronauts were looking out of the windows trying to the best of their ability to avoid rocks, slopes, and craters and find a safe landing location. NASA has expressed a desire for global lunar access for both crewed and robotic sortie lunar exploration missions [2] [3]. Early NASA architecture studies have identified the lunar poles as desirable locations for early lunar missions. These polar missions provide less than ideal lighting conditions that will significantly affect the way a crewed vehicle is to land at such locales. Consequently, a variety of hazard identification methods should be considered for use by the crew to ensure a high degree of safety. This paper discusses such identification methods applicable to the poorly lit polar lunar environment, better ensuring global access for the soon to be designed Lunar Lander Vehicle (LLV).(1,2) C1 [Brady, Tye; Paschall, Stephen; Zimpfer, Doug] Charles Stark Draper Lab Inc, 555 Technol Sq,MS27, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Robertson, Edward; Epp, Chirold] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Brady, T (reprint author), Charles Stark Draper Lab Inc, 555 Technol Sq,MS27, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM tye@draper.com NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 561 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000052 ER PT S AU Kizhner, S Heinzen, K AF Kizhner, Semion Heinzen, Katherine GP IEEE TI New Methodology for Reducing Sensor and Readout Electronics Circuitry Noise in Digital Domain SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Upcoming NASA cosmology science missions, such as Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM), carry instruments with multiple focal planes populated with many large sensor detector arrays. These sensors are passively cooled to low temperatures for low-level light (L3) and near-infrared (NIR) signal detection [2], and the sensor readout electronics circuitry must perform at extremely low noise levels to enable new required science measurements. Because we are at the technological edge of enhanced performance for sensors and readout electronics circuitry, as determined by thermal noise level at given temperature in analog domain, we must find new ways of further compensating for the noise in the signal digital domain. To facilitate this new approach, state-of-the-art sensors are augmented at their array hardware boundaries by non-illuminated reference pixels, which can be used to reduce noise attributed to sensor and readout electronics. There are a few proposed methodologies of processing in the digital domain the information carried by reference pixels, as employed, for example, by the James Webb Space Telescope Project (JWST). These methods involve using spatial and temporal statistical parameters derived from boundary reference pixel information to enhance the active pixels' signals. To make a step beyond this heritage methodology, we apply the NASA-developed technology known as the Hilbert-Huang Transform Data Processing System (HHT-DPS) to some component of reference pixel information. The new methodology applies digital signal processing for a 2-D domain. The high-variance components of the thermal noise, carried by both active and reference pixels, facilitate subtraction of a correction matrix from active pixels array in digital domain in addition to subtraction of a single analog reference pixel from all active pixels on the sensor. Heritage methods using the statistical parameters in the digital domain (such as statistical averaging of the reference pixels) zero out the high-variance components, and the counterpart components in the active pixels remain uncorrected. This paper describes how the new methodology was demonstrated through analysis of fast varying noise components using the HHT-DPS and makes the case for re-implementation of HHT-DPS in reconfigurable hardware on-board a spaceflight instrument as a real-time processing system (RT-HHT-DPS) [1]. C1 [Kizhner, Semion] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Heinzen, Katherine] Notre Dame Univ, Fremantle, WA 6959, Australia. RP Kizhner, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Semion.Kizhner-l@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 606 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000056 ER PT S AU Bagri, DS AF Bagri, D. S. GP IEEE TI Pros and Cons of using Arrays of Small Antennas versus Large Single Dish Antennas for Deep Space Network SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper briefly describes pros and cons of using arrays of small antennas instead of large single dish antennas for spacecraft telemetry, command, and tracking (TT&C) - communications and navigation (C&N) - and science support that the Deep Space Network (DSN) normally provides. It considers functionality and performance aspects, mainly for TT&C, though it also considers science. It only briefly comments on the cost aspects that seem to favor arrays of small antennas over large single antennas, at least for receiving (downlinks). (12) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bagri, DS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Durgadas.S.Bagri@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 685 EP 693 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000064 ER PT S AU Bagri, DS Majid, W AF Bagri, D. S. Majid, Walid GP IEEE TI Accurate Spacecraft Angular Position from DSN VLBI Phases using X-Band Telemetry or DOR Tones SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB At present spacecraft angular position with Deep Space Network (DSN) is determined using group delay estimates from very long baseline interferometer (VLBI) phase measurements employing differential one way ranging (DOR) tones. As an alternative to this approach, we propose estimating position of a spacecraft to half a fringe cycle accuracy using time variations between measured and calculated phases as the Earth rotates using DSN VLBI baseline(s). Combining fringe location of the target with the phase allows high accuracy for spacecraft angular position estimate. This can be achieved using telemetry signals of at least 4-8 MSamples/sec data rate or DOR tones. (12) C1 [Bagri, D. S.; Majid, Walid] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bagri, DS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Durgadas.S.Bagri@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 694 EP 700 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000065 ER PT S AU Rochblatt, DJ AF Rochblatt, David J. GP IEEE TI A New Blind Pointing Model Improves Large Reflector Antennas Precision Pointing at Ka-Band (32-GHz) SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)-Deep Space Network (DSN) subnet of 34-m Beam Waveguide (BWG) Antennas was recently upgraded with Ka-Band (32-GHz) frequency feeds for space research and communication. For normal telemetry tracking a Ka-Band monopulse system is used, which typically yields 1.6-mdeg mean radial error (MRE) pointing accuracy on the 34-m diameter antennas. However, for the monopulse to be able to acquire and lock, for special radio science applications where monopulse cannot be used, or as a back-up for the monopulse, high-precision open-loop blind pointing is required. This paper describes a new 4(th) order pointing model and calibration technique, which was developed and applied to the DSN 34-m BWG antennas yielding 1.8 to 3.0-mdeg MRE pointing accuracy and amplitude stability of 0.2 dB, at Ka-Band, and successfully used for the CASSINI spacecraft occultation experiment at Saturn and Titan. In addition, the new 4(th) order pointing model was used during a telemetry experiment at Ka-Band (32 GHz) utilizing the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft while at a distance of 0.225 astronomical units (AU) from Earth and communicating with a DSN 34-m BWG antenna at a record high rate of 6-megabits per second (Mb/s). (1 2) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rochblatt, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.j.rochblatt@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 711 EP 716 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000067 ER PT S AU Vilnrotter, V Lee, D Cornish, T Tsao, P Paal, L Jamnejad, V AF Vilnrotter, V. Lee, D. Cornish, T. Tsao, P. Paal, L. Jamnejad, V. GP IEEE TI Uplink Array Concept Demonstration with the EPOXI Spacecraft SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Uplink array technology is currently being developed for NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN), to provide greater range and data throughput for future NASA missions, including manned missions to Mars and exploratory missions to the outer planets, the Kuiper belt, and beyond(123). The DSN uplink arrays employ N microwave antennas transmitting at X-band to produce signals that add coherently at the spacecraft, thereby providing a power gain of N 2 over a single antenna. This gain can be traded off directly for N-2 higher data rate at a given distance such as Mars, providing for example HD quality video broadcast from earth to a future manned mission, or it can provide a given data-rate for commands and software uploads at a distance N times greater than possible with a single antenna. The uplink arraying concept has been recently demonstrated using the three operational 34-meter antennas of the Apollo complex at Goldstone, CA, which transmitted arrayed signals to the EPOXI spacecraft. Both two-element and three-element uplink arrays were configured, and the theoretical array gains of 6 dB and 9.5 dB, respectively, were demonstrated experimentally. This required initial phasing of the array elements, the generation of accurate frequency predicts to maintain phase from each antenna despite relative velocity components due to earth-rotation and spacecraft trajectory, and monitoring of the ground system phase for possible drifts caused by thermal effects over the 16 km fiber-optic signal distribution network. This paper provides a description of the equipment and techniques used to demonstrate the uplink arraying concept in a relevant operational environment. Data collected from the EPOXI spacecraft was analyzed to verify array calibration, array gain, and system stability over the entire 5 hour duration of this experiment. C1 [Vilnrotter, V.; Lee, D.; Cornish, T.; Tsao, P.; Paal, L.; Jamnejad, V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vilnrotter, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Victor.A.Vilnrotter@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 739 EP 746 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000070 ER PT S AU Tsao, P Vilnrotter, V Jamnejad, V AF Tsao, P. Vilnrotter, V. Jamnejad, V. GP IEEE TI Pointing-Vector and Velocity Based Frequency Predicts for Deep-Space Uplink Array Applications SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Uplink array technology is currently being developed for NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) to provide greater range and data throughput for future NASA missions, including manned missions to Mars and exploratory missions to the outer planets, the Kuiper belt, and beyond(123). Here we describe a novel technique for generating the frequency predicts that are used to compensate for relative Doppler, derived from interpolated earth position and spacecraft ephemerides. The method described here guarantees velocity and range estimates that are consistent with each other, hence one can always be recovered from the other. Experimental results have recently proven that these frequency predicts are accurate enough to maintain the phase of a three element array at the EPOXI spacecraft for three hours. Previous methods derive frequency predicts directly from interpolated relative velocities. However, these velocities were found to be inconsistent with the corresponding spacecraft range, meaning that range could not always be recovered accurately from the velocity predicts, and vice versa. Nevertheless, velocity-based predicts are also capable of maintaining uplink array phase calibration for extended periods, as demonstrated with the EPOXI spacecraft, however with these predicts important range and phase information may be lost. A comparison of the steering-vector method with velocity-based techniques for generating precise frequency predicts specifically for uplink array applications is provided in the following sections. C1 [Tsao, P.; Vilnrotter, V.; Jamnejad, V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tsao, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Philip.Tsao@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 747 EP 751 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000071 ER PT S AU Noreen, G Shambayati, S Piazzolla, S Cesarone, R Strauss, K Amoozegar, F AF Noreen, Gary Shambayati, Shervin Piazzolla, Sabino Cesarone, Robert Strauss, Karl Amoozegar, Farid GP IEEE TI Low Cost Deep Space Hybrid Optical/RF Communications Architecture SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper reports on a study of hybrid optical/Radio Frequency (RF) architectures for deep space missions. Previous proposed optical deep space communication architectures were generally designed to achieve 90% or better availability 24/7. This study, instead, considered alternative metrics and architectures. It focuses on a strategy to use RF links and existing RF infrastructure for navigation and for communications requiring high availability, and optical communication links only for high volume downlink data. The optical link can then be designed to maximize data volume rather than availability. Utilizing Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) with this strategy, a high level of completeness is possible even with low link availability - though with an increase in latency and spacecraft memory requirements. This strategy is suitable for deep space missions whose high volume links are dominated by science data that can tolerate long delays. The study found that with this optical downlink strategy, a single ground telescope can provide the principal expected benefit of optical communications (high data volume) at much lower cost than optical infrastructures designed to provide 90% availability 24/7. The study found also that data volume can, in some cases, be maximized by arraying all ground telescopes at a single site so that they have identical weather statistics. This low cost architecture, here named Single Optical Site (SOS), can eventually be augmented with multiple sites to provide high optical availability.(1,2) C1 [Noreen, Gary; Shambayati, Shervin; Piazzolla, Sabino; Cesarone, Robert; Strauss, Karl; Amoozegar, Farid] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Noreen, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 238-420, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Gary.K.Noreen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 752 EP 766 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000072 ER PT S AU MacNeal, BE Abraham, DS Hastrup, RC Wu, JP Machuzak, RJ Heckman, DP Cesarone, RJ Tikidjian, RP Tran, K AF MacNeal, Bruce E. Abraham, Douglas S. Hastrup, Rolf C. Wu, Janet P. Machuzak, Richard J. Heckman, David P. Cesarone, Robert J. Tikidjian, Raffi P. Tran, Kristy GP IEEE TI Mission Set Analysis Tool for Assessing Future Demands on NASA's Deep Space Network SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB NASA's future scientific missions will place new demands on its Deep Space Network (DSN). Depending on which missions fly and their particular design, NASA's communications ground assets (antennas) may require upgrade or enhancement. The purpose of the Mission Set Analysis Tool is to help forecast future demand by (1) cataloguing the characteristics of potential future DSN-user missions consistent with NASA's Space Communications Mission Model, (2) calculating the demands that these missions will place on the DSN, and (3) generating mission requirements for other DSN architectural analysis tools. This tool takes the information associated with the Space Communications Mission Model (SCMM) to the next level - using an Microsoft EXCEL(R)-based database to catalog and process some 300 mission parameters. These parameters fall into one of five broad categories: mission identity and affiliation, operational schedule, communication system capabilities, data rates and ground tracking schedules. Because NASA's mission forecast changes frequently, analysis templates are used to select sets of missions from the database for analysis. Communication link budgets are calculated for particular dates during mission operation based on mission parameters and automated ephemeris algorithms. The result is expressed in terms of the receiving area on the ground required to close each particular communication link. Plots of this receiving area as a function of time and frequency band reveal future demand for different mission sets. The most demanding individual communication links are automatically identified. Radio-frequency (RF) uplinks (Earth to mission) and downlinks (mission to Earth) are treated separately. The Mission Set Analysis Tool also creates mission requirements used by other analysis tools to assess the cost, operability (link performance), and load capacity of proposed DSN architectures.(123) C1 [MacNeal, Bruce E.; Abraham, Douglas S.; Hastrup, Rolf C.; Wu, Janet P.; Machuzak, Richard J.; Heckman, David P.; Cesarone, Robert J.; Tikidjian, Raffi P.; Tran, Kristy] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP MacNeal, BE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bruce.e.macneal@.jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 793 EP 803 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000075 ER PT S AU Regehr, M Kovalik, J Biswas, A AF Regehr, Martin Kovalik, Joseph Biswas, Abhijit GP IEEE TI Acquisition and Pointing for a Mars Optical Access Link SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID EXPLORATION AB Optical characteristics can potentially benefit communication links transmitting data from the surface of Mars to orbiting assets because of their high gain and modulation bandwidth compared to radio frequency (RF) links. Furthermore, optical systems can achieve higher data rates and be realized with lower mass and power, enabling the streaming of high definition imagery. In this paper we present a conceptual design for a low complexity, autonomous optical communications link for returning data at up to 250 Mb/s from the Martian surface. The pointing control is simplified because the short distance (400-1200 Km) allows us to use relatively wide (0.6 milliradian) transmitted laser beams. Link acquisition is based on the orbiter transceiver (OT) "blind pointing" a laser beam to illuminate the lander transceiver (LT) on the surface. The LT acquires the link with a spectrally-filtered, wide-field-of-view camera and subsequently tracks the OT with a two-axis, stepper-motor-actuator, to send back a laser modulated with high-rate data. The system design also has a provision for the OT transitioning from blind-pointing to closed loop tracking once it acquires the signal from the lander transceiver. Results from successful ground-based demonstrations performed at JPL, in which the pointing rate required to track an orbiter was emulated by mounting both transceivers on rotating stages, and in which we transmitted live video and pseudo-random data streams, are presented.(12) C1 [Regehr, Martin; Kovalik, Joseph; Biswas, Abhijit] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Regehr, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Martin.W.Regehr@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 813 EP 823 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000077 ER PT S AU Pajevski, MJ AF Pajevski, Michael J. GP IEEE TI Use of IPsec by Manned Space Missions SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) can provide a highly interoperable and cost effective part of securing network communications with manned spacecraft, but some shortcomings of the protocol and its implementations must be addressed in order to apply this technology in manned spacecraft. The most notable challenges are in the areas of IPsec device management, security certification (e.g., FIPS 140-2 [1]), manned space qualification, overhead, and security vulnerabilities. This paper describes challenges facing the use of IPsec in space and offers recommendations for overcoming those challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pajevski, MJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM michael.j.pajevski@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 824 EP 831 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000078 ER PT S AU Torgerson, JL Clare, L Wang, SY Schoolcraft, J AF Torgerson, J. Leigh Clare, Loren Wang, Shin-Ywan (Cindy) Schoolcraft, Joshua GP IEEE TI The Deep Impact Network Experiment Operations Center SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) promises solutions in solving space communications challenges arising from disconnections as orbiters lose line-of-sight with landers, long propagation delays over interplanetary links, and other phenomena. DTN has been identified as the basis for the future NASA space communications network backbone, and international standardization is progressing through both the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). JPL has developed an implementation of the DTN architecture, called the Interplanetary Overlay Network (ION). ION is specifically implemented for space use, including design for use in a real-time operating system environment and high processing efficiency. In order to raise the Technology Readiness Level of ION, the first deer) space flight demonstration of DTN was performed using the Deep Impact (DI) spacecraft. Called the Deep Impact Network (DINET), operations occurred during Autumn 2008. An essential component of the DINET project was the Experiment Operations Center (EOC), which generated and received experiment communications traffic as well as "out-of-DTN band" command and control traffic, archived DTN flight test information in a database, provided display systems for monitoring DTN operations status and statistics (e.g., bundle throughput), and supported query and analyses of the data collected. This paper describes the DINET EOC and its value in the DTN flight experiment and potential for further DTN testing. The DINET EOC housed ground nodes that produced and consumed "payload" data that was relayed through the DTN router on board the DI spacecraft. The EOC also controlled the topology among the nodes, altering the connectivity to test DTN functionality. An additional node in the EOC acted to perform administrative functions, and contained the Monitor and Control System to view experiment health and concurrently collect and analyze the data delivery status and statistics. The software diagnostic messages and protocol diagnostic messages issued by network nodes were collected analyzed and stored into a database in real-time. The DINET EOC was located within the JPL Protocol Technology Lab (PTL). The PTL provides connectivity to other NASA centers and external entities, and is itself a node in the larger DTN Experiment Network (DEN). The DINET EOC is envisioned to become a general too] in this broader context of experimental testing of DTN across a geographically dispersed user community.(1,2) C1 [Torgerson, J. Leigh; Clare, Loren; Wang, Shin-Ywan (Cindy); Schoolcraft, Joshua] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Torgerson, JL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Jordan.L.Torgerson@jpl.nasa.gov; Loren.P.Clare@jpl.nasa.gov; Shin-Ywan.Wang@jpl.nasa.gov; Joshua.Schoolcraft@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 882 EP 892 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000083 ER PT S AU Royle, AW Callicott, WM AF Royle, Andrew W. Callicott, William M. GP IEEE TI GOES Direct Broadcast Service History and Future SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) have provided direct broadcast of meteorological data to users since the mid-1970s. For the newest GOES series, GOES-R, GOES Rebroadcast (GRB) will replace the GOES Variable (GVAR) broadcast to continue to make ground-processed sensor data available to the weather operations, research, and Earth science communities on a free and open basis. The GOES-R Series will collect up to 50 times more data than current GOES satellites through instruments capable of advanced temporal, spatial, and spectral performance. Processed data will be broadcast to the user community with improved latency and enhanced resolution when compared to the current system.(12) This paper describes the history of previous direct broadcast implementations for GOES satellites and the concept for the new GOES-R GRB data link. A dual polarization approach will be used to accommodate the 31 Mbps data rate within a frequency bandwidth constraint of 12MHz using a standard downlink modulation at 1690 MHz (L-band). The GRB processed instrument data source will be packetized compliant with Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standard 133.0-B-1 and will utilize lossless data compression to fit within allocated bandwidth. Data blocking and accompanying header metadata will be used to minimize risk of loss due to link errors and allow for user verification of data integrity. To aid user transition, an emulated GVAR (eGVAR) service will be provided via non-operational GOES-N/P series satellite transponders. Rebroadcast using dual circular polarization from geostationary orbit at L-band is a new implementation for NOAA satellite operations. This paper includes a discussion of the analysis and activities performed to date to reduce the implementation risk of the GOES-R GRB, and the impact of the significantly enhanced direct broadcast capability for current GOES users. C1 [Royle, Andrew W.; Callicott, William M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GOES R Ground Segment Project, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Royle, AW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GOES R Ground Segment Project, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM andrew.w.royle@nasa.gov; william.m.callicott@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 909 EP 917 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000086 ER PT S AU Shambayati, S AF Shambayati, Shervin GP IEEE TI Deep-Space Ka-band Link Priority Data Protection: Preemptive Retransmission vs. Margin SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In this paper the performance of two preemptive retransmission schemes for protection of priority data over deep-space Ka-band links is evaluated. The first scheme merges the correctly received bit from each transmission to create the most complete set of priority data for each pass (bit merge). The second scheme (symbol combining) combines the soft symbols received from each transmission of the priority data to increase the priority data's signal to noise ratio (SNR), thus increasing the likelihood of their correct reception. These performances were then compared to an equivalent margin scheme in which the data rate used for the transmission of the priority data is reduced by a factor equal to the number of transmissions of the priority data. The performance of each scheme was evaluated through emulation using Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) and Advanced Water Vapor Radiometer (AWVR) sky brightness temperature measurements along with models for Deep Space Network (DSN) Ka-band capable antenna using Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's DSN tracking schedule and geometry. The results indicate that "bit merge" and "reduced rate" schemes perform roughly the same in terms of availability of the priority data (at least 97% compared to 93% without any data protections scheme) but for "bit merge" priority data losses occur over fewer passes than for the "reduced rate" scheme. The "symbol combining" scheme is superior to both the "bit merge" and the "reduced rate" schemes with at least 98.5% priority data availability with losses over a small number of passes. Receivers have a minimum dernodulation threshold SNR and combining algorithms have combining losses; therefore, the performance of the "symbol combining" scheme was also evaluated with respect to these two factors. The results indicate that even with current receivers, the "symbol combining" scheme performs extremely well and the scheme is relatively robust with respect to combining losses. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shambayati, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Shervin.Shambayati@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 933 EP 940 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000088 ER PT S AU Majid, WA AF Majid, Walid A. GP IEEE TI Compact Radio Source Density and Precision Spacecraft Tracking SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID SKY; GHZ; INTERFEROMETRY AB Compact radio sources are routinely used as reference calibrators in VLBI observations of radio sources to accurately determine the latter's position. Similar techniques have been developed over the years to determine the position of spacecrafts with remarkable accuracy at the level of a few nano-radians. We have carried out measurements at the DSN (Deep Space Network) that show great promise to further improve the accuracy below one nano-radian by removing many sources of calibration errors. This level of improvement is achieved by taking advantage of calibrators that are within one degree of the radio source. However, such improvement can be counted on only if there are sufficient numbers of compact radio sources near the position of the spacecraft. Over the last two years, we have carried out small surveys of the sky with the VLA and subsequently with the VLBA to empirically determine the compact radio source density at 8 GHz for sources with flux density above I mJy. We will report the results of the latest observations and their implication for precision spacecraft astrometry. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Majid, WA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM walid.a.majid@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 941 EP 947 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000089 ER PT S AU Oberhettinger, D Kwong-Fu, HH AF Oberhettinger, David Kwong-Fu, Helenann H. GP IEEE TI Addressing Common Constraints to Science Data Downlink SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Science data is the sole or principal product of spaceflight missions funded by the NASA Science Mission Directorate. However, post-launch resource and technical constraints largely external to the project may limit continuous achievement of the expected science data downlink volume. This paper provides two examples of how flight projects may exploit the flexibility of the end-to-end mission data system to compensate for fluctuations in downlink supply and demand. The major downlink resource constraint is the finite supply of, and the very high demand for, the available Deep Space Network (DSN) assets after subtracting scheduled and unscheduled DSN downtime. Given their minimal ability to mitigate DSN resource limitations, flight projects must consider mission operations improvements that may help to achieve Level 1 (i.e., mission success) requirements. Technical constraints to achieving the desired downlink include factors that cause data volumes to vary on a daily basis. For example, the difference between the predicted versus achieved data volume returned by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) relay link impacted the daily planning of rover driving and science data collection. This problem can be alleviated by flight project action to refine the operations and science data return planning process.(1,2) C1 [Oberhettinger, David; Kwong-Fu, Helenann H.] NASA, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Oberhettinger, D (reprint author), NASA, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM davido@jpl.nasa.gov; Helenann.H.Kwong-Fu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 948 EP 954 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000090 ER PT S AU Kerczewski, RJ Budinger, JM Brooks, DE Dimond, RP DeHart, S Borden, M AF Kerczewski, Robert J. Budinger, James M. Brooks, David E. Dimond, Robert P. DeHart, Steve Borden, Michael GP IEEE TI Progress on the Development of Future Airport Surface Wireless Communications Network SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Continuing advances in airport surface management and improvements in airport surface safety are required to enable future growth in air traffic throughout the airspace, as airport arrival and departure delays create a major system bottleneck. These airport management and safety advances will be built upon improved communications, navigation, surveillance, and weather sensing, creating an information environment supporting system automation. The efficient movement of the digital data generated from these systems requires an underlying communications network infrastructure to connect data sources with the intended users with the required quality of service. Current airport surface communications consists primarily of buried copper or fiber cable. Safety related communications with mobile airport surface assets occurs over 25 kHz VHF voice and data channels. The available VHF spectrum, already congested in many areas, will be insufficient to support future data traffic requirements. Therefore, a broadband wireless airport surface communications network is considered a requirement for the future airport component of the air transportation system. Progress has been made on defining the technology and frequency spectrum for the airport surface wireless communications network. The development of a test and demonstration facility and the definition of required testing and standards development are now underway. This paper will review the progress and planned future work. C1 [Kerczewski, Robert J.; Budinger, James M.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. [Brooks, David E.] Morgan Franklin, Cleveland, OH USA. [Dimond, Robert P.] Verizon Business, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Kerczewski, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. EM rkerczewski@nasa.gov; james.m.budinger@nasa.gov; dbrooks@grc.nasa.gov; bdimond@grc.nasa.gov; steve.dehart@sensis.com; mike.borden@sensis.com NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1273 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000123 ER PT S AU McClelland, RS Robinson, DW AF McClelland, Ryan S. Robinson, David W. GP IEEE TI Design Concept for the International X-Ray Observatory Flight Mirror Assembly SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Flight Mirror Assembly (FMA) mechanical design for NASA's next major x-ray telescope mission, the International X-Ray Observatory (IXO), recently kicked off at NASA.(12) The design presents some unique engineering challenges requiring a novel mirror design due to the high angular resolution and large effective area required to achieve the desired scientific objectives [1]. The Wolter-I x-ray telescope optical design requires about 14,000 0.4mm thick glass mirror segments to be densely packed into a 3.2m diameter FMA and supported with micron level accuracy and stability. Key challenges addressed by the FMA design concept include bonding the mirrors into the module without distortion, designing the segment support for glass survivability, keeping the structure light enough to launch, providing a large effective area, and preventing unacceptable thermal distortion. The thin mirror segments are mounted into intermediate wedge shaped structures called modules. Modules are kinematically mounted to the FMA primary structure which is being optimized for minimum mass and maximum projected area in the focal plane. The current design approach appears feasible without new technology development beyond. that currently in process. C1 [McClelland, Ryan S.; Robinson, David W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McClelland, RS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ryan.s.mcclelland@nasa.gov; david.w.robinson@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1331 EP 1338 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000129 ER PT S AU Sutherland, KK AF Sutherland, Kristen K. GP IEEE TI A Refined Approach to Glass Strength Forecasting SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID OPTICAL-FIBERS; FATIGUE; STRESS; DESIGN AB As aerospace instruments become increasingly more precise and elaborate, the mechanical limits of glass components can become key design constraints. The probabilistic fracture behavior of glass is complex, and dependent on many variables. Typically, to avoid such complexity, overly simplistic strength estimates are employed that fail to take advantage of well understood glass properties. Such a simple approach requires the use of conservative strength values that encompass the weakest possible cases. This results in optic designs that, while robust, are unnecessarily massive and display excess wavefront error and instability, threatening mission viability. This paper presents a complete approach to glass strength analysis, as compiled from existing literature, incorporating both the principles of fracture mechanics and details of the specific design in question. The mathematical formulae needed to accurately predict failure rates of individual glass components using laboratory data are presented. The result is a method of analysis that accurately represents our understanding of fracture and uses known information about the specific mechanical design. By replacing conservative strength values with detailed, application specific survival forecasts, engineers gain greater design freedom. Optic mass and performance can be more effectively optimized, improving instrument performance.(12) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sutherland, KK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 158-224, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Kristen.K.Sutherland@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1339 EP 1345 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000130 ER PT S AU Jau, BM Badescu, M Goullioud, R Trease, BP Chang, ZS Carson, JM Braun, DF Cook, BT AF Jau, Bruno M. Badescu, Mircea Goullioud, Renaud Trease, Brian P. Chang, Zensheu Carson, Johnathan M. Braun, David F. Cook, Brant T. GP IEEE TI The Space Interferometer Siderostats SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The paper describes the Siderostats (SID) of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) that is being developed at JPL. The description focuses on the generic design for the SIDs, having a 336 mm diameter mirror with a double corner cube at the mirror's vertex. Mirror positioning is controlled by single stage linear actuators (no fine stage). The mirror's 8 degrees dual axis tip/tilt rotation is enabled through sets of hexfoil flexures. The entire SID configuration is described, key requirements listed, and results from preliminary analyses mentioned. Design details, positioning and sensing capabilities, as well as results from an actuator,2 life test, are presented(1,2). C1 [Jau, Bruno M.; Badescu, Mircea; Goullioud, Renaud; Trease, Brian P.; Chang, Zensheu; Carson, Johnathan M.; Braun, David F.; Cook, Brant T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jau, BM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 157-500,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Bruno.M.Jau@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1346 EP 1355 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000131 ER PT S AU Fisher, C Braun, D Kaluzny, J Haran, T AF Fisher, Charles Braun, David Kaluzny, Joel Haran, Todd GP IEEE TI Cobra: A Two-Degree of Freedom Fiber Optic Positioning Mechanism SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Wide-Field Multi Object Spectrometer (WFMOS) along with corrective optics will mount in place of the Secondary Mirror of the Subaru telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii to allow simultaneous observations of cosmologic targets. It will conduct large scale Galactic Archeology and Dark Energy surveys to help unlock the secrets of the universe. The key enabler of the observations is an array of 2400 Cobra optic fiber positioners made from very small rotary motors which were developed for this purpose. Cobra is a two degree of freedom mechanism that can position an optical fiber in the prime focus of the telescope to a precision of 5 mu m. It is a theta-phi style positioner containing two rotary piezo tube motors with one offset from the other, which enables the optic fiber to be placed anywhere in a small circular patrol region. The patrol diameter of the actuator is large enough to obtain 100% sky coverage of the close packed hex array pattern of positioners. The name Cobra was chosen because the positioner resembles a snake ready to strike.(12) C1 [Fisher, Charles; Braun, David; Kaluzny, Joel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Haran, Todd] New Scale Technol Inc, Victor, NY 14564 USA. RP Fisher, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM charles.d.fisher@jpl.nasa.gov; david.f.braun@jpl.nasa.gov; joel.v.kaluzny@jpl.nasa.gov; tharan@newscaletech.com NR 4 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1366 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000133 ER PT S AU Thelen, MP Moore, DM AF Thelen, Michael P. Moore, Donald M. GP IEEE TI The Mechanical Design of a Kinematic Mount for the Mid Infrared Instrument Focal Plane Module on the James Webb Space Telescope SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The detector assembly for the Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI) of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is mechanically supported in the Focal Plane Module (FPM) Assembly with an efficient hexapod design. 12 The kinematic mount design allows for precision adjustment of the detector boresight to assembly alignment fiducials and maintains optical alignment requirements during flight conditions of launch and cryogenic operations below 7 Kelvin. This kinematic mounting technique is able to be implemented in a variety of optical-mechanical designs and is capable of micron level adjustment control and stability over wide dynamic and temperature ranges. C1 [Thelen, Michael P.; Moore, Donald M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Thelen, MP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1390 EP 1396 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000135 ER PT S AU Johnson, WR Hook, SJ Mouroulis, P Wilson, DW Gunapala, SD Hill, CJ Mumolo, JM Eng, BT AF Johnson, William R. Hook, Simon J. Mouroulis, Pantazis Wilson, Daniel W. Gunapala, Sarath D. Hill, Cory J. Mumolo, Jason M. Eng, Bjorn T. GP IEEE TI Thermal Infrared Spectral Imager for Airborne Science Applications SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID ELECTRON-BEAM LITHOGRAPHY; SPECTROMETERS; DESIGN; MICRO AB An airborne thermal hyperspectral imager is under development which utilizes the compact Dyson optical configuration and quantum well infrared photo detector (QWIP) focal plane array. (12)The Dyson configuration uses a single monolithic prism-like grating design which allows for a high throughput instrument (F/1.6) with minimal ghosting, stray-light and large swath width. The configuration has the potential to be the optimal imaging spectroscopy solution for lighter-than-air (LTA) vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and spaceborne platforms due to its small form factor and relatively low power requirements. The planned instrument specifications are discussed as well as design trade-offs. Some preliminary calibration testing results (noise equivalent temperature difference, spectral linearity and spectral bandwidth) and laboratory emissivity plots from samples are shown using an operational testbed unit which has similar specifications as the final airborne system. Field testing of the testbed unit was performed to acquire plots of apparent emissivity for various known standard minerals (such as quartz). A comparison is made using data from the ASTER spectral library. C1 [Johnson, William R.; Hook, Simon J.; Mouroulis, Pantazis; Wilson, Daniel W.; Gunapala, Sarath D.; Hill, Cory J.; Mumolo, Jason M.; Eng, Bjorn T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Johnson, WR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM William.R.Johnson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1435 EP 1443 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000141 ER PT S AU Heaps, WS AF Heaps, Wm S. GP IEEE TI Precision Column CO2 Measurement from Space using Broad Band LIDAR SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In order to better understand the budget of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere it is necessary to develop a global high precision understanding of the carbon dioxide column. 12 To uncover the 'missing sink' that is responsible for the large discrepancies in the budget as we presently understand it, calculation has indicated that measurement accuracy of 1 ppm is necessary. Because typical column average CO2 has now reached 380 ppm this represents a precision on the order of 0.25% for these column measurements. No species has ever been measured from space at such a precision. In recognition of the importance of understanding the CO2 budget to evaluate its impact on global warming the National Research Council in its decadal survey report to NASA recommended planning for a laser based total CO2 mapping mission in the near future. The extreme measurement accuracy requirements on this mission places very strong constraints on the laser system used for the measurement. This work presents an overview of the characteristics necessary in a laser system used to make this measurement. Consideration is given to the temperature dependence, pressure broadening, and pressure shift of the CO2 lines themselves and how these impact the laser system characteristics. We are examining the possibility of making precise measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide using a broad band source of radiation. This means that many of the difficulties in wavelength control can be treated in the detector portion of the system rather than the laser source. It also greatly reduces the number of individual lasers required to make a measurement. Simplifications such as these are extremely desirable for systems designed to operate from space. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heaps, WS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM William.S.Heaps@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1470 EP 1475 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000146 ER PT S AU Bekker, DL Blavier, JFL Toon, GC Servais, C AF Bekker, Dmitriy L. Blavier, Jean-Francois L. Toon, Geoffrey C. Servais, Christian GP IEEE TI An FPGA-Based Data Acquisition and Processing System for the MATMOS FTIR Instrument SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The MATMOS Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is a concept instrument designed to measure the Mars atmospheric composition using solar occultation from orbit. MATMOS requires high sampling rate (up to 300 kHz), high dynamic range (up to 22 bits) data acquisition to record time-domain interferograms which get converted to spectra on-board the spacecraft. Our previous work presented a system that utilized the Xilinx Virtex-4FX hybrid-FPGA to process raw interferogram data in a mixed HW/SW environment. We are now expanding the role of the FPGA to the analog data acquisition domain by interfacing it to high bandwidth, high data rate analog-to-digital converters. The quality of the collected data is verified by recording ground-based solar spectra with the existing JPL MkIV interferometer using the new acquisition system in parallel with the standard MkIV electronics. Processing time is reduced by upgrading to the Xilinx Virtex-5FXT FPGA. C1 [Bekker, Dmitriy L.; Blavier, Jean-Francois L.; Toon, Geoffrey C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 168-200,MS 168-200,183-601,1, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Servais, Christian] Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, B-4000 Cointe Ougree, Belgium. RP Bekker, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 168-200,MS 168-200,183-601,1, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Dmitriy.L.Bekker@jpl.nasa.gov; Jeanfrancois.L.Blavier@jpl.nasa.gov; Geoffrey.C.Toon@jpl.nasa.gov; Christian.Servais@ulg.ac.be FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We would like to thank Jess Landeros for his considerable technical assistance. The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1555 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000157 ER PT S AU Norton, CD Werne, TA Pingree, PJ Geier, S AF Norton, Charles D. Werne, Thomas A. Pingree, Paula J. Geier, Sven GP IEEE TI An Evaluation of the Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA for On-Board Processing in an Advanced Imaging System SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The multi-angle spectro-polarimetric imager (MSPI) is an advanced camera system currently under development at JPL for possible future consideration on a satellite based Aerosol-Cloud-Environment (ACE) interaction study as outlined in the National Academies 2007 decadal survey. In an attempt to achieve necessary accuracy of the degree of linear polarization of better than 0.5%, the light in the optical system is subjected to a complex modulation designed to make the overall system robust against many instrumental artifacts that have plagued such measurements in the past. This scheme involves two photoelastic modulators that are beating in a carefully selected pattern against each other [1]. In order to properly sample this modulation pattern, each of the proposed nine cameras' in the system needs to read out its imager array about 1000 times per second, resulting in two orders of magnitude more data than can typically be downlinked from the satellite. The onboard processing required to compress this data involves least-squares fits of Bessel functions to data from every pixel, effectively in real-time, thus requiring an on-board computing system with advanced data processing capabilities in excess of those commonly available for space flight. In order to meet the MSPI onboard processing requirements, we evaluated a Xilinx Virtex-4FX60 field programmable gate array (FPGA). In addition to configurable hardware capability, this FPGA includes PowerPC405 microprocessors, which together enable us to pursue a combination hardware/software processing system. This approach allows us to efficiently partition the processing system, using software for algorithmically complex tasks and hardware for more computationally intensive ones. In order to increase performance and/or meet data flow requirements we have developed a system that consists of hardware-based data-capture and least-squares Bessel function fitting and software-based transcendental function computation. We compare the capabilities of this system, and the V4FX60 accordingly, with the requirernents of the MSPI camera system.(2,3) C1 [Norton, Charles D.; Werne, Thomas A.; Pingree, Paula J.; Geier, Sven] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Norton, CD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Charles.D.Norton@jpl.nasa.gov; Thomas.A.Werne@jpl.nasa.gov; Paula.J.Pingree@jpl.nasa.gov; Sven.Geier@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1566 EP 1574 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000158 ER PT S AU Fischman, M Freedman, A McWatters, D Berkun, A Cheetham, C Chu, A Lee, S Neumann, G Paller, M Tieu, B Wirth, J Wu, C AF Fischman, M. Freedman, A. McWatters, D. Berkun, A. Cheetham, C. Chu, A. Lee, S. Neumann, G. Paller, M. Tieu, B. Wirth, J. Wu, C. GP IEEE TI Low-Noise Detector with RFI Mitigation Capability for the Aquarius L-Band Scatterometer SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT DE Radio frequency interference; square-law detection; noise reduction; digital receiver; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); radar target simulator AB The upcoming Aquarius sea-surface salinity mission has tight requirements on backscatter measurement accuracy and stability at L-band frequencies (1.26 GHz). These requirements have driven the development of new capabilities in the scatterometer's backend detector electronics, which are the focus of this paper. Topics include the development of flight-grade hardware aboard the scatterometer for radio frequency interference (RFI) detection and mitigation, and analog/digital electronics design techniques used to reduce system noise and achieve highly linear power detection over a wide dynamic range. We also summarize the approach taken to test the scatterometer's processing and control functions at the level of the integrated Aquarius flight instrument, and present some recent results from the integrated testing campaign. C1 [Fischman, M.; Freedman, A.; McWatters, D.; Berkun, A.; Cheetham, C.; Chu, A.; Lee, S.; Neumann, G.; Paller, M.; Tieu, B.; Wirth, J.; Wu, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Fischman, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM mafisch@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1575 EP 1583 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000159 ER PT S AU Jones, DL AF Jones, Dayton L. GP IEEE TI A Lunar Array Precursor Station to Monitor the Lunar Ionosphere SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID RIOMETER; EARTH AB The lunar surface offers several advantages for astronomical observations at low radio frequencies. These include shielding from terrestrial interference on the farside shielding from solar emission half the time, and stable: easily calibrated array baselines. Low frequency radio astronomy offers compelling science in multiple areas, from cosmology to extrasolar planets. It is likely to be one of the first large-scale scientific deployments on the lunar surface. But the lunar ionosphere could limit observations at the lowest frequencies during lunar daytime. This has serious implications for observations of solar and heliospheric radio bursts, whose radio emission occurs below 1 MHz except when the emitting regions are very close to the Sun. The objective of the LAPS (Lunar Array Precursor Station) instrument described here is to measure the absorption of low frequency radio signals by the lunar ionosphere as a function of time and frequency. These measurements will greatly increase our understanding of the magnitude and evolution of electron density near the lunar surface during all phases of the lunar day-night cycle. They will directly determine the minimum usable observing frequency as a function of time. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jones, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Dayton@jpl.nasa.gov NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1584 EP 1591 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000160 ER PT S AU Pollard, BD Chen, CW AF Pollard, Brian D. Chen, Curtis W. GP IEEE TI A Radar Terminal Descent Sensor for the Mars Science Laboratory Mission SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The soft-touchdown, "sky-crane" concept employed by the 2009 NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission requires an order-of-magnitude improvement from previous missions in the sensing of vehicle velocity and altitude. 12 This paper describes the development of a new radar "Terminal Descent Sensor" that provides decimeter-per-second velocity accuracy while also providing better than 2% range accuracy on six unique beams. This sensor design uses a millimeter-wave center frequency (Ka-band) and pencil beam antennas to achieve the required velocity precision and to overcome the problems that angle-of-arrival errors can cause in velocity reconstruction. Included are discussions of the design concept, driving requirements, hardware architecture, and results from a high fidelity performance simulation. square square C1 [Pollard, Brian D.; Chen, Curtis W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91024 USA. RP Pollard, BD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91024 USA. EM pollard@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1592 EP 1600 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000161 ER PT S AU Meehan, TK AF Meehan, T. K. GP IEEE TI The TriG Digital Beam Steered Sounder SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Passive microwave sounding of Global Navigation System Signals (GNSS) aka, GNSS Radio Occultation (GRO) produces measurements in the stratosphere and troposphere that contribute to two major societal benefits: monitoring climate and climate variability; and improving operational weather prediction.(12) The high accuracy, precision and stability of GRO soundings make them ideal climate benchmark observations, suitable for monitoring long-term trends in the atmosphere. For weather applications, RO observations improve the accuracy of weather forecasts by providing temperature and moisture profiles of sub-kin vertical resolution, over land and ocean and in the presence of clouds. Here we describe a cost effective approach to produce a flight-capable GRO instrument, the Tri-GNSS (GPS + Galileo+GLONASS) or TriG, receiver. The objective is to join digital beam forming technology from NASA's Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) to the GNSS technology developed over the previous five years for upcoming NOAA and NASA GRO missions. The TriG receiver will employ the latest algorithms for GRO and Precise Orbit Determination (POD) within a space hardened electronics package. This paper will describe testing of the digital beam forming method to be employed by TriG with the on-board processing of GRO limb-sounding profiles.[1] C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Meehan, TK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Thomas.K.Meehan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1601 EP 1605 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000162 ER PT S AU Hahn, I Weilert, M Sandhu, J Dekens, F Goullioud, R AF Hahn, I. Weilert, M. Sandhu, J. Dekens, F. Goullioud, R. GP IEEE TI Recent Results of the Guide-2 Telescope Testbed for the SIM-Lite Mission SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Space Interferometry Mission Planet Quest Lite (SIM-Lite) is a new mission concept to perform micro-arcsecond narrow-angle astrometry to search approximately 50 nearby stars for Earth-like planets, and also to perform a global astrometry. The SIM-Lite consists of two Michelson interferometers and one telescope. The main six-meter baseline science interferometer observes a target star and a set of reference stars. The four-meter baseline interferometer (Guide-1) monitors the attitude of the instrument in the direction of a target star. A new Guide-2 telescope (G2T) tracks a bright star to monitor the attitude of the instrument in the other two orthogonal directions. In the current mission concept, the G2T consists of a 30 cm siderostat and a 30 cm confocal telescope, similar to other four telescopes used in the science and Guide-1 interferometers. A testbed has been built to demonstrate the G2T feasibility for SIM-Lite mission. Recent results show that field-independent, star-tracking capability of the system is less than 30 mas after the SIM narrow angle analysis.(12) C1 [Hahn, I.; Weilert, M.; Sandhu, J.; Dekens, F.; Goullioud, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hahn, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Inseob.Hahn@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1606 EP 1612 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000163 ER PT S AU Goullioud, R Marr, JC Shao, M Marcy, GW AF Goullioud, Renaud Marr, James C. Shao, Michael Marcy, Geoffrey W. GP IEEE TI Search for Earth-Analogs with the Planet Hunter Mission SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Planet Hunter is a design for a space borne astrometric mission. Planet Hunter utilizes technology developed for the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The instrument consists of two Michelson stellar interferometers and a telescope. The first interferometer chops between the target star and a set of reference stars. The second interferometer monitors the attitude of the instrument in the direction of the target star. The telescope monitors the attitude of the instrument in the other two directions. Planet Hunter will be capable of one micro-arc-second narrow angle astrometry per visit, over a two-degree field of regard for magnitude 10 and brighter target stars. During the 5-year mission, Planet Hunter would search more than 100 nearby Sun-like stars for exo-planets of mass down to one Earth mass, in the Habitable Zone. We will present the latest design and performance prediction. C1 [Goullioud, Renaud; Marr, James C.; Shao, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Marcy, Geoffrey W.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Goullioud, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-486, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Renaud.Goullioud@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this publication was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The authors would like to thank the SIM instrument team for their contribution to the Planet Hunter mission concept. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1613 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000164 ER PT S AU Martin, SR Booth, AJ Loya, F AF Martin, Stefan R. Booth, Andrew J. Loya, Frank GP IEEE TI Demonstration of the Exoplanet Detection Process using Four-Beam Nulling Interferometry. SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID PLANET AB The Planet Detection Testbed has been developed to simulate and test the detection process for an infrared nulling interferometer observing an earthlike planet orbiting a nearby star within about 15 pc of the solar system. (12)The testbed combines eight beams of infrared light, four from the star and four from the planet, simulating an 'X-array' telescope spacecraft formation. The detection process involves stable nulling of the starlight, rotation of the spacecraft formation, averaging over a few hours and testing of the signal against predicted exoplanet signatures. The testbed simulates all parts of the detection process except operation in broadband light, which is a planned upgrade for the future. This paper describes the latest results and plans for exoplanet signal simulation, deep starlight nulling and planet detection at star to planet contrast ratios of one million to one. These results are planned to demonstrate the feasibility of exoplanet detection using nulling interferometry at near-flightlike contrast ratios. C1 [Martin, Stefan R.; Booth, Andrew J.; Loya, Frank] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Martin, SR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM stefan.r.martin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1622 EP 1630 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000165 ER PT S AU Smythe, R Palmer, D Niessner, A Cheung, I Lockhart, T Hovland, E Sun, G Shields, J AF Smythe, R. Palmer, D. Niessner, A. Cheung, I. Lockhart, T. Hovland, E. Sun, G. Shields, J. GP IEEE TI Real-Time Interferometer Control System Toolbox Evolutionary Improvements SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Real-time Interferometer Control System Toolbox (RICST) software components have been evolving for the last ten years and have been used by many optical interferometry testbeds. Most of our work in the last year has been in support of the Space Interferometry Mission. A number of improvements have been added to our toolkit in order to bring the elements of the Instrument to improved state of technological readiness. Software: JPL Coding standards (MISRA) Coverity static analysis tools System Identification / Matlab Interface to real time system Hardware: cPCI platform PMC modules for portable FPGA dev LVDS digital UO std for intra-instrument com Flight-like system architecture allows testbed systems to mature in a modular way as more Brassboard components are produced.(12) C1 [Smythe, R.; Palmer, D.; Niessner, A.; Cheung, I.; Lockhart, T.; Hovland, E.; Sun, G.; Shields, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smythe, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rsmythe@s383.jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1631 EP 1638 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000166 ER PT S AU Hogan, R Marzo, GA Roush, TL AF Hogan, Robert Marzo, Giuseppe A. Roush, Ted L. GP IEEE TI A Comparison of Performance between Two Cluster Algorithms Applied to Mineral Spectra SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The K-means (KM) and Self-Organizing Map (SOM) are two popular and very different techniques for clustering data. Both techniques require a set of training data which are used in an iterative process to find clusters in this set. For the KM, the number of clusters must be preassigned before a training session begins, whereas, The number of SOM clusters is determined after a single training is completed. In this paper we compare the clustering performance of these two methods using data from three mineral spectral libraries whose samples have been hierarchically labeled with Class, Subclass, and Group names. These names are used to determine the overall mineralogical purity of the clusterings as a function of cluster number. The degree of cluster overlap is also determined as a function of cluster number using the Davies-Bouldin (DB) index. We show that, in general, the purity and overlap of KM and SOM derived clusters differ significantly for cluster numbers small compared to the number of training samples. The KM clusters are less pure and overlap more than SOM clusters. The ramifications of these results on the accuracy of classification of spectra not used for training is discussed. C1 [Hogan, Robert] NASA, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Marzo, Giuseppe A.; Roush, Ted L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hogan, R (reprint author), NASA, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Robert.C.Hogan@nasa.gov; Giuseppe.A.Marzo@nasa.gov; Ted.L.Roush@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1732 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000177 ER PT S AU Hogan, R Roush, T AF Hogan, Robert Roush, Ted GP IEEE TI Mineral Emittance Spectra: Clustering and Classification using Self-Organizing Maps SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Remote sensing of terrestial and planetary surfaces in the infrared for the purpose of identifying minerals and their distribution is an ongoing activity. The huge amount of spectral data currently available and expected from future space missions presents a challenge to the scientist determine to extract useful scientific information from this data. Automated methods to facilitate this process are clearly needed to complete these investigations in a timely manner. Organizing this data into meaningful chunks is a crucial first step of this analysis that can be be addressed with clustering techniques. We have developed an automated clustering and classification scheme based on Kohonen Self-Organizing maps (SOM). The SOM is a type of unsupervised neural network widely used to cluster data and identify anomalies. A modification of the Davies-Bouldin (DB) cluster validation index which incorporates the measurement uncertainties of the SOM training data is used to determine the optimal number of clusters. This scheme was trained and tested with the mineral spectral libraries prepared at Arizona State University (ASU) and John Hopkins University (JHU) whose samples have been hierarchically labeled with Class, Subclass and Group names. These names are used to measure the spectral purity of the derived clusters and the accuracy of classification. We describe in detail the SOM scheme itself, the performance measures, and testing procedure. The test results demonstrate that the SOM can be a useful component in autonomous systems designed to identify minerals from reflectance or emissivity measurements in the thermal infrared. C1 [Hogan, Robert] NASA, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Roush, Ted] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hogan, R (reprint author), NASA, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Robert.C.Hogan@nasa.gov; Ted.L.Roush@nasa.gov FU NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophysics; Mars Exploration, and Intelligent Systems FX This research has been made possible via resources from NASAs Planetary Geology and Geophysics, Mars Exploration, and Intelligent Systems programs whose support is appreciated. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1739 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000178 ER PT S AU Saha, S Saha, B Goebel, K AF Saha, Sankalita Saha, Bhaskar Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI Communication Optimizations for a Wireless Distributed Prognostic Framework SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID SENSOR AB Distributed architecture for prognostics is an essential step in prognostic research in order to enable feasible real-time system health management. Communication overhead is an important design problem for such systems. In this paper we focus on communication issues faced in the distributed implementation of an important class of algorithms for prognostics - particle filters. In spite of being computation and memory intensive, particle filters lend well to distributed implementation except for one significant step - resampling. We propose new resampling scheme called parameterized resampling that attempts to reduce communication between collaborating nodes in a distributed wireless sensor network. Analysis and comparison with relevant resampling schemes are also presented. A battery health management system is used as a target application.(12) C1 [Saha, Sankalita; Saha, Bhaskar] NASA, MCT, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Saha, S (reprint author), NASA, MCT, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Sankalita.Saha@nasa.gov; bhaskar.saha@nasa.gov; kai.goebel@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1867 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000192 ER PT S AU Lee, M Weidner, R Bowman, K AF Lee, Meemong Weidner, Richard Bowman, Kevin GP IEEE TI Atmospheric Sounding Simulation Experiment Service SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Remote atmospheric sounding employs a wide range of models for representing the complex physical principles exploited by various measurement techniques (refraction, transmission, absorption, scattering, etc.), retrieving various physical properties (water vapor, temperature profile, wind profile, chemical constituents, etc.), and assimilating the observations from various platforms (satellites, aircrafts, sondes, etc.). These models collectively facilitate a comprehensive Observation System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) toward design optimization, performance validation, and operation planning. The Sensor-web Operations Explorer (SOX) system at Jet Propulsion Laboratory has established an atmospheric sounding simulation experiment service that helps scientists plan integrated air quality campaigns and explore future atmospheric science mission and instrument concepts. The SOX system infuses state-of-the-art information technologies for achieving inter-operability among a wide range of the science community tools and data products, as well as maintaining computational effectiveness of the simulated experiments. This paper presents the SOX system implementation with respect to software architecture, concept exploration framework, OSSE framework, and online service.(12) C1 [Lee, Meemong; Weidner, Richard; Bowman, Kevin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Meemong.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov; Richard.J.Weidner@jpl.nasa.gov; Kevin.W.Bowman@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1886 EP 1894 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000194 ER PT S AU Donnellan, A Parker, J Glasscoe, M Granat, R Rundle, J McLeod, D Al-Ghanmi, R Grant, L AF Donnellan, Andrea Parker, Jay Glasscoe, Margaret Granat, Robert Rundle, John McLeod, Dennis Al-Ghanmi, Rami Grant, Lisa GP IEEE TI Understanding Earthquake Fault Systems using QuakeSim Analysis and Data Assimilation Tools SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID SAN-FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE; DEFORMATION AB We are using the QuakeSim environment to model interacting fault systems. One goal of QuakeSim is to prepare for the large volumes of data that spaceborne missions such as DESDynI will produce. QuakeSim has the ability to ingest distributed heterogenous data in the form of InSAR, GPS, seismicity, and fault data into various earthquake modeling applications, automating the analysis when possible. Virtual California simulates interacting faults in California. We can compare output from long time-history Virtual California runs with the current state of strain and the strain history in California. In addition to spaceborne data we will begin assimilating data from UAVSAR airborne flights over the San Francisco Bay Area, the Transverse Ranges, and the Salton Trough. Results of the models are important for understanding future earthquake risk and for providing decision support following earthquakes. Improved models require this sensor web of different data sources, and a modeling environment for understanding the combined data.(1,2) C1 [Donnellan, Andrea; Parker, Jay; Glasscoe, Margaret; Granat, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Rundle, John] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [McLeod, Dennis; Al-Ghanmi, Rami] Univ Southern Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Grant, Lisa] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Donnellan, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Andrea.Donnellan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1895 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000195 ER PT S AU Talukder, A Panangadan, A AF Talukder, Ashit Panangadan, Anand GP IEEE TI Online Visualization of Adaptive Distributed Sensor Webs SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID DATA ASSIMILATION; MODEL; REGION AB Sensor webs for environmental monitoring integrate data from a large number of fixed and mobile sensors. The spatial and temporal distribution of these sensors varies with time when the network controllers adapt the operation of the sensors to detected events. The paper describes an approach for online visualization of data from such sensor webs. The visualization approach explicitly takes into account the varying resolutions of the sensor data and depicts the movement of mobile sensors. The sensor web visualization utilizes the Google Earth 3-D virtual globe software and data representation formats. This enables data from sensor webs to be made available on the Internet. Users download this data and control the visualization using their own desktop computer. The paper demonstrates the visualization approach on data collected from the New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System. The data includes oceanographic parameters collected using onshore and offshore sensors and from mobile platforms such as unmanned underwater vehicles and passing surface ships.(12) C1 [Talukder, Ashit; Panangadan, Anand] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Talukder, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Ashit.Talukder@jpl.nasa.gov; Anand.V.Panangadan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1903 EP 1910 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000196 ER PT S AU Cappelaere, PG Frye, SW Mandl, D AF Cappelaere, Pat G. Frye, Stuart W. Mandl, Daniel GP IEEE TI Flow-Enablement of the NASA SensorWeb using RIESTful (and Secure) Workflows SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Applied Remote Sensing to Disaster Management requires just-in-time delivery of custom data products to unsophisticated end-users such as fire fighters and first responders. These requests are wide-ranging, from wild fire hot spots detection, smoke, fire suppression and rehabilitation, flood coverage to erupting volcanoes, and require coordination of many assets such as satellites, UAV's and ground sensors. They also require predictive models to complete the SensorWeb. Using Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards, distributed web services from many organizations have been geo-enabled (or sensor-web enabled) to process the data and distribute it to end-users using Web 2.0 technologies such as Atom feeds and KML. The next challenge is to flow-enable these services to facilitate automated orchestration for on-demand requests coming from various communities in times of need. With our desire to provide the ability to create quick mash-ups for our end-users using a simple web browser, we have implemented a RESTful(1) architecture and applied it to workflow management with the help of the Workflow Management Coalition (WfMC) and the OGC to support interoperability across our SensorWeb Community. These workflows must operate on behalf of a wide range of users and access services that may or may not be restricted. At a minimum, data consumers and providers need to communicate over http using some level of authentication that can be easily implemented in a RESTful manner. This paper also presents our Decision Support System used to manage our various Communities of Interests (COI) and give them transparent access to the SensorWeb assets and relevant custom data products when the needs arise. An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to automate the daily selection of requests to be scheduled for imaging and 3 processing based on themes of interest,(23). C1 [Cappelaere, Pat G.] Vightel Corp, Ellicott City, MD 21043 USA. [Frye, Stuart W.] SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mandl, Daniel] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cappelaere, PG (reprint author), Vightel Corp, Ellicott City, MD 21043 USA. EM pat@cappelaere.com; stuart.frye@nasa.gov; Daniel.J.Mandl@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1911 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000197 ER PT S AU Hartzell, CM Carpena-Nunez, J Graham, LC Racek, DM Tao, TS Taylor, CE Goldberg, HR Norton, CD AF Hartzell, Christine M. Carpena-Nunez, Jennifer Graham, Lindley C. Racek, David M. Tao, Tony S. Taylor, Christianna E. Goldberg, Hannah R. Norton, Charles D. GP IEEE TI Data System Design for a Hyperspectral Imaging Mission Concept SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Global ecosystem observations are important for Earth-system studies. The National Research Council's report entitled Earth Science and Applications from Space is currently guiding NASXs Earth science missions. It calls for a global land and coastal area mapping mission. The mission, scheduled to launch in the 2013-2016 timeframe, includes a hyperspectral imager and a multi-spectral thermal-infrared sensor. These instruments will enable scientists to characterize global species composition and monitor the response of ecosystems to disturbance events such as drought, flooding, and volcanic events. Due to the nature and resolution of the sensors, these two instruments produce approximately 645 GB of raw data each day, thus pushing the limits of conventional data handling and telecommunications capabilities. The implications of and solutions to the challenge of high downlink data volume were examined. Low risk and high science return were key design values. The advantages of on-board processing and advanced telecommunications methods were evaluated. This paper will present an end-to-end data handling system design that will handle the large data downlink volumes that are becoming increasingly prevalent as the complexity of Earth science increases. The designs presented here are the work of the authors and may differ from the current mission baseline. C1 [Hartzell, Christine M.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Carpena-Nunez, Jennifer] Univ Puerto Rico Rio Piedras, Dept Phys, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. [Graham, Lindley C.] MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Racek, David M.] Montana State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Tao, Tony S.] Penn State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Taylor, Christianna E.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Aerosp Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Goldberg, Hannah R.; Norton, Charles D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hartzell, CM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hartzelc@colorado.edu; jennifercarpena@gmail.com; lcgraham@mit.edu; dave.racek@gmail.com; tonystao@gmail.com; christianna.taylor@gmail.com; hannah.r.goldberg@jpl.nasa.gov; charles.d.norton@jpl.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 1995 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000205 ER PT S AU Strauss, KF AF Strauss, Karl F. GP IEEE TI Memory Technologies and Data Recorder Design SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Missions, both near Earth and deep space, are under consideration that will require data recorder capacities of such magnitude as to be unthinkable just a few years ago. Concepts requiring well over 16,000 GB of storage are being studied. To achieve this capacity via "normal means" was considered incredible as recently as 2004. This paper is presented in two parts. Part I describes the analysis of data recorder capacities for missions as far back as 35 years and provides a projection of data capacities required 20 years from now based upon missions either nearing launch, or in the planning stage. The paper presents a similar projection of memory device capacities as baselined in the ITRS - the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Using known Total Ionizing Dose tolerance going back as far as a decade, a projection of total dose tolerance is made for two prime technologies out to the year 2028. Based upon the two prime technologies, the design of a 130 Tb recorder is discussed in Part II. Further, it is noted that, for all the missions and technologies analyzed, the parameters of a recorder - mass, power, volume - remain constant despite ever-increasing capacity requirements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Strauss, KF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM karl.f.strauss@jpl.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2039 EP 2056 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000207 ER PT S AU Kashyap, AS Mudholkar, M Mantooth, HA Vo, T Mojarradi, M AF Kashyap, A. S. Mudholkar, M. Mantooth, H. A. Vo, T. Mojarradi, M. GP IEEE TI Cryogenic Characterization of Lateral DMOS Transistors for Lunar Applications SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The characterization and device physics study of a lateral DMOS transistor in the cryogenic regime (similar to + 20 degrees C to - 180 degrees C) is presented in this paper. Normally, the characteristics of lateral MOSFETs improve with decreasing temperature. However, the asymmetrical nature of LDMOS devices, owing to the presence of a lightly doped drift region, causes the behavior to deviate from the expected characteristics at deep cryo temperatures. The output current is expected to increase with decreasing temperature, but our observations indicate that the current initially increases and then starts decreasing after a certain transition temperature. This is attributed to the carrier freeze-out phenomenon occurring in the drift region due to lower ionization energies available to the carriers. The paper will report results on the transfer and output characteristics of the JPL LDMOS devices as temperature decreases and attempt to explain the observation with physical reasoning. (1 2) C1 [Kashyap, A. S.; Mudholkar, M.; Mantooth, H. A.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Elect Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Vo, T.; Mojarradi, M.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kashyap, AS (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Elect Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM akashya@uark.edu; Mohammad.M.Mojarradi@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2212 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000223 ER PT S AU Del Castillo, L Moussessian, A Mojarradi, M Kolawa, E Johnson, RW Blalock, BJ AF Del Castillo, Linda Moussessian, Alina Mojarradi, Mohammad Kolawa, Elizabeth Johnson, R. Wayne Blalock, Benjamin J. GP IEEE TI Advanced Embedded Active Assemblies for Extreme Space Applications SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This work describes the development and evaluation of advanced technologies for the integration of electronic die within membrane polymers.(12) Specifically, investigators thinned silicon die, electrically connecting them with circuits on flexible liquid crystal polymer (LCP), using gold thermo-compression flip chip bonding, and embedding them within the material. Daisy chain LCP assemblies were thermal cycled from -135 to +85 degrees C (Mars surface conditions for motor control electronics). The LCP assembly method was further utilized to embed an operational amplifier designed for operation within the Mars surface ambient. The embedded op-amp assembly was evaluated with respect to the influence of temperature on the operational characteristics of the device. Applications for this technology range from multi functional, large area, flexible membrane structures to small-scale, flexible circuits that can be fit into tight spaces for flex to fit applications. C1 [Del Castillo, Linda; Moussessian, Alina; Mojarradi, Mohammad; Kolawa, Elizabeth] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Johnson, R. Wayne] Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Blalock, Benjamin J.] Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Del Castillo, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Linda.DelCastillo@jpl.nasa.gov FU JPL Director's Research and Development Fund; NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Funding for this work was provided by the JPL Director's Research and Development Fund and the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program. The authors would like to extend a special thanks to each of the following persons for their significant contribution to this body of work: Tan Zhang and Zhenwei Hou (Auburn University) for developing the embedding method, Robert Greenwell and Steven Terry (University of Tennessee) for designing and testing the low temperature resistant Operational Amplifier, Michael Lou (JPL Retiree) for evaluating materials for Radar-specific materials behavior and Etai Weininger (formerly from JPL) for evaluating the influence of radiation on electrical characteristics of materials. The authors would also like to thank the following JPL personnel for their help with this project: Tom Hill for performing room and elevated temperature tensile tests, Roy Scrivner for performing radiation testing, and Gary Plett for performing DMA and TMA evaluations. Finally, the authors would like to thank Scott Kennedy from Rogers Corporation and Gus Gustafson from DuPont. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2230 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000225 ER PT S AU Schatzel, DV AF Schatzel, Donald V. GP IEEE TI Improving Heat Transfer Performance of Printed Circuit Boards SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB There is a trend continuing in the electronics industry where high reliability electronic packages are using standard epoxy glass and polyimide substrates over ceramic based substrates.(12) This is a result of improved fabrication accuracy and consistent raw material properties. Increased processing power is resulting in increased heat generation. Printed circuit boards are becoming very dense as a result of improved fabrication processes that allow smaller vias, smaller trace line width/spaces and pad size. This is combined with designs that have multiple internal conductive layers that routinely reach 20 to 25 layers. This increased processing power is affecting printed circuit board designs for space electronic applications. The additional heat must be conducted from a microprocessor or power device through the printed circuit board to the board frame or chassis. This has been achievable for processing devices by utilizing thick copper layers and thermal vias to transfer the resultant heat. The result of increasing the copper thickness is an increase in mass which is an undesirable condition where the goal for electronics is a smaller and lighter electronic package. Recent technology development in raw materials has given printed circuit boards increased heat transfer capability for a given mass over copper. This is achieved by using carbon fiber within a printed circuit board cross section during the lamination process. The carbon fiber which resembles a fabric weave is embedded in a resin and sandwiched between copper foil and is referred to in the electronics industry as Carbon Core Laminate or CCL. This paper will explore the ability of printed circuit boards laminated with a Carbon Core Laminate to transfer heat vs. standard printed circuit boards that use only thick layers of copper. The paper will compare the differences in heat transfer performance of printed circuit boards with and without CCL. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schatzel, DV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM don.schatzel@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2245 EP 2250 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000227 ER PT S AU Fesq, LM AF Fesq, Lorraine M. GP IEEE TI Current Fault Management Trends in NASA's Planetary Spacecraft SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Fault management for today's space missions is a complex problem, going well beyond the typical safing requirements of simpler missions. Recent missions have experienced technical issues late in the project lifecycle, associated with the development and test of fault management capabilities, resulting in both project schedule delays and cost overruns. Symptoms seem to become exaggerated in the context of deep space and planetary missions, most likely due to the need for increased autonomy and the limited communications opportunities with Earth-bound operators. These issues are expected to cause increasing challenges as the spacecraft envisioned for future missions become more capable and complex. In recognition of the importance of addressing this problem, the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office hosted a Fault Management Workshop on behalf of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Planetary Science Division, to bring together experts in fault management from across NASA, DoD, industry and academia. The scope of the workshop was focused on deep space and planetary robotic missions, with full recognition of the relevance of, and subsequent benefit to, Earth-orbiting missions. Three workshop breakout sessions focused the discussions to target three topics: 1) Fault Management Architectures, 2) Fault Management Verification and Validation, and 3) Fault Management Development Practices, Processes and Tools. The key product of this three-day workshop is a NASA White Paper that documents lessons learned from previous missions, recommended best practices, and future opportunities for investments in the fault management domain. This paper summarizes the findings and recommendations that are captured in the White Paper.(12) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fesq, LM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lorraine.fesq@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2251 EP 2259 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000228 ER PT S AU Bayer, TJ AF Bayer, Todd J. GP IEEE TI Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter In-Flight Anomalies and Lessons Learned: An Update SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission has as its primary objectives: advance our understanding of the current Mars climate, the processes that have formed and modified the surface of the planet and the extent to which water has played a role in surface processes; identify sites of possible aqueous activity indicating environments that may have been or are conducive to biological activity; and thus identify and characterize sites for future landed missions; and provide forward and return relay services for current and future Mars landed assets. MRO's crucial role in the long term strategy for Mars exploration requires a high level of reliability during its 5.4 year mission. This requires an architecture which incorporates extensive redundancy and cross-strapping. Because of the distances and hence light-times involved, the spacecraft itself must be able to utilize this redundancy in responding to time-critical failures. For cases where fault protection is unable to recognize a potentially threatening condition, either due to known limitations or software flaws, intervention by ground operations is required. These aspects of MRO's design were discussed in a previous paper [Ref. 1]. This paper provides an update to the original paper, describing MRO's significant in-flight anomalies over the past year, with lessons teamed for redundancy and fault protection architectures and for ground operations(1),(2). C1 NASA, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bayer, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 264-535, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM todd.j.bayer@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2260 EP 2270 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000229 ER PT S AU Aranki, N Bakhshi, A Keymeulen, D Klimesh, M AF Aranki, Nazeeh Bakhshi, Alireza Keymeulen, Didier Klimesh, Matthew GP IEEE TI Fast and Adaptive Lossless On-Board Hyperspectral Data Compression System for Space Applications SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Efficient on-board lossless hyperspectral data compression reduces data volume in order to meet NASA and DoD limited downlink capabilities.(12) The technique also improves signature extraction, object recognition and feature classification capabilities by providing exact reconstructed data on constrained downlink resources. At JPL a novel, adaptive and predictive technique for lossless compression of hyperspectral data was recently developed. This technique uses an adaptive filtering method and achieves a combination of low complexity and compression effectiveness that far exceeds state-of-the-art techniques currently in use. The JPL-developed 'Fast Lossless' algorithm requires no training data or other specific information about the nature of the spectral bands for a fixed instrument dynamic range. It is of low computational complexity and thus well-suited for implementation in hardware, which makes it practical for flight implementations of pushbroom instruments. A prototype of the compressor (and decompressor) of the algorithm is available in software, but this implementation may not meet speed and real-time requirements of some space applications. Hardware acceleration provides performance improvements of 10x-100x vs. the software implementation (about 1M samples/sec on a Pentium IV machine). This paper describes a hardware implementation of the 'Fast Lossless' compression algorithm on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The FPGA implementation targets the current state-of-the-art FPGAs (Xilinx Virtex IV and V families) and compresses one sample every clock cycle to provide a fast and practical real-time solution for Space applications. C1 [Aranki, Nazeeh; Keymeulen, Didier; Klimesh, Matthew] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bakhshi, Alireza] B&A Engn Inc, San Dimas, CA 91773 USA. RP Aranki, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nazeeh.aranki@jpl.nasa.gov FU Air Force Research Laboratory FX The work described in this publication was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was funded by Air Force Research Laboratory through the grant, entitled Fast Lossless On-Board Hyperspectral Data Compression. Special thanks to Randy Odle, program manager, who also supported this research at JPL, and to Ian Ferguson for his technical support to this research NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2286 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000232 ER PT S AU Cruzen, C Chavers, G Wittenstein, J AF Cruzen, Craig Chavers, Greg Wittenstein, Jerry GP IEEE TI Operational Considerations and Comparisons of the Saturn, Space Shuttle and Ares Launch Vehicles SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The United States (U.S.) space exploration policy has directed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to retire the Space Shuttle and to replace it with a new generation of space transportation systems for crew and cargo travel to the International Space Station, the Moon, Mars, and beyond. As part of the Constellation Program, engineers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama are working to design and build the Arcs 1, the first of two large launch vehicles to return humans to the Moon. A deliberate effort is being made to ensure a high level of operability in order to significantly increase safety and availability as well as reduce recurring costs of this new launch vehicle. It is the Arcs Project's goal to instill operability as part of the requirements development, design and operations of the vehicle. This paper will identify important factors in launch vehicle design that affect the operability and availability of the system. Similarities and differences in operational constraints will also be compared between the Saturn V, Space Shuttle and current Arcs I design. Finally, potential improvements in operations and operability for large launch vehicles will be addressed. From the examples presented, the paper will discuss potential improvements for operability for future launch vehicles.(1 2) C1 [Cruzen, Craig; Chavers, Greg] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Wittenstein, Jerry] Int Space Syst Inc, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Cruzen, C (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM craig.cruzen@nasa.gov; greg.chavers@nasa.gov; jerry.wittenstein-1@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2395 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000245 ER PT S AU Muirhead, BK AF Muirhead, Brian K. GP IEEE TI Constellation Lunar Capability Point of Departure Architecture SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper describes and discusses the Constellation point of departure lunar capability architecture. Constellation is NASA's program to implement the human exploration of the moon and Mars. This paper focuses on the overall design and operational strategy for the Constellation lunar transportation system architecture including the Arcs V heavy lift launch vehicle, Altair lunar lander and early concepts for lunar surface systems including habitats and mobile vehicles. The architecture builds on the initial capability vehicles of Arcs I and Orion as they will initially fly to the international space station. The architecture is based on extensive trade studies of surface system objectives, lunar lander design options and Arcs V design options. In addition to the description of the architecture this paper will briefly provide status of the initial capability building blocks of Arcs I and Orion.(12) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. RP Muirhead, BK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-440, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. EM brian.k.muirhead@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2409 EP 2416 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000246 ER PT S AU Goodliff, K Cirillo, W Earle, K Reeves, JD Shyface, H Andraschko, M Merrill, RG Stromgren, C Cirillo, C AF Goodliff, Kandyce Cirillo, William Earle, Kevin Reeves, J. D. Shyface, Hilary Andraschko, Mark Merrill, R. Gabe Stromgren, Chel Cirillo, Christopher GP IEEE TI Lunar Exploration Architecture Level Key Drivers and Sensitivities SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Strategic level analysis of the integrated behavior of lunar transportation and lunar surface systems architecture options is performed to assess the benefit, viability, affordability, and robustness of system design choices. This analysis employs both deterministic and probabilistic modeling techniques so that the extent of potential future uncertainties associated with each option are properly characterized. The results of these analyses are summarized in a predefined set of high-level Figures of Merit (FOMs) so as to provide senior NASA Constellation Program (CxP) and Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) management with pertinent information to better inform strategic level decision making.(1,2) The strategic level exploration architecture model is designed to perform analysis at as high a level as possible but still capture those details that have major impacts on system performance. The strategic analysis methodology focuses on integrated performance, affordability, and risk analysis, and captures the linkages and feedbacks between these three areas. Each of these results leads into the determination of the high-level FOMs. This strategic level analysis methodology has been previously applied to Space Shuttle and International Space Station assessments and is now being applied to the development of the Constellation Program point-of-departure lunar architecture. This paper provides an overview of the strategic analysis methodology and the lunar exploration architecture analyses to date. In studying these analysis results, the strategic analysis team has identified and characterized key drivers affecting the integrated architecture behavior. These key drivers include inclusion of a cargo lander, mission rate, mission location, fixed-versus-variable costs/return on investment, and the requirement for probabilistic analysis. Results of sensitivity analysis performed on lunar exploration architecture scenarios are also presented. C1 [Goodliff, Kandyce; Cirillo, William; Earle, Kevin; Reeves, J. D.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 462, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Shyface, Hilary; Andraschko, Mark; Merrill, R. Gabe] Analyt Mech Associates Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Stromgren, Chel] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. [Cirillo, Christopher] Warwick High Sch, Newport News, VA 23601 USA. RP Goodliff, K (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 462, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM kandyce.e.goodliff@nasa.gov; william.m.cirillo@nasa.gov; kevin.d.earle@nasa.gov; john.d.reeves@nasa.gov; shyface@ama-inc.com; andraschko@ama-inc.com; merrill@ama-inc.com; chel.stromgen@saic.com; christopher.cirillo@yahoo.com NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2417 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000247 ER PT S AU Mazanek, DD Troutman, PA Culbert, CJ Leonard, MJ Spexarth, GR AF Mazanek, Daniel D. Troutman, Patrick A. Culbert, Christopher J. Leonard, Matthew J. Spexarth, Gary R. GP IEEE TI Surface Buildup Scenarios and Outpost Architectures for Lunar Exploration SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Constellation Program Architecture Team and the Lunar Surface Systems Project Office have developed an initial set of lunar surface buildup scenarios and associated polar outpost architectures, along with preliminary supporting element and system designs in support of NASA's Exploration Strategy. The surface scenarios are structured in such a way that outpost assembly can be suspended at any time to accommodate delivery contingencies or changes in mission emphasis. The modular nature of the architectures mitigates the impact of the loss of any one element and enhances the ability of international and commercial partners to contribute elements and systems. Additionally, the core lunar surface system technologies and outpost operations concepts are applicable to future Mars exploration. These buildup scenarios provide a point of departure for future trades and assessments of alternative architectures and surface elements.(1,2) C1 [Mazanek, Daniel D.; Troutman, Patrick A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 462, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Culbert, Christopher J.; Leonard, Matthew J.; Spexarth, Gary R.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Mazanek, DD (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 462, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Daniel.D.Mazanek@nasa.gov; Patrick.A.Troutman@nasa.gov; Christopher.J.Culbert@nasa.gov; Matthew.J.Leonard@nasa.gov; Gary.R.Spexarth@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2432 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000248 ER PT S AU Stromgren, C Cates, G Cirillo, W AF Stromgren, Chel Cates, Grant Cirillo, William GP IEEE TI Launch Order, Launch Separation, and Loiter in the Constellation 1(1)/(2)-Launch Solution SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The NASA Constellation Program (CxP) is developing a two-element Earth-to-Orbit launch system to enable human exploration of the Moon. The first element, Ares 1, is a human-rated system that consists of a first stage based on the Space Shuttle Program's solid rocket booster (SRB) and an upper stage that consists of a four-crew Orion capsule, a service module, and a Launch Escape System. The second element, Ares V, is a Saturn V-plus category launch system that consists of the core stage with a cluster of six RS-68B engines and augmented with two 5.5-segment SRBs, a Saturn-derived J-2X engine powering an Earth Departure Stage (EDS), and the lunar-lander vehicle payload, Altair.(1,2) Initial plans called for the Ares V to be launched first, followed the next day by the Ares I. After the EDS performs the final portion of ascent and subsequent orbit circularization, the Orion spacecraft then performs a rendezvous and docks with the EDS and its Altair payload. Following checkout, the integrated stack loiters in low Earth orbit (LEO) until the appropriate Trans-Lunar Injection (TLI) window opportunity opens, at which time the EDS propels the integrated Orion-Altair to the Moon. Successful completion of this "1(1)/(2)-launch" solution carries risks related to both the orbital lifetime of the assets and the probability of achieving the launch of the second vehicle within the orbital lifetime of the first. These risks, which are significant in terms of overall system design choices and probability of mission success, dictated a thorough re-evaluation of the launch strategy, including the order of vehicle launch and the planned time period between launches. The goal of the effort described in this paper was to select a launch strategy that would result in the greatest possible expected system performance, while accounting for launch risks and the cost of increased orbital lifetime. A Discrete Event Simulation (DES) model of the launch strategies was created to determine the probability of a second launch not occurring in a timely fashion (i.e., before the assets waiting in LEO expire). This data was then used, along with vehicle capability data, cost data, and design changes that increased loiter, to evaluate the impact of changes in strategy. The specific changes in strategy that were considered include decreasing the planned time between launches from 24 hours to 90 minutes, changing the launch order, and varying the LEO loiter capacity of the EDS and Orion systems. An overview of the launch strategy evaluation process is presented, along with results of specific cases that were analyzed. A high-level comparison of options is then presented, along with the conclusion derived from the analysis. C1 [Stromgren, Chel; Cates, Grant] Sci Applicat Int Corp, 1710 SAIC Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. [Cirillo, William] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Stromgren, C (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, 1710 SAIC Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. EM chel.stromgren@saic.com; grant.r.cates@saic.com; william.m.cirillo@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2455 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000249 ER PT S AU Wilcox, BH Schneider, EG Vaughan, DA Hall, JL AF Wilcox, Brian H. Schneider, Evan G. Vaughan, David A. Hall, Jeffrey L. GP IEEE TI Low-Cost Propellant Launch to LEO from a Tethered Balloon: Recent Progress SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB As we have previously reported [1,2], it may be possible to launch payloads into low-Earth orbit (LEO) at a per-kilogram cost that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than current launch systems, using only a relatively small capital investment (comparable to a single large present-day launch). (1 2) An attractive payload would be large quantities of high-performance chemical rocket propellant (e.g. LO2/LH2) that would greatly facilitate, if not enable, extensive exploration of the moon, Mars, and beyond. The concept is to use small, mass-produced, two-stage, LO2/LH2, pressure-fed rockets (e.g. without turbo-pumps, which increase performance but are costly). These small rockets can reach orbit with modest atmospheric drag losses because they are launched from very high altitude (e.g. 22 km). They reach this altitude by being winched up a tether to a balloon that is permanently stationed there. The drag losses on a rocket are strongly related to the ratio of the rocket launch mass to the mass of the atmospheric column that is displaced as the vehicle ascends from launch to orbit. By reducing the mass of this atmospheric column to a few percent of what it would be if launched from sea level, the mass of the rocket can be proportionately reduced while maintaining drag loss at an acceptably small level. The system concept is that one or more small rockets would be launched to rendezvous on every orbit of a propellant depot in LEO. There is only one orbital plane where a depot will pass over the launch site on every orbit - the equator. Fortunately, the U.S. has two small islands virtually on the equator in the mid-Pacific (Baker and Jarvis Islands). Launching one on every orbit, approximately 5,500 rockets would be launched every year, which is a manufacturing rate that allows significantly reduced manufacturing costs, especially when combined with multi-year production contracts, giving a projected propellant cost in LEO of $400/kg or less. The configuration of the proposed propellant depot and the manner in which the propellant would be utilized has already been reported [1]. The launch processing facility (a small, modified container ship) and cable-car that moves the rocket on the tether have also been reported [2]. The work described in this progress report focuses on a simplified dynamic simulation of the ascent of the rocket, comparing spin-stabilization with 3-axis stabilization in terms of minimizing the amount of propellant drawn from the payload tank needed for head-end vernier thruster control of the stack during ascent. Implications for the vernier thruster configuration and control algorithm are discussed. This paper describes the derived design, including overall geometry, component configurations, refined balloon-tether architecture, and expected system performance. C1 [Wilcox, Brian H.; Schneider, Evan G.; Vaughan, David A.; Hall, Jeffrey L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilcox, BH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM brian.h.wilcox@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2482 EP 2492 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964000251 ER PT S AU Greenberg, PS Hyatt, MJ AF Greenberg, Paul S. Hyatt, Mark J. GP IEEE TI Instrumentation and Sensor Technologies for the Measurement and Detection of Lunar Dust SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Planned Lunar missions within NASA's Exploration Program have resulted in renewed attention to problems attributable to fine particulates. While the difficulties experienced during the Apollo missions did not prove critical, the comparative duration and complexity of impending missions presents a different situation. This scenario creates the need for a spectrum of particulate measurement and sensor technologies. From a fundamental perspective, an improved understanding of the properties of the regolith dust fraction is required for future missions. The same capabilities are required for the iterative development and refinement of associated engineered simulant materials. A need also exists for end-use, mission compatible sensor technologies. Examples include provisions for air quality monitoring in spacecraft and remote habitation modules, and process control sensors for filtration systems. Required sensor attributes such as low mass, volume, and power consumption, autonomy of operation, and extended reliability cannot be accommodated by existing technologies. Described here are various advanced capabilities being developed to meet these requirements.(1, 2) C1 [Greenberg, Paul S.; Hyatt, Mark J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Greenberg, PS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Paul.S.Greenberg@nasa.gov; Mark.J.Hyatt@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2627 EP 2636 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001007 ER PT S AU Calle, CI Arens, EE McFall, JM Buhler, CR Snyder, SJ Geiger, JK Hafley, RA Taminger, KM Mercer, CD AF Calle, C. I. Arens, E. E. McFall, J. M. Buhler, C. R. Snyder, S. J. Geiger, J. K. Hafley, R. A. Taminger, K. M. Mercer, C. D. GP IEEE TI Reduced Gravity Flight Demonstration of the Dust Shield Technology for Optical Systems SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Electrodynamic Dust Shield (EDS), an active dust mitigation technology for lunar exploration systems, has been under development in our laboratory at the Kennedy Space Center for the last three years. The EDS uses electrostatic and dielectrophoretic forces to remove dust from opaque, transparent, rigid, and flexible surfaces. The EDS consists of an array of electrodes on a substrate that are coated with a material possessing a high dielectric constant. The EDS has been tested with JSC-1A lunar dust simulant at high vacuum pressures of the order of 10(-6) kPa. In this paper, we report on our demonstration of the EDS at high vacuum (10(-6) to 10(-7) kPa) and under lunar gravity (g/6) during a Reduced Gravity Flight. Over one hundred and twenty experiments were performed to test the removal of different dust particle sizes using several EDS configurations and coatings. Particle sizes ranged from under 10 micrometers to 450 micrometers, separated in four different size fractions. C1 [Calle, C. I.; Arens, E. E.] NASA, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [McFall, J. M.; Buhler, C. R.; Snyder, S. J.] ASRC Aerosp, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Geiger, J. K.; Hafley, R. A.; Taminger, K. M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Mercer, C. D.] Langley Res Ctr, Aerosp Comp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Calle, CI (reprint author), NASA, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM carlos.i.calle@nasa.gov FU NASA's Exploration Technology Development FX This work was supported by NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. We thank Nancy Zeitlin for the organization and coordination of the two reduced gravity flights. We also acknowledge the support of Dominic Del Rosso and Terry Lee of NASA's Reduced Gravity Office. Finally, we acknowledge the contributions of Dr. John Connell and Nancy Holloway of NASA Langley Research Center, who worked closely with our KSC team to produce the coatings for the dust shields. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2637 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001008 ER PT S AU Wilcox, BH AF Wilcox, Brian H. GP IEEE TI ATHLETE: A Cargo and Habitat Transporter for the Moon SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB As part of the NASA Exploration Technology Development Program, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is developing a vehicle called ATHLETE: the All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer. 1 2 The vehicle concept is based on six wheels at the ends of six multi-degree-of-freedom limbs. Because each limb has enough degrees of freedom for use as a general-purpose leg, the wheels can be locked and used as feet to walk out of excessively soft or other extreme terrain. Since the vehicle has this alternative mode of traversing through (or at least out of) extreme terrain, the wheels and wheel actuators can be sized only for nominal terrain. There are substantial mass savings in the wheels and wheel actuators associated with designing for nominal instead of extreme terrain. These mass savings are comparable-to or larger-than the extra mass associated with the articulated limbs. As a result, the entire mobility system, including wheels and limbs, can be about 25% lighter than a conventional mobility chassis for planetary exploration. A side benefit of this approach is that each limb has sufficient degrees-of-freedom for use as a general-purpose manipulator (hence the name "limb" instead of "leg"). Our prototype ATHLETE vehicles have quick-disconnect tool adapters on the limbs that allow tools to be drawn out of a "tool belt" and maneuvered by the limb. A rotating power-take-off from the wheel actuates the tools, so that they can take advantage of the 1+ horsepower motor in each wheel to enable drilling, gripping or other power-tool functions. Architectural studies have indicated that a useful role for ATHLETE in lunar exploration is to "walk" cargo off the payload deck of a lunar lander and transport it across the lunar surface. Current architectural approaches are mostly focused on the concept that the lunar lander descent stage will use liquid hydrogen as a propellant. This is the highest-performance chemical fuel, but is low density and hence requires large tanks. As a result, the cargo deck of the lander is very high off the ground (over 6 meters in current concepts [1]). An ATHLETE vehicle with limbs this long is able to directly step onto the ground, moving off the lander by stepping with its rear limbs only onto the widely-spaced "hard points" on the top deck of the lander space-frame structure. One major motivation for surface mobility is that any lander will spray ejecta from the plume of the descent engine as it lands. This ejecta can reach speeds of several kilometers per second, and could cause significant damage to any exposed hardware. Thus it is desirable for all surface assets to stay away from any landing zone (out of "ballistic line-of-sight"), and then to move in after landing to offload crew or cargo from the newly-arrived lander. Some of the most attractive cargo elements to make mobile are habitats. Mobile habitats can enable or facilitate wide-area or global-scale exploration of the moon by acting as local bases in support of smaller crewed rovers. These mobile bases would "stay on the high ground" in polar regions to collect as much solar energy as possible (for their own use, and to recharge the small rovers), to act as a communication relays when the smaller pressurized rovers descend into occluded regions, to provide more spacious living accommodations than offered by the small rover, and to provide "dis-similar redundancy" for crew mobility (to get back to the ascent stage, at a minimum) in the event of failure of the smaller rover. Work described in this paper includes the outfitting of two ATHLETE sub-scale prototypes with habitat mockups. Field testing included traverses in excess of 1 km and precision docking of the two habitat shells with an accuracy of a few mm. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wilcox, BH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr M-S 303-300, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM brian.h.wilcox@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2647 EP 2653 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001009 ER PT S AU Comstock, DA AF Comstock, Douglas A. GP IEEE TI Technologies Addressing Exploration Needs from the Portfolio of NASA's Innovative Partnerships Program SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB NASA's Innovative Partnerships Program (IPP) develops many technologies to meet NASA's exploration technology needs through a portfolio of technology investments and partnerships. The investment portfolio includes Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR), the IPP Seed Fund, and NASA's Centennial Challenges prize program. The IPP office works closely with NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate to identify technology needs that can be addressed from the IPP portfolio, in a complementary manner to other technology investments being made. This paper lays out the scope of the IPP technology portfolio focused on exploration technology needs, some of the methods used to identify technology needs and gaps, and provides examples of technology development activities and demonstrations that are addressing important technology needs in key areas.(1,2) C1 NASA, Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Comstock, DA (reprint author), NASA, Headquarters, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM doug.comstock@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2654 EP 2664 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001010 ER PT S AU Henderson, EM AF Henderson, Edward M. GP IEEE TI Space Based Solar Power Flight Demonstration Concept SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB NASA is partnering with the DoD and collaborating with industry and academia on developing a space-based solar power (SBSP) demonstration using the space shuttle for transportation and the International Space Station (ISS) as a test platforms. This paper will present the demonstration concept and the status of the flight preparations. (1 2) The plan is to target the demonstration for one of the last shuttle flights to the ISS. The demonstration would be a wireless power transmission (WPT) from space to the Earth. NASA is retiring the shuttle by the end of 2010, therefore the work is accelerated to provide an opportunity before the shuttle retires. This schedule requires using existing power beaming assets, hardware and software, to meet test objectives. Later demos will expand on these results. The purpose will be to demonstrate and validate key SBSP hardware elements and transmission characteristics and efficiencies. Developing SBSP would enable new commercial space-based capabilities and markets. Eventually new space transportation systems for efficiently implementing an operational system will be required. Finally demonstrating a space-based solar capability would have great potential payoffs for space exploration, national defense and energy independence. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Henderson, EM (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM edward.m.henderson@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2680 EP 2686 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001013 ER PT S AU Adumitroaie, V Weisbin, CR AF Adumitroaie, V. Weisbin, C. R. GP IEEE TI Technology Infusion Challenges from a Decision Support Perspective SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT DE decision support; technology infusion AB In a restricted science budget environment and increasingly numerous required technology developments, the technology investment decisions within NASA are objectively more and more difficult to make such that the end results are satisfying the technical objectives and all the organizational constraints. Under these conditions it is rationally desirable to build an investment portfolio, which has the highest possible technology infusion rate into flight missions. Arguably the path to infusion is subject to many influencing factors, but here only the challenges associated with the very initial stages are addressed: defining the needs and the subsequent investment decision-support process. It is conceivable that decision consistency and possibly its quality suffer when the decision-making process has limited or no traceability. This paper(1,2) presents a structured decision-support framework aiming to provide traceable, auditable, infusion-driven recommendations towards a selection process in which these recommendations are used as reference points in further discussions among stakeholders. In this framework addressing well-defined requirements, different measures of success can be defined based on traceability to specific selection criteria. As a direct result, even by using simplified decision models the likelihood of infusion can be probed and consequently improved. C1 [Adumitroaie, V.; Weisbin, C. R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Adumitroaie, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Virgil.Adumitroaie@jpl.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2687 EP 2698 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001014 ER PT S AU Howard, RT Bryan, TC Brewster, LL Lee, JE AF Howard, Richard T. Bryan, Thomas C. Brewster, Linda L. Lee, James E. GP IEEE TI Proximity Operations and Docking Sensor Development SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Next Generation Advanced Video Guidance Sensor (NGAVGS) has been under development for the last three years as a long-range proximity operations and docking sensor for use in an Automated Rendezvous and Docking (AR&D) system. The first autonomous rendezvous and docking in the history of the U.S. Space Program was successfully accomplished by Orbital Express, using the Advanced Video Guidance Sensor (AVGS) as the primary docking sensor. That flight proved that the United States now has a mature and flight proven sensor technology for supporting Crew Exploration Vehicles (CEV) and Commercial Orbital Transport Systems (COTS) Automated Rendezvous and Docking (AR&D). NASA video sensors have worked well in the past: the AVGS used on the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART) mission operated successfully in "spot mode" out to 2 km, and the first generation rendezvous and docking sensor, the Video Guidance Sensor (VGS), was developed and successfully flown on Space Shuttle flights in 1997 and 1998.(12) Parts obsolescence issues prevent the construction of more AVGS units, and the next generation sensor was updated to allow it to support the CEV and COTS programs. The flight proven AR&D sensor has been redesigned to update parts and add additional capabilities for CEV and COTS with the development of the Next Generation AVGS at the Marshall Space Flight Center. The obsolete imager and processor are being replaced with new radiation tolerant parts. In addition, new capabilities include greater sensor range, auto ranging capability, and real-time video output. This paper presents some sensor hardware trades, use of highly integrated laser components, and addresses the needs of future vehicles that may rendezvous and dock with the International Space Station (ISS) and other Constellation vehicles. It also discusses approaches for upgrading AVGS to address parts obsolescence, and concepts for minimizing the sensor footprint, weight, and power requirements. In addition, the testing of the brassboard and proto-type NGAVGS units will be discussed along with the use of the NGAVGS as a proximity operations and docking sensor. C1 [Howard, Richard T.; Bryan, Thomas C.; Brewster, Linda L.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Automated Rendezvous & Docking Dev & Test Branch, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Lee, James E.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Adv Capabil Off, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Howard, RT (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Automated Rendezvous & Docking Dev & Test Branch, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM ricky.howard@nasa.gov; tom.bryan@nasa.gov; linda.brewster@nasa.gov; james.e.lee@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2699 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001015 ER PT S AU Mandrake, L Wagstaff, KL Gleeson, D Rebbapragada, U Tran, D Castano, R Chien, S Pappalardo, RT AF Mandrake, Lukas Wagstaff, Kiri L. Gleeson, Damhnait Rebbapragada, Umaa Tran, Daniel Castano, Rebecca Chien, Steven Pappalardo, Robert T. GP IEEE TI Onboard Detection of Natural Sulfur on a Glacier via a SVM and Hyperion Data SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID LIFE BENEATH; CYCLE; ICE AB Onboard classification of remote sensing data is of general interest given that it can be used as a trigger to initiate alarms, data download, additional higher-resolution scans, or more frequent scans of an area without ground interaction.(12) In our case, we study the sulfur-rich Borup-Fiord glacial springs in Canada utilizing the Hyperion instrument aboard the EO-1 spacecraft. This system consists of naturally occurring sulfur-rich springs emerging from glacial ice, which are a known environment for microbial life. The biological activity of the spring is associated with sulfur compounds that can be detected remotely via spectral analysis. This system may offer an analog to far more exotic locales such as Europa where remote sensing of biogenic indicators is of considerable interest. Unfortunately, spacecraft processing power and memory is severely limited which places strong constraints on the algorithms available. Previous work has been performed in the generation and execution of an onboard SVM (support vector machine) classifier to autonomously identify the presence of sulfur compounds associated with the activity of microbial life. However, those results were limited in the number of positive examples available to be labeled. In this paper we extend the sample size from I to 7 example scenes between 2006 and 2008, corresponding to a change from 18 to 235 positive labels. Of key interest is our assessment of the classifier's behavior on non-sulfur-bearing imagery far from the training region. Selection of the most relevant spectral bands and parameters for the SVM are also explored. C1 [Mandrake, Lukas; Wagstaff, Kiri L.; Gleeson, Damhnait; Tran, Daniel; Castano, Rebecca; Chien, Steven; Pappalardo, Robert T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gleeson, Damhnait] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Rebbapragada, Umaa] Tufts Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Mandrake, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lukas.mandrake@jpl.nasa.gov; kiri.wagstaff@jpl.nasa.gov; damhnait.gleeson@jpl.nasa.gov; urebbapr@cs.tufts.edu; daniel.tran@jpl.nasa.gov; rebecca.castano@jpl.nasa.gov; steven.chien@jpl.nasa.gov; robert.pappalardo@jpl.nasa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2722 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001018 ER PT S AU Mandrake, L Lee, S Bornstein, B Bue, B AF Mandrake, Lukas Lee, Seungwon Bornstein, Benjamin Bue, Brian GP IEEE TI Adapting AMDIS for Autonomous Spectral Identification of Hazardous Compounds for ISS Monitoring SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID SPECTROMETRY DATA; GAS; EXTRACTION AB The stand-alone Vehicle Cabin Atmospheric Monitor (VCAM) instrument was designed to provide an automated method of monitoring air quality within the International Space Station (ISS) via a miniaturized mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph system.(12) The output of the device, a series of mass spectra as a function of time, is then processed via our implementation of the Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification System (AMDIS) method from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) to generate potential identification with reference to a known library of hazardous chemicals. In this paper we discuss the modifications required to the AMDIS method for autonomous in-flight operation as well as additions beyond the original method. In particular, the original AMDIS method contains numerous parameters that were intended to be adjusted by an operator during the analysis to reduce false positives and adjust sensitivity. We have instead implemented solution filtration based on elution time and discuss possible arbitration algorithms for close similar matches to provide the user with a more succinct, single-valued answer. C1 [Mandrake, Lukas; Lee, Seungwon; Bornstein, Benjamin; Bue, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mandrake, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lukas.mandrake@jp.nasa.gov; seungwon.lee@jp.nasa.gov; benjamin.bornstein@jp.nasa.gov; brian.bue@jp.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2736 EP 2747 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001019 ER PT S AU Ho, SS Talukder, A AF Ho, Shen-Shyang Talukder, Ashit GP IEEE TI Automated Cyclone Tracking using Multiple Remote Satellite Data via Knowledge Transfer SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Cyclone tracking using a single orbiting satellite in a continuous manner is impractical as it has limited spatial and temporal coverage. One solution is to use multiple orbiting satellites for cyclone tracking. However, data from some orbiting satellites do not provide features as useful as other satellites in identifying cyclones. Moreover, satellite data containing strong cyclone discriminating features may be affected by coarse temporal resolution and object occlusion. In this paper, we propose a knowledge transfer methodology based on a Kalman filter for cyclone tracking using multiple satellite data sources containing a mixture of strong and weak features. This approach minimizes the negative effect of coarse temporal resolution and occlusion if only the satellite data containing strong cyclone discriminating features were used. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of our knowledge transfer approach for cyclone tracking.(12) C1 [Ho, Shen-Shyang; Talukder, Ashit] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ho, SS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Ave 300-123, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sho@jpl.nasa.gov; ashit.talukder@jpl.nasa.gov RI Ho, Shen-Shyang/B-7034-2012 OI Ho, Shen-Shyang/0000-0002-0353-7159 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2748 EP 2754 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001020 ER PT S AU Rebbapragada, U Mandrake, L Wagstaff, KL Gleeson, D Castano, R Chien, S Brodley, CE AF Rebbapragada, Umaa Mandrake, Lukas Wagstaff, Kiri L. Gleeson, Damhnait Castano, Rebecca Chien, Steve Brodley, Carla E. GP IEEE TI Improving Onboard Analysis of Hyperion Images by Filtering Mislabeled Training Data Examples SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper presents PWEM, a technique for detecting class label noise in training data. PWEM detects mislabeled examples by assigning to each training example a probability that its label is correct. PWEM calculates this probability by clustering examples from pairs of classes together and analyzing the distribution of labels within each cluster to derive the probability of each label's correctness. We discuss how one can use the probabilities output by PWEM to filter, mitigate, or correct mislabeled training examples. We then provide an in-depth discussion of how we applied PWEM to a sulfur detector that labels pixels from Hyperion images of the Borup-Fiord pass in Northern Canada. PWEM assigned a large number of the sulfur training examples low probabilities, indicating severe mislabeling within the sulfur class. The filtering of those low confidence examples resulted in a cleaner training set and improved the median false positive rate of the classifier by at least 29%.(12) C1 [Rebbapragada, Umaa; Brodley, Carla E.] Tufts Univ, Dept Comp Sci, 161 Coll Ave, Medford, MA 02155 USA. [Mandrake, Lukas; Wagstaff, Kiri L.; Gleeson, Damhnait; Castano, Rebecca; Chien, Steve] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rebbapragada, U (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Comp Sci, 161 Coll Ave, Medford, MA 02155 USA. EM urebbapr@cs.tufts.edu; lukas.mandrake@jpl.nasa.gov; kiri.wagstaff@jpl.nasa.gov; damhnait.gleeson@jpl.nasa.gov; rebecca.castano@jpl.nasa.gov; steve.chien@jpl.nasa.gov; brodley@cs.tufts.edu FU NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysic [NNX07AR28] FX We gratefully acknowledge support, assistance, and data from the Earth Observing-1 mission. Expert data labeling was done by Damhnait Gleeson with the support of NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program grant #NNX07AR28. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2755 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001021 ER PT S AU Robinson, DW McClelland, RS AF Robinson, David W. McClelland, Ryan S. GP IEEE TI Mechanical Overview of the International X-Ray Observatory SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The International X-ray Observatory (IXO) is a new collaboration between NASA, ESA, and JAXA which is under study for launch in 2020. IXO will be a large 6600 kilogram Great Observatory-class mission which will build upon the legacies of the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories. It combines elements from NASA's Constellation-X program and ESA's XEUS program. The observatory will have a 20-25 meter focal length, which necessitates the use of a deployable instrument module. Currently the project is actively trading configurations and layouts of the various instruments and spacecraft components. This paper will provide a snapshot of the latest observatory configuration under consideration and summarize the observatory from the mechanical engineering perspective. C1 [Robinson, David W.; McClelland, Ryan S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Robinson, DW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM david.w.robinson@nasa.gov; ryan.s.mcclelland@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2764 EP 2773 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001022 ER PT S AU Merrow, M AF Merrow, Matthew GP IEEE TI MSL Rover Structural Verification and Validation via Centrifuge Testing SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Centrifuge testing has been a tried and true method for the global structural qualification of small to medium sized test articles. During the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover structural qualification program the centrifuge test method is extended to the application of large scale Aerospace structures. With the increased test article size and dimensions, parameters otherwise considered trivial become complicated design drivers for the test hardware and implementation. These typically ignored testing provisions include facility power and structural capability, test article interface structure and enclosure, and the enclosure aerodynamics. The size of the MSL rover has been the source of many design and testing complications throughout its development. However, the solutions for these complications are paving the way for future large aerospace structures. The centrifuge testing implementation described within should serve as a guideline for implementing future centrifuge testing on similar large scale structures.(123) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Merrow, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Matthew.Merrow@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2807 EP 2815 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001027 ER PT S AU Etters, A Rober, M Lee, D Guernsey, C Long, M Knopp, M AF Etters, Andy Rober, Mark Lee, Darlene Guernsey, Carl Long, Michael Knopp, Mike GP IEEE TI Mars Science Laboratory Descent Stage Propulsion Tubing Configuration and Design SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB JPL is in the process of designing the next rover to be sent to the surface of Mars. The landing scheme for this mission requires the development of a Descent Stage (DS) in order to perform a "skycrane" maneuver. The Descent Stage carries all the fuel and flight controls for the entry, descent and landing (EDL) phase of this mission. The Descent Stage propulsion system is a pressure-fed monopropellant system that consists of two helium tanks, three propellant tanks, eight Mars Landing Engines (MLE), eight Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters, one pressure control assembly and three propellant control assemblies. The propulsion tubing ranges in size from 1/4 inch to 1-1/4 inch outer diameter, consists of stainless steel and titanium tubes, and has a total length of approximately 120 feet. This paper will explore and discuss the steps taken to place the major components and tubing of the propulsion system, the required structural analysis of the system, and the testing setups to validate the analysis.(12) C1 [Etters, Andy; Rober, Mark; Lee, Darlene; Guernsey, Carl; Long, Michael; Knopp, Mike] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Etters, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM michael.a.etters@jpl.nasa.gov; mark.rober@jpl.nasa.gov; darlene.lee@jpl.nasa.gov; carl.guernsey@jpl.nasa.gov; michael.j.long@jpl.nasa.gov; michael.d.knopp@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2816 EP 2825 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001028 ER PT S AU Eremenko, A Hoffman, P Rivellini, T AF Eremenko, Alexander Hoffman, Pamela Rivellini, Tommaso GP IEEE TI MSL V&V CEDL Mechanical Systems Test Program SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Mars Science Laboratory is a scientific mission with exploration rover. In order to accomplish this mission, the rover must be transported from Earth to the Martian surface, including Cruise, Entry, Descent, and Landing phases (CEDL). The key challenges for testing CEDL Mechanical System lie in the physical size of the spacecraft and major subassemblies, complex configuration, multiple load cases, numerous separation events, new unique "Sky Crane" landing method, budget and schedule limitations, and difficulties associated with testing in Earth environments'. This paper will describe the Verification and Validation (V&V) CEDL Mechanical Systems Test Program and key challenges of each of subsystem tests". C1 [Eremenko, Alexander; Hoffman, Pamela; Rivellini, Tommaso] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Eremenko, A (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 303-417, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alexander.E.Eremenko@jpl.nasa.gov; Pamela.J.Hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov; Tommaso.P.Rivellini@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2826 EP 2833 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001029 ER PT S AU Shafer, MW Sell, SW AF Shafer, Michael W. Sell, Steven W. GP IEEE TI Long Cable Deployments during Martian Touchdown: Lessons Learned SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The launch of NASA/JPL's next generation Mars rover is planned for the fall of 2011. The landing scheme chosen for this rover represents a step forward in unmanned payload delivery. The rover will be lowered from a rocket powered descent stage and then placed onto the surface while hanging from three bridles. During this touchdown event, the communication between the rover and descent stage is maintained by an electrical umbilical cable which is deployed in parallel with the structural bridles. During the development of the deployment device for the electrical umbilical, many obstacles were identified and overcome. Many of these challenges were due in large part to the helical nature of the packing geometry of the umbilical cable. And although none of these issues resulted in the failure of the design, they increased both development and assembly time. Many of the issues and sonic of the benefits of a helical deployment were not immediately apparent during the trade studies carried out during the deployment selection process. Tests were conducted upon completion of the device in order to characterize both the deployment and separation characteristics of the cable. Extraction loads were needed for inputs to touchdown models and separation dynamics were required to assess cable-rover recontact risk. Understanding the pros and cons surrounding the deployment of a helically packed cable would most certainly influence the outcome of future trade studies surrounding the selection of cable deployment options.(12) C1 [Shafer, Michael W.; Sell, Steven W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shafer, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove,M-S 303-422, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Michael.W.Shafer@jpl.nasa.gov; Steve.Sell@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2834 EP 2845 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001030 ER PT S AU Rosette, KA AF Rosette, Keith A. GP IEEE TI Mechanical Accommodation of Mars Science Laboratory Surface Thermal Requirements SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Chassis structure of the Mars Science Laboratory Rover is designed to be exposed to wide-ranging temperatures throughout all phases of the mission. The most extreme of these conditions occur once the rover has arrived on the Martian surface. The external, uncontrolled, structure is expected to experience a range of temperatures from minus-130 degrees C to 40 degrees C. Payload and housekeeping equipment are mounted on an internal, thermally-control led panel. The temperature of the internal panel is controlled to range between minus-20 degrees C and 50 degrees C. This paper describes the novel method used for supporting the thermally controlled panel on the uncontrolled structure. The method described allows for large magnitude thermally induced relative motion between the panels while it simultaneously provides a controlled thermal resistivity between the two panels. The resulting design is also capable of withstanding the accelerations of atmospheric entry and provides sufficient stiffness to ensure its motion is significantly de-coupled from that of the launch vehicle.(12) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rosette, KA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Keith.A.Rosette@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2846 EP 2852 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001031 ER PT S AU Pencil, EJ AF Pencil, Eric J. GP IEEE TI Recent Electric Propulsion Development Activities for NASA Science Missions SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The primary source of electric propulsion development throughout NASA is managed by the In-Space Propulsion Technology Project at the NASA Glenn Research Center for the Science Mission Directorate. The objective of the Electric Propulsion project area is to develop near-term electric propulsion technology to enhance or enable science missions while minimizing risk and cost to the end user. Major hardware tasks include developing NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT), developing a long-life High Voltage Hall Accelerator (HIVHAC), developing an advanced feed system, and developing cross-platform components. The objective of the NEXT task is to advance next generation ion propulsion technology readiness. The baseline NEXT system consists of a high-performance, 7-kW ion thruster; a high-efficiency, 7-kW power processor unit (PPU); a highly flexible advanced xenon propellant management system (PMS); a lightweight engine gimbal; and key elements of a digital control interface unit (DCIU) including software algorithms. This design approach was selected to provide future NASA science missions with the greatest value in mission performance benefit at a low total development cost. The objective of the HIVHAC task is to advance the Hall thruster technology readiness for science mission applications. The task seeks to increase specific impulse, throttle-ability and lifetime to make Hall propulsion systems applicable to deep space science missions. The primary application focus for the resulting Hall propulsion system would be cost-capped missions, such as competitively-selected, Discovery-class missions. The objective of the advanced xenon feed system task is to demonstrate novel manufacturing techniques that will significantly reduce mass, volume, and footprint size of xenon feed systems over conventional feed systems. This task has focused on the development of a flow control module, which consists of a three-channel flow system based on a piezo-clectrically actuated valve concept, as well as a pressure control module, which will regulate pressure from the propellant tank. Cross-platform component standardization and simplification are being investigated through the Standard Architecture task to reduce first user costs for implementing electric propulsion systems. Progress on current hardware development, recent test activities and future plans are discussed.(12) C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Pencil, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Eric.J.Pencil@nasa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2877 EP 2885 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001034 ER PT S AU Sullivan, RM Yost, A Johnson, LK AF Sullivan, Regina M. Yost, Allison Johnson, Lee K. GP IEEE TI Near-Field Angular Distributions of High Velocity Ions for Low-Power Hall Thrusters SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Experimental angular distributions of high-energy primary ions in the near-field region of a small Hall thruster between 50-200 mm downstream of the thruster exit plane at a range of centerline angles have been determined using a highly-collimated, energy-selective diagnostic probe. The measurements reveal a wide angular distribution of ions exiting the thruster channel and the formation of a strong, axially-directed jet of ions along the thruster centerline. Comparisons are made to other experimental determinations as applicable. C1 [Sullivan, Regina M.] CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd,MC 205-45, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. [Yost, Allison] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA. [Johnson, Lee K.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Sullivan, RM (reprint author), CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd,MC 205-45, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM rsulli@caltech.edu; alo29@unh.edu; Lee.K.Johnson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 2886 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001035 ER PT S AU Ippolito, C Fladeland, M Yeh, YH AF Ippolito, Corey Fladeland, Matt Yeh, Yoo Hsiu GP IEEE TI Applications of Payload Directed Flight SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Next generation aviation flight control concepts require autonomous and intelligent control system architectures that close control loops directly around payload sensors in manner more integrated and cohesive that in traditional autopilot designs. Research into payload and sensor directed flight control at NASA Ames Research Center is investigating new and novel architectures that can satisfy the requirements for next generation control and automation concepts for aviation. Tighter integration between sensor and machine require the definition of specific sensor directed control modes to tie the sensor data directly into a vehicle control structures throughout the entire control architecture, from low-level stability and control loops, to higher level mission planning and scheduling reasoning systems. Payload directed flight system provide guidance, navigation, and control for vehicle platforms hosting a suite of onboard payload sensors, performing missions that require observation of external partially observable systems or phenomena. This paper outlines related research into the field of payload directed flight, and outlines requirements and operating concepts for payload directed flight systems based on identified needs from the scientific literature.(1) (2) C1 [Ippolito, Corey; Fladeland, Matt] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Yeh, Yoo Hsiu] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Ippolito, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM corey.a.ippolito@nasa.gov; matthew.m.fladeland@nasa.gov; yoo.h.yeh@nasa.gov NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3073 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001053 ER PT S AU Stepanyan, V Krishnakumar, K Nguyen, N AF Stepanyan, Vahram Krishnakumar, Kalamanje Nguyen, Nhan GP IEEE TI Transient Performance and Asymptotic Tracking with Filtering Robust Adaptive Control SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID SET-POINT CONTROLLERS; SUPERVISORY CONTROL; IMPROVEMENT; FAMILIES AB This paper presents an adaptive control design method for a class of multi-input multi-output uncertain nonlinear systems. It is shown that the proposed controller has guaranteed transient and steady state performance in the presence of parametric and non-parametric uncertainties and bounded disturbances. The approach guarantees arbitrary close tracking of the states and state derivatives of a given reference model both in transient and steady state, when no a prior knowledge is assumed on the bounds of nonlinearities and disturbances. Moreover, the resulting adaptive control signal arbitrary closely tracks the ideal (no uncertainties) control signal both in transient and steady state. Theoretical developments are illustrated via simulation results. C1 [Stepanyan, Vahram] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MCT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Krishnakumar, Kalamanje; Nguyen, Nhan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Stepanyan, V (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MCT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM vahrams@vt.edu; kkumar@arc.nasa.gov; Nhan.T.Nguyen@nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3127 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001058 ER PT S AU Schumann, J Gundy-Burlet, K Pasareanu, C Menzies, T Barrett, A AF Schumann, Johann Gundy-Burlet, Karen Pasareanu, Corina Menzies, Tim Barrett, Anthony GP IEEE TI Software V&V Support by Parametric Analysis of Large Software Simulation Systems SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID TEST-GENERATION; DESIGN AB Modern aerospace software systems simulations usually contain many (dependent and independent) parameters. Due to the large parameter space, and the complex, highly coupled nonlinear nature of the different system components, analysis is complicated and time consuming. Thus, such systems are generally validated only in regions local to anticipated operating points rather than through characterization of the entire feasible operational envelope of the system. We have addressed the factors deterring such a comprehensive analysis with a tool to support parametric analysis and envelope assessment: a combination of advanced Monte Carlo generation with n-factor combinatorial parameter variations and model-based testcase generation is used to limit the number of cases without sacrificing important interactions in the parameter space. For the automatic analysis of the generated data we use unsupervised Bayesian clustering techniques (AutoBayes) and supervised learning of critical parameter ranges using the treatment learner TAR3. This unique combination of advanced machine learning technology enables a fast and powerful multivariate analysis that supports finding of root causes. C1 [Schumann, Johann] NASA Ames, RIACS, Ames, IA USA. [Gundy-Burlet, Karen] NASA Ames, Ames, IA USA. [Pasareanu, Corina] NASA Ames, CMU, Ames, IA USA. [Menzies, Tim] West Virginia Univ, Lane CS & EE, Morgantown, WV USA. [Barrett, Anthony] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Schumann, J (reprint author), NASA Ames, RIACS, Ames, IA USA. EM Johann.M.Schumann@nasa.gov; Karen.Gundy-Burlet@nasa.gov; corina.s.pasareanu@nasa.gov; tim@menzies.us; barrett@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA under the ISRDS [NNA07BB97C]; [RIACS/USRA] FX This research was sponsored in part by NASA under the ISRDS Contract NNA07BB97C (RIACS/USRA). Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3136 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001059 ER PT S AU Stratton, WC Sibol, DE Lindvall, M Ackermann, C Godfrey, S AF Stratton, William C. Sibol, Deane E. Lindvall, Mikael Ackermann, Chris Godfrey, Sally GP IEEE TI Developing an Approach for Analyzing and Verifying System Communication SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Prominent characteristics of systems in the aerospace domain are that they are inherently complex, they must operate under tight resource constraints, and are often parts of a larger system of systems that must be reliable. These systems communicate with each other to exchange data and control information to together fulfill a larger task. In such a setup, the reliability of the communication channel plays a central role in the reliability of the entire system of systems and thus determines the success of fulfilling the larger task. Ensuring such a reliable communication is difficult due to several reasons: (1) the systems are developed independently by different teams at different locations, (2) the specification of the expected communication behavior is ambiguous, and (3) issues in the communication are often subtle and remain uncovered for a long time with the effect that bandwidth and other precious resources are wasted. We are proposing an approach called Dynamic Software Architecture Visualization and Evaluation (DynSAVE) to detect problems in the communication between systems by analyzing their communication behavior. The approach is divided into three main steps. The first step is the non-intrusive monitoring and recording of low level network traffic, the second step converts these raw communication records into meaningful messages, and the third step visualizes this abstracted information in such a way that issues can be detected. In this paper we discuss how the approach was applied to the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), which is used for satellite communication by the JHU/APL Common Ground System. The approach has proven to be useful for understanding the communication behavior and uncovering subtle issues due to emerging system behaviors. C1 [Stratton, William C.; Sibol, Deane E.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, Ground Applicat Grp, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd,MS 4-118, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Lindvall, Mikael; Ackermann, Chris] Fraunhofer Ctr Experimental Software Engn, College Pk, MD USA. [Godfrey, Sally] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Stratton, WC (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, Ground Applicat Grp, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd,MS 4-118, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM William.Stratton@jhuapl.edu; Deane.Sibol@jhuapl.edu; mlindvall@fc-md.umd.edu; cackermann@fc-md.umd.edu; Sara.H.Godfrey@nasa.gov FU NASA IV&V Center's Software Assurance Research Program; NSF [CCF0438933]; "Flexible High Quality Design for Software FX The authors acknowledge support from the NASA IV&V Centers Software Assurance Research Program and, from NSF grant CCF0438933, Flexible High Quality Design for Software The authors would like to thank Mr. Tim Ray for reviewing the paper and for his insightful comments regarding the analyzed CFDP implementation. NASA IV&V Chief of Research Ms. Lisa Montgomery for supporting this work, Dr. Dirk Muthig, Mr. Jens Knodel, Ms. Lyly Yonkwa, Mr. Dharmalingam Ganesan, and Dr. Arnab Ray for their work on this project, and Ms. Myrna Regardie for proof reading and editing this paper. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3154 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001061 ER PT S AU Bushnell, D Giannakopoulou, D Mehlitz, P Paielli, R Pasareanu, C AF Bushnell, David Giannakopoulou, Dimitra Mehlitz, Peter Paielli, Russell Pasareanu, Corina GP IEEE TI Verification and Validation of Air Traffic Systems: Tactical Separation Assurance SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The expected future increase in air traffic requires the development of innovative algorithms and software systems to automate safety critical functions such as separation assurance - the task of maintaining a safe distance between aircraft at all times. Extensive verification and validation (V&V) of such functions will be crucial for the acceptance of new air traffic management systems. This paper reports on work performed at the NASA Ames Research Center. We discuss how advanced V&V technologies can be used to create robust software prototypes for air traffic control software, and how conformance of production code with such prototypes can be assured. We present preliminary results of V&V efforts for a prototype of the Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment system (TSATE).(12) C1 [Bushnell, David; Giannakopoulou, Dimitra; Mehlitz, Peter; Paielli, Russell; Pasareanu, Corina] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bushnell, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM David.H.Bushnell@nasa.gov; Dimitra.Giannakopoulou@nasa.gov; Peter.C.Mehlitz@nasa.gov; Russ.Paielli@nasa.gov; Corina.S.Pasareanu@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3166 EP 3174 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001062 ER PT S AU Luchinsky, DG Osipov, VV Smelyanskiy, VN Timucin, DA Uckun, S Hayashida, B Watson, M McMillin, J Shook, D Johnson, M Hyde, S AF Luchinsky, Dmitry G. Osipov, Viatcheslav V. Smelyanskiy, Vadim N. Timucin, Dogan A. Uckun, Serdar Hayashida, Ben Watson, Michael McMillin, Joshua Shook, David Johnson, Mont Hyde, Scott GP IEEE TI Fault Diagnostics and Prognostics for Large Segmented SRMs SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB We report progress in development of the fault diagnostic and prognostic (FD&P) system for large segmented solid rocket motors (SRMs). The model includes the following main components: (i) 1D dynamical model of internal ballistics of SRMs; (ii) surface regression model for the propellant taking into account erosive burning; (iii) model of the propellant geometry; (iv) model of the nozzle ablation; (v) model of a hole burning through in the SRM steel case. The model is verified by comparison of the spatially resolved time traces of the flow parameters obtained in simulations with the results of the simulations obtained using high-fidelity 2D FLUENT model (developed by the third party). To develop FD&P system of a case breach fault for a large segmented rocket we notice [I] that the stationary zero-dimensional approximation for the nozzle stagnation pressure is surprisingly accurate even when stagnation pressure varies significantly in time during burning tail-off. This was also found to be true for the case breach fault [2]. These results allow us to use the FD&P developed in our earlier research [3]-[6] by substituting head stagnation pressure with nozzle stagnation pressure. The axial corrections to the value of the side thrust due to the mass addition are taken into account by solving a system of ODEs in spatial dimension.(1) C1 [Luchinsky, Dmitry G.; Osipov, Viatcheslav V.] Mission Crit Technol Inc, 2041 Rosecrans Ave,Suite 225, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. [Luchinsky, Dmitry G.; Osipov, Viatcheslav V.; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N.; Timucin, Dogan A.; Uckun, Serdar] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Hayashida, Ben; Watson, Michael] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [McMillin, Joshua; Shook, David; Johnson, Mont; Hyde, Scott] ATK Thikol, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Luchinsky, DG (reprint author), Mission Crit Technol Inc, 2041 Rosecrans Ave,Suite 225, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. EM Vadim.N.Smelyanskiy@nasa.gov RI Luchinsky, Dmitry/N-4177-2014 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3175 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001063 ER PT S AU Kurtoglu, T Jensen, D Poll, S AF Kurtoglu, Tolga Jensen, David Poll, Scott GP IEEE TI Systematic Benchmarking of Diagnostic Technologies for an Electrical Power System SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Automated health management is a critical functionality for complex aerospace systems. A wide variety of diagnostic algorithms have been developed to address this technical challenge. Unfortunately, the lack of support to perform large-scale V&V (verification and validation) of diagnostic technologies continues to create barriers to effective development and deployment of such algorithms for aerospace vehicles. In this paper, we describe a formal framework developed for benchmarking of diagnostic technologies. The diagnosed system is the Advanced Diagnostics and Prognostics Testbed (ADAPT), a real-world electrical power system (EPS), developed and maintained at the NASA Ames Research Center. The benchmarking approach provides a systematic, empirical basis to the testing of diagnostic software and is used to provide performance assessment for different diagnostic algorithms.(1 2) C1 [Kurtoglu, Tolga] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mission Crit Technol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Jensen, David] Oregon State Univ, Complex Engn Syst Design Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Poll, Scott] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kurtoglu, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mission Crit Technol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM tolga.kurtoglu@nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD); Aviation Safety Program (AvSP); Integrated Vehicle Management (IVHM); NASA [NCC2-1426, NNA07BB97C] FX This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) Integrated Vehicle Management (IVHM) Project. Additionally, this material is based upon the work supported by NASA under awards NCC2-1426 and NNA07BB97C. The authors would like to thank Ann Patterson-Hine and Dougal Maclise (NASA Ames Research Center) for their role in the development of the ADAPT testbed, and David Hall, Adam Sweet, John Ossenfort, Serge Yentus, David Garcia and David Nishikawa, Eric Barszcz, Sriram Narasimhan (NASA Ames Research Center), Alexander Feldman (Delft University), Lukas Kuhn, and Johan De Kleer (Palo Alto Research Center) for their contributions to the benchmarking discussions. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3183 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001064 ER PT S AU Norton, CD Eldering, A Turmon, M Parker, J AF Norton, Charles D. Eldering, Annmarie Turmon, Michael Parker, Jay GP IEEE TI Extending OSSE Beyond Numerical Weather Prediction to New Areas in Earth Observing Science SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB An Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE), briefly stated, is a computational system designed to quantitatively assess the impact of proposed scientific observations. OSSEs allow one to examine how well specific science objectives can be met within a controlled environment where one can simulate the quality of data expected based on observation characteristics, instrument parameters, data retrieval methods, associated uncertainties, errors, and trades among design constraints. The numerical weather prediction community (NWP) has developed and utilized OSSEs to understand the impact of instrument designs and new measurements on numerical forecasts over the last 40 years. Now, there is a growing interest in applying OSSEs as a mechanism for systematic analysis and science evaluation for future observations of interest to the Earth science community. Examples include precise measurements of earth surface deformation, ice dynamics, ecosystem structure, and atmospheric chemistry. In this paper we introduce OSSE and describe the benefits and impact of the approach along with current work and future plans to apply OSSE for science analysis in various Earth science disciplines.(1 2) C1 [Norton, Charles D.; Eldering, Annmarie; Turmon, Michael; Parker, Jay] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Norton, CD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Charles.D.Norton@jpl.nasa.gov; Annmarie.Eldering@jpl.nasa.gov; Michael.Turmon@jpl.nasa.gov; Jay.Parker@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3218 EP 3227 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001068 ER PT S AU von Allmen, P Lee, S Kamp, L Gulkis, S AF von Allmen, Paul Lee, Seungwon Kamp, Lucas Gulkis, Samuel GP IEEE TI Molecular Excitation and Radiative Transfer Model for MIRO SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT C1 [von Allmen, Paul; Lee, Seungwon; Kamp, Lucas; Gulkis, Samuel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP von Allmen, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM pva@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3228 EP 3231 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001069 ER PT S AU Guillaume, A Terrile, RJ von Allmen, P AF Guillaume, Alexandre Terrile, Richard J. von Allmen, Paul GP IEEE TI Fine Alignment of the James Webb Space Telescope with a Genetic Algorithm SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The quality of the image recorded by the future James Webb Space Telescope or JWST will depend on the alignment of the multiple optical elements constituting the telescope. Several steps are necessary to align the optical system. In this paper, we describe a genetic algorithm (GA) that optimizes the last alignment stage or fine-phasing stage. We split the population of candidate solutions into several sub-populations in order to take into account the different parameter dependencies. Each optical element has several (seven) degrees of freedom. The worse ranked individuals undergo the GA variation operations on all their genes independently guarantying that solutions with independent genes will be searched. Conversely, since the symmetry of the problem imposes that most rotations, translations and curvatures must be related, we apply GA variation operations on only three (pseudo)-genes for better ranked solutions. Our method improves the current state of the art.(12) C1 [Guillaume, Alexandre; Terrile, Richard J.; von Allmen, Paul] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Guillaume, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alexandre.Guillaume@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3232 EP 3237 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001070 ER PT S AU Lee, S Mandrake, L Bornstein, B Bue, B AF Lee, Seungwon Mandrake, Lukas Bornstein, Benjamin Bue, Brian GP IEEE TI Quantification of Trace Chemicals using Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID SPECTROMETRY DATA; EXTRACTION AB A system to monitor the concentrations of trace chemicals in cabin atmosphere is one of the most critical components in long-duration human flight missions. 12 The Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM) is a miniature gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system to be used to detect and quantify trace chemicals in the International Space Station. We developed an autonomous computational process to quantify trace chemicals for use in VCAM. The process involves the design of a measured signal quantification scheme, the construction of concentration curves (i.e. the relationship between concentration and ion count measured by VCAM), the decision rule of applying high- or low-gain concentration curves, and the detection of saturation, low-signals, and outliers. When the developed quantification process is applied, the average errors of concentration for most of trace chemicals are found to be between 14% and 66%. square square C1 [Lee, Seungwon; Mandrake, Lukas; Bornstein, Benjamin; Bue, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Seungwon.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3238 EP 3249 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001071 ER PT S AU Sacco, GF Barltrop, KJ Lee, CY Horvath, GA Terrile, RJ Lee, S AF Sacco, Gian Franco Barltrop, Kevin J. Lee, Cin-Young Horvath, Gregory A. Terrile, Richard J. Lee, Seungwon GP IEEE TI Application of Genetic Algorithm for Flight System Verification and Validation SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Most complex systems nowadays heavily rely on software, and spacecraft and satellite systems are no exception. Moreover as systems capabilities increase, the corresponding software required to integrate and address system tasks becomes more complex. Hence, in order to guarantee a system's success, testing of the software becomes imperative. Traditionally exhaustive testing of all possible behaviors was conducted. However, given the increased complexity and number of interacting behaviors of current systems, the time required for such thorough testing is prohibitive. As a result many have adopted random testing techniques to achieve sufficient coverage of the test space within a reasonable amount of time. In this paper we propose the use of genetic algorithms (GA) to greatly reduce the number of tests performed, while still maintaining the same level of confidence as current random testing approaches. We present a GA specifically tailored for the systems testing domain. In order to validate our algorithm we used the results from the Dawn test campaign. Preliminary results seem very encouraging, showing that our approach, when searching the worst test cases, outperforms random search, limiting the search to a mere 6% of the full search domain.(1 2) C1 [Sacco, Gian Franco; Barltrop, Kevin J.; Lee, Cin-Young; Horvath, Gregory A.; Terrile, Richard J.; Lee, Seungwon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sacco, GF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM giangi@jpl.nasa.gov; Kevin.J.Barltrop@jpl.nasa.gov; Cin-Young.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov; Gregory.A.Horvath@jpl.nasa.gov; Richard.J.Terrile@jpl.nasa.gov; Seungwon.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3250 EP 3255 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001072 ER PT S AU Hua, H Fetzer, E Braverman, A Lee, S Henderson, M Lewis, S Dang, V Juarez, MD Guillaume, A AF Hua, Hook Fetzer, Eric Braverman, Amy Lee, Seungwon Henderson, Mathew Lewis, Steven Dang, Van Juarez, Manuel de la Torre Guillaume, Alexandre GP IEEE TI Web Services for Multiplatform Exploratory Analysis of Level 2 and 3 NEWS Merged A-Train Data SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID VECTOR QUANTIZATION AB To simplify access to large and complex satellite data sets for climate analysis and model verification, a service-oriented architecture-based tool was developed to help study long-term and global-scale trends in climate, water and energy cycle, and weather variability. NASA's A-Train satellite constellation set of Level 2 data can be used to enable creation of climatologies that include correlation between observed temperature, water vapor and cloud properties from the A-Train sensors. However, the volume and inhomogeneity of Level 2 data have typically been difficult or time consuming to search and acquire. This tends to result in small-scale or short-term analysis. Instead of imposing on the user an often rigid and limiting web-based analysis environment, we recognize the need for well-designed distributed services so that users can perform analysis in their own familiar computing environments. Voluminous merged Level 2 data containing the various instrument data from the A-Train have recently been generated. Scientists next want to efficiently access selected sets of this merged data and perform their analysis. Server-side capabilities were developed to off-load processing and reduce the amount of data to be transferred to the client. Correspondingly, client-side processing APIs were developed to enable scientists to perform analysis of voluminous server-side data from within their own familiar computing environment (Java, Python, Matlab, IDL, C/C++, and Fortran90).(12) C1 [Hua, Hook; Fetzer, Eric; Braverman, Amy; Lee, Seungwon; Henderson, Mathew; Lewis, Steven; Dang, Van; Juarez, Manuel de la Torre; Guillaume, Alexandre] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hua, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM hook.hua@jpl.nasa.gov; eric.j.fetzer@jpl.nasa.gov; amy.braverman@jpl.nasa.gov; seungwon.lee@jpl.nasa.gov; matthew.henderson@jpl.nasa.gov; steven.j.lewis@jpl.nasa.gov; van.dang@jpl.nasa.gov; manuel.delatorrejuarez@jpl.nasa.gov; alexandre.guillaume@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3256 EP 3275 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001073 ER PT S AU Mischna, MA Lee, S Allen, M Terrile, RJ AF Mischna, Michael A. Lee, Seungwon Allen, Mark Terrile, Richard J. GP IEEE TI Use of Evolutionary Computation for Isolating Surface Emissions from Orbit SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID ATMOSPHERE; METHANE AB High precision targeting of localized sources of atmospheric species outgassed from planetary surfaces remains an important goal in planetary science, but one that largely remains beyond present-day observational capabilities. For disequilibrium trace species, the detectable signature of a gas in the atmosphere often is confined to a small region (order 10-100's km) around its surface source. Identifying a plume source is challenging since the observed plume is likely many times larger than the surface source itself Limited spatial coverage of the surface also may preclude direct detections of the plume surface source, while the large fields of view of present-day orbital instruments tend to 'blur' small-scale signals. To address these issues, we have developed a novel technique for determining the surface location of a trace gas emission source in a planetary atmosphere with an uncertainty of a few tens of km using present-day direct observational capabilities in concert with high-performance numerical modeling of atmospheric dynamics.(1,2) This paper shows how evolutionary computational models (ECMs) can be employed in the search for surface sources of trace gas plumes in the atmosphere of Mars. We present the specific approach taken in linking an ECM to a simple, idealized plume model, and gauge the overall ability of this system to return estimates of a plume source location over several generations of the model's execution. This technique can isolate trace gas source locations with orders of magnitude greater efficiency than brute-force approaches, making identification of such sources, even with limited observational data, a plausible endeavor. C1 [Mischna, Michael A.; Lee, Seungwon; Allen, Mark; Terrile, Richard J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mischna, MA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 183-401, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM michael.a.mischna@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3276 EP 3288 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001074 ER PT S AU Joswig, JC Powell, MW AF Joswig, Joseph C. Powell, Mark W. GP IEEE TI Flexible Command and Control Interfaces for Teleoperations SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper presents a case study of the various interfaces and underlying architectures used to monitor and control a variety of different robots and test scenarios at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It includes a description of both the software developed and the hardware adapted for the purpose of providing real-time and near-real time interaction with remote assets. Robots range from the prototype lunar exploration robot ATHLETE[1] (All Terrain Hex Limbed Extra Terrestrial Explorer) to Aerobot, a propeller driven lighter then air blimp to an assortment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) being tested at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR). The paper focuses primarily on, three Virtuoso software tools: the Telemetry Canvas, Scratchpad, and Stereo Display Views. We also describe robot specific implementations of various off-the-shelf hardware input devices. An overview of the existing telemetry distribution networks for each implementation is also covered.(123) C1 [Joswig, Joseph C.; Powell, Mark W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Joswig, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Joseph.C.Joswig@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3289 EP 3297 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001075 ER PT S AU Torres, RJ Allan, M Hirsh, R Wallick, MN AF Torres, R. Jay Allan, Mark Hirsh, Robert Wallick, Michael N. GP IEEE TI RAPID: Collaboration Results from Three NASA Centers in Commanding/Monitoring Lunar Assets SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Three NASA centers are working together to address the challenge of operating robotic assets in support of human exploration of the Moon(12). This paper describes the combined work to date of the Ames Research Center (ARC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Johnson Space Center (JSC) on a common support framework to control and monitor lunar robotic assets. We discuss how we have addressed specific challenges including time-delayed operations, and geographically distributed collaborative monitoring and control, to build an effective architecture for integrating a heterogeneous collection of robotic assets into a common work. We describe the design of the Robot Application Programming Interface Delegate (RAPID) architecture that effectively addresses the problem of interfacing a family of robots including the JSC Chariot, ARC K-10 and JPL ATHLETE rovers. We report on lessons learned from the June 2008 field test in which RAPID was used to monitor and control all of these assets. We conclude by discussing some future directions to extend the RAPID architecture to add further support for NASA's lunar exploration program. C1 [Torres, R. Jay; Wallick, Michael N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Allan, Mark] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Hirsh, Robert] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Torres, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Jay.Torres@jpl.nasa.gov; Mark.B.Allan@nasa.gov; Robert.L.Hirsh@nasa.gov; Michael.N.Wallick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3298 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001076 ER PT S AU Wright, JR AF Wright, John R. GP IEEE TI Three-Dimensional Tools for Telemetry Visualization and Analysis SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Monitoring of spacecraft and robotic activities, both in realtime and after the fact, can benefit from the use of three-dimensional visualization tools and spacecraft models. The simple case of animating a robot model based on a telemetry stream provides an intuitive understanding of the robot's activities that far exceeds that available through dials, graphs, and other common widgets. The addition of such widgets into the three-dimensional environment, in conjunction with the robot model, enhances understanding while focusing attention on critical areas. The design and architecture of visualization tools for analyzing spacecraft state were developed to facilitate the association of telemetered data channels to the three-dimensional model of the spacecraft or robot. In addition the development of custom indicators for any data channel helps to produce a tool geared to maximizing the understanding of the spacecraft's state. Indicators can be enabled or disabled to allow an operator to focus on key data values for a specific activity. In addition to the three-dimensional visualization capabilities, standard graphing and plotting tools allow review of telemetry histories and playback of histories through the animation within the 3D environment. These capabilities allow for rapid assimilation of spacecraft activities and state. In addition to telemetry histories, the results of pre-activity simulations can be visualized and then visually compared to actual telemetry to verify correct performance. For in-situ missions, models of the local terrain can be included and interactions between the robot and the terrain analyzed. The three-dimensional capabilities presented enhance the understanding of robotic and spacecraft activities and state to improve operations, reliability, and safety.(1 2) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wright, JR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM john.r.wright@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3309 EP 3314 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001077 ER PT S AU Crockett, TM Powell, MW Shams, KS AF Crockett, Thomas M. Powell, Mark W. Shams, Khawaja Salman GP IEEE TI Spatial Planning for Robotics Operations SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The rich variety of unmanned robotics at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory sets the bar for innovations in activity planning. (123) The Operations Planning Team at JPL, co-winner of the NASA Software of the Year award in 2004, is continuously working to enhance the capabilities and user experience for long term and real-time planning operations. Spatial Querying improves the efficiency of planetary surface operations. It can empower scientists by giving them the ability to search for all imagery containing a particular point of interest. Furthermore, these queries can help maximizing the amount of science by reducing the amount of redundant imagery: before planning to acquire new images of a location, planners can check if they already have sufficient data for it. In this paper, we describe our use of R-Trees, along with novel 3D to 2D projections, to delivery spatial querying capabilities to the operators and scientists of MER and MSL mission. Aside from covering the implementation details, we discuss a key aspect of our software: the user interface. To make the interface effective, we stressed low latency and fast computations on the server side to emphasize instant gratification from the user's perspective. Furthermore, we leveraged the interfaces that our customers are already familiar with to make the capability intuitive to utilize. C1 [Crockett, Thomas M.; Powell, Mark W.; Shams, Khawaja Salman] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Crockett, TM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM crockett@jpl.nasa.gov; mpowell@jpl.nasa.gov; ksshams@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3326 EP 3331 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001079 ER PT S AU McCurdy, M AF McCurdy, Michael GP IEEE TI Planning Tools for Mars Surface Operations: Human-Computer Interaction Lessons Learned SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper presents Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) lessons learned over the course of design, development, and operation of activity planning tools on the Mars Exploration Rovers, the Phoenix Mars Lander, and looking ahead to the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory. These lessons and associated improvements to software tools range from challenging technical problems which require significant new software development to relatively simple or "low tech" issues which come to light when the focus is turned to the tool users in tactical operations during flight. The paper concludes with a brief analysis of tool performance on the Phoenix Mars Lander mission and identifies some areas of emphasis for future improvements on the Mars Science Laboratory mission.(12) C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP McCurdy, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Michael.McCurdy@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3332 EP 3342 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001080 ER PT S AU Murray, A Schoppers, M Scandore, S AF Murray, Alexander Schoppers, Marcel Scandore, Steve GP IEEE TI A Reusable Architectural Pattern for Auto-Generated Payload Management Flight Software SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), NASA's next mission to Mars, will deploy a large Rover carrying a battery of eleven science instruments, representing a wide variety of payload types. The Rover's flight software (FSW) has the task of monitoring, commanding, collecting, managing and in some cases calibrating data from these instruments. Though the instruments represent a large variety of requirements, complexity, data volumes, fault protection, and commanding logic, the FSW is designed to exploit the commonality among the instruments' requirements in order to maximize reuse of software and to minimize design, implementation and testing effort. To achieve this, we developed an architectural pattern in which all of the common features and patterns of behavior required to manage an instrument are supported, and clear adaptation points are identified and provided to allow expression of the unique behaviors needed for each instrument. For each instrument there is a FSW module called an Instrument Manager (IM), and each of these is an instance of the common pattern. The common IM architecture is expressed in the design as a FSW module called the Instrument Manager Framework (IMF), along with a supporting library for handling instrument communications, the Instrument Manager Library (IML). The IMF module includes a code generator that reads specifications of the ground command set for an instrument, their associated behaviors, and other internal behaviors (e.g. fault response behaviors), expressed in spreadsheets, and produces a set of source code files containing implementations of these commands and behaviors, and their supporting types and variables. The IML module also includes a code generator which transforms a spreadsheet specifying the set of commands that the instrument accepts into C code that parameterizes communications with the instruments. We first describe the instrument management requirements on the Rover FSW, and then continue with an exposition of the IM architectural pattern. We conclude with some statistics on the efficiencies gained in the application of this pattern.(12) C1 [Murray, Alexander; Schoppers, Marcel; Scandore, Steve] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Murray, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM alex.murray@jpl.nasa.gov; marcel.schoppers@jpl.nasa.gov; steve.scandore@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3397 EP 3407 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001086 ER PT S AU Sayfi, E Cheng, C Lee, H Patel, R Takagi, A Yu, D AF Sayfi, Elias Cheng, Cecilia Lee, Hyun Patel, Rajesh Takagi, Atsuya Yu, Dan GP IEEE TI Overcoming the Challenges of Implementing a Multi-Mission Distributed Workflow System SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB A multi-mission approach to solving the same problems for various projects is enticing. However, the multi-mission approach leads to the need to develop a configurable, adaptable and distributed system for meeting unique project requirements. That, in turn, leads to a set of challenges varying from handling synchronization issues to coming up with a smart design that allows the "unknowns" to be decided later. This paper discusses the challenges that the Multi-mission Automated Task Invocation Subsystem (MATIS) team has encountered while designing the distributed workflow system and describes the solutions that were implemented. The first challenge was to design an easily adaptable system that required no code changes as a result of configuration changes. The number of formal software deliveries is often limited because each delivery costs time and money. Changes in the sequence of programs being called, adding or removing a program, changes in parameter values of programs, and similar configurable changes should not result in code change. Project requirements are often unclear in the beginning of the development cycle, or may change during the software life cycle. While it is often understandable that requirements' changes result in code changes, the MATIS team has also investigated the possibility of making the system flexible enough to accommodate "some" requirement changes without another software delivery. In those cases where code changes are necessary, they should be kept simple and isolated such that the impact to the original developed system is kept to a minimum. Since MATIS manages multiple threads in a distributed environment, the team has also come across challenges in handling synchronization issues, such as multiple threads accessing the file system across hosts and other race conditions. (1)MATIS uses an open source software package called jBPM (JBOSS Business Process Manager). [1] jBPM is utilized by MATIS for pipeline definition and execution which provides a standard interface for defining processing pipelines. The two previous papers describing MATIS, sited in the References section, are considered prerequisite reading for fully understanding and appreciating the concepts and ideas discussed here. C1 [Sayfi, Elias; Cheng, Cecilia; Lee, Hyun; Patel, Rajesh; Takagi, Atsuya; Yu, Dan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sayfi, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Elias.Sayfi@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3435 EP 3441 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001089 ER PT S AU Allard, DA Edwards, CD AF Allard, Daniel A. Edwards, Charles D. GP IEEE TI Development of a Relay Performance Web Tool for the Mars Network SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Modern Mars surface missions rely upon orbiting spacecraft to relay communications to and from Earth systems. An important component of this multi-mission relay process is the collection of relay performance statistics supporting strategic trend analysis and tactical anomaly identification and tracking. Through the early Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission this data collection was performed via a tedious manual process cumulating in the continuous update of an Excel spreadsheet. For the Phoenix mission, this process was greatly improved with a new software system called the Relay Data Engineering (RDE) system. This system provides sharing of performance data via event-driven automated data collection processes, a back-end database and a web user interface. This paper will discuss lessons learned form the development, deployment and operations of the RDE system.(12) C1 [Allard, Daniel A.; Edwards, Charles D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Allard, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Daniel.allard@jpl.nasa.gov; charles.d.edwards@jpl.nasa NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3442 EP 3456 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001090 ER PT S AU Smith, MJ Goebel, K Balaban, E Byington, CS Watson, MJ AF Smith, Matthew J. Goebel, Kai Balaban, Edward Byington, Carl S. Watson, Matthew J. GP IEEE TI Experimental and Analytical Development of Health Management for Electro-Mechanical Actuators SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Expanded deployment of Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMAs) in critical applications has created much interest in EMA Prognostic Health Management (PHM), a key enabling technology of Condition Based Maintenance (CBM). As such, Impact Technologies, LLC is collaborating with the NASA Ames Research Center to perform a number of research efforts in support of NASA's Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) initiatives. These efforts have combined experimental test stand development, laboratory seeded fault testing, and physical model-based health monitoring in a comprehensive PHM system development strategy. This paper discusses two closely related EMA research programs being conducted by Impact and NASA Ames. The first of these efforts resulted in the creation of an electro-mechanical actuator test stand for the Prognostics Center of Excellence at the NASA Ames Research Center. The second effort is ongoing and is utilizing physics-based modeling techniques to develop an algorithm and software package toolset for PHM of aircraft EMA systems using a hybrid (virtual sensor) approach.(1,2) C1 [Smith, Matthew J.; Byington, Carl S.; Watson, Matthew J.] Genna Swerdon Impact Technol LLC, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. [Goebel, Kai; Balaban, Edward] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Smith, MJ (reprint author), Genna Swerdon Impact Technol LLC, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. EM Matthew.Smith@Impact-Tek.com; Kai.Goebel@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3550 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001101 ER PT S AU Balaban, E Bansal, P Stoelting, P Saxena, A Goebel, KF Curran, S AF Balaban, Edward Bansal, Prasun Stoelting, Paul Saxena, Abhinav Goebel, Kai F. Curran, Simon GP IEEE TI A Diagnostic Approach for Electro-Mechanical Actuators in Aerospace Systems SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID FAULTS AB Electro-mechanical actuators (EMA) are finding increasing use in aerospace applications, especially with the trend towards all all-electric aircraft and spacecraft designs. However, electro-mechanical actuators still lack the knowledge base accumulated for other fielded actuator types, particularly with regard to fault detection and characterization. This paper presents a thorough analysis of some of the critical failure modes documented for EMAs and describes experiments conducted on detecting and isolating a subset of them. The list of failures has been prepared through an extensive Failure Modes and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) reference, literature review, and accessible industry experience. Methods for data acquisition and validation of algorithms on EMA test stands are described. A variety of condition indicators were developed that enabled detection, identification, and isolation among the various fault modes. A diagnostic algorithm based on an artificial neural network is shown to operate successfully using these condition indicators and furthermore, robustness of these diagnostic routines to sensor faults is demonstrated by showing their ability to distinguish between them and component failures. The paper concludes with a roadmap leading from this effort towards developing successful prognostic algorithms for electromechanical actuators.(1 2) C1 [Balaban, Edward; Goebel, Kai F.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Saxena, Abhinav] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Res Inst Adv Comp Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Bansal, Prasun] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Miss Critical Technol Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Stoelting, Paul; Curran, Simon] Moog Inc, East Aurora, NY 14052 USA. RP Balaban, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM edward.balaban@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3564 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001102 ER PT S AU Fijany, A Vatan, F AF Fijany, Amir Vatan, Farrokh GP IEEE TI A New Efficient Method for System Structural Analysis and Generating Analytical Redundancy Relations SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID CONFLICTS; DIAGNOSIS AB In this paper we present a new efficient algorithmic method for generating the Analytical Redundancy Relations (ARRs). ARRs are one of the crucial tools for model-based diagnosis as well as for optimizing, analyzing, and validating the system of sensors. However, despite the importance of the ARRs for both system diagnosis and sensor optimization, it seems that less attention has been paid to the development of systematic and efficient approaches for their generation. In this paper we discuss the complexity in derivation of ARRs and present a new efficient algorithm for their derivation. Given a system with a set of L ARRs, our algorithm achieves a complexity of O(L-4) for generating the ARRs. To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm with a polynomial complexity for derivation of ARRs. We also present the results of application of our algorithms, for generating the complete set of ARRs, to both synthetic and industrial examples. C1 [Fijany, Amir] Italian Inst Technol, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genoa, Italy. [Vatan, Farrokh] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fijany, A (reprint author), Italian Inst Technol, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genoa, Italy. EM Amir.Fijany@iit.it; Farrokh.Vatan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3606 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001106 ER PT S AU Saxena, A Celaya, J Saha, B Saha, S Goebel, K AF Saxena, Abhinav Celaya, Jose Saha, Bhaskar Saha, Sankalita Goebel, Kai GP IEEE TI Evaluating Algorithm Performance Metrics Tailored for Prognostics SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID FORECASTING METHODS; ERROR MEASURES; REGRESSION; ACCURACY AB Prognostics has taken center stage in Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) where it is desired to estimate Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of a system so that remedial measures may be taken in advance to avoid catastrophic events or unwanted downtimes. Validation of such predictions is an important but difficult proposition and a lack of appropriate evaluation methods renders prognostics meaningless. Evaluation methods currently used in the research community are not standardized and in many cases do not sufficiently assess key performance aspects expected out of a prognostics algorithm. In this paper we introduce several new evaluation metrics tailored for prognostics and show that they can effectively evaluate various algorithms as compared to other conventional metrics. Four prognostic algorithms, Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Polynomial Regression (PR), are compared. These algorithms vary in complexity and their ability to manage uncertainty around predicted estimates. Results show that the new metrics rank these algorithms in a different manner; depending on the requirements and constraints suitable metrics may be chosen. Beyond these results, this paper offers ideas about how metrics suitable to prognostics may be designed so that the evaluation procedure can be standardized. (1 2) C1 [Saxena, Abhinav; Celaya, Jose; Saha, Sankalita] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Prognost Ctr Excellence, Adv Comp Sci Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Saha, Bhaskar] Mission Critical Technol, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. [Goebel, Kai] Natl Aeronaut & Sp Adm, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Saxena, A (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Prognost Ctr Excellence, Adv Comp Sci Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM abhinav.saxena@nasa.gov; jcelaya@mail.arc.nasa.gov; bhaskar.saha@nasa.gov; ssaha@riacs.edu; kai.goebel@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3618 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001107 ER PT S AU Tang, L Kacprzynski, GJ Goebel, K Vachtsevanos, G AF Tang, Liang Kacprzynski, Gregory J. Goebel, Kai Vachtsevanos, George GP IEEE TI Methodologies for Uncertainty Management in Prognostics SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID RANDOM-VARIABLES AB Effective uncertainty management processes are essential elements in the design of prognostic modules if they to be viable for Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) systems. Modeling uncertainty, measurement and estimation uncertainties, future load uncertainty, among other factors, all potentially contribute to prognostic uncertainty. This paper analyzes the source of uncertainties in typical IVHM systems and presents a rigorous set of algorithms for uncertainty management that are generic and capable of addressing a variety of uncertainty sources. Specifically, model parameter uncertainty is addressed by a Bayesian-based updating scheme with two variants. One approach utilizes an inner-outer loop Monte Carlo simulation scheme with hyper-parameter adaptation and is intended for off-line applications, while the other particle filtering-based approach can be implemented on-line in real-time. Modeling uncertainty (or model structure uncertainty) is addressed by a Bayesian model selection/fusion method. Effective approaches for handling diagnostic uncertainty and the aggregation of component level uncertainty to system level are also addressed. Select results for the application of particular algorithms are presented.(1 2) C1 [Tang, Liang; Kacprzynski, Gregory J.; Vachtsevanos, George] Impact Technol LLC, 200 Canal View Blvd, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. [Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tang, L (reprint author), Impact Technol LLC, 200 Canal View Blvd, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. EM Liang.Tang@impact-tek.com FU NASA under NRA [NNA08BC20C] FX This work was supported in part by the NASA under NRA Contract NNA08BC20C. The authors would also like to recognize the contributions of Dr. Edward Balaban, Dr. Abhinav Saxena, Dr. Bhaskar Saha, Dr. Jose Celaya and Dr. Ole Mengshoel from NASA Ames Research Center, Dr. Marcos Orchard from University of Chile, and Dr. Michael Roemer, Dr. Jianhua Ge, Dr. Johan Reimann, Jonathan DeCastro, Brian Walsh, and Andy Palladino from Impact Technologies, LLC. Liang Tang and Greg Kacprzynski want to thank Mr. Steve Engel and Dr. David Hoitsma from Northrop Grumman for all the fruitful discussions on related topics. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3648 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001109 ER PT S AU Ling, B Khonsari, M Mesgarnejad, A Hathaway, R AF Ling, Bo Khonsari, Michael Mesgarnejad, A. Hathaway, Ross GP IEEE TI Online Coated Ball Bearing Health Monitoring using Degree of Randomness and Hidden Markov Model SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT ID ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS; FAULT-DIAGNOSIS AB We present a feasibility analysis for the development of an online ball bearing fault detection and identification method which can effectively classify various fault stages related to the contact in the coated ball bearings using vibration measurements. To detect ball bearing faulty stages, we have developed new degree of randomness (DoR) analysis methods using Shannon entropy and random covariance matrix norm theory. To classify the fault stages, we have further developed a set of stochastic models using Gaussian Mixture Hidden Markov Model (GM-HMM) theory. Test results have shown that our algorithms can predict bearing failures without using actual failure data.(12) C1 [Ling, Bo] Migma Syst Inc, 1600 Providence Highway, Walpole, MA 02081 USA. [Khonsari, Michael; Mesgarnejad, A.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Hathaway, Ross] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ling, B (reprint author), Migma Syst Inc, 1600 Providence Highway, Walpole, MA 02081 USA. EM bling@migmasys.com; khonsari@me.lsu.edu; ross.hathaway@dfrc.nasa.gov RI Mesgarnejad, Ataollah/A-9726-2011 OI Mesgarnejad, Ataollah/0000-0003-0347-4896 FU NASA STTR Phase II [NND08AA57C] FX The work is supported by NASA STTR Phase II funding under contract NND08AA57C. We thank Dr. John Vian at The Boeing Company for valuable discussions. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3714 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001115 ER PT S AU Saha, B Celaya, JR Wysocki, PF Goebel, KF AF Saha, Bhaskar Celaya, Jose R. Wysocki, Philip F. Goebel, Kai F. GP IEEE TI Towards Prognostics for Electronics Components SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Electronics components have an increasingly critical role in avionics systems and in the development of future aircraft systems. Prognostics of such components is becoming a very important research field as a result of the need to provide aircraft systems with system level health management information. This paper focuses on a prognostics application for electronics components within avionics systems, and in particular its application to an Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). This application utilizes the remaining useful life prediction, accomplished by employing the particle filter framework, leveraging data from accelerated aging tests on IGBTs. These tests induced thermal-electrical overstresses by applying thermal cycling to the IGBT devices. In-situ state monitoring, including measurements of steady-state voltages and currents, electrical transients, and thermal transients are recorded and used as potential precursors of failure.(1,2) C1 [Saha, Bhaskar] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MCT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Celaya, Jose R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Goebel, Kai F.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Wysocki, Philip F.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, ASRC Aerosp Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Saha, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MCT Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bhaskar.saha@nasa.gov; Jose.R.Celaya@mail.arc.nasa.gov; philip.wysocki@nasa.gov; kai.goebel@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3737 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001117 ER PT S AU Schwabacher, M Aguilar, R Figueroa, F AF Schwabacher, Mark Aguilar, Robert Figueroa, Fernando GP IEEE TI Using Decision Trees to Detect and Isolate Simulated Leaks in the J-2X Rocket Engine SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The goal of this work was to use data-driven methods to automatically detect and isolate faults in the J-2X rocket engine. It was decided to use decision trees, since they tend to be easier to interpret than other data-driven methods. The decision tree algorithm automatically "learns" a decision tree by performing a search through the space of possible decision trees to find one that fits the training data (with the hope that this tree will also generalize to new data). The particular decision tree algorithm used is known as C4.5. Simulated J-2X data from a high-fidelity simulator developed at Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne and known as the Detailed Real-Time Model (DRTM) was used to "train" and test the decision tree. Fifty-six DRTM simulations were performed for this purpose, with different leak sizes, different leak locations, and different times of leak onset. To make the simulations as realistic as possible, they included simulated sensor noise, and included a gradual degradation in both fuel and oxidizer turbine efficiency. A decision tree was trained using I I of these simulations, and tested using the remaining 45 simulations. In the training phase, the C4.5 algorithm was provided with labeled examples of data from nominal operation and data including leaks in each leak location. From the data, it "learned" a decision tree that can classify unseen data as having no leak or having a leak in one of the five leak locations. In the test phase, the decision tree produced very low false alarm rates and low missed detection rates on the unseen data. It had very good fault isolation rates for three of the five simulated leak locations, but it tended to confuse the remaining two locations, perhaps because a large leak at one of these two locations can look very similar to a small leak at the other location.(1,2) C1 [Schwabacher, Mark] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Aguilar, Robert] RIB 31, Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Canoga Pk, CA 91303 USA. [Figueroa, Fernando] EA 41, NASA Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Schwabacher, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mark.a.schwabacher@nasa.gov; Robert.Aguilar@pwr.utc.com; Fernando.Figueroa-1@nasa.gov FU NASA Innovative Partnerships Program and by Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne FX We thank Chuong Luu and Hagop Panossian of Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne for their help with the DRTM. We thank Rodney Martin and Nikunj Oza of NASA Ames Research Center for reviewing a draft of this paper. This work was funded by the NASA Innovative Partnerships Program and by Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3864 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001132 ER PT S AU Cervantes, A AF Cervantes, Alex GP IEEE TI Exploring the Use of a Test Automation Framework SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB It is known that software testers, more often than not, lack the time needed to fully test the delivered software product within the time period allotted to them. When problems in the implementation phase of a development project occur, it normally causes the software delivery date to slide. As a result, testers either need to work longer hours, or supplementary resources need to be added to the test team in order to meet aggressive test deadlines. One solution to this problem is to provide testers with a test automation framework to facilitate the development of automated test solutions. The benefits of test automation are most apparent in big software projects. The development of automated test cases requires a lot of effort and time during the first test campaign, but there is a significant amount of time that can be saved with each repetition. Test automation gives a software tester the possibility of achieving unattended testing capability. With end-to-end test automation, a tester can schedule tests to run autonomously. While tests are running, testers can utilize the time saved by performing any requisite manual testing, or developing additional automated test cases to increase test coverage. Automated testing saves time as it provides the capability to perform concurrent/parallel testing. A tester can run multiple tests at the same time, whereas manual tests only allow for sequential test runs. If test automation is employed, testing does not have to end when the workday ends; automated testing can be exercised 24x7. A test automation framework can provide numerous benefits to a software tester. A test automation framework provides the basic set of software tools and services that can aid testers as they develop automated test cases. With a test automation framework, software testers can focus on testing the software product instead of worrying about developing the infrastructure needed to support their test environment. When choosing or developing a test automation framework, it is important to understand all the different components of an organization's software system. A good test automation framework should be general enough to provide functions that help a tester create automated tests for all the different components of the delivered software system. The framework should also be easily extensible so it can evolve as the software system evolves. Whether creating one from scratch or using a commercial product, having a test automation framework available for test teams to use can help streamline the process of developing automated test solutions.12 C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, JPL Caltech Proprietary, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cervantes, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, JPL Caltech Proprietary, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alex.Z.Cervantes@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3900 EP 3907 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001136 ER PT S AU Gibbs, D Bone, B AF Gibbs, Don Bone, Brian GP IEEE TI Testing Flight Systems with Machine Executable Scripts SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The MSAP project at JPL has been testing spacecraft avionics and flight software since 2005, in part using computer executable scripts. The scripts are document files of a common word processor and comply with the format of a traditional, formal test procedure common at JPL. These procedures use keywords to issue commands and evaluate responses, mimicking a human test operator. In effect, script lines are inserted into a normal procedure. Even though the executable structure of the procedures is limited to linear sequences of fairly simple operations, we have found significant value in certain test regimes given the repeatability, ease of execution, and readily understandable intent of these procedures. 12 C1 [Gibbs, Don; Bone, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gibbs, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Donald.E.Gibbs@jpl.nasa.gov; Brian.D.Bone@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3908 EP 3914 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001137 ER PT S AU Seibert, M Herman, J ElDeeb, D AF Seibert, Michael Herman, Jennifer ElDeeb, Dina GP IEEE TI Operations Strategies for the Mars Exploration Rovers During the 2007 Martian Global Dust Storm SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In June and July 2007 Mars experienced a dust storm that grew to envelop all but the polar latitudes of the planet.(1, 2) This dust storm was the first global dust storm to occur while the twin Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) began surface operations. It is estimated that the dust in the atmosphere prevented over 99.6% of direct sunlight from reaching the surface at the peak of the storm. Data collected indicated that solar array energy output was reduced to approximately 15% of maximum. The reduction in insolation and energy output posed the greatest risk of ending the mission for both rovers at that time. To maintain the health of the rovers, the sequencing team modified the nominal planning strategy to reduce power consumption to levels matching solar array energy generation. Existing planning and sequencing tools were used in new ways to increase confidence in the modeled state of the rover, including the power state. This paper will discuss the process used to predict the state of the rover during the storm. As the storm began to subside, the dust began to fall out of the atmosphere. Opportunity's arrays were cleaned by the wind blowing dust off of its solar arrays. Spirit's solar arrays accumulated a significant amount of dust as no cleaning events were experienced. Spirit was parked on a north-facing slope in January 2008 as preparation for the southern Martian winter. There was concern that Spirit's power levels during winter would be reduced to below those experienced during the dust storm. Strategies developed during the dust storm served as a foundation for low power winter operations. Operating both vehicles during the dust storm gave the team high confidence in their ability to guide Spirit through its third Martian winter. C1 [Seibert, Michael; Herman, Jennifer; ElDeeb, Dina] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Seibert, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM seibert@jpl.nasa.gov; jaherman@jpl.nasa.gov; Dina.ElDeeb@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3915 EP 3921 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001138 ER PT S AU Gaines, D Belluta, P Herman, J Hwang, P Mukai, R Porter, D Jones, B Wood, E Grotzinger, J Edgar, L Hayes, A Hare, T Squyres, S AF Gaines, Daniel Belluta, Paolo Herman, Jennifer Hwang, Pauline Mukai, Ryan Porter, Dan Jones, Byron Wood, Eric Grotzinger, John Edgar, Lauren Hayes, Alex Hare, Trent Squyres, Steve GP IEEE TI Strategic Analysis for the MER Cape Verde Approach SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has recently completed a two year campaign studying Victoria Crater. The campaign culminated in a close approach of Cape Verde in order to acquire high resolution imagery of the exposed stratigraphy in the cliff face. The close approach to Cape Verde provided significant challenges for every subsystem of the rover as the rover needed to traverse difficult, uncharacterised terrain and approach a cliff face with the potential of blocking out solar energy and communications with Earth. In this paper we describe the strategic analyses performed by the science and engineering teams so that we could successfully achieve the science objectives while keeping the rover safe. C1 [Gaines, Daniel; Belluta, Paolo; Herman, Jennifer; Hwang, Pauline; Mukai, Ryan; Porter, Dan; Jones, Byron; Wood, Eric] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Grotzinger, John; Edgar, Lauren; Hayes, Alex] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Hare, Trent] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Squyres, Steve] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gaines, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014 OI Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3922 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001139 ER PT S AU Lever, SG Nelson, RW Gaines, D Herman, JA Laubach, S Pack, M Peters, S Hwang, P AF Lever, Scott G. Nelson, Robert W. (Bill) Gaines, Daniel Herman, Jennifer A. Laubach, Sharon Pack, Marc Peters, Steve Hwang, Pauline GP IEEE TI On Low Power Operations during Spirit's Third Winter on Mars SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Project is operating two Martian robotic rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. (1 2) The primary mission duration included 90 Martian days (or "sols" as the team calls them) for each rover to explore the Martian surface. The project is currently enjoying a fifth successful year of operating both rovers on Mars, as several extended missions have been approved. Both of the rovers get their electrical power from solar arrays and store excess energy in batteries. Both operate in the southern hemisphere of Mars. Both share similar seasons, but Spirit is further away from the equator than Opportunity, and Spirit has collected more dust on its solar array panels. Opportunity gathers so much solar array power each so that the trade-offs to be considered in daily operations focus around science gathering versus data storage and telemetry downlink limitations. Opportunity's ability to gather science on Mars is data bound, as it shunts excess power every sol. Spirit, on the other hand, gathers less solar array energy on its solar panels, because of its position relative to the equator and because of the relatively worse dust accumulation on top of its solar panels. For Spirit, daily operations are also typically data bound. But in the deepest of winter, the daily operations trade-offs pit science versus power, and telemetry downlink versus power. As Spirit's solar array power falls lower and lower, survival of the instruments and spacecraft become the primary focus during winter operations. C1 [Lever, Scott G.; Nelson, Robert W. (Bill); Gaines, Daniel; Herman, Jennifer A.; Laubach, Sharon; Pack, Marc; Peters, Steve; Hwang, Pauline] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lever, SG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 301-250D,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM scott.g.lever@jpl.nasa.gov; bill.nelson@jpl.nasa.gov; daniel.m.gaines@jpl.nasa.gov; jennifer.a.herman@jpl.nasa.gov; sharon.l.laubach@jpl.nasa.gov; marc.m.pack@jpl.nasa.gov; stephen.f.peters@jpl.nasa.gov; pauline.p.hwang@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3934 EP 3942 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001140 ER PT S AU Paczkowski, BG Larsen, B Ray, T AF Paczkowski, Brian G. Larsen, Barbara Ray, Trina GP IEEE TI Managing Complexity to Maximize Science Return: Science Planning Lessons Learned from Cassini SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Cassini-Huygens ended its four-year prime mission on July 1, 2008. Significant challenges to developing and executing the science plan for the orbiter mission had to be overcome to return a wealth of science data from its tour of the Saturnian system. These operational challenges reflected the complexity of the mission, of the tour, of the spacecraft, of its instruments, and of the ground system environment. This paper discusses in-depth the lessons learned from the science planning operations of Cassini including the multi-step uplink process designed to select, integrate and implement science observations. Aspects of system engineering, spacecraft design, spacecraft subsystems, flight hardware and software, ground software, instrument and science operations that either facilitated or complicated science return are also addressed.12 C1 [Paczkowski, Brian G.; Larsen, Barbara; Ray, Trina] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Paczkowski, BG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM brian.g.paczkowski@jpl.nasa.gov; barbara.s.larsen@jpl.nasa.gov; trina.l.ray@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3943 EP 3955 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001141 ER PT S AU Varanasi, P Nolan, T AF Varanasi, Padma Nolan, Tom GP IEEE TI MISR: Takes a Licking, Keeps on Ticking! SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Outlines lessons learned by the Instrument Operations Team (IOT) of NASA/JPL Terra's Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) mission. It narrates a story of "MISR: Takes a Licking, Keeps on Ticking!" and describes, in detail, how the MISR instrument survived operator errors. 1 2 C1 [Varanasi, Padma; Nolan, Tom] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Varanasi, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM padma.varanasi@jpl.nasa.gov; tom.nolan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3956 EP 3963 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001142 ER PT S AU Smith, BA Vanelli, CA Swenka, ER AF Smith, Brett A. Vanelli, Charles A. Swenka, Edward R. GP IEEE TI Managing Momentum on the Dawn Low Thrust Mission SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Dawn is low-thrust interplanetary spacecraft en-route to the asteroids Vesta and Ceres in an effort to better understand the early creation of the solar system. After launch in September 2007, the spacecraft will flyby Mars in February 2009 before arriving at Vesta in summer of 2011 and Ceres in early 2015. Three solar electric ion-propulsion engines are used to provide the primary thrust for the Dawn spacecraft. Ion engines produce a very small but very efficient force, and therefore must be thrusting almost continuously to realize the necessary change in velocity to reach Vesta and Ceres. Momentum must be carefully managed to ensure the spacecraft has enough control authority to perform necessary turns and hold a fixed inertial attitude against external torques. Along with torques from solar pressure and gravity-gradients, ion-propulsion engines produce a torque about the thrust axis that must also be countered by the four reaction wheel assemblies (RWA). New constraints were placed on the 8-year mission shortly prior to launch that required Dawn to minimize time spent in the sub-Elasto-Hydro-Dynamic (sub-EHD) region and minimize the total revolutions of all four RWAs. Accurate prediction of wheel speeds is the first step in developing a strategy to minimize both wheel speeds and total revolutions. Due to schedule and staffing constraints, the ground tools needed to accomplish this momentum management process were developed post launch, in parallel with the missions initial checkout phase. This paper discusses the momentum management issues of ion-propulsion missions and specifically the Dawn spacecraft. The discussion includes the tools and strategies developed to manage the spacecraft momentum with the goal of preserving RWA health. C1 [Smith, Brett A.; Vanelli, Charles A.; Swenka, Edward R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smith, BA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM brett.a.smith@jpl.nasa.gov; Charles.A.Vanelli@jpl.nasa.gov; Edward.R.Swenka@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3964 EP 3971 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001143 ER PT S AU de Pasquale, E Francillout, L Wasbauer, JJ Hatton, J Albers, J Steele, D AF de Pasquale, E. Francillout, L. Wasbauer, J-J. Hatton, J. Albers, J. Steele, D. GP IEEE TI ATV Jules Verne Reentry Observation: Mission Design and Trajectory Analysis SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB On 29th of September, 2008, the European spacecraft ATV-JV (Automated Transfer Vehicle Jules Verne) successfully completed its mission with a safe destructive re-entry into the South Pacific Ocean Uninhabited Area (SPOUA). (12)Since the ATV-JV was the first ATV mission, the main events of re-entry have been observed by two aircrafts (equipped internally with a large number of optical devices) and from International Space Station (ISS): assessment of the break-up altitudes and identification of explosion events are the main objectives. Several constraints have been considered for ATV-JV trajectory design, for the location of the two aircrafts and for ISS attitude maneuvers in order to fulfill the observation conditions. The paper here addresses definition of main objectives of re-entry observation, the trade-off analysis on the re-entry observation system, the mission design and trajectory analysis of the vehicles involved (ATV, ISS, observation aircrafts) and preliminary trajectory results from the observation flight. C1 [de Pasquale, E.] ESA, ATV Control Ctr, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. [Francillout, L.; Wasbauer, J-J.] CNES, ATV Control Ctr, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. [Hatton, J.] ESA ESTEC, HSF GA, HE Space Operat BV, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Albers, J.] Lockheed Martin, DFRC, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. [Steele, D.] NASA, DFRC, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP de Pasquale, E (reprint author), ESA, ATV Control Ctr, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. EM emilio.de.pasquale@esa.int; laurent.francillout@cnes.fr; jean-jacques.wasbauer@cnes.fr; jason.hatton@esa.int; Denis.Steele-1@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3972 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001144 ER PT S AU Rieber, RR Sharrow, RF AF Rieber, Richard R. Sharrow, Robert F. GP IEEE TI The Contingency of Success: Operations for Deep Impact's Planet Hunt SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Deep Impact Flyby spacecraft completed its prime mission in August 2005. (12)It was reactivated for a mission of opportunity add-on called EPOXI on September 25, 2007. The first portion of EPOXI, called EPOCh (Extra-solar Planetary Observation & CHaracterization), occurred from January 21, 2008 through August 31, 2008. Its purpose was to characterize transiting hot-Jupiters by measuring the effects the planet has on the luminosity of its parent star. These observations entailed using the spacecraft in ways it was never intended. A new green-light, success-oriented operational strategy was devised that entailed high amounts of automation and minimal intervention from the ground. The specifics, techniques, and key challenges to obtaining the 172,209 usable science images from EPOCh are discussed in detail. C1 [Rieber, Richard R.; Sharrow, Robert F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rieber, RR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Richard.R.Rieber@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.F.Sharrow@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3988 EP 3996 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001145 ER PT S AU Scott, DW AF Scott, David W. GP IEEE TI Growing a Training System and Culture for the Ares I Upper Stage Project SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In roughly two years' time, Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Mission Operations Laboratory (MOL) has incubated a personnel training and certification program for about 1000 learners and multiple phases of the Ares I Upper Stage (US) project. Previous MOL-developed training programs focused on about 100 learners with a focus on operations, and had enough full-time training staff to develop courseware and provide training administration. This paper discusses 1) the basics of MOL's training philosophy, 2) how creation of a broad, structured training program unfolded as feedback from more narrowly defined tasks, 3) how training philosophy, development methods, and administration are being simplified and tailored so that many Upper Stage organizations can "grow their own" training yet maintain consistency, accountability, and traceability across the project, 4) interfacing with the production contractor's training system and staff, and 5) reaping training value from existing materials and events.(12) C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Scott, DW (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, EO20, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Scotty@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 3997 EP 4004 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001146 ER PT S AU Landis, RR Korsmeyer, DJ Abell, PA Jones, TD Adamo, DR AF Landis, Rob R. Korsmeyer, David J. Abell, Paul A. Jones, Thomas D. Adamo, Daniel R. GP IEEE TI Between the Moon and Mars: Piloted and Surface Operations at a NEO SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In late 2006, NASA's Constellation Program (CxP) sponsored a study to examine the feasibility of sending a piloted Orion spacecraft to a near-Earth object (NEO -- in the broadest definition these are small, primitive bodies that cross Earth's orbit; the most likely and suitable targets for the Orion are those NEOs in heliocentric orbits similar to Earth's). One of the significant advantages of this type of mission is that it strengthens and validates the foundational infrastructure of the United States Space Exploration Policy and is highly complementary to the already-planned lunar sorties and outpost build-up circa 2020. Sending a human expedition to a NEO not only underlines the broad utility of the CxP's Orion vehicle and Ares launch systems. Such a mission would also be the first human expedition to an interplanetary body beyond the Earth-Moon system. For the onboard crew and systems, as well as the mission control team, these deep space operations will present unique challenges not present in lunar missions. While our Phase I study focused solely on the practicality of using the lunar architecture and systems to mount NEO missions, it did not delve into potential radiation issues (and effective mitigation strategies) nor did it explore human operations in proximity to and on the surface of N-EOs. (12) Executing several such piloted NEO missions will enable NASA to gain crucial long-duration, deep space operational experience, a necessary prerequisite for future human missions to Mars, its moons, Phobos and Deimos, or even the Main Belt or Trojan asteroids. C1 [Landis, Rob R.; Korsmeyer, David J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Code TI, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Abell, Paul A.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Astromat Res & Explorat Sci, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Jones, Thomas D.] Associat Space Explorers, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Adamo, Daniel R.] Trajectory Consultant, Houston, TX 77059 USA. RP Landis, RR (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Code TI, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rob.r.landis@nasa.gov; paul.a.abell@nasa.gov; skywalking1@gmail.com; adamo@earthlink.net NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4005 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001147 ER PT S AU Nash, B DeMore, M AF Nash, Brent DeMore, Martha GP IEEE TI Using XML Configuration-Driven Development to Create a Customizable Ground Data System SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Mission data Processing and Control Subsystem (MPCS) is being developed as a multi-mission Ground Data System with the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) as the first fully supported mission. The MPCS team started development for MSL in 2005 and will continue to support MSL through its 2011 launch and beyond, until the end of life of the mission (approximately two years after landing on the surface of Mars). In addition, MPCS currently provides varying degrees of support to other projects including the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), the Diviner instrument on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), the DAWN mission, and has future plans to support the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) earth mission in the 2010-2013 timeframe. The MSL mission will be the first operational usage of MPCS. (12) MPCS is a Java-based Ground Data System (GDS) for telecommanding and telemetry processing that has been developed using a Configuration-Driven Development (CDD) strategy centered around configuration files written in the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XML is the ideal language for CDD because it is human-readable, easily editable, and backed by a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard. The CDD approach adopted by MPCS minimizes changes to compiled code by using XML to create a series of configuration files that provide total control over all aspects of GDS operation. The MPCS development team has implemented a generic, hierarchical architecture for specification of and access to configuration information that allows configuration parameters to be specified at the system, mission, and user levels. In addition, MPCS has implemented an internal software architecture based on well-known software design patterns that utilizes configuration files to provide a great deal of flexibility in adapting MPCS to different missions and mission phases. The resulting implementation is an XML-based design that is useful not only for MPCS or ground data systems in particular, but for any application. While using XML-based CDD allows MPCS to have an exoteric functional interface that can be easily reconfigured at runtime instead of compile time, the challenges of developing a sufficiently flexible configuration and software architecture are significant. In order to create a reusable multi-mission GDS, it is necessary to balance the added complexity of developing configuration-driven code with the ability to create an overall configuration strategy that both developers and users can understand and utilize effectively. This paper will discuss the configuration and development strategies employed by the MPCS development team, the general MPCS software architecture as influenced by CDD, and the associated lessons learned in developing an XML configuration-driven GDS to be used for the life of the MSL mission and future missions. C1 [Nash, Brent; DeMore, Martha] Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Nash, Brent; DeMore, Martha] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nash, B (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bnash@jpl.nasa.gov; mdemore@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4019 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001149 ER PT S AU Barreiro, J Jones, G Schaffer, S AF Barreiro, Javier Jones, Grailing, Jr. Schaffer, Steve GP IEEE TI Peer-to-Peer Planning for Space Mission Control SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Planning and scheduling for space operations entails the development of applications that embed intimate domain knowledge of distinct areas of mission control, while allowing for significant collaboration among them. The separation is useful because of differences in the planning problem, solution methods, and frequencies of replanning that arise in the different disciplines. For example, planning the activities of human spaceflight crews requires some reasoning about all spacecraft resources at timescales of minutes or seconds, and is subject to considerable volatility. Detailed power planning requires managing the complex interplay of power consumption and production, involves very different classes of constraints and preferences, but once plans are generated they are relatively stable. A prototype application has been developed that separately supports Crew planning and Power planning for the International Space Station (ISS). Domain requirements have been modeled in a significant level of detail, and loosely-coupled integration has been demonstrated in a realistic scenario. The integration is enabled by implementing a generic collaboration architecture that can be used to coordinate the work of any number of planning domains. The architecture is used to integrate two different planners employing different underlying algorithms and data structures, by means of mapping the overlapping facets of the plans.(1 2) C1 [Barreiro, Javier] SGT Inc, NASA, Ames Res Ctr MS3, Moffett Field, CA 94053 USA. [Jones, Grailing, Jr.; Schaffer, Steve] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Barreiro, J (reprint author), SGT Inc, NASA, Ames Res Ctr MS3, Moffett Field, CA 94053 USA. EM javier.barreiro@nasa.gov; grailing.jones-jr@jpl.nasa.gov; steve.schaffer@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4032 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001150 ER PT S AU Stambolian, DB AF Stambolian, Damon B. GP IEEE TI 1-G Human Factors for Optimal Processing and Operability of Constellation Ground Systems SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In the early stages of the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD), during the transition from the Orbital Space Plane Project (OSP) Program to the Constellation Program, the requirements for I-G (Earth gravity) human factors were not well-defined. (12)Since that time, the requirements have been defined at different levels of maturity for Flight Hardware/Software, Ground Support Systems (GSS) and Ground Support Equipment (GSE). Effectively all areas are leveraging human factors for optimizing ground processing of Flight Hardware. This paper gives an overview of these areas; within the outer-mold-line of the Flight Hardware, at the Ground Systems to Flight Systems interface, and the design of the GSS and GSE leading up to the Flight Systems Interface. The major focus of this paper is on the current requirements and processes for infusing human factors into the designs of GSS and GSE. This paper aims to explain to the human factors practitioner how human factors were infused into a large program with an existing culture that does not have human factors listed separately in the work breakdown structure (WBS). This paper also aims to educate the Constellation Program (CxP) about the importance of human factors in ground processing and launch operations of launch vehicles. C1 NASA, KSC, Constellat Ground Operat Project, JFK Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Stambolian, DB (reprint author), NASA, KSC, Constellat Ground Operat Project, JFK Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM damon.b.stambolian@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4042 EP 4048 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001151 ER PT S AU Jansma, PA AF Jansma, P. A. Trisha GP IEEE TI Let's Roll! Rolling Out the NASA Systems Engineering Framework SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In March 2007, NASA issued the new NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) for systems engineering NPR 7123.1A NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements. Among other things, the NASA SE NPR describes the 3-axis NASA Systems Engineering Framework (SEF). The NASA SEF consists of three elements that make up NASA systems engineering capability: 1) common technical processes, 2) tools and methods, and 3) workforce, knowledge and skills. These three elements can be thought of as the three axes of the three dimensional SE framework. The first element, Common Technical Processes, provides what has to be done to engineer system products within a project and why. This element also includes concepts and terminology that are basic to consistent application and communication of the common technical processes Agency-wide, and a structure for when the common technical processes are applied. The second element, Tools and Methods, enables the efficient and effective completion of the activities and tasks of the common technical processes. An essential contribution of this element to SE capability is the improvement of the engineering infrastructure through various Agency-wide initiatives. In addition, a number of new work aids and references are now available. The third element, Workforce, Knowledge and Skills, enables a well-trained, knowledgeable, and experienced technical workforce that is able to meet the challenges of systems engineering complex systems. This means that NASA SEs are able to apply NASA and Center standardized methods and tools, effectively communicate requirements and solutions to customers, other engineers, and management, and to work efficiently and effectively on a team. This element also addresses the issues of recruitment, retention, and training. The integrated implementation of these three elements is intended to improve the overall capability required for the efficient and effective engineering of NASA systems. This paper describes the three elements of the NASA Systems Engineering Framework and what methods and mechanisms are being used to roll out or deploy each aspect. It concludes with how each element is being implemented across the Agency, how the NASA systems engineering community is being informed and trained, and what the intended impact of the NASA SE Framework is. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Syst Engn Adv SEA Project, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Syst Engn Adv SEA Project, 4800 Oak Grove Dr M-S 301-285, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Patti.A.Jansma@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4049 EP 4066 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001152 ER PT S AU Derro, ME Williams, CR AF Derro, Mary Ellen Williams, Christine R. GP IEEE TI Behavioral Competencies of Highly Regarded Systems Engineers at NASA SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Have you ever wondered why some systems engineers are successful and others aren't? In order to answer that question, NASA recently conducted a study of the behavioral competencies of highly regarded systems engineers working on different types of programs and projects in diverse environments across the agency. As projects become increasingly complex, NASA understands that it is vital to grow and develop a cadre of highly trained and skilled systems engineers who will be available to ensure the continued success of future missions. It is not enough to focus only on the science of engineering space systems, since that is only half the story. The other half of the story is the art of systems engineering. But what does that entail? In April 2008, the NASA Office of the Chief Engineer launched the Systems Engineering Behaviors Study with the goal of studying how highly regarded systems engineers at each of the ten NASA Centers practice the art of systems engineering. The study was conducted by personnel from each of the NASA Centers and the NASA Academy of Program, Project and Engineering Leadership (APPEL) who were trained in psychology, organizational behavior, engineering, human resources, training and development. Several study team members were certified to administer and interpret the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI (R)). The study involved interviewing, shadowing, and observing 38 highly regarded systems engineers and administering the MBTI to them to identify their personality type. Once the data was compiled, it was then analyzed for common themes and grouped into clusters of competencies with associated behaviors. Once the initial analysis was complete, it was reviewed, and concurrence on the overall competencies was sought with the interviewees, once at the center level, and again at the agency level. The behavioral attributes in the findings fall into five broad themes: leadership, communication, problem solving and systems thinking, attitudes and attributes, and technical acumen . This paper summarizes the method, findings, and conclusions of the study of behavioral competencies of highly regarded systems engineers at NASA. It details the competencies and associated behaviors for each of the themes in depth, and summarizes the typical MBTI (R) profiles of the systems engineers studied. It also discusses some potential uses of these results to provide a more balanced picture of systems engineering and to train, coach, mentor and develop NASA's current and future systems engineers. C1 [Derro, Mary Ellen] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr MS T-1707, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Williams, Christine R.] NASA, Workforce Management & Dev Div, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Derro, ME (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr MS T-1707, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Maryellen.Derro@jpl.nasa.gov; Christine.R.Williams-1@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4067 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001153 ER PT S AU Putz, P Finger, H AF Putz, Peter Finger, Herbert GP IEEE TI Development and Deployment of NASA's Budget Execution Dashboard SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper(1,2) discusses the successful implementation of a highly visible company-wide management system and its potential to change managerial and accounting polices, processes, and practices in support of organizational goals. Applying the conceptual framework of innovation in organizations, this paper describes the development and deployment process of the NASA Budget Execution Dashboard and the first two fiscal years of its use. It discusses the positive organizational changes triggered by the dashboard, such as higher visibility of financial goals and variances between plans and actuals, increased involvement of all management levels in tracking and correcting plan deviations, establishing comparable data standards across a strongly diversified organization, and enhanced communication between line organizations (NASA Centers) and product organizations (Mission Directorates). The paper also discusses the critical success factors experienced in this project: strong leadership and division of management roles, rapid and responsive technology development, and frequent communication among stakeholders. C1 [Putz, Peter] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Finger, Herbert] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Unisys, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Putz, P (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pputz@riacs.edu; herbert.finger@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4092 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001155 ER PT S AU Kohli, R Fishman, J Hyatt, MJ Abel, P Delaune, P AF Kohli, Rajiv Fishman, Julianna Hyatt, Mark J. Abel, Phillip Delaune, Paul GP IEEE TI Achieving a Prioritized Research & Technology Development Portfolio for the Dust Management Project SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The NASA Lunar Dust Management Project (DMP) has been established to address relevant high priority needs for lunar dust mitigation technologies to be used during lunar surface operations. To this end, an important goal of the project is to ensure that DMP only invests in research and technologies (R&T) that have been assessed and prioritized to meet NASA needs for lunar exploration. To facilitate the process, comparison/decision criteria were developed to assess and prioritize internal and external technology solution alternatives. This paper describes the technologies and presents the assessment methodology(1,2). C1 [Kohli, Rajiv] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Aerosp Corp, 2525 Bay Area Blvd,Suite 600, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Fishman, Julianna] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Hyatt, Mark J.; Abel, Phillip] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Delaune, Paul] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77056 USA. RP Kohli, R (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Aerosp Corp, 2525 Bay Area Blvd,Suite 600, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM rajiv.kohli-1@nasa.gov; Julianna.L.Fishman@nasa.gov; Mark.J.Hyatt@nasa.gov; phillip.abel@nasa.gov; paul.b.delaune@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4099 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001156 ER PT S AU Tuszynski, MW AF Tuszynski, Marek W. GP IEEE TI Space Interferometry Mission Flight Software Management Challenges and Lessons SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been an ambitious project which when completed will determine the positions and distances of stars several hundred times more accurately than any previous program. This accuracy will allow SIM to determine the distances to stars throughout the galaxy and to probe nearby stars for Earth-sized planets. [1] However, it has been a roller coaster in terms of funding. After several false starts, the flight software development team finally ramped up in early 2004. The flight software development team built prototype programs for timing benchmarks, designed a new architecture, implemented a core infrastructure usable by a variety of future missions, and successfully developed and infused new technology along the way, before being disbanded due to funding cuts at the beginning of 2007.(12) Involving a level of computational performance with which JPL had no previous experience on flight projects, this was a challenging and new endeavor. Precision control algorithms required loop rates of up to 500 times per second to remove disturbances and provide the stability needed by the science cameras. Even with the BAE 750 PowerPC chosen as the baseline flight processor, the computing load had to be distributed amongst three active computers joined together and synchronized using a completely new IEEE 1393 ring bus implementation. At the same time the institution embarked on a software process improvement path that recruited SIM FSW development as one of the pathfinders, reaching CMMI level 2 in late 2005 and level 3 just after SIM was descoped. The goal of this paper is to walk through the challenges encountered in the management of this development effort and to share the programmatic and technical lessons learned. Some of those lessons include: 1) How and when to successfully infuse new technology into your product. 2) Soul searching decisions in selecting programming languages, bus interfaces, and CPU platforms. 3) How to deal with an institution that is trying to revamp its SW processes. Hint: resistance is futile. 4) What new SW processes really paid off and made a dramatic improvement in the manager's ability to monitor and control developers work. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Tuszynski, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM marek@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4143 EP 4149 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001160 ER PT S AU Taylor, RL AF Taylor, Randall L. GP IEEE TI Reducing NPR 7120.5D to Practice: Preparing for a Life-cycle Review SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In March 2007, NASA issued revised rules for space flight project management, NPR 7120.513, "NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements."(1,2) Central to the new rules was the construct of Key Decision Points, maturity gates that the project team must pass in order to continue development. In order that the KDP decision be fully informed, the NPR required, as entrance criteria for the gate, the generation and delivery of specified planning, technical, and cost/schedule documents (gate products) and a life-cycle review by an independent Standing Review Board. Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory was the first Jet Propulsion Laboratory project initiated under these new rules. NASA selected GRAIL through a competitive Announcement of Opportunity process and funded its Phase B Preliminary Design effort. The team's first major milestone was a JPL institutional milestone, the Project Mission System Review, which proved an excellent tune-up for the end-of-Phase B NASA life-cycle review, the Preliminary Design Review. Building on JPL experience on the Prometheus and Juno projects, the team successfully organized for and conducted these reviews on an aggressive schedule. Key actions were taken to proactively interact with the SRB, produce high-quality gate products with stakeholder review, generate review presentation materials, and handle a myriad of supporting logistical functions. A review preparation team was established, including a Review Captain and leads for documentation, information systems, and logistics, and their roles, responsibilities and task assignments were identified. Aids were produced, including a detailed review preparation schedule and a comprehensive gate products production table. Institutional support was leveraged early and often. Implementation strategy reflected the needs of a nationally-distributed team, as well as applicable export control and IT security requirements. This paper gives a brief overview of the GRAIL mission and its project management challenges, provides a detailed description of project PMSR and PDR preparation and execution activities, including positive and negative lessons learned, and identifies recommendations for future NASA (and non-NASA) project teams. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Taylor, RL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Randall.L.Taylor@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4162 EP 4173 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001162 ER PT S AU Maluf, DA Okimura, T AF Maluf, David A. Okimura, Takeshi GP IEEE TI NASA Web-Accessible Open Software as a Service Framework SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper discusses the modem approach of the implementation of Software as a Service (SaaS) for NASA as a way to reduce cost and increase efficiency. The Grid XML Datastore Framework is an extension of SaaS framework based on eXtensible Database technology (XDB). This is implemented to support the Innovative Partnership Program (IPP) for its Technology Transfer System (NTTS) project. The NTTS system is an agency database that handles Partnership Development which includes Intellectual Property management and Technology Transfer, and new innovative partnerships. The software services include Contract/Grant Compliance, Awards Processing, Partnership Development, Patent Docketing, Success Stories, IPP Marketing and Licensing. The system is intended to have three interfaces serving three distinct communities; mainly agency-wide, center specific and the public. The SaaS implementation deploys the software as an application hosted on NASA and non-NASA generic services (SalesForce.com) provided across the Internet. By eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, SaaS alleviates the customer's burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. Using SaaS can also reduce the up-front expense of software purchases, through less costly, on-demand pricing. From a NASA software acquisition perspective, NASA pays one time for the database and storage and thus third-party application plug in on demand. (1,2) This paper describes a Grid XML Datastore Framework (GXD Framework), an open and extensible database architecture that supports efficient and flexible integration of heterogeneous and distributed information resources. GXD Framework provides a novel "schema-less" database approach using a document-centered object-relational XML database mapping. This enables structured, unstructured, and semi-structured information to be integrated without requiring document schemas or translation tables. GXD Framework utilizes existing international protocol standards of the World Wide Web Consortium Architecture Domain and the Internet Engineering Task Force, primarily HTTP, XML and WebDAV. Through a combination of these international protocols, universal database record identifiers, and physical address data types, GXD enables an unlimited number of desktops and distributed information sources to be linked scamlessly and efficiently into an information grid. GXD Framework has been used to create a powerful set of novel information management systems for a variety of scientific and engineering applications. C1 [Maluf, David A.; Okimura, Takeshi] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, DA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM david.a.maluf@nasa.gov; Takeshi.j.okimura@nasa.gov NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4182 EP 4189 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001164 ER PT S AU Leifer, SD Green, JR Balint, TS Manvi, R AF Leifer, Stephanie D. Green, Jacklyn R. Balint, Tibor S. Manvi, Ram GP IEEE TI Venus Mobile Explorer with RPS for Active Cooling: A Feasibility Study SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper presents the findings from a study to evaluate the feasibility of a radioisotope power system (RPS) combined with active cooling to enable a long-duration Venus surface mission. On-board power with active cooling technology featured prominently in both the National Research Council's Decadal Survey and in the 2006 NASA Solar System Exploration Roadmap as mission enabling for the exploration of Venus. Power and cooling system options were reviewed and the most promising concepts were modeled to develop an assessment tool for Venus mission planners considering a variety of future potential missions to Venus, including a Venus Mobile Explorer (either a balloon or rover concept), a long-lived Venus static lander, or a Venus Geophysical Network. The concepts modeled were based on the integration of General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules with different types of Stirling cycle heat engines for power conversion and cooling. Unlike prior investigations which reported on single point design concepts, this assessment tool allows the user to generate either a point design or parametric curves of approximate power and cooling system mass, power level, and number of GPHS modules needed for a "black box" payload housed in a spherical pressure vessel. Input variables include altitude, pressure vessel diameter, payload temperature, and payload power on Venus. Users may also specify the number and type of pressure vessel windows, use of phase-change material for additional (time-dependent) payload cooling, and amount of (rechargeable) battery power for peak power demand operations. Parameter sets that would enable a Venus surface mission with fewer than 16 GPHS modules were identified. Thus, the study provides guidance for design practices that might enable a long-duration Venus surface mission with an attainable quantity of Pu-238, and with achievable operating parameters.(12) C1 [Leifer, Stephanie D.; Green, Jacklyn R.; Balint, Tibor S.; Manvi, Ram] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Leifer, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 125-109, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Stephanie.Leifer@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4209 EP 4216 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001166 ER PT S AU Lee, M Weidner, RJ AF Lee, Meemong Weidner, Richard J. GP IEEE TI MSVN-Juno SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Juno spacecraft is planned to launch in August of 2011 and would arrive at Jupiter five years later(12). The spacecraft would spend more than one year orbiting the planet and investigating the internal structure; determining the amount of global water and ammonia present in the atmosphere, studying convection and deep-wind profiles in the atmosphere; investigating the origin of the Jovian magnetic field, and exploring the polar magnetosphere. Juno mission system management is responsible for mission and navigation design, mission operation planning, and ground-data-system development. In order to ensure successful mission management from initial check-out to final de-orbit, it is critical to establish clear mission objectives for all project teams to comprehend and contribute. This paper presents MSVN-Juno, a suite of simulation systems developed on the MSVN-framework to establish the project-wide shared vision. The MSVN-framework is composed of three functional layers, mission information modeling, virtual prototyping, and virtual operation, to achieve responsiveness and effectiveness of mission simulation product development. MSVN-Juno simulations have focused on critical mission phases including the Earth-gravity-assist maneuvers, the Jupiter-orbit insertion, and the 32 science orbits. C1 [Lee, Meemong; Weidner, Richard J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM meemong.lee@jpl.nasa.gov; richard.weidner@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4217 EP 4225 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001167 ER PT S AU Lee, YH Ingoldsby, KA Galpin, RA AF Lee, Young H. Ingoldsby, Kevin A. Galpin, Roger A. GP IEEE TI Constellation Program's Stretch Goal Requirements SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB In 2004, the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) was announced by the United States President's Administration in an effort to explore space and to extend a human presence across our solar system. Subsequently, NASA established the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) to develop a constellation of new capabilities, supporting technologies, and foundational research that allows for the sustained and affordable exploration of space. Then, ESMD specified the primary mission for the Constellation Program (CxP)-to carry out a series of human expeditions, ranging from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to the surface of Mars and beyond for the purposes of conducting human exploration of space. The CxP was established at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) to manage the development of the flight and ground infrastructure and systems that require enabling continued and extended human access to space. One of the CxP program's general program policy states that A sustainable program hinges on how effectively total life cycle costs are managed. Developmental costs are a key consideration, but total life cycle costs related to the production, processing, and operation of the entire architecture must be accounted for in design decisions sufficiently to ensure future resources are available for ever more ambitious missions into the solar system. Historical data shows that typically life cycle costs of a program are set within the first 10% of its life and that design solutions (to problems encountered during development) often are not adequately scrutinized for their potential impacts on Ground and or Mission operations impacts over the remaining balance of the program. It is the intent of the Constellation Program to aggressively manage this aspect of the program using the design policies and simplicity [I]. With the CxP's strong desire to manage the program life cycle cost, efforts were established to identify operability requirements to influence flight vehicle and ground infrastructure design in order to impact the life cycle operations costs. In an attempt to effectively infuse those requirements early in the program development phase, the Flight Operations Improvement Team (FOIT) at JSC and the Ground Ops Improvement Team (GOIT) at the John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) were formed to respond to the challenge of identifying operations requirements that could reduce life cycle costs of the operations phase and improve operability, supportability, and extensibility of the Constellation Architecture. FOIT and GOIT started to examine their operations processes and assessed current flight operations cost drivers to identify candidate ground and flight system infrastructure desigm targets to reduce operational costs. As a result, stretch goal requirements concepts were introduced to the CxP. This paper will describe how these Stretch Goal Requirements were identified, matured, approved and infused into the Constellation Architecture Requirements Document (CARD). The paper will also document several challenges encountered during the maturation of these stretch goal requirements for the Constellation [2].(12) C1 [Lee, Young H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Ingoldsby, Kevin A.] Booz Allen Hamilton, Melbourne, FL 32940 USA. [Galpin, Roger A.] Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Lee, YH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM young.h.lee@jpl.nasa.gov; ingoldsby_kevin@bah.com; roger.a.galpin@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4247 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001170 ER PT S AU Terrile, RJ Guillaume, A AF Terrile, Richard J. Guillaume, Alexandre GP IEEE TI Evolutionary Computation for the Identification of Emergent Behavior in Autonomous Systems SO 2009 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 07-14, 2009 CL Big Sky, MT AB Over the past several years the Center for Evolutionary Computation and Automated Design at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a technique based on Evolutionary Computational Methods (ECM) that allows for the automated optimization of complex computationally modeled systems. An important application of this technique is for the identification of emergent behaviors in autonomous systems. Mobility platforms such as rovers or airborne vehicles are now being designed with autonomous mission controllers that can find trajectories over a solution space that is larger than can reasonably be teste. It is critical to identify control behaviors that are not predicted and can have surprising results (both good and bad). These emergent behaviors need to be identified, characterized and either incorporated into or isolated from the acceptable range of control characteristics. We use cluster analysis of automatically retrieved solutions to identify 2 isolated populations of solutions with divergent behaviors.(12) C1 [Terrile, Richard J.; Guillaume, Alexandre] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Terrile, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-330, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rich.terrile@jpl.nasa.gov; alexandre.guillaume@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4244-2621-8 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2009 BP 4274 EP 4279 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BME07 UT WOS:000271964001172 ER PT B AU Stell, L AF Stell, Laurel GP IEEE TI FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PREDICTION AND EXECUTION OF IDLE-THRUST DESCENTS SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB To enable arriving aircraft to fly optimized descents computed by the flight management system (FMS) in congested airspace, ground automation must accurately predict descent trajectories. To support development of the predictor and its uncertainty models, descents from cruise to the meter fix were executed in a B737-700 simulator with a commercial FMS using vertical navigation. The FMS computed the intended descent path for a specified speed profile assuming idle thrust after top of descent (TOD), and then it controlled the avionics without human intervention. The test matrix varied aircraft weight, descent speed, and wind conditions. The first analysis in this paper determined the effect of the test matrix parameters on the FMS computation of TOD. Increasing weight by 10,000 lb moved TOD about 4.5 nmi farther from the meter fix, increasing along-track wind by 25 kt moved it about 4.6 nmi farther away, and varying the descent speed from 250 KCAS to 320 KCAS moved the TOD about 25 nmi. The execution of the descents was analyzed by comparing simulator state data to the specified speed profile and to the FMS predictions. The FMS generally flew its predicted three-dimensional trajectory accurately, with altitude error less than 200 ft. It engaged the throttle if the speed dropped 15 KCAS below the target speed but allowed the speed to increase arbitrarily above the target unless it reached a performance limit. In the runs with descent speed too slow but correct wind conditions, the FMS meter fix arrival time prediction error was as large as 37 sec. Along-track wind error of 25 kt resulted in a meter fix arrival time error of roughly 30 sec if the target descent speed was met. The data from this analysis are used to estimate accuracy requirements for the ground automation system. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Stell, L (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 131 EP 142 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700013 ER PT S AU McCabe, M Baggerman, C Verma, D AF McCabe, Mary Baggerman, Clint Verma, Dinesh GP IEEE TI AVIONICS ARCHITECTURE INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS BETWEEN CONSTELLATION VEHICLES SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB In January 2004, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) received new strategic guidance for Space Exploration. With this new guidance, the manned spaceflight community was given an exciting opportunity to develop new human qualified space vehicles based on the latest technology and methodology. The scope of NASA's Constellation program encompasses all elements that must work together to successfully complete the mission of returning humans to the moon. These elements include a launch system, crewed vehicle, and landing module, to name a few. Each element within the Constellation Program is considered a separate development project and this has led to the selection of different avionics architectural approaches on different vehicles. Additionally, legacy systems such as the International Space Station must also interface with the Constellation system. Interfaces between these elements (new and legacy), and especially between their avionics systems, must be carefully integrated to ensure mission success. This paper discusses considerations for the interoperability of varying avionics architectures within a complex system of systems such as Constellation. Currently, two of the major elements within the Constellation system are advancing into the design phase: the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and the Ares I Launch Vehicle. These vehicles have chosen different avionics architecture approaches. The Orion vehicle is implementing an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) architecture with high integrity self-checking pair processors for fault management, while the Ares I element is implementing a Federated Avionics architecture with some integrated characteristics and a voting scheme for fault management. This paper discusses implications on the design of each vehicle due to the interface requirement between these two different avionics approaches. C1 [McCabe, Mary; Baggerman, Clint] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP McCabe, M (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2009 BP 196 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700020 ER PT B AU Prevot, T AF Prevot, Thomas GP IEEE TI NEXTGEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MID-TERM AND FAR-TERM AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL OPERATIONS SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB This paper describes technologies for mid-term and far-term air traffic control operations in the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). The technologies were developed and evaluated with human-in-the-loop simulations in the Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) at the NASA Ames Research Center. The simulations were funded by several research focus areas within NASA's Airspace Systems program and some were co-funded by the FAA's Air Traffic Organization for Planning, Research and Technology. Results indicate that advanced trajectory-based air traffic control automation at the controller workstation integrated with data corn and moderate flight deck upgrades shows great promise to increase airspace capacity significantly in the mid-term and far-term. C1 San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Prevot, T (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 259 EP 274 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700026 ER PT B AU Wong, GL AF Wong, Gregory L. GP IEEE TI ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT COST FUNCTIONS IN THE GEOSECT AIRSPACE PARTITIONING TOOL SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB A new cost function representing air traffic controller workload is implemented in the Geosect airspace partitioning tool. Geosect currently uses a combination of aircraft count and dwell time to select optimal airspace partitions that balance controller workload. This is referred to as the aircraft count/dwell time hybrid cost function. The new cost function is based on Simplified Dynamic Density, a measure of different aspects of air traffic controller workload. Three sectorizations are compared. These are the current sectorization, Geosect's sectorization based on the aircraft count/dwell time hybrid cost function, and Geosect's sectorization based on the Simplified Dynamic Density cost function. Each sectorization is evaluated for maximum and average workload along with workload balance using the Simplified Dynamic Density as the workload measure. In addition, the Airspace Concept Evaluation System, a nationwide air traffic simulator, is used to determine the capacity and delay incurred by each sectorization. The sectorization resulting from the Simplified Dynamic Density cost function had a lower maximum workload measure than the other sectorizations, and the sectorization based on the combination of aircraft count and dwell time did a better job of balancing workload and balancing capacity. However, the current sectorization had the lowest average workload, highest sector capacity, and the least system delay. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wong, GL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Gregory.L.Wong@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 413 EP 421 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700039 ER PT S AU Lai, CF Zelinski, S AF Lai, Chok Fung Zelinski, Shannon GP IEEE TI SIMPLIFIED DYNAMIC DENSITY BASED CAPACITY ESTIMATION SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB Methods for estimating constant and variable sector capacity based on an airspace complexity metric, simplified dynamic density, are proposed. Simplified dynamic density is a weighted sum of seven traffic components that contribute to airspace complexity. Constant and variable estimates of maximum sector capacity, based on projected flight tracks, are used to constrain the traffic demand in fast-time simulations. Delays and aircraft counts resulting from these methods are compared with those obtained using the capacities in the current system and based on the "5/3 of average sector flight time" rule. Results show that the simplified dynamic density based capacities produce lower system-wide delays and more throughputs, and indicate more predictable air traffic demands during the peak traffic period. C1 [Lai, Chok Fung] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Zelinski, Shannon] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Lai, CF (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM chok.f.lai@nasa.gov; shannon.j.zelinski@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2009 BP 483 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700046 ER PT S AU Borchers, PF Day, K AF Borchers, Paul F. Day, Kevin GP IEEE TI ANALYSIS OF DIVERGENCES FROM AREA NAVIGATION DEPARTURE ROUTES AT DFW AIRPORT SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) calls for the extensive use of trajectory management for aircraft to achieve precision flight paths [1]. To understand, develop, and model systems that support these NextGen operations, especially in the terminal area, NASA is looking at today's precision operations to gain insight into the expected behavior. This paper documents characteristics of aircraft that are both on and vectored from routes in the execution of area navigation (RNAV) precision departures to support precision modeling and provide for NextGen super density operations research. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) was selected for this case study as these kinds of precise departure procedures have been in daily use there for years. One-third of DFW RNAV departures encounter some form of vectoring away from the defined RNAV routes. The majority of these, about one-quarter of the departures, are given direct routings that bypass fixes on the route and shorten the distance flown within the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON). These divergences primarily result from controllers taking advantage of opportunities in the airborne traffic, similar to direct-to routing in enroute airspace [2], and are not the result of departure sequencing or avoiding loss of separation. During the planning of the RNAV procedures, some of this vectoring was expected and even encouraged, but the number of aircraft so affected has grown over time. Pilots and air traffic controllers use the precision navigation capability required for the RNAV departure procedures to bypass portions of the routes. While this is applicable to DFW alone, it is a reminder that the human elements in the system frequently find new and innovative uses for elements of the procedures, or the technology behind them. The numbers of aircraft vectored in the course of RNAV departure operations is comparable to those departing with reduced spacing, the main benefit of the original RNAV implementation. The data presented here demonstrate the flexibility of the procedures as currently used. C1 [Borchers, Paul F.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NTX Res Stn, Ft Worth, TX USA. [Day, Kevin] Flatirons Solut, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Borchers, PF (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NTX Res Stn, Ft Worth, TX USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2009 BP 527 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700050 ER PT B AU Sridhar, B Kulkarni, D AF Sridhar, B. Kulkarni, D. GP IEEE TI IMPACT OF UNCERTAINTY ON THE PREDICTION OF AIRSPACE COMPLEXITY OF CONGESTED SECTORS SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB The ability of traffic controllers to separate aircraft determines the capacity of the region of airspace under their control, referred to as a sector. Complexity metrics, specifically dynamic density, is used as an estimate for controller workload. The prediction of dynamic density is required for the development of efficient long-term air traffic plans. This paper explores the influence of trajectory errors on the prediction of dynamic density and uses a worst-case analysis to describe the conditions under which forecast errors may lead to excessive complexity. Although the approach has general applicability, it is described using one definition of complexity. Depending on the sector and the complexity function, when a sector is highly congested, the method identifies aircraft entering the sector at certain locations, boundaries and altitudes, whose errors in prediction contribute significantly to the increase in workload. If these errors cannot be reduced, it may be necessary to limit the traffic approaching the sector from these altitudes and boundaries. C1 [Sridhar, B.; Kulkarni, D.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sridhar, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 632 EP 640 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700059 ER PT S AU Windhorst, R Refai, M Karahan, S AF Windhorst, Robert Refai, Mohamad Karahan, Sinan GP IEEE TI CONVECTIVE WEATHER AVOIDANCE WITH UNCERTAIN WEATHER FORECASTS SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC ID OPTIMIZATION AB This paper describes simulations of an automated planning system that routes flights around airspace impacted by forecasted convective weather. If the system predicts that a flight will enter a weather-impacted airspace within a predefined time horizon, it generates a new route. Because the forecasts are uncertain, the system periodically generates, using updates of the weather forecasts and radar tracks, new reroutes. The simulations included convective weather in the northeastern quadrant of the United States over a 24-hr period. Multiple simulations investigated the system performance as the planning horizon and planning frequency varied. As the planning horizon and frequency increased, the system successfully routed more traffic around weather but with more route changes. For a planning horizon of 20 to 120 minutes and a planning frequency of four cycles per hour, the reroutes increased flight time by 3.3% and avoided 79% of the weather-impacted airspaces that were detected. Most flights required one to three reroutes to pass by a weather-impacted airspace, while the worst case flights required six reroutes. C1 [Windhorst, Robert] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Refai, Mohamad; Karahan, Sinan] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Windhorst, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2009 BP 740 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700069 ER PT B AU Aweiss, A AF Aweiss, Arwa GP IEEE TI A COMPLEXITY METRIC FOR AUTOMATED SEPARATION SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB A metric is proposed to characterize airspace complexity with respect to an automated separation assurance function. The Maneuver Option metric is a function of the number of conflict-free trajectory change options the automated separation assurance function is able to identify for each aircraft in the airspace at a given time. By aggregating the metric for all aircraft in a region of airspace, a measure of the instantaneous complexity of the airspace is produced. A six-hour simulation of Fort Worth Center air traffic was conducted to assess the metric. Results showed aircraft were twice as likely to be constrained in the vertical dimension than the horizontal one. By application of this metric, situations found to be most complex were those where level overflights and descending arrivals passed through or merged into an arrival stream. The metric identified high complexity regions that correlate well with current air traffic control operations. The Maneuver Option metric did not correlate with traffic count alone, a result consistent with complexity metrics for human-controlled airspace. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Aweiss, A (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 794 EP 803 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700074 ER PT B AU Shelton, KJ Prinzel, LJ Jones, DR Allamandola, AS Arthur, JJ Bailey, RE AF Shelton, Kevin J. Prinzel, Lawrence (Lance) J., III Jones, Denise R. Allamandola, Angela S. Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III Bailey, Randall E. GP IEEE TI SURFACE MAP TRAFFIC INTENT DISPLAYS AND NET-CENTRIC DATA-LINK COMMUNICATIONS FOR NEXTGEN SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB By 2025, U.S. air traffic is predicted to increase three fold and may strain the current air traffic management system, which may not be able to accommodate this growth. In response to this challenge, a revolutionary new concept has been proposed for U.S. aviation operations, termed the Next Generation Air Transportation System or "NextGen". Many key capabilities are being identified to enable NextGen, including the use of data-link communications. Because NextGen represents a radically different approach to air traffic management and requires a dramatic shift in the tasks, roles, and responsibilities for the flight deck, there are numerous research issues and challenges that must be overcome to ensure a safe, sustainable air transportation system. Flight deck display and crew-vehicle interaction concepts are being developed that proactively investigate and overcome potential technology and safety barriers that might otherwise constrain the full realization of NextGen. The paper describes simulation research, conducted at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center, examining data-link communications and traffic intent data during envisioned four-dimensional trajectory (4DT)-based and equivalent visual (EV) surface operations. Overall, the results suggest that controller pilot data-link communications (CPDLC) with the use of mandatory pilot read-back of all clearances significantly enhanced situation awareness for 4DT and EV surface operations. The depiction of graphical traffic state and intent information on the surface map display further enhanced off-nominal detection and pilot qualitative reports of safety and awareness. C1 [Shelton, Kevin J.; Prinzel, Lawrence (Lance) J., III; Jones, Denise R.; Allamandola, Angela S.; Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III; Bailey, Randall E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Shelton, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 957 EP 971 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700089 ER PT S AU Jones, DR Prinzel, LJ Otero, SD Barker, GD AF Jones, Denise R. Prinzel, Lawrence J., III Otero, Sharon D. Barker, Glover D. GP IEEE TI COLLISION AVOIDANCE FOR AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONCEPT EVALUATION SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB An initial Collision Avoidance for Airport Traffic (CAAT) concept for the Terminal Maneuvering Area (TMA) was evaluated in a simulation study at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center. CAAT is being designed to enhance surface situation awareness and provide cockpit alerts of potential conflicts during runway, taxi, and low altitude air-to-air operations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the initial concept for an aircraft-based method of conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) in the TMA focusing on conflict detection algorithms and alerting display concepts. This paper gives an overview of the CD&R concept, simulation study, and test results. C1 [Jones, Denise R.; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III] NASA, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. [Otero, Sharon D.; Barker, Glover D.] Lockheed Martin Mission Serv, Hampton, VA USA. RP Jones, DR (reprint author), NASA, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2009 BP 972 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700090 ER PT B AU Kramer, LJ Williams, SP Wilz, SJ Arthur, JJ Bailey, RE AF Kramer, Lynda J. Williams, Steven P. Wilz, Susan J. Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III Bailey, Randall E. GP IEEE TI EVALUATION OF EQUIVALENT VISION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB Twenty-four air transport-rated pilots participated as subjects in a fixed-based simulation experiment to evaluate the use of Synthetic/Enhanced Vision (S/EV) and eXternal Vision System (XVS) technologies as enabling technologies for future all-weather operations. Three head-up flight display concepts were evaluated a monochromatic, collimated Head-up Display (HUD) and a color, non-collimated XVS display with a field-of-view (FOV) equal to and also, one significantly larger than the collimated HUD. Approach, landing, departure, and surface operations were conducted. Additionally, the apparent angle-of-attack (AOA) was varied (high/low) to investigate the vertical field-of-view display requirements and peripheral, side window visibility was experimentally varied. The data showed that lateral approach tracking performance and lateral landing position were excellent regardless of the display type and AOA condition being evaluated or whether or not there were peripheral cues in the side windows. Longitudinal touchdown and glideslope tracking were affected by the display concepts. Larger FOV display concepts showed improved longitudinal touchdown control, superior glideslope tracking, significant situation awareness improvements and workload reductions compared to smaller FOV display concepts. C1 [Kramer, Lynda J.; Williams, Steven P.; Wilz, Susan J.; Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III; Bailey, Randall E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Kramer, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 1109 EP 1124 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700103 ER PT S AU White, J Archer, C Haidt, JG Britt, CL Neece, R AF White, Joseph Archer, Cynthia Haidt, James G. Britt, Charles L. Neece, Robert GP IEEE TI FUSION OF AIRBORNE RADAR AND FLIR SENSORS FOR RUNWAY INCURSION DETECTION SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB Objects on the runway are a leading cause of accidents to landing aircraft. A recent study by RTI for NASA investigated the detection of those objects from the aircraft using sensors commonly found on commercial aircraft: infrared cameras and weather radar. Attention was given to sensor enhancements that would improve the probability of detection, followed by the development of detection routines for each sensor. Finally a fusion process was developed based on a tracking system. A laboratory-based demonstration fusion system has been developed for the detection of runway incursions. This system uses FUR data recorded from an aircraft on approach including long-wave and short-wave infrared video, aircraft navigation data from NASA flight tests, and simulated radar data based on the flight test parameters. The radar data are obtained from an updated NASA/RTI-developed Airborne Doppler Weather Radar Simulation (ADWRS) program. This paper describes the fusion process and presents initial results of system performance under clear weather night conditions. We show how the FUR processor effectively extracts targets of opportunity from the infrared imagery. The LWIR provides good target detection capabilities at night when out-the-window visibility is limited to lighted objects. The performance of the fusion algorithm is discussed, showing how it effectively removed false alarms from the FUR and radar data. The fusion process successfully tracked targets of opportunity and classified them accurately according to the incursion hazard they represented. C1 [White, Joseph] RTI Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Archer, Cynthia] FLIR Syst, Portland, OR USA. [Haidt, James G.] Consultant, Raleigh, NC USA. [Britt, Charles L.] Consultant, Williamsburg, VA USA. [Neece, Robert] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP White, J (reprint author), RTI Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2009 BP 1125 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700104 ER PT B AU Kramer, LJ Prinzel, LJ Bailey, RE Arthur, JJ Shelton, KJ Williams, SP AF Kramer, Lynda J. Prinzel, Lawrence J., III Bailey, Randall E. Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III Shelton, Kevin J. Williams, Steven P. GP IEEE TI EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC AND ENHANCED VISION TECHNOLOGIES FOR LUNAR LANDINGS SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB Eight pilots participated as test subjects in a fixed-based simulation experiment to evaluate advanced vision display technologies such as Enhanced Vision (EV) and Synthetic Vision (SV) for providing terrain imagery on flight displays in a Lunar Lander Vehicle. Subjects were asked to fly 20 approaches to the Apollo 15 lunar landing site with four different display concepts Baseline (symbology only with no terrain imagery), EV only (terrain imagery from Forward Looking InfraRed, or FUR, and Light Detection and Ranging, or LIDAR, sensors), SV only (terrain imagery from onboard database), and Fused EV and SV concepts. As expected, manual landing performance was excellent (within a meter of landing site center) and not affected by the inclusion of EV or SV terrain imagery on the Lunar Lander flight displays. Subjective ratings revealed significant situation awareness improvements with the concepts employing EV and/or SV terrain imagery compared to the Baseline condition that had no terrain imagery. In addition, display concepts employing EV imagery (compared to the SV and Baseline concepts which had none) were significantly better for pilot detection of intentional but unannounced navigation failures since this imagery provided an intuitive and obvious visual methodology to monitor the validity of the navigation solution. C1 [Kramer, Lynda J.; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Bailey, Randall E.; Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III; Shelton, Kevin J.; Williams, Steven P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Kramer, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 1134 EP 1148 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700105 ER PT B AU Cabrall, C Martin, L Lee, P Jobe, K AF Cabrall, Christopher Martin, Lynne Lee, Paul Jobe, Kimberly GP IEEE TI EXPLORATION OF HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES WITHIN A FUTURE SEPARATION ASSURANCE CONCEPT SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB The human factors (HF) impact of sweeping changes in the roles of human operators, as well as the introduction of new technologies, are being studied in NASA's Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). As part of a NASA funded project [1], a walkthrough technique was constructed to examine the effectiveness of using a low-cost method for looking at NextGen concepts in detail within a concrete operational context. A ground-based Separation Assurance (SA) concept was chosen as a specific example and its instantiation for a high-level en route air traffic controller position was selected as the focus. Test run recordings from a previous study [2] provided four off-nominal events as stimuli for our walkthrough. Each event was analyzed to identify its progression due to an action by the controller or the automation. Based on reviews of four NextGen research concepts [1, 3], 18 HF themes were selected as key areas affected by introducing NextGen automation for the SA function. These encompassed cognitive and organizational topics including attention, workload and job responsibilities. A walkthrough was constructed by applying these themes as questions to relevant points in a set of events. Six retired controllers watched each event three times. First, the event was played in real time; second, the event was stepped through and a question with a cognitive theme was asked; and third, the event was stepped through again and an organization question was asked. Participants' answers were recorded and later transcribed. Qualitative analyses selected questions that addressed the 18 themes. Results indicated valuable unique operational insights into the problems for the NextGen SA concept not previously available through human-in-the-loop simulations alone. Given that other concept exploration methods are resource-intensive (e.g. Human in the Loop), the cognitive walkthrough was found to be a low cost and reasonably rapid method for exploring HF issues. The use of a dynamic "storyboard" to provide the stimulus for the walkthrough questions, while moving away from the original cognitive walkthrough method, was considered to be essential in the domain due to the spatial and dynamic nature of controllers' expertise. C1 [Cabrall, Christopher; Martin, Lynne; Lee, Paul; Jobe, Kimberly] San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cabrall, C (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Christopher.D.Cabrall@nasa.gov; Lynne.H.Martin@nasa.gov; Paul.U.Lee@nasa.gov; Kimberly.K.Jobe@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 1200 EP 1211 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700110 ER PT B AU Homola, J Prevot, T Mercer, J Mainini, M Cabrall, C AF Homola, Jeffrey Prevot, Thomas Mercer, Joey Mainini, Matthew Cabrall, Christopher GP IEEE TI HUMAN/AUTOMATION RESPONSE STRATEGIES IN TACTICAL CONFLICT SITUATIONS SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB A human-in-the-loop simulation was conducted that examined off-nominal and tactical conflict situations in an advanced Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) environment. Traffic levels were set at two times (2X) and three times (3X) current day levels and the handling of tactical conflict situations was done either with or without support from Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment (TSAFE) automation. Strategic conflicts and all routine tasks performed in today's system were handled by ground-based automation. This paper focuses on the response strategies observed in two scripted tactical conflict situations and how they differed according to whether or not automated resolution support was provided by TSAFE. An examination of the two situations revealed that when TSAFE automation was active, participants tended to provide additional, complementary maneuvers to supplement the tactical vector issued by TSAFE. This also included a greater tendency to use both aircraft in a conflict pair. When TSAFE support was not available, participants tended to use single vector or altitude maneuvers and were more likely to attempt resolutions using a single aircraft as well. Some issues that arose through the operations simulated in this study related to the need for the Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) to be able to have final authority over the issuance of TSAFE maneuvers as well as the importance of having awareness of the immediate traffic situation in making effective and safe time-critical decisions. C1 [Homola, Jeffrey; Prevot, Thomas; Mercer, Joey; Mainini, Matthew; Cabrall, Christopher] San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Homola, J (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2009 BP 1231 EP 1245 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700113 ER PT S AU Verma, S Lozito, S Ballinger, D Kozon, T Hardy, G Resnick, H AF Verma, Savita Lozito, Sandra Ballinger, Deborah Kozon, Thomas Hardy, Gordon Resnick, Herbert GP IEEE TI COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND AUTOPILOT BREAKOUT MANEUVERS WITH THREE CLOSELY SPACED PARALLEL RUNWAY APPROACHES SO 2009 IEEE/AIAA 28TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference CY OCT 23-29, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc (AESS), Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, DATC AB This study used a high-fidelity flight simulator to explore approach operations for three closely-spaced parallel runways using autopilot and manually flown breakout procedures. An initial study investigated the concept under manual control mode only. The concept aimed to achieve visual meteorological conditions capacities under instrument meteorological conditions when landing aircraft on runways as close as 750 ft apart. This investigation studied procedures related to autopilot breakout maneuvers for triple parallel aircraft flying in an echelon formation and compared them to the manual procedures investigated earlier. All of the data collection runs had an off-nominal situation, which was either caused by the wake of the lead aircraft drifting too close to the center and trailing aircraft, or the lead aircraft deviating from its course and blundering towards the center and trailing aircraft. The location of the off-nominal situation (high/low altitude) and the position of the ownship (center or right runway) were also manipulated. Statistically significant results showed that autopilot breakout maneuvers were flown more accurately than manual breakout maneuvers. Some improved lateral separation was also observed between the paired aircraft while the autopilot was used, which could be attributed to the improved accuracies with which the breakout maneuver was flown using autopilot. On the subjective ratings, pilots experienced reduced workload, a similar level of situation awareness, and a reduced level of situational demands under the autopilot condition. Objective and subjective data from the current study extends the results from the previous research [1], with some evidence to suggest further improvement in these factors when autopilot breakout procedures are used. C1 [Verma, Savita; Lozito, Sandra; Ballinger, Deborah] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Resnick, Herbert] Raytheon Corp, Waltham, MA USA. RP Verma, S (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Savita.A.Verma@nasa.gov; Sandra.C.Lozito@nasa.gov; Deborah.S.Ballinger@nasa.gov; Thomas.E.Kozon@nasa.gov; Gordon.H.Hardy@nasa.gov; Herb.Resnick@raytheon.com NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-4077-1 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2009 BP 1342 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BPQ89 UT WOS:000279662700122 ER PT B AU Amadjikpe, AL Choudhury, D Ponchak, GE Papapolymerou, J AF Amadjikpe, Arnaud L. Choudhury, Debabani Ponchak, George E. Papapolymerou, John GP IEEE TI A Compact Conformal End-Fire Antenna for 60 GHz Wireless Applications SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI ID TAPERED SLOT ANTENNA C1 [Amadjikpe, Arnaud L.; Papapolymerou, John] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA. [Ponchak, George E.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Hillsboro, OR 44135 USA. RP Amadjikpe, AL (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA. EM arnaud.amadjikpe@gatech.edu NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 148 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400038 ER PT B AU Chung, DJ Bhattacharya, SK Ponchak, GE Papapolymerou, J AF Chung, David J. Bhattacharya, Swapan K. Ponchak, George E. Papapolymerou, John GP IEEE TI An 8x8 Lightweight Flexible Multi layer Antenna Array SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Chung, David J.; Bhattacharya, Swapan K.; Papapolymerou, John] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA. [Ponchak, George E.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chung, DJ (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 397 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400101 ER PT B AU Chamberlain, N Chen, J Focardi, P Hodges, R Hughes, R Jakoboski, J Venkatesan, J Zawadzki, M AF Chamberlain, N. Chen, J. Focardi, P. Hodges, R. Hughes, R. Jakoboski, J. Venkatesan, J. Zawadzki, M. GP IEEE TI Juno Microwave Radiometer Patch Array Antennas SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Chamberlain, N.; Chen, J.; Focardi, P.; Hodges, R.; Hughes, R.; Jakoboski, J.; Venkatesan, J.; Zawadzki, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chamberlain, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Neil.F.Chamberlain@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 417 EP 420 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400106 ER PT B AU Rungta, M Yang, H Chen, J Barton, RJ AF Rungta, Mukesh Yang, Heng Chen, Ji Barton, Richard J. GP IEEE TI Moving Average Time Reversal Communication SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Rungta, Mukesh; Yang, Heng; Chen, Ji] Univ Houston, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Barton, Richard J.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Rungta, M (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM ji.chen@mail.uh.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 992 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400250 ER PT B AU Llombart, N Cooper, KB Chattopadhyay, G Dengler, RJ Ward, J Mehdi, I Siegel, PH AF Llombart, Nuria Cooper, Ken B. Chattopadhyay, Goutam Dengler, Robert J. Ward, John Mehdi, Imran Siegel, Peter H. GP IEEE TI Design of a Two-Pixel 670 GHz Imaging Radar Using a Single Tx/Rx Module SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Llombart, Nuria; Cooper, Ken B.; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Dengler, Robert J.; Ward, John; Mehdi, Imran; Siegel, Peter H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Llombart, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nuria.llombart@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 1308 EP 1311 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400329 ER PT B AU Mueller, CH Miranda, FA AF Mueller, Carl H. Miranda, F. A. GP IEEE TI Quarter-Wave VHF Microstrip Antenna Characterized in Anechoic Chamber SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI AB A quarter-wave microstrip antenna for VHF communication systems has been fabricated and tested. The antenna is physically small, with a metallic ground plane. The antenna gain is +0.6 dBi, and the maximum H-plane cross-polarization levels are 10 dB below the maximum E-plane co-polarization levels. Measurements are performed in an anechoic antenna range designed for higher frequency testing (>1.5 GHz). The feasibility and limitations of performing VHF antenna tests under these conditions are presented. C1 [Mueller, Carl H.] QinetiQ N Amer Operat, Mission Solut Grp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Miranda, F. A.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Mueller, CH (reprint author), QinetiQ N Amer Operat, Mission Solut Grp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 1636 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085400411 ER PT B AU Pogorzelski, RJ AF Pogorzelski, Ronald J. GP IEEE TI The History of the Development of the Continuum Model of Coupled Oscillator Arrays - A Review SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI ID PHASED-ARRAYS; DYNAMICS C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pogorzelski, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM pogo@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 2128 EP 2131 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085401062 ER PT B AU Oh, SW Lee, JK Huang, J Chang, K AF Oh, Seong-Won Lee, Jung-Kyu Huang, John Chang, Kai GP IEEE TI A Six-Band Reflectarray Antenna SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI ID MICROSTRIP REFLECTARRAY C1 [Oh, Seong-Won; Lee, Jung-Kyu; Chang, Kai] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Huang, John] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 97709 USA. RP Oh, SW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM osw123@tamu.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 2791 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085401228 ER PT B AU Yu, A Yang, F Elsherbeni, AZ Huang, J AF Yu, Ang Yang, Fan Elsherbeni, Atef Z. Huang, John GP IEEE TI A Single Layer Broadband Circularly Polarized Reflectarray Based on the Element Rotation Technique SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI ID VARIABLE SIZE; PATCHES C1 [Yu, Ang; Yang, Fan; Elsherbeni, Atef Z.] Univ Mississippi, Dept Elect Engn, CAESR, University, MS 38677 USA. [Huang, John] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yu, A (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Elect Engn, CAESR, University, MS 38677 USA. EM ayu@olemiss.edu; fyang@olemiss.edu; atef@olemiss.edu; john.huang3313@gmail.com NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 2799 EP 2802 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085401230 ER PT B AU Rengarajan, SR Zawadzki, MS Hodges, RE AF Rengarajan, Sembiam R. Zawadzki, Mark S. Hodges, Richard E. GP IEEE TI Development of a Large Ka Band Waveguide Array for Digital Beamforming Application SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Rengarajan, Sembiam R.] Calif State Univ Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. [Rengarajan, Sembiam R.; Zawadzki, Mark S.; Hodges, Richard E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rengarajan, SR (reprint author), Calif State Univ Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 2967 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085401272 ER PT B AU Jordan, JL Scardelletti, MC Ponchak, GE AF Jordan, Jennifer L. Scardelletti, Maximilian C. Ponchak, George E. GP IEEE TI High Temperature Antenna Measurement System with GSG or GS Contact Probing Capability SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Jordan, Jennifer L.; Scardelletti, Maximilian C.; Ponchak, George E.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Jordan, JL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Jennifer.L.Jordan@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 3431 EP 3434 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085401388 ER PT B AU Llombart, N Chattopadhyay, G Lee, C Gill, J Skalare, A Mehdi, I Siegel, PH AF Llombart, Nuria Chattopadhyay, Goutam Lee, Choonsup Gill, John Skalare, Anders Mehdi, Imran Siegel, Peter H. GP IEEE TI Narrow Angle Lens Antenna for THz Applications SO 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JUN 01-05, 2009 CL N Charleston, SC SP IEEE, USNC, URSI C1 [Llombart, Nuria; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Lee, Choonsup; Gill, John; Skalare, Anders; Mehdi, Imran; Siegel, Peter H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Llombart, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM nuria.llombart@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3646-0 PY 2009 BP 3625 EP 3628 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BON71 UT WOS:000277085401437 ER PT B AU de Nolfo, GA Hunter, SD Link, JT Son, S Guardala, NA Stark, B AF de Nolfo, Georgia A. Hunter, Stanley D. Link, Jason T. Son, Seunghee Guardala, Noel A. Stark, Bob GP IEEE TI Neutron Imaging Camera SO 2009 IEEE CONFERENCE ON TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOMELAND SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security CY MAY 11-12, 2009 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE DE neutron imagaing; fast neutrons; SNM detection ID CHAMBER AB We describe the Neutron Imaging Camera (NIC) being developed for DTRA applications by NASA/GSFC and NSWC/CD. The NIC is based on the Three-Dimensional Track Imager (3-DTI) technology developed at GSFC for gamma-ray astrophysics applications. The 3-DTI, a large volume time-projection chamber, provides accurate -0.4 unit resolution, 3-D tracking of charged particles. The incident direction of fast neutrons, E-n greater than or similar to 0.1 MeV, are reconstructed from the momenta and energies or the proton and triton fragments resulting from He-3(n,p)H-3 interactions in the 3-DTI volume. We present angular resolution performance of the NIC derived from accelerator tests. C1 [de Nolfo, Georgia A.; Hunter, Stanley D.; Link, Jason T.; Son, Seunghee] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Guardala, Noel A.] NSWC, Carderock, West Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. RP de Nolfo, GA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Hunter, Stanley/D-2942-2012; de Nolfo, Georgia/E-1500-2012 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4178-5 PY 2009 BP 274 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics GA BMZ02 UT WOS:000273959900041 ER PT B AU Bejczy, AK AF Bejczy, Antal K. GP IEEE TI THE IEEE ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION SOCIETY HISTORY SO 2009 IEEE CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF TECHNICAL SOCIETIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference on History of Technical Societies CY AUG 05-07, 2009 CL Philadelphia, PA SP IEEE, IEEE His Ctr, IEEE Hist Comm DE component; robotics; automation; ICRA; IEEE societies; IEEE councils AB The evolution of the IEEE Robotics and Automation (RAS) is described, including the process of organizing a new IEEE society and significant events and individuals in the history of RAS. C1 [Bejczy, Antal K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5119-7 PY 2009 BP 393 EP 399 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Engineering; History & Philosophy of Science GA BPV39 UT WOS:000280089600055 ER PT S AU Devasia, S Iamratanakul, D Chatterji, G Meyer, G AF Devasia, Santosh Iamratanakul, Dhanakorn Chatterji, Gano Meyer, George GP IEEE TI Decoupled Conflict-Resolution Procedures for Decentralized Air Traffic Control SO 2009 IEEE CONTROL APPLICATIONS CCA & INTELLIGENT CONTROL (ISIC), VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE International Conference on Control Applications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Control Applications/International Symposium on Intelligent Control CY JUL 08-10, 2009 CL St Petersburg, RUSSIA SP IEEE Control Sys Soc AB This article addresses the decoupling of conflict resolution procedures (CRPs) for decentralized, en-route, air traffic control. The main contribution of this article is to identify necessary and sufficient conditions to decouple CRPs. Additionally, the article demonstrates the existence of such decentralized en-route CRPs, which guarantee global conflict resolution. C1 [Devasia, Santosh; Iamratanakul, Dhanakorn] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Chatterji, Gano; Meyer, George] Ames Res Ctr, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Moffett Field, CA 94087 USA. RP Devasia, S (reprint author), Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM devasia@u.washington.edu; na@u.washington.edu; Gano.B.Chatterji@nasa.gov; gmeyer@nasa.gov FU NASA Ames Research Center [NAG 2-1277, NAG 2-1450, NNA04C131G] FX Manuscript received May 4, 2009; revised July 26, 2010; accepted November 3, 2010. Date of publication February 10, 2011; date of current version June 6, 2011. This work was supported by the NASA Ames Research Center under Grant NAG 2-1277, Grant NAG 2-1450, and Grant NNA04C131G. The Associate Editor for this paper was J.-P. B. Clarke. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1085-1992 BN 978-1-4244-4601-8 J9 IEEE INTL CONF CONTR PY 2009 BP 837 EP + DI 10.1109/CCA.2009.5281138 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BPQ18 UT WOS:000279628300142 ER PT S AU Elbuluk, ME Hammoud, A Patterson, R AF Elbuluk, Malik E. Hammoud, Ahmad Patterson, Richard GP IEEE TI Wide Range Temperature Sensors for Harsh Environments SO 2009 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING SE IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 44th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Industry-Applications-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc DE SOI technology; Extreme temperature electronics; Deep space missions; Temperature sensors; Aircraft engine AB Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) parts are designed for high temperature applications and the potential exists about their performance at cryogenic temperature conditions. In this paper, the performance of Sol devices and circuits were evaluated under extreme temperatures and thermal cycling. Two oscillator circuits were constructed using a new Sol 555 timer chip and used as temperature sensors in harsh environments encompassing jet engines and space mission applications. The circuits, were evaluated between -190 degrees C and +200 degrees C. The output of each circuit produced a stream of square pulses whose frequency was a function of the sensed temperature. The results indicate that both circuits performed relatively well over the entire test temperature range. In addition, the performance of either circuit did not undergo any change after subjecting the circuits to limited thermal cycling over the temperature regime of -190 degrees C and +200 degrees C, and the circuits were able to cold start at -195 degrees C. C1 [Elbuluk, Malik E.] Univ Akron, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Hammoud, Ahmad] ASRC Aerosp Inc, Power Technol Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Patterson, Richard] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Elbuluk, ME (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM melbuluk@uakron.edu; ahmad.hammoud@grc.nasa.gov; Richard.l.patterson@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 978-1-4244-3475-6 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 2009 BP 181 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Industrial SC Engineering GA BNW46 UT WOS:000275738800027 ER PT S AU Kascak, P Jansen, R Dever, T Nagorny, A Loparo, K AF Kascak, Peter Jansen, Ralph Dever, Timothy Nagorny, Aleksandr Loparo, Kenneth GP IEEE TI Bearingless Five-Axis Rotor Levitation with Two Pole Pair Separated Conical Motors SO 2009 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING SE IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 44th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Industry-Applications-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc DE Bearingless Motor; Conical Motor; 5-axis levitation AB In some high performance applications, such as high speed rotating machinery, systems where access for maintenance is limited, or operating environments with extreme temperatures and pressures, motors without mechanical bearings would be preferred. This paper presents the theory, simulation, and lab results of a new type of fully magnetically levitated bearingless motor. The motors are wound without internally connecting the pole pairs, and force is controlled by varying rotor reference frame d-axis current to each pole pair. This in turn raises or lowers the flux caused by the permanent magnets, creating a flux imbalance on the periphery of the rotor [1], which in turn creates a net force on the rotor. The conical shape of the motor allows forces to be created in both radial and axial directions, allowing these motors full 5-axis levitation. C1 [Kascak, Peter] Univ Toledo, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Jansen, Ralph; Dever, Timothy] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Nagorny, Aleksandr] ResMed Motor Technol, Chatsworth, CA 91311 USA. [Loparo, Kenneth] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Kascak, P (reprint author), Univ Toledo, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM peter.kascak@grc.nasa.gov; Ralph.H.Jansen@nasa.gov; TDever@nasa.gov; AleksandrN@ResMed.com; kenneth.loparo@case.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 978-1-4244-3475-6 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 2009 BP 206 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Industrial SC Engineering GA BNW46 UT WOS:000275738800031 ER PT S AU Xargay, E Dobrokhodov, V Kitsios, I Kaminer, I Jones, KD Hovakimyan, N Cao, CY Lizarraga, ML Gregory, IM AF Xargay, Enric Dobrokhodov, Vladimir Kitsios, Ioannis Kaminer, Isaac Jones, Kevin D. Hovakimyan, Naira Cao, Chengyu Lizarraga, Mariano L. Gregory, Irene M. GP IEEE TI Flight Validation of a Metrics Driven L-1 Adaptive Control in the Presence of General Unmodeled Dynamics SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation ICCA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation CY DEC 09-11, 2009 CL Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND SP IEEE ID ROBUSTNESS AB The paper summarizes the results of an ongoing effort in the development and flight validation and verification of the metrics driven L-1 adaptive flight control system. In particular, the paper develops a unified framework for design, implementation, validation and verification of flight critical control systems including: (i) definition of experimental control validation technique that accounts for generalized plant uncertainties or unmodeled dynamics; (ii) tuning the developed L-1 adaptive controller to explicitly address performance metrics in the presence of modeling uncertainties under adverse flight conditions; (iii) development of a flight control system testing environment for implementation of the resulting algorithms onboard of a small unmanned aerial vehicle; and (iv) designing and conducting of a comprehensive flight test validation and verification program that demonstrates performance of the proposed adaptive control algorithm. C1 [Xargay, Enric; Hovakimyan, Naira] Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Dobrokhodov, Vladimir; Kitsios, Ioannis; Kaminer, Isaac; Jones, Kevin D.] Naval Postgrad Sch, Dept Mech & Astronaut Engn, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. [Cao, Chengyu] Univ Connecticut, Dept Comp Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Gregory, Irene M.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Lizarraga, Mariano L.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Comp Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Xargay, E (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM xargay@illinois.edu; vldobr@nps.edu; ikitsios@nps.edu; kaminer@nps.edu; jones@nps.edu; nhovakim@illinois.edu; ccao@engr.uconn.edu; malife@soe.ucsc.edu; irene.m.gregory@nasa.gov RI Dobrokhodov, Vladimir/C-3443-2009 FU NASA [NNX08AB97A, NNX08AC81A, NNL08AA12I]; Hellenic Air Force Research [KAE 0482/EF11-410] FX This work was sponsored in part by NASA Grants NNX08AB97A, NNX08AC81A, and NNL08AA12I, and Hellenic Air Force Research Grant (KAE 0482/EF11-410). NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1948-3449 BN 978-1-4244-4706-0 J9 IEEE INT CONF CON AU PY 2009 BP 2243 EP + DI 10.1109/ICCA.2009.5410355 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BQB01 UT WOS:000280542300390 ER PT S AU Erickson, D Daniel, J Allen, M Ganguly, A Hoffman, F Pawson, S Ott, L Neilson, E AF Erickson, David Daniel, Jamison Allen, Melissa Ganguly, Auroop Hoffman, Forrest Pawson, Steven Ott, Lesley Neilson, Eric BE Saygin, Y Yu, JX Kargupta, H Wang, W Ranka, S Yu, PS Wu, XD TI Data Mining Geophysical Content from Satellites and Global Climate Models SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA MINING WORKSHOPS (ICDMW 2009) SE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining CY DEC 06-09, 2009 CL Miami Beach, FL SP Knime, Mitre, CRC Press AB We present an example of a simulated global climate model that is intended to stream real-time NASA data into the geophysical and climate science and assessment community over the next 5-10 years. It is known that the 3-D atmospheric wave structures and transport physics interact with spatially and time varying surface sources and sinks of CO2, and that this communication between surface and atmosphere results in an exceedingly complicated evolution of atmospheric CO2 in time and space. Data mining techniques may be applied to the further development this 4-D model by incorporating satellite-generated data sets for hundreds of geophysical climate variables into existing simulation structures. These data sets are of order 100's of Terabytes. Data mining will allow the determination of the fluxes of atmospheric CO2. Data mining and knowledge acquisition contribute to the accurate determination of the sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2, facilitating among other scientific discoveries, global treaty verification. C1 [Erickson, David; Daniel, Jamison; Allen, Melissa; Ganguly, Auroop; Hoffman, Forrest] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Pawson, Steven; Ott, Lesley; Neilson, Eric] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Erickson, D (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RI Ott, Lesley/E-2250-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Hoffman, Forrest/B-8667-2012 OI Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Hoffman, Forrest/0000-0001-5802-4134 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2375-9232 BN 978-1-4244-5384-9 J9 INT CONF DAT MIN WOR PY 2009 BP 214 EP + DI 10.1109/ICDMW.2009.109 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BUS95 UT WOS:000290247100034 ER PT S AU Mattmann, CA Crichton, DJ Braverman, A Williams, D Gunson, M Woollard, D Kelly, S Cayanan, M AF Mattmann, Chris A. Crichton, Daniel J. Braverman, Amy Williams, Dean Gunson, Michael Woollard, David Kelly, Sean Cayanan, Michael BE Saygin, Y Yu, JX Kargupta, H Wang, W Ranka, S Yu, PS Wu, XD TI A Distributed Computing Infrastructure for the Evaluation of Climate Models using NASA Observational Data SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA MINING WORKSHOPS (ICDMW 2009) SE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining CY DEC 06-09, 2009 CL Miami Beach, FL SP Knime, Mitre, CRC Press AB We describe and motivate an emerging distributed data analysis environment for the empirical evaluation of climate models. This work has several components, including: model scoring, initialization and parameterization, all of which require massive amounts of NASA observational data. Though the effort is in its nascence, there has been recent success in partnering with the DOE Earth System Grid to unify data from NASA's AIRS mission and model outputs available from the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI). C1 [Mattmann, Chris A.; Crichton, Daniel J.; Braverman, Amy; Gunson, Michael; Woollard, David; Kelly, Sean; Cayanan, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Williams, Dean] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Mattmann, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mattmann@ipl.nasa.gov; williams13@llnl.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2375-9232 BN 978-1-4244-5384-9 J9 INT CONF DAT MIN WOR PY 2009 BP 231 EP + DI 10.1109/ICDMW.2009.23 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BUS95 UT WOS:000290247100037 ER PT B AU Kiely, AB Xu, MS Song, WZ Huang, RJ Shirazi, B AF Kiely, Aaron B. Xu, Mingsen Song, Wen-Zhan Huang, Renjie Shirazi, Behrooz GP IEEE TI Adaptive Linear Filtering Compression on Realtime Sensor Networks SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PERVASIVE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS (PERCOM), VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications CY MAR 09-13, 2009 CL Galveston, TX SP IEEE ID WAVE-FORM DATA; LOSSLESS COMPRESSION; TRANSMISSION; ALGORITHM; STORAGE AB We present a lightweight lossless compression algorithm for realtime sensor networks. Our proposed Adaptive Linear Filtering Compression (ALFC) algorithm performs predictive compression, using adaptive linear filtering to predict sample values followed by entropy coding of prediction residuals, encoding a variable number of samples into fixed-length packets. Adaptive prediction eliminates the need to determine prediction coefficients a priori and, more importantly, allows compression to dynamically adjust to a changing source. The algorithm requires only integer arithmetic operations and thus is compatible with sensor platforms that do not support floating-point operations. Significant robustness to packets losses is provided by including small but sufficient overhead data to allow samples in each packet to be independently decoded. Real-world evaluations on seismic data from a wireless sensor network testbed show that ALFC provides more effective compression and uses less resources than some other lossless compression approaches such as S-LZW. Experiments in a multi-hop sensor network also show that ALFC can significantly improve raw data throughput and energy efficiency.(1) C1 [Kiely, Aaron B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Xu, Mingsen; Song, Wen-Zhan; Huang, Renjie; Shirazi, Behrooz] Washington State Univ, Sensorweb Res Lab, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA. RP Kiely, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Aaron.B.Kiely@jpl.nasa.gov; mingsen_xu@wsu.edu; songwz@wsu.edu; renjie_huang@wsu.edu; shirazi@wsu.edu FU NASA ESTOAIST program; USGS Volcano Hazard program [NNX06AE42G] FX The research described in this paper was supported by NASA ESTO AIST program and USGS Volcano Hazard program under the research grant NNX06AE42G. The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, and at Washington State University NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3303-2 PY 2009 BP 263 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BKO10 UT WOS:000268744400030 ER PT S AU Malin, JT Throop, DR Millward, C Schwarz, HA Gomez, F Thronesbery, C AF Malin, Jane T. Throop, David R. Millward, Christopher Schwarz, Hansen A. Gomez, Fernando Thronesbery, Carroll GP IEEE TI Linguistic Text Mining for Problem Reports SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2009), VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 11-14, 2009 CL San Antonio, TX SP IEEE DE text mining; natural language understanding; knowledge discovery; ontology AB This paper describes a linguistic text mining tool for analyzing problem reports in aerospace engineering and safety organizations. The Semantic Trend Analysis Tool (STAT) helps analysts find and review recurrences, similarities and trends in problem reports. The tool is being used to analyze engineering discrepancy reports at NASA Johnson Space Center. The tool has been augmented with a statistical natural language parser that also resolves parsing gaps and identifies verb arguments and adjuncts. The tool uses an aerospace ontology augmented with features of taxonomies and thesauruses. The ontology defines hierarchies of problem types, equipment types and function types. STAT uses the output of the parser and the aerospace ontology to identify words and phrases in problem report descriptions that refer to types of hazards, equipment damage, performance deviations or functional impairments. Tool performance has been evaluated on 120 problem descriptions from problem reports, with encouraging results. C1 [Malin, Jane T.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Software Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Throop, David R.] Boeing Co, Houston, TX USA. [Millward, Christopher; Schwarz, Hansen A.; Gomez, Fernando] Univ Cent Florida, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Orlando, FL USA. [Thronesbery, Carroll] S&K Aerosp Inc, Houston, TX USA. RP Malin, JT (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Software Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM jane.t.malin@nasa.gov; david.r.throop@nasa.gov; cmillward@cs.ucf.edu; hschwartz@cs.ucf.edu; gomez@eecs.ucf.edu; carroll.g.thronesbery@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 978-1-4244-2793-2 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2009 BP 1578 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSMC.2009.5346056 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BPP02 UT WOS:000279574600269 ER PT S AU Stancliff, SB Dolan, J Trebi-Ollennu, A AF Stancliff, Stephen B. Dolan, John Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey GP IEEE TI Planning to Fail - Reliability Needs to Be Considered a Priori in Multirobot Task Allocation SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2009), VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 11-14, 2009 CL San Antonio, TX SP IEEE DE Multirobot systems; reliability; task allocation AB The reliability of individual team members has a substantial and complex influence on the success of multirobot missions. When one robot fails, other robots must be retasked to complete the tasks that were assigned to the failed robot. This in turn increases the likelihood of these other robots failing, since they have more work to do. Existing multirobot task allocation systems consider robot failures only after the fact by replanning after a failure occurs. We hypothesize that it should be important to consider robot reliabilities when generating an initial plan. In this paper we test this hypothesis in the context of the multirobot exploration problem. We take a simple exhaustive planner and compare the plan it chooses against the optimal plan that takes into account robot failures and the backup plans that occur after failure. Our results show that for this problem domain, making an initial plan without regards to individual robot reliabilities results in choosing a suboptimal plan most of the time, and that the difference in mission performance between the chosen plan and the optimal plan is usually substantial. In brief, in order to successfully plan we must 'plan to fail'. C1 [Stancliff, Stephen B.; Dolan, John] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Stancliff, SB (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM sbs@cmu.edu; jmd@cmu.edu; Ashitey.Trebi-Ollennu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 978-1-4244-2793-2 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2009 BP 2362 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSMC.2009.5346359 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BPP02 UT WOS:000279574601103 ER PT S AU Priestley, KJ Smith, GL Thomas, S Cooper, D Lee, RB Walikainen, D Hess, P Szewczyk, ZP Wilson, R AF Priestley, Kory J. Smith, G. Louis Thomas, Susan Cooper, Denise Lee, Robert B., III Walikainen, Dale Hess, Phillip Szewczyk, Z. Peter Wilson, Robert GP IEEE TI NPP CLOUDS AND THE EARTH'S RADIANT ENERGY SYSTEM (CERES) PREDICTED SENSOR PERFORMANCE CALIBRATION AND PRELIMINARY DATA PRODUCT PERFORMANCE SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE CERES; NPP; Earth radiation budget AB Continuation of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) Climate Data Record (CDR) has been identified as critical in the 2007 NRC Decadal Survey, the Global Climate Observing System WCRP report, and in an assessment titled 'Impacts of NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification on Joint NASA-NOAA Climate Goals'. In response, the final existing CERES Flight Model (FM-5) will fly on the NPP spacecraft for launch in 2010. The CERES FM-5 pre-flight radiometric characterization program has benefited from the operational experience of the CERES EOS sensors. Improvements to the pre-flight program included increased sampling under vacuum conditions and additional tests to characterize the primary and transfer standards in the calibration facility Future opportunities for ERB CDR continuity consist of procuring an additional CERES Sensor with modest performance upgrades for flight on the NPOESS C 1 spacecraft in 2013, followed by a new CERES follow-on sensor for flight in 2018 on the NPOESS C3 spacecraft. C1 [Priestley, Kory J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Smith, G. Louis; Lee, Robert B., III] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Thomas, Susan; Cooper, Denise; Walikainen, Dale; Hess, Phillip; Szewczyk, Z. Peter; Wilson, Robert] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Priestley, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. FU Science Directorate of Langley Research Centre; Earth Enterprise Office of NASA for the CERES Project FX The authors are grateful to the Science Directorate of Langley Research Centre and to the Earth Enterprise Office of NASA for the support of the CERES Project. They also acknowledge the excellent work performed by the people of Northrop-Grumman Space Division. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 96 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5416933 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100025 ER PT S AU Rott, H Heidinger, M Nagler, T Cline, D Yueh, S AF Rott, Helmut Heidinger, Markus Nagler, Thomas Cline, Don Yueh, Simon GP IEEE TI RETRIEVAL OF SNOW PARAMETERS FROM KU-BAND AND X-BAND RADAR BACKSCATTER MEASUREMENTS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Snow; ice; SAR; backscatter; inversion AB Techniques for the retrieval of snow properties from Ku- and X-band radar backscatter measurements were Investigated. The work contributes to feasibility studies for the CoReH2O satellite mission of ESA for which a dual frequency SAR, operating at Ku-band (17.2 GHz) and X-band (9.6 GHz), VV and VH polarizations, is proposed. A main parameter to be measured is the snow water equivalent (SWE). For the retrieval of SWE it is necessary to separate the backscatter contributions of the snow volume and the background target and to account for effects of snow gram size. The current version of the SWE retrieval algorithm applies the maximum likelihood approach matching radiative transfer forward computations with measured backscatter data. An application example for SWE retrieval is shown for the Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX-II) in Alaska, using Ku-band data of the NASA-JPL PolScat and X-band data of the TerraSAR-X satellite as input C1 [Rott, Helmut; Heidinger, Markus; Nagler, Thomas] ENVEO IT GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria. [Cline, Don] NOAA, NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MN USA. [Rott, Helmut] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Yueh, Simon] CalTech, JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rott, H (reprint author), ENVEO IT GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria. FU European Space Agency, ESTEC [20756/07/NL/CB] FX The investigations were kindly supported by the European Space Agency, ESTEC Contract No. 20756/07/NL/CB. The German Aerospace Research Center (DLR) supplied the TerraSAR-X data. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 395 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418024 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100100 ER PT S AU Zavorotny, VU Akos, DM Walsh, EJ AF Zavorotny, Valery U. Akos, Dennis M. Walsh, Edward J. GP IEEE TI COMPARING WIND SPEED RETRIEVALS FROM GPS REFLECTOMETRY WITH SFMR SURFACE WIND SPEEDS IN HURICANE IKE (2008) SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Bistatic radar; global positioning system (GPS); oceanography; retrievals; scatterometry ID SIGNALS AB Recently, a compact system, able to record raw GPS intermediate frequency (IF) samples has been designed and tested by the research group at the CU/Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department. Such an approach provides the most fundamental measurement, enabling the most advanced and complete post-processing, with data volumes on the order of 1GB/minute. In 2008 this system was flying on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft which collected research-mission data on Hurricane Ike. During two flights there was collected about 800 GB of raw data for flight lags that transverse the hurricane eye and away from it. After the flights the correlation waveforms for both direct and reflected signals were retrieved from the raw data for all available satellites and sea surface roughness estimates were produced. Those retrievals were compared with the Step Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) measurements of the surface wind speed. As expected, the data show a high sensitivity of the GPS bistatic radar signals to ocean surface roughness However, the system of swells generated by various parts of the hurricane complicates the picture and makes the problem of wind retrieval non-trivial. C1 [Zavorotny, Valery U.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. [Akos, Dennis M.] Univ Colorado, Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Walsh, Edward J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Zavorotny, VU (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 429 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418035 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100109 ER PT S AU Foster, J Hall, D Eylander, J AF Foster, James Hall, Dorothy Eylander, John GP IEEE TI A NEW BLENDED SNOW PRODUCT USING VISIBLE, MICROWAVE AND SCATTEROMETER SATELLITE DATA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Snow; microwave; MODIS; scatterometer ID ALGORITHM; COVER AB For this blended product, snow cover extent, snow water equivalent (SWE) and snowmelt are mapped and measured globally on a daily or near-daily basis, initially at a resolution of 25 km, utilizing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for NASA's Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) passive microwave data and QuikSCAT scatterometer data. A snow algorithm referred to as the Air Force, NASA Snow Algorithm (ANSA) has been developed, and is still being fine tuned, to derive the above stated snow parameters. The algorithm results have thus far been evaluated in the lower Great Lakes area of North America, in Colorado (Cold Lands Project Experiment sites) in portions of Finland, and eastern Turkey. C1 [Foster, James; Hall, Dorothy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Eylander, John] HQ AF Weather Agcy, Offut AB, NE USA. RP Foster, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM JAMES.L.FOSTER@NASA.GOV RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 810 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418145 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100205 ER PT S AU Qiu, YB Shi, JC Lemmetyinen, J Kontu, A PuIiainen, J Guo, HD Jiang, LM Wang, JR Haikainen, M Zhang, L AF Qiu, Yubao Shi, Jiancheng Lemmetyinen, Juha Kontu, Anna PuIiainen, Jouni Guo, Huadong Jiang, Lingmei Wang, James R. Haikainen, Martti Zhang, Li GP IEEE TI THE ATMOSPHERE INFLUENCE TO AMSR-E MEASUREMENTS OVER SNOW-COVERED AREAS: SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Snow Cover; Atmosphere Influence; HUT Snow Model; Experiment Measurement ID WATER EQUIVALENT; MODEL AB In satellite passive microwave measurements, the sky brightness temperature is a function of frequencies, sensitive to parameters such as water vapor content, liquid water (cloud and precipitation), oxygen, hydrometeors and atmospheric temperature. In order to investigate the atmospheric influence to the retrieval of snow parameters quantitatively, firstly, we combined the HUT (Helsinki University of Technology) snow emission model (except the atmosphere parameterization) and an atmosphere model to do theoretical simulation estimations We indicate that the C and X band atmospheric influence could be ignored, while the atmosphere is a non-negligible absorber and emitter of microwave radiation at frequencies higher than 19 GHz. We also launched a 13-day experimental measurement in winter time over Sodankyla. Finland, with synchronous satellite (AMSR-E) and tower-based radiometer measurements, together with extensive in-situ atmospheric measurement dataset The evaluation result indicates that the atmosphere plays a relative positive contribution (about 20K for 36 5GHz and 89.0/94 0Gliz) The difference between satellite observation and point experiment comparison suggests conducting more physical model work with atmosphere contribution. C1 [Qiu, Yubao; Guo, Huadong; Zhang, Li] Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. [Shi, Jiancheng] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Comput Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Lemmetyinen, Juha; Kontu, Anna; PuIiainen, Jouni] Arctic Res Ctr, FMI, FI-99600 Fodankyla, Finland. [Jiang, Lingmei] Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Geog, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Wang, James R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Haikainen, Martti] Aalto Univ, Dept Radio Sci & Engn, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. RP Qiu, YB (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China. RI Kontu, Anna/O-8886-2014 OI Kontu, Anna/0000-0001-6880-6260 FU China "973" Program [2009CB723906]; "SNOW-CLIM" in Finland Meteorological Institute; National High Technology Research and Development Program("863"Program) of China [2008AA12Z110]; "Open Foundation" from Institute of Plateau Meteorology FX This work is funded by the China "973" Program (NO. 2009CB723906), SNOW-CLIM in Finland Meteorological Institute, National High Technology Research and Development Program("863"Program) of China (NO. 2008AA12Z110) and Open Foundation from Institute of Plateau Meteorology (e-mail: ybqiu@ceode.ac. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 861 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418158 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100218 ER PT S AU Ventura, B Casarano, D Notarnicola, C Janssen, M Posa, F AF Ventura, B. Casarano, D. Notarnicola, C. Janssen, M. Posa, F. CA Cassini Radar Sci Team GP IEEE TI COMBINED USE OF CASSINI RADAR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEASUREMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE TITAN MORPHOLOGY SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Cassini Radar; radiometer; Titan landscape; inversion algorithm; electromagnetic models ID LAKES AB This paper focuses on the Titan surface parameters retrieval with emphasis on a combination of passive and active microwave measurements from Cassini spacecraft on the areas characterized by large liquid surfaces and neighboring land areas. The methodology consists of a combination of direct modeling and inversion algorithms First, these surfaces have been described by means of a double layer model which considers an upper liquid hydrocarbons layer and a lower layer compatible with the radar response of the neighboring areas. This model is introduced into a Bayesian framework for the purpose of inferring the likely ranges of some parameters, in particular the optical thickness of the hypothesized liquid hydrocarbons layer and the wind speed Second, the optical thickness information is used as an input to a forward radiative transfer model calculation to obtain simulated brightness temperatures. Comparison of the observed and computed brightness temperatures allows addressing the consistency of the observations from the two instruments C1 [Ventura, B.; Posa, F.] Dipartimento Interateneo Fis, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy. [Casarano, D.] CNR, IRPL, Bari, Italy. [Notarnicola, C.] EURAC, Inst Appl Remote Sensing, Bolzano, Italy. [Janssen, M.; Cassini Radar Sci Team] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Ventura, B (reprint author), Dipartimento Interateneo Fis, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 953 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418185 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100241 ER PT S AU Paradise, S Garay, MJ Braverman, A Wilson, B AF Paradise, Susan Garay, Michael J. Braverman, Amy Wilson, Brian GP IEEE TI THE AEROSOL MEASUREMENT AND PROCESSING SYSTEM AND APPLICATIONS TO AFRICAN STUDIES SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Aerosols; Data acquisition ID MODIS AB The Aerosol Measurement and Processing System (AMAPS) simplifies access to large satellite and ground-based aerosol data sets by allowing computationally expensive and I/O intensive operations to be performed by the systems that host the data sources and then returning the condensed results in a simple common format This significantly reduces much of the overhead associated with data retrieval and storage, particularly for large and intrinsically complex data sets AMAPS further facilitates data analysis by providing generalized algorithms that are consistently applied to different data sources in a manner transparent to the user For example, common geolocation and collocation algorithms are available for multiple instruments, along with interpolation of geophysical retrievals, such as aerosol optical thickness (AOT), to common wavelengths AMAPS also includes a common set of tools for data reduction. analysis, and plotting In this paper, we describe the AMAPS system and demonstrate the application of the tool for aerosol studies tailored to the African continent and surrounding areas C1 [Paradise, Susan; Garay, Michael J.; Braverman, Amy; Wilson, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Paradise, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1137 EP 1140 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418238 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100288 ER PT S AU Whitcomb, J Moghaddam, M McDonald, K Podest, E AF Whitcomb, J. Moghaddam, M. McDonald, K. Podest, E. GP IEEE TI MAPPING CANADIAN WETLANDS USING L-BAND RADAR SATELLITE IMAGERY S SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE JERS; boreal; wetlands AB Previously, we have developed a robust algorithm for mapping boreal wetlands using L-band satellite radar Imagery, and in particular have used the method to produce a complete vegetated wetlands map of Alaska using the JERS radar data In this work, we apply this algorithm to produce a static map of Canadian wetlands from the 1997-98 era JERS radar data at 100-m resolution, to be followed in the future by 2007-era ALOS/PALSAR maps C1 [Whitcomb, J.; Moghaddam, M.] Univ Michigan, Radiat Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [McDonald, K.; Podest, E.] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Whitcomb, J (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Radiat Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jbwhit@umich.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1283 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418280 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054100325 ER PT S AU Joseph, AT van der Velde, R O'Neill, PE Lang, R Gish, T AF Joseph, A. T. van der Velde, R. O'Neill, P. E. Lang, R. Gish, T. GP IEEE TI A VEGETATION CORRECTION METHODOLOGY APPLIED FOR SOIL MOISTURE RETRIEVAL FROM C-BAND RADAR OBSERVATIONS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Vegetation correction; soil moisture; radar; retrieval algorithms ID MISSION AB This research presents a methodology to correct backscatter (sigma(0)) observations for vegetation effects. The proposed methodology is based on the concept that the ratio between the surface scattering over the total amount of scattering (sigma(0)(surface)/sigma(0)(soil)) is affected only by the vegetation and can be described as a function of the vegetation water content. The data set used in this study was collected at USDA's Optimizing Production Inputs for Economic and Environmental Enhancement (OPE3) experimental site in Beltsville, Maryland (USA) over a corn growth cycle in 2002 and includes C-band (4 75 GHz) HH- and VV-polarized observations acquired at incidence angles of 15, 35 and 55 degrees During this period the corn crops reached peak biomass of 6.6 kg m(-2) and a soil moisture range varying from 0.02 to 0.26 cm(3)cm(-3) The results show that through application of the proposed vegetation correction methodology the soil moisture retrieval accuracy can be improved from 0.033 to 0 032 cm(3)cm(-3), 0.049 to 0 033 cm(3)cm(-3), and 0.079 to 0 047 cm(3)cm(-3) at incidence angles of 15, 35 and 55 degrees, respectively C1 [Joseph, A. T.; O'Neill, P. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch 614 3, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [van der Velde, R.] Int Inst Geo Informat Sci & Earth & Observat ITC, Enschede, Netherlands. [Lang, R.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Gish, T.] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Joseph, AT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch 614 3, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; van der Velde, Rogier /K-8623-2013 OI van der Velde, Rogier /0000-0003-2157-4110 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1351 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418192 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101013 ER PT S AU Kelly, AC Volz, SM Yuhas, CL Case, WF AF Kelly, Angelita C. Volz, Stephen M. Yuhas, Cheryl L. Case, Warren F. GP IEEE TI CONSTELLATIONS: A NEW PARADIGM FOR EARTH OBSERVATIONS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE A-Train; Constellation; remote sensing; Earth observations AB The last decade has seen a significant increase in the number and the capabilities of remote sensing satellites launched by the International community A relatively new approach is the launching of heterogeneous satellites to form constellations. Constellations provide scientists a capability to acquire science data, not only from specific instruments on a single satellite, but also from instruments on other satellites that fly in close proximity. Constellation design is driven primarily by science requirements Scientists from each member satellite choose the orbit that enables their science and concurrent observations with the other satellites. Although the satellites are controlled by different organizations around the world, the teams cooperate and coordinate operations to ensure safety. This paper presents the benefits of joining an on-orbit constellation and ideas for the long-term evolution of constellations. C1 [Kelly, Angelita C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Mission Operat Project, Mission Validat & Operat Branch, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Volz, Stephen M.; Yuhas, Cheryl L.] NASA, Sci Miss Directorate, Earth Sci Div, Washington, DC USA. [Case, Warren F.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Washington, DC USA. RP Kelly, AC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Mission Operat Project, Mission Validat & Operat Branch, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1375 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418144 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101019 ER PT S AU Ruzmaikin, A Aumann, HH AF Ruzmaikin, Alexander Aumann, Hartmut H. GP IEEE TI MODES OF NATURAL AND FORCED CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN 6 YEARS OF AIRS AND AMSU DATA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE IR Sounder; Empirical Mode Decomposition ID DECOMPOSITION; CONSTRAINTS AB We use the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advance Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data obtained on Aqua spacecraft to study mid-tropospheric temperature variability in 2002-2008 The AIRS and AMSU deliver accurate, simultaneous measurements of the state of the atmosphere twice per day. We investigate the temperature variability at the surface and in a broad layer centered on 400 hPa in a zonally averaged 0 - 30 degrees N region over the ocean. Taking into account the nonlinear and non-stationary behavior of the temperature we use the data analysis adaptive to the data, the Empirical Mode Decomposition, to separate the atmosphere response to the CO2 Increase from the modes of natural climate variability. Our tentative conclusions are as follows. (1) the AIRS record shows a phase shift relative to CO2 and a trend in accord with the increase of CO2; (2) the simultaneous AMSU record is in agreement with the cooling of the tropical ocean that may be caused in part by the decline in solar activity. C1 [Ruzmaikin, Alexander; Aumann, Hartmut H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ruzmaikin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alexander.Ruzmaikin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1383 EP 1386 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418128 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101021 ER PT S AU Bouvet, M Goryl, P Huot, JP Antoine, D Barker, K Bourg, L Deschamps, PY Doerffer, R Fischer, J Mazeran, C Ondrusek, M Santer, R Werdell, J Zagolski, F Zibordi, G AF Bouvet, M. Goryl, P. Huot, J. P. Antoine, D. Barker, K. Bourg, L. Deschamps, P. -Y. Doerffer, R. Fischer, J. Mazeran, C. Ondrusek, M. Santer, R. Werdell, J. Zagolski, F. Zibordi, G. GP IEEE TI THE MERIS WATER PRODUCTS: PERFORMANCE, CURRENT ISSUES AND POTENTIAL FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE MERIS; Ocean Colour AB MERIS Level 1 and Level 2 water products will be improved in the 3(rd) MERIS reprocessing which is planned to take place before the end of 2009 The instrument radiometric degradation model will be updated Improvements to the atmospheric correction in both case 1 and case 2 waters will be implemented. A vicarious adjustment strategy to remove residual biases in the Level 2 marine signals will be put in place In addition, a cloud screening scheme with improved detection capabilities will improve the cirrus detection capability. In parallel, long term algorithmic improvements are being pursued and are partially covered by three exploratory ongoing studies. The first study addresses the limitation of the current MERIS atmospheric correction scheme in sun glint conditions The second aims at defining an operational adjacency effect correction. The third study makes use of the ability of MERIS to measure transmission in the O-2-A oxygen band to better identify and characterize clouds and aerosols C1 [Bouvet, M.; Huot, J. P.] ESA ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1,PB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Goryl, P.] ESA ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. [Barker, K.] ARGANS, Plymouth, Devon, England. [Bourg, L.; Mazeran, C.] ACRI, ACRI, Italy. [Deschamps, P. -Y.] LOA, LOA, Italy. [Doerffer, R.] GKSS, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Fischer, J.] FUB, Berlin, Germany. [Ondrusek, M.] NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Santer, R.] ULCO, Dunkerque, France. [Werdell, J.] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [Zagolski, F.] PARBLEU, Milan, Italy. [Zibordi, G.] JRC, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Bouvet, M (reprint author), ESA ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1,PB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. RI Werdell, Jeremy/D-8265-2012; Ondrusek, Michael/F-5617-2010 OI Ondrusek, Michael/0000-0002-5311-9094 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1538 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417817 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101060 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Chang, TJ AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Chang, Tiejun GP IEEE TI Performance of MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands On-orbit Calibration Algorithm SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE MODIS; Blackbody; Calibration AB MODIS has 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB) covering wavelengths from 3.75 to 14 24 mu m. They are calibrated on a scan-by-scan basis using a quadratic calibration algorithm and data collected from detector responses to the instrument on-board blackbody (BB) and space view (SV) The MODIS on-board BB was designed to be capable of operating at temperatures varying from instrument ambient (about 270K) to 315K. This function has allowed the TEB nonlinear calibration coefficients to be characterized on-orbit and updated as needed. Following a brief description of MODIS TEB calibration methodologies and BB on-orbit operations, this paper provides an assessment of algorithm performance. Variations of detector short-term and long-term responses and their calibration impact are examined and quantified. Individual contributions from the BB, instrument scan cavity, and scan mirror thermal emissions are analyzed. A comparison is also made of Terra and Aqua TEB on-orbit performance C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chang, Tiejun] Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1573 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417754 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101069 ER PT S AU O'Neill, P Lang, R Kurum, M Joseph, A Cosh, M Jackson, T AF O'Neill, Peggy Lang, Roger Kurum, Mehmet Joseph, Alicia Cosh, Michael Jackson, Thomas GP IEEE TI MICROWAVE SOIL MOISTURE RETRIEVAL UNDER TREES USING A MODIFIED TAU-OMEGA MODEL SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE soil moisture; retrieval algorithms; microwave radiometry; trees; tau-omega model ID EMISSION; CORN AB During 2007-2009 field experiments have been conducted using the ComRAD microwave truck instrument system with a goal of optimizing microwave soil moisture retrieval algorithms for small to medium deciduous and coniferous trees. A joint effort of NASA / GSFC and George Washington University, ComRAD consists of a quad-polarized 1.25 GHz radar and a dual-polarized 1.4 GHz radiometer sharing the same antenna. In the current study, ComRAD microwave data and ground truth measurements of soil moisture, temperature, soil texture, and vegetation water content and geometry statistics have been used to assess whether the zero-order tau-omega model can be employed successfully to retrieve soil moisture under tree canopies using effective values for tau (the vegetation opacity) and omega (the single scattering albedo). In addition, the tau-omega model has been modified to include a first-order scattering term, which will be discussed in a companion paper [1]. C1 [O'Neill, Peggy; Joseph, Alicia] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lang, Roger; Kurum, Mehmet] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Cosh, Michael; Jackson, Thomas] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP O'Neill, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; OI Cosh, Michael/0000-0003-4776-1918 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1592 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417757 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101074 ER PT S AU Kurum, M Lang, RH Utku, C O'Neill, PE AF Kurum, Mehmet Lang, Roger H. Utku, Cuneyt O'Neill, Peggy E. GP IEEE TI A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY OF FOREST CANOPIES SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Forest; soil moisture; microwave radiometry; radiative transfer theory; scattering ID VEGETATION AB A first order scattering model is developed and tested at 1.4 GHz by using microwave brightness temperature data acquired over deciduous tree canopies in Maryland during 2007. Microwave measurements at several incident angles and supporting ground truth data (including size/angle distributions of tree constituents) have been collected over stands of deciduous Paulownia trees under full canopy and leaf-drop conditions Detailed ground truth data obtained during this experiment have been used to compute the additional radiation due to scattering and emission by the vegetation components The preliminary model predictions are in good agreement with the data and they give quantitative understanding for the influence of the first order scattering within the canopy on the radiometer brightness temperature. The model results using tree ground truth show that the scattering term is significant for trees and that the tau-omega model needs modification to account for additional scattering contribution Numerical simulations also indicate that the single scattered radiation increases the canopy brightness temperature considerably. These simulations show that the scattering term has a negligible dependence on soil moisture and is only function of angle and polarization. C1 [Kurum, Mehmet; Lang, Roger H.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Utku, Cuneyt] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [O'Neill, Peggy E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kurum, M (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM kurum@gwu.edu; lang@gwu.edu; cuneyt.utku@nasa.gov; peggy.e.oneill@nasa.gov RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 1596 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417758 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101075 ER PT S AU Ramachandran, R Graves, S Berendes, T Maskey, M Chidambaram, C Christopher, S Hogan, P Gaskins, T AF Ramachandran, Rahul Graves, Sara Berendes, Todd Maskey, Manil Chidambaram, C. Christopher, S. Hogan, Patrick Gaskins, Tom GP IEEE TI GLIDER: A COMPREHENSIVE SOFTWARE TOOL TO VISUALIZE, ANALYZE AND MINE SATELLITE IMAGERY SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Data Mining; Satellite Imagery; Pattern Recognition AB There is a dearth of software tools that allow users to easily visualize, analyze and mine satellite imagery. The few tools that are available are expensive commercial packages that provide limited functionality. As part of a NASA funded project, a software tool named GLIDER is currently being developed to fill this void. GLIDER allows users to visualize and analyze satellite data in its native sensor view. Users can enhance the image by applying different image processing algorithms on the data. GLIDER provides the users with a full suite of pattern recognition and data mining algorithms that can be applied to the satellite imagery to extract thematic information. The suite of algorithms includes both supervised and unsupervised classification algorithms. In addition, users can project satellite imagery and analysis/mining results onto a 3D globe for visualization. GLIDER also allows users to add additional layers to the globe along with the projected image. Users can open multiple views within GLIDER to manage, visualize and analyze many data files all at once. This paper describes the features of GLIDER version 1.0. C1 [Ramachandran, Rahul; Graves, Sara; Berendes, Todd; Maskey, Manil; Chidambaram, C.; Christopher, S.] Univ Alabama, Informat Technol & Syst Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Hogan, Patrick; Gaskins, Tom] NASA AMES, World Wind Team, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Ramachandran, R (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Informat Technol & Syst Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. FU NASA ACCESS [NNX08AQ06A] FX This work has been funded by NASA ACCESS Grant # NNX08AQ06A. We would also like to acknowledge Dr. Frank Lindsay, Steve Berrick and Martha Maiden for supporting and guiding this effort. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2083 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101199 ER PT S AU Jones, LA Kimball, JS Podest, E McDonald, KC Chan, SK Njoku, EG AF Jones, Lucas A. Kimball, John S. Podest, Erika McDonald, Kyle C. Chan, Steven K. Njoku, Eni G. GP IEEE TI A METHOD FOR DERIVING LAND SURFACE MOISTURE, VEGETATION OPTICAL DEPTH, AND OPEN WATER FRACTION FROM AMSR-E SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE AMSR-E; microwave radiometry; soil moisture; vegetation; water resources ID SOIL-MOISTURE AB We developed an algorithm to estimate surface soil moisture, vegetation optical depth and fractional open water cover using satellite microwave radiometry. Soil moisture results compare favorably with a simple antecedent site precipitation index, and respond rapidly to precipitation events indicated by TRMM. High optical depth reduces soil moisture sensitivity in forests and croplands during peak biomass, although tundra locations maintain soil moisture sensitivity despite high optical depth. Optical depth varies with characteristic seasonality across vegetation cover types and tracks measures of vegetation canopy cover from MODIS. The algorithm developed in this study is able to monitor the daily variability of several important land surface state variables. C1 [Jones, Lucas A.; Kimball, John S.] Univ Montana, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Jones, Lucas A.; Kimball, John S.] Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. [Podest, Erika; McDonald, Kyle C.; Chan, Steven K.; Njoku, Eni G.] CALTECH, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Jones, LA (reprint author), Univ Montana, Numer Terradynam Simulat Grp, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2218 EP + PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101233 ER PT S AU Chai, L Shi, J Du, J Tao, J Jackson, T O'neill, PE Zhang, L Qu, Y Wang, J AF Chai, Linna Shi, J. Du, J. Tao, J. Jackson, T. O'neill, P. E. Zhang, L. Qu, Y. Wang, J. GP IEEE TI A STUDY ON ESTIMATION OF ABOVEGROUND WET BIOMASS BASED ON THE MICROWAVE VEGETATION INDICES SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE passive microwave; microwave vegetation indices; AMSR-E; vegetation wet biomass ID SCATTERING; EMISSION; FORESTS AB Vegetation biomass is an important parameter in the carbon cycle study. In this paper, a new technique to estimate aboveground vegetation wet biomass based on the Microwave Vegetation Indices (MVIs), which are computed through the observed brightness temperature of AMSR-E/Aqua under two adjacent frequencies, has been developed. The MVIs can provide significant new information compared with the conventional optical vegetation indices since the microwave measurements are sensitive not only to the leafy part of vegetation properties but also to the properties of the overall vegetation canopy where the microwave sensor can "see" through. We know that the absorption effect of vegetation canopy is mostly controlled by the total wet biomass. In this technique, we first retrieve the single scattering albedo and the optical thickness based on model simulations under AMSR-E configuration. Then, the estimated above two properties are used to derive the absorption fraction of vegetation. Finally, it can be related to the aboveground vegetation wet biomass. C1 [Chai, Linna; Shi, J.; Du, J.; Tao, J.; Zhang, L.; Qu, Y.; Wang, J.] Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Normal Univ, State Key Lab Remote Sensing Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Chai, Linna; Tao, J.; Zhang, L.; Qu, Y.; Wang, J.] Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Geog & remote Sensing Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Shi, J.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Du, J.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Remote Sensing Applicat, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. [Jackson, T.] USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [O'neill, P. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chai, L (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Normal Univ, State Key Lab Remote Sensing Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. EM camille_chai@163.com FU National Basic Research Program of China [2007CB714403] FX This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2007CB714403). NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2226 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101235 ER PT S AU Whitcomb, J Moghaddam, M McDonald, K Podest, E Chapman, B AF Whitcomb, J. Moghaddam, M. McDonald, K. Podest, E. Chapman, B. GP IEEE TI DECADAL CHANGE IN NORTHERN WETLANDS BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF JERS AND PALSAR DATA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE JERS; PALSAR; boreal; wetlands AB We have been developing a continental-scale map of the North American boreal wetlands based on L-Band SAR imagery collected in 1997-1998 by the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) [1]. The map currently covers the entire state of Alaska, identifying up to nine wetlands classes and two uplands classes. We have also recently obtained and classified a region of L-Band SAR imagery collected in 2007 by the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-Band SAR (PALSAR). Herein, we compare the results of the PALSAR classification to those of the JERS classification in order to detect changes in wetlands type or extent during the decade-long interval between the two sets of SAR imagery. C1 [Whitcomb, J.; Moghaddam, M.] Univ Michigan, Radiat Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [McDonald, K.; Podest, E.; Chapman, B.] CALTECH, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Whitcomb, J (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Radiat Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jbwhit@umich.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2253 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101242 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Wenny, B Barnes, W Salomonson, V AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Wenny, Brian Barnes, William Salomonson, Vincent GP IEEE TI An Overview of MODIS Calibration and Characterization and Lessons Learned SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE MODIS; Blackbody; Calibration ID ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION; PERFORMANCE; BANDS AB Terra and Aqua MODIS have flown for more than 9 years and 7 years, respectively. Data products derived from MODIS observations have been publically distributed and widely used by the science community and users worldwide. MODIS observations are made in 36 spectral bands covering wavelengths from visible (VIS) to long-wave infrared (LWIR). Its on-orbit calibration and characterization are regularly performed using a set of on-board calibrators. This paper provides an overview of sensor calibration and characterization activities, performance, and lessons learned. Though having been operated beyond their design lifetime (6 years), both instruments continue to function well and make major contributions to remote sensing applications Lessons from both MODIS missions have provided and will continue to provide valuable information for future missions and sensor development. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wenny, Brian] ST Syst Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Barnes, William] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Salomonson, Vincent] Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2397 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101278 ER PT S AU Habib, S Policelli, F Irwin, D Korme, T Adler, B Hong, Y AF Habib, Shahid Policelli, Fritz Irwin, Dan Korme, Tesfaye Adler, Bob Hong, Yang GP IEEE TI Application of Satellite Observations to Manage Natural Disasters in the Lake Victoria Basin SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE AB Lake Victoria, the second largest fresh water lake in the Eastern part of Africa is a vital natural resource for the economic well being and prosperity of over 30 million people located in riparian regions of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. It covers a large area of about 68,870 km(2) and produces a GDP of about US $30 billion per year. The region is also very much prone to natural disasters such as severe floods during heavy precipitation periods in the Eastern part of Africa. In addition to floods, the precipitation also produces large infestations of mosquito larvae due to the standing water in many areas. This further causes multiple vector borne diseases such as Malaria, Rift Valley Fever and more. These problems are of serious concern and require active and aggressive surveillance and management to minimize the loss of human and animal lives and property damage. Satellite imagery and observations along with the in situ measurements provide a great tool to analyze and study this area and inform the policy makers to make calculated policy decisions which are beneficial to the environment. Recently, NASA and USAID have joined forces with the Regional Center for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD) located in Nairobi, Kenya to utilize multiple NASA sensors such as TRMM, SRTM and MODIS to develop flood potential maps for the Lake Victoria Basin. The idea is to generate a flood forecasts and remote sensing data has proven extremely valuable for identifying the location, extent, and severity of these events However, despite extraordinary efforts on the part of remote sensing data providers to rapidly deliver such maps, there is typically a delay of several days or even weeks from the onset of flooding until such maps are available to the disaster management community This paper summarizes efforts at NASA to address this problem through development of an integrated and automated process of a) flood detection b) flood forecasting, c) satellite data acquisition, d) rapid flood mapping and distribution, and e) validation of flood forecasting and detection products. C1 [Habib, Shahid; Policelli, Fritz] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Habib, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Hong, Yang/D-5132-2009 OI Hong, Yang/0000-0001-8720-242X NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2401 EP + PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101279 ER PT S AU Kangas, V Colliander, A AF Kangas, Ville Colliander, Andreas GP IEEE TI RECEIVER AS A RADIOMETER CALIBRATION TARGET SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Radiometers; Calibration; Receiver Target AB What is proposed in this paper as a new, novel idea is to use the input port of a complete radiometer receiver as a calibration target instead of a dedicated Active Cold Load (ACL). What is also proposed is to use the input port as a phase calibration target as well Modern LNA technology has made very low noise figures and return losses possible; both key parameters for a cold and stable ACL. Low noise figure and good matching combined with a typical high isolation of an amplifier makes it possible to use a receiver itself as a cold calibration target. This is beneficial in instruments inherently having (at least) two receivers (pushbroom or polarimetric radiometer for example). C1 [Kangas, Ville] European Space Agcy, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Colliander, Andreas] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kangas, V (reprint author), European Space Agcy, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2505 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417358 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101305 ER PT S AU Williams, ML Milne, T Tapley, I Reis, JJ Sanford, M Kofman, B Hensley, S AF Williams, M. L. Milne, T. Tapley, I. Reis, J. J. Sanford, M. Kofman, B. Hensley, S. GP IEEE TI TROPICAL FOREST BIOMASS RECOVERY USING GEOSAR OBSERVATIONS SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE SAR; Interferometry; Low frequency; Tropical; Forest; Biomass; Carbon AB Tropical forests host some 40% of the world's above-ground vegetation biomass. Tropical forest biomass estimation from remote sensing is a key Issue for REDD and carbon market credit allocation and monitoring At present there is no consensus on the appropriate remote sensing technologies for tropical forest areas. Cloud cover in the tropics and biomass saturation suggest that a combination of low-frequency SAR and interferometry (either PolInSAR or dual-band interfereomtric SAR - DBInSAR) can provide a solution The airborne GeoSAR collects X-band and P-band InSAR data simultaneously, at a rate of 288 sq km / minute, and is used for wide-area mapping Tropical forest biomass recovery using X-P DBInSAR and P-band backscattering cross section has been demonstrated from an airborne platform. The technique is applied to GeoSAR data of tropical forests. We show that GeoSAR X-P interferometric data alone may be used to recover tropical forest biomass, removing ambiguity associated with variation in ground conditions The effects of terrain slope on biomass recovery are discussed. Airborne observation would yield only a "snapshot" of biomass and carbon stocks. We suggest that a combination of GeoSAR observation with PALSAR data for forest/non-forest classification, plus natural sequestration modelling, should provide an accurate measure of tropical forest biomass temporal variation at high-spatial resolution. C1 [Williams, M. L.; Reis, J. J.; Sanford, M.; Kofman, B.] Fugro EarthData Inc, 7320 Execut Way, Frederick, MD 21704 USA. [Tapley, I.] Horizon Geosci Consulting, Perth, WA, Australia. [Milne, T.] UNSW, Sch BEES, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [Hensley, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Williams, ML (reprint author), Fugro EarthData Inc, 7320 Execut Way, Frederick, MD 21704 USA. EM mlwilliams@earthdata.com NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2553 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417346 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101317 ER PT S AU Bucini, G Saatchi, S Hanan, N Boone, RB Smit, I AF Bucini, Gabriela Saatchi, Sassan Hanan, Niall Boone, Randall B. Smit, Izak GP IEEE TI WOODY COVER AND HETEROGENEITY IN THE SAVANNAS OF THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE woody cover; savanna; Lanthat; JERSI ID PATTERNS AB The woody vegetation of the Kruger National Park vanes greatly in species composition, biomass and cover at regional scales. This study focuses on woody (tree and shrub) cover as a defining characteristic of savannas. We combine field measurements, optical and radar remote sensing to map woody cover across the whole of the Kruger Park at medium resolution (90 m). We also explore relationships between the mapped woody cover, climate, soil, topography, fire and herbivory. The spatial and temporal variability of woody cover is significant for Park managers in support of priorities relating to maintenance of structural and biotic heterogeneity. We derive a product that quantifies the spatial heterogeneity in woody cover within 1-km cells. C1 [Bucini, Gabriela; Hanan, Niall; Boone, Randall B.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. [Saatchi, Sassan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Smit, Izak] South Africa Natl Parks, Sci Serv, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa. RP Bucini, G (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RI Boone, Randall/N-6566-2013; OI Hanan, Niall/0000-0002-9130-5306 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 2714 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417381 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054101358 ER PT S AU Choi, T Xiong, X Chander, G Angal, A AF Choi, Taeyoung (Jason) Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack) Chander, Gyanesh Angal, Amit GP IEEE TI Assessment of the short-term radiometric stability between Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ sensors SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Landsat; L7 ETM+; Terra MODIS; MODTRAN; RSR; radiometric calibration; cross-calibration; stability monitoring ID CALIBRATION AB Short-term radiometric stability was evaluated using continuous ETM+ scenes within a single orbit (contact period) and the corresponding MODIS scenes for the four matching solar reflective visible and near-infrared (VNIR) band pairs between the two sensors. The near-simultaneous earth observations were limited by the smaller swath size of ETM+ (183 km) compared to MODIS (2330 km) Two sets of continuous granules for Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ were selected and mosaicked based on pixel geolocation information for noncloudy pixels over the African continent. The matching pixel pairs were resampled from a fine to a coarse pixel resolution, and the at-sensor spectral radiance values for a wide dynamic range of the sensors were compared and analyzed, covering various surface types The following study focuses on radiometric stability analysis from the VNIR band-pairs of ETM+ and MODIS The Libya-4 desert target was included in the path of this continuous orbit, which served as a verification point between the short-term and the long-term trending results from previous studies MODTRAN at-sensor spectral radiance simulation is included for a representative desert surface type to evaluate the consistency of the results C1 [Choi, Taeyoung (Jason); Angal, Amit] SSAI, 10210 Greenbelt Rd, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chander, Gyanesh] SGT Inc, EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Choi, T (reprint author), SSAI, 10210 Greenbelt Rd, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 FU U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) [08HQCN0] FX Work performed under U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) contract 08HQCN0 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3193 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417501 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102074 ER PT S AU Hess, L Ratana, P Huete, A Potter, C Melack, J AF Hess, Laura Ratana, Piyachat Huete, Alfredo Potter, Chris Melack, John GP IEEE TI USE OF MODIS ENHANCED VEGETATION INDEX TO DETECT SEASONAL PATTERNS OF LEAF PHENOLOGY IN CENTRAL AMAZON VARZEA FOREST SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Varzea; phenology; EVI; flooded forest; MODIS ID TREES; BASIN AB MODIS 16-day composite EVI, NDVI, and VI Quality Analysis values for 2000-2005 were extracted for 21 varzea forest sites along the Solimoes-Amazon floodplain west of Manaus, Brazil. VI values were filtered to exclude dates with VI-QA values greater than 3, and time series of median values of the remaining pixels were examined in conjunction with river stage levels recorded at the Manacapuru gauge. All sites showed a regular seasonal variation in EVI, ranging from a mean low for all sites of 0.41 to a mean high of 0 61 The amplitude of variability in NDVI was about 50% that of EVI. Minimum EVI, corresponding to minimum leaf area, occurred in late May, about 40 days preceding maximum river stage; EVI peaked in mid-October, about 30 days before lowest river levels. These temporal patterns are in general agreement with field observations of leaf phenology at varzea stands near Manaus C1 [Hess, Laura; Melack, John] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Ratana, Piyachat; Huete, Alfredo] Univ Arizona, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Potter, Chris] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Hess, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RI Huete, Alfredo/C-1294-2008; OI Huete, Alfredo/0000-0003-2809-2376; Ratana, Piyachat/0000-0002-1853-2860 FU NASA under LBA-ECO [LC-07, LC-32] FX This work was funded by NASA under LBA-ECO investigations LC-07 and LC-32 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3387 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417550 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102123 ER PT S AU Zamalieva, D Aksoy, S Tilton, JC AF Zamalieva, Daniya Aksoy, Selim Tilton, James C. GP IEEE TI FINDING COMPOUND STRUCTURES IN IMAGES USING IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND GRAPH-BASED KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Image segmentation; object detection; graph-based analysis AB We present an unsupervised method for discovering compound image structures that are comprised of simpler primitive objects. An initial segmentation step produces image regions with homogeneous spectral content. Then, the segmentation is translated into a relational graph structure whose nodes correspond to the regions and the edges represent the relationships between these regions. We assume that the region objects that appear together frequently can be considered as strongly related This relation is modeled using the transition frequencies between neighboring regions, and the significant relations are found as the modes of a probability distribution estimated using the features of these transitions Experiments using an Ikonos image show that subgraphs found within the graph representing the whole image correspond to parts of different high-level compound structures. C1 [Zamalieva, Daniya; Aksoy, Selim] Bilkent Univ, Dept Comp Engn, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. [Tilton, James C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Comput & Informat Sci & Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zamalieva, D (reprint author), Bilkent Univ, Dept Comp Engn, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. EM daniya@cs.bilkent.edu.tr; saksoy@cs.bilkent.edu.tr; James.C.Tilton@nasa.gov RI Aksoy, Selim/C-3365-2008 OI Aksoy, Selim/0000-0003-4185-0565 FU TUBITAK CAREER [104E074] FX Daniya Zamalieva and Selim Aksoy were supported in part by the TUBITAK CAREER grant 104E074 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3677 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417683 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102197 ER PT S AU Sun, G Ranson, KJ AF Sun, G. Ranson, K. Jon GP IEEE TI FOREST BIOMASS RETRIEVAL FROM LIDAR AND RADAR SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE lidar; radar; forest; biomass; DESDynI ID TOPOGRAPHY; VEGETATION; HEIGHT; SAR AB The use of lidar and radar instruments to measure forest structure attributes such as height and biomass are being considered for future Earth Observation satellite missions. Combined use of lidar sampling data and complete global coverage of L-band SAR data for vegetation 3D structure mapping requires some new data processing and fusion technologies. In this study, the potential information on biomass from a lidar waveform and the required lidar samples for reliable biomass estimation were investigated using both model and real data. First, the Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) data was used to generate an above-ground biomass map of the study site. The map was considered to represent the true biomass of the area. Then random samples were taken from the biomass image and the correlation between biomass and co-located SAR signature was studied. The proper model was used to extend the biomass from lidar samples into all forested areas in the study area. The new biomass map was compared with the original biomass map derived from LVIS data. The results showed the potential of the combined use of lidar samples and radar imagery for forest biomass mapping. C1 [Sun, G.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Ranson, K. Jon] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sun, G (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM Guoqing.Sun@nasa.gov; kenneth.j.ranson@nasa.gov RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270 FU NASA Remote Sensing Science Program [NNG06G133G]; University of Maryland, College Park - NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program (NASA ) [NAG512112] FX This work is partially supported by NASA Remote Sensing Science Program (grant number NNG06G133G). The LVIS data sets were provided by the Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) team in the Laser Remote Sensing Branch at NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre with support from the University of Maryland, College Park. Funding for the collection and processing of the 2003 Northeastern USA data was provided by NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program (NASA Grant number NAG512112). The authors also thank JAXA for providing the ALOS-PALSAR data. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3725 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417671 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102209 ER PT S AU Mitchell, A Ramapriyan, H Lowe, D AF Mitchell, Andrew Ramapriyan, Hampapuram Lowe, Dawn GP IEEE TI Evolution of Web Services in EOSDIS - Search and Order Metadata Registry (ECHO) SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Earth Science; ECHO; EOS; EOSDIS; Web Services; metadata; WSDL; SOA; SOAP AB During 2005 through 2008, NASA defined and implemented a major evolutionary change in the Earth Observing system Data and Information System (EOSDIS) to modernize its capabilities. This implementation was based on a vision for 2015 developed during 2005. The "EOSDIS 2015 Vision" emphasizes increased end-to-end data system efficiency and operability; increased data usability; improved support for end users; and decreased operations costs. One key feature of the Evolution plan was achieving higher operational maturity (ingest, reconciliation, search and order, performance, error handling) for the NASA's Earth Observing System Clearinghouse (ECHO). The ECHO system is an operational metadata registry through which the scientific community can easily discover and exchange NASA's Earth science data and services. ECHO contains metadata for 2,726 data collections comprising over 87 million individual data granules and 34 million browse images. consisting of NASA's EOSDIS Data Centers' and the United States Geological Survey's Landsat Project holdings. ECHO stores metadata from a variety of science disciplines and domains, including Climate Variability and Change, Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems, Earth Surface and Interior, Atmospheric Composition, Weather, and Water and Energy Cycle. ECHO provides a platform for the publication, discovery, understanding and access to NASA's Earth Observation resources (data, service and clients). In their native state, these data, service and client resources are not necessarily targeted for use beyond their original mission. However, with the proper interoperability mechanisms, users of these resources can expand their value, by accessing, combining and applying them in unforeseen ways. ECHO provides access to its capabilities through a set of services. These ECHO Applications Program Interfaces (APIs) are based on industry standards for performing web-based computing, specifically web services profile. C1 [Mitchell, Andrew; Ramapriyan, Hampapuram; Lowe, Dawn] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mitchell, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3796 EP 3799 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417653 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102227 ER PT S AU Ramachandran, R Movva, S Conover, H Lynnes, C AF Ramachandran, Rahul Movva, Sunil Conover, Helen Lynnes, Chris GP IEEE TI TALKOOT SOFTWARE APPLIANCE FOR COLLABORATIVE SCIENCE SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Talkoot; Drupal; Open Science; Science 2 0; Collaborative Portals AB On the emerging "Social Web," millions of people offer their knowledge online in a collective knowledge system comprising an active community of motivated members posting problems and solutions in blogs, forums, mailing lists, collaborative portals and other Web 2.0 technologies. These technologies complement formal means of sharing knowledge via conferences and published papers, where it is impossible to share all the research details, and where negative results are rarely included. A small but growing number of scientists and researchers are beginning to harness these Web 2 0 technologies as a transformative way of doing science With the advent of Service Oriented Architectures, the model of chaining services to create analysis workflows provides the research community unprecedented opportunity to collaborate, sharing their workflows with one another, reproducing and analyzing research results, and leveraging colleagues' expertise to expedite the process of scientific knowledge discovery. A crucial component needed for this unprecedented level of cooperation within the research community is a reusable, extensible and customizable environment for building collaborative "open science" portals for managing these shared analysis workflows. This paper describes the design and the development of Talkoot, a customizable "software appliance" to build collaborative portals for Earth Science services and analysis workflows C1 [Ramachandran, Rahul; Movva, Sunil; Conover, Helen] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Lynnes, Chris] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ramachandran, R (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RI Lynnes, Christopher/B-4506-2010 OI Lynnes, Christopher/0000-0001-6744-3349 FU NASA ACCESS [NNX08AT90A] FX This work has been funded by NASA ACCESS Grant # NNX08AT90A. We would also like to acknowledge Dr. Frank Lindsey, Steve Berrick and Martha Maiden for supporting and guiding this effort. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3803 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417651 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102229 ER PT S AU Wolfe, RE Ridgway, BL Patt, FS Masuoka, EJ AF Wolfe, Robert E. Ridgway, Bill L. Patt, Fred S. Masuoka, Edward J. GP IEEE TI MODIS SCIENCE ALGORITHMS AND DATA SYSTEMS LESSONS LEARNED SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE EOS; MODIS; science data system; algorithm AB For almost 10 years, standard global products from NASA's Earth Observing System's (EOS) two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors are being used world-wide for earth science research and applications This paper discusses the lessons learned in developing the science algorithms and the data systems needed to produce these high quality data products for the earth sciences community. Strong science team leadership and communication, an evolvable and scalable data system, and central coordination of QA and validation activities enabled the data system to grow by two orders of magnitude from the initial at-launch system to the current system able to reprocess data from both the Terra and Aqua missions in less than a year. Many of the lessons learned from MODIS are already being applied to follow-on missions. C1 [Wolfe, Robert E.; Masuoka, Edward J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-5,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Ridgway, Bill L.] NASA, SSAI, Lanham, MD USA. [Patt, Fred S.] NASA, SAIC GSC, Seabrook, MD USA. RP Wolfe, RE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-5,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM robert.e.wolfe@nasa.gov RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3898 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417627 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102253 ER PT S AU McPherson, CJ Reagan, JA Ferrare, RA Hostetler, CA Hair, JW AF McPherson, Christopher J. Reagan, John A. Ferrare, Richard A. Hostetler, Chris A. Hair, Johnathan W. GP IEEE TI METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS FROM FUTURE SPACEBORNE HIGH SPECTRAL RESOLUTION LIDAR DATA SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 12-17, 2009 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP IEEE DE Laser radar; Aerosols AB The limitations of single wavelength elastic scatter lidar with regard to retrieving various optical or microphysical properties of the observed aerosols are well known. Typical retrieval methodologies rely on elastic scatter information at at least two wavelengths, together with either temporally or geographically inferred estimates of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio Se or aerosol model parameters which constrain the solution in such a way as to be consistent with the optical properties of commonly observed aerosol types High spectral resolution lidars (HSRL) now facilitate unambiguous, direct measurement of aerosol extinction and backscatter profiles, greatly augmenting the level of information available for determining aerosol type or other relevant parameters. In this paper, we explore a methodology for using HSRL data at one wavelength to facilitate retrievals from traditional elastic scatter data at other wavelengths. Further, we extend the scope of the technique to improving aerosol models used to constrain retrievals from multi-wavelength elastic scatter lidars We explore this methodology in the context of currently available HSRL technology as well as anticipated future spaceborne HSRL systems. C1 [McPherson, Christopher J.; Reagan, John A.] Univ Arizona, 1230 E Speedway Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Ferrare, Richard A.; Hostetler, Chris A.; Hair, Johnathan W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP McPherson, CJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, 1230 E Speedway Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM cjm3@email.arizona.edu FU NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Fellowship [NNX07AM11H]; NASA [NASA1-99102] FX The authors wish to acknowledge support from the NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Fellowship, under contract NNX07AM11H as well as from NASA contract NASA1-99102. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-3394-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2009 BP 3910 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417626 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BQI05 UT WOS:000281054102256 ER PT B AU Gadlage, MJ Ahlbin, JR Narasimham, B Ramachandran, V Dinkins, CA Bhuva, BL Schrimpf, RD Shuler, RL AF Gadlage, M. J. Ahlbin, J. R. Narasimham, B. Ramachandran, V. Dinkins, C. A. Bhuva, B. L. Schrimpf, R. D. Shuler, R. L. GP IEEE TI The Effect of Elevated Temperature on Digital Single Event Transient Pulse Widths in a Bulk CMOS Technology SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium CY APR 26-30, 2009 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE DE soft error; single event; single event transient; SET; SER; pulse width; temperature; radiation environment AB Combinational logic soft errors are expected to be the dominant reliability issue for advanced technologies. One of the major factors affecting the soft-error rates is single-event transient (SET) pulse widths. The SET pulse widths, which are controlled by drift, diffusion, and parasitic bipolar transistor parameters, are a strong function of operating temperature. In this work, heavy-ion induced SET pulse widths are reported at temperatures ranging from 25 degrees to 100 degrees C with an autonomous SET capture circuit. Experimental and simulation results in a 90-nm bulk CMOS technology indicate an increase as high as 37% in average SET pulse width with increasing operating temperature, with some pulses almost 2 ns long at higher temperatures. The increase in the SET pulse width can be explained by the dependence of bipolar amplification on temperature. C1 [Gadlage, M. J.; Ahlbin, J. R.; Narasimham, B.; Ramachandran, V.; Dinkins, C. A.; Bhuva, B. L.; Schrimpf, R. D.] Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. [Shuler, R. L.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Gadlage, MJ (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. EM matthew.j.gadlage@vanderbilt.edu FU DTRA; AFOSR through MURI program FX The computational portion of this work was conducted through Vanderbilt Universitys Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education (ACCRE). This work was also supported in part by DTRA and the AFOSR through the MURI program. We would also like to thank NASA Johnson Space Center for providing the beam time for testing the devices. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-2888-5 PY 2009 BP 170 EP + DI 10.1109/IRPS.2009.5173246 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics GA BMF10 UT WOS:000272068100029 ER PT B AU Erkmen, BI Moision, B AF Erkmen, Baris I. Moision, Bruce GP IEEE TI Maximum likelihood time-of-arrival estimation of optical pulses via photon-counting photodetectors SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOLS 1- 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT 2009) CY JUN 28-JUL 03, 2009 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE ID PERFORMANCE AB Many optical imaging, ranging, and communications systems rely on the estimation of the arrival time of an optical pulse. In systems utilizing photon-counting photodetectors, which are finding increased use, the detected process is well modeled as a Poisson point process. In this paper, we analyze the performance of maximum likelihood (ML) estimators of the arrival time of an optical pulse, based on observations of a Poisson process. We develop an analytic model for the mean-square error of the ML estimator, illustrating two phenomena that cause deviations from the Cramer-Rao bound at low signal photon flux. The model accurately predicts the ML performance over all regimes considered. We also derive an approximation to the threshold at which the ML estimator essentially fails to provide better than a random guess of the pulse arrival time. C1 [Erkmen, Baris I.; Moision, Bruce] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Erkmen, BI (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM baris.i.erkmen@jpl.nasa.gov; b.moision@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4312-3 PY 2009 BP 1909 EP 1913 DI 10.1109/ISIT.2009.5205546 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BPW21 UT WOS:000280141401095 ER PT B AU Silan, JL Niemann, DL Ribaya, BP Rahman, M Meyyappan, M Nguyen, CV AF Silan, Jeremy L. Niemann, Darrell L. Ribaya, Bryan P. Rahman, Mahmud Meyyappan, M. Nguyen, Cattien V. GP IEEE TI Novel Geometry of Carbon Nanotube Field Emitter to Achieve High Current Densities for Terahertz Sources SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY APR 28-30, 2009 CL Angelicum Univ, Rome, ITALY SP European Space Agcy, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Univ Roma Tor Vergata, CST, SELEX GALILEO HO Angelicum Univ DE terahertz sources; carbon nanotube; field emission; geometry; edge effect; field screening effect ID ARRAYS AB We introduce a novel geometry carbon nanotube field emitter array capable of achieving high current densities. Arrays of patterned vertically aligned CNT bundles, with an open center similar to the structure of a donut, was grown directly on bulk metallic substrates. This new carbon nanotube structure, with larger edge area for enhanced edge effect, reached current densities as high as 60mA/cm(2) at an applied DC field of less than 8V/mu m. C1 [Silan, Jeremy L.; Niemann, Darrell L.; Ribaya, Bryan P.; Meyyappan, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Silan, Jeremy L.; Niemann, Darrell L.; Ribaya, Bryan P.; Rahman, Mahmud] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Elect Devices Lab, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Nguyen, Cattien V.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, ELORET Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Silan, JL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cattien.v.nguyen@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3500-5 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2009 BP 86 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2009.5193381 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BOP78 UT WOS:000277253800020 ER PT B AU Ribaya, BP Niemann, DL Rahman, M Blake, DF Nguyen, CV AF Ribaya, Bryan P. Niemann, Darrell L. Rahman, Mahmud Blake, David F. Nguyen, Cattien V. GP IEEE TI MEMS Templating Technique for Miniaturization of Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Guns SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY APR 28-30, 2009 CL Angelicum Univ, Rome, ITALY SP European Space Agcy, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Univ Roma Tor Vergata, CST, SELEX GALILEO HO Angelicum Univ DE Individual carbon nanotube cathode; electron gun; electron field emission; miniaturization AB We demonstrate a novel MEMS technique for fabrication of a well-aligned individual carbon nanotube field emission gun for high-resolution electron beam applications. C1 [Ribaya, Bryan P.; Niemann, Darrell L.; Rahman, Mahmud] Santa Clara Univ, Electron Devices Lab, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Ribaya, Bryan P.; Niemann, Darrell L.; Blake, David F.; Nguyen, Cattien V.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Nguyen, Cattien V.] ELORET Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ribaya, BP (reprint author), Santa Clara Univ, Electron Devices Lab, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. EM bribaya@scu.edu NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3500-5 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2009 BP 88 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2009.5193382 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BOP78 UT WOS:000277253800021 ER PT B AU Basten, M Tucek, J Gallagher, D Kreischer, K Liu, J Ives, L Manohara, H AF Basten, M. Tucek, J. Gallagher, D. Kreischer, K. Liu, J. Ives, L. Manohara, H. GP IEEE TI A Multiple Electron Beam Array for a 220 GHz Amplifier SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY APR 28-30, 2009 CL Angelicum Univ, Rome, ITALY SP European Space Agcy, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Univ Roma Tor Vergata, CST, SELEX GALILEO HO Angelicum Univ DE Folded waveguides; multiple beam electron devices; beam optics; permanent magnet solenoid; microfabrication AB An electron beamlet array is being developed for use with power-combined, micro-machined folded waveguide circuits for a 50W, 220 GHz submillimeter RF device. C1 [Basten, M.; Tucek, J.; Gallagher, D.; Kreischer, K.] Northrop Grumman Corp, Rolling Meadows, IL 60008 USA. [Liu, J.] Elect Energy Coro, Landisville, PA 17538 USA. [Ives, L.] Calabazas Creek Res, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. [Manohara, H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Basten, M (reprint author), Northrop Grumman Corp, Rolling Meadows, IL 60008 USA. EM mark.basten@ngc.com FU U.S. Army Research Laboratory; U.S. Army Research Office [W911NF-08-C-0051]; DARPA HiFIVE FX This material is based upon work supported by, or in partby, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army Research Office under Contract W911NF-08-C-0051 as part of the DARPA HiFIVE program. The authors would like to specifically thank Dr. Mark Rosker for his support of this program. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3500-5 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2009 BP 110 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2009.5193377 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BOP78 UT WOS:000277253800032 ER PT B AU Green, MC Roitman, A Steer, B Cattelino, MJ Miram, GV Im, E Tanelli, S AF Green, M. C. Roitman, A. Steer, B. Cattelino, M. J. Miram, G. V. Im, E. Tanelli, S. GP IEEE TI High Reliability, > 10A/cm(2), Long-Life, Dispenser Cathodes for Space Applications with Multi-Year In-Orbit Data from the Cloud Sat Mission SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY APR 28-30, 2009 CL Angelicum Univ, Rome, ITALY SP European Space Agcy, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Univ Roma Tor Vergata, CST, SELEX GALILEO HO Angelicum Univ AB This paper describes the dispenser cathode technology and cathode life testing at high current density that together underpin the design of a W-band 2kW Extended Interaction Klystron developed for the nadir-pointing 94Ghz radar of the CloudSat Earth Observation satellite. The cathode operates at an emission current density of 11.3 Amps/cm(2) and, prior to launch, a 99% confidence level of meeting the mission goal of 22,500 hours operating life in orbit was required. The measured performance of the EIK amplifier in orbit is reported together with examples of cloud profiles obtained by the radar. The EIK life model has been validated and, based on the flawless performance of the radar in orbit and the high data yield, the mission has been extended from 2 years to 5. C1 [Green, M. C.] Varian Med Syst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Roitman, A.; Steer, B.] CPI, Millimeter Wave Prod, Georgetown L7G 2J4, Guyana. [Cattelino, M. J.] CPI, Microwave Power Prod, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. [Miram, G. V.] Consultant, Atherton, CA 94027 USA. [Im, E.; Tanelli, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Green, MC (reprint author), Varian Med Syst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3500-5 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2009 BP 292 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2009.5193412 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BOP78 UT WOS:000277253800123 ER PT B AU Niemann, DL Ribaya, BP Gunther, N Leung, J Rahman, M Nguyen, CV AF Niemann, Darrell L. Ribaya, Bryan P. Gunther, Norman Leung, Joseph Rahman, Mahmud Nguyen, Cattien V. GP IEEE TI b Computational Modeling of Field Enhancement in an Individual Carbon Nanotube Field Emitter System SO 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY APR 28-30, 2009 CL Angelicum Univ, Rome, ITALY SP European Space Agcy, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, Univ Roma Tor Vergata, CST, SELEX GALILEO HO Angelicum Univ DE Carbon Nanotubes; CNTs; Field Emission; Single Emitter; Modeling; Simulation; Microelectromechanical Systems; MEMS AB In this work we investigate the effect of various structural geometry on the field enhancement factor of an individual carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitter. We employ a computational model, that has been experimentally verified, to investigate the influence of system component geometry. Our results show that, in certain cases, the influences of support length and anode-cathode separation distance are of comparable magnitude. Additionally, the effect of CNT radius dominates the system electrostatics as compared to other structural geometries, such as anode-cathode distance, the cathode structure supporting the CNT emitter and the length of the emitter. C1 [Niemann, Darrell L.; Ribaya, Bryan P.; Gunther, Norman; Rahman, Mahmud] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Electron Devices Lab, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Niemann, Darrell L.; Ribaya, Bryan P.; Leung, Joseph] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Nguyen, Cattien V.] ELORET Corp, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Niemann, DL (reprint author), Santa Clara Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Electron Devices Lab, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3500-5 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2009 BP 509 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2009.5193443 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BOP78 UT WOS:000277253800226 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Liu, JK Mumolo, JM Ting, DZ Hill, CJ Nguyen, J AF Gunapala, S. D. Liu, J. K. Mumolo, J. M. Ting, D. Z. Hill, C. J. Nguyen, J. GP IEEE TI Demonstration of Megapixel Dual-band QWIP Focal Plane Array SO 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Belek Antalya, TURKEY SP IEEE Photon Soc C1 [Gunapala, S. D.; Liu, J. K.; Mumolo, J. M.; Ting, D. Z.; Hill, C. J.; Nguyen, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-1-4244-3680-4 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2009 BP 164 EP 165 DI 10.1109/LEOS.2009.5343134 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BPP15 UT WOS:000279577600085 ER PT S AU Hashmi, A Eftekhar, AA Adibi, A Amoozegar, F AF Hashmi, A. Eftekhar, A. A. Adibi, A. Amoozegar, F. GP IEEE TI Analysis of Telescope Arrays based Receiver for Deep-Space Optical Communications with Mars SO 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society CY OCT 04-08, 2009 CL Belek, TURKEY SP IEEE Photon Soc AB Telescope arrays receivers are analyzed for deep-space optical communications between Earth and Mars. It is shown that data rates up to 14 M bits/sec are possible when Mars is at the farthest range from the Earth. C1 [Hashmi, A.; Eftekhar, A. A.; Adibi, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch ECE, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Amoozegar, F.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hashmi, A (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch ECE, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM hashmi@ece.gatech.edu; Farid.Amoozegar@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-1-4244-3680-4 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2009 BP 831 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2009.5343429 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BPP15 UT WOS:000279577600423 ER PT S AU Amadjikpe, AL Choudhury, D Ponchak, GE Papapolymerou, J AF Amadjikpe, Arnaud L. Choudhury, Debabani Ponchak, George E. Papapolymerou, John GP IEEE TI High Gain Quasi-Yagi Planar Antenna Evaluation in Platform Material Environment for 60 GHz Wireless Applications SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Planar arrays; endfire antennas; quasi-Yagi antenna; 60 GHz; antenna integration AB This paper presents the effect of platform materials on antennas designed for mobile platform integration at 60GHz. A four-element quasi-Yagi antenna array with small size is developed on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) material demonstrating 11.5 dBi peak gain in free space. An experimental study on the placement of the fabricated quasi-Yagi planar antenna array on laptop chassis material environments is performed in this work. The radiation characteristics of the antenna under test (AUT) are measured for different AUT positions in the laptop chassis material environment. Depending on the proximity of the platform material and AUT location, nulls may appear in the radiation patterns, the peak gain direction of the AUT shifts from the free space case by +30 degrees, and the peak gain level decreases by about 2.5 dB in the worst case. C1 [Amadjikpe, Arnaud L.; Papapolymerou, John] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. [Choudhury, Debabani] Intel Corp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. [Ponchak, George E.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Amadjikpe, AL (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2009 BP 385 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165714 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400098 ER PT S AU Ponchak, GE Eldridge, JI Krainsky, IL AF Ponchak, George E. Eldridge, Jeffrey I. Krainsky, Isay L. GP IEEE TI Raman Channel Temperature Measurement of SiC MESFET as a Function of Ambient Temperature and DC Power SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Junction Temperature; MESFET; Raman Spectroscopy; SiC AB Raman spectroscopy is used to measure the junction temperature of a Cree SiC MESFET as a function of the ambient temperature and DC power. The carrier temperature, which is approximately equal to the ambient temperature, is varied from 25 degrees C to 450 degrees C, and the transistor is biased with V(DS)=10V and I(DS) of 50 mA and 100 mA. It is shown that the junction temperature is approximately 52 and 100 degrees C higher than the ambient temperature for the DC power of 500 and 1000 mW, respectively. C1 [Ponchak, George E.; Eldridge, Jeffrey I.; Krainsky, Isay L.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ponchak, GE (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2009 BP 885 EP 888 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165839 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400223 ER PT S AU Dengler, RJ Cooper, KB Llombart, N Chattopadhyay, G Bryllert, T Mehdi, I Siegel, PH AF Dengler, R. J. Cooper, K. B. Llombart, N. Chattopadhyay, G. Bryllert, T. Mehdi, I. Siegel, P. H. GP IEEE TI Toward Real-time Penetrating Imaging Radar at 670 GHz SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Submillimeter wave imaging; FMCW chirp radar; submillimeter wave radar; radar imaging; submillimeter chirp; THz radar AB Since the first report on our submillimeter-wave imaging system with radar ranging capabilities., several advances have been made in system performance. Range resolution as well as cross-range resolution are significantly improved, and image acquisition time has been reduced from over 5 minutes to under 1 minute. Here we report on performance improvements to specific key components and software that yielded these results. Further advances in these and other components will be discussed that we expect will enable, for the first time ever, near real-time 3D radar imaging at THz wavelengths. C1 [Dengler, R. J.; Cooper, K. B.; Llombart, N.; Chattopadhyay, G.; Bryllert, T.; Mehdi, I.; Siegel, P. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dengler, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2009 BP 941 EP 944 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165853 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400237 ER PT S AU Hedden, A Li, H Tong, E Paine, S Blundell, R Kawamura, J Groppi, C Kulesa, C Walker, C de Lange, G Mani, H Weinreb, S AF Hedden, A. Li, H. Tong, E. Paine, S. Blundell, R. Kawamura, J. Groppi, C. Kulesa, C. Walker, C. de Lange, G. Mani, H. Weinreb, S. GP IEEE TI A Field-deployed 810 GHz Receiver Incorporating a Superconducting Mixer Developed for Herschel Space Telescope and a SiGe Low Noise Amplifier SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE IF amplifiers; submillimeter wave measurements; radio astronomy; submillimeter wave receivers; submillimeter wave spectroscopy; superconductor insulator superconductor mixers AB We have constructed an 810 GHz receiver system incorporating a HIFI Band-3 superconductor-insulator-super-conductor (SIS) mixer developed for Herschel space observatory and a wide-band SiGe low noise amplifier (LNA) designed at Caltech. The instrument is currently installed at the RLT telescope (elevation 5500 m) in northern Chile. Hot/cold (280K/72K) load measurements performed at the telescope yield noise temperatures of 225 K (Y-factor = 1.7) including receiver optics. First-light observations indicate that the receiver is highly sensitive and functions stably. We present details of the receiver system, its performance at the telescope, and first-light observations with a Herschel mixer. C1 [Hedden, A.; Li, H.; Tong, E.; Paine, S.; Blundell, R.] CfA, Cambridge, MA 02144 USA. [Kulesa, C.; Walker, C.] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Kawamura, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [de Lange, G.] SRON, NL-9700 Groningen, Netherlands. [Mani, H.; Weinreb, S.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hedden, A (reprint author), CfA, Cambridge, MA 02144 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2009 BP 949 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165855 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400239 ER PT S AU Lee, C Ward, J Lin, R Schlecht, E Chattopadhyay, G Gill, J Thomas, B Maestrini, A Mehdi, I Siegel, P AF Lee, C. Ward, J. Lin, R. Schlecht, E. Chattopadhyay, G. Gill, J. Thomas, B. Maestrini, A. Mehdi, I. Siegel, P. GP IEEE TI A Wafer-Level Diamond Bonding Process to Improve Power Handling Capability of Submillimeter-Wave Schottky Diode Frequency Multipliers SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Submillimeter wave; GaAs Schottky diode; diamond; heat-spreader; THz; source; frequency multiplier AB We have developed a robust wafer-level substrate bonding process that has allowed us to bond CVD diamond to GaAs membrane-based submillimeter-wave Schottky diode frequency multipliers. The high thermal conductivity of CVD diamond allows the chip to dissipate heat more efficiently thus increasing the power handling capability of the chips. This process has resulted in single-chip multiplier devices working in the submillimeter-wave range that can handle hundreds of milliwatts; of input power. Output powers of 40 mW at 250 GHz and 27 mW at 300 GHz from a single chip have been demonstrated with this method. It is expected that by power combining these chips it is now possible to achieve a wideband 300 GHz signal with more than 100 mW of power. This represents a dramatic improvement in the current state of the art and allows one to begin realizing submillimeter-wave radar applications. C1 [Lee, C.; Ward, J.; Lin, R.; Schlecht, E.; Chattopadhyay, G.; Gill, J.; Thomas, B.; Mehdi, I.; Siegel, P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Maestrini, A.] Univ Paris 06, F-75252 Paris 05, France. [Siegel, P.] CALTECH, Dept Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lee, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2009 BP 957 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165857 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400241 ER PT S AU U-yen, K Wollack, EJ Moseley, SH Stevenson, TR Hsieh, WT Cao, NT AF U-yen, Kongpop Wollack, Edward J. Moseley, Samuel H. Stevenson, Thomas R. Hsieh, Wen-Ting Cao, Nga T. GP IEEE TI Via-less Microwave Crossover Using Microstrip-CPW Transitions in Slotline Propagation Mode SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Coplanar waveguides; microstrip transitions; microwave circuits ID COPLANAR; LINE AB This paper presents the design of a microstrip-CPW transition where the CPW line propagates close to slotline mode. This design allows the solution to be determined entirely though analytical techniques. In addition, a planar via-less microwave crossover using this technique is proposed. The experimental results at 5 GHz show that the crossover has a minimum isolation of 32 dB. It also has low in-band insertion loss and return loss of 1.2 dB and 18 dB. respectively over more than 44 % of bandwidth. C1 [U-yen, Kongpop; Wollack, Edward J.; Moseley, Samuel H.; Stevenson, Thomas R.; Hsieh, Wen-Ting; Cao, Nga T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP U-yen, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM kongpop.u-yen-1@nasa.gov RI Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2009 BP 1029 EP 1032 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5165875 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400259 ER PT S AU Simons, RN Chevalier, CT Wintucky, EG Freeman, JC AF Simons, Rainee N. Chevalier, Christine T. Wintucky, Edwin G. Freeman, Jon C. GP IEEE TI Ka-Band Waveguide Hybrid Combiner for MMIC Amplifiers With Unequal and Arbitrary Power Output Ratio SO 2009 IEEE/MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 07-12, 2009 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE MTTS DE Hybrid junctions; microwave communications; MMIC power amplifiers; power combiners; satellite communications; waveguide couplers; waveguide junctions AB The design, simulation and characterization of a novel Ka-band (32.05 +/- 0.25 GHz) rectangular waveguide branch-line hybrid unequal power combiner is presented. The manufactured combiner was designed. to combine input signals, which are in phase and with an amplitude ratio of two. The measured return loss and isolation of the branch-line hybrid are better than 22 and 27 dB, respectively. The application of the branch-line hybrid for combining two MMIC power amplifiers with output power ratio of two is demonstrated. The measured combining efficiency is 92.9% at the center frequency of 32.05 GHz. C1 [Simons, Rainee N.; Wintucky, Edwin G.; Freeman, Jon C.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Mail Stop 54-5,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Chevalier, Christine T.] Analex Corp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Simons, RN (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Mail Stop 54-5,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-1-4244-2803-8 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2009 BP 1541 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2009.5166003 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BMS89 UT WOS:000273507400387 ER PT S AU Kar, A Stroscio, MA Dutta, M Kumari, J Meyyappan, M AF Kar, Ayan Stroscio, Michael A. Dutta, Mitra Kumari, Jyoti Meyyappan, M. GP IEEE TI Observation of Ultraviolet and Visible Luminescence due to the presence of defect states in the forbidden bandgap of Tin Oxide Nanowires SO 2009 IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MATERIALS AND DEVICES CONFERENCE SE IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference CY JUN 02-05, 2009 CL Traverse City, MI SP IEEE DE TEM; Nanowires; Photoluminescence; Ultraviolet and Defect states ID PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; SNO2 AB Orange and Ultraviolet (UV) luminescence has been obtained from vapor-liquid-solid grown SnO2 nanowires. The orange luminescence was found to be originating from the defect states in the forbidden bandgap and shows dependence on the nanowire diameter. Annealing of the nanowires under various conditions also seems to have an effect on their optical properties [1,6]. Finally the origin of the UV luminescence has been investigated from which the donor and acceptor binding energies have been calculated. C1 [Kar, Ayan; Stroscio, Michael A.; Dutta, Mitra] Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Stroscio, Michael A.; Dutta, Mitra] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Stroscio, Michael A.] Univ Illinois, Dept Bioengn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Kumari, Jyoti; Meyyappan, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kar, A (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM dutta@ece.uic.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2378-377X BN 978-1-4244-4695-7 J9 IEEE NANOTECHNOL MAT PY 2009 BP 121 EP + DI 10.1109/NMDC.2009.5167552 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BMU53 UT WOS:000273600300031 ER PT S AU Chen, HZ Sun, XH Lai, KWC Meyyappan, M Xi, N AF Chen, Hongzhi Sun, Xuhui Lai, King W. C. Meyyappan, M. Xi, Ning GP IEEE TI Infrared Detection Using an InSb Nanowire SO 2009 IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MATERIALS AND DEVICES CONFERENCE SE IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference CY JUN 02-05, 2009 CL Traverse City, MI SP IEEE DE InSb; nanowire; infrared (IR) detector ID NANOMANIPULATION; PHOTODETECTORS; ELECTRON AB Bulk indium antimonide (InSb) is an III-V semiconductor compound that is widely used to detect infrared (IR) signal of wavelength from 1 um to 5.5 um. InSb nanowire, with huge exciton Bohr radius and small band gap, has great potential in optoelectronics applications. However, IR detector based on InSb nanowire has never been reported due to the limitation of growth technique and the ambiguity of its detection principle. In this paper, IR detector based on a single InSb nanowire will be introduced. InSb nanowires were grown by a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) approach using InSb powder source and gold catalyst. Stoichiometric nanowires with diameters in the 10-35 nm range and tens of microns long have been obtained. The structure of the InSb nanowire detector consists of an InSb nanowire connecting an Au and a Cu electrode to form a Schottky photodiode, which can separate the photo-generated electron-hole pairs in order to generate photocurrent. An InSb nanowire IR photodetector with an individual InSb nanowire was demonstrated to detect IR signal at room temperature. High quantum efficiency and low dark current were obtained. The InSb nanowires may become significant building blocks for future nano-optoelectronics. C1 [Chen, Hongzhi; Lai, King W. C.; Xi, Ning] Michigan State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Sun, Xuhui; Meyyappan, M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Chen, HZ (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 14 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2378-377X BN 978-1-4244-4695-7 J9 IEEE NANOTECHNOL MAT PY 2009 BP 212 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BMU53 UT WOS:000273600300051 ER PT B AU Das, K Kargupta, H Bhaduri, K AF Das, Kamalika Kargupta, Hillol Bhaduri, Kanishka GP IEEE TI A Local Distributed Peer-to-Peer Algorithm Using Multi-Party Optimization Based Privacy Preservation for Data Mining Primitive Computation SO 2009 IEEE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING (P2P 2009) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing CY SEP 09-11, 2009 CL Seattle, WA SP IEEE ID NETWORKS AB This paper proposes a scalable, local privacy-preserving algorithm for distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) data aggregation useful for many advanced data mining/analysis tasks such as average/sum computation, decision tree induction, feature selection, and more. Unlike most multi-party privacy-preserving data mining algorithms, this approach works in an asynchronous manner through local interactions and therefore, is highly scalable, It particularly deals with the distributed computation of the sum of a set of numbers stored at different peers in a P2P network in the context of a P2P web mining application. The proposed optimization-based privacy-preserving technique for computing the sum allows different peers to specify different privacy requirements without having to adhere to a global set of parameters for the chosen privacy model. Since distributed sum computation is a frequently used primitive, the proposed approach is likely to have significant impact on many data mining tasks such as multi-party privacy-preserving clustering, frequent itemset mining, and statistical aggregate computation. C1 [Das, Kamalika; Kargupta, Hillol] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Bhaduri, Kanishka] NASA, MCT Inc, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94040 USA. RP Das, K (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM kdas1@cs.umbc.edu; hillol@cs.umbc.edu; Kanishka.Bhaduri-1@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX07AV70G]; AFOSR MURI FX This research is supported by the NASA Grant NNX07AV70G and the AFOSR MURI Grant 2008-11. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5066-4 PY 2009 BP 212 EP + DI 10.1109/P2P.2009.5284514 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BNH14 UT WOS:000274540500036 ER PT B AU Kirkham, H AF Kirkham, Harold GP IEEE TI Current Measurement Methods for the Smart Grid SO 2009 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting-PESGM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT General Meeting of the IEEE-Power-and-Energy-Society CY JUL 26-30, 2009 CL Calgary, CANADA SP IEEE Power & Energy Soc DE Electric current measurement; optically powered measurement; power distribution; smart grid AB Fundamentally, the measurement of current in a power system means the obtaining of a representation of that current at a distant location. The application determines the requirements on the measurement. Will an rms value suitable for a once-per-second SCADA scan be adequate, or does the "representation" have to be an accurate copy up to (say) 100 kHz. If so, how accurate does the measurement have to be? The Smart Grid of the future will doubtless bring additional requirements to the subject of current measurement. For example, since the IEEE standard on interconnecting distributed resources (IEEE Std 1547) requires that no more than 0.5% of the rated current be injected as dc, it seems likely that at least some current measurement systems will require a frequency response extending down to dc. This paper examines the requirements on the measurement imposed by some of the future smart grid functions, and discusses possible solutions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kirkham, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM harold.kirkham@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4240-9 J9 IEEE POW ENER SOC GE PY 2009 BP 1687 EP 1693 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BNT85 UT WOS:000275524900272 ER PT B AU MacDougall, F Ennis, J Yang, XH Cooper, RA Gilbert, JE Bates, JF Naruo, C Schneider, M Keller, N Joshi, S Jow, TR Ho, J Scozzie, CJ Yen, SPS AF MacDougall, Fred Ennis, Joel Yang, Xiao Hui (Chip) Cooper, Robert A. Gilbert, John E. Bates, John F. Naruo, Chip Schneider, Mark Keller, Nathan Joshi, Shama Jow, T. Richard Ho, Janet Scozzie, C. J. (Skip) Yen, S. P. S. (Elizabeth) GP IEEE TI HIGH ENERGY DENSITY CAPACITORS FOR PULSED POWER APPLICATIONS SO 2009 IEEE PULSED POWER CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 2009 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE, POWEREX, TECH X, Gen Atom Elect Syst, HVR, Silicon Power, Stangenes Ind, Appl Energet, ABB, SBE, ULTRAVOLT, Barth Elect, pulsetech, TDK LAMBDA, Kumamoto Univ, Diversified Technologies, CKE, HVCA AB The improvement in the performance of high energy density capacitors used in pulsed power has accelerated over the past few years. This has resulted from increased research sponsored by the US Army Research Laboratory, in support of the US Military's needs. The capacitor development effort will be discussed as well as the results of both short term and long term testing of a new generation of high energy density capacitors. C1 [MacDougall, Fred; Ennis, Joel; Yang, Xiao Hui (Chip); Cooper, Robert A.; Gilbert, John E.; Bates, John F.; Naruo, Chip; Schneider, Mark; Keller, Nathan; Joshi, Shama] Gen Atom Elect Syst Inc, 4949 Greencraig Lane, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. [Jow, T. Richard; Ho, Janet; Scozzie, C. J. (Skip)] US Army, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. [Yen, S. P. S. (Elizabeth)] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP MacDougall, F (reprint author), Gen Atom Elect Syst Inc, 4949 Greencraig Lane, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. FU U.S. Army Research Laboratory [W911QX-04-D-0003] FX Portions of the research reported in this document/presentation was performed in connection with contract W911QX-04-D-0003 with the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4064-1 PY 2009 BP 771 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BPZ37 UT WOS:000280423800152 ER PT S AU Truong-Loi, ML Dubois-Fernandez, P Freeman, A Pottier, E AF Truong-Loi, My-Linh Dubois-Fernandez, P. Freeman, A. Pottier, E. GP IEEE TI The conformity coefficient or how to explore the scattering behaviour from compact polarimetry mode SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID SAR AB In a previous paper, we have investigated the potential of the compact polarimetry mode at longer wavelengths in a space environment for soil moisture estimation. At longer wavelengths, one of the main challenges in dealing with compact polarimetry is the Faraday rotation estimation and correction. One proposed technique relies on bare surface scattering properties. Identifying the bare surfaces can be done using the conformity coefficient. This new coefficient can also be used to discriminate between surface, volume and double bounce scattering. It provides similar results to the Freeman-Durden classification in discriminating bare surfaces. In this paper, the study is pursued to include a more theoretical approach to the comparison. The potential of the conformity coefficient is benchmarked further against the well-known entropy-alpha-anisotropy classification. The comparison between these techniques is first performed theoretically and the effect of noise is investigated. These techniques are then applied to existing datasets coming from various sources, airborne sensors as RAMSES and AIRSAR and spaceborne sensors as PALSAR data and the results are cross-evaluated. The Faraday rotation can be estimated from full polarimetric data as was proposed by both Freeman and Bickel & Bates. These approaches are not applicable to compact polarimetry data. In a previous paper, it was shown how bare surface behavior can be used to perform this estimation. In this paper, the performance of this estimation is evaluated oil PALSAR data and on airborne data where a constant ionosphere is Simulated. The results are contrasted with estimates derived from full polarimetric data. C1 [Truong-Loi, My-Linh; Dubois-Fernandez, P.] Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, DEMR, Ctr Salon Prov, BA701, F-13661 Salon Air, France. [Freeman, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Truong-Loi, My-Linh] Ctr Toulouse, CNES, F-31000 Toulouse, France. [Truong-Loi, My-Linh; Pottier, E.] Univ Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France. RP Truong-Loi, ML (reprint author), Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, DEMR, Ctr Salon Prov, BA701, F-13661 Salon Air, France. EM pdubois@onera.fr RI Dubois-Fernandez, Pascale/A-6743-2012 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 1 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977048 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800001 ER PT S AU Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV AF Leshkevich, G. A. Nghiem, S. V. GP IEEE TI Using Satellite Radar Data to Map and Monitor Variations in Great Lakes Ice Cover SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Satellite-borne radars, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and scatterometer data, are used to classify and map Great Lakes ice cover and to derive freeze-up date, breakup date, and ice cover duration. These are important indicators of regional climatic conditions. C1 [Leshkevich, G. A.] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Nghiem, S. V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Leshkevich, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 S State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM George.Leshkevich@noaa.gov; Son.V.Nghiem@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This is GLERL Contribution No. 1490. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 11 EP 13 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800003 ER PT S AU Lasne, Y Paillou, P Freeman, A Chapman, B AF Lasne, Yannick Paillou, Philippe Freeman, Anthony Chapman, Bruce GP IEEE TI SAR Imagery Applied to the Monitoring of Hyper-Saline Deposits: Death Valley Example (CA) SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess DE ALOS/PALSAR; AIRSAR; evaporites; copolar phase difference; Death Valley; IEM; radar backscattering; salinity; SAR; soil moisture; SIR-C ID WET SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES; POLARIMETRIC L-BAND; SOIL-MOISTURE; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; PHASE SIGNATURE; BARE SOIL; SCATTERING; WATER AB The present study aims at understanding the influence of salinity on the dielectric constant of soils and then on the backscattering coefficients recorded by airborne / spaceborne SAR systems. Based on dielectric measurements performed over hyper-saline deposits in Death Valley (CA), as well as laboratory electromagnetic characterization of salts and water mixtures, we used the dielectric constants as input parameters of analytical IEM simulations to model both the amplitude and phase behaviors of SAR signal at C, and L-bands. Our analytical simulations allow to reproduce specific copolar signatures recorded in SAR data, corresponding to the Cottonball Basin saltpan. We also propose the copolar backscattering ratio and phase difference as indicators of moistened and salt-affected soils. More precisely, we show that these copolar indicators should allow to monitor the seasonal variations of the dielectric properties of saline deposits. C1 [Lasne, Yannick; Freeman, Anthony; Chapman, Bruce] NASA, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Paillou, Philippe] Observ Aquitain Sci Univers, LAB, UMR 5804, Florac, France. RP Lasne, Y (reprint author), NASA, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM ylasne@jpl.nasa.gov NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 14 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800004 ER PT S AU Entekhabi, D O'Neill, P Njoku, E AF Entekhabi, Dara O'Neill, Peggy Njoku, Eni GP IEEE TI The Soil Moisture Active and Passive Mission (SMAP): Science and Applications SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB The Soil Moisture Active and Passive mission (SMAP) will provide global maps of soil moisture content and surface freeze/thaw state. Global measurements of these variables are critical for terrestrial water and carbon cycle applications. The SMAP observatory consists of two multipolarization L-band sensors, a radar and radiometer, that share a deployable-mesh reflector antenna. The combined observations from the two sensors will allow accurate estimation of soil moisture at hydrometeorological (10 km) and hydroclimatological (40 km) spatial scales. The rotating antenna configuration provides conical scans of the Earth surface at a constant look angle. The wide-swath (1000 kin) measurements will allow global mapping of soil moisture and its freeze/thaw state with 2-3 days revisit. Freeze/thaw in boreal latitudes will be mapped using the radar at 3 km resolution with 1-2 days revisit. The synergy of active and passive observations enables measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state with unprecedented resolution, sensitivity, area coverage and revisit. C1 [Entekhabi, Dara] MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [O'Neill, Peggy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Njoku, Eni] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Entekhabi, D (reprint author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 83 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800016 ER PT S AU Rott, H Cline, D Duguay, C Essery, R Haas, C Kern, M Macelloni, G Malnes, E Pulliainen, J Rebhan, H Yueh, S AF Rott, Helmut Cline, Don Duguay, Claude Essery, Richard Haas, Christian Kern, Michael Macelloni, Giovanni Malnes, Eirik Pulliainen, Jouni Rebhan, Helge Yueh, Simon GP IEEE TI CoReH2O - Cold Regions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB The COld RE-ions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory (CoRe-H2O) satellite mission has been selected for scientific and technical studies within the ESA Earth Explorer Programme. The mission addresses the need for spatially detailed snow and ice observations in order to improve the representation of the cryosphere in climate models and to improve the knowledge and prediction of water cycle variability and changes. CoRe-H2O will observe the extent, water equivalent and melting state of the snow cover, accumulation and diagenetic facies of glaciers, permafrost features, and sea ice types. The sensor is a dual frequency SAR, operating at 17 GHz and 9.6 GHz, VV and VH polarizations. This configuration enables the decomposition of the scattering signal for retrieving physical properties of snow and ice. C1 [Rott, Helmut] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Cline, Don] NOAA, NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MN USA. [Duguay, Claude] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Essery, Richard] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Haas, Christian] Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Haas, Christian] Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada. [Macelloni, Giovanni] CNR, IFAC, Florence, Italy. [Malnes, Eirik] NORUT IT, Tromso, Norway. [Pulliainen, Jouni] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. [Rebhan, Helge] Estec, ESA, Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Yueh, Simon] CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rott, H (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Duguay, Claude/G-5682-2011; Macelloni, Giovanni /B-7518-2015 OI Duguay, Claude/0000-0002-1044-5850; FU European Space Agency, ESTEC [20756/07/NL/CB] FX The investigations were supported by the European Space Agency, ESTEC Contract No. 20756/07/NL/CB. We wish to thank Jiancheng Shi for making available his DMRT for backscatter modelling of snow. The work described in this paper that was performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 86 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800017 ER PT S AU Krieger, G Hajnsek, I Papathanassiou, K Eineder, M Younis, M De Zan, F Prats, P Huber, S Werner, M Fiedler, H Freeman, A Rosen, P Hensley, S Johnson, W Veilleux, L Grafmueller, B Werninghaus, R Bamler, R Moreira, A AF Krieger, G. Hajnsek, I. Papathanassiou, K. Eineder, M. Younis, M. De Zan, F. Prats, P. Huber, S. Werner, M. Fiedler, H. Freeman, A. Rosen, P. Hensley, S. Johnson, W. Veilleux, L. Grafmueller, B. Werninghaus, R. Bamler, R. Moreira, A. GP IEEE TI The Tandem-L Mission Proposal: Monitoring Earth's Dynamics with High Resolution SAR Interferometry SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Tandem-L is a proposal for an innovative interferometric and polarimetric radar mission that enables the systematic monitoring of dynamic processes on the Earth surface. Important mission objectives are global forest height and biomass inventories, large scale measurements of millimetric displacements due to tectonic shifts, and systematic observations of glacier movements. The innovative mission concept and the high data acquisition capacity of Tandem-L provide a unique data source to observe, analyze and quantify the dynamics of a wide range of mutually interacting processes in the bio-, litho-, hydro- and cryosphere. By this, Tandem-L will be an essential step to advance our understanding of the Earth system and its intricate dynamics. This paper provides an overview of the Tandem-L mission concept and its main application areas. Performance predictions show the great potential of Tandem-L to acquire a wide range of bio- and geophysical parameters with high accuracy on a global scale. Innovative aspects like the employment of advanced digital beamforming techniques to improve performance and coverage are discussed in detail. C1 [Krieger, G.; Hajnsek, I.; Papathanassiou, K.; Younis, M.; De Zan, F.; Prats, P.; Huber, S.; Werner, M.; Fiedler, H.; Moreira, A.] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Microwaves & Radar Inst, Cologne, Germany. [Eineder, M.; Bamler, R.] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Remote Sensing Technol Inst, Cologne, Germany. [Werninghaus, R.] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, German Space Agcy, Cologne, Germany. [Grafmueller, B.] EADS Astrium GmbH, Friedrichshafen, Germany. [Freeman, A.; Rosen, P.; Hensley, S.; Johnson, W.; Veilleux, L.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Krieger, G (reprint author), German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Microwaves & Radar Inst, Cologne, Germany. RI Krieger, Gerhard/D-5164-2012; Moreira, Alberto/C-1147-2013 OI Krieger, Gerhard/0000-0002-4548-0285; Moreira, Alberto/0000-0002-3436-9653 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 94 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800019 ER PT S AU Blom, RG Farr, TG Feynmann, J Ruzmaikin, A Paillou, P AF Blom, Ronald G. Farr, Tom G. Feynmann, Joan Ruzmaikin, Alexander Paillou, Philippe GP IEEE TI The Green Sahara: Climate Change, Hydrologic History and Human Occupation SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID PMIP2 COUPLED SIMULATIONS; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; EASTERN SAHARA; ABRUPT CHANGE; MIDHOLOCENE; VARIABILITY; HOLOCENE; LATITUDE; RADAR; EVOLUTION AB Archaeology can provide insight into interactions of climate change and human activities in sensitive areas such as the Sahara, to the benefit of both disciplines. Such analyses can help set bounds on climate change projections, perhaps identify elements of tipping points, and provide constraints on models. The opportunity exists to more precisely constrain the relationship of natural solar and climate interactions, improving Understanding of present and future anthropogenic forcing. We are beginning to explore the relationship of human occupation of the Sahara and long-term solar irradiance variations synergetic with changes in atmospheric-ocean circulation patterns. Archaeological and climate records for the last 12 K years are gaining adequate precision to make such comparisons possible. We employ a range of climate records taken over the globe (e.g. Antarctica, Greenland, Cariaco Basin, West African Ocean cores, records from caves) to identify the timing and spatial patterns affecting Saharan climate to compare with archaeological records, We see correlation in changing ocean temperature patterns similar to contemporaneous with drying of the Sahara similar to 6K years BP. The role of radar images and other remote sensing in this work includes providing a geographically comprehensive geomorphic overview of this key area. Such coverage is becoming available from the Japanese PALSAR radar system (Palliou, et. al., 2007), which can guide fieldwork to collect archaeological and climatic data to further constrain the climate change chronology and link to models. Our initial remote sensing efforts concentrate on the Gilf Kebir area of Egypt. C1 [Blom, Ronald G.; Farr, Tom G.; Feynmann, Joan; Ruzmaikin, Alexander] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 300-233,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Paillou, Philippe] Ovserv Aquitain Sci Universe, UMR 5804, Florac, France. RP Blom, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 300-233,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ronald.blom@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA's Earth Surface; JPL internal Research and Technology Development (RTD) program; CNES; Interior Program FX This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and funded through NASAs Earth Surface and Interior Program and also the JPL internal Research and Technology Development (R&TD) program. Paillous research supported by CNES. PALSAR data graciously supplied by JAXA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 103 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800021 ER PT S AU Chan, S Spencer, M AF Chan, Samuel Spencer, Michael GP IEEE TI RFI STUDY FOR THE SMAP RADAR SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess DE RFI; SMAP AB The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission has the scientific objective of measuring both soil moisture and freeze/thaw state from space. The mission will make both active radar and passive radiometer measurements at L-Band in order to retrieve soil moisture. Some studies, however, indicated that these measurements are susceptible to radio frequency interference (RFI) in several geographic locations. As SMAP is a global mission and its mission life is 3 years, it is crucial for SAMP to understand the RFI over the whole globe and its temporal behavior. There will be impacts to the instrument system design and ground data processing in order to mitigate RFI. In this paper, strategies and procedures for performing this RFI study will be presented, and some results utilizing the RFI observed in the ALOS PALSAR data are described. The nature of the observed RFI is characterized and suggests some bands are relative free of RFI. The SAMP radar system will use a I MHz bandwidth, which can be placed within these suggested "clear" frequencies. The ALOS PALSAR data covers 28 MHz within the 80 MHz allocated for active L-Band remote sensing. In addition, an initial analysis with UAVSAR data, which uses the entire 80 MHz allocation, indicates the relative severity of RFI over the whole band. An algorithm to remove RFI is suggested and its performance is shown for some data from ALOS PALSAR and UAVSAR. C1 [Chan, Samuel; Spencer, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chan, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Samuel.F.Chan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 143 EP 147 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800029 ER PT S AU Selvans, MM Aharonson, O Plaut, JJ Safaeinili, A AF Selvans, M. M. Aharonson, O. Plaut, J. J. Safaeinili, A. GP IEEE TI Structure of the Basal Unit of the North Polar Plateau of Mars, from MARSIS SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID LAYERED DEPOSITS; STRATIGRAPHY; SUBSURFACE; HISTORY; ICE AB We use 36 MARSIS orbits to extract reflector depths for laterally extensive internal surfaces in the North Polar Plateau and compare the interpolated surface at the bottom of the ice to a prediction of that surface using MOLA data. We in that the prediction and data are in good agreement in terms of regional slope, and may even agree on the finer-scale saddle feature expected based on MOLA. We conclude that the underlying plains are not deflected anywhere beneath the ice deposits, and infer a possibly atypical composition or texture at the top of the Basal Unit in the 270 degrees longitude direction, perhaps indicative of a paleo-dunefield. C1 [Selvans, M. M.; Aharonson, O.] CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Plaut, J. J.; Safaeinili, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Selvans, MM (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM selvans@gps.caltech.edu NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 162 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800033 ER PT S AU Plettemeier, D Hahnel, R Hegler, S Safaeinili, A Plaut, J Gaskell, B Orosei, R Cicchetti, A Picardi, G AF Plettemeier, Dirk Hahnel, Ronny Hegler, Sebastian Safaeinili, Ali Plaut, Jeff Gaskell, Bob Orosei, Roberto Cicchetti, Andrea Picardi, Giovanni GP IEEE TI Numerical Computation of Radar Echoes Measured by MARSIS During Phobos Flybys SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding, "MARSIS", on board MarsExpress is the first and so far only space borne radar that observed the Martian moon Phobos. Radar echoes were measured for different flyby trajectories. The primary aim of the low frequency sounding of the crust of Phobos is to prove the feasibility of deep sounding. In this paper we present a numerical method that allows precise computation of radar echoes backscattered from the surface of large objects. The software is based on a combination of a Physical Optics calculation of surface scattering of the radar target, and a Method of Moments approach to calculate the radiation pattern of the whole space borne radar system, whereby the calculation of the frequency dependent radiation pattern takes into account all relevant gain variations and coupling effects aboard the space craft. This paper explains the simulation techniques and presents a comparison of simulation results for different orbits, and an interpretation of the backscattered signals. C1 [Plettemeier, Dirk; Hahnel, Ronny; Hegler, Sebastian] Tech Univ Dresden, Dresden, Germany. [Safaeinili, Ali; Plaut, Jeff] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gaskell, Bob] Planetary Sci Inst, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Plettemeier, D (reprint author), Tech Univ Dresden, Dresden, Germany. EM dirk.plettemeier@tu-dresden.de NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 165 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800034 ER PT S AU Herique, A Kofman, W Mouginot, J Grima, C Safaelini, A Eyraud, C Nouvel, JF AF Herique, Alain Kofman, Wlodek Mouginot, Jeremie Grima, Cyril Safaelini, Ali Eyraud, Christelle Nouvel, Jean Francois GP IEEE TI Surface echo reduction by clutter simulation, Application to the Marsis data SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Low frequency spaceborn radar is a promising opportunity to investigate Earth subsurface in arid and polar areas and for planetary exploration., The radar signal penetrates subsurface and the return signal is the sum of the surface clutter and the subsurface signal that is the signal of interest. In this paper, we describe the simulation of the surface clutter. This signal consists of two parts: electromagnetic waves scattered and one coherently reflected by the surface. Both components are jointly simulated using facet method and an elevation model. So, the method is applied to the Marsis radar experiment. The surface description (elevation model) is based on the Mola data while the simulation parameters are optimized using the instrument characteristics. The comparison of the real data with the simulated clutter allows discrimination of subsurface echoes. This comparison demonstrates the method efficiency and is the base for Marsis data interpretation. Some general conclusions concerning the simulations for other radars will be drawn C1 [Herique, Alain; Kofman, Wlodek; Mouginot, Jeremie; Grima, Cyril] Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Planetol Grenoble, Grenoble, France. [Safaelini, Ali] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Eyraud, Christelle] Inst Fresnel, Marseille, France. [Nouvel, Jean Francois] Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, Salon, Palaiseau, France. RP Herique, A (reprint author), Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Planetol Grenoble, Grenoble, France. RI Kofman, Wlodek/C-4556-2008; Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; Herique, Alain/E-7210-2017 OI Herique, Alain/0000-0003-3699-883X NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 171 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800035 ER PT S AU Zebker, HA Hensley, S Stiles, B Callahan, P Gim, Y Lorenz, R AF Zebker, Howard A. Hensley, Scott Stiles, Bryan Callahan, Philip Gim, Yonggyu Lorenz, Ralph GP IEEE TI The Shape of Saturn's Moon Titan From Cassini Radar Altimeter And SAR Monopulse Observations SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB We have estimated global elevations on Titan using a combination of nadir-looking altimetry and SAR monopulse measurements acquired by the Cassini spacecraft radar on multiple Titan encounters. These data correspond to a set of one-dimensional tracks spread over much of the moon's surface, but with fewer observations in the southern hemisphere than in the north. We fit the measured points with spheres, biaxial ellipsoids, and a set of spherical harmonic functions to produce global elevation estimates. The best-fit sphere has radius 2574.95 km, but the sphere center is displaced 270 in southward so that the north polar radius is about 500 in less than the south polar radius, referenced to Titan's barycenter. A biaxial ellipsoid lit yields a polar radius of 2574.20 km and an equatorial radius of 2575.08, so that the moon appears to be slightly oblate. In this case the ellipse seems to be displaced northward by about 140 m, so both poles are still low compared to the equator but in this solution the north may be a bit further from the barycenter than the south pole. Rotation of the solution from an ideal oblate ellipsoid is negligible (<4 deg). The spherical expansion approach also gives a north pole radius several hundred meters less than the equatorial radius, and suggest that the south pole radius is comparable to the northern value, but it has larger uncertainty. For example, a 6(th) order fit yields north, equatorial, and south pole radii of 2574.35, 2574.85, and 2574.27 km, respectively, although thiese values are dependent on the selection of a parameter for a smoothing constraint. The paucity of data from the far south lead to greater uncertainty in the south polar radius and at this time it is not clear whether the south pole is closer to Titan's barycenter than is the north pole. However, the solutions for north polar radius and mean equatorial radius are robust over our analysis cases and are more trustworthy. Our early error analysis implies uncertainties in all of these values of perhaps +/-200 m. Both of our data types are limited in accuracy by knowledge of the spacecraft attitude, which affects the incidence angle of the observations. These data are consistent with the observation that liquid lakes are seen predominantly near Titan's north pole, which all of our measurements show to be depressed as compared with the equatorial bulge. The presence of the lakes may be linked with a subsurface methane table level dependent on Titan's geoid, so that lakes might be expected to appear on the surface in the lowest lying regions. Lakes seem to be less extensive at the south pole, so it will be crucial to determine the south polar radius accurately if we are to be able to distinguish among competing hypotheses for their formation. C1 [Zebker, Howard A.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Hensley, Scott; Stiles, Bryan; Callahan, Philip; Gim, Yonggyu] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lorenz, Ralph] Johns Hopkins Univ, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Zebker, HA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 175 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800036 ER PT S AU Simpson, RA Tyler, GL Patzold, M Hausler, B Asmar, S AF Simpson, Richard A. Tyler, G. Leonard Paetzold, Martin Haeusler, Bernd Asmar, Sami GP IEEE TI Bistatic Radar Probing of Planetary Surfaces SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Bistatic radar provides a simple, cost-effective way to obtain survey information about planetary surfaces on scales important to landers and rovers. The centimeter-scale waves interact most strongly with surface structure on similar and slightly larger scales yielding estimates of rms surface slopes zeta and material dielectric constant epsilon (which can be related to density). Recent experiments in the Mars north polar region show an unusually heterogeneous surface with some segments having zeta less than 0.2 degrees. The dielectric constants appear to vary only between 1.8 within the polar cap (snow) and 3-4 outside (sand). Uplink experiments (transmissions from ground to spacecraft) have been successfully conducted using Mars Odyssey; future possibilities include spacecraft-to-spacecraft experiments. C1 [Simpson, Richard A.; Tyler, G. Leonard] Stanford Univ, Packard Bldg,MC 9515, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Paetzold, Martin] Rheinisches Inst Umweltforschung Abt Planetenfor-, D-50931 Cologne, Germany. [Haeusler, Bernd] Univ Bundeswehr Munchen, Inst Raumfahrttechnik, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany. [Asmar, Sami] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Simpson, RA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Packard Bldg,MC 9515, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM rsimpson@stanford.edu; len.tyler@stanford.edu NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 178 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800037 ER PT S AU Johnson, WTK Jordan, R Veilleux, L Hodges, R Giersch, L AF Johnson, William T. K. Jordan, Rolando Veilleux, Louise Hodges, Richard Giersch, Louis GP IEEE TI A Study of a Potential Venus Radar Topography Mission SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Radar has been shown to be the best way to view the surface of Venus as was demonstrated by Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Veneras 15 and 16, and Magellan Missions. Each of these missions progressively increased our knowledge of the surface and it has been nearly twenty years since Magellan covered nearly all the surface with SAR images from 120 to 300 m resolution. Advances in technology including onboard processing and high rate down links now make it possible to propose a mission the would create a data set of the topography of Venus at 50 m resolution posting and 5 m height accuracy. Other modes of the radar, using the same hardware, would yield 6 m resolution images of small (10 km by 10 km) areas. This paper describes one point design. C1 [Johnson, William T. K.; Jordan, Rolando; Veilleux, Louise; Hodges, Richard; Giersch, Louis] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Johnson, WTK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM wtkjohnson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 224 EP 225 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800046 ER PT S AU Tanelli, S Durden, SL Im, E Heymsfield, GM Racette, P Starr, DO AF Tanelli, Simone Durden, Stephen L. Im, Eastwood Heymsfield, Gerald M. Racette, Paul Starr, Dave O. GP IEEE TI Next-generation spaceborne Cloud Profiling Radars SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess DE cloud radar; CloudSat; EarthCARE; ACE ID DOPPLER; RAINFALL AB One of the instruments recommended for deployment on the Aerosol/Cloud/Echosystems (ACE) mission is a new advanced Cloud Profiling Radar (ACE-CPR). The atmospheric sciences community has initiated the effort to define the scientific requirements for this instrument. Initial studies focusing on system configuration, performance and feasibility start from the successful experience of the Cloud Profiling Radar on CloudSat Mission (CS-CPR), the first 94-GHz nadir-looking spaceborne radarwhich has been acquiring global time series of vertical cloud structure since June 2, 2006. In this paper we address the significance of CloudSat's accomplishments in regards to the design and development of radars for future cloud profiling missions such as EarthCARE and ACE. C1 [Tanelli, Simone; Durden, Stephen L.; Im, Eastwood] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Heymsfield, Gerald M.; Racette, Paul; Starr, Dave O.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tanelli, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM simone.tanelli@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 232 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800048 ER PT S AU Long, DG Milliff, R Rodriguez, E AF Long, David G. Milliff, Ralph Rodriguez, Ernesto GP IEEE TI The TropSat Mission: An Observatory for Mesoscale Convective System Processes in the Global Tropics SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID RESOLUTION; SEAWINDS; MODEL AB A satellite mission is proposed to provide frequent, high-resolution measurements of surface winds, rain, and temperature profiles to support critical observations of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) over the global tropical oceans. The proposed mission includes an innovative active/passive microwave system coupled with IR cloud top measurements for multi-layer atmosphere observations. The TropSat system will provide frequent, high-resolution measurements of the near-surface wind vector and rain rate over the tropical oceans. The senor design is based on the proven technology of SeaWinds but includes key innovations and an integral radiometer. The main sensor will include: (1) dual-band (C- and Ku-band) and dual beam (inner/outer beams) operation (C- and Ku- band) at multiple polarizations and (2) ground-based post processing to achieve the desired high spatial resolution. Backscatter measurements over land can support vegetation and climate change studies. This paper provides a brief description of the TropSat mission, discusses various instrument and mission tradeoffs, and presents performance estimates to demonstrate the feasibility of the mission concept. C1 [Long, David G.] Brigham Young Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 459 Clyde Bldg, Provo, UT 84602 USA. [Milliff, Ralph] NorthWest Res Associates Inc, CORA Div, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Rodriguez, Ernesto] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Long, DG (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 459 Clyde Bldg, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM long@ee.byu.edu; milliff@cora.nwra.com; Ernesto.Rodriguez@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 236 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800049 ER PT S AU Tanelli, S Fang, HF Durden, SL Im, E Rahmat-Samii, Y AF Tanelli, Simone Fang, Houfei Durden, Stephen L. Im, Eastwood Rahmat-Samii, Yahya GP IEEE TI Prospects for Geostationary Doppler Weather Radar SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess DE geostationary; weather radar ID ANTENNA AB A novel mission concept, namely NEXRAD in Space (NIS), was developed for detailed monitoring of hurricanes, cyclones, and severe storms from a geostationary orbit. This mission concept requires a space deployable 35-m diameter reflector that operates at 35-GHz with a surface figure accuracy requirement of 0.21 mm RMS. This reflector is well beyond the current state-of-the-art. To implement this mission concept, several potential technologies associated with large, lightweight, spaceborne reflectors have been investigated by this study. These spaceborne reflector technologies include mesh reflector technology, inflatable membrane reflector technology and Shape Memory Polymer reflector technology. C1 [Tanelli, Simone; Fang, Houfei; Durden, Stephen L.; Im, Eastwood] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Rahmat-Samii, Yahya] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Tanelli, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Eastwood.Im@jpl.nasa.gov FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FX The research described in this paper was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 242 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800050 ER PT S AU Romanofsky, R Mueller, C Chandrasekar, CV AF Romanofsky, Robert Mueller, Carl Chandrasekar, Chandra V. GP IEEE TI Concept for a Low Cost, High Efficiency Precipitation Radar System ased on Ferroelectric Reflectarray Antenna SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID PHASE SHIFTERS AB This work proposes a concept on a novel scanning phased array, based on thin film ferroelectric phase shifters, for an X-band precipitation monostatic radar. C1 [Romanofsky, Robert] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Commun Instrumentat & Controls Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Mueller, Carl] Qinetiq North Amer, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Chandrasekar, Chandra V.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Romanofsky, R (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Commun Instrumentat & Controls Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM robert.r.romanofsky@nasa.gov; carl.h.mueller@nasa.gov; chandra@engr.colostate.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 246 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800051 ER PT S AU Haque, SM Hoppe, DJ Epp, LW AF Haque, Salman M. Hoppe, Daniel J. Epp, Larry W. GP IEEE TI Solid State Power Amplifier and Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier Additive Phase Noise Characterization at Ka-Band Operation SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB A Ka-band (31-36GHz) solid state power amplifier (SSPA) capable of producing more than 50 W of output power was developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) using a novel 32-way combiner/splitter and 32 2W GaAs PHEMT MMIC modules Ill. Additionally, a 200 W travelling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) manufactured by L3 Communications was acquired and characterized. While these devices are typically not the primary sources of origin for phase noise in transponders, they will contribute phase noise and may add to system phase noise differently. Because information on Ka-band tube and solid-state amplifier additive phase noise performance was not available for these high-power Ka-band amplifiers, an investigation into the phase noise of the SSPA and TWTA was launched. Results indicate that the tested SSPA may have a lower close-in phase noise than the tested TWTA. C1 [Haque, Salman M.; Hoppe, Daniel J.; Epp, Larry W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Haque, SM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM salman.haque@jpl.nasa.gov; daniel.j.hoppe@jpl.nasa.gov; larry.w.epp@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 356 EP 359 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800073 ER PT S AU Hensley, S AF Hensley, Scott GP IEEE TI A COMBINED METHODOLOGY FOR SAR INTERFEROMETRIC AND STEREOMETRIC ERROR MODELING SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Both radar interferometry and radar stereo can be used to generate digital elevation maps. Usually, modeling of the achievable mapping accuracy of these techniques is done separately and the resulting sensitivity equations look quite different. Since both techniques solve for the location of a point through the intersection of various level surfaces associated to the sensor observing geometry it might be expected that some common methodology exists such that the common and unique features of each observation strategy would be more readily discernible. In this paper we present a methodology for the basic sensitivity equations for both radar interferometry and radar stereo that highlights the similarities and differences between these approaches. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hensley, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM scott.hensley@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 401 EP 406 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800082 ER PT S AU He, YT Le, C Zheng, J Nguyen, K Bekker, D AF He, Yutao Le, Charles Zheng, Jason Nguyen, Kayla Bekker, Dmitriy GP IEEE TI ISAAC - A Case of Highly-Reus able, Highly-Capable Computing and Control Platform for Radar Applications SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB ISAAC is a highly capable, highly reusable, modular, and integrated FPGA-based common instrument control and computing platform for a wide range of instrument needs as defined in the Earth Science National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey Report. This paper presents its motivation, technical approach, and the infrastructure elements. It also describes the first prototype, ISAAC I, and its application in the design of SMAP L-band radar digital filter. C1 [He, Yutao; Le, Charles; Zheng, Jason; Nguyen, Kayla; Bekker, Dmitriy] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP He, YT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Yutao.He@jpl.nasa.gov; Charles.T-C.Le@jpl.nasa.gov; Xin.Zheng@jpl.nasa.gov; Kayla.Nguyen@jpl.nasa.gov; Dmitriy.Bekker@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 421 EP 424 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800086 ER PT S AU Fischman, M Freedman, A McWatters, D Berkun, A Cheetham, C Chu, A Lee, S Neumann, G Paller, M Tieu, B Wirth, J Wu, C AF Fischman, M. Freedman, A. McWatters, D. Berkun, A. Cheetham, C. Chu, A. Lee, S. Neumann, G. Paller, M. Tieu, B. Wirth, J. Wu, C. GP IEEE TI Development and Integration of the Aquarius Scatterometer Processor/Control Electronics for Achieving High Measurement Accuracy SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess DE Radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation; square-law detector; radar target simulator; digital receiver; field-programmable gate array (FPGA) ID DETECTOR; RFI AB The upcoming Aquarius sea-surface salinity mission has tight requirements on backscatter measurement accuracy and stability at L-band frequencies (1.26 GHz). These requirements have driven the development of new capabilities in the radar's backend detector electronics, which are the focus of this paper. Topics include the development of flight-grade hardware aboard the scatterometer for radio frequency interference (RFI) detection and mitigation, and analog/digital electronics design techniques that reduce system noise and yield highly linear power detection over a wide dynamic range. We also summarize the approach taken to test the scatterometer's processing and control functions at the level of the integrated Aquarius flight instrument, and present some recent results from the integrated testing campaign. C1 [Fischman, M.; Freedman, A.; McWatters, D.; Berkun, A.; Cheetham, C.; Chu, A.; Lee, S.; Neumann, G.; Paller, M.; Tieu, B.; Wirth, J.; Wu, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Fischman, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM mafisch@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 430 EP 435 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800088 ER PT S AU Krnan, L Rincon, R AF Krnan, Luko Rincon, Rafael GP IEEE TI Reconfigurable Digitally Scanned Polarimetric L-Band Radar SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB We present the design and initial results from a digitally steered, polarimetric, phased array L-Band radar utilizing a novel, high performance architecture. The instrument leverages recent advances in radio frequency and digital signal processing components in order to enable collocated measurements of emission and backscatter in a compact aircraft instrument with no moving parts. The driving methodologies are the minimization of costly and inflexible analog circuitry, adoption of standardized manufacturing processes, and inclusion of reconfigurable firmware and software architectures to facilitate fulfillment of varied sensing requirements. C1 [Krnan, Luko] Dynam Sensing Technol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. [Rincon, Rafael] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krnan, L (reprint author), Dynam Sensing Technol, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. EM luko@dynamicst.com; rafael.rincon@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 446 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800091 ER PT S AU Hensley, S Michel, T Simard, M Jones, C Muellerschoen, R Le, C Zebker, H Chapman, B AF Hensley, Scott Michel, Thierry Simard, Marc Jones, Cathleen Muellerschoen, Ron Le, Charles Zebker, Howard Chapman, Bruce GP IEEE TI RESIDUAL MOTION ESTIMATION FOR UAVSAR: IMPLICATIONS of an ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED ARRAY SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID AIRBORNE SAR INTERFEROMETRY; ERRORS AB The UAVSAR instrument, employing an L-band actively electronically scanned antenna, had its genesis in the ESTO Instrument Incubator Program and after 3 years of development has begin? collecting engineering and science data. System design was motivated by solid Earth applications where repeat pass radar interferometry can be used to measure subtle deformation of the surface, however flexibility and extensibility to support other applications were also major design drivers. In order to make geophysically useful repeat pass interferometric measurements it is necessary to reconstruct the repeat pass baseline with millimeter accuracy, however onboard motion metrology systems only achieve 5-15 cm accuracy. Thus it is necessary to recover the residual motion from the data itself Algorithms for recovering the motion based on along-track offsets between the repeat pass interferometric pair of images were described in [3], [1] and [14]. Later these techniques were extended to use azimuth subbanded differential interferograms in [5]. This paper provides a derivation for the formula for the along-track offsets (or corresponding the subbanded differential phase), i.e. the relative displacement between two SAR images in a interferometric pair in the along track direction, as a function of baseline for systems employing an electronically scanned antenna. The standard formula for systems not employing electronically scanned antenna for the along-track offsets, Delta s, has the form Delta s = b(c) tan theta(az) + d rho sin theta(l) partial derivative b(c)/partial derivative(s) - rho cos theta(l) partial derivative b(h)/partial derivative(s) (1) where b(c) is the cross-track baseline, b(h) is the vertical baseline, theta(l) is the look angle, theta(az) is the azimuth or squint angle, rho is the range and d = 1 for left looking systems and d = -1 for right looking systems systems. A key feature of this formula is the along-track offsets only range dependency is from the derivatives of the baseline with respect to along-track position. In the electronically scanned case this in no longer true and an additional range dependency arises that is a function of the electronic steering angle. C1 [Hensley, Scott; Michel, Thierry; Simard, Marc; Jones, Cathleen; Muellerschoen, Ron; Le, Charles; Chapman, Bruce] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Zebker, Howard] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Hensley, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM scott.hensley@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 450 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800092 ER PT S AU Jones, C Hensley, S Michel, T AF Jones, Cathleen Hensley, Scott Michel, Thierry GP IEEE TI TOPOGRAPHY-DEPENDENT MOTION COMPENSATION: APPLICATION TO UAVSAR DATA SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB The UAVSAR L-band synthetic aperture radar system has been designed for repeat track interferometry in support of Earth science applications that require high-precision measurements of small surface deformations over timescales from hours to years. Conventional motion compensation algorithms, which art based upon assumptions of a narrow beam and flat terrain. yield unacceptably large errors in areas with even moderate topographic relief i.e., in most areas of interest. This often limits the ability to achieve sub-centimeter surface change detection over significant portions of an acquired scene. To reduce this source of error in the interferometric phase, we have implemented an advanced motion compensation algorithm that corrects for the scene topography and radar beam width. Here we discuss the algorithm used, its implementation in the UAVSAR data processor, and the improvement in interferometric phase and correlation achieved in areas with significant topographic relief. C1 [Jones, Cathleen; Hensley, Scott; Michel, Thierry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jones, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM cathleen.jones@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 455 EP 460 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800093 ER PT S AU Harcke, LJ AF Harcke, Leif J. GP IEEE TI Time-domain Backprojection for Precise Geodetic Coding of Spaceborne SAR Imagery SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB A new era of precise-orbit determination for spaceborne SAR permits time-domain backprojection of the data for accurate geocoded image production. In this work, time-domain backprojection is applied to Level 1.0 data from the ALOS/PALSAR instrument to form imagery at two sites in southern California. The accuracy of the backprojection is verified by comparing the measured position of a corner reflector at a calibration site to its position in the formed SAR imagery. The observed offset of the corner reflector is <2 m in the range direction and 12 m in the cross-range or along track direction. Images backprojected in an absolute WGS-84 Cartesian system onto 1/3 arc second or 10 m posting digital elevation data exhibit no gross registration errors. This indicates that the backprojection image formation method may be useful for processing differential radar interferometry (D-InSAR) products, where topography terms must first be removed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Harcke, LJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr Stop 300-319, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Leif.J.Harcke@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 488 EP 490 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800099 ER PT S AU Johnson, WTK Rosen, PA Hensley, S Freeman, A AF Johnson, William T. K. Rosen, Paul A. Hensley, Scott Freeman, Anthony GP IEEE TI Radar Designs for the DESDynI Mission SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB The interferometric radar (InSAR) design has undergone several iterations in the years that this mission has been under consideration. In the most recent proposal the InSAR is combined with a Lidar and the mission is called Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI). This spacecraft would be in a near-polar orbit around the Earth and repeatedly collect data to monitor changes in the solid Earth, vegetation, and ice. The radar is a repeat pass interferometric SAR with dual and quad polarization capability. This paper examines the state of the configuration of the radar including a "SweepSAR" method that has been incorporated as the present baseline. C1 [Johnson, William T. K.; Rosen, Paul A.; Hensley, Scott; Freeman, Anthony] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Johnson, WTK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM wtkjohnson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 541 EP 543 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800109 ER PT S AU Bryllert, T Cooper, KB Dengler, RJ Llombart, N Chattopadhyay, G Schlecht, E Gill, J Lee, C Skalare, A Mehdi, I Siegel, PH AF Bryllert, Tomas Cooper, Ken B. Dengler, Robert J. Llombart, Nuria Chattopadhyay, Goutam Schlecht, Erich Gill, John Lee, Choonsup Skalare, Anders Mehdi, Imran Siegel, Peter H. GP IEEE TI A 600 GHz imaging radar for concealed objects detection SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB We present the hardware and the experimental results from a 600 GHz imaging radar with sub-centimeter resolution in all three spatial dimensions. The FMCW radar transceiver is built on a back-end of commercial microwave components - with a front-end of custom designed frequency multipliers and mixers. The optics consists of a 40 cm diameter ellipsoidal primary reflector with a 4 m focal length. The acquired images will be compared with those achieved with a more traditional sub-millimeter wave active imaging technique. C1 [Bryllert, Tomas; Cooper, Ken B.; Dengler, Robert J.; Llombart, Nuria; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Schlecht, Erich; Gill, John; Lee, Choonsup; Skalare, Anders; Mehdi, Imran; Siegel, Peter H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bryllert, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bryllert@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 571 EP 573 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800115 ER PT S AU Jezek, K Gogineni, P Wu, XQ Rodriguez, E Rodriguez, F Freeman, A AF Jezek, Kenneth Gogineni, Prasad Wu, Xiaoqing Rodriguez, Ernesto Rodriguez, Fernando Freeman, Anthony GP IEEE TI Global Ice Sheet Mapping Observatory: Airborne Experiments SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB We describe tests of a radar-system concept envisioned to measure the spatial reflectivity and the 3-dimensional surface and basal topography of terrestrial ice sheets and to determine the physical properties of the glacier bed. We conducted experiments during May 2006 over northwestern Greenland using a 150 MHz radar operated from a Twin Otter aircraft. We conducted more extensive experiments in September 2007 over northern and central Greenland when we operated 150 and 450 MHz radars installed on the NASA P-3 aircraft. We performed a final set of Twin Otter supported 150 MHz experiments in July 2008 near Jacobshavn Glacier in western Greenland. Here we show 150 and 450 MHz interferograms of the ice sheet base. We use both radar interferometry and tomography to construct three-dimensional bottom topography. C1 [Jezek, Kenneth] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Gogineni, Prasad; Rodriguez, Fernando] Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA. [Wu, Xiaoqing; Rodriguez, Ernesto; Freeman, Anthony] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Jezek, K (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 586 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800118 ER PT S AU Freeman, A AF Freeman, Anthony GP IEEE TI On the design of spaceborne polarimetric SARs SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID CALIBRATION AB To date, spaceborne polarimetric SARs have predominantly been implemented as experimental add-on modes to existing designs for single-pol or dual-pol systems. As a result, current and planned spaceborne SARs have polarimetric (or quad-pol) modes that are severely limited in swath width, are restricted in the range of look angles, suffer from low SNR and ambiguity problems, and are difficult to calibrate. The consequence of this is that the high potential science return expected from polarimetric SAR data has not and will not be realized. In this paper, the design of polarimetric SAR systems is revisited. Design principles are established, and recent advances will be described that allow wider swath polarimetry over a wide range of incidence angles, and simplified calibration of the final data product. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Freeman, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 594 EP 597 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800120 ER PT S AU Reis, JJ Williams, MA Hensley, S Woods, D AF Reis, James J. Williams, Mark A. Hensley, Scott Woods, Don GP IEEE TI Updating GeoSAR for Full-pol Interferometric Capability SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID CALIBRATION AB GeoSAR is a single pass, dual frequency (X-band and P-band) interferometric mapping radar designed to map both top vegetation canopies and the terrain beneath the canopy. This system was developed from 1998-2003 as a joint effort of NASA JPL and EarthData under sponsorship of DARPA and NGA. The system is flown on a G-II aircraft and maps 10-12 km swaths simultaneously on both sides of the aircraft to generate high quality DEMs and imagery at both X-band and P-band. The system was later augmented with a nadir-pointing lidar profiler system to generate highly accurate control points that can be used in generating large area mosaics. Over the last 5 years the field of polarimetric interferometry has shown great utility in mapping the top of canopies and the underlying terrain with a great deal of accuracy at both L-band and P-band. This paper discusses an upgrade of the GeoSAR dual-pol (HH, HV) P-band interferometer to a fully polarimetric interferometer (HH, HV, VH, VV). We present both hardware and processor changes to the GeoSAR system needed for fully polarimetric interferometric operation. C1 [Reis, James J.; Williams, Mark A.] Fugro EarthData Geospatial Serv, 7320 Execut Way, Frederick, MD 21704 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Woods, Don] Technol Serv Corp, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Reis, JJ (reprint author), Fugro EarthData Geospatial Serv, 7320 Execut Way, Frederick, MD 21704 USA. EM jreis@EarthData.com FU National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA); DARPA FX Sponsored initially by DARPA and later by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 607 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800123 ER PT S AU Spencer, M Chan, S Veilleux, L Wheeler, K AF Spencer, Michael Chan, Samuel Veilleux, Louise Wheeler, Kevin GP IEEE TI THE SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE/PASSIVE (SMAP) MISSION RADAR: A NOVEL CONICALLY SCANNING SAR SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess DE Soil Moisture; L-Band AB The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission is a NASA mission identified by the NRC "decadal survey" to measure both soil moisture and freeze/thaw state from space. The mission will use both active radar and passive radiometer instruments at L-Band. In order to achieve a wide swath at sufficiently high resolution for both active and passive channels, air instrument architecture that uses a large rotating reflector is employed The active radar will further utilize SAR processing in order to obtain the sub-footprint resolution necessary for the geophysical retrievals. The SMAP radar has a unique geometry where the antenna footprint is continuously rotated about nadir in a conical fashion, as opposed to the more common side-looking SAR design. In additional to the unconventional scan geometry, the SAMP radar must address the effects of Faraday rotation and radiofrequency interference (RFI), both consequences of the L-Band frequency of operation. C1 [Spencer, Michael; Chan, Samuel; Veilleux, Louise; Wheeler, Kevin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Spencer, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Michael.W.Spencer@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 656 EP 659 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800133 ER PT S AU Le, C Spencer, MW Veilleux, L Chan, S He, YT Zheng, J Nguyen, K AF Le, Charles Spencer, Michael W. Veilleux, Louise Chan, Samuel He, Yutao Zheng, Jason Nguyen, Kayla GP IEEE TI SMAP's Radar OBP Algorithm Development SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB An approach for algorithm specifications and development is described for SMAP's radar onboard processor with multi-stage demodulation and decimation bandpass digital filter. Point target simulation is used to verify and validate the filter design with the usual radar performance parameters. Preliminary FPGA implementation is also discussed. C1 [Le, Charles; Spencer, Michael W.; Veilleux, Louise; Chan, Samuel; He, Yutao; Zheng, Jason; Nguyen, Kayla] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Le, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Charles.T-C.Le@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 660 EP 663 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800134 ER PT S AU Woollard, D Kwoun, OI Bicknell, T West, R Leung, K AF Woollard, David Kwoun, Oh-ig Bicknell, Tom West, Richard Leung, Kon GP IEEE TI A Science Data System Approach For The SMAP Mission SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB Though Science Data System (SDS) development has not traditionally been part of the mission concept phase, lessons learned and study of past Earth science missions indicate that SDS functionality can greatly benefit algorithm developers in all mission phases. We have proposed a SDS approach for the SMAP Mission that incorporates early support for an algorithm testbed, allowing scientists to develop codes and seamlessly integrate them into the operational SDS. This approach will greatly reduce both the costs and risks involved in algorithm transitioning and SDS development. C1 [Woollard, David; Kwoun, Oh-ig; Bicknell, Tom; West, Richard; Leung, Kon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Woollard, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 664 EP 669 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800135 ER PT S AU McWatters, D Freedman, A Becker, R Granger, J Yates, P Franklin, B Borders, J Yueh, S Spencer, M Price, D Fischman, M Cheetham, C Paller, M Pellerano, F Piepmeier, J AF McWatters, Dalia Freedman, Adam Becker, Ray Granger, James Yates, Phil Franklin, Brian Borders, James Yueh, Simon Spencer, Michael Price, Doug Fischman, Mark Cheetham, Craig Paller, Mimi Pellerano, Fernando Piepmeier, Jeff GP IEEE TI Architecture and Design of the Aquarius Instrument for RF and Thermal Stability SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID SALINITY AB In this paper, we present the architecture and design of file Aquarius instrument: a spaceborne combination radiometer-scatterometer in L-band, for measuring ocean surface salinity. In order to achieve the unprecedented measurement stability of 0.1 Kelvin for the radiometer, the Scatterometer (for correction of file sea surface roughness) is required to have a calibrated stability of 0.1 dB. Active and passive thermal control was utilized as well as RF self calibration. Novel test techniques were also developed to verify the stability requirement was met. C1 [McWatters, Dalia; Freedman, Adam; Becker, Ray; Granger, James; Yates, Phil; Franklin, Brian; Borders, James; Yueh, Simon; Spencer, Michael; Price, Doug; Fischman, Mark; Cheetham, Craig; Paller, Mimi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Pellerano, Fernando; Piepmeier, Jeff] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP McWatters, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Dalia.A.McWatters@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 670 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800136 ER PT S AU Rodriguez, E Gaston, RW Durden, SL Stiles, B Spencer, M Veilleux, L Hughes, R Fernadez, DE Chan, S Veleva, S Dunbar, RS AF Rodriguez, Ernesto Gaston, Robert W. Durden, Stephen L. Stiles, Bryan Spencer, Michael Veilleux, Louise Hughes, Richard Fernadez, Daniel Esteban Chan, Samuel Veleva, Svetla Dunbar, R. Scott GP IEEE TI A Scatterometer for XOVWM, the Extended Ocean Vector Winds Mission SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID PENCIL-BEAM SCATTEROMETER AB This paper presents a designs for a scatterometer satisfying the performance requirements set by the National Research Council Decadal Review in its description of the Extended Ocean Vector Winds Mission (XOVWM). Our design consists of a Ku and C-band pencil-beam scatterometer system coupled with an X-band poilarimetric radiometer. Multiple frequencies allow us to achieve all winds and all-weather capabilities, and we achieve high spatial resolution thanks to an onboard SAR processor. We present examples of significant improvements in performance that can be achieved by this next-generation system compared with current ocean vector winds instruments. C1 [Rodriguez, Ernesto; Gaston, Robert W.; Durden, Stephen L.; Stiles, Bryan; Spencer, Michael; Veilleux, Louise; Hughes, Richard; Fernadez, Daniel Esteban; Chan, Samuel; Veleva, Svetla; Dunbar, R. Scott] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91001 USA. RP Rodriguez, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91001 USA. EM ernesto.rodriguez@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 674 EP 677 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800137 ER PT S AU Boisson, J Heggy, E Frigeri, A Farrell, WM Picardi, G Clifford, SM Plaut, JJ Putzig, N Orosei, R Gurnett, DA AF Boisson, Josephine Heggy, Essam Frigeri, Alessandro Farrell, William M. Picardi, Giovanni Clifford, Stephen M. Plaut, Jeffrey J. Putzig, Nathaniel Orosei, Roberto Gurnett, Donald A. GP IEEE TI Exploring the Martian Subsurface of Athabasca Using MARSIS Radar Data: Testing the Volcanic and Fluvial Hypotheses for the Origin of the Morphology SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess AB This work aims to test the formation hypotheses of the rafted-plate morphology observed in the Martian area of Athabasca Valles (5 degrees N, 150 degrees E,) using the subsurface radar echo from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) 5 MHz-band data over this area. The backscattered signal losses are compared to those arising from two geoelectrical subsurface models (differing in their assumed ice content) generated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Within this region, the MARSIS signal experience average losses of 0.09dB/m in the first 160 m beneath the surface. FDTD simulations suggests that, if the near-surface environment is ice-rich (80% by volume), it will result in average losses of 0.048dB/m, whereas the losses associated with an ice-poor model (20% of ice by volume) increase to 0.10dB/m. Comparing the observed MARSIS losses with the simulated ones suggests that the propagation characteristics of Athabasca's subsurface are more consistent with a volcanic rather than a fluvial origin for the rafted-plate terrain. C1 [Boisson, Josephine; Heggy, Essam] Inst Phys Globe Paris, F-94107 St Maur Des Fosses, France. [Frigeri, Alessandro] Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. [Farrell, William M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Picardi, Giovanni] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Info Com, I-00184 Rome, Italy. [Clifford, Stephen M.] Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Plaut, Jeffrey J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Putzig, Nathaniel] Southwest Res Inst, Dept Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Orosei, Roberto] Ist Nazl Astrofis, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Gurnett, Donald A.] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Boisson, J (reprint author), Inst Phys Globe Paris, F-94107 St Maur Des Fosses, France. EM boisson@ipgp.jussieu.fr RI Boisson, Josephine/F-8503-2010; Farrell, William/I-4865-2013; Frigeri, Alessandro/F-2151-2010 OI Frigeri, Alessandro/0000-0002-9140-3977 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 763 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800154 ER PT S AU Lee, W Amoozegar, F Afshari, E AF Lee, Wooram Amoozegar, Farid Afshari, Ehsan GP IEEE TI Picosecond Pulse Generation on CMOS: Design Beyond Transistor Limits SO 2009 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2009 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 04-08, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Coastal, Los Angeles Sect, JPL, GRSS, MTT S, aess ID NONLINEAR TRANSMISSION-LINES; SOLITONS AB Nonlinear transmission media can be used for high amplitude, narrow pulse generation. We developed the theory of pulse generation in one- and two-dimensional transmission lattices. We used a conventional CMOS process to fabricate these lattices. Using these structures, it is possible to generate signals with a bandwidth of more than the cut-off frequency of the fastest transistor on the same process. We showed a 2-D nonlinear lattice that can generate pulses as narrow as 1psec with an amplitude of more than 3V by using nonlinear constructive interference in a conventional 130nm CMOS process. C1 [Lee, Wooram; Afshari, Ehsan] Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Amoozegar, Farid] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, W (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM wl287@cornell.edu; Farid.Amoozegar@jpl.nasa.gov; Ehsan@ece.cornell.edu FU NSF; Samsung FX The authors would like to thank G. Lilis, G. Li, and O. Momeni of Cornell University and Prof. A. Hajimiri of Caltech for helpful discussions. They also acknowledge generous support of TSMC for chip fabrication, and NSF for support. W. Lee is also supported by Samsung fellowship. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4244-2870-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2009 BP 935 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BKN77 UT WOS:000268721800190 ER PT B AU O'Bryan, MV LaBel, KA Pellish, JA Buchner, SP Ladbury, RL Oldham, TR Kim, HS Campola, MJ Lauenstein, JM Chen, DK Berg, MD Sanders, AB Marshall, PW Marshall, CJ Xapsos, MA Kruckmeyer, K Leftwich, M Leftwich, M Benedetto, JM AF O'Bryan, Martha V. LaBel, Kenneth A. Pellish, Jonathan A. Buchner, Stephen P. Ladbury, Ray L. Oldham, Timothy R. Kim, Hak S. Campola, Michael J. Lauenstein, Jean-Marie Chen, Dakai Berg, Melanie D. Sanders, Anthony B. Marshall, Paul W. Marshall, Cheryl J. Xapsos, Michael A. Kruckmeyer, Kirby Leftwich, Matt Leftwich, Marcus Benedetto, Joseph M. GP IEEE TI Single Event Effects Compendium of Candidate Spacecraft Electronics for NASA SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy DE Single event effects; spacecraft electronics; digital; linear bipolar; hybrid devices ID PULSED-LASER AB We present the results of single event effects testing and analysis investigating the effects of radiation on electronics. This paper is a summary of test results. C1 [O'Bryan, Martha V.; Kim, Hak S.; Campola, Michael J.; Chen, Dakai; Berg, Melanie D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [LaBel, Kenneth A.; Pellish, Jonathan A.; Ladbury, Ray L.; Lauenstein, Jean-Marie; Sanders, Anthony B.; Marshall, Cheryl J.; Xapsos, Michael A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Buchner, Stephen P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Def Technol & Syst Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP O'Bryan, MV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM martha.v.obryan@nasa.gov; kenneth.a.label@nasa.gov; jonathan.a.pellish@nasa.gov; Stephen.Buchner@globalgroup.us.com; raymond.l.ladbury@nasa.gov; timothy.r.oldham@nasa.gov; Hak.S.Kim@nasa.gov; Michael.J.Campola@nasa.gov; jean.m.lauenstein@nasa.gov; Dakai.Chen-1@nasa.gov; Melanie.D.Berg@nasa.gov; anthony.b.sanders@nasa.gov; pwmarshall@aol.com; cheryl.j.marshall@nasa.gov; michael.a.xapsos@nasa.gov; Kirby.Kruckmeyer@nsc.com; mleftwich@spacephotonics.com; jbenedetto@radiationassureddevices.com FU NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP); NASA Flight Projects under IACRO [09-4587I, 10-4977I]; NASA/GSFC Internal Research & Development Program; Space Radiation Element Human Research program at NASA/JS FX This work was supported in part by the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP), NASA Flight Projects, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under IACRO# 09-4587I and 10- 4977I,NASA/GSFC Internal Research & Development Program, and the Space Radiation Element Human Research program at NASA/JS NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 15 EP + DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336321 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100004 ER PT B AU Cochran, DJ Buchner, SP Chen, DK Kim, HS LaBel, KA Oldham, TR Campola, MJ O'Bryan, MV Ladbury, RL Marshall, C Sanders, AB Xapsos, MA AF Cochran, Donna J. Buchner, Stephen P. Chen, Dakai Kim, Hak S. LaBel, Kenneth A. Oldham, Timothy R. Campola, Michael J. O'Bryan, Martha V. Ladbury, Raymond L. Marshall, Cheryl Sanders, Anthony B. Xapsos, Michael A. GP IEEE TI Total Ionizing Dose and Displacement Damage Compendium of Candidate Spacecraft Electronics for NASA SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy DE Displacement Damage; Optoelectronics; Proton Damage; Single Event Effects; Total Ionizing Dose AB Vulnerability of a variety of candidate spacecraft electronics to total ionizing dose and displacement damage is studied. Devices tested include optoelectronics, digital, analog, linear bipolar devices, and hybrid devices. C1 [Cochran, Donna J.; Chen, Dakai; Kim, Hak S.; Campola, Michael J.; O'Bryan, Martha V.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Oldham, Timothy R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Dell Perot Syst Govt Serv Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [LaBel, Kenneth A.; Marshall, Cheryl; Sanders, Anthony B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Buchner, Stephen P.] Global Def Technol & Syst, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Cochran, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donna.j.cochran@nasa.gov; Stephen.buchner@globalgroup.us.com; Dakai.Chen.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; Kenneth.A.Label@nasa.gov; Martha.v.obryan@nasa.gov; Raymond.l.ladbury@nasa.gov FU NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP); NASA Flight Projects; Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under IACRO [09-4587I, 10-4977I] FX This work was supported in part by the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP), NASA Flight Projects, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under IACRO# 09-4587I and 10-4977I. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 25 EP + DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336318 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100005 ER PT B AU Kenna, AJ Rax, BG Thorbourn, DO Harris, RD McClure, SS AF Kenna, Aaron J. Rax, Bernard G. Thorbourn, Dennis O. Harris, Richard D. McClure, Steven S. GP IEEE TI Compendium of Recent Total Ionizing Dose Test Results Conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory from 2003 through 2009 SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy DE Co60; Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS); Microelectronics; Radiation Effects; Total Ionizing Dose (TID) AB Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS) tests are being performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (in a continual basis to support various upcoming space missions and research and development projects. This compendium summarizes the results of the tests carried out over the last six years. C1 [Kenna, Aaron J.; Rax, Bernard G.; Thorbourn, Dennis O.; Harris, Richard D.; McClure, Steven S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kenna, AJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM aaron.kenna@jpl.nasa.gov; bernard.g.rax@jpl.nasa.gov; dennis.o.thorbourn@jpl.nasa.gov; richard.d.harris@jpl.nasa.gov; steven.s.mcclure@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 32 EP 38 DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336319 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100006 ER PT B AU Kruckmeyer, K Buchner, SP DasGupta, S AF Kruckmeyer, Kirby Buchner, Stephen P. DasGupta, Sandeepan GP IEEE TI Single Event Transient (SET) Response of National Semiconductor's ELDRS-Free LM139 Quad Comparator SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy ID HEAVY-ION; CIRCUITS AB Heavy ion and pulsed laser Single Event Transient (SET) data are presented for National Semiconductor's LM139AxLQMLV (5692R9673802VxA). The SET signatures for this part are compared to older versions of the part. The results confirm complications in performing SET testing on bipolar analog products reported by others plus raise new considerations when evaluating SET test results. C1 [Kruckmeyer, Kirby] Natl Semicond Corp, 2900 Semicond Dr, Santa Clara, CA 95052 USA. [Buchner, Stephen P.] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20711 USA. [Buchner, Stephen P.] Global Strategies Grp Inc, Crofton, MD 21114 USA. [DasGupta, Sandeepan] Vanderbilt Univ, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RP Kruckmeyer, K (reprint author), Natl Semicond Corp, 2900 Semicond Dr, Santa Clara, CA 95052 USA. EM kirby.kruckmeyer@nsc.com; Stephen.Buchner@globalgroup.us.com; sandeepan.dasgupta@vanderbilt.edu NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 65 EP + DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336313 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100012 ER PT B AU Selva, LE Ikeda, N Scheick, LZ AF Selva, Luis E. Ikeda, Naomi Scheick, Leif Z. GP IEEE TI SEGR/SEB test results on emerging Hi-Rel power MOSFETs SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy AB Test results for several newly available Hi-Rel total (lose hardened power MOSFETs are presented. The safe-operating-area (SOA) of several devices were determined with Ag and Xe ions having incident LETs of 42.2 and 53.1 MeV cm(2)/mg, respectively. Test results show these devices are comparable to currently available total (lose hardened technology. C1 [Selva, Luis E.; Scheick, Leif Z.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Ikeda, Naomi] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Tsukuba Space Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058505, Japan. RP Selva, LE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM luis.e.selva@jpl.nasa.gov; ikeda.naomi@jaxa.jp; leif.z.scheick@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA Electronic Parts Packaging Program (NEPP) FX The research described in this publication was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was also supported in part by the NASA Electronic Parts Packaging Program (NEPP). The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the technical support given by Roy Scrivner, Dennis Thorbourn and Tetsuo F. of Jet Propulsion Laboratory NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 76 EP + DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336311 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100014 ER PT B AU Scheick, L Selva, L AF Scheick, Leif Selva, Luis GP IEEE TI Sensitivity to LET and Test Conditions for SEE Testing of Power MOSFETs SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy ID EVENT GATE RUPTURE; SEGR; ENERGY AB The results of recent Single Event Gate Rupture and Single Event Burnout testing on power NIOSFETS are presented. The recent test data show a considerable drop in failure voltage in comparison to manufacturer data for device ratings over 130V. The effect of range is considered to account for this difference. The methods and practices for testing and data analyses that need to he used for adequate SEE testing of power MOSFETs are also presented. C1 [Scheick, Leif; Selva, Luis] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Scheick, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM leif.z.scheick@jpl.nasa.gov; luis.selva@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 82 EP 93 DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336308 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100015 ER PT B AU Oldham, TR Friendlich, MR Sanders, AB Seidleck, CM Kim, HS Berg, MD LaBel, KA AF Oldham, T. R. Friendlich, M. R. Sanders, A. B. Seidleck, C. M. Kim, H. S. Berg, M. D. LaBel, K. A. GP IEEE TI TID and SEE Response of Advanced Samsung and Micron 4G NAND Flash Memories for the NASA MMS Mission SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy AB SEE and TID results are presented for two advanced commercial flash memories, Samsung and Micron 4Gb. Both have very good TID response, and very good SEU bit error rates, but the Samsung parts have lower SEFI rates and lower rates of destructive failures. C1 [Oldham, T. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Perot Syst Govt Serv Inc, Code 561-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Friendlich, M. R.; Seidleck, C. M.] NASA, MEI Technol Inc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sanders, A. B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Oldham, TR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Perot Syst Govt Serv Inc, Code 561-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM timonty.r.oldham@nasa.gov; mark.r.friendlich@nasa.gov; anthony.b.sanders@nasa.gov; Christina.m.seidleck@nasa.gov FU NASA'MMS Program; NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP) FX This work was supported in part by the NASA MMS Program and NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP) NR 4 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 114 EP + DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336305 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100020 ER PT B AU Hafer, C Griffith, S Guertin, S Nagy, J Sievert, F Gaisler, J Habinc, S AF Hafer, C. Griffith, S. Guertin, S. Nagy, J. Sievert, F. Gaisler, J. Habinc, S. GP IEEE TI LEON 3FT Processor Radiation Effects DataAC SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy AB Special SEU test software is used to monitor the single-bit per word corrected errors in the internal SRAM of the LEON 3 fault tolerant processor. SEL and TID results are discussed. C1 [Hafer, C.; Griffith, S.; Nagy, J.; Sievert, F.] Aeroflex Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. [Guertin, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gaisler, J.; Habinc, S.] Aeroflex Gaisler, Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Hafer, C (reprint author), Aeroflex Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. EM craig.hafer@aeroflex.com; griffith@aeroflex.com; steven.m.guertin@jpl.nasa.gov; nagy@aeroflex.com; sievert@aeroflex.com; jiri@gaisler.com; sandi@gaisler.com NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 148 EP + DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336299 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100026 ER PT B AU Campola, MJ Chen, DK LaBel, KA AF Campola, Michael J. Chen, Dakai LaBel, Kenneth A. GP IEEE TI Two Post-Irradiation Temperature Techniques for Total Ionizing Dose SO 2009 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 20-24, 2009 CL Quebec, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sci Soc, IEEE Nuclear & Space Radiat Effects Conf, Defense Threat Reduct Agcy DE Radiation effects; temperature effects; bipolar; CMOS; testing techniques AB Data have been obtained using two methods that illustrate limitations of cold temperature storage to prevent annealing, and responses to post irradiation elevated temperature tests. Radiation testing was done using a Co-60 Source. C1 [Campola, Michael J.; Chen, Dakai] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [LaBel, Kenneth A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Campola, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Michael.J.Campola@nasa.guv; Dakai.Chen-1@nasa.gov; kenneth.a.label@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5092-3 PY 2009 BP 152 EP + DI 10.1109/REDW.2009.5336296 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BNK62 UT WOS:000274805100027 ER PT B AU Ansar, A Matthies, L AF Ansar, Adnan Matthies, Larry GP IEEE TI Multi-Modal Image Registration for Localization in Titan's Atmosphere SO 2009 IEEE-RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY OCT 10-15, 2009 CL St. Louis, MO SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, Robot Soc Japan, Soc Instrument & Control Engn, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Inst Control, Robot & Syst Korea, ABB, Barrett Technol, Inc, Willow Garage, ROBOTIS, Aldebaran Robot AB We study the problem of localizing a balloon in the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan by registering onboard imagery with orbital imagery. This is critical for both autonomous navigation purposes and acquisition and sampling of scientifically interesting sites. Because of Titan's atmospheric opacity, we require the ability to match combinations of visible, infrared (IR) and synthetic aperture RADAR (SAR) images. For both localization and direct use as a multi-modal data product for science analysis, match results must be sub-pixel accurate. We demonstrate the feasibility of matching orbital SAR data to visible and IR imagery and outline a framework for using this data as a navigation product. We demonstrate a technique to compensate for local distortions to enable accurate data registration in spite of differences in sensor return and imaging geometry. Finally, we show match results using both terrestrial imagery and the limited amount of available Titan data acquired by the Cassini orbiter and Huygens probe. C1 [Ansar, Adnan; Matthies, Larry] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Comp Vis Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ansar, A (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Comp Vis Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Adnan.Ansar@jpl.nasa.gov; Larry.Matthies@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3803-7 PY 2009 BP 3349 EP 3354 DI 10.1109/IROS.2009.5354586 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BSQ11 UT WOS:000285372901232 ER PT B AU Kuwata, Y Blackmore, L Wolf, M Fathpour, N Newman, C Elfes, A AF Kuwata, Yoshiaki Blackmore, Lars Wolf, Michael Fathpour, Nanaz Newman, Claire Elfes, Alberto GP IEEE TI Decomposition Algorithm for Global Reachability Analysis on a Time-varying Graph with an Application to Planetary Exploration SO 2009 IEEE-RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY OCT 10-15, 2009 CL St Louis, MO SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc (RA), Robot Soc Japan (RSJ), Soc Instruments & Control Engn, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Inst Control, Robot & Syst Korea, ABB, Barrett Technol, Inc, Willow Garage, ROBOTIS, Aldebaran Robot DE Dijkstra's algorithm; Decomposition; Block-triangular matrix; Reachability AB Hot air (Montgolfiere) balloons represent a promising vehicle system for possible future exploration of planets and moons with thick atmospheres such as Venus and Titan. To go to a desired location, this vehicle can primarily use the horizontal wind that varies with altitude, with a small help of its own actuation. A main challenge is how to plan such trajectory in a highly nonlinear and time-varying wind field. This paper poses this trajectory planning as a graph search on the space-time grid and addresses its computational aspects. When capturing various time scales involved in the wind field over the duration of long exploration mission, the size of the graph becomes excessively large. We show that the adjacency matrix of the graph is block-triangular, and by exploiting this structure, we decompose the large planning problem into several smaller subproblems, whose memory requirement stays almost constant as the problem size grows. The approach is demonstrated on a global reachability analysis of a possible Titan mission scenario. C1 [Kuwata, Yoshiaki; Blackmore, Lars; Wolf, Michael; Fathpour, Nanaz; Elfes, Alberto] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Newman, Claire] CALTECH, Div Geolo & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kuwata, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Yoshiaki.Kuwata@jpl.nasa.gov RI Elfes, Alberto/E-2463-2011 OI Elfes, Alberto/0000-0003-2433-995X FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; California Institute of Technology FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.; 2009 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3803-7 PY 2009 BP 3955 EP + DI 10.1109/IROS.2009.5354578 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BSQ11 UT WOS:000285372902025 ER PT B AU Burridge, RR Hambuchen, KA AF Burridge, Robert R. Hambuchen, Kimberly A. GP IEEE TI Using Prediction to Enhance Remote Robot Supervision across Time Delay SO 2009 IEEE-RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY OCT 10-15, 2009 CL St Louis, MO SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc (RA), Robot Soc Japan (RSJ), Soc Instruments & Control Engn, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Inst Control, Robot & Syst Korea, ABB, Barrett Technol, Inc, Willow Garage, ROBOTIS, Aldebaran Robot ID MANIPULATION; EXPLORATION; DISPLAY AB The Predictive Interactive Graphical Interface (PIG!) is a suite of tools developed at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) for supervising robots across expected Earth-moon time delays (5-10 second round trip). These tools improve interaction between a human supervisor and a remote robot by mitigating the effects of the time delay. Using a combination of robot behavior prediction and task queuing, PIGI enables the supervisor to reduce robot idle time, which leads to more efficient completion of the tasks. PIGI was used in 2007 and 2008 to remotely command five different NASA robots in Arizona, California, Texas, and Washington, all from a single location at JSC in Houston. C1 [Burridge, Robert R.] TRACLabs Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Hambuchen, Kimberly A.] Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Burridge, RR (reprint author), TRACLabs Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Robert.r.burridge@nasa.gov; Kimberly.a.hambuchen@nasa.gov FU NASA's Exploration Technologies Development Program; Human-Robot Systems Project FX This work was supported by NASAs Exploration Technologies Development Program , Human-Robot Systems Project NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-3803-7 PY 2009 BP 5628 EP + DI 10.1109/IROS.2009.5354233 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BSQ11 UT WOS:000285372903083 ER PT B AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Mumolo, JM Ting, DZ Hill, CJ Nguyen, J AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Liu, J. K. Mumolo, J. M. Ting, D. Z. Hill, C. J. Nguyen, J. GP IEEE TI First Demonstration of Megapixel Dual-band QWIP Focal Plane Array SO 2009 IEEE SENSORS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th IEEE Conference on Sensors CY OCT 25-28, 2009 CL Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND SP IEEE Sensors Council AB Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are well known for their stability, high pixel-pixel uniformity and high pixel operability which are quintessential parameters for large area imaging arrays. In this paper we report the first demonstration of the megapixel-simultaneously-readable and pixel-co-registered dual-band QWIP focal plane array (FPA). The dual-band QWIP device was developed by stacking two multi-quantum-well stacks tuned to absorb two different infrared wavelengths. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) band extends from 4.4 - 5.1 mu m and FWHM of the long-wave infrared (LWIR) band extends from 7.8 - 8.8 mu m. Dual-band QWIP detector arrays were hybridized with direct injection 30 mu m pixel pitch megapixel dual-band simultaneously readable CMOS read out integrated circuits using the indium bump hybridization technique. The initial dual-band megapixel QWIP FPAs were cooled to 68K operating temperature. The preliminary data taken from the first megapixel QWIP FPA has shown system NEAT of 27 and 40 mK for MWIR and LWIR bands respectively. C1 [Gunapala, S. D.; Bandara, S. V.; Liu, J. K.; Mumolo, J. M.; Ting, D. Z.; Hill, C. J.; Nguyen, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4548-6 PY 2009 BP 1609 EP 1612 DI 10.1109/ICSENS.2009.5398497 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BPT80 UT WOS:000279891700351 ER PT B AU Kim, E AF Kim, Edward GP IEEE TI The Airborne Earth Science Microwave Imaging Radiometer (AESMIR) - NASA's New Passive Microwave Airborne Imager SO 2009 IEEE SENSORS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th IEEE Conference on Sensors CY OCT 25-28, 2009 CL Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND SP IEEE Sensors Council AB NASA's Airborne Earth Science Microwave Imaging Radiometer (AESMIR) is a new sensor for satellite calibration, geophysical algorithm studies, and technology development. Its unique single-package design covers 6 microwave bands (6, 10, 18, 23, 36, 89 GHz) with 4-Stokes capability (except at 23 GHz). Separate parallel filters enable simultaneous simulation of the passbands of multiple satellite sensors. Various aircraft installations options are available. Design and flight details are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Kim, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM ed.kim@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4548-6 PY 2009 BP 1725 EP 1728 DI 10.1109/ICSENS.2009.5398492 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BPT80 UT WOS:000279891700377 ER PT S AU Woo, SS Stoenescu, TM AF Woo, Simon S. Stoenescu, Tudor M. GP IEEE TI Efficient File Sharing by Multicast-P2P Protocol Using Network Coding and Rank Based Peer Selection SO 2009 IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 69th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference CY APR 26-29, 2009 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB In this work, we consider information dissemination and sharing in a highly dynamic Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication network. In particular, we explore a net-work coding technique for transmission and a Rank Based Peer Selection (REPS) method for network formation. The combined approach has been shown to improve information sharing and delivery to all users when considering the challenges imposed by the dynamic wireless network environments. C1 [Woo, Simon S.; Stoenescu, Tudor M.] Univ So Calif, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Woo, SS (reprint author), Univ So Calif, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM Simon.S.Woo@jpl.nasa.gov; Tudor.M.Stoenescu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-2252 BN 978-1-4244-2516-7 J9 VEH TECHNOL CONFE PY 2009 BP 3100 EP 3104 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Telecommunications; Transportation GA BMO81 UT WOS:000273169201234 ER PT B AU Liu, SP Panangadan, A Talukder, A Raghavendra, CS AF Liu, Shuping Panangadan, Anand Talukder, Ashit Raghavendra, Cauligi S. GP IEEE TI MDP Framework for Sensor Network Coordination SO 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION PROCESSING IN SENSOR NETWORKS (IPSN 2009) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Information Processing Sensor Networks CY APR 13-16, 2009 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE, ACM C1 [Liu, Shuping; Talukder, Ashit; Raghavendra, Cauligi S.] Univ Southern Calif, Ming Hsieh Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Panangadan, Anand; Talukder, Ashit] Childrens Hosp Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA. [Talukder, Ashit] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Liu, SP (reprint author), Univ Southern Calif, Ming Hsieh Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM lius@usc.edu; APanangadan@chla.usc.edu; Ashit.Talukder@jpl.nasa.gov; raghu@usc.edu FU NSF [0615132] FX Supported in part by NSF grant no. 0615132 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-5108-1 PY 2009 BP 377 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BNW01 UT WOS:000275711800039 ER PT B AU Gopalswamy, N AF Gopalswamy, N. BE Ismail, M TI The Sun and Earth's Space Environment SO 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPACE SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Space Science and Communication CY OCT 26-27, 2009 CL Port Dickson, MALAYSIA SP Inst Sains Angkasa, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Inst Space Sci, IEEE Malaysia Sect, Joint Chapter Commun & Vehicular Technol Soc, IEEE Malaysia Sect, Univ Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Angkasa Malaysia, Natl Space Agcy, ATSP, Tourism Malaysia, Malaysian Minist Culture, Arts & Tourism DE space weather; coronal mass ejections; solar energetic particles; geomagnetic storms; climate ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; HELIOSPHERE AB Earth's space environment is closely controlled by solar variability over various time scales. Solar variability is characterized by its output in the form of mass and electromagnetic output. Solar mass emission also interacts with mass entering into the heliosphere in the form of cosmic rays and neutral material. This paper provides an overview of how the solar variability affects Earth's space environment. C1 NASA, Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gopalswamy, N (reprint author), NASA, Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nat.gopalswamy@nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-4955-2 PY 2009 BP 5 EP 10 DI 10.1109/ICONSPACE.2009.5352679 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BOP76 UT WOS:000277251100002 ER PT S AU Prestage, JD Chung, SK Thompson, RJ MacNeal, P AF Prestage, John D. Chung, Sang K. Thompson, Robert J. MacNeal, Paul GP IEEE TI Progress on Small Mercury Ion Clock for Space Applications SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID NETWORK AB We have recently completed a breadboard ion-clock physics package based on Hg ions shuttled between a quadrupole and a 16-pole rf trap. With this architecture we have demonstrated short-term stability similar to 1-2x10(-13) at I second, averaging to 10(-15) at I day. This development shows that H-maser quality stabilities can be produced in a small clock package, comparable in size to an ultra-stable quartz oscillator required for holding 1-2x10(-13) at I second. This performance was obtained in a sealed vacuum configuration where only a getter pump was used to maintain vacuum. The vacuum tube containing the traps has now been under sealed vacuum conditions for over three years with no measurable degradation of ion trapping lifetimes or clock short-term performance. We have fabricated the vacuum tube, ion trap and UV windows from materials that will allow a similar to 400 degrees C bake-out to prepare for tube seal-off. This approach to the vacuum follows the methods used in flight vacuum tube electronics, such as flight TWTA's where tube operation lifetime and shelf life of up to 15 years is achieved. C1 [Prestage, John D.; Chung, Sang K.; Thompson, Robert J.; MacNeal, Paul] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Prestage, JD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM John.D.Prestage@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 54 EP 57 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168141 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900011 ER PT S AU Taghavi-Larigani, S Burt, EA Lea, SN Prestage, JD Tjoelker, RL AF Taghavi-Larigani, S. Burt, E. A. Lea, S. N. Prestage, J. D. Tjoelker, R. L. GP IEEE TI A New Trapped Ion Clock Based On Hg-201(+) SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect DE Atomic clocks; ion traps; mercury ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS AB There are two stable odd isotopes of mercury with singly ionized hyperfine structure suitable for a microwave clock: Hg-199(+) and Hg-201(+). Virtually all trapped mercury ion clocks to date have used the 199 isotope. We have begun to investigate the viability of a trapped ion clock based on Hg-201(+). We have measured the unperturbed frequency of the S-2(1/2) F=1, m(F)=0 to S-2(1/2) F=2, m(F)=0 clock transition to be 29.9543658211(2) GHz. In this paper we describe initial measurements with Hg-201(+) and new applications to clocks and fundamental physics. C1 [Taghavi-Larigani, S.; Burt, E. A.; Prestage, J. D.; Tjoelker, R. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lea, S. N.] Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. RP Taghavi-Larigani, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. FU NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP) FX S. T. gratefully acknowledges support provided by the NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP) administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 774 EP + DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168290 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900160 ER PT S AU Wang, RT Dick, GJ Tjoelker, RL AF Wang, Rabi T. Dick, G. John Tjoelker, Robert L. GP IEEE TI Miniature Sapphire Acoustic Resonator (MSAR) SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect ID CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES AB We present recent progress towards a Miniature Sapphire Acoustic Resonator (MSAR). Our goal is to develop an ultra-stable oscillator with a high Q room temperature sapphire resonator and low noise Quartz electronics with a stability better than 1 x 10(-14) @ 1S. Specific experimental plans are to demonstrate a high Q (>1x10(8)) sapphire acoustic resonator at room temperature in bulk acoustic modes near 5 or 10MHz. Initial acoustic resonator studies are being carried out with both Sapphire (Al(2)O(3)) and Calcium Fluoride (CaF(2)). C1 [Wang, Rabi T.; Dick, G. John; Tjoelker, Robert L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wang, RT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM RABI.T.WANG@JPL.NASA.GOV NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 913 EP 914 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168320 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900190 ER PT S AU Taghavi-Larigani, S VanZyl, J AF Taghavi-Larigani, Shervin VanZyl, Jakob GP IEEE TI An Archetype Semi-Ring Fabry-Perot (SRFP) Resonator SO 2009 JOINT MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM AND THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 23rd European Frequency and Time Forum/IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY APR 20-24, 2009 CL Besancon, FRANCE SP Conseil Reg Franche Comte, Ville Besancon, NIST, IEEE, UFFC Soc, Jet Propuls Lab, Symmetricom, OEwaves, Vectron, Conseil Gen Doubs, Communaute Agglomerat Grand Besancon, Univ Franche Comte, Minist Rech & Enseignement Superieur, Soc Francaise Microtech & Chronometrie, Frequency Elect DE Novel resonator; Fabry-Perot; ring; SRFP AB We introduce and demonstrate the generation of a novel resonator, termed Semi-Ring Fabry-Perot (SRFP), that exhibits unique features, such as, its use of one plane mirror, allowing the SRFP to be easily fabricated as a symmetrical device. In addition to its unique features, it exhibits advantages of ring and Fabry-Perot resonators: 1) compared to a ring resonator that only allows a transmitted intensity, the Semi-Ring Fabry-Perot (SRFP) supports standing waves, allowing both a reflected and transmitted intensity; 2) the reflected light spectrum of the SRFP resonator is much narrower than similar Fabry-Perot, implying higher finesse. C1 [Taghavi-Larigani, Shervin; VanZyl, Jakob] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Taghavi-Larigani, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM shervin.taghavi@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 978-1-4244-3511-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2009 BP 1169 EP 1172 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2009.5168382 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BNK79 UT WOS:000274814900252 ER PT B AU Watson, AB AF Watson, Andrew B. BE Morreale, J TI Comparison of Motion-Blur Measurement Methods SO 2009 SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL XL, BOOKS I - III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual Symposium of the Society-for-Information-Display CY MAY 31-JUN 05, 2009 CL San Antonio, TX SP Soc Informat Display AB Motion blur is a significant display property for which accurate, valid, and robust measurement methods are needed. Recent motion blur measurements of a set of eight displays by a set of six measurement devices provided an opportunity to evaluate techniques of measurement and analysis. We found significant discrepancies between instruments, and variability within instruments. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Watson, AB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INFORMATION DISPLAY PI CAMPBELL PA 1475 S BASCOM AVE, STE 114, CAMPBELL, CA 95008 USA PY 2009 BP 206 EP 209 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BMN94 UT WOS:000272997600056 ER PT B AU Mulligan, JB AF Mulligan, Jeffrey B. BE Morreale, J TI Motion Parallax Enhances Depth in a Perspective Air-Traffic Display SO 2009 SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL XL, BOOKS I - III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual Symposium of the Society-for-Information-Display CY MAY 31-JUN 05, 2009 CL San Antonio, TX SP Soc Informat Display AB In this paper we investigate the utility of motion parallax induced by head movement in the context of a perspective rendering of three-dimensional air traffic configurations. Discrimination of altitude differences is improved by the addition of motion parallax (compared to a static display), but does not afford the large changes of viewpoint possible with manually-controlled rotations. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mulligan, JB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC INFORMATION DISPLAY PI CAMPBELL PA 1475 S BASCOM AVE, STE 114, CAMPBELL, CA 95008 USA PY 2009 BP 1231 EP 1233 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BMN94 UT WOS:000272997600313 ER PT B AU Stoica, A Katkoori, S AF Stoica, Adrian Katkoori, Srinivas BE Stoica, A Arslan, T Bouridane, A Erdogan, A Higuchi, T ElRayis, A TI "Glitch Logic" and Applications to Computing and Information Security SO 2009 SYMPOSIUM ON BIO-INSPIRED LEARNING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR SECURITY (BLISS 2009) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Bio-inspired, Learning, and Intelligent Systems for Security CY AUG 20-21, 2009 CL Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND HO Univ Edinburgh DE anti-tamper; trusted design; protection to reverse engineering; information exfiltration; stego-design; hardware vulnerabilities AB This paper introduces a new method of information processing in digital systems, and discusses its potential benefits to computing and information security. The new method exploits glitches caused by delays in logic circuits for carrying and processing information. Glitch processing is hidden to conventional logic analyses and undetectable by traditional reverse engineering techniques. It enables the creation of new logic design methods that allow for an additional controllable "glitch logic" processing layer embedded into a conventional synchronous digital circuits as a hidden/covert information flow channel. The combination of synchronous logic with specific glitch logic design acting as an additional computing channel reduces the number of equivalent logic designs resulting from synthesis, thus implicitly reducing the possibility of modification and/or tampering with the design. The hidden information channel produced by the glitch logic can be used: 1) for covert computing/communication, 2) to prevent reverse engineering, tampering, and alteration of design, and 3) to act as a channel for information inflltration/exfiltration and propagation of viruses/spyware/Trojan horses. C1 [Stoica, Adrian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Katkoori, Srinivas] Univ S Florida, CSE Dpt, Tampa, FL USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; katkoori@cse.usf.edu NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-1-4244-4633-9 PY 2009 BP 107 EP + DI 10.1109/BLISS.2009.1 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA BUQ32 UT WOS:000290059700021 ER PT J AU Thompson, DR AF Thompson, David R. BE Boutilier, C TI Domain-Guided Novelty Detection for Autonomous Exploration SO 21ST INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (IJCAI-09), PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st Internation Joint Conference on Artifical Intelligence (IJCAI-09) CY JUL 11-17, 2009 CL Pasadena, CA AB In this work, novelty detection identifies salient image features to guide autonomous robotic exploration. There is little advance knowledge of the features in the scene or the proportion that should count as outliers. A new algorithm addresses this ambiguity by modeling novel data in advance and characterizing regular data at run time. Detection thresholds adapt dynamically to reduce misclassification risk while accommodating homogeneous and heterogeneous scenes. Experiments demonstrate the technique on a representative set of navigation images from the Mars Exploration Rover "Opportunity." An efficient image analysis procedure filters each image using the integral transform. Pixel-level features are aggregated into covariance descriptors that represent larger regions. Finally, a distance metric derived from generalized eigenvalues permits novelty detection with kernel density estimation. Results suggest that exploiting training examples of novel data can improve performance in this domain. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Thompson, DR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM david.r.thompson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL PI FREIBURG PA ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY BN 978-1-57735-426-0 PY 2009 BP 1864 EP 1869 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BRU77 UT WOS:000283727900297 ER PT S AU Numazawa, T Kamiya, K Shirron, P Mitsuda, K AF Numazawa, T. Kamiya, K. Shirron, P. Mitsuda, K. BE Kes, P Jochemsen, R TI Development of continuous ADR system for weak gravity missions SO 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS (LT25), PART 1: CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT25) CY AUG 06-13, 2008 CL Leiden Inst Phys, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS HO Leiden Inst Phys, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab AB Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration (ADR) does not use working fluids contrary to conventional refrigerators that make use of the fluid density difference, which leads to superiority of the ADR under the weak gravity condition. In this study, we developed a continuous ADR system to provide constant cooling temperatures similar to 0.1 K. The system consists of four stages of magnetic materials and magnets cascaded with heat switches. The magnetic materials CPA and GdLiF4 are used for 3 stages between 0.1K and 1.4 K, and single stage between 1.4 K and 4 K, respectively. Passive heat switches are used for the stages > 0.3 K and a superconducting heat switch is used for the continuous stage at similar to 0.1 K. A G-M cycle cooler with a 100 V compressor unit is used to cool the ADR and cryostat shieldings. Total mass of flight model is less than 60 kg. Cooling tests with Transition Edge Sensor on the ground showed that the ADR provided continuous cooling temperatures between 105 mK and 120 mK and it successfully operated the TES. Airborne flight experiments confirmed the ability of the cooling system under the mili-gravity condition. The experimental results showed that the ADR could provide stable temperature under the weak gravity, however, strong vibrations coming from turbulence or takeoff affected to the stability of ADR cycle. C1 [Numazawa, T.; Kamiya, K.] NIMS, Tsukuba Magnet Lab, 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050003, Japan. [Shirron, P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mitsuda, K.] JAXA, ISAS, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Numazawa, T (reprint author), NIMS, Tsukuba Magnet Lab, 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050003, Japan. EM Numazawa.takenori@nims.go.jp NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2009 VL 150 AR 012032 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/150/1/012032 PN 1 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BUK35 UT WOS:000289630800032 ER PT S AU Shaw, MD Bueno, J Delsing, P Echternach, PM AF Shaw, M. D. Bueno, J. Delsing, P. Echternach, P. M. BE Kes, P Jochemsen, R TI Electron heating and quasiparticle tunneling in superconducting charge qubits SO 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS (LT25), PART 2 SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT25) CY AUG 06-13, 2008 CL Leiden Inst Phys, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS HO Leiden Inst Phys, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab ID TRANSISTOR AB We have directly measured non-equilibrium quasiparticle tunneling in the time domain as a function of temperature and RF carrier power for a pair of charge qubits based on the single Cooper-pair box, where the readout is performed with a multiplexed quantum capacitance technique. We have extracted an effective electron temperature for each applied RF power, using the data taken at the lowest power as a reference curve. This data has been fit to a standard T-5 electron heating model, with a qualitative correspondence with established material parameters. C1 [Shaw, M. D.; Echternach, P. M.] Univ So Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Bueno, J.; Delsing, P.; Echternach, P. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Delsing, P.] Chalmers, MC2, Microtechnol & Nanosci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Shaw, MD (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM pierre.m.echternach@jpl.nasa.gov RI Delsing, Per/F-7288-2010 OI Delsing, Per/0000-0002-1222-3506 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Security Agency; NASA Postdoctoral Program FX We would like to thank Ben Palmer and Roman Lutchyn for helpful discussions, and Richard Muller for performing the electron-beam lithography. This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and was funded by a grant from the National Security Agency. Juan Bueno acknowledges support from the NASA Postdoctoral Program. Copyright 2008 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2009 VL 150 AR UNSP 022074 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/150/2/022074 PN 2 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BON14 UT WOS:000277052700075 ER PT S AU Mooney, KP Kimball, MO Gasparini, FM AF Mooney, K. P. Kimball, M. O. Gasparini, F. M. BE Kes, P Jochemsen, R TI 1D Crossover, Universality and Finite-Size Scaling of the Specific Heat SO 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS (LT25), PART 3: QUANTUM GASES LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT25) CY AUG 06-13, 2008 CL Leiden Inst Phys, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS HO Leiden Inst Phys, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab ID HE-3-HE-4 MIXTURES; TRANSITION AB We report measurements of the specific heat of He-3-He-4 mixtures near the superfluid transition when confined to channels of 1 mu m square cross section. These data test the universality of finite-size scaling as function of He-3 concentration for 1D crossover. The analysis of these data requires that data measured at fixed concentration be converted to a specific heat at constant chemical potential difference phi = mu(3) - mu(4). This is carried out according to a procedure performed for planar mixtures by Kimball and Gasparini. We find that, in the most self-consistent analysis of the data, the mixtures define a separate scaling locus from that of pure He-4, both above and below T-lambda. An analysis whereby the exponent alpha is forced to have the same universal value-as opposed to the best-fit value-yields a good collapse of all the data. This is achieved, however, at a cost of self-consistency. These results mirror very closely those obtained for finite-size scaling of confined planar mixtures, i.e. for 2D crossover. C1 [Mooney, K. P.; Kimball, M. O.; Gasparini, F. M.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Mooney, KP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kpmooney@buffalo.edu; mok2@buffalo.edu; fmg@buffalo.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2009 VL 150 AR 032062 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/150/3/032062 PN 3 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Physics GA BUK36 UT WOS:000289643200062 ER PT S AU Li, J Lu, YJ AF Li, Jing Lu, Yijiang BE Li, J Vanysek, P Brown, R BrucknerLea, C Hatchet, D Josowicz, M TI Carbon Nanotube Based Chemical Sensors for Space and Terrestrial Applications SO 35 YEARS OF CHEMICAL SENSORS - AN HONORARY SYMPOSIUM FOR PROFESSOR JIRI JANATA'S 70TH BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Emerging Materials for Post-CMOS Applications held at the 215th Meeting of the Electrochemical-Society CY MAY 25-29, 2009 CL San Francisco, CA SP Electrochem Soc ID CIRCUITS; GAS AB A nanosensor technology has been developed using nanostructures, such as single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), on a pair of interdigitated electrodes (IDE) processed with a silicon-based microfabrication and micromachining technique. These sensors have been exposed to nitrogen dioxide, acetone, benzene, nitrotoluene, chlorine, and ammonia in the concentration range of ppm to ppb at room temperature. Due to the large surface area, low surface energy barrier and high thermal and mechanical stability, nanostructured chemical sensors potentially can offer higher sensitivity, lower power consumption and better robustness than the state-of-the-art systems, which make them more attractive for defense and space applications. Combined with MEMS technology, lightweight and compact size sensors can be made in wafer scale with low cost. Additionally, a wireless capability of such a sensor chip can be used for networked mobile and fixed-site detection and warning systems for military bases, facilities and battlefield areas. C1 [Li, Jing; Lu, Yijiang] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-56677-714-8 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2009 VL 19 IS 6 BP 7 EP 15 DI 10.1149/1.3118533 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BMJ68 UT WOS:000272592400002 ER PT B AU Peterson, SD Axholt, M Cooper, M Ellis, SR AF Peterson, Stephen D. Axholt, Magnus Cooper, Matthew Ellis, Stephen R. BE Kiyokawa, K Coquillart, S Balakrishnan, R TI Visual Clutter Management in Augmented Reality: Effects of Three Label Separation Methods on Spatial Judgments SO 3DUI : IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON 3D USER INTERFACES 2009, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Symposium on 3U User Interfaces CY MAR 14-15, 2009 CL Lafayette, LA SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE, VGTC DE Label placement; user interfaces; stereoscopic displays; augmented reality; visual clutter; information layering ID PLACEMENT AB This paper reports an experiment comparing three label separation methods for reducing visual clutter in Augmented Reality (AR) displays. We contrasted two common methods of avoiding visual overlap by moving labels in the 2D view plane with a third that distributes overlapping labels in stereoscopic depth. The experiment measured user identification performance during spatial judgment tasks in static scenes. The three methods were compared with a control condition in which no label separation method was employed. The results showed significant performance improvements, generally 15-30%, for all three methods over the control; however, these methods were statistically indistinguishable from each other. Indepth analysis showed significant performance degradation when the 2D view plane methods produced potentially confusing spatial correlations between labels and the markers they designate. Stereoscopically separated labels were subjectively judged harder to read than view-plane separated labels. Since measured performance was affected both by label legibility and spatial correlation of labels and their designated objects, it is likely that the improved spatial correlation of stereoscopically separated labels and their designated objects has compensated for poorer stereoscopic text legibility. Future testing with dynamic scenes is expected to more clearly distinguish the three label separation techniques. C1 [Peterson, Stephen D.; Axholt, Magnus; Cooper, Matthew] Linkoping Univ, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. [Ellis, Stephen R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Peterson, SD (reprint author), Linkoping Univ, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. EM stepe@itn.liu.se; magax@itn.liu.se; matco@itn.liu.se; sellis@mail.arc.nasa.gov FU Innovative Research Programme at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre FX Stephen D. Peterson and Magnus Axholt were supported by PhD scholarships from the Innovative Research Programme at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-1-4244-3965-2 PY 2009 BP 111 EP + DI 10.1109/3DUI.2009.4811215 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BJG97 UT WOS:000265740800017 ER PT S AU Andrews, JC Brennan, S Liu, Y Pianetta, P Almeida, EAC van der Meulen, MCH Wu, Z Mester, Z Ouerdane, L Gelb, J Feser, M Rudati, J Tkachuk, A Yun, W AF Andrews, J. C. Brennan, S. Liu, Y. Pianetta, P. Almeida, E. A. C. van der Meulen, M. C. H. Wu, Z. Mester, Z. Ouerdane, L. Gelb, J. Feser, M. Rudati, J. Tkachuk, A. Yun, W. BE David, C Nolting, F Quitmann, C Stampanoni, M Pfeiffer, F TI Full-field transmission x-ray microscopy for bio-imaging SO 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy CY JUL 21-25, 2008 CL ETH, Zurich, SWITZERLAND SP XRADIA, Euro Round Table Synchrotrons Free Electron Lasers, Ctr Imag Sci Tech Zurich, Swiss Natl Sci Fdn, Paul Scherrer Inst HO ETH AB A full-field hard-x-ray microscope at SSRL has successfully imaged samples of biological and environmental origin at 40 nm resolution. Phase contrast imaging of trabeculae from a female mouse tibia, loaded in vivo to study the effects of weight-bearing on bone structure, revealed a complex network of osteocytes and canaliculi. Imaging of cordgrass roots exposed to mercury revealed nanoparticles with strong absorption contrast. 3D tomography of yeast cells grown in selenium rich media showed internal structure. C1 [Andrews, J. C.; Brennan, S.; Pianetta, P.] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Liu, Y.; Wu, Z.] Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Almeida, E. A. C.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [van der Meulen, M. C. H.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Mester, Z.; Ouerdane, L.] Inst Natl Measurment Standards, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada. [Gelb, J.; Feser, M.; Rudati, J.; Tkachuk, A.; Yun, W.] Xradia Inc, Concord, CA 94520 USA. RP Andrews, JC (reprint author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jandrews@slac.stanford.edu RI Mester, Zoltan/F-3154-2013; Liu, Yijin/O-2640-2013; van der Meulen, Marjolein/D-1549-2010; OI Mester, Zoltan/0000-0002-2377-2615; Liu, Yijin/0000-0002-8417-2488; van der Meulen, Marjolein/0000-0001-6637-9808; Ouerdane, Laurent/0000-0002-2752-3579 FU NIH/NIBIB [R01-EB004321]; Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences FX This work has been supported by NIH/NIBIB grant number R01-EB004321. SSRL is supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. NR 2 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2009 VL 186 AR UNSP 012081 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/186/1/012081 PG 3 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BQW79 UT WOS:000282023900081 PM 20111669 ER PT S AU Flynn, GJ Wirick, S Keller, LP Jacobsen, C AF Flynn, G. J. Wirick, S. Keller, L. P. Jacobsen, C. BE David, C Nolting, F Quitmann, C Stampanoni, M Pfeiffer, F TI STXM Search for Carbonate in Samples of Comet 81P/Wild 2 SO 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy CY JUL 21-25, 2008 CL ETH, Zurich, SWITZERLAND SP XRADIA, Euro Round Table Synchrotrons Free Electron Lasers, Ctr Imag Sci Tech Zurich, Swiss Natl Sci Fdn, Paul Scherrer Inst HO ETH ID EJECTA; DUST AB We employed a Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) to search for carbonate in samples of dust from Cornet 81P/Wild 2 collected by NASA's Stardust spacecraft. Although carbonate was not expected in Wild 2 because it generally forms by aqueous processing, which is not thought to occur on comets, we identified two sub-micron carbonate grains in Wild 2 samples. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the STXM as a search and identification tool for rare minerals that exhibit distinctive X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectra. C1 [Flynn, G. J.] SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, 101 Broad St, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. [Wirick, S.; Jacobsen, C.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Keller, L. P.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Flynn, GJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, 101 Broad St, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. EM george.flynn@plattsburgh.edu FU NASA research [NNX07AM85G]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-98CH10886] FX This work was supported by a NASA research grant NNX07AM85G. Support for the upgrade of the X1A STXM was provided by a NASA SRLIDAP grant. Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2009 VL 186 AR UNSP 012085 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/186/1/012085 PG 3 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BQW79 UT WOS:000282023900085 ER PT J AU Landis, GA AF Landis, Geoffrey A. TI Meteoritic steel as a construction resource on Mars SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Space Resources Roundtable Conference CY OCT 25-27, 2007 CL Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO HO Colorado Sch Mines DE Mars; ISRU; Steel; Meteorite; Space resources ID MERIDIANI-PLANUM AB In the long term, settlement of Mars will require local refining of industrial and construction materials. One of the most significant industrial materials is steel. It is proposed that steel can be hat-vested on Mars in the form of reduced iron available on the surface from meteoric nickel-iron. This may be one of the most easily available resources on Mars. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, John Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Landis, GA (reprint author), NASA, John Glenn Res Ctr, M-S 302-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM geoffrey.a.landis@nasi.gov NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN-FEB PY 2009 VL 64 IS 2-3 BP 183 EP 187 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.07.011 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 387DD UT WOS:000261931000009 ER PT J AU Liou, JC Johnson, NL AF Liou, J-C. Johnson, Nicholas L. TI A sensitivity study of the effectiveness of active debris removal in LEO SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article ID MODEL; EVOLVE-4.0; MITIGATION; LEGEND; SPACE AB The near-Earth orbital debris population will continue to increase in the future due to ongoing space activities, on-orbit explosions, and accidental collisions among resident space objects. Commonly adopted mitigation measures, such as limiting postmission orbital lifetimes of satellites to less than 25 years, will slow down the population growth, but will be insufficient to stabilize the environment. To better limit the growth of the future debris population, the remediation option, i.e., removing existing large and massive objects from orbit, needs to be considered. This paper does not intend to address the technical or economical issues for active debris removal. Rather, the objective is to provide a sensitivity study to illustrate and quantify the effectiveness of various remediation options. An effective removal criterion based upon mass and collision probability is developed. This study includes simulations with removal rates ranging from 5 to 20 objects per year, starting in the year 2020. The outcome of each simulation is analyzed and compared with others. The summary of the study serves as a general guideline for future debris removal consideration. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Liou, J-C.; Johnson, Nicholas L.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Liou, JC (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM jer-chyi.liou-1@nasa.gov; Nicholas.L.Johnson@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN-FEB PY 2009 VL 64 IS 2-3 BP 236 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.07.009 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 387DD UT WOS:000261931000016 ER PT J AU Roeser, HP Huber, FM von Schoenermark, MF Nikoghosyan, AS Toberman, M AF Roeser, H. P. Huber, F. M. von Schoenermark, M. F. Nikoghosyan, A. S. Toberman, M. TI Fluorine-doped structure in iron-based high temperature superconductors SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article DE Iron-based high temperature superconductor; Superconducting unit area ID LAYERED QUATERNARY COMPOUND AB Fluorine-doped iron-based layered LnO(1-Delta)F(Delta)FeAs with Ln=La, Gd, Cc, Pr, Nd, Sm shows a strong correlation between FeF(2) positions and the critical transition temperature T(c). It is suggested that the F-doped Fe(2)O(2) plane serves as the superconducting highway. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Roeser, H. P.; von Schoenermark, M. F.] Univ Stuttgart, Inst Space Syst, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. [Huber, F. M.] Steinbeis Transferzentrum Raumfahrt, D-71126 Gaeufelden, Germany. [Nikoghosyan, A. S.] Yerevan State Univ, Dept Microwave & Telecommun, Yerevan 3705025, Armenia. [Toberman, M.] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Roeser, HP (reprint author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Space Syst, Pfaffenwaldring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. EM roeser@irs.uni-stuttgart.de NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN-FEB PY 2009 VL 64 IS 2-3 BP 391 EP 394 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.07.008 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 387DD UT WOS:000261931000030 ER PT J AU Valavala, PK Clancy, TC Odegard, GM Gates, TS Aifantis, EC AF Valavala, P. K. Clancy, T. C. Odegard, G. M. Gates, T. S. Aifantis, E. C. TI Multiscale modeling of polymer materials using a statistics-based micromechanics approach SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE Molecular dynamics; Mechanical properties; Conformation space; Multiscale modeling ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; FREE-VOLUME; AMORPHOUS POLYMERS; GLASS-TRANSITION; DEFORMATION; MINIMIZATION; POLYSTYRENE; TEMPERATURE; POLYIMIDES AB A large number of possible polymer chain conformations exist for a given volume of an amorphous polymer. The prediction of elastic properties of a polymer must therefore consider more than a single combination of chain conformations. A multiscale modeling approach is proposed to predict the bulk elastic properties of polymer materials using a series of molecular models of individual polymer, microstates and a statistics-based micromechanical modeling method. The method is applied to polyimide and polycarbonate systems. It as shown that individual microstates can yield a wide range of predicted elastic properties, whereas the consideration of multiple microstates yield predicted properties that agree more closely with experimentally determined values of Young's modulus. Additionally, the upper and lower limits of possible elastic constants are also established based on the consideration of multiple microstates. (C) 2008 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Valavala, P. K.; Odegard, G. M.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn Engn Mech, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Clancy, T. C.] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA USA. [Gates, T. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Aifantis, E. C.] Michigan Technol Univ, Coll Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Odegard, GM (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn Engn Mech, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM gmodegar@mtu.edu RI Valavala, Pavan/A-1268-2009; Aifantis, Elias/F-7087-2011; OI Aifantis, Elias/0000-0002-6846-5686; Odegard, Gregory/0000-0001-7577-6565 FU NASA Langley Research Center [NNL04AA85G]; National Science Foundation [DMI-0403876] FX This research was jointly sponsored by NASA Langley Research Center under grant NNL04AA85G and the National Science Foundation under grant DMI-0403876. The authors also acknowledge the helpful discussions with Dr. Walter Nadler. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 57 IS 2 BP 525 EP 532 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.09.035 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 398MS UT WOS:000262736800022 ER PT J AU Wood, SJ Black, FO Reschke, MF Kaufman, GD Paloski, WH AF Wood, S. J. Black, F. O. Reschke, M. F. Kaufman, G. D. Paloski, W. H. TI Effects of eccentric rotation on the human pitch vestibulo-ocular reflex SO ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Canal; otolith; somatosensory; linear acceleration ID OCULAR REFLEXES; MOTION SICKNESS; EYE-MOVEMENTS; RESPONSES; TILT; FREQUENCY; GRAVITY; ROLL; AXIS; ACCELERATION AB Conclusion. The pitch plane vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain and symmetry at low frequencies (0.3 Hz) are enhanced by otoliths and/or somatosensory sensory cues during combined angular and linear stimuli. We conclude that neural processing of these linear motion cues is used to improve the VOR when stimulus frequencies are below the optimal range for the canals. Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of eccentric rotation on the passive pitch VOR responses in humans. Subjects and methods. Eleven subjects were placed on their left sides (90 roll position) and rotated in the pitch plane about an earth-vertical axis at 0.13, 0.3, and 0.56 Hz. The inter-aural axis was either aligned with the axis of rotation (no modulation of linear acceleration) or offset from it by 50 cm (centripetal linear acceleration directed feet-ward). The modulation of pitch VOR responses was measured in the dark with a binocular videography system. Results. The pitch VOR gain was significantly increased and the VOR asymmetry was significantly reduced at the lowest stimulus frequencies during eccentric rotation. There was no effect of eccentric rotation on the pitch gain or asymmetry at the highest frequency tested. C1 [Wood, S. J.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Black, F. O.] Legacy Clin Res & Technol Ctr, Portland, OR USA. [Kaufman, G. D.] Univ Texas Galveston, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. RP Wood, SJ (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Mail Code SK-272, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM scott.j.wood@nasa.gov FU NASA [UPN 11130-10-82] FX This work was supported by NASA grant UPN 11130-10-82. The authors acknowledge the technical contributions of Walter Kulecz, Erika Johnson, and Nate Newby of Wyle Laboratories. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA KARL JOHANS GATE 5, NO-0154 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0001-6489 J9 ACTA OTO-LARYNGOL JI Acta Oto-Laryngol. PY 2009 VL 129 IS 5 BP 521 EP 526 AR PII 794877186 DI 10.1080/00016480802273090 PG 6 WC Otorhinolaryngology SC Otorhinolaryngology GA 434KI UT WOS:000265273200010 PM 18615327 ER PT S AU Farr, WH Gin, J Nguyen, D AF Farr, William H. Gin, Jonathan Nguyen, Dan BE Itzler, MA Campbell, JC TI GigaHertz Bandwidth Photon Counting SO ADVANCED PHOTON COUNTING TECHNIQUES III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd SPIE Conference on Advanced Photon Counting Techniques CY APR 14-16, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE single photon detector; photon counting; laser communications AB Early applications driving the development of single photon sensitive detectors, such as fluorescence and photoluminescence spectroscopy, simply required low noise performance with kiloHertz and lower count rate requirements and minimal or no timing resolution. Newer applications, such as high data rate photon starved free space optical communications require photon counting at flux rates into megaphoton or gigaphoton per second regimes coupled with sub-nanosecond timing accuracy. With deep space optical communications as our application driver, we have developed and implemented systems to both characterize gigaHertz bandwidth single photon detectors as well as process photon count signals at rates beyond 100 megaphotons per second to implement communications links at data rates exceeding 100 megabits per second with efficiencies greater than two bits per detected photon. With these systems, we have implemented high bandwidth real-time systems using intensified photodiodes, visible light photon counter detectors, superconducting nanowire detectors, Geiger-mode semiconductor avalanche photodiodes, and negative avalanche feedback photon counters. C1 [Farr, William H.; Gin, Jonathan; Nguyen, Dan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Farr, WH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7586-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7320 AR 732006 DI 10.1117/12.818964 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BQS92 UT WOS:000281766200005 ER PT S AU Krainak, MA Sun, XL Yang, GN Miko, LR Abshire, JB AF Krainak, Michael A. Sun, Xiaoli Yang, Guangning Miko, Laddawan R. Abshire, James B. BE Itzler, MA Campbell, JC TI Photon Detectors with Large Dynamic Range and at Near Infrared Wavelength for Direct Detection Space Lidars SO ADVANCED PHOTON COUNTING TECHNIQUES III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd SPIE Conference on Advanced Photon Counting Techniques CY APR 14-16, 2009 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE laser rangers; laser altimeters; photon detectors; APD ID AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES; IMPACT-IONIZATION; LASER ALTIMETER; NOISE AB Space-based lidar instruments must be able to detect extremely weak laser return signals from orbital distance. The signals have a wide dynamic range caused by the variability in atmospheric transmission and surface reflectance under a fast moving spacecraft. Ideally, lidar detectors should be able to detect laser signal return pulses at the single photon level and produce linear output for multiple photon events. They should have high quantum efficiency in the near-infrared wavelength region where high-pulse-energy space-qualified lasers are available. Silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors have been used in most space lidar receivers to date. Their sensitivity is typically hundreds of photons per pulse at 1064 nm, and is limited by the quantum efficiency, APD gain noise, dark current, and preamplifier noise. NASA is investigating photon-sensitive near-infrared detectors with linear response for possible use on the next generation direct-detection space lidars. We have studied several types of linear mode avalanche photodiode detectors that are sensitive from 950 nm to 1600 nm and potentially viable for near term space lidar missions. We present our measurement results and a comparison of their performance. C1 [Krainak, Michael A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krainak, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 554, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013; Abshire, James/I-2800-2013 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-7586-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2009 VL 7320 AR 732005 DI 10.1117/12.818796 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BQS92 UT WOS:000281766200004 ER PT S AU Halbig, MC Singh, M AF Halbig, Michael C. Singh, Mrityunjay BE Ohji, T Singh, M Wereszczak, A TI DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BONDING AND INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIES NEEDED FOR FABRICATING SILICON CARBIDE BASED INJECTOR COMPONENTS SO ADVANCED PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES FOR STRUCTURAL AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 27-FEB 01, 2008 CL Daytona Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc, ACerS Engn Ceram Div ID THERMAL-EXPANSION ANISOTROPY; SILICIDES; TI5SI3; PHASE AB Advanced ceramic bonding and integration technologies play a critical role in the fabrication and application of silicon carbide based components, for a number of aerospace and ground based applications. One such application is a lean direct injector for a turbine engine to achieve low NOx emissions. Ceramic to ceramic diffusion bonding and ceramic to metal brazing technologies are being developed for this injector application. For the diffusion bonding technology, titanium interlayers (coatings and foils) were used to aid in the joining of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. The influence of such variables as surface finish, interlayer thickness, and processing time were investigated. Electron microprobe analysis was used to identify the reaction formed phases. In the diffusion bonds, an intermediate phase, Ti5Si3Cx, formed that is thermally incompatible in its thermal expansion and caused thermal stresses and cracking during the processing cool-down. Thinner interlayers of pure titanium and/or longer processing times resulted in an optimized microstructure. Tensile tests on the joined materials resulted in strengths of 13-28 MPa depending on the SiC substrate material. Non-destructive evaluation using ultrasonic immersion showed well formed bonds. For the joining technology of brazing Kovar fuel tubes to silicon carbide, preliminary development of the joining approach has begun. Various technical issues and requirements for the injector application are addressed. C1 [Halbig, Michael C.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Army Res Lab, Cleveland, OH USA. [Singh, Mrityunjay] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Halbig, MC (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Army Res Lab, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-34499-6 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2009 VL 29 IS 9 BP 1 EP + DI 10.1002/9780470456224.ch1 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJC88 UT WOS:000264857500001 ER PT S AU Asthana, R Singh, M AF Asthana, R. Singh, M. BE Ohji, T Singh, M Wereszczak, A TI BONDING AND INTEGRATION OF C-C COMPOSITE TO Cu-CLAD-MOLYBDENUM FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS SO ADVANCED PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES FOR STRUCTURAL AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS II SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 27-FEB 01, 2008 CL Daytona Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc, ACerS Engn Ceram Div ID TO-METAL JOINTS AB Carbon fiber-reinforccd carbon matrix composites were brazed to copper-clad molybdenum using two active Ag-Cu braze alloys, Cusil-ABA and Ticusil. The SEM and EDS examination of the brazed joints revealed good bonding and preferential precipitation of Ti at the composite/braze interface. Some tendency toward de-lamination was observed within resin-derived C-C composite due to its low inter-laminar shear strength. The inter-fiber channels between carbon fibers in the 3-D C-C composites were infiltrated with the molten braze. The Knoop hardness (HK) distribution across the joints was reproducible and revealed sharp hardness gradients at the Cu-clad-Mo/braze interface. Higher hardness was observed in Ticusil (similar to 85-250 HK) than in Cusil-ABA (similar to 50-150 HK), possibly due to the higher Ti content of Ticusil (4.5% To than Cusil-ABA (1.75% Ti). Steady-state heat conduction calculations show that the joined assembly may have 22% lower thermal resistance compared to C-C composite of the same dimensions. This suggests (hat C-C/Cu-clad-Mo joints may be promising for thermal management applications. C1 [Asthana, R.] Univ Wisconsin Stout, Dept Engn & Technol, Menomonie, WI 54751 USA. [Singh, M.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. ASRC Aerosp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Asthana, R (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin Stout, Dept Engn & Technol, Menomonie, WI 54751 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-0-470-34499-6 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2009 VL 29 IS 9 BP 15 EP + DI 10.1002/9780470456224.ch2 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJC88 UT WOS:000264857500002 ER PT S AU Maluf, DA Knight, CD AF Maluf, David A. Knight, Christopher D. BE Ras, ZW Dardzinska, A TI Achieving Scalability with Schema-Less Databases SO ADVANCES IN DATA MANAGEMENT SE Studies in Computational Intelligence LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID XML; TECHNOLOGY AB Large enterprises continue to struggle with information and critical decision-making data being widely distributed, stored in a number of proprietary and heterogeneous formats, and remaining inaccessible for mining of critical information that spans the collected knowledge of the organization. NETMARK is an easy to use, scalable system for storing, decomposing, and indexing enterprise-wide information developed for NASA enterprise applications. Information is managed in a contextualized form, but one that is schema-less for immediate storage and retrieval without the need for a schema manager or database administrator. NETMARK is accessed via the WebDAV (HTTP) standard protocol for remote document management and a simple HTTP query algebra for immediate retrieval of information in an XML structured format for processing by applications such as Web 2.0 (AJAX) systems. C1 [Maluf, David A.; Knight, Christopher D.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, DA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM David.A.Maluf@nasa.gov; Christopher.D.Knight@nasa.gov NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1860-949X BN 978-3-642-02189-3 J9 STUD COMPUT INTELL PY 2009 VL 223 BP 249 EP 274 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-02190-9 PG 26 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Medical Informatics GA BMA57 UT WOS:000271665600012 ER PT S AU Reid, PC Fischer, AC Lewis-Brown, E Meredith, MP Sparrow, M Andersson, AJ Antia, A Bates, NR Bathmann, U Beaugrand, G Brix, H Dye, S Edwards, M Furevik, T Gangsto, R Hatun, H Hopcroft, RR Kendall, M Kasten, S Keeling, R Le Quere, C Mackenzie, FT Malin, G Mauritzen, C Olafsson, J Paull, C Rignot, E Shimada, K Vogt, M Wallace, C Wang, ZM Washington, R AF Reid, Philip C. Fischer, Astrid C. Lewis-Brown, Emily Meredith, Michael P. Sparrow, Mike Andersson, Andreas J. Antia, Avan Bates, Nicholas R. Bathmann, Ulrich Beaugrand, Gregory Brix, Holger Dye, Stephen Edwards, Martin Furevik, Tore Gangsto, Reidun Hatun, Hjalmar Hopcroft, Russell R. Kendall, Mike Kasten, Sabine Keeling, Ralph Le Quere, Corinne Mackenzie, Fred T. Malin, Gill Mauritzen, Cecilie Olafsson, Jon Paull, Charlie Rignot, Eric Shimada, Koji Vogt, Meike Wallace, Craig Wang, Zhaomin Washington, Richard BE Sims, DW TI IMPACTS OF THE OCEANS ON CLIMATE CHANGE SO ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY, VOL 56 SE Advances in Marine Biology LA English DT Review; Book Chapter ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; LONG-TERM CHANGES; MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION; COCCOLITHOPHORE EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI; INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR; INORGANIC CARBON ACQUISITION; ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION; EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM AB The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter examines how the regulatory processes performed by the oceans alter as a response to climate change and assesses the extent to which positive feedbacks from the ocean may exacerbate climate change. There is clear evidence for rapid change in the oceans. As the main heat store for the world there has been an accelerating change in sea temperatures over the last few decades, which has contributed to rising sea-level. The oceans are also the main store of carbon dioxide (CO2), and are estimated to have taken up similar to 40% of anthropogenic-sourced CO2 from the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A proportion of the carbon uptake is exported via the four ocean 'carbon pumps' (Solubility, Biological, Continental Shelf and Carbonate Counter) to the deep ocean reservoir. Increases in sea temperature and changing planktonic systems and ocean currents may lead to a reduction in the uptake of CO2 by the ocean; some evidence suggests a suppression of parts of the marine carbon sink is already underway. While the oceans have buffered climate change through the uptake of CO2 produced by fossil fuel burning this has already had an impact on ocean chemistry through ocean acidification and will continue to do so. Feedbacks to climate change from acidification may result from expected impacts on marine organisms (especially corals and calcareous plankton), ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. The polar regions of the world are showing the most rapid responses to climate change. As a result of a strong ice-ocean influence, small changes in temperature, salinity and ice cover may trigger large and sudden changes in regional climate with potential downstream feedbacks to the climate of the rest of the world. A warming Arctic Ocean may lead to further releases of the potent greenhouse gas methane from hydrates and permafrost. The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in driving, modifying and regulating global climate change via the carbon cycle and through its impact on adjacent Antarctica. The Antarctic Peninsula has shown some of the most rapid rises in atmospheric and oceanic temperature in the world, with an associated retreat of the majority of glaciers. Parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet are deflating rapidly, very likely due to a change in the flux of oceanic heat to the undersides of the floating ice shelves. The final section on modelling feedbacks from the ocean to climate change identifies limitations and priorities for model development and associated observations. Considering the importance of the oceans to climate change and our limited understanding of climate-related ocean processes, our ability to measure the changes that are taking place are conspicuously inadequate. The chapter highlights the need for a comprehensive, adequately funded and globally extensive ocean observing system to be implemented and sustained as a high priority. Unless feedbacks from the oceans to climate change are adequately included in climate change models, it is possible that the mitigation actions needed to stabilise CO2 and limit temperature rise over the next century will be underestimated. C1 [Reid, Philip C.; Fischer, Astrid C.; Beaugrand, Gregory; Edwards, Martin] Sir Alister Hardy Fdn Ocean Sci, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. [Reid, Philip C.] Univ Plymouth, Inst Marine, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. [Reid, Philip C.] Marine Biol Assoc United Kingdom Lab, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. [Lewis-Brown, Emily] WWF UK, Godalming GU7 1XR, Surrey, England. [Meredith, Michael P.; Le Quere, Corinne; Wang, Zhaomin] British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Sparrow, Mike; Wallace, Craig] Univ Cambridge, Scott Polar Res Inst, SCAR Secretariat, Cambridge CB2 1ER, England. [Andersson, Andreas J.] Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, St Georges GE 01, St Georges, Bermuda. [Antia, Avan; Bates, Nicholas R.] Univ Kiel, D-24119 Kiel, Germany. [Bathmann, Ulrich; Kasten, Sabine] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Beaugrand, Gregory] Univ Sci & Technol Lille, CNRS, Lab Oceanol & Geosci, Stn Marine, F-62930 Wimereux, France. [Brix, Holger] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Dye, Stephen] Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci Cefas, Lowestoft NR33 OHT, Suffolk, England. [Furevik, Tore] Inst Geophys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Gangsto, Reidun] Univ Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Hatun, Hjalmar] Faroese Fisheries Lab, FO-110 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark. [Hopcroft, Russell R.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Kendall, Mike] Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. [Keeling, Ralph] Scripps CO2 Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Le Quere, Corinne; Vogt, Meike] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Mackenzie, Fred T.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Mauritzen, Cecilie] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, N-0313 Oslo, Norway. [Olafsson, Jon] Univ Iceland, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Olafsson, Jon] Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Paull, Charlie] Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. [Rignot, Eric] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Rignot, Eric] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91214 USA. [Shimada, Koji] Tokyo Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Fac Marine Sci, Dept Ocean Sci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan. [Washington, Richard] Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. RP Reid, PC (reprint author), Sir Alister Hardy Fdn Ocean Sci, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. RI Dye, Stephen/C-9456-2011; Hopcroft, Russell/I-6286-2012; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; Malin, Gill/C-6985-2009; SHIMADA, Koji/O-1913-2014; Le Quere, Corinne/C-2631-2017; OI Dye, Stephen/0000-0002-4182-8475; Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; Malin, Gill/0000-0002-3639-9215; Le Quere, Corinne/0000-0003-2319-0452; Brix, Holger/0000-0003-4229-6164; Kasten, Sabine/0000-0001-7453-5137 NR 422 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 19 U2 335 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2881 BN 978-0-12-374960-4 J9 ADV MAR BIOL JI Adv. Mar. Biol. PY 2009 VL 56 BP 1 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S0065-2881(09)56001-4 PG 150 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BVX30 UT WOS:000293022500001 PM 19895974 ER PT J AU Liu, D Kuang, WJ Tangborn, A AF Liu, Don Kuang, Weijia Tangborn, Andrew TI High-Order Compact Implicit Difference Methods For Parabolic Equations in Geodynamo Simulation SO ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB A series of compact implicit schemes of fourth and sixth orders are developed for solving differential equations involved in geodynamics simulations. Three illustrative examples are described to demonstrate that high-order convergence rates are achieved while good efficiency in terms of fewer grid points is maintained. This study shows that high-order compact implicit difference methods provide high flexibility and good convergence in solving some special differential equations on nonuniform grids. Copyright (C) 2009 Don Liu et al. C1 [Liu, Don] Louisiana Tech Univ, Program Math & Stat, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. [Kuang, Weijia] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Tangborn, Andrew] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. RP Liu, D (reprint author), Louisiana Tech Univ, Program Math & Stat, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. EM donliu@latech.edu RI Kuang, Weijia/K-5141-2012; OI Kuang, Weijia/0000-0001-7786-6425; liu, don/0000-0002-6484-0020 FU NSF Mathematical Geophysics Program [EAR-0327875] FX This work was supported by the NSF Mathematical Geophysics Program under the grant EAR-0327875. Our appreciation also goes to our colleagues including Dr. Weiyuan Jiang and Dr. Bernd Schroeder for providing computing support, constructive suggestions, and proofreading. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1687-9120 J9 ADV MATH PHYS JI Adv. Math. Phys. PY 2009 AR 568296 DI 10.1155/2009/568296 PG 23 WC Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA V25FE UT WOS:000208463100001 ER PT J AU Wheeler, RM AF Wheeler, Raymond M. BE Singh, J Kaur, L TI Potatoes for Human Life Support in Space SO ADVANCES IN POTATO CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM-L; LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GAS-EXCHANGE; CONTINUOUS IRRADIATION; NITROGEN NUTRITION; CO2 ENRICHMENT; USE EFFICIENCY; AFFECT GROWTH; DWARF WHEAT C1 NASA, Biol Sci Off, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Wheeler, RM (reprint author), NASA, Biol Sci Off, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 129 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA BN 978-0-08-092191-4 PY 2009 BP 465 EP 495 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-374349-7.00017-9 PG 31 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Food Science & Technology GA BCS04 UT WOS:000311235100019 ER PT J AU Mertens, CJ Russell, JM Mlynczak, MG She, CY Schmidlin, FJ Goldberg, RA Lopez-Puertas, M Wintersteiner, PP Picard, RH Winick, JR Xu, XJ AF Mertens, Christopher J. Russell, James M., III Mlynczak, Martin G. She, Chiao-Yao Schmidlin, Francis J. Goldberg, Richard A. Lopez-Puertas, Manuel Wintersteiner, Peter P. Picard, Richard H. Winick, Jeremy R. Xu, Xiaojing TI Kinetic temperature and carbon dioxide from broadband infrared limb emission measurements taken from the TIMED/SABER instrument SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE SABER; Temperature; Carbon dioxide (CO2); Infrared remote sensing; Non-LTE ID MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; THERMAL STRUCTURE; UPPER MESOSPHERE; MESOPAUSE; MODEL; CO2; DENSITY; STORMS AB The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) experiment is one of four instruments on NASA's Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. SABER measures broadband infrared limb emission and derives vertical profiles of kinetic temperature (Tk) from the lower stratosphere to approximately 120 km, and vertical profiles of carbon dioxide (CO,) volume mixing ratio (vmr) from approximately 70 km to 120 km. In this paper we report on SABER Tk/CO2 data in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region from the version 1.06 dataset. The continuous SABER measurements provide an excellent dataset to understand the evolution and mechanisms responsible for the global two-level structure of the mesopause altitude. SABER MLT Tk comparisons with ground-based sodium lidar and rocket falling sphere Tk measurements are generally in good agreement. However, SABER CO2 data differs significantly from TIME-GCM model simulations. Indirect CO2 validation through SABER-lidar MLT Tk comparisons and SABER-radiation transfer comparisons of nighttime 4.3 mu m limb emission suggest the SABER-derived CO, data is a better representation of the true atmospheric MLT CO, abundance compared to model simulations Of CO2 vmr. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Mertens, Christopher J.; Mlynczak, Martin G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Russell, James M., III] Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [She, Chiao-Yao] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Schmidlin, Francis J.] NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. [Goldberg, Richard A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lopez-Puertas, Manuel] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain. [Wintersteiner, Peter P.] ARCON Corp, Waltham, MA 02451 USA. [Picard, Richard H.; Winick, Jeremy R.] USAF, Res Labs, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. [Xu, Xiaojing] SSAI Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Mertens, CJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 21 Langley Blvd,MS 401B, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Christopher.J.Mertens@nasa.gov; james.russell@hamptonu.edu; Martin.G.Mlynczak@nasa.gov; joeshe@lamar.colostate.edu; fjs@osb.wff.nasa.gov; Richard.A.Goldberg@nasa.gov; puertas@iaa.es; winters@arcon.com; richard.picard@hanscom.af.mil; jeremy.winick@hanscom.af.mil; xiaojing_xu@ssaihq.com RI Goldberg, Richard /E-1881-2012; Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013 OI Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734 NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2008.04.017 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395RP UT WOS:000262541500002 ER PT J AU Gary, GA Davis, JM West, EA AF Gary, G. Allen Davis, John M. West, Edward A. TI Future possibilities for doppler and magnetic field measurements in the extended solar atmosphere: Dissecting the transition region SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Heliophysics; VUV magnetography; Fabry-Perot interferometer; Transition region; CIV emission line ID FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETERS; LINES AB For the first time, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) telescope can be built to rapidly observe the magnetic fields, plasma flows, and heating events in the Sun's atmosphere. These observations can provide key data for space weather models. The vacuum ultraviolet region allows remote sensing of the upper levels of the solar atmosphere where the magnetic field dominates the physics. A VUV Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) will allow us to observe the magnetic field, flows, and heating events in the mid-transition region (between the chromosphere and corona). Observations of this region are needed to directly probe the magnetic structure and activity at the base of the corona where the magnetic field is approximately force-free, i.e., where gas pressures are very small. This is a key element in developing accurate models of the Sun's dynamics for space weather. The specific region of interest is the 100 kin thick transition region, between the chromosphere and the much hotter corona, which strongly emits at 155 nm from triply ionized carbon (C(3+)) at 100,000 K. This is best observed by an imaging interferometer that combines the best attributes of a spectrograph and an imager. We present the latest results from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) FPI. The major elements of the tunable CIV VUV FPI are the 35 mm MgF(2) etalon plates with a plate finesse of F > 25 at 155 nm, the pi-dielectric coatings, a Hansen mechanical mount in a pressurize canister, and the piezoelectric control system. The control system for the etalon is a capacitance-stabilized Hovemere Ltd. standard system. The special Cascade Optical Corporation reflectance coatings are 25 pi-multilayers of high-low refractive layers paired in phase. This CIV interferometer, when flown above Earth's atmosphere, will obtain narrow-passband images, magnetograms, and Dopplergrams of the transition region in the CIV 155 nm line at a rapid cadence. We recently measured the MSFC VUV FPI using the University of Toronto's fluoride excimer laser as a proxy for CIV 155 nm. The test demonstrated the first tunable interferometer with the passband required for a VUV filter magnetograph. The measured values have a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) passband of 10 pm, a free-spectral range (FSR) of 61 pm, and a transmittance of 58%, at 157 nm. The resulting VUV interferometer finesse is 5.9. With this success, we are developing an instrument suitable for a flight on an orbiting solar observatory. A description of the interferometer for this mission is described. (C) 2008 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Gary, G. Allen] Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Davis, John M.; West, Edward A.] NASA, MSFC, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gary, GA (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeron Res, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM garyg@cpsar.uah.edu; John.M.Davis@nasa.gov; Edward.A.West@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 1 BP 96 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2008.09.017 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395RP UT WOS:000262541500011 ER PT J AU Berdichevsky, DB Reames, DV Wu, CC Schwenn, R Lepping, RP MacDowall, RJ Farrugia, CJ Bougeret, JL Ng, C Lazarus, AJ AF Berdichevsky, D. B. Reames, D. V. Wu, C. -C. Schwenn, R. Lepping, R. P. MacDowall, R. J. Farrugia, C. J. Bougeret, J. -L. Ng, C. Lazarus, A. J. TI Exploring the global shock scenario at multiple points between sun and earth: The solar transients launched on January 1 and September 23, 1978 SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Gradual SEP events; Collisionless shocks; Shock MHD modeling ID PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; ENERGETIC PARTICLES; TIME; SPECTRA; EVENTS; HELIOS; IMP-8; WIND AB We revisit the transient interplanetary events of January 1 and September 23, 1978. Using in-situ and remote sensing observations at locations widely separated in longitudes and distances from the Sun, we infer that in both cases the overall shock surface had a very fast "nose" region with speeds >900 and >1500 km(-1) in the January and September events, respectively, and much slower flank speeds (similar to 600 km(-1) or less), suggesting a shock surface with a strong speed gradient with heliospheric longitude. The shock-nose regions are thus likely efficient acceleration sites of MeV ions, even at 1 AU from the Sun. Our 3D magnetohydrodynamics modeling suggests that a 24 degrees x 24 degrees localized disturbance at 18 solar radii injecting momentum 100 times the background solar wind input over 1 h can produce a disturbance in semi-quantitative agreement with the observed shock arrival time, plasma density and velocity time series in the January 1978 event. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Berdichevsky, D. B.; Reames, D. V.; Lepping, R. P.; MacDowall, R. J.; Ng, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wu, C. -C.] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Schwenn, R.] Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Farrugia, C. J.] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Bougeret, J. -L.] Observ Paris, Meudon, France. [Lazarus, A. J.] MIT Space Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Berdichevsky, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dbberdi@yahoo.com RI MacDowall, Robert/D-2773-2012 FU NASA [NASW-02035]; NSF [ATM-0208414] FX We acknowledge the COHO and OMNI data base for hourly and higher resolution averages of the IP parameters. This work is supported by NASA Living with a Star Grant NASW-02035, and NSF Space Weather Grant ATM-0208414. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 1 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2008.03.026 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395RP UT WOS:000262541500014 ER PT J AU Buch, A Sternberg, R Szopa, C Freissinet, C Garnier, C Bekri, EJ Rodier, C Navarro-Gonzalez, R Raulin, F Cabane, M Stambouli, A Glavin, DP Mahaffy, PR AF Buch, A. Sternberg, R. Szopa, C. Freissinet, C. Garnier, C. Bekri, El J. Rodier, C. Navarro-Gonzalez, R. Raulin, F. Cabane, M. Stambouli, A. Glavin, D. P. Mahaffy, P. R. TI Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Derivatization; Extraction solid-liquid; GC-MS; Amino acids; Carboxylic acids; Ultrasound; Mars; Isopropanol; Water; Atacama ID SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ASSISTED EXTRACTION; LABORATORY PILOT; ACTIVE COMPOUNDS; AMINO-ACIDS; MARS; MOLECULES; SEDIMENTS; LIFE AB In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic Molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, sonic of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases. Before analysis by GC-MS, all the targeted refractory compounds trapped in the soil sample must be extracted and chemically transformed (derivatization). The extraction is carried Out in a two step process which requires the separation and evaporation of the extraction solvent in order to concentrate the organic compounds of interest. To improve the compatibility of the technique for spaceflight a one step procedure is performed using only a thermal processing for the extraction step. These two extraction methods are followed by a derivatization step which uses MTBSTFA (N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide). The sample preparation methods have been tested on "spiked" soil and on Atacama Desert soil coming from the aridest part of the desert located in Chile. All the targeted compounds have been detected by these two procedures, demonstrating the applicability of the technique for in-situ analysis. The one step procedure has been successfully tested on Atacama soil samples with a laboratory pilot reactor, developed for this study, within representative space operating conditions. (C) 2008 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Buch, A.; Freissinet, C.; Garnier, C.; Bekri, El J.; Stambouli, A.] Ecole Cent Paris, Lab Genie Procedes & Mat, F-92295 Chatenay Malabry, France. [Sternberg, R.; Freissinet, C.; Garnier, C.; Raulin, F.] Univ Paris 7 12, CNRS, UMR 7583, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, F-94010 Creteil, France. [Szopa, C.; Cabane, M.] SA IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. [Rodier, C.] UMR 6514, Lab Synth & Reactivite Subst Nat, F-86022 Poitiers, France. [Navarro-Gonzalez, R.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ciencias Nucl, Lab Quim Plasmas & Estudios Planetarios, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. [Glavin, D. P.; Mahaffy, P. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Buch, A (reprint author), Ecole Cent Paris, Lab Genie Procedes & Mat, F-92295 Chatenay Malabry, France. EM arnaud.buch@ecp.fr RI Gonzalez, Rafael/D-1748-2009; Mahaffy, Paul/E-4609-2012; freissinet, caroline/F-2431-2012; Glavin, Daniel/D-6194-2012; szopa, cyril/C-6865-2015 OI Glavin, Daniel/0000-0001-7779-7765; szopa, cyril/0000-0002-0090-4056 FU CNES Research and Technology (RT) program; European Exomars 2013 FX The main objective of the Sample Processing System development, supported by the CNES Research and Technology (R&T) program, is a possible integration into the GC-MS experiments of the next Mars exploratory missions such as the NASA MSL 2009 and the European Exomars 2013. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 1 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2008.05.001 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395RP UT WOS:000262541500018 ER PT J AU Pines, V Zlatkowski, M Chait, A AF Pines, Vladimir Zlatkowski, Marianna Chait, Arnon TI Interactions of solar wind plasma with dust grains: Effects of strong plasma anisotropy SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Moon environment; Solar wind plasma; Dusty plasma AB In this paper we re-examined the fundamental physics of charging of a dust particle in the moon environment by tenuous anisotropic solar wind plasma. The majority of work on dusty (complex) plasmas is largely concerns with laboratory plasmas, in which charging process of dust grains is very fast, thus making practical the working concept of dynamically equilibrium floating potential and grain charge. However, solar wind plasma parameters are considerably different at the moon orbit, and we found the characteristic charging time of lunar dust grains to be considerably longer, ranging from 3 to 4.6 min for micron size particles, and up to 7.6 h for 10-nm grains, depending on the value of plasma streaming velocity. These findings make it clear that the transient stage of charging process is important in the moon environment, and equilibrium floating potential and grain charge could be considered as long time asymptotic values. For this reason we re-formulated the moon dust charging process as an inherently time-dependent problem and derived the time-dependent charging equation for the grain potential for general case of anisotropic solar wind plasma. Using the results of our kinetics analysis we found that the distribution of charge density over grain surface submerged into solar wind plasma is highly anisotropic, thus making the OML model, which is based on the assumption of isotropic distribution of surface charge density, not applicable to the grain charging problem by the solar wind plasma. (C) 2008 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Pines, Vladimir; Zlatkowski, Marianna; Chait, Arnon] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Pines, V (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH USA. EM vpines@oh.rr.com NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 43 IS 1 BP 152 EP 163 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2008.07.005 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395RP UT WOS:000262541500019 ER PT S AU Kim, T Nefian, AV Broxton, MJ AF Kim, Taemin Nefian, Ara V. Broxton, Michael J. BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Parvin, B Koracin, D Kuno, Y Wang, J Pajarola, R Lindstrom, P Hinkenjann, A Encarnacao, ML Silva, CT Coming, D TI Photometric Recovery of Ortho-Images Derived from Apollo 15 Metric Camera Imagery SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Visual Computing CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 2009 CL Las Vegas, NV SP UNR Comp Vis Lab, Desert Res Inst, Berkeley Lab, NASA, intel, digitalPersona, EQUINOX, hp, Ford, Mitsubishi, GE, iCORE, Delphi Toyota, VOLT, MSDN Magazine AB The topographical and photometric reconstruction of the moon from Apollo metric data has gained attention to support manned mission planning since the NASA has been working on return to the moon in 2004. This paper focuses on photometric recovery of the moon surface from Apollo orbital imagery. The statistical behavior of photons generates the scene radiance which follows a continuous Poisson distribution with the mean of surface radiance. The pixel value is determined by the camera response of sensor exposure which is proportional to scene radiance and exposure time. The surface radiance, exposure time and camera response are estimated by the maximum likelihood method for sensor exposure. The likelihood function is highly nonlinear and we were unable to find an estimator in closed form. Grouping the three sets of parameters (surface radiance, exposure time, and camera response), an EM-like juggling algorithm is proposed to determine the one family of parameters from the others. The photometric recovery of otho-images derived from Apollo 15 metric camera imagery was presented to show the validity of the proposed method. C1 [Kim, Taemin; Broxton, Michael J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Nefian, Ara V.; Broxton, Michael J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Kim, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. FU NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research (LASER) program [07-LASER07-0148]; NASA Advanced Information Systems Research (AISR) program [06-AISRP06-0142]; NASA ESMD Lunar Mapping and Modeling Program (LMMP) FX This work was funded by the NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research (LASER) program grant #07-LASER07-0148, NASA Advanced Information Systems Research (AISR) program grant #06-AISRP06-0142, and by the NASA ESMD Lunar Mapping and Modeling Program (LMMP). The first author conducted the research under the Visiting Researcher Agreement between the NASA and the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-10330-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2009 VL 5875 BP 700 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BPI81 UT WOS:000278937300065 ER PT S AU Broxton, MJ Nefian, AV Moratto, Z Kim, T Lundy, M Segal, AV AF Broxton, Michael J. Nefian, Ara V. Moratto, Zachary Kim, Taemin Lundy, Michael Segal, Aleksandr V. BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Parvin, B Koracin, D Kuno, Y Wang, J Pajarola, R Lindstrom, P Hinkenjann, A Encarnacao, ML Silva, CT Coming, D TI 3D Lunar Terrain Reconstruction from Apollo Images SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Visual Computing CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 2009 CL Las Vegas, NV SP UNR Comp Vis Lab, Desert Res Inst, Berkeley Lab, NASA, intel, digitalPersona, EQUINOX, hp, Ford, Mitsubishi, GE, iCORE, Delphi Toyota, VOLT, MSDN Magazine AB Generating accurate three dimensional planetary models is becoming increasingly important as NASA plans manned missions to return to the Moon in the next decade. This paper describes 3D surface reconstruction system called the Ames Stereo Pipeline that is designed to produce such models automatically by processing orbital stereo imagery. We discuss two important core aspects of this system: (1) refinement of satellite station positions and pose estimates through least squares bundle adjustment: and (2) a stochastic plane fitting algorithm that generalizes the Lucas-Kanade method for optimal matching between stereo pair images.. These techniques allow us to automatically produce seamless, highly accurate digital elevation models from multiple stereo image pairs while significantly reducing the influence of image noise. Our technique IS demonstrated On a set of 71 high resolution scanned images from the Apollo 15 mission. C1 [Broxton, Michael J.; Kim, Taemin] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Broxton, Michael J.; Nefian, Ara V.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Moratto, Zachary; Lundy, Michael] Stinger Ghaffarian Technol Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Segal, Aleksandr V.] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Broxton, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. FU NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research (LASER) program [07-LASER07-0148]; NASA Advanced Information Systems Research (AISR) program [06-AISRP06-0142]; NASA ESMD Lunar Mapping and Modeling Program (LMMP) FX We would like to thank Mark Robinson and his team at Arizona State University for supplying high resolution scans of the Apollo Metric Camera images. This work was funded by the NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research (LASER) program grant #07-LASER07-0148, NASA Advanced Information Systems Research (AISR) program grant #06-AISRP06-0142, and by the NASA ESMD Lunar Mapping and Modeling Program (LMMP). NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-10330-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2009 VL 5875 BP 710 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BPI81 UT WOS:000278937300066 ER PT S AU Olson, CF Ansar, AI Padgett, CW AF Olson, Clark F. Ansar, Adnan I. Padgett, Curtis W. BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Parvin, B Koracin, D Kuno, Y Wang, J Pajarola, R Lindstrom, P Hinkenjann, A Encarnacao, ML Silva, CT Coming, D TI Robust Registration of Aerial Image Sequences SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Visual Computing CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 2009 CL Las Vegas, NV SP UNR Comp Vis Lab, Desert Res Inst, Berkeley Lab, NASA, intel, digitalPersona, EQUINOX, hp, Ford, Mitsubishi, GE, iCORE, Delphi Toyota, VOLT, MSDN Magazine AB We describe techniques for registering images from sequences of aerial images captured of the same terrain on different days. The techniques are robust to changes ill weather, including variable lighting conditions, shadows, and sparse intervening clouds. The primary underlying technique is robust feature matching between images, which is performed using both robust template matching and SIFT-like feature matching. Outlier rejection is performed in multiple stages to remove incorrect matches. With the remaining matches, we can compute homographics between images or use non-linear optimization to update the external camera parameters. We give results on real aerial image sequences. C1 [Olson, Clark F.] Univ Washington, Box 358534,18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. [Ansar, Adnan I.; Padgett, Curtis W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Olson, CF (reprint author), Univ Washington, Box 358534,18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. EM cfolson@uw.edu NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-642-10519-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2009 VL 5876 BP 325 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BPM35 UT WOS:000279247100030 ER PT B AU Gardner, JP AF Gardner, Jonathan P. BE Onaka, T White, GJ Nakagawa, T Yamamura, I TI The James Webb Space Telescope SO AKARI, A LIGHT TO ILLUMINATE THE MISTY UNIVERSE SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Akari, A Light to Illuminate the Misty Universe CY FEB 16-19, 2009 CL Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN SP Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy HO Univ Tokyo AB The scientific capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) fall into four themes. The End of the Dark Ages: First Light and Reionization theme seeks to identify the first luminous sources to form and to determine the ionization history of the universe. The Assembly of Galaxies theme seeks to determine how galaxies and the dark matter, gas, stars, metals, morphological structures, and active nuclei within them evolved from the epoch of reionization to the present. The Birth of Stars and Protoplanetary Systems theme seeks to unravel the birth and early evolution of stars, from infall onto dust-enshrouded protostars, to the genesis of planetary systems. The Planetary Systems and the Origins of Life theme seeks to determine the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems around nearby stars and of our own, and investigate the potential for life in those systems. To enable these four science themes, JWST will be a large (6.5m) cold (50K) telescope launched to the second Earth-Sun Lagrange point early in the next decade. It is the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, and is a partnership of NASA, ESA and CSA. JWST will have four instruments: The Near-Infrared Camera, the Near-Infrared multi-object Spectrograph, and the Tunable Filter Imager will operate within the wavelength range 0.6 to 5 microns, while the Mid-Infrared Instrument will do both imaging and spectroscopy between 5 and 29 microns. The scientific investigations described here define the measurement capabilities of the telescope, but they do not imply that those particular observations will be made. JWST is a facility-class mission, so most of the observing time will be allocated to investigators from the international astronomical community through competitively-selected proposals. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gardner, JP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jonathan.p.gardner@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-716-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 418 BP 365 EP 374 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BQL37 UT WOS:000281244500046 ER PT S AU Alves, DS Morton, DC Batistella, M Roberts, DA Souza, C AF Alves, Diogenes S. Morton, Douglas C. Batistella, Mateus Roberts, Dar A. Souza, Carlos, Jr. BE Keller, M Bustamante, M Gash, J Dias, PS TI The Changing Rates and Patterns of Deforestation and Land Use in Brazilian Amazonia SO AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID TROPICAL SECONDARY FORESTS; VEGETATION DATA; SATELLITE DATA; COVER CHANGE; MATO-GROSSO; CENSUS-DATA; RONDONIA; FRONTIER; FIRE; INTENSIFICATION AB Investigating the rates and patterns of land cover and land use change (LCLUC) in Amazonia is a central issue for Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) research. LCLUC, along with climatic changes, affects the biological, chemical, and physical functions of Amazonia, thereby linking environmental change at the local, regional, and global scales. Considerable research has focused on estimating rates of forest conversion in Amazonia, mainly through the use of satellite remote sensing, and evaluating factors that influence these rates. Beyond the rates of forest loss, LCLUC research in Amazonia has also considered the variety of agricultural uses that replace forest cover, forest degradation from logging and fire, and secondary vegetation on previously cleared lands. C1 [Alves, Diogenes S.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. [Morton, Douglas C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Batistella, Mateus] Embrapa Satellite Monitoring, BR-1307015 Campinas, SP, Brazil. [Roberts, Dar A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93117 USA. [Souza, Carlos, Jr.] Inst Homem & Meio Ambiente Amazonia Imazon, BR-66060160 Belem, Para, Brazil. RP Alves, DS (reprint author), Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, DPI SRE 2,Ave Astronautas 1758, BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. EM dalves@dpi.inpe.br; douglas.morton@nasa.gov; mb@enpm.embrapa.br; dar@geog.uesb.edu; souzajr@imazon.org.br NR 76 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-476-4 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2009 VL 186 BP 11 EP 23 DI 10.1029/2008GM000722 D2 10.1029/GM186 PG 13 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BUI24 UT WOS:000289443400002 ER PT S AU Artaxo, P Rizzo, LV Paixao, M de Lucca, S Oliveira, PH Lara, LL Wiedemann, KT Andreae, MO Holben, B Schafer, J Correia, AL Pauliquevis, TM AF Artaxo, Paulo Rizzo, Luciana V. Paixao, Melina de Lucca, Silvia Oliveira, Paulo H. Lara, Luciene L. Wiedemann, Kenia T. Andreae, Meinrat O. Holben, Brent Schafer, Joel Correia, Alexandre L. Pauliquevis, Theotonio M. BE Keller, M Bustamante, M Gash, J Dias, PS TI Aerosol Particles in Amazonia: Their Composition, Role in the Radiation Balance, Cloud Formation, and Nutrient Cycles SO AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID BIOMASS-BURNING AEROSOLS; FIRE EMISSIONS EXPERIMENT; BIOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT; ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO; BRAZIL SCAR-B; TROPICAL FOREST; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; HYGROSCOPIC GROWTH AB The atmosphere above tropical forests plays a very active part in the biogeochemical cycles that are critically important for the processes that maintain the ecosystem, including processes involving the vegetation, soil, hydrology, and atmospheric composition. Aerosol particles control key ingredients of the climatic and ecological environment in Amazonia. The radiative balance is strongly influenced by the direct and indirect radiative forcing of aerosol particles. Nutrient cycling is partially controlled by dry and wet deposition of key plant nutrients. It was observed that the aerosol particles that act as cloud condensation nuclei influence cloud formation and dynamics, having the potential to change precipitation regimes over Amazonia. The 10-year-long record of aerosol optical thickness measurements in Amazonia shows a strongly negative radiative forcing of -37 W m(-2) averaged over 7 years of dry season measurements in Alta Floresta. There is a strong influence of biomass-burning aerosols on the cloud microphysical properties during the dry season. The connections between the amount of aerosol particles and carbon uptake trough photosynthesis highlighted the close connection between forest natural processes and the aerosol loading in the atmosphere. Climate change combined with socioeconomic drivers could alter significantly the emission of trace gases, aerosols, and water vapor fluxes from the forest to the atmosphere. It is a vital task to quickly reduce Amazonian deforestation rates, and to implement solid and long-term conservation policies in Amazonia. C1 [Artaxo, Paulo; Rizzo, Luciana V.; Paixao, Melina; de Lucca, Silvia; Oliveira, Paulo H.; Lara, Luciene L.; Wiedemann, Kenia T.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Andreae, Meinrat O.] Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. [Holben, Brent; Schafer, Joel; Correia, Alexandre L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pauliquevis, Theotonio M.] Inst Nacl de Pesquisas da Amazonia, LBA Cent Off, BR-69060000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. RP Artaxo, P (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM artaxo@if.usp.br; andreae@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; bholben@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov; theotonio@gmail.com RI Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010; Andreae, Meinrat/B-1068-2008 OI Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036; Andreae, Meinrat/0000-0003-1968-7925 NR 110 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-476-4 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2009 VL 186 BP 233 EP 250 DI 10.1029/2008GM000778 D2 10.1029/GM186 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BUI24 UT WOS:000289443400014 ER PT S AU Malhi, Y Saatchi, S Girardin, C Aragao, LEOC AF Malhi, Yadvinder Saatchi, Sassan Girardin, Cecile Aragao, Luiz E. O. C. BE Keller, M Bustamante, M Gash, J Dias, PS TI The Production, Storage, and Flow of Carbon in Amazonian Forests SO AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; ABOVEGROUND LIVE BIOMASS; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; THROUGHFALL EXCLUSION; ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; UPLAND FORESTS; TREE ALLOMETRY; SOIL TEXTURE AB The carbon stores and dynamics of tropical forests are the subject of major international scientific and policy attention. Research associated with the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) has generated substantial advances in our understanding of the cycling of carbon at selected forest sites in Brazilian Amazonia and generated new insights into how these processes may vary across the wider Amazonian region. Here we report on aspects of this new understanding. We present, in particular, a comprehensive synthesis of carbon cycling in three focal LBA sites (Manaus, Tapajos, and Caxiuana), drawing on studies of productivity, litterfall, respiration, physiology, and ecosystem fluxes. These studies are placed in the context of the wider Amazonian region by utilizing the results of the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR) and other forest plots. We discuss the basin-wide distribution of forest biomass derived by combining these plots and a suite of satellite data, and examine the dynamics of carbon cycling in the context of regional carbon stores in the forest. Particular attention is drawn to the strong relationship between forest productivity and turnover, which suggests that higher levels of forest productivity increase forest dynamism rather than forest biomass. We conclude by discussing what the scientific priorities should be for a synthetic region-wide understanding of the carbon dynamics and stores of Amazonian forests. C1 [Malhi, Yadvinder; Girardin, Cecile; Aragao, Luiz E. O. C.] Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. [Saatchi, Sassan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Malhi, Y (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, Sch Geog & Environm, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England. EM yadvinder.malhi@ouce.ox.ac.uk NR 55 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-476-4 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2009 VL 186 BP 355 EP 372 DI 10.1029/2008GM000779 D2 10.1029/GM186 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BUI24 UT WOS:000289443400022 ER PT S AU Houghton, RA Gloor, M Lloyd, J Potter, C AF Houghton, R. A. Gloor, Manuel Lloyd, Jon Potter, Christopher BE Keller, M Bustamante, M Gash, J Dias, PS TI The Regional Carbon Budget SO AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID AMAZONIAN RAIN-FOREST; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; GRASS ECHINOCHLOA-POLYSTACHYA; ABOVEGROUND LIVE BIOMASS; BOUNDARY-LAYER BUDGETS; PLANT-GROWTH RESPONSES; SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS; LONG-TERM PLOTS; BRAZILIAN AMAZON AB A number of approaches have been used to infer whether Amazonia is a net source or sink for carbon. Top-down approaches based on inverse calculations with CO2 concentrations and atmospheric transport models are problematic because of a paucity of air samples and poor constraints on regional air transport. Direct measurements of changes in aboveground biomass suggest a net carbon sink in old-growth forests but remain controversial. Direct measurements of CO2 flux with the eddy covariance technique indicate forests to be both sources and sinks of carbon, depending in part on when the last disturbance occurred. These flux measurements may be extrapolated through time and space with ecosystem models based on physiological processes, but many models fail to reproduce even the correct sign of carbon balance observed seasonally in some forests. Models based on changes in forest structure, driven by both anthropogenic (e.g., deforestation for pasture) and natural (e.g., fire) disturbances and recovery, consistently calculate net carbon emissions, emissions that may be offset by the increased biomass observed in long-term plots in old-growth forests. Aquatic systems are nearly neutral with respect to carbon, with inputs from seasonally flooded forests and grasslands accounting for the measured efflux. Taken together, these different approaches, which often consider different components of the region's carbon cycle, suggest that Amazonia has been, on average, nearly neutral with respect to carbon over the last decade, albeit a small net source during El Nino events. C1 [Houghton, R. A.] Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. [Gloor, Manuel; Lloyd, Jon] Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Potter, Christopher] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Houghton, RA (reprint author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, 149 Woods Hole Rd, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. EM rhoughton@whrc.org NR 168 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-476-4 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2009 VL 186 BP 409 EP 428 DI 10.1029/2008GM000718 D2 10.1029/GM186 PG 20 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BUI24 UT WOS:000289443400025 ER PT J AU Leontieva, L Dimmock, J Cavallerano, M DeRycke, S Meszaros, Z Carey, K Ploutz-Snyder, R Batki, SL AF Leontieva, Luba Dimmock, Jacqueline Cavallerano, Michelle DeRycke, Sara Meszaros, Zsuzsa Carey, Kate Ploutz-Snyder, Robert Batki, Steven L. TI Patient and Provider Attitudes towards Monitored Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Dependence in Schizophrenia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE LA English DT Article DE Alcohol dependence; attitudes of patients and clinical providers; naltrexone treatment; schizophrenia AB Objective: To describe the attitudes of patients and their mental health providers regarding participation in a controlled trial of directly monitored naltrexone (NTX) treatment for alcohol dependence in schizophrenia. Method: Ninety participants with schizophrenia and their providers were asked to report opinions of treatment with oral NTX or placebo 3 times per week for 12 weeks, motivational counseling (MI), and voucher-based incentives (VBI) for attendance. Results: Seventy-nine percent of participants "liked the study a lot," and 94% reported that it was helpful. Study components rated as helpful by participants were: VBI (95% of participants), meeting with staff 3 times per week (84%), reporting alcohol use (82%), MI (82%), reporting psychiatric symptoms (73%), breath alcohol testing (72%), and study medication (57%). Benefits reported by patients were: feeling better mentally (67%), drinking less (52%), feeling better physically (49%), and stopping drinking (27%). Seventy percent of providers reported that the study was helpful. Benefits noted by providers included: reduced drinking (33%), better treatment adherence (32%), stopping drinking (23%), and reduced psychiatric symptoms (22%). Patient/provider responses agreed on helpfulness with stopping or reducing drinking. Conclusions: Most participants with schizophrenia liked participating in a clinical trial of directly observed naltrexone treatment for alcohol dependence, and found incentives for attendance, frequent staff contact and monitoring of drinking, and motivational counseling to be the most helpful. Most participants reported improvement in mental health and reduced drinking. Mental health providers also reported that the study was helpful, but they did not describe the same degree of benefit as did patients. C1 [Leontieva, Luba; Dimmock, Jacqueline; Cavallerano, Michelle; DeRycke, Sara; Meszaros, Zsuzsa] SUNY Upstate Med Univ, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. [Carey, Kate] Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY USA. [Ploutz-Snyder, Robert] NASA, Univ Space Res Assoc, JSC, Houston, TX USA. [Batki, Steven L.] Univ Calif San Francisco, VA Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Leontieva, L (reprint author), SUNY Upstate Med Univ, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM leontiel@upstate.edu FU NIAAA NIH HHS [R01 AA013655, 5R01 AA013655-04]; NIDA NIH HHS [U10 DA015815] NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0095-2990 J9 AM J DRUG ALCOHOL AB JI Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse PY 2009 VL 35 IS 5 BP 273 EP 278 DI 10.1080/00952990902939727 PG 6 WC Psychology, Clinical; Substance Abuse SC Psychology; Substance Abuse GA 562EG UT WOS:000275031700002 PM 19591067 ER PT J AU Estes, SM Haynes, JA Sprigg, WA Morain, SA Budge, A AF Estes, S. M. Haynes, J. A. Sprigg, W. A. Morain, S. A. Budge, A. TI Using NASA Satellite Remote Sensing To Identify Dust and Sand Storms That Aggreviate Respiratory Diseases. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Haynes, J. A.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Estes, S. M.] NASA Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL USA. [Sprigg, W. A.] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. [Morain, S. A.; Budge, A.] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM sue.m.estes@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 61 BROADWAY, FL 4, NEW YORK, NY 10006 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PY 2009 VL 179 MA A3662 PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA V29FA UT WOS:000208733103015 ER PT J AU Korotova, GI Sibeck, DG Rosenberg, T AF Korotova, G. I. Sibeck, D. G. Rosenberg, T. TI Geotail observations of FTE velocities SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Interplanetary physics; Solar wind plasma; Magnetospheric physics; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions; Space plasma physics; Magnetic reconnection ID FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; SINGLE-X-LINE; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; WIND DYNAMIC PRESSURE; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; RECONNECTION; FLOW; SIGNATURES; WAVES AB We discuss the plasma velocity signatures expected in association with flux transfer events (FTEs). Events moving faster than or opposite the ambient media should generate bipolar inward/outward (outward/inward) flow perturbations normal to the nominal magnetopause in the magnetosphere (magnetosheath). Flow perturbations directly upstream and downstream from the events should be in the direction of event motion. Flows on the flanks should be in the direction opposite the motion of events moving at subsonic and subAlfvenic speeds relative to the ambient plasma. Events moving with the ambient flow should generate no flow perturbations in the ambient plasma. Alfven waves propagating parallel (antiparallel) to the axial magnetic field of FTEs may generate anticorrelated (correlated) magnetic field and flow perturbations within the core region of FTEs. We present case studies illustrating many of these signatures. In the examples considered, Alfven waves propagate along event axes away from the inferred reconnection site. A statistical study of FTEs observed by Geotail over a 3.5-year period reveals that FTEs within the magnetosphere invariably move faster than the ambient flow, while those in the magnetosheath move both faster and slower than the ambient flow. C1 [Korotova, G. I.] IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. [Korotova, G. I.; Rosenberg, T.] UMD, IPST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Sibeck, D. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Korotova, GI (reprint author), IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. EM korotova@excite.com RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 FU University of Maryland [NASA/GSFC NNX07AH99G] FX We thank the SPDF and NSSDC at GSFC for supplying the Geotail, IMP-8 magnetic field observations. Work at GSFC was supported by NASA's Guest Investigator Program, while work by G. I. K. at the University of Maryland was supported by a grant from NASA/GSFC NNX07AH99G. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414BT UT WOS:000263839600005 ER PT J AU Milan, SE Grocott, A Forsyth, C Imber, SM Boakes, PD Hubert, B AF Milan, S. E. Grocott, A. Forsyth, C. Imber, S. M. Boakes, P. D. Hubert, B. TI A superposed epoch analysis of auroral evolution during substorm growth, onset and recovery: open magnetic flux control of substorm intensity SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Auroral phenomena; Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; Storms and substorms ID ADVANCED COMPOSITION EXPLORER; POLAR-CAP; IMAGE SPACECRAFT; IONOSPHERE; FIELD; PROTON; INTENSIFICATIONS; EXCITATION; BOUNDARY; DYNAMICS AB We perform two superposed epoch analyses of the auroral evolution during substorms using the FUV instrument on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Explorer ( IMAGE) spacecraft. The larger of the two studies includes nearly 2000 substorms. We subdivide the substorms by onset latitude, a measure of the open magnetic flux in the magnetosphere, and determine average auroral images before and after substorm onset, for both electron and proton aurora. Our results indicate that substorms are more intense in terms of auroral brightness when the open flux content of the magnetosphere is larger, and that magnetic flux closure is more significant. The increase in auroral brightness at onset is larger for electrons than protons. We also show that there is a dawn-dusk offset in the location of the electron and proton aurora that mirrors the relative locations of the region 1 and region 2 current systems. Superposed epoch analyses of the solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, and geomagnetic indices for the substorms under study indicate that dayside reconnection is expected to occur at a faster rate prior to low latitude onsets, but also that the ring current is enhanced for these events. C1 [Milan, S. E.; Grocott, A.; Forsyth, C.; Imber, S. M.; Boakes, P. D.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Forsyth, C.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Surrey, England. [Imber, S. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Boakes, P. D.] British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Hubert, B.] Univ Liege, Lab Planetary & Atmospher Phys, Liege, Belgium. RP Milan, SE (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM steve.milan@ion.le.ac.uk RI Grocott, Adrian/A-9576-2011; Forsyth, Colin/E-4159-2010 OI Forsyth, Colin/0000-0002-0026-8395 FU PPARC [PP/E000983/1, PPA/S/S/2005/04156, PPA/S/S/2005/04157]; PPARC/STFC CASE award [PPA/S/C/2006/04488]; NASA Space Science Data Centre (NSSDC); University of California at Berkeley FX AG was supported by PPARC rolling grant no. PP/E000983/1. PDB was supported by a PPARC/STFC CASE award, grant no. PPA/S/C/2006/04488. CF and SMI were supported by PPARC grants PPA/S/S/2005/04156 and PPA/S/S/2005/04157, respectively. The IMAGE FUV data were supplied by the NASA Space Science Data Centre (NSSDC), and we are grateful to the PI of FUV, S. B. Mende of the University of California at Berkeley, for its use. The ACE data used in this study were accessed through CDAWeb. The authors would like to thank N. F. Ness at the Bartol Research Institute and D. J. McComas of the Southwest Research Institute, for use of the MAG and SWEPAM data, respectively.; Topical Editor I. A. Daglis thanks G. Rostoker and another anonymous referee for their help in evaluating this paper. NR 34 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 2 BP 659 EP 668 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414BW UT WOS:000263839900020 ER PT J AU Uritsky, VM Donovan, E Klimas, AJ Spanswick, E AF Uritsky, V. M. Donovan, E. Klimas, A. J. Spanswick, E. TI Collective dynamics of bursty particle precipitation initiating in the inner and outer plasma sheet SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; Particle precipitation; Magnetospheric physics; Storms and substorms; Space plasma physics; Nonlinear phenomena ID AVALANCHING SYSTEM; MAGNETOSPHERE; FLUCTUATIONS; VELOCITY; MAGNETOTAIL; EVOLUTION; MODELS; AURORA; RADAR AB Using multiscale spatiotemporal analysis of bursty precipitation events in the nighttime aurora as seen by the POLAR UVI instrument, we report a set of new statistical signatures of high- and low-latitude auroral activity, signaling a strongly non-uniform distribution of dissipation mechanism in the plasma sheet. We show that small-scale electron emission events that initiate in the equatorward portion of the nighttime auroral oval (scaling mode A(1)) have systematically steeper power-law slopes of energy, power, area, and lifetime probability distributions compared to the events that initiate at higher latitudes (mode B). The low-latitude group of events also contain a small but energetically important subpopulation of substorm-scale disturbances (mode A(2)) described by anomalously low distribution exponents characteristic of barely stable thermodynamic systems that are prone to large-scale sporadic reorganization. The high latitude events (mode B) can be accurately described by a single set of distributions exponents over the entire range of studied scales, with the exponent values consistent with globally stable self-organized critical (SOC) behavior. The low- and high latitude events have distinct inter-trigger time statistics, and are characterized by significantly different MLT distributions. Based on these results we conjecture that the inner and outer portions of the plasma sheet are associated with two (or more) mechanisms of collective dynamics that may represent an interplay between current disruption and magnetic reconnection scenarios of bursty energy conversion in the magnetotail. C1 [Uritsky, V. M.; Donovan, E.; Spanswick, E.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Klimas, A. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, UMBC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Uritsky, VM (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM vuritsky@phas.ucalgary.ca OI Donovan, Eric/0000-0002-8557-4155 FU Canadian Space Agency FX We thank W. Liu for stimulating discussions, G. Parks and D. Chua for POLAR UVI data, A. Richmond for APEX coordinate conversion algorithms. This work was supported in part by the Canadian Space Agency.; Topical Editor R. Nakamura thanks M. L. Parkinson and K. Rypdal for their help in evaluating this paper. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 2 BP 745 EP 753 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414BW UT WOS:000263839900025 ER PT J AU Sibeck, DG AF Sibeck, D. G. TI Concerning the occurrence pattern of flux transfer events on the dayside magnetopause SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; Magnetosheath; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; BOUNDARY-LAYER; X-LINE; RECONNECTION; PLASMA; SIGNATURES; CUSP; FLOW AB We present an analytical model for the magnetic field perturbations associated with flux transfer events (FTEs) on the dayside magnetopause as a function of the shear between the magnetosheath and magnetospheric magnetic fields and the ratio of their strengths. We assume that the events are produced by component reconnection along subsolar reconnection lines with tilts that depend upon the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and show that the amplitudes of the perturbations generated during southward IMF greatly exceed those during northward IMF. As a result, even if the distributions of magnetic reconnection burst durations/event dimensions are identical during periods of northward and southward IMF orientation, events occurring for southward IMF orientations must predominate in surveys of dayside events. Two factors may restore the balance between events occurring for northward and southward IMF orientations on the flanks of the magnetosphere. Events generated on the dayside magnetopause during periods of southward IMF move poleward, while those generated during periods of northward IMF slip dawnward or duskward towards the flanks. Due to differing event and magnetospheric magnetic field orientations, events that produce weak signatures on the dayside magnetopause during intervals of northward IMF orientation may produce strong signatures on the flanks. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sibeck, DG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 674,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM david.g.sibeck@nasa.gov RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 2 BP 895 EP 903 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 414BW UT WOS:000263839900039 ER PT J AU Birn, J Hesse, M AF Birn, J. Hesse, M. TI Reconnection in substorms and solar flares: analogies and differences SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; Storms and substorms; Space plasma physics; Magnetic reconnection ID COLLISIONLESS MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; 3-DIMENSIONAL FLUX ROPES; TEST PARTICLE ORBITS; GEOSYNCHRONOUS OBSERVATIONS; ELECTRON ACCELERATION; PLASMA SHEET; MAGNETOTAIL; INJECTIONS; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT AB Magnetic reconnection is the crucial process in the release of magnetic energy associated with magnetospheric substorms and with solar flares. On the basis of three-dimensional resistive MHD simulations we investigate similarities and differences between the two scenarios. We address in particular mechanisms that lead to the onset of reconnection and energy release, transport, and conversion mechanisms. Analogous processes might exist in the motion of field line footpoints on the sun and in magnetic flux addition to the magnetotail. In both cases such processes might lead to a loss of neighboring equilibrium, characterized by the formation of a very thin embedded current sheet, which acts as trigger for reconnection. We find that Joule (or ohmic) dissipation plays only a minor role in the overall energy transfer associated with reconnection. The dominant transfer of released magnetic energy occurs to electromagnetic energy (Poynting) flux and to thermal energy transport as enthalpy flux. The former dominates in low-beta, specifically initially force-free current sheets expected for the solar corona, while the latter dominates in high-beta current sheets, such as the magnetotail. In both cases the outflow from the reconnection site becomes bursty, i.e. spatially and temporally localized, yet carrying most of the outflow energy. Hence an analogy might exist between bursty bulk flows (BBFs) in the magnetotail and pulses of Poynting flux in solar flares. Further similarities might exist in the role of collapsing magnetic flux tubes, as a consequence of reconnection, in the heating and acceleration of charged particles. C1 [Birn, J.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Hesse, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Birn, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM jbirn@lanl.gov RI Hesse, Michael/D-2031-2012; NASA MMS, Science Team/J-5393-2013 OI NASA MMS, Science Team/0000-0002-9504-5214 FU NASA's Heliophysics Theory FX This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy, supported by NASA's Heliophysics Theory and Supporting Research and Technology programs. The authors thank L. Fletcher and T. Neukirch for valuable discussions. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 3 BP 1067 EP 1078 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 425ZI UT WOS:000264676500016 ER PT J AU Lepping, RP Narock, TW Wu, CC AF Lepping, R. P. Narock, T. W. Wu, C. -C. TI A scheme for finding the front boundary of an interplanetary magnetic cloud SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Interplanetary physics; Interplanetary magnetic fields; Solar wind plasma; Solar physics, astrophysics, and astronomy; Flares and mass ejections ID 1 AU; FLUX-ROPES; IDENTIFICATION AB We develop a scheme for finding a "refined" front boundary-time (t(B)*) of an interplanetary magnetic cloud (MC) based on criteria that depend on the possible existence of any one or more of four specific solar wind features. The features that the program looks for, within +/-2 h (i.e., the initial uncertainty interval) of a preliminarily estimated front boundary time, are: (1) a sufficiently large directional discontinuity in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), (2) a significant proton plasma beta (beta(P)) drop, (3) a significant proton temperature drop, and (4) a marked increase in the IMF's intensity. Also we examine to see if the "MC-side" of the boundary has a MC-like value of beta(P). The scheme was tested using 5, 10, 15, and 20 min averages of the relevant physical quantities from WIND data, in order to find the optimum average to use. The 5 min average, initially based on analysis of N=26 carefully chosen MCs, turned out to be marginally the best average to use for our purposes. Other criteria, besides the four described above, such as the existence of a magnetic hole, plasma speed change, and/or field fluctuation level change, were examined and dismissed as not reliable enough, or usually associated with physical quantities that change too slowly around the boundary to be useful. The preliminarily estimated front boundary time, t(B), and its initial +/-2-h uncertainty interval are determined by either an automatic MC identification scheme or by visual inspection. The boundary-scheme was developed specifically for aiding in forecasting the strength and timing of a geomagnetic storm due to the passage of a MC in real-time, but can be used in post ground-data collection for imposing consistency when choosing front boundaries of MCs. This scheme has been extensively tested, first using 81 bona fide MCs, collected over about 8.6 years of WIND data (at 1 AU), and also by using 122 MC-like structures as defined by Lepping et al. (2005) over about the same period. Final statistical testing of the 81 MCs to see how close the refined boundary-time t(B)* lies with respect to a preliminary time t(B)(VI) was carried out, i.e., to find Delta t(1)=(t(B)*-t(B)(VI)), for the full set of MCs, where tB(VI) is usually a very accurate time previously determined from visual inspection, This testing showed that 59 Delta t(1)s (i.e., 73%) lie within +/-30 min, 71 Delta t(1)s (i.e., 88%) lie within +/-45 min, and only 5 cases lie outside a vertical bar Delta t(1)vertical bar of 1.0 h, which is only 6% of the full 81, and these 6% would be considered unsatisfactory. Since MC parameter fitting is usually done on the basis of 30 or 60 min averages, these results seem quite satisfactory. The program for this front boundary estimation scheme is located at the Website: http://wind.nasa.gov/mc/boundary.php. C1 [Wu, C. -C.] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Lepping, R. P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Weather Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Narock, T. W.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Wu, CC (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM wuc@cspar.uah.edu FU NASA [NNG08EF51P, NNX07AH85G] FX We thank the WIND/MFI and SWE teams, for the care they employ in producing the plasma and field data used in part of this work, and in particular we thank Keith Ogilvie, the SWE principal investigator, and Adam Szabo (PI) and Franco Mariani of the MFI team. This work was supported by the NASA Heliophysics Guest Investigator Program under grant numbers NNG08EF51P and NNX07AH85G. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 3 BP 1295 EP 1311 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 425ZI UT WOS:000264676500032 ER PT J AU Fechine, J Wrasse, CM Takahashi, H Medeiros, AF Batista, PP Clemesha, BR Lima, LM Fritts, D Laughman, B Taylor, MJ Pautet, PD Mlynczak, MG Russell, JM AF Fechine, J. Wrasse, C. M. Takahashi, H. Medeiros, A. F. Batista, P. P. Clemesha, B. R. Lima, L. M. Fritts, D. Laughman, B. Taylor, M. J. Pautet, P. D. Mlynczak, M. G. Russell, J. M. TI First observation of an undular mesospheric bore in a Doppler duct SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Airglow and aurora; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Middle atmosphere dynamics; Waves and tides ID GRAVITY-WAVE EVENT; LIDAR OBSERVATION; WALL EVENT; ATMOSPHERE; CAMPAIGN; OH; REGION; MIDDLE; METEOR AB On 1 October 2005, during the SpreadFEx campaign, a distinct mesospheric bore was observed over Sao Joao do Cariri (7.4 degrees S, 36.5 degrees W), Brazil by using airglow all-sky imagers. The event appeared both in the OI5577 and OH emissions, forming a well extended wave front which was followed by short waves from behind. Simultaneous wind and temperature data obtained by the meteor radar and the TIMED/SABER satellite instrument revealed that the bore event occurred during the Doppler ducting condition in the emission layers. C1 [Fechine, J.; Medeiros, A. F.] Univ Fed Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. [Wrasse, C. M.] UNIVAP, IP&D, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. [Takahashi, H.; Batista, P. P.; Clemesha, B. R.; Pautet, P. D.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. [Lima, L. M.] Univ Estadual Paraiba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. [Fritts, D.; Laughman, B.] NW Res Associates Inc, Colorado Res Associates Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Taylor, M. J.] Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Mlynczak, M. G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Russell, J. M.] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Medeiros, AF (reprint author), Univ Fed Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. EM afragoso@df.ufcg.edu.br RI Batista, Paulo/C-2616-2009; Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012; Wrasse, Cristiano/N-6556-2013 OI Batista, Paulo/0000-0002-5448-5803; FU Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq); NASA [NNH04CC67C, NAS5-02036]; AFOSR [FA9550-06-C-0129] FX The authors are grateful to the SABER team for providing the temperature data, to NASA and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and to the TIMED Mission team. The present work was supported by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq). The SpreadFEx campaign and the efforts of D. Fritts and B. Laughman were supported by NASA contracts NNH04CC67C and NAS5-02036 and AFOSR contract FA9550-06-C-0129. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1399 EP 1406 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 439BY UT WOS:000265603100005 ER PT J AU Wik, M Pirjola, R Lundstedt, H Viljanen, A Wintoft, P Pulkkinen, A AF Wik, M. Pirjola, R. Lundstedt, H. Viljanen, A. Wintoft, P. Pulkkinen, A. TI Space weather events in July 1982 and October 2003 and the effects of geomagnetically induced currents on Swedish technical systems SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Electromagnetics; General or miscellaneous; Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; Geomagnetic induction; Solar physics, astrophysics, and astronomy; Flares and mass ejections ID GEOELECTROMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES; AURORAL ELECTROJET; QUEBEC; OPERATION; SUN AB In this paper, we analyse in detail two famous space weather events; a railway problem on 13-14 July 1982 and a power blackout on 30 October 2003. Both occurred in Sweden during very intensive space weather storms and each of them a few years after the sunspot maximum. This paper provides a description of the conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind leading to the two GIC events on the ground. By applying modelling techniques introduced and developed in our previous paper, we also calculate the horizontal geoelectric field at the Earth's surface in southern Sweden during the two storms as well as GIC flowing in the southern Swedish 400 kV power grid during the event in October 2003. The results from the calculations agree with all measured data available. In the July-1982 storm, the geomagnetic field variation, Delta B-x, reached values up to similar to 2500 nT/min and the geoelectric field reached values in the order of several volts per kilometer. In the October-2003 storm, the geomagnetic field fluctuations were smaller. However, GIC of some hundreds of amperes flowed in the power grid during the October-2003 event. Technological issues related to the railway signalling in July 1982 and to the power network equipment in October 2003 are also discussed. C1 [Wik, M.; Lundstedt, H.; Wintoft, P.] Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-22370 Lund, Sweden. [Wik, M.] Lund Univ, Dept Phys, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. [Pirjola, R.; Viljanen, A.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Pulkkinen, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pulkkinen, A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Wik, M (reprint author), Swedish Inst Space Phys, Scheelevagen 17, S-22370 Lund, Sweden. EM magnus@lund.irf.se NR 36 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1775 EP 1787 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 439BY UT WOS:000265603100039 ER PT J AU Le Contel, O Roux, A Jacquey, C Robert, P Berthomier, M Chust, T Grison, B Angelopoulos, V Sibeck, D Chaston, CC Cully, CM Ergun, B Glassmeier, KH Auster, U McFadden, J Carlson, C Larson, D Bonnell, JW Mende, S Russell, CT Donovan, E Mann, I Singer, H AF Le Contel, O. Roux, A. Jacquey, C. Robert, P. Berthomier, M. Chust, T. Grison, B. Angelopoulos, V. Sibeck, D. Chaston, C. C. Cully, C. M. Ergun, B. Glassmeier, K. -H. Auster, U. McFadden, J. Carlson, C. Larson, D. Bonnell, J. W. Mende, S. Russell, C. T. Donovan, E. Mann, I. Singer, H. TI Quasi-parallel whistler mode waves observed by THEMIS during near-earth dipolarizations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetotail; Plasma waves and instabilities; Storms and substorms ID THIN CURRENT SHEETS; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; PLASMA SHEET; GEOMAGNETIC TAIL; SUBSTORM ONSET; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOTAIL; PARTICLE; FIELD; CHALLENGE AB We report on quasi-parallel whistler emissions detected by the near-earth satellites of the THEMIS mission before, during, and after local dipolarization. These emissions are associated with an electron temperature anisotropy alpha = T-perpendicular to e/T-parallel to e > 1 consistent with the linear theory of whistler mode anisotropy instability. When the whistler mode emissions are observed the measured electron anisotropy varies inversely with beta(parallel to e) (the ratio of the electron parallel pressure to the magnetic pressure) as predicted by Gary and Wang (1996). Narrow band whistler emissions correspond to the small alpha existing before dipolarization whereas the broad band emissions correspond to large alpha observed during and after dipolarization. The energy in the whistler mode is leaving the current sheet and is propagating along the background magnetic field, towards the Earth. A simple time-independent description based on the Liouville's theorem indicates that the electron temperature anisotropy decreases with the distance along the magnetic field from the equator. Once this variation of alpha is taken into account, the linear theory predicts an equatorial origin for the whistler mode. The linear theory is also consistent with the observed bandwidth of wave emissions. Yet, the anisotropy required to be fully consistent with the observations is somewhat larger than the measured one. Although the discrepancy remains within the instrumental error bars, this could be due to time-dependent effects which have been neglected. The possible role of the whistler waves in the substorm process is discussed. C1 [Le Contel, O.; Roux, A.; Robert, P.; Berthomier, M.; Chust, T.; Grison, B.] UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas,P11, Velizy Villacoublay, France. [Jacquey, C.] CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, Toulouse, France. [Angelopoulos, V.; Russell, C. T.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Sibeck, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chaston, C. C.; McFadden, J.; Carlson, C.; Larson, D.; Bonnell, J. W.; Mende, S.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cully, C. M.; Ergun, B.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Glassmeier, K. -H.; Auster, U.] Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany. [Donovan, E.] Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astrophys, Calgary, AB, Canada. [Mann, I.] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Singer, H.] Space Environm Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Boulder, CO USA. RP Le Contel, O (reprint author), UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas,P11, Velizy Villacoublay, France. EM olivier.lecontel@lpp.polytechnique.fr RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Grison, Benjamin/G-9440-2014; Cully, Christopher/P-2539-2016 OI Donovan, Eric/0000-0002-8557-4155; Grison, Benjamin/0000-0002-3440-6856; FU CNES; CNRS-INSU; NASA [NAS5-02099] FX The French involvment on THEMIS is supported by CNES and CNRS-INSU. Work in the US was supported by NASA contract NAS5-02099. The work of KHG and UA at the Technical University of Braunschweig was financially supported by the German Ministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie and the German Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt under grant 50QP0402. The CARISMA array is operated and deployed by the University of Alberta, funded by the Canadian Space Agency. NR 59 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 6 BP 2259 EP 2275 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 464XR UT WOS:000267543600002 ER PT J AU Wright, DM Dhillon, RS Yeoman, TK Robinson, TR Thomas, EC Baddeley, LJ Imber, S AF Wright, D. M. Dhillon, R. S. Yeoman, T. K. Robinson, T. R. Thomas, E. C. Baddeley, L. J. Imber, S. TI Excitation thresholds of field-aligned irregularities and associated ionospheric hysteresis at very high latitudes observed using SPEAR-induced HF radar backscatter SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; Active experiments; Ionospheric irregularities; Polar ionosphere ID POWER RADIO-WAVES; EISCAT RADARS; CUTLASS; PLASMA; TROMSO; SCATTERING; RESOLUTION; VHF AB On 10 October 2006 the SPEAR high power radar facility was operated in a power-stepping mode where both CUTLASS radars were detecting backscatter from the SPEAR-induced field-aligned irregularities (FAIs). The effective radiated power of SPEAR was varied from 1-10 MW. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the power thresholds for excitation (P(t)) and collapse (P(c)) of artificially-induced FAIs in the ionosphere over Svalbard. It was demonstrated that FAI could be excited by a SPEAR ERP of only 1MW, representing only 1/30th of SPEAR's total capability, and that once created the irregularities could be maintained for even lower powers. The experiment also demonstrated that the very high latitude ionosphere exhibits hysteresis, where the down-going part of the power cycle provided a higher density of irregularities than for the equivalent part of the up-going cycle. Although this second result is similar to that observed previously by CUTLASS in conjunction with the Tromso heater, the same is not true for the equivalent incoherent scatter measurements. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) failed to detect any hysteresis in the plasma parameters over Svalbard in stark contract with the measurements made using the Tromso UHF. C1 [Wright, D. M.; Dhillon, R. S.; Yeoman, T. K.; Robinson, T. R.; Thomas, E. C.; Baddeley, L. J.; Imber, S.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Baddeley, L. J.] Univ Ctr Svalbard UNIS, Dept Geophys, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway. [Imber, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wright, DM (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM darren.wright@ion.le.ac.uk RI Yeoman, Timothy/L-9105-2014 OI Yeoman, Timothy/0000-0002-8434-4825 FU STFC [PP/E000983] FX This work was supported through STFC grant number PP/E000983. We are grateful to the EISCAT Scientific Association and staff at the EISCAT Svalbard Radar for their help during these experiments. DMW also thanks C. Smith for encouraging discussions relating to this paper. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 7 BP 2623 EP 2631 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478XS UT WOS:000268622700002 ER PT J AU Li, Z Zhao, X Kahn, R Mishchenko, M Remer, L Lee, KH Wang, M Laszlo, I Nakajima, T Maring, H AF Li, Z. Zhao, X. Kahn, R. Mishchenko, M. Remer, L. Lee, K. -H. Wang, M. Laszlo, I. Nakajima, T. Maring, H. TI Uncertainties in satellite remote sensing of aerosols and impact on monitoring its long-term trend: a review and perspective SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Review DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; History of geophysics; Atmospheric sciences; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Radiative processes ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; OCEAN COLOR IMAGERY; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; MISR AEROSOL; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CLOUD DETECTION AB As a result of increasing attention paid to aerosols in climate studies, numerous global satellite aerosol products have been generated. Aerosol parameters and underlining physical processes are now incorporated in many general circulation models (GCMs) in order to account for their direct and indirect effects on the earth's climate, through their interactions with the energy and water cycles. There exists, however, an outstanding problem that these satellite products have substantial discrepancies, that must be lowered substantially for narrowing the range of the estimates of aerosol's climate effects. In this paper, numerous key uncertain factors in the retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) are articulated for some widely used and relatively long satellite aerosol products including the AVHRR, TOMS, MODIS, MISR, and SeaWiFS. We systematically review the algorithms developed for these sensors in terms of four key elements that influence the quality of passive satellite aerosol retrieval: calibration, cloud screening, classification of aerosol types, and surface effects. To gain further insights into these uncertain factors, the NOAA AVHRR data are employed to conduct various tests, which help estimate the ranges of uncertainties incurred by each of the factors. At the end, recommendations are made to cope with these issues and to produce a consistent and unified aerosol database of high quality for both environment monitoring and climate studies. C1 [Zhao, X.] NOAA, NESDIS, NCDC, Asheville, NC USA. [Kahn, R.; Remer, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mishchenko, M.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Wang, M.; Laszlo, I.] NOAA, NESDIS, STAR, Camp Springs, MD USA. [Nakajima, T.] Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. [Maring, H.] NASA, HQ, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Li, Z.] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Nanjing, Peoples R China. EM zli@atmos.umd.edu RI Nakajima, Teruyuki/H-2370-2013; Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Li, Zhanqing/F-4424-2010; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010 OI Nakajima, Teruyuki/0000-0002-9042-504X; Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Li, Zhanqing/0000-0001-6737-382X; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Lee, Kwon-Ho/0000-0002-0844-5245; Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125 FU NASA Radiation Sciences Program [NNX08AH71G, NNH04AA26I]; NASA Glory Mission project; NSF [IIS0611892]; NOAA; MOST [2008CB403706] FX This research was funded by the NASA Radiation Sciences Program (NNX08AH71G, NNH04AA26I), the NASA Glory Mission project, and NSF (IIS0611892). Additional funding support is also provided by NOAA, and the MOST (2008CB403706). NR 118 TC 101 Z9 101 U1 7 U2 69 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 7 BP 2755 EP 2770 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478XS UT WOS:000268622700013 ER PT J AU El-Askary, H Farouk, R Ichoku, C Kafatos, M AF El-Askary, H. Farouk, R. Ichoku, C. Kafatos, M. TI Transport of dust and anthropogenic aerosols across Alexandria, Egypt SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; Pollution; urban and regional ID PRECIPITABLE WATER-VAPOR; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; OPTICAL DEPTH; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR; SOLAR-RADIATION; AIR-POLLUTION; MODIS DATA; GREECE; STORM AB The flow of pollutants from Europe and desert dust to Europe from the Sahara desert both affects the air quality of the coastal regions of Egypt. As such, measurements from both ground and satellite observations assume great importance to ascertain the conditions and flow affecting the Nile Delta and the large city of Alexandria. We note that special weather conditions prevailing in the Mediterranean Sea result in a westerly wind flow pattern during spring and from North to South during the summer. Such flow patterns transport dust-loaded and polluted air masses from the Sahara desert and Europe, respectively, through Alexandria, and the Nile Delta in Egypt. We have carried out measurements acquired with a ground-based portable sun photometer (Microtops II) and the satellite-borne TERRA/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor during the periods of October 1999-August 2001 and July 2002-September 2003. These measurements show a seasonal variability in aerosol optical depth (AOD) following these flow patterns. Maximum aerosol loadings accompanied by total precipitable water vapor (W) enhancements are observed during the spring and summer seasons. Pronounced changes have been observed in the Angstrom exponent (alpha) derived from ground-based measurements over Alexandria (31.14 degrees N, 29.59 degrees E) during both dust and pollution periods. We have followed up the observations with a 3-day back-trajectories model to trace the probable sources and pathways of the air masses causing the observed aerosol loadings. We have also used other NASA model outputs to estimate the sea salt, dust, sulfates and black carbon AOD spatial distributions during different seasons. Our results reveal the probable source regions of these aerosol types, showing agreement with the trajectory and Angstrom exponent analysis results. It is confirmed that Alexandria is subjected to different atmospheric conditions involving dust, pollution, mixed aerosols and clean sky. C1 [El-Askary, H.; Kafatos, M.] Chapman Univ, Schmid Coll Sci, Dept Phys Computat Sci & Engn, Orange, CA 92866 USA. [El-Askary, H.; Kafatos, M.] Chapman Univ, Ctr Excellence Earth Observing, Orange, CA 92866 USA. [El-Askary, H.; Farouk, R.] Univ Alexandria, Fac Sci, Dept Environm Sci, Alexandria 21522, Egypt. [El-Askary, H.] Natl Author Remote Sensing & Space Sci NARSS, Cairo, Egypt. [Ichoku, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP El-Askary, H (reprint author), Chapman Univ, Schmid Coll Sci, Dept Phys Computat Sci & Engn, Orange, CA 92866 USA. EM elaskary@chapman.edu RI El-Askary, Hesham/B-7762-2010; Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012; OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549; El-Askary, Hesham/0000-0002-9876-3705 NR 50 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 7 BP 2869 EP 2879 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 478XS UT WOS:000268622700023 ER PT J AU Tao, WK Anderson, D Chern, J Entin, J Hou, A Houser, P Kakar, R Lang, S Lau, W Peters-Lidard, C Li, X Matsui, T Rienecker, M Schoeberl, MR Shen, BW Shi, JJ Zeng, X AF Tao, W. -K. Anderson, D. Chern, J. Entin, J. Hou, A. Houser, P. Kakar, R. Lang, S. Lau, W. Peters-Lidard, C. Li, X. Matsui, T. Rienecker, M. Schoeberl, M. R. Shen, B. -W. Shi, J. J. Zeng, X. TI The Goddard multi-scale modeling system with unified physics SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA-12) CY MAY 18-24, 2008 CL Crete, GREECE SP Univ Crete, Ionospher Phys Lab, Phys Dept DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; Cloud physics and chemistry; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Precipitation ID CLOUD-RESOLVING MODEL; PART I; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; SIMULATIONS; MICROPHYSICS; SENSITIVITY; STORMS; BULK; RAMS; GCSS AB Recently, a multi-scale modeling system with unified physics was developed at NASA Goddard. It consists of (1) a cloud-resolving model (CRM), (2) a regional-scale model, the NASA unified Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), and (3) a coupled CRM-GCM (general circulation model, known as the Goddard Multi-scale Modeling Framework or MMF). The same cloud-microphysical processes, long- and short-wave radiative transfer and land-surface processes are applied in all of the models to study explicit cloud-radiation and cloud-surface interactive processes in this multi-scale modeling system. This modeling system has been coupled with a multi-satellite simulator for comparison and validation with NASA high-resolution satellite data. This paper reviews the development and presents some applications of the multi-scale modeling system, including results from using the multi-scale modeling system to study the interactions between clouds, precipitation, and aerosols. In addition, use of the multi-satellite simulator to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the model-simulated precipitation processes will be discussed as well as future model developments and applications. C1 [Tao, W. -K.; Chern, J.; Lang, S.; Lau, W.; Li, X.; Matsui, T.; Shen, B. -W.; Shi, J. J.; Zeng, X.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Anderson, D.; Entin, J.; Kakar, R.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. [Chern, J.; Li, X.; Matsui, T.; Shi, J. J.; Zeng, X.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Hou, A.; Rienecker, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Modeling Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Houser, P.] George Mason Univ, Calverton, MD USA. [Houser, P.] Ctr Res Environm & Water, Calverton, MD USA. [Lang, S.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Peters-Lidard, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Schoeberl, M. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Shen, B. -W.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Tao, WK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM wei-kuo.tao-1@nasa.gov RI Hou, Arthur/D-8578-2012; Peters-Lidard, Christa/E-1429-2012; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Peters-Lidard, Christa/0000-0003-1255-2876; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 8 BP 3055 EP 3064 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489RU UT WOS:000269440700010 ER PT J AU Siscoe, GL Kuznetsova, MM Raeder, J AF Siscoe, G. L. Kuznetsova, M. M. Raeder, J. TI Search for an onset mechanism that operates for both CMEs and substorms SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA-12) CY MAY 18-24, 2008 CL Crete, GREECE SP Univ Crete, Ionospher Phys Lab, Phys Dept DE Magnetospheric physics; Storms and substorms; Solar physics, astrophysics,and astronomy; Flares and mass ejections ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; THIN CURRENT SHEETS; MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; MAGNETOTAIL; MODEL; ACCELERATION; PLASMOIDS AB Substorms and coronal mass ejections have been cited as the most accessible examples of the explosive energy conversion phenomenon that seems to characterize one of the behavior modes of cosmic plasmas. This paper addresses the question of whether these two examples - substorms and CMEs - support or otherwise the idea that explosive energy conversion is the result of a single process operating in different places and under different conditions. As a candidate mechanism that might be common to both substorms and CMEs we use the Forbes catastrophe model for CMEs because before testing it appears to have the potential, suitably modified, to operate also for substorms. The essence of the FCM is a sudden onset of an imbalance of the forces acting on an incipient CME. The imbalance of forces causes the CME to start to rise. Beneath the rising CME conditions develop that favor the onset of magnetic reconnection which then releases the CME and assists its expulsion. Thus the signature of the FCM is a temporally ordered sequence in which there is first the appearance of force imbalance which leads to upward (or outward) motion of the CME which leads to magnetic reconnection under it which expedites rapid expulsion. We look for the FCM signature in the output of two global magnetospheric MHD simulations that produce substorm-like events. We find the ordered sequence of events as stated but with a significant difference: there is no plasmoid prior to the onset of rapid reconnection, that is, there is no counterpart to the incipient CME on which an imbalance of forces acts to initiate the action in the FCM. If this result - that rapid tailward motion precedes the rapid reconnection of substorm expansion - is ultimately verified by other studies, it suggests that a description of the cause of substorm expansion should identify the cause of the preceding rapid tailward motion, since this leads necessarily to rapid reconnection, whatever the reconnection mechanism turns out to be. Clearly then, it is important to identify the cause of the preceding tailward motion. C1 [Siscoe, G. L.] Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Kuznetsova, M. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Weather Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Raeder, J.] Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Siscoe, GL (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM siscoe@bu.edu RI Kuznetsova, Maria/F-6840-2012 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 8 BP 3141 EP 3146 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489RU UT WOS:000269440700016 ER PT J AU Mayr, HG Mengel, JG Huang, FT Nash, ER AF Mayr, H. G. Mengel, J. G. Huang, F. T. Nash, E. R. TI Solar cycle signatures in the NCEP equatorial annual oscillation SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA-12) CY MAY 18-24, 2008 CL Crete, GREECE SP Univ Crete, Ionospher Phys Lab, Phys Dept DE Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Climatology; Middle atmosphere dynamics; Waves and tides ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; DOPPLER-SPREAD PARAMETERIZATION; WAVE MOMENTUM DEPOSITION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DECADAL OSCILLATIONS; QBO; STRATOSPHERE; MODULATION AB Our analysis of temperature and zonal wind data (1958 to 2006) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis (Re-1), supplied by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), shows that the hemispherically symmetric 12-month equatorial annual oscillation (EAO) contains spectral signatures with periods around 11 years. Moving windows of 44 years show that, below 20 km, the 11-year modulation of the EAO is phase locked to the solar cycle (SC). The spectral features from the 48-year data record reveal modulation signatures of 9.6 and 12 years, which produce EAO variations that mimic in limited altitude regimes the varying maxima and minima of the 10.7 cm flux solar index. Above 20 km, the spectra also contain modulation signatures with periods around 11 years, but the filtered variations are too irregular to suggest that systematic SC forcing is the principal agent. C1 [Mayr, H. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mengel, J. G.; Nash, E. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Huang, F. T.] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Mayr, HG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM hans.g.mayr@nasa.gov NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 8 BP 3225 EP 3235 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489RU UT WOS:000269440700024 ER PT J AU Chin, M Diehl, T Dubovik, O Eck, TF Holben, BN Sinyuk, A Streets, DG AF Chin, Mian Diehl, T. Dubovik, O. Eck, T. F. Holben, B. N. Sinyuk, A. Streets, D. G. TI Light absorption by pollution, dust, and biomass burning aerosols: a global model study and evaluation with AERONET measurements SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SATELLITE DATA; GOCART MODEL; SAHARAN DUST; EMISSIONS; PARTICLES; VARIABILITY; RETRIEVAL; AEROCOM AB Atmospheric aerosol distributions from 2000 to 2007 are simulated with the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model to attribute light absorption by aerosol to its composition and sources from pollution, dust, and biomass burning. The 8-year, global averaged total aerosol optical depth (tau), absorption optical depth (tau(a)), and single scattering albedo (omega) at 550 nm are estimated at 0.14, 0.0086, and 0.95, respectively, with sulfate making the largest fraction of tau (37%), followed by dust (30%), sea salt (16%), organic matter (OM) (13%), and black carbon (BC) (4%). BC and dust account for 43% and 53% of tau(a), respectively. From a model experiment with "tagged" sources, natural aerosols are estimated to be 58% of tau and 53% of tau(a), with pollution and biomass burning aerosols to share the rest. Comparing with data from the surface sun-photometer network AERONET, the model tends to reproduce much better the AERONET direct measured data of tau and the Angstrom exponent (alpha) than its retrieved quantities of omega and tau(a). Relatively small in its systematic bias of tau for pollution and dust regions, the model tends to underestimate tau for biomass burning aerosols by 30-40%. The modeled alpha is 0.2-0.3 too low (particle too large) for pollution and dust aerosols but 0.2-0.3 too high (particle too small) for the biomass burning aerosols, indicating errors in particle size distributions in the model. Still, the model estimated omega is lower in dust regions and shows a much stronger wavelength dependence for biomass burning aerosols but a weaker one for pollution aerosols than those quantities from AERONET. These comparisons necessitate model improvements on aerosol size distributions, the refractive indices of dust and black carbon aerosols, and biomass burning emissions in order to better quantify the aerosol absorption in the atmosphere. C1 [Chin, Mian; Diehl, T.; Eck, T. F.; Holben, B. N.; Sinyuk, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Diehl, T.; Eck, T. F.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Dubovik, O.] Univ Lille 1, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, Lille, France. [Sinyuk, A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Streets, D. G.] Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Chin, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mian.chin@nasa.gov RI ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350 FU NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP); Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP); EOS; Radiation Science Program (RSP); AERONET; NASA Grant Global Environmental Change-hazards [NNX06AF30G] FX The modeling work is supported by NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP), Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP), EOS, and Radiation Science Program (RSP). The AERONET site managers and technical personnel are gratefully acknowledged. The NASA Grant Global Environmental Change-hazards and regional impacts (NNX06AF30G) and support from the technical officers Don Anderson and Lucia Tsaoussi are also acknowledged. Constructive comments from the reviewer and from Hongbin Yu are gratefully acknowledged. NR 72 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 9 BP 3439 EP 3464 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 500RH UT WOS:000270321600008 ER PT J AU Gautam, R Hsu, NC Lau, KM Kafatos, M AF Gautam, R. Hsu, N. C. Lau, K. -M. Kafatos, M. TI Aerosol and rainfall variability over the Indian monsoon region: distributions, trends and coupling SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; Pollution; urban and regional; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Precipitation ID BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS; SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON; ABSORBING AEROSOLS; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; TIBETAN PLATEAU; FUTURE CHANGES; DUST STORMS; ACE-ASIA; CLIMATE; TOMS AB Aerosol solar absorption over the Indian monsoon region has a potential role of modulating the monsoon circulation and rainfall distribution as suggested by recent studies based on model simulations. Prior to the onset of the monsoon, northern India is influenced by significant dust transport that constitutes the bulk of the regional aerosol loading over the Gangetic-Himalayan region. In this paper, a multi-sensor characterization of the increasing pre-monsoon aerosol loading over northern India, in terms of their spatial, temporal and vertical distribution is presented. Aerosol transport from the northwestern arid regions into the Indo-Gangetic Plains and over the foothills of the Himalayas is found to be vertically extended to elevated altitudes (up to 5 km) as observed from the space-borne lidar measurements (CALIPSO). In relation with the enhanced pre-monsoon aerosol loading and the associated solar absorption effects on tropospheric temperature anomalies, this paper investigates the monsoon rainfall variability over India in recent past decades from an observational viewpoint. It is found that the early summer monsoon rainfall over India is on the rise since 1950s, as indicated by historical rainfall data, with over 20% increase for the period 1950-2004. This large sustained increase in the early summer rainfall is led by the observed strengthening of the pre-monsoon tropospheric land-sea thermal gradient over the Indian monsoon region as indicated by microwave satellite measurements (MSU) of tropospheric temperatures from 1979-2007. Combined analysis of changes in tropospheric temperatures and summer monsoon rainfall in the past three decades, suggest a future possibility of an emerging rainfall pattern of a wetter monsoon over South Asia in early summer followed by a drier period. C1 [Gautam, R.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Gautam, R.; Hsu, N. C.; Lau, K. -M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kafatos, M.] Chapman Univ, Ctr Excellence Earth Observing, Schmid Coll Sci, Orange, CA 92866 USA. RP Gautam, R (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM ritesh.gautam@nasa.gov RI Gautam, Ritesh/E-9776-2010; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Gautam, Ritesh/0000-0002-2177-9346; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 FU NASA [NNX06AF30G] FX This work is supported by NASA Interdisciplinary Investigation Program, managed by Hal Maring. We also acknowledge support by the NASA Grant: NNX06AF30G-Global Environmental Change-hazards and regional impacts, and support by the technical officers Don Anderson and Lucia Tsaoussi. GOCART model outputs were obtained from the Giovanni web portal. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers and the Editor for their constructive comments. NR 58 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 9 BP 3691 EP 3703 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 500RH UT WOS:000270321600028 ER PT J AU Korotova, GI Sibeck, DG Kondratovich, V Angelopoulos, V Constantinescu, OD AF Korotova, G. I. Sibeck, D. G. Kondratovich, V. Angelopoulos, V. Constantinescu, O. D. TI THEMIS observations of compressional pulsations in the dawn-side magnetosphere: a case study SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; Wave-particle interactions; Magnetospheric physics; Energetic particles, precipitating; MHD waves and instabilities ID DRIFT MIRROR INSTABILITY; FREQUENCY GEOMAGNETIC-PULSATIONS; CHARGED-PARTICLE BEHAVIOR; BETA PLASMA BLOBS; ULF WAVES; PC-5 WAVE; RING CURRENT; OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT; TRAPPED PARTICLES AB We present THEMIS-A low- and high-energy plasma, magnetic field, and energetic particle observations of long period (11-36 min) irregular compressional pulsations in the dawnside magnetosphere from 08: 00 to 12: 24 UT on 7 November 2007. We demonstrate that the pulsations maintain thermal and magnetic pressure balance, then employ finite gyroradius techniques to determine wave properties from the gyrophase distributions of 5-10 keV ions. The waves generally move sunward at velocities similar to 10 km s(-1) with the background plasma convection flow. Wavelengths range from 6700 to 23 300 km, corresponding to azimuthal wavenumbers m from 18 to 76. Wave periods decrease with increasing radial distance. Having determined the parameters describing the waves, we consider three previously proposed explanations: generation by substorm injection, generation by bounce or drift-bounce instabilities, and generation by the drift-mirror instability. The interval was quiet geomagnetically, arguing against any relationship to substorm injections. We found that ions with low energies of 69 628 eV or high energies of 28-615 keV would have been required to account for drift-bounce resonance during this interval, but inspection reveals ion fluxes at these energies near background levels during the time period considered. On the other hand, the criteria for the drift mirror instability are marginally satisfied. As predicted for the drift mirror instability, particle distributions peak more sharply near 90 degrees pitch angles during magnetic field strength enhancements than during strength depressions. At this point we therefore interpret the compressional pulsations observed by THEMIS A in terms of the drift mirror instability. C1 [Korotova, G. I.] IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142092, Moscow Region, Russia. [Korotova, G. I.] UMD, IPST, College Pk, MD USA. [Sibeck, D. G.] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Kondratovich, V.] SP Syst, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Angelopoulos, V.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP ESS, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Constantinescu, O. D.] Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany. RP Korotova, GI (reprint author), IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142092, Moscow Region, Russia. EM gkorotov@umd.edu RI Constantinescu, Ovidiu Dragos/C-4350-2012; Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Constantinescu, Dragos/A-6007-2013 FU NASA [NAS502099]; NASA/GSFC [NNX08AD94G] FX THEMIS is supported by NASA NAS502099. We are grateful to the ESA, FGM, and SST teams for supplying the THEMIS software and data, which we obtained in part from NASA's CDAWeb service. We thank M. Connors for providing ground magnetometer data and useful suggestions. We also thank J. Rae and I. Mann for helpful comments. Work at GSFC was supported by the THEMIS project, while work by G. I. K. at the University of Maryland was supported by a grant from NASA/GSFC NNX08AD94G. NR 51 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 10 BP 3725 EP 3735 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513XD UT WOS:000271356500003 ER PT J AU Katircioglu, FT Kaymaz, Z Sibeck, DG Dandouras, I AF Katircioglu, F. T. Kaymaz, Z. Sibeck, D. G. Dandouras, I. TI Magnetosheath cavities: case studies using Cluster observations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Energetic particles, precipitating; Magnetosheath; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETIC-FIELD; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOSPHERIC RESPONSE; PRESSURE VARIATIONS; ENERGETIC IONS; FORESHOCK; LEAKAGE; MOTION; MODEL AB This paper presents examples of magnetosheath cavities in Cluster spacecraft observations. The cavities are accompanied by high energy particles in the magnetosheath and characterized by depressed magnetic fields and densities. Flow speeds decrease and temperatures increase within the cavities. All magnetosheath parameters show increased variability within the cavities when the energetic particle flux is high. We predict outward motion of the magnetopause boundary in response to the decreases in the magnetosheath ram pressure caused by the high energy particles within the magnetosheath cavities. For our events, the magnetopause distance is predicted to be 30% larger during the times of high energy particle flux in the magnetosheath than that predicted using concurrent upstream solar wind pressure observations. Our events show no preference to occur for a particular IMF direction or solar wind plasma condition. C1 [Katircioglu, F. T.; Kaymaz, Z.] Istanbul Tech Univ, Fac Aeronaut & Astronaut, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. [Katircioglu, F. T.] Istanbul Tech Univ, Eurasia Inst, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. [Sibeck, D. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Dandouras, I.] Univ Toulouse, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, Toulouse, France. [Dandouras, I.] CNRS, UMR 5187, Toulouse, France. RP Katircioglu, FT (reprint author), Istanbul Tech Univ, Fac Aeronaut & Astronaut, TR-80626 Istanbul, Turkey. EM katirciogluf@itu.edu.tr RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; OI Dandouras, Iannis/0000-0002-7121-1118 FU Turkish Scientific and Technological Council [TUBITAK-104Y039]; NASA/GSFC FX This project was supported by Turkish Scientific and Technological Council, project No TUBITAK-104Y039. Work at NASA/GSFC was supported by NASA's SR&T program. Filiz Turk Katircioglu would like to thank to S. M. Petrinec for his valuable helps on the calculation of Theta Bn. We thank to PIs and teams of the instruments, the magnetometer FGM, plasma CIS, and energetic particle RAPID on Cluster, and MFI and SWE on ACE for providing data via NASA's CDAWeb. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 10 BP 3765 EP 3780 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513XD UT WOS:000271356500006 ER PT J AU Selwa, M Ofman, L AF Selwa, M. Ofman, L. TI 3-D numerical simulations of coronal loops oscillations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Solar physics, astrophysics, and astronomy; Corona and transition region; Space plasma physics; Kinetic and MHD theory; Waves and instabilities ID MAGNETOSONIC STANDING WAVES; ACTIVE-REGION LOOPS; VERTICAL OSCILLATIONS; TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS; ACOUSTIC-OSCILLATIONS; TRANSITION-REGION; MODE OSCILLATIONS; SOLAR; TRACE; SUMER AB We present numerical results of 3-D MHD model of a dipole active region field containing a loop with a higher density than its surroundings. We study different ways of excitation of vertical kink oscillations by velocity perturbation: as an initial condition, and as an impulsive excitation with a pulse of a given position, duration, and amplitude. These properties are varied in the parametric studies. We find that the amplitude of vertical kink oscillations is significantly amplified in comparison to horizontal kink oscillations for exciters located centrally (symmetrically) below the loop, but not if the exciter is located a significant distance to the side of the loop. This explains why the pure vertical kink mode is so rarely observed in comparison to the horizontally polarized one. We discuss the role of curved magnetic field lines and the pulse overlapping at one of the loop's footpoints in 3-D active regions (AR's) on the excitation and the damping of slow standing waves. We find that footpoint excitation becomes more efficient in 3-D curved loops than in 2-D curved arcades and that slow waves can be excited within an interval of time that is comparable to the observed one wave-period due to the combined effect of the pulse inside and outside the loop. Additionally, we study the effect of AR topology on the excitation and trapping of loop oscillations. We find that a perturbation acting directly on a single loop excites oscillations, but results in an increased leakage compared to excitation of oscillations in an AR field by an external source. C1 [Selwa, M.; Ofman, L.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Selwa, M.; Ofman, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Selwa, M (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, 620 Michigan Ave NE,200 Hannan Hall, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM malgorzata.a.selwa@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNG06GI55G, NNX09AG10G] FX MS's & LO's work was financially supported by the NASA SEC Theory program and NASA grants NNG06GI55G, and NNX09AG10G. Computer simulations were performed on Columbia supercomputer at NASA Ames. NR 49 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 10 BP 3899 EP 3908 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513XD UT WOS:000271356500017 ER PT J AU Galvin, AB Popecki, MA Simunac, KDC Kistler, LM Ellis, L Barry, J Berger, L Blush, LM Bochsler, P Farrugia, CJ Jian, LK Kilpua, EKJ Klecker, B Lee, M Liu, YCM Luhmann, JL Moebius, E Opitz, A Russell, CT Thompson, B Wimmer-Schweingruber, RF Wurz, P AF Galvin, A. B. Popecki, M. A. Simunac, K. D. C. Kistler, L. M. Ellis, L. Barry, J. Berger, L. Blush, L. M. Bochsler, P. Farrugia, C. J. Jian, L. K. Kilpua, E. K. J. Klecker, B. Lee, M. Liu, Y. C. -M. Luhmann, J. L. Moebius, E. Opitz, A. Russell, C. T. Thompson, B. Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F. Wurz, P. TI Solar wind ion trends and signatures: STEREO PLASTIC observations approaching solar minimum SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Interplanetary physics; Solar wind plasma; Sources of the solar wind ID COROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS; STREAM INTERFACES; CORONAL HOLES; PLASMA; FLOWS AB STEREO has now completed the first two years of its mission, moving from close proximity to Earth in 2006/2007 to more than 50 degrees longitudinal separation from Earth in 2009. During this time, several large-scale structures have been observed in situ. Given the prevailing solar minimum conditions, these structures have been predominantly coronal hole-associated solar wind, slow solar wind, their interfaces, and the occasional transient event. In this paper, we extend earlier solar wind composition studies into the current solar minimum using high-resolution (1-h) sampling times for the charge state analysis. We examine 2-year trends for iron charge states and solar wind proton speeds, and present a case study of Carrington Rotation 2064 (December 2007) which includes minor ion (He, Fe, O) kinetic and Fe composition parameters in comparison with proton and magnetic field signatures at large-scale structures observed during this interval. C1 [Galvin, A. B.; Popecki, M. A.; Simunac, K. D. C.; Kistler, L. M.; Ellis, L.; Barry, J.; Bochsler, P.; Farrugia, C. J.; Lee, M.; Liu, Y. C. -M.; Moebius, E.] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Berger, L.] Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Appl Phys, Kiel, Germany. [Blush, L. M.; Bochsler, P.; Wurz, P.] Univ Bern, Bern, Switzerland. [Jian, L. K.; Russell, C. T.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Kilpua, E. K. J.] Univ Helsinki, Div Theoret Phys, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [Klecker, B.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Luhmann, J. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Opitz, A.] UPS, CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France. [Thompson, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Galvin, AB (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM toni.galvin@unh.edu RI Jian, Lan/B-4053-2010; Kilpua, Emilia/G-8994-2012; Galvin, Antoinette/A-6114-2013; Yong, Liu/H-5333-2011; Thompson, Barbara/C-9429-2012; OI Jian, Lan/0000-0002-6849-5527; Moebius, Eberhard/0000-0002-2745-6978; Russell, Christopher/0000-0003-1639-8298 FU NASA STEREO [NAS5-00132] FX The authors thank their colleagues in the STEREO mission, including APL and NASA. We especially thank Russ Howard and the SECCHI team for the use of the EUVI synoptic map. The PLASTIC portions of this work were funded under NASA STEREO NAS5-00132 at UNH. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 10 BP 3909 EP 3922 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513XD UT WOS:000271356500018 ER PT J AU Sud, YC Wilcox, E Lau, WKM Walker, GK Liu, XH Nenes, A Lee, D Kim, KM Zhou, Y Bhattacharjee, PS AF Sud, Y. C. Wilcox, E. Lau, W. K. -M. Walker, G. K. Liu, X. -H. Nenes, A. Lee, D. Kim, K. -M. Zhou, Y. Bhattacharjee, P. S. TI Sensitivity of boreal-summer circulation and precipitation to atmospheric aerosols in selected regions - Part 1: Africa and India SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; Cloud physics and chemistry; Evolution of the atmosphere ID SCHUBERT SCHEME MCRAS; BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; AIR-POLLUTION; STOCHASTIC CONDENSATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; HADLEY CIRCULATION; CLIMATE RESPONSE; GLOBAL-MODELS; PARAMETERIZATION AB Version-4 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-4) General Circulation Model (GCM) was employed to assess the influence of potential changes in aerosols on the regional circulation, ambient temperatures, and precipitation in four selected regions: India and Africa (current paper), as well as North and South America (companion paper). Ensemble-simulations were carried out with the GCM to assess the aerosol direct and indirect effects, hereafter ADE and AIE. Each simulation was started from the NCEP-analyzed initial conditions for 1 May and was integrated through May-June-July-August of each year: 1982-1987 to provide an ensemble set of six simulations. In the first set, called experiment (#1), climatological aerosols were prescribed. The next two experiments (#2 and #3) had two sets of simulations each: one with 2X and other with 1/2X the climatological aerosols over each of the four selected regions. In experiment #2, the anomaly regions were advectively restricted (AR), i.e., the large-scale prognostic fields outside the aerosol anomaly regions were prescribed while in experiment #3, the anomaly regions were advectively Interactive (AI) as is the case in a normal GCM integrations, but with the same aerosols anomalies as in experiment #2. Intercomparisons of circulation, diabatic heating, and precipitation difference fields showed large disparities among the AR and AI simulations, which raised serious questions about the proverbial AR assumption, commonly invoked in regional climate simulation studies. Consequently AI simulation mode was chosen for the subsequent studies. Two more experiments (#4 and #5) were performed in the AI mode in which ADE and AIE were activated one at a time. The results showed that ADE and AIE work in concert to make the joint influences larger than sum of each acting alone. Moreover, the ADE and AIE influences were vastly different for the Indian and Africa regions, which suggest an imperative need to include them rationally in climate models. We also found that the aerosol induced increase of tropical cirrus clouds would potentially offset any cirrus thinning that may occur due to warming in response to CO2 increase. C1 [Sud, Y. C.; Wilcox, E.; Lau, W. K. -M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Walker, G. K.] SAIC Gen Sci Operat, Beltsville, MD USA. [Liu, X. -H.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Lee, D.] Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea. [Kim, K. -M.; Zhou, Y.] Univ Maryland, GEST, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Bhattacharjee, P. S.] George Mason Univ, Dept Geog & GeoInformat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Sud, YC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM yogesh.c.sud@nasa.gov RI Bhattacharjee, Partha/B-1620-2009; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011; Kim, Kyu-Myong/G-5398-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Bhattacharjee, Partha/0000-0003-1117-0649; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 FU NASA FX Almost all the authors affiliate with NASA/GFSC were funded through NASA funding through MAP, IDS, and other proposals related to aerosol Cloud Interaction. Others are collaborators helping in the development of a realistic model of aerosol-cloud interaction and its application to global circulation, cloudiness and rainfall. NR 87 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 10 BP 3989 EP 4007 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513XD UT WOS:000271356500026 ER PT J AU Wilcox, EM Sud, YC Walker, G AF Wilcox, E. M. Sud, Y. C. Walker, G. TI Sensitivity of boreal-summer circulation and precipitation to atmospheric aerosols in selected regions - Part 2: The Americas SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; Cloud physics and chemistry; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; General circulation ID SCHUBERT SCHEME MCRAS; STOCHASTIC CONDENSATION; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; LIQUID WATER; CLIMATE; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; SMOKE; SATELLITE; POLLUTION AB Aerosol perturbations over selected land regions are imposed in Version-4 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-4) general circulation model (GCM) to assess the influence of increasing aerosol concentrations on regional circulation patterns and precipitation in four selected regions: India, Africa, and North and South America. Part 1 of this paper addresses the responses to aerosol perturbations in India and Africa. This paper presents the same for aerosol perturbations over the Americas. GEOS-4 is forced with prescribed aerosols based on climatological data, which interact with clouds using a prognostic scheme for cloud microphysics including aerosol nucleation of water and ice cloud hydrometeors. In clear-sky conditions the aerosols interact with radiation. Thus the model includes comprehensive physics describing the aerosol direct and indirect effects on climate (hereafter ADE and AIE respectively). Each simulation is started from analyzed initial conditions for 1 May and was integrated through June-July-August of each of the six years: 1982-1987 to provide a 6-ensemble set. Results are presented for the difference between simulations with double the climatological aerosol concentration and one-half the climatological aerosol concentration for three experiments: two where the ADE and AIE are applied separately and one in which both the ADE and AIE are applied. The ADE and AIE both yield reductions in net radiation at the top of the atmosphere and surface while the direct absorption of short-wave radiation contributes a net radiative heating in the atmosphere. A large net heating of the atmosphere is also apparent over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean that is attributable to the large aerosol perturbation imposed over Africa. This atmospheric warming and the depression of the surface pressure over North America contribute to a northward shift of the inter-Tropical Convergence Zone over northern South America, an increase in precipitation over Central America and the Caribbean, and an enhancement of convergence in the North American monsoon region. C1 [Wilcox, E. M.; Sud, Y. C.; Walker, G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wilcox, EM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM eric.m.wilcox@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX06AF30G] FX Support for this study was provided by the NASA Interdisciplinary Science program and technical officer Hal Maring. Support for the Deserts to Monsoons meeting was supported by the NASA Grant: NNX06AF30G -Global Environmental Change-hazards and regional impacts, and support by the technical officers Don Anderson and Lucia Tsaoussi. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 10 BP 4009 EP 4021 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513XD UT WOS:000271356500027 ER PT J AU Lau, KM Kim, KM Sud, YC Walker, GK AF Lau, K. M. Kim, K. M. Sud, Y. C. Walker, G. K. TI A GCM study of the response of the atmospheric water cycle of West Africa and the Atlantic to Saharan dust radiative forcing SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Atmospheric composition and structure; Aerosols and particles; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Precipitation; Radiative processes ID AEROSOL; MODEL; OSCILLATION; SATELLITE; CLIMATE AB The responses of the atmospheric water cycle and climate of West Africa and the Atlantic to radiative forcing of Saharan dust are studied using the NASA finite volume general circulation model (fvGCM), coupled to a mixed layer ocean. We find evidence of an "elevated heat pump" (EHP) mechanism that underlines the responses of the atmospheric water cycle to dust forcing as follow. During the boreal summer, as a result of large-scale atmospheric feedback triggered by absorbing dust aerosols, rainfall and cloudiness are enhanced over the West Africa/Eastern Atlantic ITCZ, and suppressed over the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. Shortwave radiation absorption by dust warms the atmosphere and cools the surface, while longwave has the opposite response. The elevated dust layer warms the air over West Africa and the eastern Atlantic. As the warm air rises, it spawns a large-scale onshore flow carrying the moist air from the eastern Atlantic and the Gulf of Guinea. The onshore flow in turn enhances the deep convection over West Africa land, and the eastern Atlantic. The condensation heating associated with the ensuing deep convection drives and maintains an anomalous large-scale east-west overturning circulation with rising motion over West Africa/eastern Atlantic, and sinking motion over the Caribbean region. The response also includes a strengthening of the West African monsoon, manifested in a northward shift of the West Africa precipitation over land, increased low-level westerly flow over West Africa at the southern edge of the dust layer, and a near surface westerly jet underneath the dust layer over the Sahara. The dust radiative forcing also leads to significant changes in surface energy fluxes, resulting in cooling of the West African land and the eastern Atlantic, and warming in the West Atlantic and Caribbean. The EHP effect is most effective for moderate to highly absorbing dusts, and becomes minimized for reflecting dust with single scattering albedo at 0.95 or higher. C1 [Lau, K. M.; Sud, Y. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kim, K. M.] UMBC, Goddard Earth Sci Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. [Walker, G. K.] SAIC Gen Sci Operat, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Lau, KM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM william.k.lau@nasa.gov RI Kim, Kyu-Myong/G-5398-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 FU Precipitation Measuring Mission; NASA FX This work is supported jointly by the Precipitation Measuring Mission, the NASA AMMA program, and the program on Interdisciplinary Investigation, NASA Headquarters, Earth Science Division. Computational resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Center for Computational Sciences (NCCS) at the Goddard Space Flight Center. NR 35 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 10 BP 4023 EP 4037 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 513XD UT WOS:000271356500028 ER PT J AU Verkhoglyadova, OP Tsurutani, BT AF Verkhoglyadova, O. P. Tsurutani, B. T. TI Polarization properties of Gendrin mode waves observed in the Earth's magnetosphere: observations and theory SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Electromagnetics; Electromagnetic theory; Magnetospheric physics; Plasma waves and instabilities; Radio science; Magnetospheric physics ID RELATIVISTIC ENERGIES; CHORUS EMISSIONS; LION ROARS; ACCELERATION; ELECTRONS; GEOTAIL; PROPAGATION; OSCILLITONS AB We show a case of an outer zone magnetospheric electromagnetic wave propagating at the Gendrin angle, within uncertainty of the measurements. The chorus event occurred in a 'minimum B pocket'. For the illustrated example, the measured angle of wave propagation relative to the ambient magnetic field theta(kB) was 58 degrees +/- 4 degrees. For this event the theoretical Gendrin angle was 62 degrees. Cold plasma model is used to demonstrate that Gendrin mode waves are right-hand circularly polarized, in excellent agreement with the observations. C1 [Verkhoglyadova, O. P.; Tsurutani, B. T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Verkhoglyadova, O. P.] Univ Alabama, Ctr Space Plasma & Aeronom Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Verkhoglyadova, OP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM olga.verkhoglyadova@jpl.nasa.gov OI Verkhoglyadova, Olga/0000-0002-9295-9539 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology FX Portions of this research were done at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with NASA. OPV would like to thank G. M. Webb (UAH, AL) for useful discussion on Gendrin modes. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 12 BP 4429 EP 4433 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 536RA UT WOS:000273060300006 ER PT J AU Sahai, Y Becker-Guedes, F Fagundes, PR de Abreu, AJ de Jesus, R Pillat, VG Abalde, JR Martinis, CR Brunini, C Gende, M Huang, CS Pi, X Lima, WLC Bittencourt, JA Otsuka, Y AF Sahai, Y. Becker-Guedes, F. Fagundes, P. R. de Abreu, A. J. de Jesus, R. Pillat, V. G. Abalde, J. R. Martinis, C. R. Brunini, C. Gende, M. Huang, C. -S. Pi, X. Lima, W. L. C. Bittencourt, J. A. Otsuka, Y. TI Observations of the F-region ionospheric irregularities in the South American sector during the October 2003 'Halloween Storms' SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; Ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions; Ionospheric disturbances; Ionospheric irregularities ID EQUATORIAL SPREAD-F; GPS PHASE FLUCTUATIONS; ELECTRON-CONTENT; LATITUDE; FIELD; DRIFT; NM AB The response of the ionospheric F-region in the South American sector during the super geomagnetic storms on 29 and 30 October 2003 is studied in the present investigation. In this paper, we present ionospheric sounding observations during the period 29-31 October 2003 obtained at Palmas (a near equatorial location) and Sao Jose dos Campos (a location under the southern crest of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly), Brazil, along with observations during the period 27-31 October 2003 from a chain of GPS stations covering the South American sector from Imperatriz, Brazil, to Rio Grande, Argentina. Also, complementary observations that include sequences of all-sky images of the OI 777.4 and 630.0 nm emissions observed at El Leoncito, Argentina, on the nights of 28-29 (geomagnetically quiet night) and 29-30 (geomagnetically disturbed night) October 2003, and ion densities observed in the South American sector by the DMSP F13, F14 and F15 satellites orbiting at about 800 km on 29 and 30 October 2003 are presented. In addition, global TEC maps derived from GPS observations collected from the global GPS network of International GPS Service (IGS) are presented, showing widespread and drastic TEC changes during the different phases of the geomagnetic disturbances. The observations indicate that the equatorial ionospheric irregularities or plasma bubbles extend to the Argentinean station Rawson (geom. Lat. 33.1 degrees S) and map at the magnetic equator at an altitude of about 2500 km. C1 [Sahai, Y.; Becker-Guedes, F.; Fagundes, P. R.; de Abreu, A. J.; de Jesus, R.; Pillat, V. G.; Abalde, J. R.] UNIVAP, Dept Phys & Astron, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. [Martinis, C. R.] Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Brunini, C.; Gende, M.] Univ Nacl La Plata, Fac Ciencias Astron & Geofis, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. [Huang, C. -S.] Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. [Pi, X.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Lima, W. L. C.] ULBRA, CEULP, Palmas, TO, Brazil. [Becker-Guedes, F.; Bittencourt, J. A.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. [Otsuka, Y.] Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. RP Sahai, Y (reprint author), UNIVAP, Dept Phys & Astron, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. EM sahai@univap.br RI Fagundes, Paulo/G-8758-2011; Abalde, Jose/C-4274-2012; Gende, Mauricio/G-3811-2013; de Jesus, Rodolfo/C-4528-2012; Sahai, Yogeshwar/C-4855-2012; de Abreu, Alessandro /C-4531-2012; Pillat, Valdir/D-4610-2012; Becker-Guedes, Fabio/M-6911-2015 OI Gende, Mauricio/0000-0003-2600-4969; FU CNPq; FAPESP FX We thank the authorities of the "Rede Brasileira de Monitoramento Continuo de GPS RBMC)", Brazil, for kindly allowing us to use the data obtained by the RBMC. We gratefully acknowledge the Center for Space Sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas and the US Air Force for providing the DMSP thermal plasma data. The ionospheric sounding data reported from Port Stanley were obtained from the site http: //uclar.uml.edu/DIDBase/. We would also like to thank the Brazilian funding agencies CNPq and FAPESP for kindly providing the partial financial support. Thanks are due to Anthea Coster for helpful comments. The work conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 55 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 12 BP 4463 EP 4477 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 536RA UT WOS:000273060300009 ER PT J AU Plaschke, F Glassmeier, KH Sibeck, DG Auster, HU Constantinescu, OD Angelopoulos, V Magnes, W AF Plaschke, F. Glassmeier, K. -H. Sibeck, D. G. Auster, H. U. Constantinescu, O. D. Angelopoulos, V. Magnes, W. TI Magnetopause surface oscillation frequencies at different solar wind conditions SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; UPSTREAM PRESSURE VARIATIONS; FIELD LINE RESONANCES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; EARTHS MAGNETOPAUSE; LOW-LATITUDE; BOW SHOCK; MHD WAVES; ISEE 1; MAGNETOSPHERE AB Statistical analyses of the magnetopause (MP) motion observed by THEMIS suggested that the MP oscillates preferably at some prominent (sometimes called 'magic') frequencies, which were found to stand out also in ground-based and ionospheric measurements of geomagnetic ultra-low frequency pulsations. In this paper we present an extension to these statistical analyses of the observed MP oscillations examining their dependence on the prevalent interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), solar wind (SW) flow speed and cone angle conditions as well as their local time of occurrence. Our results show enhanced oscillation activity at these frequencies in the noon local time sector during periods of northward IMF, slow or moderate SW speed and low SW cone angle. This combination of conditions supports an interpretation in terms of standing Alfv,nic Kruskal-Schwarzschild surface modes on the MP. C1 [Plaschke, F.; Glassmeier, K. -H.; Auster, H. U.; Constantinescu, O. D.] TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany. [Glassmeier, K. -H.] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Sibeck, D. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Angelopoulos, V.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Magnes, W.] Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP Plaschke, F (reprint author), TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany. EM f.plaschke@tu-bs.de RI Constantinescu, Ovidiu Dragos/C-4350-2012; Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Constantinescu, Dragos/A-6007-2013 FU German Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt [50QP0402, 50OC0901]; NASA [NAS5-02099] FX The IGEP team was financially supported by the German Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt under grants 50QP0402 and 50OC0901. THEMIS was made possible by NASA, under contract NAS5-02099. The OMNI data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov. We acknowledge J.P. McFadden for the use of THEMIS Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) particle data. NR 48 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2009 VL 27 IS 12 BP 4521 EP 4532 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 536RA UT WOS:000273060300013 ER PT J AU Sergienko, OV Macayeal, DR Bindschadler, RA AF Sergienko, Olga V. Macayeal, Douglas R. Bindschadler, Robert A. TI Stick-slip behavior of ice streams: modeling investigations SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STATE-DEPENDENT FRICTION; MOTION; FLOW; ANTARCTICA; GLACIER; SHEET; TILL AB A puzzling phenomenon of ice-stream flow is the stick-slip motion displayed by Whillans Ice Stream (WIS), West Antarctica. In this study we test the hypothesis that the WIS stick-slip motion has features similar to those of other known stick-slip systems, and thus might be of the same origin. To do so, we adapt a simple mechanical model widely used in seismology to study classic stick-slip behavior observed in tectonic faults, in which the difference between static and dynamic friction allows for the generation and spatial propagation of abrupt slip events. We show how spatial variability in friction properties, as well as a periodic forcing intended to mimic the effect of tides, can reproduce the observed duration and periodicity of stick-slip motion in an ice stream. An intriguing aspect of the association of WIS with mechanical stick-slip oscillators is that the onset of stick-slip cycling from a condition of permanent slip appears to be associated with the reduction in overall speed of WIS. If this association is true, then stick-slip behavior of WIS is a transitional phase of behavior associated with the ice stream's recent deceleration. C1 [Macayeal, Douglas R.] Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Bindschadler, Robert A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sergienko, Olga V.] Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Sergienko, OV (reprint author), Princeton Univ GFDL, 201 Forrestal Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM osergien@princeton.edu OI MacAyeal, Douglas/0000-0003-0647-6176 FU US National Science Foundation [OPP-0632168] FX We thank C. Schoof and two anonymous reviewers for catching errors in the original study and for constructive criticism and valuable suggestions for improving the manuscript. We also thank C. Hulbe for fruitful discussions. O.V.S. is supported by US National Science Foundation grant OPP-0632168. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 EI 1727-5644 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2009 VL 50 IS 52 BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 640FH UT WOS:000281033800012 ER PT J AU Arendt, AA Luthcke, SB Hock, R AF Arendt, Anthony A. Luthcke, Scott B. Hock, Regine TI Glacier changes in Alaska: can mass-balance models explain GRACE mascon trends? SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS; CLIMATE; MELT; USA AB Temperature and precipitation data from three weather stations in the St Elias Mountains of Alaska and northwestern Canada were used to drive one-dimensional (1-D) (elevation-dependent) and 0-D degree-day mass-balance models. Model outputs were optimized against a 10 day resolution time series of mass variability during 2003-07 obtained from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass concentration (mascon) solutions. The models explained 52-60% of the variance in the GRACE time series. Modelled mass variations matched the phase of the GRACE observations, and all optimized model parameters were within the range of values determined from conventional mass-balance and meteorological observations. We describe a framework for selecting appropriate weather stations and mass-balance models to represent glacier variations of large regions. There is potential for extending these calibrated mass-balance models forwards or backwards in time to construct mass-balance time series outside of the GRACE measurement window. C1 [Arendt, Anthony A.; Hock, Regine] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Luthcke, Scott B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hock, Regine] Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Arendt, AA (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, 903 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM Anthony.Arendt@gi.alaska.edu RI Luthcke, Scott/D-6283-2012; Hock, Regine/C-6179-2013 FU NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Branch [NNG04GF51A] FX This work was supported by the NASA Interdisciplinary Sciences Program and NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Branch. M.J. Beedle provided many of the glacier outlines for the study region (NASA grant NNG04GF51A and the Global Land Ice Monitoring from Space project). C. Larsen and W. Abdalati provided helpful comments and ideas. The manuscript was substantially improved by reviews from R. Bindschadler, R. Motyka, J. Wahr and an anonymous reviewer. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 13 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2009 VL 50 IS 50 BP 148 EP 154 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 626TN UT WOS:000279990100022 ER PT J AU Chang, F Li, GC Haws, M Niu, T AF Chang, Frank Li, Guangchao Haws, Maria Niu, Tianhua TI SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF SHELL OF PINCTADA MARGARITIFERA AS A FOOD SUPPLEMENT SO ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Chang, Frank; Li, Guangchao; Haws, Maria; Niu, Tianhua] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0250-6807 J9 ANN NUTR METAB JI Ann. Nutr. Metab. PY 2009 VL 55 SU 1 BP 516 EP 516 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 507CF UT WOS:000270827202053 ER PT S AU Groen, FJ Smith, C AF Groen, Frank J. Smith, Curtis GP IEEE TI Concept for the NASA Risk and Reliability Data Collection and Analysis Environment SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2009 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium CY JAN 26-29, 2009 CL Ft Worth, TX DE data collection; data analysis AB The implementation of a NASA policy to collect R&M data to support ongoing and future projects has been limited, due in part to NASA's organization into largely independently operating programs and projects and the lack of a structured approach for the distribution of R&M data across those programs and projects. This paper describes the concept of a data collection and analysis environment that is being developed to support the collection, analysis, and distribution of R&M data. The purpose of the environment is to provide NASA projects with a standardized environment for storing information such as data sources, their interpretations, analyses and supplemental documentation. The environment is to provide an efficient way of collecting the information, and to allow for a controlled release to other projects at the program-, center-, or agency level. The data environment, which will largely be based on open-source software components, will allow raw data to be stored in a wide variety of electronic file formats, as well as in the form of links to other data repositories such as PRACA databases. The environment allows the relevant statistical information in those free-format data sources to be documented using predefined data types. Version control and workflow management capabilities will be provided, allowing proper configuration management processes to be applied to the data. The environment will embed a Bayesian data analysis capability, supported by a handbook describing solutions to commonly encountered risk and reliability parameter estimation problems, which was developed in a separately funded task. However, externally developed analyses can be stored inside the data environment as well, allowing configuration management and workflow management features to be taken advantage of. Results of such analyses may be encoded to make them available to reporting functions. The data environment is structured to allow projects to initially develop project-level data repositories, without exposing any information to other projects or programs. Once a mature state of the repository is reached, that state can be released to a central repository. This allows the information to be accessed by other projects. C1 [Groen, Frank J.] NASA, Off Safety & Mission Assurance, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Smith, Curtis] Idaho Natl Lab, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Groen, FJ (reprint author), NASA, Off Safety & Mission Assurance, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM Frank.J.Groen@nasa.gov; Curtis.Smith@inl.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-2508-2 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2009 BP 134 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BLM45 UT WOS:000270538700025 ER PT S AU Meshkat, L AF Meshkat, Leila GP IEEE TI Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Decision Making during Spacecraft Operations SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2009 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Reliability & Maintainability Symposium CY JAN 26-29, 2009 CL Ft Worth, TX DE probabilistic risk assessment; spacecraft operations; anomaly; Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; Mars Odyssey AB Decisions made during the operational phase of a space mission often have significant and immediate consequences. Without the explicit consideration of the risks involved and their representation in a solid model, it is very likely that these risks are not considered systematically in trade studies. Wrong decisions during the operational phase of a space mission can lead to immediate system failure whereas correct decisions can help recover the system even from faulty conditions. A problem of special interest is the determination of the system fault protection strategies upon the occurrence of faults within the system. Decisions regarding the fault protection strategy also heavily rely on a correct understanding of the state of the system and an integrated risk model that represents the various possible scenarios and their respective likelihoods. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) modeling is applicable to the full lifecycle of a space mission project, from concept development to preliminary design, detailed design, development and operations. The benefits and utilities of the model, however, depend on the phase of the mission for which it is used. This is because of the difference in the key strategic decisions that support each mission phase. The focus of this paper is on describing the particular methods used for PRA modeling during the operational phase of a spacecraft by gleaning insight from recently conducted case studies on two operational Mars orbiters. During operations, the key decisions relate to the commands sent to the spacecraft for any kind of diagnostics, anomaly resolution, trajectory changes, or planning. Often, faults and failures occur in the parts of the spacecraft but are contained or mitigated before they can cause serious damage. The failure behavior of the system during operations provides valuable data for updating and adjusting the related PRA models that are built primarily based on historical failure data. The PRA models, in turn, provide insight into the effect of various faults or failures on the risk and failure drivers of the system and the likelihood of possible end case scenarios, thereby facilitating the decision making process during operations. This paper describes the process of adjusting PRA models based on observed spacecraft data, on one hand, and utilizing the models for insight into the future system behavior on the other hand. While PRA models are typically used as a decision aid during the design phase of a space mission, we advocate adjusting them based on the observed behavior of the spacecraft and utilizing them for decision support during the operations phase. We conclude this paper by discussing current open research issues and possible future directions for this work. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Meshkat, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Leila.meshkat@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-2508-2 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2009 BP 140 EP 145 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BLM45 UT WOS:000270538700026 ER PT S AU Li, M Pruessner, PS Groen, F AF Li, Ming Pruessner, Paula S. Groen, Frank GP IEEE TI Reliability Practice at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2009 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium CY JAN 26-29, 2009 CL Ft Worth, TX DE Reliability; NASA AB This paper describes in brief the Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) Programs performed directly by the reliability branch at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The mission assurance requirements flow down is explained. GSFC practices for PRA, reliability prediction/fault tree analysis/reliability block diagram, FMEA, part stress and derating analysis, worst case analysis, trend analysis, limit life items are presented. Lesson learned are summarized and recommendations on improvement are identified. C1 [Li, Ming] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SRS Technol, Mail Stop 300-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pruessner, Paula S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Groen, Frank] NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SRS Technol, Mail Stop 300-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Ming.Li@ieee.org; Paula.S.Pruessner@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-2508-2 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2009 BP 146 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BLM45 UT WOS:000270538700027 ER PT S AU Datta, K Fraser, DR AF Datta, Koushik Fraser, Douglas R. GP IEEE TI A Corrosion Risk Assessment Model For Underground Piping SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2009 PROCEEDINGS SE Reliability and Maintainability Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Reliability & Maintainability Symposium CY JAN 26-29, 2009 CL Ft Worth, TX DE Corrosion; High Pressure Air; Pipe Wrap; Risk Assessment; Underground Piping AB The Pressure Systems Manager at NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) has embarked on a project to collect data and develop risk assessment models to support risk-informed decision making regarding future inspections of underground pipes at ARC. This paper shows progress in one area of this project - a corrosion risk assessment model for the underground high-pressure air distribution piping system at ARC. It consists of a Corrosion Model of pipe-segments, a Pipe Wrap Protection Model; and a Pipe Stress Model for a pipe segment. A Monte Carlo simulation of the combined models provides a distribution of the failure probabilities. Sensitivity study results show that the model uncertainty, or lack of knowledge, is the dominant contributor to the calculated unreliability of the underground piping system. As a result, the Pressure Systems Manager may consider investing resources specifically focused on reducing these uncertainties. Future work includes completing the data collection effort for the existing ground based pressure systems and applying the risk models to risk-based inspection strategies of the underground pipes at ARC. C1 [Datta, Koushik; Fraser, Douglas R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Datta, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 237-15, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Koushik.Datta@nasa.gov; Douglas.R.Fraser@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 978-1-4244-2508-2 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2009 BP 264 EP 268 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BLM45 UT WOS:000270538700047 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N Ramirez-Ruiz, E Fox, DB AF Gehrels, N. Ramirez-Ruiz, E. Fox, D. B. BE Blandford, R Kormendy, J VanDishoeck, E TI Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, VOL 47 SE Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE cosmology, early universe; galaxies, interstellar medium; high-redshift; gamma rays, observations; theory; stars, Wolf-Rayet; neutrinos; supernovae, general; gravitational waves ID COMPACT OBJECT MERGERS; GRB HOST GALAXIES; CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE; ENERGY COSMIC-RAYS; RELATIVISTIC MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS; HIGH-RESOLUTION CALCULATIONS; COALESCING NEUTRON-STARS; EARLY OPTICAL AFTERGLOW; COOLED ACCRETION DISKS; SHORT-DURATION AB With its rapid-response capability and multiwavelength complement of instruments, the Swift satellite has transformed our physical understanding of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Providing high-quality observations of hundreds of bursts, and facilitating a wide range of follow-up observations within seconds of each event, Swift has revealed an unforeseen richness in observed burst properties, shed light on the nature of short-duration bursts, and helped realize the promise of GRBs as probes of the processes and environments of star formation out to the earliest cosmic epochs. These advances have opened new perspectives on the nature and properties of burst central engines, interactions with the burst environment from microparsec to gigaparsec scales, and the possibilities for nonphotonic signatures. Our understanding of these extreme cosmic sources has thus advanced substantially; yet, more than 40 years after their discovery, GRBs continue to present major challenges on both observational and theoretical fronts. C1 [Gehrels, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ramirez-Ruiz, E.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Fox, D. B.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gehrels@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; enrico@ucolick.org; dfox@astro.psu.edu RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 385 TC 239 Z9 242 U1 1 U2 8 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0897 USA SN 0066-4146 BN 978-0-8243-0947-3 J9 ANNU REV ASTRON ASTR JI Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2009 VL 47 BP 567 EP 617 DI 10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145147 PG 51 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BOX59 UT WOS:000277960300014 ER PT S AU Shariff, K AF Shariff, Karim TI Fluid Mechanics in Disks Around Young Stars SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS SE Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE astrophysical fluid dynamics; accretion disks; protoplanetary disks; planetesimal formation ID MOLECULAR CLOUD CORES; T-TAURI STARS; ANGULAR-MOMENTUM TRANSPORT; WEAKLY MAGNETIZED DISKS; ROSSBY-WAVE INSTABILITY; BAROCLINIC VORTICITY PRODUCTION; SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; KEPLERIAN ACCRETION DISKS; NONUNIFORM SOLAR NEBULA; LOCAL SHEAR INSTABILITY AB This article reviews hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic processes in disks around young stars, encompassing the epochs of molecular-cloud turbulence, dense core collapse, disk formation, disk evolution, and planetesimal formation. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Shariff, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Karim.R.Shariff@nasa.gov OI Shariff, Karim/0000-0002-7256-2497 NR 160 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4189 BN 978-0-8243-0741-7 J9 ANNU REV FLUID MECH JI Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. PY 2009 VL 41 BP 283 EP 315 DI 10.1146/annurev.fluid.010908.165144 PG 33 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 401WI UT WOS:000262972800015 ER PT J AU McClain, CR AF McClain, Charles R. TI A Decade of Satellite Ocean Color Observations SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE SE Annual Review of Marine Science LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE carbon cycle; chlorophyll a; marine ecosystems; satellite calibration and validation; SeaWiFS ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; KARENIA-BREVIS BLOOMS; DIAZOTROPHIC CYANOBACTERIA TRICHODESMIUM; PARTICULATE ORGANIC-CARBON; CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL MODEL; WATER-LEAVING RADIANCES; MARINE ECOSYSTEM MODEL; MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT AB After the successful Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS, 1978-1986) demonstration that quantitative estimations of geophysical variables such is chlorophyll a mid diffuse attenuation coefficient could be derived from top of the atmosphere radiances, a number of international missions with ocean color capabilities were launched beginning in the late 1990s. Most notable were those with global data acquisition capabilities, i.e., the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS, Japan, 1996-1997), the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS, United States, 1997-present), two Moderate Rcsolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS, United States, Terra/2000-present and Aqua/2002-present), the Global Imager (GLI, Japan, 2002-2003), and the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS, European Space Agency, 2002-present). These missions have provided data of exceptional quality and continuity, allowing for scientific inquiries into a wide variety of marine research topics not possible with the CZCS. This review focuses on the scientific advances made over the past decade using these data sets. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McClain, CR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM charles.r.mcclain@nasa.gov NR 157 TC 218 Z9 219 U1 8 U2 88 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1941-1405 EI 1941-0611 J9 ANNU REV MAR SCI JI Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. PY 2009 VL 1 BP 19 EP 42 DI 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163650 PG 24 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 463HH UT WOS:000267421700002 PM 21141028 ER PT J AU Kibanova, D Trejo, M Destaillats, H Cervini-Silva, J AF Kibanova, Daria Trejo, Martin Destaillats, Hugo Cervini-Silva, Javiera TI Synthesis of hectorite-TiO2 and kaolinite-TiO2 nanocomposites with photocatalytic activity for the degradation of model air pollutants SO APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Photocatalysis; Clays; Hectorite; Kaolinite; VOCs; Toluene; d-limonene; Titania; Indoor pollutants ID SOCIETY SOURCE CLAYS; BASE-LINE; TIO2; TEMPERATURE; OXIDATION; BENZENE; TOLUENE AB We studied the synthesis and photocatalytic activity of small-sized TiO2 supported on hectorite and kaolinite. Deposition of TiO2 on the clay mineral surface was conducted by using a sol-gel method with titanium isopropoxide as precursor. Anatase TiO2 particles formation was achieved by hydrothermal treatment at 180 degrees C. Material characterization was conducted using XRD, SEM, XPS, ICP-OES, BET and porosimetry analysis. fficiency in synthesizing clay-TiO2 composites depended strongly on the clay mineral structure. Incorporation of anatase in hectorite, an expandable clay mineral, was found to be very significant (>36 wt.% Ti) and to be followed by important structural changes at the clay mineral surface. Instead, no major structural modifications of the clay were observed for kaolinite-TiO2, as compared with the untreated material. Photocatalytic performance of clay-TiO2 composites was evaluated with ATR-FTIR following the oxidation of adsorbed toluene and D-limonene, two model air pollutants. In either case, the photocatalytic removal efficiency of these hydrophobic substrates by the synthesized clay-TiO2 composites was comparable to that observed using pure commercial TiO2 (Degussa P25). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kibanova, Daria; Cervini-Silva, Javiera] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geog, Mexico City 04150, DF, Mexico. [Kibanova, Daria; Trejo, Martin] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Quim, Mexico City 04150, DF, Mexico. [Destaillats, Hugo] Environm Energy Technol Div, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. [Destaillats, Hugo] Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Cervini-Silva, Javiera] NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Cervini-Silva, J (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geog, Circuito Exterior,Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04150, DF, Mexico. EM HDestaillats@lbl.gov; jcervini@igg.unam.mx RI Destaillats, Hugo/B-7936-2013 FU DGAPA-UNAM scholarship; PAPIIT [116007-2]; Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias); United States-Mexico Foundation for Science (Fundacion Mexico-Estados Unidos para la Ciencia); CONACYT [61670]; UC MEXUS Program; LBNL [366088] FX DK thanks the support of a DGAPA-UNAM scholarship. The authors express gratitude to P. Fernandez and P. Santiago-Jacinto (UNAM) for technical support, to R. Hernadez-Reyes (UNAM, SEM), to D. Lucas and A.T. Hodgson (LBNL-EETD), to B. Gilbert (LBNL-ESD) for XRD data acquisition and interpretation, to M. Salmeron and V. Altoe (LBNLMSD, XPS), to J.T. Larsen (LBNL-ESD, ICP-OES) and to V. Battaglia and X. Song (LBNL-EETD, BET analysis). This project was supported in part by UNAM [Proyecto Universitario de Nanotecnologia Ambiental (PUNTA), DGAPA-UNAM, PAPIIT (Grant No. IN 116007-2)], the Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias) and the United States-Mexico Foundation for Science (Fundacion Mexico-Estados Unidos para la Ciencia) through the 2006-Young Researcher Summer Program Fellowship (AMC-FUMEC), CONACYT [SEP-CONACYT Ciencia Basica 2006, Grant no. 61670], the UC MEXUS Program and by LBNL (LDRD Project # 366088). NR 21 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 57 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1317 J9 APPL CLAY SCI JI Appl. Clay Sci. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 42 IS 3-4 BP 563 EP 568 DI 10.1016/j.clay.2008.03.009 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Mineralogy GA 387PS UT WOS:000261964700034 ER PT J AU Dodhia, RM Dismukes, RK AF Dodhia, Rahul M. Dismukes, Robert K. TI Interruptions Create Prospective Memory Tasks SO APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTENTIONS; AGE; RETENTION; RETRIEVAL; ACTIVATION; EXECUTION; DRIVEN; DELAYS; CUES AB When the theory of prospective memory is brought to bear on the ubiquitous experience of failing to resume interrupted tasks, the cognitive reasons for these failures may be understood and addressed. We examine three features of interruptions that may account for these failures: (1) Interruptions often abruptly divert attention, which may prevent adequate encoding of an intention to resume and forming in implementation plan, (2) New task demands after an interruption's end reduce opportunity to interpret resumption cues, (3) The transition after an interruption to new ongoing task demands is not distinctive because it is defined conceptually, rather than by a single perceptual cue. Hypotheses based on these three features receive support from two experiments that respectively manipulate encoding and retrieval conditions. The data support our contention that interrupted tasks are a special case of prospective memory, and allow us to suggest practical ways of reducing vulnerability to resumption failure. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Dodhia, Rahul M.] Raven Analyt, Seattle, WA 98199 USA. [Dodhia, Rahul M.] San Jose Univ Fdn, San Jose, CA USA. [Dismukes, Robert K.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Dodhia, RM (reprint author), Raven Analyt, 2117 W Ruffner St, Seattle, WA 98199 USA. EM rahul@ravenanalytics.com; robert.k.dismukes@nasa.gov NR 49 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0888-4080 J9 APPL COGNITIVE PSYCH JI Appl. Cogn. Psychol. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 23 IS 1 BP 73 EP 89 DI 10.1002/acp.1441 PG 17 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 388LJ UT WOS:000262021000005 ER PT J AU Bi, L Yang, P Kattawar, GW Kahn, R AF Bi, Lei Yang, Ping Kattawar, George W. Kahn, Ralph TI Single-scattering properties of triaxial ellipsoidal particles for a size parameter range from the Rayleigh to geometric-optics regimes SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-DIPOLE APPROXIMATION; HIGH-FREQUENCY SCATTERING; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ANOMALOUS DIFFRACTION; HEXAGONAL COLUMNS; CROSS-SECTION; ICE CRYSTALS; MATRIX; NONSPHERICITY; EXTINCTION AB The single-scattering properties of randomly oriented triaxial ellipsoids with size parameters from the Rayleigh to geometric-optics regimes are investigated. A combination of the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) technique and an improved geometric optics method (IGOM) is applied to the computation of ellipsoidal particle scattering properties for a complete range of size parameters. Edge effect contributions to the extinction and absorption efficiencies are included in the present IGOM simulation. It is found that the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor computed from the DDA method for small size parameters smoothly transition to those computed from the IGOM for moderate-to-large size parameters. The phase matrix elements computed from these two methods are also quite similar when size parameters are larger than 30. Thus, the optical properties of ellipsoidal particles can be computed by combing the DDA and the IGOM for small-to-large size parameters. Furthermore, we also examine the applicability of the ellipsoid model to the simulation of the scattering properties of realistic aerosol particles by comparing the theoretical and experimental results for feldspar aerosols. It is shown that the ellipsoid model is better than the commonly used spheroid model for simulating dust particle optical properties, particularly, their polarization characteristics, realistically. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America C1 [Yang, Ping] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Bi, Lei; Kattawar, George W.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Kahn, Ralph] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yang, P (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM pyang@arief.met.tamu.edu RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Bi, Lei/B-9242-2011; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [ATM-0803779]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-02-0478, N00014-06-1-0069] FX This research is supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant (ATM-0803779) managed by Bradley Smull. George W Kattawar's research is also supported by the Office of Naval Research under contracts N00014-02-0478 and N00014-06-1-0069. A major portion of the numerical computation involved in this study was carried out by using the Supercomputing facility of Texas A&M University. The authors thank H. M. Nussenzveig and W J. Wiscombe for using their computer code for the above-edge and below-edge effects, M. A. Yurkin and A. G. Hoekstra for using their ADDA code, and M. I. Mishchenko and L. D. Travis for using their T-matrix code. The present IGOM code for the scattering of light by triaxial ellipsoidal particles is available upon request. NR 52 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 48 IS 1 BP 114 EP 126 DI 10.1364/AO.48.000114 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 398OG UT WOS:000262740800031 PM 19107180 ER PT B AU Murphy, DW AF Murphy, D. W. BE Hagiwara, Y Fomalont, E Tsuboi, M Murata, Y TI SAMURAI Mission of Opportunity Proposal SO APPROACHING MICRO-ARCSECOND RESOLUTION WITH VSOP-2: ASTROPHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Approaching Micro-Arcsecond Resolution with VSOP-2 CY DEC 03-07, 2007 CL Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa, JAPAN SP Natl Astron Observ Japan, Soc Promot Space Sci, Inoue Fdn Sci, Fdn Promot Astron HO Inst Space & Astronaut Sci AB In this paper we describe the SAMURAI Mission of Opportunity proposal which was recently submitted to the NASA Explorer program to obtain U.S. support for the VSOP-2 mission. C1 JPL, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Murphy, DW (reprint author), JPL, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-679-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 402 BP 85 EP 88 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BLE30 UT WOS:000270005100017 ER PT B AU Murphy, DW Edwards, PG AF Murphy, D. W. Edwards, P. G. BE Hagiwara, Y Fomalont, E Tsuboi, M Murata, Y TI VSOP Monitoring Observations of 1928+738 SO APPROACHING MICRO-ARCSECOND RESOLUTION WITH VSOP-2: ASTROPHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Approaching Micro-Arcsecond Resolution with VSOP-2 CY DEC 03-07, 2007 CL Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa, JAPAN SP Natl Astron Observ Japan, Soc Promot Space Sci, Inoue Fdn Sci, Fdn Promot Astron HO Inst Space & Astronaut Sci AB In this paper we review the VSOP monitoring observations of the core-dominated quasar 1928+738. Combining our VSOP observations with other VLBI data we find that the combined dataset can be well fit using a relativistic ballistic precessing jet model in which the precession is caused by the orbital motion in a binary black hole system. C1 [Murphy, D. W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Murphy, DW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-679-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 402 BP 204 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BLE30 UT WOS:000270005100044 ER PT B AU Meier, DL AF Meier, David L. BE Hagiwara, Y Fomalont, E Tsuboi, M Murata, Y TI Probing the Exhaust System of the Most Powerful Engines with VSOP-2 SO APPROACHING MICRO-ARCSECOND RESOLUTION WITH VSOP-2: ASTROPHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Approaching Micro-Arcsecond Resolution with VSOP-2 CY DEC 03-07, 2007 CL Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa, JAPAN SP Natl Astron Observ Japan, Soc Promot Space Sci, Inoue Fdn Sci, Fdn Promot Astron HO Inst Space & Astronaut Sci ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; JETS; SIMULATIONS; FLOWS; DISKS AB I review the currentmagneto-hydrodynamic mechanisms for the production and propagation of relativistic jets from accreting black holes. There has been quite a bit of progress recently in describing the processes that launch, collimate, and ultimately accelerate jets to their final relativistic speeds. VSOP2 should be able to probe much of this collimation and acceleration region. There also has been a lot of progress on how magnetized jets propagate through the initial few parsecs of interstellar medium in radio galaxies and quasars that can be observed directly. Finally, there has been a bit of progress in understanding how the jet engine very near the black hole ultimately relates to the accretion power plant that supplies its energy, although it is still unknown exactly how some types of black hole jets tie directly into the accretion flow. While VSOP2 will not probe this region directly, it may be able to constrain certain theoretical models of these processes. There may be some surprises in store for us, and we should be ready for them when the data begins coming in. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Meier, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-679-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 402 BP 342 EP 348 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BLE30 UT WOS:000270005100074 ER PT B AU Nakamura, M Meier, DL AF Nakamura, M. Meier, D. L. BE Hagiwara, Y Fomalont, E Tsuboi, M Murata, Y TI Unsolved Problems of AGN Jets in Sub Parsec Scale: Acceleration, Collimation, and Stability Properties SO APPROACHING MICRO-ARCSECOND RESOLUTION WITH VSOP-2: ASTROPHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Approaching Micro-Arcsecond Resolution with VSOP-2 CY DEC 03-07, 2007 CL Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa, JAPAN SP Natl Astron Observ Japan, Soc Promot Space Sci, Inoue Fdn Sci, Fdn Promot Astron HO Inst Space & Astronaut Sci ID RELATIVISTIC MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS; NONPOLYTROPIC ASTROPHYSICAL OUTFLOWS; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; DOUBLE HELIX; INSTABILITIES; WINDS AB What, can we expect in the VSOP-2 mission to reveal the sub parsec scale structures of AGN jets? Based on the MHD process of jet; formation and evolution, we discuss about unsolved problems of sub parsec AGN jets in terms of the acceleration, the collimation, and the stability properties. Several key features will be proved by the VSOP-2 observations; they play an important role in determining how the MHD process will work in the jet dynamics. C1 [Nakamura, M.] LANL, Astrophys Grp T6, Div Theoret, MS B227, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Meier, D. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nakamura, M (reprint author), LANL, Astrophys Grp T6, Div Theoret, MS B227, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. FU NASA ATP; conference LOC FX This work is supported in part by NASA ATP grant. M. N. gratefully acknowledges the financial support by the conference LOC in attending the VSOP-2 Symposium. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-679-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 402 BP 357 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BLE30 UT WOS:000270005100077 ER PT B AU Majid, WA Fomalont, EB Bagri, DS AF Majid, W. A. Fomalont, E. B. Bagri, D. S. BE Hagiwara, Y Fomalont, E Tsuboi, M Murata, Y TI Compactness of Weak Radio Sources at High Frequencies SO APPROACHING MICRO-ARCSECOND RESOLUTION WITH VSOP-2: ASTROPHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Approaching Micro-Arcsecond Resolution with VSOP-2 CY DEC 03-07, 2007 CL Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa, JAPAN SP Natl Astron Observ Japan, Soc Promot Space Sci, Inoue Fdn Sci, Fdn Promot Astron HO Inst Space & Astronaut Sci ID DEEP AB We have obtained 8.4 GHz VLBA observations of a 31-GHz complete sample of similar to 100 sources between 10 and 100 mJy. The main goals of these observations are: to determine the angular size, radio spectra and identification for a weak sample of high frequency sources; to find the fraction of sources which have sufficiently compact emission for use as calibrators for VLBI observations, and for design considerations of the proposed DSN Array. We find that a large fraction of observed sources have VLBI detections. A majority of these sources have most of their emission in a compact < 1 mas radio core, with remaining sources having steep radio spectra. The source list was provided from GBT observations to remove discrete sources in the CBI fields. C1 [Majid, W. A.; Bagri, D. S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Majid, WA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-679-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 402 BP 448 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BLE30 UT WOS:000270005100098 ER PT S AU Bar-Cohen, Y AF Bar-Cohen, Yoseph BE Vincenzini, P BarCohen, Y Carpi, F TI EAP actuators for biomimetic technologies with humanlike robots as one of the ultimate challenges SO ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE ACTUATORS USING ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS SE Advances in Science and Technology LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Smart Materials, Structures and Systems CY JUN 08-13, 2008 CL Acireale, ITALY DE EAP; Electroactive Polymers; Actuators; Robotics; Humanlike Robots; Biomimetics AB Since the Stone Age, people have tried to reproduce the human appearance, functions, and intelligence using art and technology. Any aspect that represents our physical and intellectual being has been a subject of copying, mimicking and inspiration. Recent surges in technology advances led to the emergence of increasingly more realistic humanlike robots and simulations. Making such robots is part of the field of biologically inspired technologies - also known as biomimetics - and it involves developing engineered systems that exhibit the appearance and behavior of biological systems. Robots with selectable characteristics and personality that are customized to our needs and with self-learning capability may become our household appliance or even companion and they may be used to perform hard to do and complex tasks. In enabling this technology such elements as artificial intelligence, muscles, vision, skin and others are increasingly improved. In this paper, making humanlike robots will be described with focus on the use of artificial muscles as the enabling technology and the related challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM yosi@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1662-0356 BN 978-3-908158-27-1 J9 ADV SCI TECH PY 2009 VL 61 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA BJD47 UT WOS:000265015500001 ER PT S AU Bejczy, AK AF Bejczy, Antal K. BE Fodor, J Kacprzyk, J TI A Simple Method for Generating Smooth Robot Arm Motion SO ASPECTS OF SOFT COMPUTING, INTELLIGENT ROBOTICS AND CONTROL SE Studies in Computational Intelligence LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB A computer algorithm is described for generating smooth robot arm motion in task space trajectories. The algorithm is based on observations and analysis of task space trajectory profiles produced by human operators manually, using a six degree-of-freedom position hand controller. The algorithm is formulated in the velocity-position phase space and employs a harmonic (sinusoid) base function in the phase space. Hence the name: Harmonic Motion Generator (HMG). Performance capabilities of HMG are illustrated, including its combination with force-moment sensor based active compliance control and with task space (Cartesian space) position servo control. C1 [Bejczy, Antal K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. EM antbej@earthlink.net NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1860-949X BN 978-3-642-03632-3 J9 STUD COMPUT INTELL PY 2009 VL 241 BP 123 EP 128 D2 10.1007/978-3-642-03633-0 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BKY44 UT WOS:000269614400007 ER PT J AU Cockell, CS Leger, A Fridlund, M Herbst, TM Kaltenegger, L Absil, O Beichman, C Benz, W Blanc, M Brack, A Chelli, A Colangeli, L Cottin, H du Foresto, FC Danchi, WC Defrere, D den Herder, JW Eiroa, C Greaves, J Henning, T Johnston, KJ Jones, H Labadie, L Lammer, H Launhardt, R Lawson, P Lay, OP LeDuigou, JM Liseau, R Malbet, F Martin, SR Mawet, D Mourard, D Moutou, C Mugnier, LM Ollivier, M Paresce, F Quirrenbach, A Rabbia, YD Raven, JA Rottgering, HJA Rouan, D Santos, NC Selsis, F Serabyn, E Shibai, H Tamura, M Thiebaut, E Westall, F White, GJ AF Cockell, C. S. Leger, A. Fridlund, M. Herbst, T. M. Kaltenegger, L. Absil, O. Beichman, C. Benz, W. Blanc, M. Brack, A. Chelli, A. Colangeli, L. Cottin, H. du Foresto, F. Coude Danchi, W. C. Defrere, D. den Herder, J. -W. Eiroa, C. Greaves, J. Henning, T. Johnston, K. J. Jones, H. Labadie, L. Lammer, H. Launhardt, R. Lawson, P. Lay, O. P. LeDuigou, J. -M. Liseau, R. Malbet, F. Martin, S. R. Mawet, D. Mourard, D. Moutou, C. Mugnier, L. M. Ollivier, M. Paresce, F. Quirrenbach, A. Rabbia, Y. D. Raven, J. A. Rottgering, H. J. A. Rouan, D. Santos, N. C. Selsis, F. Serabyn, E. Shibai, H. Tamura, M. Thiebaut, E. Westall, F. White, G. J. TI Darwin-A Mission to Detect and Search for Life on Extrasolar Planets SO ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Darwin; Extrasolar planets; Orbital telescopes; M stars; Earth-like planets; Interferometry ID EARTH-LIKE PLANETS; IN HABITABLE ZONES; HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS; EJECTION CME ACTIVITY; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; MASS M-STARS; NULLING INTERFEROMETERS; SPECTRAL SIGNATURES; SYNTHETIC SPECTRA; TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERES AB The discovery of extrasolar planets is one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy. The detection of planets that vary widely in mass demonstrates that extrasolar planets of low mass exist. In this paper, we describe a mission, called Darwin, whose primary goal is the search for, and characterization of, terrestrial extrasolar planets and the search for life. Accomplishing the mission objectives will require collaborative science across disciplines, including astrophysics, planetary sciences, chemistry, and microbiology. Darwin is designed to detect rocky planets similar to Earth and perform spectroscopic analysis at mid-infrared wavelengths (6-20 mu m), where an advantageous contrast ratio between star and planet occurs. The baseline mission is projected to last 5 years and consists of approximately 200 individual target stars. Among these, 25-50 planetary systems can be studied spectroscopically, which will include the search for gases such as CO2, H2O, CH4, and O-3. Many of the key technologies required for the construction of Darwin have already been demonstrated, and the remainder are estimated to be mature in the near future. Darwin is a mission that will ignite intense interest in both the research community and the wider public. C1 [Cockell, C. S.] Open Univ, CEPSAR, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [Leger, A.; Ollivier, M.] Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Orsay, France. [Fridlund, M.] European Space Agcy, Estec, Astrophys Miss Div, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Herbst, T. M.; Henning, T.; Labadie, L.; Launhardt, R.] Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. [Kaltenegger, L.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Absil, O.; Chelli, A.; Malbet, F.] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Astrophys Lab, Grenoble, France. [Beichman, C.] CALTECH, Michelson Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Benz, W.] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Bern, Switzerland. [Blanc, M.] Observ Midi Pyrenees, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Brack, A.] CNPS, Ctr Biophys Mol, Orleans, France. [Colangeli, L.] Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy. [Cottin, H.] Univ Paris 12, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, Creteil, France. [Cottin, H.] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, Creteil, France. [du Foresto, F. Coude] Observ Paris, LESIA, Meudon, France. [Danchi, W. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Defrere, D.] Inst Astrophys & Geophys Liege, Liege, Belgium. [den Herder, J. -W.] SRON, Netherlands Inst Space Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Eiroa, C.] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Teor C11, Fac Ciencas, Madrid, Spain. [Greaves, J.] Univ St Andrews Phys & Astron, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. [Johnston, K. J.] USN Observ, Washington, DC 20392 USA. [Jones, H.] Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. [Lammer, H.] Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria. [Lawson, P.; Lay, O. P.; Martin, S. R.; Mawet, D.; Serabyn, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [LeDuigou, J. -M.] Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Dept Opt, F-31055 Toulouse, France. [Liseau, R.] Chalmers, Onsala Space Observ, S-43900 Onsala, Sweden. [Mourard, D.; Rabbia, Y. D.] Observ Cote Azur, Grasse, France. [Moutou, C.] CNRS, LAM, Marseille, France. [Mugnier, L. M.] ONERA DOTA, Chatillon, France. [Paresce, F.] INAF, IASF Bologna, Bologna, Italy. [Quirrenbach, A.] Univ Heidelberg, ZAH, Heidelberg, Germany. [Raven, J. A.] Univ Dundee, SCRI, Div Plant Sci, Dundee, Scotland. [Rottgering, H. J. A.] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Leiden, Netherlands. [Rouan, D.] Observ Paris, PHASE, LESIA, Meudon, France. [Santos, N. C.] Univ Porto, Ctr Astrofis, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. [Selsis, F.] Univ Lyon, Ecole Super Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5574,CRAL, Lyon, France. [Shibai, H.] Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Tamura, M.] Natl Astron Observ, Tokyo 181, Japan. [Thiebaut, E.] Univ Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. [Thiebaut, E.] Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Observ Lyon, Ctr Rech Astron Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, France. [Westall, F.] CNRS, Ctr Biophys Mol, Orleans, France. [White, G. J.] Open Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [White, G. J.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, CCLRC, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Cockell, CS (reprint author), Open Univ, CEPSAR, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. EM c.s.cockell@open.ac.uk RI Appourchaux, Thierry/F-4692-2010; Santos, Nuno/E-9957-2011; Mugnier, Laurent/A-7630-2012; Cottin, Herve/H-5654-2013; OI Santos, Nuno/0000-0003-4422-2919; Cottin, Herve/0000-0001-9170-5265; Mugnier, Laurent/0000-0002-8364-4957; Absil, Olivier/0000-0002-4006-6237 NR 126 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 23 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1531-1074 J9 ASTROBIOLOGY JI Astrobiology PD JAN-FEB PY 2009 VL 9 IS 1 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1089/ast.2007.0227 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA 430GR UT WOS:000264977400001 PM 19203238 ER PT B AU Pence, WD Seaman, R White, RL AF Pence, W. D. Seaman, R. White, R. L. BE Bohlender, DA Durand, D Dowler, P TI A Comparison of Lossless Image Compression Methods and the Effects of Noise SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVIII SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY NOV 02-05, 2008 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Natl Res Council Canada, Univ Montreal, Univ Laval AB This paper compares two image compression methods and shows how they are affected by the amount of noise in the image. We use a simple procedure to measure the equivalent number of noise bits in an image, which sets an upper limit on the compression ratio. We compare the widely used GZIP compression program to a newer compression method that uses the Rice algorithm within the FITS tiled-image compression convention. When applied to a large sample of astronomical images, the Rice compression method produces 1.4 times better compression, has 2-3 times faster compression speed, and has about the same uncompression speed as GZIP. In order to promote wider use of this new compression method, our f pack and f unpack image compression software is available from the HEASARC and NOAO websites. C1 [Pence, W. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Seaman, R.] Natl Opt Astron Observat, Tucson, AZ USA. [White, R. L.] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Pence, WD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM William.Pence@nasa.gov; seaman@noao.edu; rlw@stsci.edu RI White, Richard/A-8143-2012 NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-702-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 411 BP 25 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BQJ95 UT WOS:000281196100005 ER PT B AU Seaman, RL White, RL Pence, WD AF Seaman, R. L. White, R. L. Pence, W. D. BE Bohlender, DA Durand, D Dowler, P TI Optimal DN Encoding for CCD Detectors SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVIII SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY NOV 02-05, 2008 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Natl Res Council Canada, Univ Montreal, Univ Laval ID MATHEMATICAL-THEORY; IMAGE COMPRESSION; COMMUNICATION; NOISE AB Image compression has been a frequent topic of presentations at ADASS. Compression is often viewed as just a technique to fit more data into a smaller space. Rather, the packing of data - its "density" - affects every facet of local data handling, long-distance data transport, and the end-to-end throughput of workflows. In short, compression is one aspect of proper data structuring. For example, with FITS tile compression the efficient representation of data is combined with an expressive logistical paradigm for its manipulation. A deeper question remains; not just how best to represent the data, but which data to represent. CCDs are linear devices. What does this mean? One thing it does not mean is that the analog-to-digital conversion of pixels must be stored using linear data numbers (DN). An alternative strategy of using non-linear representations is presented, with one motivation being to magnify the efficiency of numerical compression algorithms such as Rice. C1 [Seaman, R. L.] Natl Opt Astron Observ, 950 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [White, R. L.] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. [Pence, W. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Seaman, RL (reprint author), Natl Opt Astron Observ, 950 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM seaman@noao.edu; rlw@stsci.edu; William.Pence@nasa.gov RI White, Richard/A-8143-2012 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-702-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 411 BP 101 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BQJ95 UT WOS:000281196100015 ER PT B AU Gross, MAK Shuping, RY AF Gross, Michael A. K. Shuping, Ralph Y. BE Bohlender, DA Durand, D Dowler, P TI Planning and Executing Airborne Astronomy Missions for SOFIA SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVIII SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY NOV 02-05, 2008 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Natl Res Council Canada, Univ Montreal, Univ Laval AB SOFIA is a 2.5 m airborne infrared telescope, mounted in a Bo-eing 747SP aircraft. Due to the large size of the telescope, only a few degrees of azimuth are available at the telescope bearing. This means the heading of the aircraft is fundamentally associated with the telescope's observation targets, and the ground track necessary to enable a given mission is highly complex and dependent on the coordinates, duration, and order of observations to be performed. We have designed and implemented a Flight Management Infrastructure (FMI) product in order to plan and execute such missions in the presence of a large number of external constraints (e.g. restricted airspace, international boundaries, elevation limits of the telescope, aircraft performance, winds at altitude, and ambient temperatures). We present an overview of the FMI, including the process, constraints and basic algorithms used to plan and execute SOFIA missions. C1 [Gross, Michael A. K.; Shuping, Ralph Y.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Gross, MAK (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mgross@sofia.usra.edu; rshuping@sofia.usra.edu NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-702-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 411 BP 314 EP 317 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BQJ95 UT WOS:000281196100059 ER PT B AU Bruggenwirth, S Gross, MAK Nelbach, FJ Shuping, RY AF Brueggenwirth, S. Gross, M. A. K. Nelbach, F. J. Shuping, R. Y. BE Bohlender, DA Durand, D Dowler, P TI Overview of the SOFIA Telescope Assembly Software Simulator SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVIII SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY NOV 02-05, 2008 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Natl Res Council Canada, Univ Montreal, Univ Laval AB The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is an airborne astronomical observatory comprised of a 2.5 m infrared telescope mounted in the aft section of a Boeing 747SP aircraft that will fly at operational altitudes between 37,000 and 45,000', above 99% of atmospheric water vapor. The telescope is a bent cassegrain design with the primary mirror assembly housed in a cavity that is open to the ambient atmosphere at altitude. The Telescope Assembly (TA) is supported by a spherical bearing mounted in a pressure bulkhead that is forward of the open cavity. Three Tracker cameras provide closed-loop guiding capability for observations of astronomical targets. The TA simulator (TASim) serves as a software surrogate for the TA hardware, including the Secondary Mirror Assembly and Tracker systems. In order to support Mission Control and Command System (MCCS) development and integration, the simulator is fully compatible with the TA-MCCS functional interface and implements appropriate simulations of physical behavior and timing. In addition, the Tracker simulator provides a simulated image of the sky for all three SOFIA guide cameras. In this paper we present an overview of the TASim software for SOFIA, including its utility in observatory integration and mission planning activities. C1 [Brueggenwirth, S.; Gross, M. A. K.; Nelbach, F. J.; Shuping, R. Y.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bruggenwirth, S (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM stefan.brueggenwirth@gmail.com; mgross@sofia.usra.edu; rshuping@sofia.usra.edu NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-702-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2009 VL 411 BP 485 EP 488 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BQJ95 UT WOS:000281196100101 ER PT J AU Carson, JC Hiner, KD Villar, GG Blaschak, MG Rudolph, AL Stapelfeldt, KR AF Carson, Joseph C. Hiner, Kyle D. Villar, Gregorio G., III Blaschak, Michael G. Rudolph, Alexander L. Stapelfeldt, Karl R. TI A DISTANCE-LIMITED IMAGING SURVEY OF SUBSTELLAR COMPANIONS TO SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD STARS SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE methods: data analysis; stars: low-mass; brown dwarfs; surveys; techniques: high angular resolution ID ADAPTIVE OPTICS SURVEY; BROWN DWARF; T-DWARFS; SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION; STELLAR-SYSTEMS; GIANT PLANETS; DISCOVERY; 2MASS; MMT AB We report techniques and results of a Palomar 200 inch (5 m) adaptive optics imaging survey of substellar companions to solar-type stars. The survey consists of K-s coronagraphic observations of 21 FGK dwarfs out to 20 pc (median distance similar to 17 pc). At 1 '' separation (17 projected AU) from a typical target system, the survey achieves median sensitivities 7 mag fainter than the parent star. In terms of companion mass, this corresponds to sensitivities of 50 M-J (1 Gyr), 70 M-J (solar age), and 75 M-J (10 Gyr), using the evolutionary models of Baraffe and colleagues. Using common proper motion to distinguish companions from field stars, we find that no system shows positive evidence of a previously unknown substellar companion (searchable separation similar to 20-250 projected AU at the median target distance). C1 [Carson, Joseph C.] Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. [Hiner, Kyle D.; Villar, Gregorio G., III; Blaschak, Michael G.; Rudolph, Alexander L.] Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Phys, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. [Stapelfeldt, Karl R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Carson, JC (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Astron, Kunigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RI Stapelfeldt, Karl/D-2721-2012 FU NASA FX We thank the Palomar Observatory staff for their support of these observations. We thank our anonymous referee for useful comments. Part of the research conducted by J. C. C was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 EI 1538-3881 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 137 IS 1 BP 218 EP 225 DI 10.1088/0004-6256/137/1/218 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 393AJ UT WOS:000262343000019 ER PT J AU Leeuw, LL Robson, EI AF Leeuw, Lerothodi L. Robson, E. Ian TI SUBMILLIMETER CONTINUUM PROPERTIES OF COLD DUST IN THE INNER DISK AND OUTFLOWS OF M 82 SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; galaxies: individual (M82); galaxies: starburst; radiation mechanisms: thermal; submillimeter ID STARBURST GALAXY M82; GALACTIC WINDS; NUCLEUS; EMISSION; GAS; STREAMERS; CHIMNEYS; HALO AB Deep submillimeter (submm) continuum imaging observations of the starburst galaxy M 82 are presented at 350, 450, 750, and 850 mu m wavelengths, which were undertaken with the Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The presented maps include a co-addition of submm data mined from the SCUBA Data Archive. The co-added data produce the deepest submm continuum maps yet of M 82, in which low-level 850 mu m continuum has been detected out to 1.5 kpc, at least 10% farther in radius than any previously published submm detections of this galaxy. The overall submm morphology and spatial spectral energy distribution of M 82 have a general north-south asymmetry consistent with H a and X-ray winds, supporting the association of the extended continuum with outflows of dust grains from the disk into the halo. The new data raise interesting points about the origin and structure of the submm emission in the inner disk of M 82. In particular, SCUBA short wavelength evidence of submm continuum peaks that are asymmetrically distributed along the galactic disk suggests that the inner-disk emission is reradiation from dust concentrations along a bar (or perhaps a spiral) rather than edges of a dust torus, as is commonly assumed. Higher resolution submm interferometery data from the Smithsonian Submillimeter Array and later Atacama Large Millimeter Array should spatially resolve and further constrain the reported dust emission structures in M 82. C1 [Leeuw, Lerothodi L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Leeuw, Lerothodi L.] Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys & Elect, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. [Leeuw, Lerothodi L.] SA SKA MeerKAT, ZA-7405 Pinelands, South Africa. [Robson, E. Ian] Royal Observ, Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Leeuw, LL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrophys Branch, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM lerothodi.l.leeuw@nasa.gov; eir@roe.ac.uk FU NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship; NASA Ames Research Center FX L.L. Leeuw acknowledges a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship that supported the final write-up of this work at NASA Ames Research Center. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 137 IS 1 BP 517 EP 527 DI 10.1088/0004-6256/137/1/517 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 393AJ UT WOS:000262343000043 ER PT J AU De Buizer, JM Redman, RO Longmore, SN Caswell, J Feldman, PA AF De Buizer, J. M. Redman, R. O. Longmore, S. N. Caswell, J. Feldman, P. A. TI SiO outflow signatures toward massive young stellar objects with linearly distributed methanol masers SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE stars: formation; stars: early-type; ISM: jets and outflows; masers; infrared: ISM; molecular data ID STAR-FORMING REGIONS; COMPETITIVE ACCRETION; HIGH-RESOLUTION; GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK; PROTOSTELLAR DISKS; VLBI OBSERVATIONS; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; HII-REGIONS; EMISSION AB Context. Methanol masers are often found in linear distributions, and it has been hypothesized that these masers trace circumstellar accretion disks around young massive stars. However, recent observations in H(2) emission have shown what appear to be outflows at similar angles to the maser distribution angles, not perpendicular as expected in the maser-disk scenario. Aims. The main motivation behind the observations presented here is to use presence and morphology of an independent outflow tracer, namely SiO, to determine if there are indeed outflows present in these regions and if they are consistent or inconsistent with the maser-disk hypothesis. Methods. For ten sources with H2 emission, we obtained JCMT single-dish SiO (6-5) observations to search for this outflow indicator. We followed up those observations with ATCA interferometric mapping of the SiO emission in the (2-1) line in six sources. Results. The JCMT observations yielded a detection in the SiO (6-5) line in nine of the ten sources. All of the sources with bright SiO lines display broad line wings indicative of outflow. A subset of the sources observed with the JCMT have methanol maser velocities significantly offset from their parent cloud velocities, supporting the idea that the masers in these sources are likely not to be associated with circumstellar disks. The ATCA maps of the SiO emission show five of the six sources do indeed have SiO outflows (the only non-detection being the same source that was a non-detection in the JCMT observations). The spatial orientations of the outflows are not consistent with the methanol masers delineating disk orientations. Overall, the observations presented here seem to provide further evidence against the hypothesis that linearly distributed methanol masers generally trace the orientations of circumstellar disks around massive young stars. C1 [De Buizer, J. M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [De Buizer, J. M.] Gemini Observ, La Serena, Chile. [Redman, R. O.; Feldman, P. A.] Natl Res Council Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada. [Longmore, S. N.] Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. [Longmore, S. N.; Caswell, J.] CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia. RP De Buizer, JM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA, USRA, MS N211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jdebuizer@sofia.usra.edu NR 51 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 493 IS 1 BP 127 EP 143 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:200810907 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 387WH UT WOS:000261981800017 ER PT J AU Moretti, A Pagani, C Cusumano, G Campana, S Perri, M Abbey, A Ajello, M Beardmore, AP Burrows, D Chincarini, G Godet, O Guidorzi, C Hill, JE Kennea, J Nousek, J Osborne, JP Tagliaferri, G AF Moretti, A. Pagani, C. Cusumano, G. Campana, S. Perri, M. Abbey, A. Ajello, M. Beardmore, A. P. Burrows, D. Chincarini, G. Godet, O. Guidorzi, C. Hill, J. E. Kennea, J. Nousek, J. Osborne, J. P. Tagliaferri, G. TI A new measurement of the cosmic X-ray background SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE X-rays: diffuse background; surveys; instrumentation: miscellaneous ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; XMM-NEWTON; LUMINOSITY FUNCTION; DEEP FIELDS; SWIFT BAT; SPECTRUM; CHANDRA; FLUCTUATION; POPULATION; TELESCOPE AB Aims. We present a new measurement of the cosmic X-ray background (CXRB) in the 1.5-7 keV energy band, performed by exploiting the Swift X-ray telescope (XRT) data archive. We also present a CXRB spectral model in a wider energy band (1.5-200 keV), obtained by combining these data with the recently published Swift-BAT measurement. Methods. From the XRT archive we collect a complete sample of 126 high Galactic latitude gamma-ray burst (GRB) follow-up observations. This provides a total exposure of 7.5 Ms and a sky-coverage of similar to 7 square degrees which represents a serendipitous survey, well suited for a direct measurement of the CXRB in the 1.5-10 keV interval. Our work is based on a complete characterization of the instrumental background and an accurate measurement of the stray-light contamination and vignetting calibration. Results. We find that the CXRB spectrum in the 1.5-7 keV energy band can be equally well fitted by a single power-law with photon index Gamma = 1.47 +/- 0.07 or a single power-law with photon index Gamma = 1.41 +/- 0.06 and an exponential roll-off at 41 keV. The measured flux in the 2-10 keV energy band is 2.18 +/- 0.13 x 10(-11) erg cm(-2) s(-1) deg(-2) in the 2-10 keV band. Combining Swift-XRT with Swift-BAT (15-200 keV) we find that, in the 1.5-200 keV band, the CXRB spectrum can be well described by two smoothly-joined power laws with the energy break at 29.0 +/- 0.5 keV corresponding to a nu F(nu) peak located at 22.4 +/- 0.4 keV. Conclusions. Taking advantage of both the Swift high energy instruments (XRT and BAT), we produce an analytical description of the CXRB spectrum over a wide (1.5-200 keV) energy band. This model is marginally consistent with the HEAO1 measurement (similar to 10% higher) at energies higher than 20 keV, while it is significantly (30%) higher at low energies (2-10 keV). C1 [Moretti, A.; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; Guidorzi, C.; Tagliaferri, G.] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, IT-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. [Pagani, C.; Burrows, D.; Kennea, J.; Nousek, J.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Cusumano, G.] Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Sez Palermo, INAF, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. [Perri, M.] ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. [Abbey, A.; Godet, O.; Osborne, J. P.] Univ Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Ajello, M.] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Ajello, M.] KIPAC, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Chincarini, G.; Guidorzi, C.] Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Fis, I-20126 Milan, Italy. [Hill, J. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hill, J. E.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. RP Moretti, A (reprint author), INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, Via E Bianchi 46, IT-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. EM alberto.moretti@brera.inaf.it OI Campana, Sergio/0000-0001-6278-1576; Cusumano, Giancarlo/0000-0002-8151-1990; moretti, alberto/0000-0002-9770-0315; Perri, Matteo/0000-0003-3613-4409; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723 FU ASI [I/011/07/0]; NASA [NAS5-00136]; STFC FX This work is supported at OAB-INAF by ASI grant I/011/07/0, at PSU by NASA contract NAS5-00136. A.A., A.B., O.G. and J.O. acknowledge STFC funding. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System Service. NR 54 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 493 IS 2 BP 501 EP 509 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:200811197 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 396OP UT WOS:000262601300018 ER PT J AU Ashdown, MAJ Baccigalupi, C Bartlett, JG Borrill, J Cantalupo, C de Gasperis, G de Troia, G Gorski, KM Hivon, E Huffenberger, K Keihanen, E Keskitalo, R Kisner, T Kurki-Suonio, H Lawrence, CR Natoli, P Poutanen, T Prezeau, G Reinecke, M Rocha, G Sandri, M Stompor, R Villa, F Wandelt, B AF Ashdown, M. A. J. Baccigalupi, C. Bartlett, J. G. Borrill, J. Cantalupo, C. de Gasperis, G. de Troia, G. Gorski, K. M. Hivon, E. Huffenberger, K. Keihanen, E. Keskitalo, R. Kisner, T. Kurki-Suonio, H. Lawrence, C. R. Natoli, P. Poutanen, T. Prezeau, G. Reinecke, M. Rocha, G. Sandri, M. Stompor, R. Villa, F. Wandelt, B. CA Planck CTP Working Grp TI Making maps from Planck LFI 30 GHz data with asymmetric beams and cooler noise SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cosmology: cosmic microwave background; methods: data analysis; cosmology: observations ID BACKGROUND POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS; CMB EXPERIMENTS; SCANNING STRATEGY; MAKING ALGORITHM; 1/F NOISE; DESTRIPING TECHNIQUE; POWER SPECTRUM; MICROWAVE; ERRORS; SKY AB The Planck satellite will observe the full sky at nine frequencies from 30 to 857 GHz. Temperature and polarization frequency maps made from these observations are prime deliverables of the Planck mission. The goal of this paper is to examine the effects of four realistic instrument systematics in the 30 GHz frequency maps: non-axially-symmetric beams, sample integration, sorption cooler noise, and pointing errors. We simulated one-year long observations of four 30 GHz detectors. The simulated timestreams contained cosmic microwave background (CMB) signal, foreground components ( both galactic and extra-galactic), instrument noise ( correlated and white), and the four instrument systematic effects. We made maps from the timelines and examined the magnitudes of the systematics effects in the maps and their angular power spectra. We also compared the maps of different mapmaking codes to see how they performed. We used five mapmaking codes ( two destripers and three optimal codes). None of our mapmaking codes makes any attempt to deconvolve the beam from its output map. Therefore all our maps had similar smoothing due to beams and sample integration. This is a complicated smoothing, because each map pixel has its own effective beam. Temperature to polarization cross-coupling due to beam mismatch causes a detectable bias in the TE spectrum of the CMB map. The effects of cooler noise and pointing errors did not appear to be major concerns for the 30 GHz channel. The only essential difference found so far between mapmaking codes that affects accuracy ( in terms of residual root-mean-square) is baseline length. All optimal codes give essentially indistinguishable results. A destriper gives the same result as the optimal codes when the baseline is set short enough ( Madam). For longer baselines destripers (Springtide and Madam) require less computing resources but deliver a noisier map. C1 [Ashdown, M. A. J.] Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. [Ashdown, M. A. J.] Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Baccigalupi, C.] SISSA ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. [Baccigalupi, C.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. [Bartlett, J. G.; Stompor, R.] Lab Astroparticule & Cosmol, F-75205 Paris 13, France. [Bartlett, J. G.; Stompor, R.] Univ Paris Diderot, CEA, CNRS, Observ Paris,UMR 7164, Paris, France. [Borrill, J.; Cantalupo, C.] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Computat Cosmol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Borrill, J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [de Gasperis, G.; de Troia, G.; Natoli, P.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Gorski, K. M.; Huffenberger, K.; Lawrence, C. R.; Prezeau, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gorski, K. M.; Hivon, E.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Gorski, K. M.] Univ Warsaw Observ, PL-00478 Warsaw, Poland. [Hivon, E.] Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. [Keihanen, E.; Keskitalo, R.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Poutanen, T.] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki 00014, Finland. [Keskitalo, R.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Poutanen, T.] Helsinki Inst Phys, Helsinki 00014, Finland. [Natoli, P.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Poutanen, T.] Helsinki Univ Technol, Metsahovi Radioobserv, Kylmala 02540, Finland. [Reinecke, M.] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Rocha, G.] CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Sandri, M.; Villa, F.] INAF IASF Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. [Wandelt, B.] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Wandelt, B.] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ashdown, MAJ (reprint author), Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. EM torsti.poutanen@helsinki.fi RI de Gasperis, Giancarlo/C-8534-2012; Kurki-Suonio, Hannu/B-8502-2016; OI de Gasperis, Giancarlo/0000-0003-2899-2171; Kurki-Suonio, Hannu/0000-0002-4618-3063; Sandri, Maura/0000-0003-4806-5375; WANDELT, Benjamin/0000-0002-5854-8269; Huffenberger, Kevin/0000-0001-7109-0099; Villa, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1798-861X; Hivon, Eric/0000-0003-1880-2733 NR 51 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 493 IS 2 BP 753 EP 783 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:200810381 PG 31 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 396OP UT WOS:000262601300046 ER PT J AU Landi, R Stephen, JB Masetti, N Grupe, D Capitanio, F Bird, AJ Dean, AJ Fiocchi, M Gehrels, N AF Landi, R. Stephen, J. B. Masetti, N. Grupe, D. Capitanio, F. Bird, A. J. Dean, A. J. Fiocchi, M. Gehrels, N. TI The AGN nature of three INTEGRAL sources: IGR J18249-3243, IGR J19443+2117, and IGR J22292+6647 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gamma rays: observations; X-rays: galaxies; galaxies: active; galaxies: individual: IGR J18249-3243; galaxies: individual: IGR J19443+2117; galaxies: individual: IGR J22292+6647 ID X-RAY TELESCOPE; SKY SURVEY; CATALOG; NUCLEI AB Context. The third INTEGRAL/IBIS survey has revealed several new hard X-ray sources, which are still unidentified or unclassified. To identify these sources, we need to find their counterparts at other wavelengths and then study their nature. Aims. The aim of this work is to employ the capability of the X-ray telescope (XRT) onboard Swift to localise the sources with a positional accuracy of few arcseconds, thus allowing the search for optical/UV, infrared, and radio counterparts to be more efficient and reliable. A second objective is to provide spectral information over a broad range of frequencies. Methods. We analysed all XRT observations available for three unidentified INTEGRAL sources, IGR J18249-3243, IGR J19443+2117, and IGR J22292+6647, localised their soft X-ray counterparts, and searched for associations with objects in the radio band. We also combined X-/gamma-ray data, as well as all the available radio, infrared, and optical/UV information, in order to provide a broad-band spectral characterisation of each source and investigate its nature. Results. In all three cases, XRT observations provided a firm localisation of the X-ray counterpart and information on its optical/UV, infrared, and radio associations. All three sources are found to be bright and repeatedly observed radio objects, although poorly studied. The X-/gamma-ray spectrum of each source is described well by power laws with the photon indices typical of AGN; however, only IGR J19443+2117 may have absorption in excess of the Galactic value, while IGR J22292+6647 is certainly variable at X-ray energies. IGR J18249-3243 has a complex radio morphology and a steep radio spectrum, while the other two sources show flatter radio spectra and a more compact morphology. Overall, their radio, optical/UV, and infrared characteristics, as well as their X-/gamma-ray properties, point to an AGN classification for all three objects. C1 [Landi, R.; Stephen, J. B.; Masetti, N.] INAF IASF Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. [Grupe, D.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Capitanio, F.; Fiocchi, M.] INAF IASF Roma, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Bird, A. J.; Dean, A. J.] Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Gehrels, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Landi, R (reprint author), INAF IASF Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. EM landi@iasfbo.inaf.it RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; OI Capitanio, Fiamma/0000-0002-6384-3027; Fiocchi, Mariateresa/0000-0001-5697-6019; Masetti, Nicola/0000-0001-9487-7740 FU ASI [I/088/06/0, I/008/07/0]; NASA [NAS5-00136, NNX07AH67G] FX We thank Silvia Galleti and Roberto Gualandi for Service Mode observations at the "Cassini" telescope in Loiano. We also thank Marco Salvati for useful remarks which helped us to improve the paper. This research has made use of data obtained from the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), the USNO-B1.0 and 2MASS catalogues and the CATS database (Astrophysical CATalogs support System). The authors acknowledge the ASI financial support via ASI-INAF grants I/088/06/0 and I/008/07/0. Swift at PSU is supported by NASA contract NAS5-00136. This research was also supported by NASA contract NNX07AH67G (D. G.). We also acknowledge the use of public data from the Swift data archive. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 493 IS 3 BP 893 EP 898 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:200810503 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 397DA UT WOS:000262641100013 ER PT S AU Goldsmith, PF AF Goldsmith, P. F. BE Pagani, L Gerin, M TI THE ASTROPHYSICS OF SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES WITH THE HERSCHEL SPACE OBSERVATORY SO ASTRONOMY IN THE SUBMILLIMETER AND FAR INFRARED DOMAINS WITH THE HERSCHEL SPACE OBSERVATORY SE EAS PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Les Houches Winter School 2007 CY APR 23-MAY 04, 2007 CL Les Houches, FRANCE ID MOLECULAR CLOUDS; ABUNDANCE; MODEL AB The three instruments on the Herschel Space Observatory, HIFI, SPIRE, and PACS, cover together over a decade in frequency, from 450 GHz, with spectral resolutions delta nu/nu between 0.3 and 10(-6). The equivalent temperature range, defined by T - h nu/k is 21 K <= T(cq) <= 240 K, and thus for dust emission, Herschel will cover the peak of the Planck function in many sources associated with both quiescent and star-forming molecular clouds, both in the Milky Way and other glaxies. The temperature equivalence of the Herschel frequency range also means that essentially all portions of giant molecular clouds will be well probed by the many spectral lines in the Herschel wavelength range of 0.67 mm to 60 mu m. My focus in this paper is on gas phase spectral lines of molecules, atoms, and ions, which will be well resolved with heterodyne receivers on HIFI, but typically not resolved in Galactic sources with the other two instruments. Kinematic interpretation of spectral lines with HIFI is of great interest, along with determination of temperature, density, and column density. I briefly summarize in this review the most important species for Herschel observations, and discuss how one can derive important astronomical quantities from data obtained with the Herschel Space Observatory. Along with describing techniques for analyzing data from the Herschel instruments, I will cover briefly what supplementary ground-based observations are necessary to extract the most from the valuable observing time of the spacce-based facility. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Goldsmith, PF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-0390-3 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2009 VL 34 BP 89 EP 105 DI 10.1051/eas:0934007 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BIX31 UT WOS:000263556600007 ER PT J AU Sidoli, L Romano, P Mangano, V Cusumano, G Vercellone, S Kennea, JA Paizis, A Krimm, HA Burrows, DN Gehrels, N AF Sidoli, L. Romano, P. Mangano, V. Cusumano, G. Vercellone, S. Kennea, J. A. Paizis, A. Krimm, H. A. Burrows, D. N. Gehrels, N. TI MONITORING SUPERGIANT FAST X-RAY TRANSIENTS WITH SWIFT. III. OUTBURSTS OF THE PROTOTYPICAL SUPERGIANT FAST X-RAY TRANSIENTS IGR J17544-2619 AND XTE J1739-302 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE X-rays: individual (IGR J17544-2619, XTE J1739-302) ID NEUTRON-STAR; BULK COMPTONIZATION; PULSARS; REGION; ASCA AB IGR J17544-2619 and XTE J1739-302 are considered the prototypical sources of the new class of High-Mass X-ray Binaries, the Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients. These sources were observed during bright outbursts on 2008 March 31 and 2008 April 8, respectively, thanks to an ongoing monitoring campaign we are performing with Swift, started in 2007 October. Simultaneous observations with X-ray Telescope and Burst Alert Telescope allowed us to perform for the first time a broadband spectroscopy of their outbursts. The Xray emission is well reproduced with absorbed cutoff power laws, similar to the typical spectral shape from accreting pulsars. IGR J17544-2619 shows a significantly harder spectrum during the bright flare (where a luminosity in excess of 10(36) erg s(-1) is reached) than during the long-term low-level flaring activity (10(33)-10(34) erg s(-1)), while XTE J1739-302 displayed the same spectral shape, within the uncertainties, and a higher column density during the flare than in the low-level activity. The light curves of these two SFXTs during the bright flare look similar to those observed during recent flares from other two SFXTs, IGR J11215-5952 and IGR J16479-4514, reinforcing the connection among the members of this class of X-ray sources. C1 [Sidoli, L.; Vercellone, S.; Paizis, A.] Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, INAF, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Romano, P.; Mangano, V.; Cusumano, G.] Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, INAF, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. [Kennea, J. A.; Burrows, D. N.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Krimm, H. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Krimm, H. A.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. RP Sidoli, L (reprint author), Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, INAF, Via E Bassini 15, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; OI Cusumano, Giancarlo/0000-0002-8151-1990; Paizis, Adamantia/0000-0001-5067-0377; Sidoli, Lara/0000-0001-9705-2883; Vercellone, Stefano/0000-0003-1163-1396 FU MIUR [2005-025417]; Penn State University by NASA [NAS500136]; [ASI/INAFI/023/05/0]; [I/008/07/0]; [I/088/06/0] FX We thank the Swift team for making these observations possible, in particular Scott Barthelmy (for his invaluable help with BAT), the duty scientists, and science planners. P. R. thanks INAF-IASF Milano, where part of the work was carried out, for their kind hospitality. H. K. was supported by the Swift project. This work was supported in Italy by MIUR grant 2005-025417 and contract ASI/INAFI/023/05/0, I/008/07/0 and I/088/06/0, and at Penn State University by NASA contract NAS500136. NR 37 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 120 EP 127 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/120 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600010 ER PT J AU Roming, PWA Koch, TS Oates, SR Porterfield, BL Berk, DEV Boyd, PT Holland, ST Hoversten, EA Immler, S Marshall, FE Page, MJ Racusin, JL Schneider, DP Breeveld, AA Brown, PJ Chester, MM Cucchiara, A De Pasquale, M Gronwall, C Hunsberger, SD Kuin, NPM Landsman, WB Schady, P Still, M AF Roming, P. W. A. Koch, T. S. Oates, S. R. Porterfield, B. L. Berk, D. E. Vanden Boyd, P. T. Holland, S. T. Hoversten, E. A. Immler, S. Marshall, F. E. Page, M. J. Racusin, J. L. Schneider, D. P. Breeveld, A. A. Brown, P. J. Chester, M. M. Cucchiara, A. De Pasquale, M. Gronwall, C. Hunsberger, S. D. Kuin, N. P. M. Landsman, W. B. Schady, P. Still, M. TI THE FIRST SWIFT ULTRAVIOLET/OPTICAL TELESCOPE GRB AFTERGLOW CATALOG SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE catalogs; gamma rays: bursts ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; OPTICAL AFTERGLOW; BRIGHT; UVOT; BATSE; ASTROMETRY; POSITIONS; NETWORK; MISSION AB We present the first Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow catalog. The catalog contains data from over 64,000 independent UVOT image observations of 229 GRBs first detected by Swift, the High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE2), the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), and the Interplanetary Network (IPN). The catalog covers GRBs occurring during the period from 2005 January 17 to 2007 June 16 and includes similar to 86% of the bursts detected by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT). The catalog provides detailed burst positional, temporal, and photometric information extracted from each of the UVOT images. Positions for bursts detected at the 3 sigma level are provided with a nominal accuracy, relative to the USNO-B1 catalog, of similar to 0 ''.25. Photometry for each burst is given in three UV bands, three optical bands, and a "white" or open filter. Upper limits for magnitudes are reported for sources detected below 3s. General properties of the burst sample and light curves, including the filter-dependent temporal slopes, are also provided. The majority of the UVOT light curves, for bursts detected at the 3 sigma level, can be fit by a single power-law, with a median temporal slope (alpha) of 0.96, beginning several hundred seconds after the burst trigger and ending at similar to 1 x 10(5) s. The median UVOT nu-band (similar to 5500 angstrom )magnitude at 2000 s for a sample of "well"-detected bursts is 18.02. The UVOT flux interpolated to 2000 s after the burst, shows relatively strong correlations with both the prompt Swift BAT fluence, and the Swift X-ray flux at 11 hr after the trigger. C1 [Roming, P. W. A.; Koch, T. S.; Berk, D. E. Vanden; Hoversten, E. A.; Racusin, J. L.; Schneider, D. P.; Brown, P. J.; Chester, M. M.; Cucchiara, A.; Gronwall, C.; Hunsberger, S. D.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Oates, S. R.; Page, M. J.; Breeveld, A. A.; De Pasquale, M.; Kuin, N. P. M.; Schady, P.; Still, M.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Porterfield, B. L.] State Coll Area High Sch, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. [Boyd, P. T.; Holland, S. T.; Immler, S.; Marshall, F. E.; Landsman, W. B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Holland, S. T.; Immler, S.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Holland, S. T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ctr Space Res Space Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Roming, PWA (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 525 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM roming@astro.psu.edu RI Racusin, Judith/D-2935-2012; Boyd, Patricia/D-3274-2012 FU PSU by NASA [NAS5-00136]; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) FX We gratefully acknowledge the contributions from members of the Swift team at the Pennsylvania State University (PSU), University College London/Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and our subcontractors, who helped make this instrument possible. This work is sponsored at PSU by NASA contract NAS5-00136 and at MSSL by funding from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). NR 47 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 163 EP 188 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/163 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600014 ER PT J AU Valtonen, M Nurmi, P Zheng, JQ Cucinotta, FA Wilson, JW Horneck, G Lindegren, L Melosh, J Rickman, H Mileikowsky, C AF Valtonen, Mauri Nurmi, Pasi Zheng, Jia-Qing Cucinotta, Francis A. Wilson, John W. Horneck, Gerda Lindegren, Lennart Melosh, Jay Rickman, Hans Mileikowsky, Curt TI NATURAL TRANSFER OF VIABLE MICROBES IN SPACE FROM PLANETS IN EXTRA-SOLAR SYSTEMS TO A PLANET IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND VICE VERSA SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; meteors, meteoroids; planetary systems; stellar dynamics ID LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS; TRAPEZIUM CLUSTER; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; EARLY EARTH; SPORES; BACTERIA; SURVIVABILITY AB We investigate whether it is possible that viable microbes could have been transported to the Earth from planets in extra-solar systems by means of natural vehicles such as ejecta expelled by comets or asteroid impacts on such planets. The probabilities of close encounters with other solar systems are taken into account as well as the limitations of bacterial survival times inside ejecta in space, caused by radiation and DNA decay. The conclusion is that no potentially DNA/RNA life-carrying ejecta from another solar system in the general Galactic star field landed on the Earth before life already existed on the Earth, even if the microbial survival time in space is as long as tens of millions of years. However, if the Sun formed initially as a part of a star cluster, as is commonly assumed, we cannot rule out the possibility of transfer of life from one of the sister systems to us. Likewise, there is a possibility that some extra-solar planets carry life that originated in our solar system. It will be of great interest to identify the members of the Sun's birth cluster of stars and study them for evidence of planets and life on the planets. The former step may be accomplished by the GAIA mission, the latter step by the SIM and DARWIN missions. Therefore it may not be too long until we have experimental knowledge to answer the question of whether the natural transfer of life from one solar system to another has actually taken place. C1 [Valtonen, Mauri; Nurmi, Pasi; Zheng, Jia-Qing] Turku Univ, Tuorla Observ, FIN-21500 Piikkio, Finland. [Cucinotta, Francis A.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Wilson, John W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Horneck, Gerda] Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, D-51147 Cologne, Germany. [Lindegren, Lennart] Lund Univ, Lund Observ, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. [Melosh, Jay] Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Rickman, Hans] Uppsala Univ, Dept Space Phys & Astron, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden. [Mileikowsky, Curt] Royal Inst Technol, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Valtonen, M (reprint author), Turku Univ, Tuorla Observ, FIN-21500 Piikkio, Finland. EM mvaltonen2001@yahoo.com NR 49 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 210 EP 215 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/210 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600017 ER PT J AU Hanke, M Wilms, J Nowak, MA Pottschmidt, K Schulz, NS Lee, JC AF Hanke, Manfred Wilms, Joern Nowak, Michael A. Pottschmidt, Katja Schulz, Norbert S. Lee, Julia C. TI CHANDRA X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY OF THE FOCUSED WIND IN THE CYGNUS X-1 SYSTEM. I. THE NONDIP SPECTRUM IN THE LOW/HARD STATE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; stars: individual (HDE 226868, Cyg X-1); stars: winds, outflows; techniques: spectroscopic; X-rays: binaries ID LONG-TERM VARIABILITY; REFLECTION GRATING SPECTROMETER; PHOTOIONIZATION CROSS-SECTIONS; RADIATION-DRIVEN WINDS; BLACK-HOLE CANDIDATES; ION LINE-INTENSITIES; HELIUM-LIKE IONS; MASS-LOSS RATES; TIMING-EXPLORER; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM AB We present analyses of a 50 ks observation of the supergiant X-ray binary system Cygnus X-1 (Cyg X-1)/HDE226868 taken with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS). Cyg X-1 was in its spectrally hard state and the observation was performed during superior conjunction of the black hole, allowing for the spectroscopic analysis of the accreted stellar wind along the line of sight. A significant part of the observation covers X-ray dips as commonly observed for Cyg X-1 at this orbital phase, however, here we analyze only the high count rate nondip spectrum. The full 0.5-10 keV continuum can be described by a single model consisting of a disk, a narrow and a relativistically broadened Fe K alpha line, and a power-law component, which is consistent with simultaneous Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer broadband data. We detect absorption edges from overabundant neutral O, Ne, and Fe, and absorption line series from highly ionized ions and infer column densities and Doppler shifts. With emission lines of He-like Mg XI, we detect two plasma components with velocities and densities consistent with the base of the spherical wind and a focused wind. A simple simulation of the photoionization zone suggests that large parts of the spherical wind outside of the focused stream are completely ionized, which is consistent with the low velocities (<200 km s(-1)) observed in the absorption lines, as the position of absorbers in a spherical wind at low projected velocity is well constrained. Our observations provide input for models that couple the wind activity of HDE 226868 to the properties of the accretion flow onto the black hole. C1 [Hanke, Manfred; Wilms, Joern] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Astron Inst, Dr Karl Remeis Sternwarte, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany. [Hanke, Manfred; Wilms, Joern] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. [Nowak, Michael A.; Schulz, Norbert S.] MIT, CXC, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Ctr Res & Explorat Space Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pottschmidt, Katja] Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Lee, Julia C.] Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Hanke, M (reprint author), Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Astron Inst, Dr Karl Remeis Sternwarte, Sternwartstr 7, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany. EM Manfred.Hanke@sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de RI Wilms, Joern/C-8116-2013; Lee, Julia/G-2381-2015 OI Wilms, Joern/0000-0003-2065-5410; Lee, Julia/0000-0002-7336-3588 NR 97 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 330 EP 346 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/330 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600029 ER PT J AU Ajello, M Rebusco, P Cappelluti, N Reimer, O Bohringer, H Greiner, J Gehrels, N Tueller, J Moretti, A AF Ajello, M. Rebusco, P. Cappelluti, N. Reimer, O. Boehringer, H. Greiner, J. Gehrels, N. Tueller, J. Moretti, A. TI GALAXY CLUSTERS IN THE SWIFT/BURST ALERT TELESCOPE ERA: HARD X-RAYS IN THE INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE acceleration of particles; galaxies: clusters: general; magnetic fields; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal; X-rays: general ID SIMULATING COSMIC-RAYS; COOLING FLOW CLUSTERS; FLUX-LIMITED SAMPLE; ALL-SKY SURVEY; COMA CLUSTER; GAMMA-RAY; PERSEUS CLUSTER; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; XMM-NEWTON; TEMPERATURE MAP AB We report the detection of 10 clusters of galaxies in the ongoing Swift/Burst Alert Telescope ( BAT) all-sky survey. This sample, which mostly comprises merging clusters, was serendipitously detected in the 15-55 keV band. We use the BAT sample to investigate the presence of excess hard X-rays above the thermal emission. The BAT clusters do not show significant (e.g., >= 2 sigma) nonthermal hard X-ray emission. The only exception is represented by Perseus whose high-energy emission is likely due to NGC 1275. Using XMM-Newton, Swift/XRT, Chandra and BAT data, we are able to produce upper limits of the inverse Compton (IC) emission mechanism which are in disagreement with most of the previously-claimed hard X-ray excesses. The coupling of the X-ray upper limits of the IC mechanism to radio data shows that, in some clusters, the magnetic field might be larger than 0.5 mu G. We also derive the first log N-log S and luminosity function distributions of galaxy clusters above 15 keV. C1 [Ajello, M.; Cappelluti, N.; Boehringer, H.; Greiner, J.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany. [Rebusco, P.] MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Cappelluti, N.] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Reimer, O.] Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Reimer, O.] Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Gehrels, N.; Tueller, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Moretti, A.] INAF OAB, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. RP Ajello, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, POB 1603, D-85740 Garching, Germany. EM majello@mpe.mpg.de RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Tueller, Jack/D-5334-2012; Reimer, Olaf/A-3117-2013; OI Reimer, Olaf/0000-0001-6953-1385; Cappelluti, Nico/0000-0002-1697-186X; moretti, alberto/0000-0002-9770-0315 FU DFG Leibniz-Prize [HA 1850/28-1]; MIT; NASA [NNX07AV03G] FX M.A. acknowledges funding from the DFG Leibniz-Prize (HA 1850/28-1). P.R. is supported by the Pappalardo Postdoctoral Fellowship in Physics at MIT. N.C. was partially supported by a NASA grant NNX07AV03G. M.A. and P.R. acknowledge Balu for his incomparable constant enthusiasm. We thank T. Okajima for providing a copy of his manuscript before submission and for interesting discussions. The anonymous referee is acknowledged for his helpful comments, which improved the manuscript. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, of data obtained from the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, of the SIMBAD Astronomical Database, which is operated by the Centre de Donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg, and of the ROSAT All Sky Survey maintained by the Max Planck Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik. NR 164 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 367 EP 388 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/367 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600032 ER PT J AU Kretke, KA Lin, DNC Garaud, P Turner, NJ AF Kretke, K. A. Lin, D. N. C. Garaud, P. Turner, N. J. TI ASSEMBLING THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF GIANT PLANETS AROUND INTERMEDIATE-MASS STARS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE planetary systems: formation; planetary systems: protoplanetary disks ID WEAKLY MAGNETIZED DISKS; SOLAR NEBULA; ACCRETION DISKS; DETERMINISTIC MODEL; PROTOSTELLAR DISKS; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; LAYERED ACCRETION; SOLID BODIES; SNOW LINE AB We examine a physical process that leads to the efficient formation of gas giant planets around intermediate-mass stars. In the gaseous protoplanetary disks surrounding rapidly accreting intermediate-mass stars, we show that the midplane temperature (heated primarily by turbulent dissipation) can reach greater than or similar to 1000 K out to 1 AU. The thermal ionization of this hot gas couples the disk to the magnetic field, allowing the magnetorotational instability (MRI) to generate turbulence and transport angular momentum. Further from the central star the ionization fraction decreases, decoupling the disk from the magnetic field and reducing the efficiency of angular momentum transport. As the disk evolves toward a quasi-steady state, a local maximum in the surface density and in the midplane pressure both develop at the inner edge of the MRI-dead zone, trapping inwardly migrating solid bodies. Small particles accumulate and coagulate into planetesimals which grow rapidly until they reach isolation mass. In contrast to the situation around solar-type stars, we show that the isolation mass for cores at this critical radius around the more-massive stars is large enough to promote the accretion of significant amounts of gas prior to disk depletion. Through this process, we anticipate a prolific production of gas giants at similar to 1 AU around intermediate-mass stars. C1 [Kretke, K. A.; Lin, D. N. C.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Lin, D. N. C.] Peking Univ, Kavli Inst Astron & Astrophys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. [Garaud, P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Baskin Sch Engn, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Turner, N. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kretke, KA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM kretke@ucolick.org RI Kretke, Katherine/D-5417-2013 FU NASA [NAGS5-11779, NNG06-GF45G, NNX07A-L13G, NNX07AI88G]; JPL [1270927]; NSF [AST-0507424] FX We thank D. Fischer, S. Ida, and P. Bodenheimer for many useful conversations. This work is supported by NASA (NAGS5-11779, NNG06-GF45G, NNX07A-L13G, NNX07AI88G), JPL (1270927), and NSF(AST-0507424). NR 52 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 407 EP 415 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/407 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600035 ER PT J AU Chapman, NL Mundy, LG Lai, SP Evans, NJ AF Chapman, Nicholas L. Mundy, Lee G. Lai, Shih-Ping Evans, Neal J., II TI THE MID-INFRARED EXTINCTION LAW IN THE OPHIUCHUS, PERSEUS, AND SERPENS MOLECULAR CLOUDS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE infrared: stars; ISM: clouds; stars: formation ID SPITZER C2D SURVEY; INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS; NEARBY; LEGACY; DUST; MIPS; IRAC; GLIMPSE; STARS AB We compute the mid-IR extinction law from 3.6 to 24 mu m in three molecular clouds-Ophiuchus, Perseus, and Serpens-by combining data from the "Cores to Disks" Spitzer Legacy Science program with deep JHK(s) imaging. Using a new technique, we are able to calculate the line-of-sight (LOS) extinction law toward each background star in our fields. With these LOS measurements, we create, for the first time, maps of the chi(2) deviation of the data from two extinction law models. Because our chi(2) maps have the same spatial resolution as our extinction maps, we can directly observe the changing extinction law as a function of the total column density. In the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) bands, 3.6-8 mu m, we see evidence for grain growth. Below A(Ks) = 0.5, our extinction law is well fitted by the Weingartner and Draine R(V) = 3.1 diffuse interstellar-medium dust model. As the extinction increases, our law gradually flattens, and for A(Ks) >= 1, the data are more consistent with the Weingartner and Draine R(V) = 5.5 model that uses larger maximum dust grain sizes. At 24 mu m, our extinction law is 2-4 times higher than the values predicted by theoretical dust models, but is more consistent with the observational results of Flaherty et al. Finally, from our chi(2) maps we identify a region in Perseus where the IRAC extinction law is anomalously high considering its column density. A steeper near-IR extinction law than the one we have assumed may partially explain the IRAC extinction law in this region. C1 [Chapman, Nicholas L.; Mundy, Lee G.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Lai, Shih-Ping] Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Inst Astron, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan. [Lai, Shih-Ping] Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan. [Chapman, Nicholas L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Evans, Neal J., II] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Chapman, NL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM Nicholas.L.Chapman@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA [1224608, 1230782, 1230779, 1407, NAG510611]; JPL [1264793, 1264492] FX We thank the anonymous referee whose useful comments improved this paper. Support for this work, utilizing data from the "Cores to Disks" Spitzer Legacy Science Program ( Evans et al. 2003), was provided by NASA through contracts 1224608, 1230782, and 1230779 issued by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NASA contract 1407. Additional support for N.L.C. was provided by NASA through JPL contracts 1264793 and 1264492. L.G.M. was supported by NASA Origins Grant NAG510611. This research has made use of PyRAF, a product of the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by AURA for NASA. We also used SIMBAD and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED). The SIMBAD database is operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. NED is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 27 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 496 EP 511 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/496 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600042 ER PT J AU Treu, T Gavazzi, R Gorecki, A Marshall, PJ Koopmans, LVE Bolton, AS Moustakas, LA Burles, S AF Treu, Tommaso Gavazzi, Raphael Gorecki, Alexia Marshall, Philip J. Koopmans, Leon V. E. Bolton, Adam S. Moustakas, Leonidas A. Burles, Scott TI THE SLACS SURVEY. VIII. THE RELATION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: formation; galaxies: structure; gravitational lensing ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; LENS ACS SURVEY; MORPHOLOGY-DENSITY RELATION; SPECTROSCOPIC TARGET SELECTION; COLOR-MAGNITUDE RELATION; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; DARK-MATTER HALOS; GRAVITATIONAL LENS; GROUP CONNECTION; REDSHIFT SURVEY AB We study the relation between the internal structure of early-type galaxies and their environment using 70 strong gravitational lenses from the SLACS Survey. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) database is used to determine two measures of overdensity of galaxies around each lens-the projected number density of galaxies inside the tenth nearest neighbor (Sigma(10)) and within a cone of radius one h(-1) Mpc (D(1)). Our main results are as follows. (1) The average overdensity is somewhat larger than unity, consistent with lenses preferring overdense environments as expected for massive early-type galaxies (12/70 lenses are in known groups/clusters). (2) The distribution of overdensities is indistinguishable from that of "twin" nonlens galaxies selected from SDSS to have the same redshift and stellar velocity dispersion sigma(*). Thus, within our errors, lens galaxies are an unbiased population, and the SLACS results can be generalized to the overall population of early-type galaxies. (3) Typical contributions from external mass distribution are no more than a few percent in local mass density, reaching 10-20% (similar to 0.05-0.10 external convergence) only in the most extreme overdensities. (4) No significant correlation between overdensity and slope of the mass-density profile of the lens galaxies is found. (5) Satellite galaxies (those with a more luminous companion) have marginally steeper mass-density profiles (as quantified by f(SIE) = sigma(*)/sigma(SIE) = 1.12 +/- 0.05 versus 1.01 +/- 0.01) and smaller dynamically normalized mass enclosed within the Einstein radius (Delta log M(Ein)/M(dim) differs by -0.09 +/- 0.03 dex) than central galaxies (those without). This result suggests that tidal stripping may affect the mass structure of early-type galaxies down to kpc scales probed by strong lensing, when they fall into larger structures. C1 [Treu, Tommaso; Gavazzi, Raphael; Gorecki, Alexia; Marshall, Philip J.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Gavazzi, Raphael] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR7095, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. [Koopmans, Leon V. E.] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. [Bolton, Adam S.] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Moustakas, Leonidas A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Burles, Scott] MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Burles, Scott] MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Treu, T (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM tt@physics.ucsb.edu; gavazzi@iap.fr; koopmans@astro.rug.nl; bolton@ifa.hawaii.edu; leonidas@jpl.nasa.gov; burles@mit.edu OI Moustakas, Leonidas/0000-0003-3030-2360 FU NASA [10174, 10587, 10886, 10494, 10798]; NSF [NSF-0642621]; Sloan Foundation; NWO-VIDI [639.042.505]; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Participating Institutions; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy; Japanese Monbukagakusho; Max Planck Society FX We thank Steve Allen, Matt Auger, Maru. sa Brada. c, and Chris Fassnacht for many insightful conversations. Support for programs 10174, 10587, 10886, 10494, and 10798 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. T. T. acknowledges support from the NSF through CAREER award NSF-0642621, by the Sloan Foundation through a Sloan Research Fellowship, and by the Packard Foundation through a Packard Fellowship. L. V. E. K. is supported (in part) through an NWO-VIDI program subsidy (project number 639.042.505). The work of L. A. M. was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This project would not have been feasible without the extensive and accurate database provided by the Digital Sloan Sky Survey (SDSS). Funding for the creation and distribution of the SDSS Archive has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society. The SDSS Web site is http://www.sdss.org/. The SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) for the Participating Institutions. The Participating Institutions are The University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, the Korean Scientist Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, University of Pittsburgh, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington. NR 81 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 670 EP 682 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/670 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600053 ER PT J AU Milam, SN Woolf, NJ Ziurys, LM AF Milam, S. N. Woolf, N. J. Ziurys, L. M. TI CIRCUMSTELLAR C-12/C-13 ISOTOPE RATIOS FROM MILLIMETER OBSERVATIONS OF CN AND CO: MIXING IN CARBON- AND OXYGEN-RICH STARS SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; astrochemistry; line: profiles; nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances; radio lines: stars; stars: AGB and post-AGB ID GIANT BRANCH STARS; GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; VY-CANIS-MAJORIS; MASS-LOSS RATES; EVOLVED STARS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; BEARING MOLECULES; LINE OBSERVATIONS; HCN OBSERVATIONS; RED SUPERGIANTS AB A survey of the C-12/C-13 ratio toward circumstellar envelopes has been conducted at millimeter wavelengths using the facilities of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). The ratios were obtained for a sample of local C- and O-rich asymptotic giant branch and supergiant stars from observations of the C-12 and C-13 isotopologues of CO and CN, respectively. The J = 1 -> 0 transitions of both molecules were observed at lambda = 3 mm using the ARO 12 m telescope, while the J = 2 -> 1 lines of the two species were measured using the ARO Sub-Millimeter Telescope (SMT) at lambda = 1 mm. The C-12/C-13 ratios were determined from the CO data by modeling both transitions simultaneously with a circumstellar radiative transfer code, which can account for the high opacities present in the emission from this species. In the case of CN, the hyperfine structure was used to evaluate opacity effects. Ratios obtained independently from CO and CN are in good agreement. For the C- rich envelopes, the ratios fall in the range C-12/C-13 similar to 25-90, while the O-rich shells have values of 10-35. Ratios of C-12/C-13 similar to 3-14 are found for the supergiant stars, with the exception of VY CMa, where the values lie in the range 25-46. All ratios obtained in this study are <= 89, the solar value, suggesting that substantial carbon-13 enrichment may be currently occurring in the local interstellar medium. A qualitative model was constructed based on first and third dredge-up convective mixing that can reproduce the observed ratios. Substantial mixing of H-burning products must occur to explain the ratios in the O-rich objects, while a wide range of C-12/C-13 values can be generated by only a few percent mixing of He-burning ashes in the C-rich case. The C-12/C-13 ratios obtained in this study should help improve stellar yield models and contribute to the understanding of Galactic chemical evolution. C1 [Milam, S. N.; Woolf, N. J.; Ziurys, L. M.] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Milam, S. N.; Woolf, N. J.; Ziurys, L. M.] Univ Arizona, NASA Astrobiol Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Milam, S. N.; Woolf, N. J.; Ziurys, L. M.] Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Milam, SN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, M-S 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Stefanie.N.Milam@nasa.gov; nwoolf@as.arizona.edu; lziurys@as.arizona.edu RI Milam, Stefanie/D-1092-2012 OI Milam, Stefanie/0000-0001-7694-4129 FU NSF [AST-06-07803]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration [CAN-02-OSS-02]; Office of Space Science; ARCS, FX The authors would like to thank an anonymous referee for constructive comments that helped improve this manuscript. This work was supported in part by NSF Grant AST-06-07803 and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Astrobiology Institute under Cooperative Agreement No. CAN-02-OSS-02 issued through the Office of Space Science. S.N.M. would like to thank the Phoenix Chapter of ARCS, specifically the Mrs. Scott L. Libby, Jr. endowment, for partial funding. NR 87 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 837 EP 849 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/837 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600066 ER PT J AU Pravdo, SH Tsuboi, Y Suzuki, Y Thompson, TJ Rebull, L AF Pravdo, Steven H. Tsuboi, Yohko Suzuki, Yuichiro Thompson, Timothy J. Rebull, Luisa TI GGD 27: X-RAYS FROM A MASSIVE PROTOSTAR WITH AN OUTFLOW SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE infrared: stars; stars: pre-main sequence; X-rays: stars ID HERBIG-HARO OBJECTS; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; STAR-FORMING REGION; H-II REGIONS; RADIO-CONTINUUM EMISSION; BRIGHT-RIMMED CLOUDS; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; TRIFID NEBULA AB We report the discovery of a cluster of Class I protostars in GGD 27. One of these protostars is the previously known, centrally located, GGD 27-ILL, which powers a massive bipolar outflow. We show that GGD 27-ILL, which is known to be the bright infrared (IR) source, IRAS 18162-2048, and a compact radio continuum source, is also the newly discovered hard X-ray source, GGD 27-X. The observations were made with the ACIS instrument on the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The X-rays from GGD 27-X are variable when compared with 4 years earlier, with an unabsorbed 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity in this observation of 1.5-12 x 10(31) erg s(-1) and a plasma temperature of >= 10(7) K. The X-rays are probably associated with the underlying B0 star (rather than outflowing material), providing a rare glimpse in hard X-rays of an optically obscured massive protostar with an outflow. The X-ray luminosity and spectrum appear to be consistent with stars of its type in other star formation regions. Several other variable X-ray sources are also detected in the IR cluster that contains GGD 27-X. We also discuss another nearby cluster. In each of the clusters there is an object that is X-ray hard, highly absorbed at low energies, in a blank optical/IR/radio field, and variable in X-ray intensity by a factor of >= 10 on a timescale of 4 years. These latter objects may arise from more recent episodes of star formation or may be "hidden" Class III sources. C1 [Pravdo, Steven H.; Thompson, Timothy J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Tsuboi, Yohko; Suzuki, Yuichiro] Chuo Univ, Fac Sci & Engn, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1128551, Japan. [Rebull, Luisa] Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Pravdo, SH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 306-431,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM spravdo@jpl.nasa.gov; Japantsuboi@phys.chuo-u.ac.jp; Timothy.J.Thompson@jpl.nasa.gov; rebull@ipac.caltech.edu OI Rebull, Luisa/0000-0001-6381-515X FU University of Massachusetts; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation; NASA [NAS 8-01128]; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology [20540237] FX The research described in this paper was performed in part by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank K. Getman, A. Burrows, Y. Maeda, & M. Tamura for helpful discussions. This research has made use of the NASA/ IPAC Infrared Science Archive including the Spitzer archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. This research was supported by NASA contract NAS 8-01128. Government sponsorship acknowledged. Y.T. acknowledges support from the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (number 20540237) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Copyright 2008 California Institute of Technology. NR 70 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP 850 EP 861 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/850 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398IU UT WOS:000262726600067 ER PT J AU Villanueva, GL Mumma, MJ Bonev, BP DiSanti, MA Gibb, EL Bohnhardt, H Lippi, M AF Villanueva, G. L. Mumma, M. J. Bonev, B. P. DiSanti, M. A. Gibb, E. L. Boehnhardt, H. Lippi, M. TI A SENSITIVE SEARCH FOR DEUTERATED WATER IN COMET 8P/TUTTLE SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; astrochemistry; comets: general; comets: individual (8P/Tuttle); infrared: solar system ID HALLEY-TYPE COMETS; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; VOLATILE COMPOSITION; SOLAR-SYSTEM; D/H; DEUTERIUM; ORIGIN; RATIO; EARTH; HYDROGEN AB We report a sensitive search for deuterated water (HDO) in comet 8P/Tuttle using high-resolution spectroscopy at infrared (IR) wavelengths. The deuterium enrichment of cometary water is one of the most important cosmogonic indicators in comets. The (D/H)(H2O) ratio preserves information about the conditions under which comet material formed, and tests the possible contribution of comets in delivering water for Earth's oceans. Water ( H2O) and HDO were sampled in comet 8P/Tuttle from 2008 January 27 to 2008 February 3 using the new IR spectrometer ( Cryogenic Infrared Echelle Spectrograph) at the 8.2 m Antu telescope of the Very Large Telescope Observatory atop Cerro Paranal, Chile. Twenty-three lines of HDO were sampled near 3.7 mu m, leading to a production rate of 4.73 +/- 1.68 x 10(25) s(-1). Combining this valuewith the H(2)O production rate of 5790 +/- 250 x 10(25) s(-1) provides a formal value of (D/H)(H2O) = 4.09 +/- 1.45 x 10(-4) in comet 8P/Tuttle. This value is larger by a factor of 2.62 +/- 0.93 than Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, and is comparable to enrichment factors measured for three other Oort cloud comets. The technique described here provides unprecedented sensitivities, ultimately permitting us to routinely measure this prime cosmogonic indicator, even in comets having relativelymodest gas production rate like 8P/Tuttle. C1 [Villanueva, G. L.; Mumma, M. J.; Bonev, B. P.; DiSanti, M. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Villanueva, G. L.; Bonev, B. P.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Gibb, E. L.] Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. [Boehnhardt, H.; Lippi, M.] Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Villanueva, GL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Syst Explorat Div, Mailstop 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Geronimo.Villanueva@nasa.gov RI mumma, michael/I-2764-2013 FU NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program; NASA's Astrobiology Institute; German-Israeli Foundation [I-859-25.7/2005]; International Max-Planck Research School FX G. L. V. acknowledges support under the NASA Post-doctoral Program managed by ORAU. This work was supported by NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program, NASA's Astrobiology Institute, the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development under grant I-859-25.7/2005, and the International Max-Planck Research School. We thank the VLT science operations team of the European Southern Observatory for efficient execution of the observations. NR 40 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND J9 ASTROPHYS J LETT JI Astrophys. J. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2009 VL 690 IS 1 BP L5 EP L9 DI 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/L5 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 398RB UT WOS:000262748100002 ER PT J AU Watson, DM Leisenring, JM Furlan, E Bohac, CJ Sargent, B Forrest, WJ Calvet, N Hartmann, L Nordhaus, JT Green, JD Kim, KH Sloan, GC Chen, CH Keller, LD d'Alessio, P Najita, J Uchida, KI Houck, JR AF Watson, Dan M. Leisenring, Jarron M. Furlan, Elise Bohac, C. J. Sargent, B. Forrest, W. J. Calvet, Nuria Hartmann, Lee Nordhaus, Jason T. Green, Joel D. Kim, K. H. Sloan, G. C. Chen, C. H. Keller, L. D. d'Alessio, Paola Najita, J. Uchida, Keven I. Houck, J. R. TI CRYSTALLINE SILICATES AND DUST PROCESSING IN THE PROTOPLANETARY DISKS OF THE TAURUS YOUNG CLUSTER SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Review DE planetary systems: formation; planetary systems: protoplanetary disks; stars: pre-main sequence ID AURIGA MOLECULAR CLOUD; SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH SPECTRA; MAIN-SEQUENCE EVOLUTION; ORION ULTRADEEP PROJECT; INITIAL MASS FUNCTION; STAR-FORMING REGION; HERBIG AE/BE STARS; ACCRETION DISKS; STELLAR OBJECTS AB We characterize the crystalline-silicate content and spatial distribution of small dust grains in a large sample of protoplanetary disks in the Taurus-Auriga young cluster, using the Spitzer Space Telescope mid-IR spectra. In turn we use the results to analyze the evolution of structure and composition of these 1-2 Myr old disks around Solar- and later-type young stars, and test the standard models of dust processing which result in the conversion of originally amorphous dust into minerals. We find strong evidence of evolution of the dust-crystalline mass fraction in parallel with that of the structure of the disks, in the sense that increasing crystalline mass fraction is strongly linked to dust settling to the disk midplane. We also confirm that the crystalline silicates are confined to small radii, r less than or similar to 10 AU. However, we see no significant correlation of crystalline mass fraction with stellar mass or luminosity, stellar-accretion rate, disk mass, or disk/star mass ratio, as would be expected in the standard models of dust processing based upon photoevaporation and condensation close to the central star, accretion-heating-driven annealing at r less than or similar to 1 AU, or spiral-shock heating at r less than or similar to 10 AU, with or without effective large-scale radial mixing mechanisms. Either another grain-crystallizing mechanism dominates over these, or another process must be at work within the disks to erase the correlations they produce. We propose one of each sort that seems to be worth further investigation, namely X-ray heating and annealing of dust grains, and modulation of disk structure by giant-planetary formation and migration. C1 [Watson, Dan M.; Leisenring, Jarron M.; Bohac, C. J.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J.; Nordhaus, Jason T.; Green, Joel D.; Kim, K. H.] Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. [Leisenring, Jarron M.] Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Furlan, Elise] Univ Calif Los Angeles, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Furlan, Elise] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Calvet, Nuria; Hartmann, Lee] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Sloan, G. C.; Uchida, Keven I.; Houck, J. R.] Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Chen, C. H.; Najita, J.] Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Keller, L. D.] Ithaca Coll, Dept Phys, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [d'Alessio, Paola] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Radioastron & Astrofis, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico. RP Watson, DM (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. EM dmw@pas.rochester.edu OI Furlan, Elise/0000-0001-9800-6248 FU NASA [1407, 1257184, NAG5-13210, AR-09524.01-A, NAG5-9670]; PAPIIT; UNAM; CONACyT FX We are grateful to Chat Hull and DonBarry for assistance with data processing and reduction, to Jeff Bary for access to results in advance of publication, to Jeroen Bouwman for a copy of the ISO spectrum of comet Hale-Bopp, and to an anonymous referee for a very thorough review. This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NASA contract 1407. Our work is supported in part by NASA through grants to the Spitzer-IRS instrument team at Rochester and Cornell (JPL contract number 1257184), through grant NAG5-13210, STScI grant AR-09524.01-A, and Origins grant NAG5-9670 to U. Michigan, and through a Spitzer fellowship to C.H.C.E.F. acknowledges support from a NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. P. D. acknowledges grants from PAPIIT, UNAM, and CONACyT. We have made use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech, funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation. Like all astronomers, we have also depended upon the SIMBAD and VizieR databases, operated at CDS (Strasbourg, France); NASA's Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service; and the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive operated by JPL, under contract with NASA. NR 101 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 180 IS 1 BP 84 EP 101 DI 10.1088/0067-0049/180/1/84 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 400IX UT WOS:000262862400006 ER PT J AU Yu, SS Drouin, BJ Pearson, JC Pickett, HM AF Yu, Shanshan Drouin, Brian J. Pearson, John C. Pickett, Herbert M. TI TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY AND GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF H3O+ SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE catalogs; ISM: molecules; methods: laboratory; molecular data; techniques: spectroscopic ID INFRARED-LASER SPECTROSCOPY; SIDE-BAND SPECTROSCOPY; LABORATORY MEASUREMENT; INTERSTELLAR H3O+; HYDRONIUM ION; INVERSION SPECTRUM; NU-3 BAND; LINE; TRANSITION; MOLECULES AB Eight ground-state inversion transitions of H3O+ in the 0.9-1.6 THz region have been measured using the frequency multiplier submillimeter spectrometer at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The accuracy of these measurements is estimated to be 300 kHz. The ions were generated in a dc discharge through a gas mixture of a few mTorr of H-2 and 30 mTorr of H2O. A multistate analysis was carried out for H3O+, which includes the lines observed in this work, previous submillimeter and terahertz inversion transitions in the ground state, and previous infrared data on all the four vibrational fundamental bands. Accurate molecular parameters were obtained with taking into account the strong Coriolis interaction between the symmetric OH stretching mode (nu(1)) and the doubly degenerate asymmetric OH stretching mode (nu(3)). Fequency predictions, particularly for high-J transitions in the ground state and in the nu(1) and nu(3) fundamental bands, have been greatly improved by including similar to 200 more high-J transitions in our analysis, which were excluded in previous analyses. The more precise measurements and new predictions reported here will support the analyses of astronomical observations by the future high-resolution spectroscopy telescopes, such as Herschel, SOFIA, and ALMA. C1 [Yu, Shanshan; Drouin, Brian J.; Pearson, John C.; Pickett, Herbert M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yu, SS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM shanshan.yu@jpl.nasa.gov RI Yu, Shanshan/D-8733-2016 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this paper was performed at the JPL, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. S.Y. is a NASA Postdoctoral fellow and her research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the JPL, administrated by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 15 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 EI 1538-4365 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 180 IS 1 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1088/0067-0049/180/1/119 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 400IX UT WOS:000262862400009 ER PT S AU Gardner, JP AF Gardner, Jonathan P. CA JWST Sci Working Grp BE Thronson, HA Stiavelli, M Tielens, AGGM TI The James Webb Space Telescope SO ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE SE Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astrophysics in the Next Decade CY SEP 24-27, 2007 CL Tucson, AZ SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, JWST Project, Johns Hopkins Univ, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Flight Programs ID INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH IRS; FINE GUIDANCE SENSOR; STAR-FORMATION; JWST; COLLAPSE; GALAXIES; SPECTROSCOPY; REIONIZATION; PERFORMANCE; CORONAGRAPH C1 [Gardner, Jonathan P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observat Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gardner, JP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observat Cosmol Lab, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jonathan.p.gardner@nasa.gov RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012 NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-6591 BN 978-1-4020-9456-9 J9 ASTROPHYSICS SPACE PY 2009 BP 1 EP 29 DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9457-6_1 PG 29 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BJC00 UT WOS:000264638300001 ER PT S AU Marley, MS Leggett, SK AF Marley, Mark S. Leggett, S. K. BE Thronson, HA Stiavelli, M Tielens, AGGM TI The Future of Ultracool Dwarf Science with JWST SO ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE: THE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE AND CONCURRENT FACILITIES SE Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astrophysics in the Next Decade CY SEP 24-27, 2007 CL Tucson, AZ SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, JWST Project, Johns Hopkins Univ, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Flight Programs ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS; DIRTY DUST GRAINS; METHANE T-DWARFS; COOL BROWN DWARF; SPECTRAL TYPE-L; CARBON-MONOXIDE; GLIESE 229B; PHOTOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT; SUBSTELLAR ATMOSPHERES AB Ultracool dwarfs exhibit a remarkably varied set of characteristics which hint at the complex physical processes acting in their atmospheres and interiors. Spectra of these objects not only depend upon their mass and effective temperature, but also their atmospheric chemistry, weather, and dynamics. As a consequence divining their mass, metallicity and age solely from their spectra has been a challenge. JWST, by illuminating spectral blind spots and observing objects with constrained masses and ages should finally unearth a sufficient number of ultracool dwarf Rosetta Stones to allow us to decipher the processes underlying the complex brown dwarf cooling sequence. In addition the spectra of objects invisible from the ground, including very low mass objects in clusters and nearby cold dwarfs from the disk population, will be seen for the first time. In combination with other ground-and space-based assets and programs, JWST will usher in a new golden era of brown dwarf science and discovery. C1 [Marley, Mark S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Leggett, S. K.] Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI USA. RP Marley, MS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Mark.S.Marley@NASA.gov RI Marley, Mark/I-4704-2013; OI Marley, Mark/0000-0002-5251-2943 NR 76 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-6591 BN 978-1-4020-9456-9 J9 ASTROPHYSICS SPACE PY 2009 BP 101 EP + DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9457-6_4 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BJC00 UT WOS:000264638300004 ER PT S AU Tielens, AGGM AF Tielens, A. G. G. M. BE Thronson, HA Stiavelli, M Tielens, AGGM TI Origin and Evolution of the Interstellar Medium SO ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE: THE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE AND CONCURRENT FACILITIES SE Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astrophysics in the Next Decade CY SEP 24-27, 2007 CL Tucson, AZ SP Space Telescope Sci Inst, JWST Project, Johns Hopkins Univ, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Flight Programs ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES; SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; NEUTRAL ATOMIC PHASES; STAR-FORMATION; PAH EMISSION; MU-M; PHOTODISSOCIATION REGIONS; CRYSTALLINE SILICATES; MIDINFRARED PROPERTIES AB The evolution of the interstellar medium is driven by a number of complex processes which are deeply interwoven, including mass accretion from nearby (dwarf) systems and the intergalactic medium, mass ejection into the halo and interglactic medium, stellar mass injection into the interstellar medium, star formation, mechanical energy input by stellar winds and supernova explosions, and radiative energy input, These processes are mediated by dust and molecules in an only partially understood way. This complex feedback between stars and the medium they are formed in drives the evolution of galaxies and their observational characteristics. This review describes our understanding of the synergetic interaction of these processes and culminates in a set of key questions. JWST is set to expand studies of the global interstellar medium to the far reaches of the universe and the earliest times. Yet, our understanding of what these observations tell us about what really happens at those epochs will depend very much on our understanding of the microscopic physical and chemical processes and their dependence on the local conditions. These are best studied in the local universe. In order to reap the full benefits of JWST, a concerted program of key observations is required involving not only JWST but also, and in particular, SOFIA and Herschel. This is illustrated by a personal selection of key program. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tielens, AGGM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Alexander.G.Tielens@nasa.gov NR 105 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-6591 BN 978-1-4020-9456-9 J9 ASTROPHYSICS SPACE PY 2009 BP 271 EP 308 DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9457-6_11 PG 38 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BJC00 UT WOS:000264638300011 ER PT B AU Stoica, A AF Stoica, Adrian BE Stoica, A Arslan, T Huntsberger, T Botez, P Erdogan, AT ElRayis, AO TI Robotic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Organ Growth SO AT-EQUAL 2009: 2009 ECSIS SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED QUALITY OF LIFE: LAB-RS AND ARTIPED 2009 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ECSIS Symposium on Advanced Technologies for Enhanced Quality of Life (AT-EQUAL 2009) CY JUL 22-26, 2009 CL Tech Univ, Iasi, ROMANIA SP European Ctr Secure Informat & Syst, Univ Edinburgh, Univ Med & Pharmcy, Romanian Acad, Inst Comp Sci, Soc Adapt & Evolvable Hardware & Syst HO Tech Univ ID CARTILAGE AB This paper proposes a robotics perspective to the design and analysis of future smart scaffolds to be used in tissue engineering and organ growth. Current biocompatible/biodegradable scaffolds provide load support, template for cell growth, and drug delivery for growth control. It is argued that future scaffolds would benefit from being able to allow/use relative movement among their components, which provides benefits by (I) improving mechanical stress of the cells, proven to stimulate better tissue growth, and (2) offering adaptive characteristics, as a platform that cars (a) reconfigure shape (h) modify size to accommodate beneficial organ development, and (c) guide timed growth of complex organ structures, as well as other controlled changes over lifetime; these would become programmable scaffolds or in-vivo reconfigurable scaffolds. In addition, these may be able to sense their milieu/environment (measure and interpret physical and chemical data in-vivo), compute (to determine optimal movements and drug release) and engage in communications (correlating actions with other tissue/organs, interacting with outside the body instrumentation). Thus, future scaffolds can be treated as robots, of a new class, with specific characteristics and challenges such as being made of biodegradable components, and operating within human body; a robotics system perspective is useful in designing, producing and operating such systems. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3753-5 PY 2009 BP 47 EP 51 DI 10.1109/AT-EQUAL.2009.46 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Engineering, Biomedical; Robotics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BMU66 UT WOS:000273611600012 ER PT B AU Huntsberger, T AF Huntsberger, Terry BE Stoica, A Arslan, T Huntsberger, T Botez, P Erdogan, AT ElRayis, AO TI Onboard Learning of Adaptive Behavior: Biologically Inspired and Formal Methods SO AT-EQUAL 2009: 2009 ECSIS SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED QUALITY OF LIFE: LAB-RS AND ARTIPED 2009 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ECSIS Symposium on Advanced Technologies for Enhanced Quality of Life (AT-EQUAL 2009) CY JUL 22-26, 2009 CL Tech Univ, Iasi, ROMANIA SP European Ctr Secure Informat & Syst, Univ Edinburgh, Univ Med & Pharmacy, Romanian Acad, Inst Comp Sci, Soc Adapt & Evolvable Hardware & Syst HO Tech Univ ID AUTONOMOUS ROVER CONTROL; NONSTATIONARY CONDITIONS; NAVIGATION; HISTORY; TERRAIN; ROBOTS AB Long lifetime autonomous ground vehicles traveling in rough terrain will need a higher level of autonomy with behaviors that must also adapt to declining vehicle health and unknown environmental conditions. For example, the MER (Mars Exploration Rovers) Spirit and Opportunity have both passed 1900 days of life on the Martian surface, with possible extensions to 2200 days and beyond depending on rover health. Changes in navigational planning due to degradation of the drive motors as they pass their lifetime are currently done on Earth for the Spirit rover. This paper reviews biologically inspired and formal methods of adaptive control and presents an algorithm for onboard learning of navigation strategies using adaptive weight learning within a free flow hierarchy (FFH) behavior framework. We also present the results of some field studies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Huntsberger, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Terry.Huntsberger@jpl.nasa.gov NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-3753-5 PY 2009 BP 152 EP 157 DI 10.1109/AT-EQUAL.2009.38 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Engineering, Biomedical; Robotics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BMU66 UT WOS:000273611600036 ER PT J AU Mao, J Ren, X Brune, WH Olson, JR Crawford, JH Fried, A Huey, LG Cohen, RC Heikes, B Singh, HB Blake, DR Sachse, GW Diskin, GS Hall, SR Shetter, RE AF Mao, J. Ren, X. Brune, W. H. Olson, J. R. Crawford, J. H. Fried, A. Huey, L. G. Cohen, R. C. Heikes, B. Singh, H. B. Blake, D. R. Sachse, G. W. Diskin, G. S. Hall, S. R. Shetter, R. E. TI Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; PHOTOCHEMICAL DATA; TROPICAL PACIFIC; HOX; INTERFERENCE; CITY; PUMP AB The measurement of OH reactivity, the inverse of the OH lifetime, provides a powerful tool to investigate atmospheric photochemistry. A new airborne OH reactivity instrument was designed and deployed for the first time on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the second phase of Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-B (INTEX-B) campaign, which was focused on the Asian pollution outflow over Pacific Ocean and was based in Hawaii and Alaska. The OH reactivity was measured by adding OH, generated by photolyzing water vapor with 185 nm UV light in a moveable wand, to the flow of ambient air in a flow tube and measuring the OH signal with laser induced fluorescence. As the wand was pulled back away from the OH detector, the OH signal decay was recorded; the slope of -Delta 1n(signal)/Delta time was the OH reactivity. The overall absolute uncertainty at the 2 sigma confidence levels is about 1 s(-1) at low altitudes (for decay about 6 s(-1)), and 0.7 s(-1) at high altitudes (for decay about 2 s(-1)). From the median vertical profile obtained in the second phase of INTEX-B, the measured OH reactivity (4.0 +/- 1.0 s(-1)) is higher than the OH reactivity calculated from assuming that OH was in steady state (3.3 +/- 0.8 s(-1)), and even higher than the OH reactivity that was calculated from the total measurements of all OH reactants (1.6 +/- 0.4 s(-1)). Model calculations show that the missing OH reactivity is consistent with the over-predicted OH and under-predicted HCHO in the boundary layer and lower troposphere. The over-predicted OH and under-predicted HCHO suggest that the missing OH sinks are most likely related to some highly reactive VOCs that have HCHO as an oxidation product. C1 [Mao, J.; Ren, X.; Brune, W. H.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Olson, J. R.; Crawford, J. H.; Sachse, G. W.; Diskin, G. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Fried, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Huey, L. G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Heikes, B.] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Hall, S. R.; Shetter, R. E.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Mao, J (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM mao@fas.harvard.edu RI Ren, Xinrong/B-2229-2010; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Ren, Xinrong/E-7838-2015; Mao, Jingqiu/F-2511-2010; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011 OI Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Ren, Xinrong/0000-0001-9974-1666; Mao, Jingqiu/0000-0002-4774-9751; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691 FU NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program through NASA [NNG06GA94G] FX This research was supported by the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program through NASA grant NNG06GA94G. We also would like to thank machine shop staff of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences for their major contributions to the development and fabrication of this instrument. We thank the NASA DC-8 crew for their generous help for putting the instrument on the aircraft. J. Mao also thanks R. E. Shetter for the frequent opportunities to fly on the DC-8 to test and improve the instrument performance. NR 21 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 7 U2 34 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 1 BP 163 EP 173 DI 10.5194/acp-9-163-2009 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395DO UT WOS:000262503400013 ER PT J AU Dupuy, E Walker, KA Kar, J Boone, CD McElroy, CT Bernath, PF Drummond, JR Skelton, R McLeod, SD Hughes, RC Nowlan, CR Dufour, DG Zou, J Nichitiu, F Strong, K Baron, P Bevilacqua, RM Blumenstock, T Bodeker, GE Borsdorff, T Bourassa, AE Bovensmann, H Boyd, IS Bracher, A Brogniez, C Burrows, JP Catoire, V Ceccherini, S Chabrillat, S Christensen, T Coffey, MT Cortesi, U Davies, J De Clercq, C Degenstein, DA De Maziere, M Demoulin, P Dodion, J Firanski, B Fischer, H Forbes, G Froidevaux, L Fussen, D Gerard, P Godin-Beekmann, S Goutail, F Granville, J Griffith, D Haley, CS Hannigan, JW Hopfner, M Jin, JJ Jones, A Jones, NB Jucks, K Kagawa, A Kasai, Y Kerzenmacher, TE Kleinbohl, A Klekociuk, AR Kramer, I Kullmann, H Kuttippurath, J Kyrola, E Lambert, JC Livesey, NJ Llewellyn, EJ Lloyd, ND Mahieu, E Manney, GL Marshall, BT McConnell, JC McCormick, MP McDermid, IS McHugh, M McLinden, CA Mellqvist, J Mizutani, K Murayama, Y Murtagh, DP Oelhaf, H Parrish, A Petelina, SV Piccolo, C Pommereau, JP Randall, CE Robert, C Roth, C Schneider, M Senten, C Steck, T Strandberg, A Strawbridge, KB Sussmann, R Swart, DPJ Tarasick, DW Taylor, JR Tetard, C Thomason, LW Thompson, AM Tully, MB Urban, J Vanhellemont, F Vigouroux, C von Clarmann, T von der Gathen, P von Savigny, C Waters, JW Witte, JC Wolff, M Zawodny, JM AF Dupuy, E. Walker, K. A. Kar, J. Boone, C. D. McElroy, C. T. Bernath, P. F. Drummond, J. R. Skelton, R. McLeod, S. D. Hughes, R. C. Nowlan, C. R. Dufour, D. G. Zou, J. Nichitiu, F. Strong, K. Baron, P. Bevilacqua, R. M. Blumenstock, T. Bodeker, G. E. Borsdorff, T. Bourassa, A. E. Bovensmann, H. Boyd, I. S. Bracher, A. Brogniez, C. Burrows, J. P. Catoire, V. Ceccherini, S. Chabrillat, S. Christensen, T. Coffey, M. T. Cortesi, U. Davies, J. De Clercq, C. Degenstein, D. A. Maziere, M. De Demoulin, P. Dodion, J. Firanski, B. Fischer, H. Forbes, G. Froidevaux, L. Fussen, D. Gerard, P. Godin-Beekmann, S. Goutail, F. Granville, J. Griffith, D. Haley, C. S. Hannigan, J. W. Hoepfner, M. Jin, J. J. Jones, A. Jones, N. B. Jucks, K. Kagawa, A. Kasai, Y. Kerzenmacher, T. E. Kleinboehl, A. Klekociuk, A. R. Kramer, I. Kuellmann, H. Kuttippurath, J. Kyroelae, E. Lambert, J. -C. Livesey, N. J. Llewellyn, E. J. Lloyd, N. D. Mahieu, E. Manney, G. L. Marshall, B. T. McConnell, J. C. McCormick, M. P. McDermid, I. S. McHugh, M. McLinden, C. A. Mellqvist, J. Mizutani, K. Murayama, Y. Murtagh, D. P. Oelhaf, H. Parrish, A. Petelina, S. V. Piccolo, C. Pommereau, J. -P. Randall, C. E. Robert, C. Roth, C. Schneider, M. Senten, C. Steck, T. Strandberg, A. Strawbridge, K. B. Sussmann, R. Swart, D. P. J. Tarasick, D. W. Taylor, J. R. Tetard, C. Thomason, L. W. Thompson, A. M. Tully, M. B. Urban, J. Vanhellemont, F. Vigouroux, C. von Clarmann, T. von der Gathen, P. von Savigny, C. Waters, J. W. Witte, J. C. Wolff, M. Zawodny, J. M. TI Validation of ozone measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; GROUND-BASED FTIR; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; TECHNICAL NOTE; ERROR ANALYSIS; POAM-III; SAGE-II; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; OBSERVING SYSTEM AB This paper presents extensive bias determination analyses of ozone observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments: the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) instrument. Here we compare the latest ozone data products from ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO with coincident observations from nearly 20 satellite-borne, airborne, balloon-borne and ground-based instruments, by analysing volume mixing ratio profiles and partial column densities. The ACE-FTS version 2.2 Ozone Update product reports more ozone than most correlative measurements from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. At altitude levels from 16 to 44 km, the average values of the mean relative differences are nearly all within +1 to +8%. At higher altitudes (45 60 km), the ACE-FTS ozone amounts are significantly larger than those of the comparison instruments, with mean relative differences of up to +40% (about + 20% on average). For the ACE-MAESTRO version 1.2 ozone data product, mean relative differences are within +/- 10% (average values within +/- 6%) between 18 and 40 km for both the sunrise and sunset measurements. At higher altitudes (similar to 35-55 km), systematic biases of opposite sign are found between the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise and sunset observations. While ozone amounts derived from the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise occultation data are often smaller than the coincident observations (with mean relative differences down to -10%), the sunset occultation profiles for ACE-MAESTRO show results that are qualitatively similar to ACE-FTS, indicating a large positive bias (mean relative differences within +10 to +30%) in the 45-55 km altitude range. In contrast, there is no significant systematic difference in bias found for the ACE-FTS sunrise and sunset measurements. C1 [Dupuy, E.; Walker, K. A.; Boone, C. D.; Bernath, P. F.; Skelton, R.; McLeod, S. D.; Hughes, R. C.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Walker, K. A.; Kar, J.; McElroy, C. T.; Drummond, J. R.; Nowlan, C. R.; Zou, J.; Nichitiu, F.; Strong, K.; Kerzenmacher, T. E.; Taylor, J. R.; Wolff, M.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [McElroy, C. T.; Davies, J.; McLinden, C. A.; Tarasick, D. W.] Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Drummond, J. R.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Dufour, D. G.] Picomole Instruments Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Baron, P.; Kagawa, A.; Kasai, Y.; Mizutani, K.; Murayama, Y.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol NICT, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan. [Bevilacqua, R. M.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Blumenstock, T.; Fischer, H.; Hoepfner, M.; Kramer, I.; Oelhaf, H.; Schneider, M.; Steck, T.; von Clarmann, T.] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Blumenstock, T.; Fischer, H.; Hoepfner, M.; Kramer, I.; Oelhaf, H.; Schneider, M.; Steck, T.; von Clarmann, T.] Univ Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. [Bodeker, G. E.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder, New Zealand. [Borsdorff, T.; Sussmann, R.] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch Atmosphar Umweltforsc, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. [Bourassa, A. E.; Degenstein, D. A.; Llewellyn, E. J.; Lloyd, N. D.; Petelina, S. V.; Roth, C.] Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. [Bovensmann, H.; Bracher, A.; Burrows, J. P.; Kleinboehl, A.; Kuellmann, H.; Kuttippurath, J.; von Savigny, C.] Univ Bremen, IUP, Bremen, Germany. [Boyd, I. S.] Univ Massachusetts, NIWA Environm Res Inst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Brogniez, C.; Tetard, C.] Univ Lille 1, Opt Atmospher Lab, CNRS, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Catoire, V.; Robert, C.] Univ Orleans, CNRS, Lab Phys & Chim Environm, Orleans, France. [Ceccherini, S.; Cortesi, U.] CNR, Inst Fis Applicata N Carrara IFAC, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. [Chabrillat, S.; De Clercq, C.; Maziere, M. De; Dodion, J.; Fussen, D.; Gerard, P.; Granville, J.; Lambert, J. -C.; Senten, C.; Vanhellemont, F.; Vigouroux, C.] Inst Aeron Spatiale Belgique BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. [Christensen, T.] Danish Meteorol Inst, Danish Climate Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Coffey, M. T.; Hannigan, J. W.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth & Sun Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Demoulin, P.; Mahieu, E.] Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, Liege, Belgium. [Firanski, B.; Strawbridge, K. B.] Environm Canada, Ctr Atmospher Res Expt, Sci & Technol Branch, Egbert, ON, Canada. [Forbes, G.] Environm Canada Sable Isl, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. [Froidevaux, L.; Kleinboehl, A.; Livesey, N. J.; Manney, G. L.; Waters, J. W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Godin-Beekmann, S.; Kuttippurath, J.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. [Goutail, F.; Pommereau, J. -P.] CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. [Griffith, D.; Jones, N. B.] Univ Wollongong, Sch Chem, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. [Haley, C. S.] York Univ, Ctr Res Earth & Space Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Jin, J. J.] York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Jones, A.; Mellqvist, J.; Murtagh, D. P.; Strandberg, A.; Urban, J.] Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Jucks, K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Kagawa, A.] Fujitsu FIP Corp, Tokyo, Japan. [Klekociuk, A. R.] Australian Antarctic Div, Ice Ocean Atmosphere & Climate IOAC Program, Kingston, Australia. [Kyroelae, E.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Marshall, B. T.; McHugh, M.] GATS Inc, Newport News, VA USA. [McCormick, M. P.; Thomason, L. W.; Zawodny, J. M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [McDermid, I. S.] Table Mt Facil, Jet Prop Lab, Wrightwood, CA USA. [Parrish, A.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Petelina, S. V.] La Trobe Univ, Dept Phys, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. [Piccolo, C.] Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. [Randall, C. E.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Swart, D. P. J.] Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. [Thompson, A. M.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Tully, M. B.] Bur Meteorol, Atmosphere Watch Sect, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. [von der Gathen, P.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Res Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. [Witte, J. C.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Witte, J. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dupuy, E (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RI Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; McLinden, Chris/A-7710-2010; von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Bodeker, Greg/A-8870-2008; Blumenstock, Thomas/K-2263-2012; Sussmann, Ralf/K-3999-2012; Hopfner, Michael/A-7255-2013; Oelhaf, Hermann/A-7895-2013; von Clarmann, Thomas/A-7287-2013; Strong, Kimberly/D-2563-2012; Jin, Jianjun/G-8357-2012; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; Bracher, Astrid/B-7805-2013; Schneider, Matthias/B-1441-2013; von Savigny, Christian/B-3910-2014; Kyrola, Erkki/E-1835-2014; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Drummond, James/O-7467-2014; Catoire, Valery/E-9662-2015; Jones, Nicholas/G-5575-2011; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011; Randall, Cora/L-8760-2014; Bovensmann, Heinrich/P-4135-2016; Klekociuk, Andrew/A-4498-2015; Cortesi, Ugo/D-2704-2012 OI Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; McLinden, Chris/0000-0001-5054-1380; von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Bodeker, Greg/0000-0003-1094-5852; Hopfner, Michael/0000-0002-4174-9531; von Clarmann, Thomas/0000-0003-2219-3379; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840; Murayama, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-1129-334X; Mahieu, Emmanuel/0000-0002-5251-0286; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692; Mellqvist, Johan/0000-0002-6578-9220; Bracher, Astrid/0000-0003-3025-5517; Catoire, Valery/0000-0001-8126-3096; Jones, Nicholas/0000-0002-0111-2368; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559; Randall, Cora/0000-0002-4313-4397; Bovensmann, Heinrich/0000-0001-8882-4108; Klekociuk, Andrew/0000-0003-3335-0034; Cortesi, Ugo/0000-0002-2827-5239 FU NSERC; CSA; CFCAS; ABB Bomem; Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund; Premier's Excellence Research Award; University of Toronto; NASA [NNG05GN46G] FX Work at the Toronto Atmospheric Observatory was supported by NSERC, CSA, CFCAS, ABB Bomem, the Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund, the Premier's Excellence Research Award and the University of Toronto.; Thanks to B. Bojkov of the Aura Validation Data Center (AVDC) and the Aura-MLS Data Distribution Team for access to the Aura-MLS dataset (see http://avdc.gsfc.nasa.gov). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CalTech), is carried out under a contract with NASA. Work at the University of Massachusetts is supported by NASA under award No. NNG05GN46G. NR 152 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 2 BP 287 EP 343 PG 57 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WN UT WOS:000263325700001 ER PT J AU Ziemke, JR Joiner, J Chandra, S Bhartia, PK Vasilkov, A Haffner, DP Yang, K Schoeberl, MR Froidevaux, L Levelt, PF AF Ziemke, J. R. Joiner, J. Chandra, S. Bhartia, P. K. Vasilkov, A. Haffner, D. P. Yang, K. Schoeberl, M. R. Froidevaux, L. Levelt, P. F. TI Ozone mixing ratios inside tropical deep convective clouds from OMI satellite measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ROTATIONAL RAMAN-SCATTERING; TROPOSPHERIC COLUMN OZONE; SLICING TECHNIQUE; CHEMISTRY; TOMS AB We have developed a new technique for estimating ozone mixing ratio inside deep convective clouds. The technique uses the concept of an optical centroid cloud pressure that is indicative of the photon path inside clouds. Radiative transfer calculations based on realistic cloud vertical structure as provided by CloudSat radar data show that because deep convective clouds are optically thin near the top, photons can penetrate significantly inside the cloud. This photon penetration coupled with in-cloud scattering produces optical centroid pressures that are hundreds of hPa inside the cloud. We combine measured column ozone and the optical centroid cloud pressure derived using the effects of rotational-Raman scattering to estimate O-3 mixing ratio in the upper regions of deep convective clouds. The data are obtained from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite. Our results show that low O-3 concentrations in these clouds are a common occurrence throughout much of the tropical Pacific. Ozonesonde measurements in the tropics following convective activity also show very low concentrations of O-3 in the upper troposphere. These low amounts are attributed to vertical injection of ozone poor oceanic boundary layer air during convection into the upper troposphere followed by convective outflow. Over South America and Africa, O-3 mixing ratios inside deep convective clouds often exceed 50 ppbv which are comparable to mean back-ground (cloud-free) amounts and are consistent with higher concentrations of injected boundary layer/lower tropospheric O-3 relative to the remote Pacific. The Atlantic region in general also consists of higher amounts of O-3 precursors due to both biomass burning and lightning. Assuming that O-3 is well mixed (i.e., constant mixing ratio with height) up to the tropopause, we can estimate the stratospheric column O-3 over clouds. Stratospheric column ozone derived in this manner agrees well with that retrieved independently with the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument and thus provides a consistency check of our method. C1 [Ziemke, J. R.; Chandra, S.; Yang, K.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Ziemke, J. R.; Joiner, J.; Chandra, S.; Bhartia, P. K.; Yang, K.; Schoeberl, M. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Vasilkov, A.; Haffner, D. P.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Froidevaux, L.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Levelt, P. F.] KNMI, Royal Dutch Meteorol Inst, De Bilt, Netherlands. RP Ziemke, JR (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM jerald.r.ziemke@nasa.gov RI Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 FU Goddard Earth Science Technology (GEST) [NGC5-494] FX The authors thank the Aura OMI and MLS instrument and algorithm teams for the extensive satellite measurements used in this study. The OMI instrument was built by Dutch-Finnish collaboration, and is managed by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Data used in this study were processed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Funding for this research was provided in part by Goddard Earth Science Technology (GEST) grant NGC5-494. NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 2 BP 573 EP 583 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WN UT WOS:000263325700015 ER PT J AU Kazadzis, S Bais, A Arola, A Krotkov, N Kouremeti, N Meleti, C AF Kazadzis, S. Bais, A. Arola, A. Krotkov, N. Kouremeti, N. Meleti, C. TI Ozone Monitoring Instrument spectral UV irradiance products: comparison with ground based measurements at an urban environment SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIANCE; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SATELLITE RETRIEVALS; RADIATION; SURFACE; THESSALONIKI; ALGORITHM; OMI AB We have compared spectral ultraviolet overpass irradiances from the Ozone Monitoring Instruments (OMI) against ground-based Brewer measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece from September 2004 to December 2007. It is demonstrated that OMI overestimates UV irradiances by 30%, 17% and 13% for 305 nm, 324 nm, and 380 nm respectively and 20% for erythemally weighted irradiance. The bias between OMI and Brewer increases with increasing aerosol absorption optical thickness. We present methodologies that can be applied for correcting this bias based on experimental results derived from the comparison period and also theoretical approaches using radiative transfer model calculations. All correction approaches minimize the bias and the standard deviation of the ratio OMI versus Brewer ratio. According to the results, the best correction approach suggests that the OMI UV product has to be multiplied by a correction factor C-A(lambda)of the order of 0.8, 0.88 and 0.9 for 305 nm, 324 nm and 380 nm respectively. Limitations and possibilities for applying such methodologies in a global scale are also discussed. C1 [Kazadzis, S.] Finnish Meteorol Inst Res & Dev, Helsinki, Finland. [Kazadzis, S.; Bais, A.; Kouremeti, N.; Meleti, C.] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, Thessaloniki, Greece. [Arola, A.] Finnish Meteorol Inst Res & Dev, Kuopio, Finland. [Krotkov, N.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Kazadzis, S (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst Res & Dev, Helsinki, Finland. EM stylianos.kazantzis@fmi.fi RI Kazadzis, Stelios/A-5628-2011; Kazadzis, Stelios/F-8667-2011; Bais, Alkiviadis/D-2230-2009; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; OI Bais, Alkiviadis/0000-0003-3899-2001; Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Kazadzis, Stelios/0000-0002-8624-8247; Arola, Antti/0000-0002-9220-0194 FU Marie Curie Intra European fellowship [AORA/119693-PIEF-GA2008-219908] FX The Dutch-Finnish built OMI instrument is part of the NASA EOS Aura satellite payload. The OMI project is managed by NIVR and KNMI in the Netherlands. We thank the OMI International Science Team for the satellite data used in this study.; Stelios Kazadzis would like to acknowledge the Marie Curie Intra European fellowship "Validation of Aerosol optical Properties and surface Irradiance measured from Ozone Monitoring Instrument on board of AURA satellite" VAP-OMI, AORA/119693-PIEF-GA2008-219908. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 2 BP 585 EP 594 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WN UT WOS:000263325700016 ER PT J AU Penner, JE Chen, Y Wang, M Liu, X AF Penner, J. E. Chen, Y. Wang, M. Liu, X. TI Possible influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds and anthropogenic forcing SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MINERAL DUST PARTICLES; ICE NUCLEATION; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; TROPICAL CIRRUS; LIQUID WATER; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; SOOT AB Cirrus clouds have a net warming effect on the atmosphere and cover about 30% of the Earth's area. Aerosol particles initiate ice formation in the upper troposphere through modes of action that include homogeneous freezing of solution droplets, heterogeneous nucleation on solid particles immersed in a solution, and deposition nucleation of vapor onto solid particles. Here, we examine the possible change in ice number concentration from anthropogenic soot originating from surface sources of fossil fuel and biomass burning, from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, and from aircraft that deposit their aerosols directly in the upper troposphere. We use a version of the aerosol model that predicts sulfate number and mass concentrations in 3modes and includes the formation of sulfate aerosol through homogeneous binary nucleation as well as a version that only predicts sulfate mass. The 3-mode version best represents the Aitken aerosol nuclei number concentrations in the upper troposphere which dominated ice crystal residues in the upper troposphere. Fossil fuel and biomass burning soot aerosols with this version exert a radiative forcing of -0.3 to -0.4Wm(-2) while anthropogenic sulfate aerosols and aircraft aerosols exert a forcing of -0.01 to 0.04Wm(-2) and -0.16 to -0.12Wm(-2), respectively, where the range represents the forcing from two parameterizations for ice nucleation. The sign of the forcing in the mass-only version of the model depends on which ice nucleation parameterization is used and can be either positive or negative. The magnitude of the forcing in cirrus clouds can be comparable to the forcing exerted by anthropogenic aerosols on warm clouds, but this forcing has not been included in past assessments of the total anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate. C1 [Penner, J. E.; Wang, M.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Chen, Y.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Liu, X.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Penner, JE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM penner@umich.edu RI Chen, Yang/C-6529-2008; Wang, Minghuai/E-5390-2011; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011 OI Chen, Yang/0000-0002-0993-7081; Wang, Minghuai/0000-0002-9179-228X; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955 FU NSF [ATM 0333016, NNG04GC01G] FX We are grateful for support by the NSF climate dynamics program as well as the NASA IDS program under grant numbers ATM 0333016 and NNG04GC01G, respectively. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. NR 75 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 879 EP 896 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WP UT WOS:000263325900009 ER PT J AU Kishore, P Namboothiri, SP Jiang, JH Sivakumar, V Igarashi, K AF Kishore, P. Namboothiri, S. P. Jiang, J. H. Sivakumar, V. Igarashi, K. TI Global temperature estimates in the troposphere and stratosphere: a validation study of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIO OCCULTATION MEASUREMENTS; GRAVITY-WAVE; REANALYSIS PROJECT; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; GPS OCCULTATION; RAYLEIGH LIDAR; GPS/MET; SYSTEM; OZONE AB This paper mainly focuses on the validation of temperature estimates derived with the newly launched Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite 3 (FORMOSAT-3) system. The analysis is based on the radio occultation (RO) data samples collected during the first year observation from April 2006 to April 2007. For the validation, we have used the operational stratospheric analyses including the National Centers for Environmental Prediction - Reanalysis (NCEP), the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), and the United Kingdom Met Office (MetO) data sets. Comparisons done in different formats reveal good agreement between the COSMIC and reanalysis outputs. Spatially, the largest deviations are noted in the polar latitudes, and height-wise, the tropical tropopause region noted the maximum differences (2-4K). We found that among the three reanalysis data sets the NCEP data sets have the best resemblance with the COSMIC measurements. C1 [Kishore, P.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Namboothiri, S. P.; Igarashi, K.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo, Japan. [Jiang, J. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Sivakumar, V.] CSIR, Natl Laser Ctr, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa. [Sivakumar, V.] Univ Pretoria, Dept Geog Geoinformat & Meteorol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. RP Kishore, P (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. EM kishore1818@gmail.com RI VENKATARAMAN, SIVAKUMAR/B-4570-2009 OI VENKATARAMAN, SIVAKUMAR/0000-0003-2462-681X FU National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT); Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology FX The authors would like to thank all the members of CDAAC team for providing the COSMIC data sets. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to the JRA-25 execution team of JMA and CRIEPI, the UK Met Office, the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostic Centre, British Atmospheric Data Centre, etc. for the use of their respective data sets in this paper. The first author deeply appreciates and is grateful to the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), for their financial support. J.H. Jiang thanks the support by Microwave Atmospheric Science Team at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 897 EP 908 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WP UT WOS:000263325900010 ER PT J AU Stavrakou, T Muller, JF De Smedt, I Van Roozendael, M van der Werf, GR Giglio, L Guenther, A AF Stavrakou, T. Muller, J. -F. De Smedt, I. Van Roozendael, M. van der Werf, G. R. Giglio, L. Guenther, A. TI Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INITIATED ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; OZONE MONITORING EXPERIMENT; ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; CHEMICAL MECHANISM; CROSS-SECTIONS; ALPHA-PINENE; MODEL; CHEMISTRY AB A new one-decade (1997-2006) dataset of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns retrieved from GOME and SCIAMACHY is compared with HCHO columns simulated by an updated version of the IMAGES global chemical transport model. This model version includes an optimized chemical scheme with respect to HCHO production, where the short-term and final HCHO yields from pyrogenically emitted non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are estimated from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and an explicit speciation profile of pyrogenic emissions. The model is driven by the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 1 or 2 for biomass burning, whereas biogenic emissions are provided either by the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA), or by a newly developed inventory based on the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) algorithms driven by meteorological fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The comparisons focus on tropical ecosystems, North America and China, which experience strong biogenic and biomass burning NMVOC emissions reflected in the enhanced measured HCHO columns. These comparisons aim at testing the ability of the model to reproduce the observed features of the HCHO distribution on the global scale and at providing a first assessment of the performance of the current emission inventories. The high correlation coefficients (r>0.7) between the observed and simulated columns over most regions indicate a good consistency between the model, the implemented inventories and the HCHO dataset. The use of the MEGAN-ECMWF inventory improves the model/data agreement in almost all regions, but biases persist over parts of Africa and Australia. Although neither GFED version is consistent with the data over all regions, a better agreement is achieved over Indonesia and Southern Africa when GFEDv2 is used, but GFEDv1 succeeds better in getting the correct seasonal patterns and intensities of the fire episodes over the Amazon basin, as reflected in the significantly higher correlations calculated in this region. Although the uncertainties in the HCHO retrievals, especially over fire scenes, can be quite large, this study provides a first assessment about whether the improved methodologies and input data implemented in GFEDv2 and MEGAN-ECMWF lead to better results in the comparisons of modelled with observed HCHO column measurements. C1 [Stavrakou, T.; Muller, J. -F.; De Smedt, I.; Van Roozendael, M.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. [van der Werf, G. R.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Giglio, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Guenther, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stavrakou, T (reprint author), Belgian Inst Space Aeron, Ave Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. EM jenny@aeronomie.be RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630 FU PRODEX; Belgian Science Policy Office FX This work has been supported by the PRODEX programme of the ESA funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office. NR 83 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 5 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1037 EP 1060 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 406WP UT WOS:000263325900020 ER PT J AU Hara, Y Yumimoto, K Uno, I Shimizu, A Sugimoto, N Liu, Z Winker, DM AF Hara, Y. Yumimoto, K. Uno, I. Shimizu, A. Sugimoto, N. Liu, Z. Winker, D. M. TI Asian dust outflow in the PBL and free atmosphere retrieved by NASA CALIPSO and an assimilated dust transport model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIDAR OBSERVATIONS AB Three-dimensional structures of Asian dust transport in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and free atmosphere occurring successively during the end of May 2007 were clarified using results of space-borne backscatter lidar, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), and results obtained using a data-assimilated version of a dust transport model (RC4) based on a ground-based NIES lidar network. The dust layer depths and the vertical and horizontal structure simulated by RC4 agreed with those of CALIOP observations from the dust source region to the far-downstream region. Two important transport mechanisms of Asian dust in the PBL and free atmosphere were clarified: a low-level dust outbreak within the dry slot region of a well-developed low-pressure system, and formation of an elevated dust layer within the warm sector of a low-pressure system. We also represent the aging of pure dust particles using the particle depolarization ratio (PDR) at 532 nm and the color ratio (CR) at 1064 nm and 532 nm. Aerosols with high PDR were observed uniformly over the dust source region. While the dust cloud was transported to the eastern downwind regions, aerosols with low PDR and high CR occur in the layer of less than 1 km height, suggesting a mixing state of spherical aerosols and dust in the surface layer. C1 [Hara, Y.; Shimizu, A.; Sugimoto, N.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Yumimoto, K.; Uno, I.] Kyushu Univ, Res Inst Appl Mech, Fukuoka 812, Japan. [Liu, Z.] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Winker, D. M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hara, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. EM hara.yukari@nies.go.jp RI Liu, Zhaoyan/A-9604-2009; Shimizu, Atsushi/C-2810-2009; Liu, Zhaoyan/B-1783-2010; Uno, Itsushi/B-5952-2011; Yumimoto, Keiya/G-1345-2012; Sugimoto, Nobuo/C-5189-2015; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016 OI Shimizu, Atsushi/0000-0002-7306-7412; Liu, Zhaoyan/0000-0003-4996-5738; Yumimoto, Keiya/0000-0002-3465-0613; Sugimoto, Nobuo/0000-0002-0545-1316; FU Ministry of the Environment, Japan [C-061]; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan [17360259]; NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center FX This work was partly supported by the Global Environment Research Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (C-061), and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research under grant 17360259 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. Lidar observations at Beijing were conducted with the cooperation of Z. Wang of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, China, and NIES. The CALIPSO data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center. The MODIS cloud image used in Fig. 2 was obtained from the NRL/Monterey Aerosol Page (URL:http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/aerosol). NR 18 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1227 EP 1239 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000010 ER PT J AU Pierce, JR Adams, PJ AF Pierce, J. R. Adams, P. J. TI Uncertainty in global CCN concentrations from uncertain aerosol nucleation and primary emission rates SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NEW-PARTICLE FORMATION; OFF-LINE MODEL; SULFURIC-ACID; ORGANIC AEROSOL; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; TERNARY NUCLEATION; MOLECULAR CLUSTERS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION AB The indirect effect of aerosols on climate is highly uncertain and limits our ability to assess anthropogenic climate change. The foundation of this uncertainty is uncertainty in the number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which itself stems from uncertainty in aerosol nucleation, primary emission and growth rates. In this paper, we use a global general circulation model with aerosol microphysics to assess how the uncertainties in aerosol nucleation, emission and growth rates affect our prediction of CCN(0.2%) concentrations. Using several nucleation rate parameterizations that span six orders of magnitude of globally averaged nucleation rates, the tropospheric average CCN(0.2%) concentrations vary by 17% and the boundary layer average vary by 12%. This sensitivity of tropospheric average CCN(0.2%) to the nucleation parameterizations increases to 33% and 20% when the total primary emissions are reduced by a factor of 3 and the SOA condensation rates are increased by a factor of 3.5, respectively. These results show that it is necessary to better understand global nucleation rates when determining CCN concentrations. When primary emissions rates are varied by a factor of 3 while using a binary nucleation parameterization, tropospheric average CCN(0.2%) concentrations also vary by 17%, but boundary layer average vary by 40%. Using the fastest nucleation rate parameterization, these changes drop to 3% and 22%, respectively. These results show the importance of reducing uncertainties in primary emissions, which appear from these results to be somewhat more important for CCN than the much larger uncertainties in nucleation. These results also show that uncertainties in nucleation and primary emissions are more important when sufficient condensable material is available to grow them to CCN sizes. The percent change in CCN(0.2%) concentration between pre-industrial times and present day does not depend greatly on the nucleation rate parameterization used for our base case scenarios; however, because other factors, such as primary emissions and SOA, are uncertain in both time periods, this may be a coincidence. C1 [Pierce, J. R.; Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ctr Atmospher Particle Studies, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Pierce, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jeffrey.robert.pierce@gmail.com RI Pierce, Jeffrey/E-4681-2013; Adams, Peter/D-7134-2013 OI Pierce, Jeffrey/0000-0002-4241-838X; Adams, Peter/0000-0003-0041-058X FU Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Fellowship [91668201-0]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [NNG04GE86G] FX This research was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Fellowship (91668201-0) as well as a research grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA grant NNG04GE86G). NR 83 TC 152 Z9 153 U1 5 U2 40 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1339 EP 1356 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000018 ER PT J AU Duda, DP Palikonda, R Minnis, P AF Duda, D. P. Palikonda, R. Minnis, P. TI Relating observations of contrail persistence to numerical weather analysis output SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AVHRR-DATA; UNITED-STATES; ASSIMILATION; SYSTEM AB The potential for using high-resolution meteorological data from two operational numerical weather analyses (NWA) to diagnose and predict persistent contrail formation is evaluated using two independent contrail observation databases. Contrail occurrence statistics derived from surface and satellite observations between April 2004 and June 2005 are matched to the humidity, vertical velocity, wind shear and atmospheric stability derived from analyses from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) and the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) models. The relationships between contrail occurrence and the NWA-derived statistics are analyzed to determine under which atmospheric conditions persistent contrail formation is favored within NWAs. Humidity is the most important factor determining whether contrails are short-lived or persistent, and persistent contrails are more likely to appear when vertical velocities are positive. The model-derived atmospheric stability and wind shear do not appear to have a significant effect on contrail occurrence. C1 [Duda, D. P.] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA USA. [Palikonda, R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. [Minnis, P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Duda, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA USA. EM dduda@nianet.org RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148 FU NASA Earth Science Enterprise Radiation Sciences Division; NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Program; NASA [NAG1-02044]; National Science Foundation [0222623]; [NCCI-02043 NIA-2579] FX This material is based upon work supported by the NASA Earth Science Enterprise Radiation Sciences Division, the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Program, NASA contracts NAG1-02044 and NCCI-02043 NIA-2579, and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0222623. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1357 EP 1364 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000019 ER PT J AU Myhre, G Berglen, TF Johnsrud, M Hoyle, CR Berntsen, TK Christopher, SA Fahey, DW Isaksen, ISA Jones, TA Kahn, RA Loeb, N Quinn, P Remer, L Schwarz, JP Yttri, KE AF Myhre, G. Berglen, T. F. Johnsrud, M. Hoyle, C. R. Berntsen, T. K. Christopher, S. A. Fahey, D. W. Isaksen, I. S. A. Jones, T. A. Kahn, R. A. Loeb, N. Quinn, P. Remer, L. Schwarz, J. P. Yttri, K. E. TI Modelled radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect with multi-observation evaluation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID INITIATIVE SAFARI 2000; SULFATE AEROSOLS; SOLAR-RADIATION; ORGANIC AEROSOL; GLOBAL AEROSOL; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION AB A high-resolution global aerosol model (Oslo CTM2) driven by meteorological data and allowing a comparison with a variety of aerosol observations is used to simulate radiative forcing (RF) of the direct aerosol effect. The model simulates all main aerosol components, including several secondary components such as nitrate and secondary organic carbon. The model reproduces the main chemical composition and size features observed during large aerosol campaigns. Although the chemical composition compares best with ground-based measurement over land for modelled sulphate, no systematic differences are found for other compounds. The modelled aerosol optical depth (AOD) is compared to remote sensed data from AERONET ground and MODIS and MISR satellite retrievals. To gain confidence in the aerosol modelling, we have tested its ability to reproduce daily variability in the aerosol content, and this is performing well in many regions; however, we also identified some locations where model improvements are needed. The annual mean regional pattern of AOD from the aerosol model is broadly similar to the AERONET and the satellite retrievals (mostly within 10-20%). We notice a significant improvement from MODIS Collection 4 to Collection 5 compared to AERONET data. Satellite derived estimates of aerosol radiative effect over ocean for clear sky conditions differs significantly on regional scales (almost up to a factor two), but also in the global mean. The Oslo CTM2 has an aerosol radiative effect close to the mean of the satellite derived estimates. We derive a radiative forcing (RF) of the direct aerosol effect of -0.35 Wm(-2) in our base case. Implementation of a simple approach to consider internal black carbon (BC) mixture results in a total RF of -0.28 Wm(-2). Our results highlight the importance of carbonaceous particles, producing stronger individual RF than considered in the recent IPCC estimate; however, net RF is less different. A significant RF from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) is estimated (close to -0.1 Wm(-2)). The SOA also contributes to a strong domination of secondary aerosol species for the aerosol composition over land. A combination of sensitivity simulations and model evaluation show that the RF is rather robust and unlikely to be much stronger than in our best estimate. C1 [Myhre, G.; Berntsen, T. K.; Isaksen, I. S. A.] Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res Oslo, Oslo, Norway. [Myhre, G.; Berglen, T. F.; Hoyle, C. R.; Berntsen, T. K.; Isaksen, I. S. A.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Berglen, T. F.; Johnsrud, M.; Yttri, K. E.] Norwegian Inst Air Res NILU, Kjeller, Norway. [Christopher, S. A.; Jones, T. A.] Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Fahey, D. W.; Schwarz, J. P.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Fahey, D. W.; Schwarz, J. P.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kahn, R. A.; Remer, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Loeb, N.] NASA, LaRC, Hampton, VA USA. [Quinn, P.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Myhre, G (reprint author), Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res Oslo, Oslo, Norway. EM gunnar.myhre@cicero.uio.no RI Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Christopher, Sundar/E-6781-2011; Yttri, Karl Espen/E-6671-2012; schwarz, joshua/G-4556-2013; Hoyle, Christopher/B-7786-2008; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; schwarz, joshua/0000-0002-9123-2223; Hoyle, Christopher/0000-0002-1369-9143; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; FU Norwegian research Council's FX We thank the principal investigators and their staff for establishing and maintaining the 180 AERONET sites used in this study. We also thank those responsible for the observational ground based networks EMEP, EANET, and IMPROVE, for permission to use the data. We appreciate the work made for providing emission data from biomass burning data through GFED. The work has received support from the Norwegian research Council's program for supercomputing through a grant of computer time. We thank the NASA Langley Atmospheric Sciences Data Center and the MISR Team for providing and distributing the MISR data. NR 108 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 3 U2 37 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1365 EP 1392 DI 10.5194/acp-9-1365-2009 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000020 ER PT J AU Chiu, JC Marshak, A Knyazikhin, Y Pilewski, P Wiscombe, WJ AF Chiu, J. C. Marshak, A. Knyazikhin, Y. Pilewski, P. Wiscombe, W. J. TI Physical interpretation of the spectral radiative signature in the transition zone between cloud-free and cloudy regions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CUMULUS CLOUDS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; MODIS; AEROSOL; ENTRAINMENT; EVOLUTION; PRODUCTS; HUMIDITY; IMAGES; MODEL AB One-second-resolution zenith radiance measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's new shortwave spectrometer (SWS) provide a unique opportunity to analyze the transition zone between cloudy and cloud-free air, which has considerable bearing on the aerosol indirect effect. In the transition zone, we find a remarkable linear relationship between the sum and difference of radiances at 870 and 1640 nm wavelengths. The intercept of the relationship is determined primarily by aerosol properties, and the slope by cloud properties. We then show that this linearity can be predicted from simple theoretical considerations and furthermore that it supports the hypothesis of inhomogeneous mixing, whereby optical depth increases as a cloud is approached but the effective drop size remains unchanged. C1 [Chiu, J. C.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Marshak, A.; Wiscombe, W. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Knyazikhin, Y.] Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Pilewski, P.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Wiscombe, W. J.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, New York, NY USA. RP Chiu, JC (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM christine.chiu@nasa.gov RI Wiscombe, Warren/D-4665-2012; Chiu, Christine/E-5649-2013; Marshak, Alexander/D-5671-2012 OI Wiscombe, Warren/0000-0001-6844-9849; Chiu, Christine/0000-0002-8951-6913; FU Office of Science (BER, US Department of Energy, Interagency) [DE-AI02-08ER64562, DE-AI02-95ER61961, DE-FG02-08ER54564] FX This research was supported by the Office of Science (BER, US Department of Energy, Interagency Agreement No. DE-AI02-08ER64562, DE-AI02-95ER61961, and DE-FG02-08ER54564) as part of the ARM program. NR 48 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1419 EP 1430 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000023 ER PT J AU Perring, AE Bertram, TH Wooldridge, PJ Fried, A Heikes, BG Dibb, J Crounse, JD Wennberg, PO Blake, NJ Blake, DR Brune, WH Singh, HB Cohen, RC AF Perring, A. E. Bertram, T. H. Wooldridge, P. J. Fried, A. Heikes, B. G. Dibb, J. Crounse, J. D. Wennberg, P. O. Blake, N. J. Blake, D. R. Brune, W. H. Singh, H. B. Cohen, R. C. TI Airborne observations of total RONO2: new constraints on the yield and lifetime of isoprene nitrates SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTION; INDUCED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; OH RADICALS; TROPOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NITROGEN-OXIDES; RATE CONSTANTS; MIXING RATIOS AB Formation of isoprene nitrates (INs) is an important free radical chain termination step ending production of ozone and possibly affecting formation of secondary organic aerosol. Isoprene nitrates also represent a potentially large, unmeasured contribution to OH reactivity and are a major pathway for the removal of nitrogen oxides from the atmosphere. Current assessments indicate that formation rates of isoprene nitrates are uncertain to a factor of 2-3 and the subsequent fate of isoprene nitrates remains largely unconstrained by laboratory, field or modeling studies. Measurements of total alkyl and multifunctional nitrates (Sigma ANs), NO2, total peroxy nitrates (Sigma PNs), HNO3, CH2O, isoprene and other VOC were obtained from the NASA DC-8 aircraft during summer 2004 over the continental US during the INTEX-NA campaign. These observations represent the first characterization of Sigma ANs over a wide range of land surface types and in the lower free troposphere. Sigma ANs were a significant, 12-20%, fraction of NOy throughout the experimental domain and Sigma ANs were more abundant when isoprene was high. We use the observed hydrocarbon species to calculate the relative contributions of Sigma AN precursors to their production. These calculations indicate that isoprene represents at least three quarters of the Sigma AN source in the summertime continental boundary layer of the US. An observed correlation between Sigma ANs and CH2O is used to place constraints on nitrate yields from isoprene oxidation, atmospheric lifetimes of the resulting nitrates and recycling efficiencies of nitrates during subsequent oxidation. We find reasonable fits to the data using sets of production rates, lifetimes and recycling efficiencies of INs as follows (4.4%, 16 h, 97%), (8%, 2.5h, 79%) and (12%, 95 min, 67%). The analysis indicates that the lifetime of Sigma ANs as a pool of compounds is considerably longer than the lifetime of the individual isoprene nitrates to reaction with OH, implying that the organic nitrate functionality is at least partially maintained through a second oxidation cycle. C1 [Perring, A. E.; Bertram, T. H.; Wooldridge, P. J.; Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Fried, A.] Earth Observing Lab, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. [Heikes, B. G.] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Dibb, J.] Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Inst, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Crounse, J. D.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Blake, N. J.; Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Brune, W. H.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Cohen, R. C.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Cohen, RC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM cohen@cchem.berkeley.edu RI Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Crounse, John/E-4622-2011; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Perring, Anne/G-4597-2013; Crounse, John/C-3700-2014 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Perring, Anne/0000-0003-2231-7503; Crounse, John/0000-0001-5443-729X FU NASA [NNG05GH196, NAG5-13668]; NASA headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program FX The analysis described here was funded by NASA grants NNG05GH196 and NAG5-13668 and by NASA headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program. The authors would also like to sincerely thank the NASA DC8 flight and ground crews for invaluable logistical support, the DC8 science team for an incredibly creative and rewarding collaboration and especially Melody Avery for editorial input. NR 69 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 51 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1451 EP 1463 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411IC UT WOS:000263642000025 ER PT J AU Emmons, LK Edwards, DP Deeter, MN Gille, JC Campos, T Nedelec, P Novelli, P Sachse, G AF Emmons, L. K. Edwards, D. P. Deeter, M. N. Gille, J. C. Campos, T. Nedelec, P. Novelli, P. Sachse, G. TI Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) validation through 2006 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRUTHING-STATION-ZUGSPITZE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; FAST-RESPONSE; INSTRUMENT; CO AB Comparisons of aircraft measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) to the retrievals of CO using observations from the Measurements of Pollution in The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument onboard the Terra satellite are presented. Observations made as part of the NASA INTEX-B and NSF MIRAGE field campaigns during March-May 2006 are used to validate the MOPITT CO retrievals, along with routine samples from 2001 through 2006 from NOAA and the MOZAIC measurements from commercial aircraft. A significant positive bias, around 20% for total column CO, in MOPITT CO was found in the comparison to in situ measurements during 2006. Comparisons to the long-term records of measurements from NOAA and MOZAIC revealed an increasing bias in the V3 MOPITT CO retrievals over time. The impact of an instrumental drift is illustrated through retrieval simulations. C1 [Emmons, L. K.; Edwards, D. P.; Deeter, M. N.; Gille, J. C.; Campos, T.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Nedelec, P.] Univ P Sabatier, CNRS, Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. [Novelli, P.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Sachse, G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Emmons, LK (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM emmons@ucar.edu RI Deeter, Merritt/O-6078-2016; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Deeter, Merritt/0000-0002-3555-0518; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNG04GO58G]; Earth Observing System Program [NNG06GB27G]; National Science Foundation FX The helpful comments provided by Helen Worden and Avelino Arellano are greatly appreciated. The authors acknowledge for their strong support the European Commission, Airbus and the Airlines (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France) who carry free of charge the MOZAIC equipment and perform the maintenance since 1994. MOZAIC is supported by INSU-CNRS (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), Meteo-France, and FZJ ( Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany). This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract Nos. NNG04GO58G issued by the Earth Observing System Program and NNG06GB27G issued by the Tropospheric Chemistry Program. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. NR 18 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 5 BP 1795 EP 1803 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 418FA UT WOS:000264132800017 ER PT J AU Campmany, E Grainger, RG Dean, SM Sayer, AM AF Campmany, E. Grainger, R. G. Dean, S. M. Sayer, A. M. TI Automatic detection of ship tracks in ATSR-2 satellite imagery SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IMPACT AB Ships modify cloud microphysics by adding cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to a developing or existing cloud. These create lines of larger reflectance in cloud fields that are observed in satellite imagery. An algorithm has been developed to automate the detection of ship tracks in Along Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR-2) imagery. The scheme has been integrated into the Global Retrieval of ATSR Cloud Parameters and Evaluation (GRAPE) processing chain. The algorithm firstly identifies intensity ridgelets in clouds which have the potential to be part of a ship track. This identification is done by comparing each pixel with its surrounding ones. If the intensity of three adjacent pixels is greater than the intensity of their neighbours, then it is classified as a ridgelet. These ridgelets are then connected together, according to a set of connectivity rules, to form tracks which are classed as ship tracks if they are long enough. The algorithm has been applied to two years of ATSR-2 data. Ship tracks are most frequently seen off the west coast of California, and the Atlantic coast of both West Africa and South Western Europe. The global distribution of ship tracks shows strong seasonality, little inter-annual variability and a similar spatial pattern to the distribution of ship emissions. C1 [Campmany, E.; Grainger, R. G.; Dean, S. M.; Sayer, A. M.] Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RP Campmany, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM ecampmany@giss.nasa.gov RI Dean, Sam/F-7711-2011; Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Grainger, Roy/E-8823-2011 OI Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Grainger, Roy/0000-0003-0709-1315 FU QUANTIFY; European Commission FX The authors would like to thank Daniel White for his help in developing and coding the algorithm and the two anonymous referees for their critical and constructive comments for improving the manuscript. This work has been supported by the QUANTIFY project which is funded by the European Commission within the 6th research framework programme. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 6 BP 1899 EP 1905 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 425GQ UT WOS:000264625400005 ER PT J AU Newman, PA Oman, LD Douglass, AR Fleming, EL Frith, SM Hurwitz, MM Kawa, SR Jackman, CH Krotkov, NA Nash, ER Nielsen, JE Pawson, S Stolarski, RS Velders, GJM AF Newman, P. A. Oman, L. D. Douglass, A. R. Fleming, E. L. Frith, S. M. Hurwitz, M. M. Kawa, S. R. Jackman, C. H. Krotkov, N. A. Nash, E. R. Nielsen, J. E. Pawson, S. Stolarski, R. S. Velders, G. J. M. TI What would have happened to the ozone layer if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been regulated? SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MONTREAL PROTOCOL; TRANSPORT MODEL; CLIMATE MODEL; SKIN-CANCER; CHLORINE; ATMOSPHERE; HALOGEN; PARAMETERIZATION; STRATOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE AB Ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was first proposed by Molina and Rowland in their 1974 Nature paper. Since that time, the scientific connection between ozone losses and CFCs and other ozone depleting substances (ODSs) has been firmly established with laboratory measurements, atmospheric observations, and modeling studies. This science research led to the implementation of international agreements that largely stopped the production of ODSs. In this study we use a fully-coupled radiation-chemical-dynamical model to simulate a future world where ODSs were never regulated and ODS production grew at an annual rate of 3%. In this "world avoided" simulation, 17% of the globally-averaged column ozone is destroyed by 2020, and 67% is destroyed by 2065 in comparison to 1980. Large ozone depletions in the polar region become year-round rather than just seasonal as is currently observed in the Antarctic ozone hole. Very large temperature decreases are observed in response to circulation changes and decreased shortwave radiation absorption by ozone. Ozone levels in the tropical lower stratosphere remain constant until about 2053 and then collapse to near zero by 2058 as a result of heterogeneous chemical processes ( as currently observed in the Antarctic ozone hole). The tropical cooling that triggers the ozone collapse is caused by an increase of the tropical upwelling. In response to ozone changes, ultraviolet radiation increases, more than doubling the erythemal radiation in the northern summer midlatitudes by 2060. C1 [Newman, P. A.; Hurwitz, M. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NASA Postdoctoral Program, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Oman, L. D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. [Fleming, E. L.; Frith, S. M.; Nash, E. R.; Nielsen, J. E.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Krotkov, N. A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Velders, G. J. M.] Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Newman, PA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NASA Postdoctoral Program, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM paul.a.newman@nasa.gov RI Oman, Luke/C-2778-2009; Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Kawa, Stephan/E-9040-2012; Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Oman, Luke/0000-0002-5487-2598; Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X FU NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program; Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program FX This work was supported under the NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program and the Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program. GEOS CCM simulations were performed on NASA's Columbia platform using resources provided by NASA's High-End Computing initiative. We are also grateful for the helpful comments provided by David Fahey and several reviewers. NR 57 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 4 U2 58 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 6 BP 2113 EP 2128 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 425GQ UT WOS:000264625400020 ER PT J AU Li, F Stolarski, RS Newman, PA AF Li, F. Stolarski, R. S. Newman, P. A. TI Stratospheric ozone in the post-CFC era SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION; CHANGING CLIMATE; DYNAMICS; AGE; AIR AB Vertical and latitudinal changes in the stratospheric ozone in the post-chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) era are investigated using simulations of the recent past and the 21st century with a coupled chemistry-climate model. Model results reveal that, in the 2060s when the stratospheric halogen loading is projected to return to its 1980 values, the extratropical column ozone is significantly higher than that in 1975-1984, but the tropical column ozone does not recover to 1980 values. Upper and lower stratospheric ozone changes in the post-CFC era have very different patterns. Above 15 hPa ozone increases almost latitudinally uniformly by 6 Dobson Unit (DU), whereas below 15 hPa ozone decreases in the tropics by 8DU and increases in the extratropics by up to 16 DU. The upper stratospheric ozone increase is a photochemical response to greenhouse gas induced strong cooling, and the lower stratospheric ozone changes are consistent with enhanced mean advective transport due to a stronger Brewer-Dobson circulation. The model results suggest that the strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation plays a crucial role in ozone recovery and ozone distributions in the post-CFC era. C1 [Li, F.] Univ Maryland, GEST, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Stolarski, R. S.; Newman, P. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, F (reprint author), Univ Maryland, GEST, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM Feng.Li@nasa.gov RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Li, Feng/H-2241-2012; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012 FU NASA's MAP program FX This research was supported by NASA's MAP program. We thank two anonymous referees and T. G. Shepherd for constructive comments. NR 26 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 6 BP 2207 EP 2213 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 425GQ UT WOS:000264625400026 ER PT J AU Zhou, DK Smith, WL Larar, AM Liu, X Taylor, JP Schlussel, P Strow, LL Mango, SA AF Zhou, D. K. Smith, W. L. Larar, A. M. Liu, X. Taylor, J. P. Schluessel, P. Strow, L. L. Mango, S. A. TI All weather IASI single field-of-view retrievals: case study - validation with JAIVEx data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE EMISSIVITY; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; SOUNDER; SYSTEM; TEMPERATURE; INSTRUMENT; ALGORITHM; CIRRUS; CLOUD; AIRS AB Atmospheric thermodynamic parameters, such as atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, cloud optical/microphysical properties, and surface properties are basic meteorological variables for weather forecasting. In addition, they are critical parameters in tropospheric chemistry studies. A physical, geophysical parameter retrieval scheme dealing with cloudy and cloud-free radiances observed with satellite ultraspectral infrared sounders has been developed to determine simultaneously surface, atmospheric thermodynamic, and cloud microphysical parameters. A one-dimensional variational (1-D Var.) multivariable inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation is used to iteratively improve a background state defined by eigenvector regression. This algorithm has been applied to data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the EUMETSAT Metop-A satellite. The IASI retrieved parameters presented herein are from radiance data gathered during the Joint Airborne IASI Validation Experiment (JAIVEx). JAIVEx provided intensive aircraft observations obtained from airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) systems, such as the NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer (NAST-I), in-situ measurements, and dedicated dropsonde and radiosonde measurements for the validation of the IASI products. Here, IASI atmospheric profile retrievals are compared with those obtained from dedicated dropsondes, radiosondes, and the airborne FTS system. The IASI examples presented here demonstrate the ability to retrieve fine-scale horizontal features with high vertical resolution from satellite ultraspectral sounder radiance spectra. C1 [Zhou, D. K.; Larar, A. M.; Liu, X.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Smith, W. L.] Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Smith, W. L.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. [Taylor, J. P.] Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Schluessel, P.] EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany. [Strow, L. L.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Mango, S. A.] NPOESS Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Zhou, DK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM daniel.k.zhou@nasa.gov RI Taylor, Jonathan/B-3786-2013 FU NPOESS Integrated Program Office; NASA Headquarters; NASA Langley Research Center FX The authors greatly appreciate the contributions of the NASA Langley Research Center, the Space Science and Engineering Center of the University of Wisconsin - Madison, and the UK Met Office. The NAST-I program is supported by the NPOESS Integrated Program Office, NASA Headquarters, and NASA Langley Research Center. The FAAM is jointly funded by the UK Met Office and the Natural Environment Research Council. IASI has been developed and built under the responsibility of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). It is flown onboard the Metop satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI L1 data are received through the Unified Meteorological Archival and Retrieval Facility (UMARF) of EUMETSAT. NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 6 BP 2241 EP 2255 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 425GQ UT WOS:000264625400029 ER PT J AU Singh, HB Brune, WH Crawford, JH Flocke, F Jacob, DJ AF Singh, H. B. Brune, W. H. Crawford, J. H. Flocke, F. Jacob, D. J. TI Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EXPLORATORY MISSION-WEST; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; UNITED-STATES; EMISSIONS; CITY; SATELLITE; SPECTROMETER; VALIDATION; QUALITY AB Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-B (INTEX-B) was a major NASA (Acronyms are provided in Appendix A.) led multi-partner atmospheric field campaign completed in the spring of 2006 (http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/intex-b/). Its major objectives aimed at (i) investigating the extent and persistence of the outflow of pollution from Mexico; (ii) understanding transport and evolution of Asian pollution and implications for air quality and climate across western North America; and (iii) validating space-borne observations of tropospheric composition. INTEX-B was performed in two phases. In its first phase (1-21 March), INTEX-B operated as part of the MILAGRO campaign with a focus on observations over Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. In the second phase (17 April-15 May), the main INTEX-B focus was on trans-Pacific Asian pollution transport. Multiple airborne platforms carrying state of the art chemistry and radiation payloads were flown in concert with satellites and ground stations during the two phases of INTEX-B. Validation of Aura satellite instruments (TES, OMI, MLS, HIRDLS) was a key objective within INTEX-B. Satellite products along with meteorological and 3-D chemical transport model forecasts were integrated into the flight planning process to allow targeted sampling of air parcels. Inter-comparisons were performed among and between aircraft payloads to quantify the accuracy of data and to create a unified data set. Pollution plumes were sampled over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific several days after downwind transport from source regions. Signatures of Asian pollution were routinely detected by INTEX-B aircraft, providing a valuable data set on gas and aerosol composition to test models and evaluate pathways of pollution transport and their impact on air quality and climate. This overview provides details about campaign implementation and a context within which the present and future INTEX-B/MILAGRO publications can be understood. C1 [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Brune, W. H.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16902 USA. [Crawford, J. H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Flocke, F.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Singh, HB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM hanwant.b.singh@nasa.gov RI Crawford, James/L-6632-2013 OI Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934 FU NASA Tropospheric Chemistry; NSF Atmospheric Chemistry Programs FX We thank all INTEX-B/MILAGRO participants and sponsoring agencies for making this project possible. DC-8 and C-130 activities were supported by the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry and NSF Atmospheric Chemistry Programs. We very much appreciate the dedicated efforts of all personnel associated with INTEX-B activities from NASA Dryden, NASA Wallops and Univ. of North Dakota in making this campaign a success. NR 64 TC 126 Z9 127 U1 4 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 7 BP 2301 EP 2318 DI 10.5194/acp-9-2301-2009 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 431YL UT WOS:000265100600002 ER PT J AU Bian, H Chin, M Rodriguez, JM Yu, H Penner, JE Strahan, S AF Bian, H. Chin, M. Rodriguez, J. M. Yu, H. Penner, J. E. Strahan, S. TI Sensitivity of aerosol optical thickness and aerosol direct radiative effect to relative humidity SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUBGRID SCALE VARIATIONS; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; GOCART MODEL; HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; GLUTARIC ACID; PARTICLES; AEROCOM; CLOUD; DISTRIBUTIONS AB We present a sensitivity study of the effects of spatial and temporal resolution of atmospheric relative humidity (RH) on calculated aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and the aerosol direct radiative effects (DRE) in a global model. We carry out different modeling experiments using the same aerosol fields simulated in the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) model at a resolution of 2 degrees latitude by 2.5 degrees longitude, using time-averaged fields archived every three hours by the Goddard Earth Observation System Version 4 (GEOS4), but we change the horizontal and temporal resolution of the relative humidity fields. We find that, on a global average, the AOT calculated using RH at a 1 degrees x 1.25 degrees horizontal resolution is 11% higher than that using RH at a 2 degrees x 2.5 degrees resolution, and the corresponding DRE at the top of the atmosphere is 8-9% and 15% more negative (i.e., more cooling) for total aerosols and anthropogenic aerosol alone, respectively, in the finer spatial resolution case. The difference is largest over surface escarpment regions (e. g. > 200% over the Andes Mountains) where RH varies substantially with surface terrain. The largest zonal mean AOT difference occurs at 50-60 degrees N (16-21%), where AOT is also relatively larger. A similar impact is also found when the time resolution of RH is increased. This increase of AOT and aerosol cooling with the increase of model resolution is due to the highly non-linear relationship between RH and the aerosol mass extinction efficiency (MEE) at high RH (> 80%). Our study is a specific example of the uncertainty in model results highlighted by multi-model comparisons such as AeroCom, and points out one of the many inter-model differences that can contribute to the overall spread among models. C1 [Bian, H.; Yu, H.; Strahan, S.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Bian, H.; Chin, M.; Rodriguez, J. M.; Strahan, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Yu, H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Penner, J. E.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Bian, H (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM huisheng.bian@nasa.gov RI Yu, Hongbin/C-6485-2008; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Rodriguez, Jose/G-3751-2013; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012 OI Yu, Hongbin/0000-0003-4706-1575; Rodriguez, Jose/0000-0002-1902-4649; FU NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program FX The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Arlindo da Silva in understanding RH distributions in the GEOS-4 system and the three reviewers whose comments improved the manuscript. This work was supported by the NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program. NR 37 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 7 BP 2375 EP 2386 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 431YL UT WOS:000265100600006 ER PT J AU Strahan, SE Schoeberl, MR Steenrod, SD AF Strahan, S. E. Schoeberl, M. R. Steenrod, S. D. TI The impact of tropical recirculation on polar composition SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; AIR; CHEMISTRY; MODELS; STRATOSPHERE; VORTEX; AGE AB We derive the tropical modal age of air from an analysis of the water vapor tape recorder. We combine the observationally derived modal age with mean age of air from CO2 and SF6 to create diagnostics for the independent evaluation of the vertical transport rate and horizontal recirculation into the tropics between 16-32 km. These diagnostics are applied to two Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry and transport model (CTM) age tracer simulations to give new insights into the tropical transport characteristics of the meteorological fields from the GEOS4-GCM and the GEOS4-DAS. Both simulations are found to have modal ages that are in reasonable agreement with the empirically derived age (i.e., transit times) over the entire altitude range. Both simulations show too little horizontal recirculation into the tropics above 22 km, with the GEOS4-DAS fields having greater recirculation. Using CH4 as a proxy for mean age, comparisons between HALOE and model CH4 in the Antarctic demonstrate how the strength of tropical recirculation affects polar composition in both CTM experiments. Better tropical recirculation tends to improve the CH4 simulation in the Antarctic. However, mean age in the Antarctic lower stratosphere can be compromised by poor representation of tropical ascent, tropical recirculation, or vortex barrier strength. The connection between polar and tropical composition shown in this study demonstrates the importance of diagnosing each of these processes separately in order to verify the adequate representation of the processes contributing to polar composition in models. C1 [Strahan, S. E.; Steenrod, S. D.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Schoeberl, M. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Strahan, SE (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM susan.e.strahan@.nasa.gov RI Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Steenrod, Stephen/H-2218-2012 FU NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program FX This work was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program. We thank J. Rodriguez, Project Scientist of the Global Modeling Initiative, for scientific support; E. Nielsen for producing the GEOS4-GCM fields, and S. Pawson for producing a 3-h time averaged version of the GEOS4-DAS meteorological fields. We also thank Luke Oman and Darryn Waugh for insightful comments and discussion. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 7 BP 2471 EP 2480 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 431YL UT WOS:000265100600013 ER PT J AU Freitas, SR Longo, KM Dias, MAFS Chatfield, R Dias, PS Artaxo, P Andreae, MO Grell, G Rodrigues, LF Fazenda, A Panetta, J AF Freitas, S. R. Longo, K. M. Dias, M. A. F. Silva Chatfield, R. Dias, P. Silva Artaxo, P. Andreae, M. O. Grell, G. Rodrigues, L. F. Fazenda, A. Panetta, J. TI The Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS) - Part 1: Model description and evaluation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SOUTH-AMERICA; SMOKE; EMISSIONS; AMAZONIA; CARBON; FIRE; PARAMETERIZATION; CONVECTION; RESOLUTION AB We introduce the Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS). CATT-BRAMS is an on-line transport model fully consistent with the simulated atmospheric dynamics. Emission sources from biomass burning and urban-industrial-vehicular activities for trace gases and from biomass burning aerosol particles are obtained from several published datasets and remote sensing information. The tracer and aerosol mass concentration prognostics include the effects of sub-grid scale turbulence in the planetary boundary layer, convective transport by shallow and deep moist convection, wet and dry deposition, and plume rise associated with vegetation fires in addition to the grid scale transport. The radiation parameterization takes into account the interaction between the simulated biomass burning aerosol particles and short and long wave radiation. The atmospheric model BRAMS is based on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), with several improvements associated with cumulus convection representation, soil moisture initialization and surface scheme tuned for the tropics, among others. In this paper the CATT-BRAMS model is used to simulate carbon monoxide and particulate material (PM2.5) surface fluxes and atmospheric transport during the 2002 LBA field campaigns, conducted during the transition from the dry to wet season in the southwest Amazon Basin. Model evaluation is addressed with comparisons between model results and near surface, radiosondes and airborne measurements performed during the field campaign, as well as remote sensing derived products. We show the matching of emissions strengths to observed carbon monoxide in the LBA campaign. A relatively good comparison to the MOPITT data, in spite of the fact that MOPITT a priori assumptions imply several difficulties, is also obtained. C1 [Freitas, S. R.; Longo, K. M.; Dias, M. A. F. Silva; Rodrigues, L. F.; Fazenda, A.; Panetta, J.] INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasts & Climate Studies CPTEC, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. [Dias, M. A. F. Silva; Dias, P. Silva] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Chatfield, R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Artaxo, P.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Andreae, M. O.] Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Grell, G.] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Res Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Fazenda, A.] Univ Taubate, Dept Comp Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Freitas, SR (reprint author), INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasts & Climate Studies CPTEC, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. EM saulo.freitas@cptec.inpe.br RI Freitas, Saulo/A-2279-2012; grell, georg/B-6234-2015; Leite da Silva Dias, Pedro/H-1183-2016; Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010; Andreae, Meinrat/B-1068-2008 OI Freitas, Saulo/0000-0002-9879-646X; grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742; Leite da Silva Dias, Pedro/0000-0002-4051-2962; Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036; Fazenda, Alvaro/0000-0002-4052-1113; Andreae, Meinrat/0000-0003-1968-7925 FU NASA Headquarters [NRA-03-OES-02, NRA-97-MTPE-02, NRA-02-OES-06]; CNPq [305059/2005-0, 309922/2007-0]; FAPESP [04/13445-1, 01/14981-6]; European Commission [EVK2-CT-2001-00110-SMOCC]; Max Planck Society; Instituto do Milenio/LBA/CNPq/MCT; Moore Foundation; Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN II 2017; US National Science Foundation [GEO-0452325] FX We acknowledge partial support of this work by NASA Headquarters (NRA-03-OES-02, NRA-97-MTPE-02 and NRA-02-OES-06), CNPq (305059/2005-0, 309922/2007-0) and FAPESP (04/13445-1, 01/14981-6). This work was carried out within the framework of the LBA Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate (SMOCC) project (funded by the Environmental and Climate Program of the European Commission under contract No. EVK2-CT-2001-00110-SMOCC and by the Max Planck Society), and Radiation, Cloud, and Climate Interactions in the Amazon during the DRY-TO-WET Transition Season (RaCCI) project (funded by FAPESP and Instituto do Milenio/LBA/CNPq/MCT). Partial funding was also provided by Moore Foundation and Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN II 2017 and US National Science Foundation (Grant GEO-0452325). The authors also acknowledge L. Emmons for the very constructive comments on a first draft. NR 64 TC 72 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 8 BP 2843 EP 2861 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 441BA UT WOS:000265743100015 ER PT J AU Liang, Q Douglass, AR Duncan, BN Stolarski, RS Witte, JC AF Liang, Q. Douglass, A. R. Duncan, B. N. Stolarski, R. S. Witte, J. C. TI The governing processes and timescales of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport and its contribution to ozone in the Arctic troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE TROPOSPHERE; LAYER EXPEDITION ABLE-3A; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; NITROGEN-OXIDES; HIGH-LATITUDES; MODEL; TROPOPAUSE; CHEMISTRY; EXCHANGE; TRENDS AB We used the seasonality of a combination of atmospheric trace gases and idealized tracers to examine stratosphere-to-troposphere transport and its influence on tropospheric composition in the Arctic. Maximum stratosphere-to-troposphere transport of CFCs and O-3 occurs in April as driven by the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) occurs predominantly between 40 degrees N to 80 degrees N with stratospheric influx in the mid-latitudes (30-70 degrees N) accounting for 67-81% of the air of stratospheric origin in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical troposphere. Transport from the lower stratosphere to the lower troposphere (LT) takes three months on average, one month to cross the tropopause, the second month to travel from the upper troposphere (UT) to the middle troposphere (MT), and the third month to reach the LT. During downward transport, the seasonality of a trace gas can be greatly impacted by wet removal and chemistry. A comparison of idealized tracers with varying lifetimes suggests that when initialized with the same concentrations and seasonal cycles at the tropopause, trace gases that have shorter lifetimes display lower concentrations, smaller amplitudes, and earlier seasonal maxima during transport to the LT. STE contributes to O-3 in the Arctic troposphere directly from the transport of O-3 and indirectly from the transport of NOy. Direct transport of O-3 from the stratosphere accounts for 78% of O-3 in the Arctic UT with maximum contributions occurring from March to May. The stratospheric contribution decreases significantly in the MT/LT (20-25% of total O-3) and shows a very weak March-April maximum. Our NOx budget analysis in the Arctic UT shows that during spring and summer, the stratospheric injection of NOy-rich air increases NOx concentrations above the 20 pptv threshold level, thereby shifting the Arctic UT from a regime of net photochemical ozone loss to one of net production with rates as high as +16 ppbv/month. C1 [Liang, Q.; Douglass, A. R.; Duncan, B. N.; Stolarski, R. S.; Witte, J. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Liang, Q.] Oak Ridge Associated Univ, NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Duncan, B. N.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Witte, J. C.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Liang, Q (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Code 613-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Qing.Liang@nasa.gov RI Liang, Qing/B-1276-2011; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Douglass, Anne/D-4655-2012; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013 OI Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012 FU NASA; Canadian Space Agency FX This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. We are grateful to Peter Bernath and the ACE team for their data which is important for our model validation in the Arctic. The ACE mission is funded primarily by the Canadian Space Agency. NR 87 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 9 BP 3011 EP 3025 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 447KJ UT WOS:000266189700009 ER PT J AU Min, QL Li, R Lin, B Joseph, E Wang, S Hu, Y Morris, V Chang, F AF Min, Q-L. Li, R. Lin, B. Joseph, E. Wang, S. Hu, Y. Morris, V. Chang, F. TI Evidence of mineral dust altering cloud microphysics and precipitation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADAR; MICROWAVE; AEROSOLS; TROPICS; REFLECTIVITY; EVOLUTION; SYSTEMS; STORMS; TRMM AB Multi-platform and multi-sensor observations are employed to investigate the impact of mineral dust on cloud microphysical and precipitation processes in mesoscale convective systems. For a given convective strength, small hydrometeors were more prevalent in the stratiform rain regions with dust than in those regions that were dust free. Evidence of abundant cloud ice particles in the dust sector, particularly at altitudes where heterogeneous nucleation of mineral dust prevails, further supports the observed changes of precipitation. The consequences of the microphysical effects of the dust aerosols were to shift the precipitation size spectrum from heavy precipitation to light precipitation and ultimately suppressing precipitation. C1 [Min, Q-L.; Li, R.; Wang, S.] SUNY, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, New York, NY USA. [Lin, B.; Hu, Y.; Chang, F.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Joseph, E.; Morris, V.] Howard Univ, NOAA Ctr Atmospher Sci, Washington, DC 20059 USA. RP Min, QL (reprint author), SUNY, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, New York, NY USA. EM min@asrc.cestm.albany.edu RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 FU Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy [DE-FG02-03ER63531]; NOAA Educational Partnership Program [NA17AE1625, NA17AE1623]; NASA [NNL06AA00G] FX We thanks for EUMETSAT to provide Meteosat-8 data and associated image processing tools, and for NASA to provide TRMM Orbit Viewer. This research was supported by the Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy, Grant DE-FG02-03ER63531, by the NOAA Educational Partnership Program with Minority Serving Institutions (EPP/MSI) under cooperative agreements NA17AE1625 and NA17AE1623, and by NASA Grant NNL06AA00G. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 9 BP 3223 EP 3231 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 447KJ UT WOS:000266189700022 ER PT J AU Jin, JJ Semeniuk, K Beagley, SR Fomichev, VI Jonsson, AI McConnell, JC Urban, J Murtagh, D Manney, GL Boone, CD Bernath, PF Walker, KA Barret, B Ricaud, P Dupuy, E AF Jin, J. J. Semeniuk, K. Beagley, S. R. Fomichev, V. I. Jonsson, A. I. McConnell, J. C. Urban, J. Murtagh, D. Manney, G. L. Boone, C. D. Bernath, P. F. Walker, K. A. Barret, B. Ricaud, P. Dupuy, E. TI Comparison of CMAM simulations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) with observations from Odin/SMR, ACE-FTS, and Aura/MLS SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE MODEL; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; SEMIANNUAL OSCILLATION; ANNUAL CYCLE; WATER-VAPOR; EOS MLS; VALIDATION; OZONE; CLIMATOLOGY; TEMPERATURE AB Simulations of CO, N2O and CH4 from a coupled chemistry-climate model (CMAM) are compared with satellite measurements from Odin Sub-Millimeter Radiometer (Odin/SMR), Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (Aura/MLS). Pressure-latitude cross-sections and seasonal time series demonstrate that CMAM reproduces the observed global CO, N2O, and CH4 distributions quite well. Generally, excellent agreement with measurements is found between CO simulations and observations in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Differences between the simulations and the ACE-FTS observations are generally within 30%, and the differences between CMAM results and SMR and MLS observations are slightly larger. These differences are comparable with the difference between the instruments in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. Comparisons of N2O show that CMAM results are usually within 15% of the measurements in the lower and middle stratosphere, and the observations are close to each other. However, the standard version of CMAM has a low N2O bias in the upper stratosphere. The CMAM CH4 distribution also reproduces the observations in the lower stratosphere, but has a similar but smaller negative bias in the upper stratosphere. The negative bias may be due to that the gravity drag is not fully resolved in the model. The simulated polar CO evolution in the Arctic and Antarctic agrees with the ACE and MLS observations. CO measurements from 2006 show evidence of enhanced descent of air from the mesosphere into the stratosphere in the Arctic after strong stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs). CMAM also shows strong descent of air after SSWs. In the tropics, CMAM captures the annual oscillation in the lower stratosphere and the semiannual oscillations at the stratopause and mesopause seen in Aura/MLS CO and N2O observations and in Odin/SMR N2O observations. The Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS N2O observations also show a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the upper stratosphere, whereas, the CMAM does not have QBO included. This study confirms that CMAM is able to simulate middle atmospheric transport processes reasonably well. C1 [Jin, J. J.; Semeniuk, K.; Beagley, S. R.; Fomichev, V. I.; McConnell, J. C.] York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Jonsson, A. I.; Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Urban, J.; Murtagh, D.] Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Manney, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Boone, C. D.; Bernath, P. F.; Walker, K. A.; Dupuy, E.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Barret, B.; Ricaud, P.] Univ Toulouse 3, Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, CNRS UMR 5560, F-31062 Toulouse, France. RP Jin, JJ (reprint author), York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. EM jin@nimbus.yorku.ca RI Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; The Odin satellite, aeronomy mission/F-1671-2011; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Jin, Jianjun/G-8357-2012; Barret, Brice/I-9350-2012; Jonsson, Andreas/B-3887-2013; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011 OI Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Barret, Brice/0000-0002-1784-4758; Jonsson, Andreas/0000-0003-0321-6213; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559 FU Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science (CFCAS); United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) FX The authors would like to thank the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science (CFCAS), and the United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for support. Computing resources were also provided by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the Ontario Innovation Trust. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), the CSA, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France, the National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), and the European Space Agency (ESA). Funding for ACE is provided by the CSA, the NSERC, Environment Canada, and the CFCAS. NR 69 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 10 BP 3233 EP 3252 DI 10.5194/acp-9-3233-2009 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 452QJ UT WOS:000266556000001 ER PT J AU Frey, MM Hutterli, MA Chen, G Sjostedt, SJ Burkhart, JF Friel, DK Bales, RC AF Frey, M. M. Hutterli, M. A. Chen, G. Sjostedt, S. J. Burkhart, J. F. Friel, D. K. Bales, R. C. TI Contrasting atmospheric boundary layer chemistry of methylhydroperoxide (CH3OOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) above polar snow SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-POLE; ICE CORE; GREENLAND; SUMMIT; AIR; FORMALDEHYDE; HYDROPEROXIDES; HYDROXYL; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; VARIABILITY AB Atmospheric hydroperoxides (ROOH) were measured at Summit, Greenland (72.97 degrees N, 38.77 degrees W) in summer 2003 (SUM03) and spring 2004 (SUM04) and South Pole in December 2003 (SP03). The two dominant hydroperoxides were H2O2 and CH3OOH (from here on MHP) with average (+/- 1 sigma) mixing ratios of 1448 (+/- 688) pptv, 204 (+/- 162) and 278 (+/- 67) for H2O2 and 578 (+/- 377) pptv, 139 (+/- 101) pptv and 138 (+/- 89) pptv for MHP, respectively. In early spring, MHP dominated the ROOH budget and showed night timemaxima and daytime minima, out of phase with the diurnal cycle of H2O2, suggesting that the organic peroxide is controlled by photochemistry, while H2O2 is largely influenced by temperature driven exchange between the atmosphere and snow. Highly constrained photochemical box model runs yielded median ratios between modeled and observed MHP of 52%, 148% and 3% for SUM03, SUM04 and SP03, respectively. At Summit firn air measurements and model calculations suggest a daytime sink of MHP in the upper snow pack, which decreases in strength through the spring season into the summer. Up to 50% of the estimated sink rates of 1-5 x 10(11) molecules m(-3) s(-1) equivalent to 24-96 pptv h(-1) can be explained by photolysis and reaction with the OH radical in firn air and in the quasi-liquid layer on snow grains. Rapid processing of MHP in surface snow is expected to contribute significantly to a photochemical snow pack source of formaldehyde (CH2O). Conversely, summer levels of MHP at South Pole are inconsistent with the prevailing high NO concentrations, and cannot be explained currently by known photochemical precursors or transport, thus suggesting a missing source. Simultaneous measurements of H2O2, MHP and CH2O allow to constrain the NO background today and potentially also in the past using ice cores, although it seems less likely that MHP is preserved in firn and ice. C1 [Frey, M. M.; Hutterli, M. A.] British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Frey, M. M.; Burkhart, J. F.; Bales, R. C.] Univ Calif, Sch Engn, Merced, CA USA. [Chen, G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Sjostedt, S. J.] Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. [Friel, D. K.] Boston Coll, Dept Chem, Boston, MA USA. [Burkhart, J. F.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Dept Atmospher & Climate Sci, Kjeller, Norway. RP Frey, MM (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. EM maey@bas.ac.uk RI Burkhart, John/B-7095-2008; Frey, Markus/G-1756-2012; Sjostedt, Steven/B-5032-2015 OI Burkhart, John/0000-0002-5587-1693; Frey, Markus/0000-0003-0535-0416; FU National Science Foundations Office of Polar Programs [OPP-0636929, OPP-9814810, OPP-0230051, OPP-0221150] FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundations Office of Polar Programs (OPP-0636929, OPP-9814810, OPP-0230051 and OPP-0221150). We thank A. Ohmura at the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science IAC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH for providing meteorological data for Summit, Greenland. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. NR 45 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 10 BP 3261 EP 3276 DI 10.5194/acp-9-3261-2009 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 452QJ UT WOS:000266556000003 ER PT J AU Meskhidze, N Remer, LA Platnick, S Juarez, RN Lichtenberger, AM Aiyyer, AR AF Meskhidze, N. Remer, L. A. Platnick, S. Juarez, R. Negron Lichtenberger, A. M. Aiyyer, A. R. TI Exploring the differences in cloud properties observed by the Terra and Aqua MODIS Sensors SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DIURNAL-VARIATION; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ABSORBING AEROSOLS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; AIR-POLLUTION; STRATOCUMULUS; CLIMATE; CONVECTION AB The aerosol-cloud interaction in different parts of the globe is examined here using multi-year statistics of remotely sensed data from two MODIS sensors aboard NASA's Terra (morning) and Aqua (afternoon) satellites. Simultaneous retrievals of aerosol loadings and cloud properties by the MODIS sensor allowed us to explore morning-to-afternoon variation of liquid cloud fraction (CF) and optical thickness (COT) for clean, moderately polluted and heavily polluted clouds in different seasons. Data analysis for seven-years of MODIS retrievals revealed strong temporal and spatial patterns in morning-to-afternoon variation of cloud fraction and optical thickness over different parts of the global oceans and the land. For the vast areas of stratocumulus cloud regions, the data shows that the days with elevated aerosol abundance were also associated with enhanced afternoon reduction of CF and COT pointing to the possible reduction of the indirect climate forcing. A positive correlation between aerosol optical depth and morning-to-afternoon variation of trade wind cumulus cloud cover was also found over the northern Indian Ocean, though no clear relationship between the concentration of Indo-Asian haze and morning-to-afternoon variation of COT was established. Over the Amazon region during wet conditions, aerosols are associated with an enhanced convective process in which morning shallow warm clouds are organized into afternoon deep convection with greater ice cloud coverage. Analysis presented here demonstrates that the new technique for exploring morning-to-afternoon variability in cloud properties by using the differences in data products from the two daily MODIS overpasses is capable of capturing some of the major features of diurnal variations in cloud properties and can be used for better understanding of aerosol radiative effects. C1 [Meskhidze, N.; Lichtenberger, A. M.; Aiyyer, A. R.] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Remer, L. A.; Platnick, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Juarez, R. Negron] Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Meskhidze, N (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM nmeskhidze@ncsu.edu RI Aiyyer, Anantha/A-4295-2012; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014; Igel, Adele/J-5458-2013 OI Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567; Igel, Adele/0000-0002-4845-594X FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Visiting Fellowship; NASA Interdisciplinary Sciences Program FX Meskhidze would like to acknowledge the support from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Visiting Fellowship. Remer acknowledges support from the NASA Interdisciplinary Sciences Program. NR 81 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 10 BP 3461 EP 3475 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 452QJ UT WOS:000266556000017 ER PT J AU Jones, DBA Bowman, KW Logan, JA Heald, CL Liu, J Luo, M Worden, J Drummond, J AF Jones, D. B. A. Bowman, K. W. Logan, J. A. Heald, C. L. Liu, J. Luo, M. Worden, J. Drummond, J. TI The zonal structure of tropical O-3 and CO as observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer in November 2004-Part 1: Inverse modeling of CO emissions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; MOPITT INSTRUMENT; RATIOS AB We conduct an inverse modeling analysis of measurements of atmospheric CO from the TES and MOPITT satellite instruments using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to quantify emissions of CO in the tropics in November 2004. We also assess the consistency of the information provided by TES and MOPITT on surface emissions of CO. We focus on the tropics in November 2004, during the biomass burning season., because TES observations of CO and O-3 and MOPITT observations of CO reveal significantly greater abundances of these gases than simulated by the GEOS-Chem model during that period. We find that both datasets suggest substantially greater emissions of CO from sub-equatorial Africa and the Indonesian/Australian re-ion than in the climatological emissions in the model. The a posteriori emissions from sub-equatorial Africa based on TES and MOPITT data were 173 Tg CO/yr and 184 Tg CO/yr, respectively, compared to the a priori of 95 Tg CO/yr. In the Indonesian/Australian region, the a posteriori emissions inferred from TES and MOPITT data were 155 Tg CO/yr and 185 Tg CO/yr, respectively, whereas the a priori was 69 Tg CO/yr. The differences between the a posteriori emission estimates obtained from the two datasets are generally less than 20%. The a posteriori emissions significantly improve the simulated distribution of CO, however, large regional residuals remain, and are likely due to systematic errors in the analysis. Reducing these residuals and improving the accuracy of top-down emission estimates will require better characterization of systematic errors in the observations and the model (chemistry and transport). C1 [Jones, D. B. A.; Liu, J.; Drummond, J.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Bowman, K. W.; Luo, M.; Worden, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Logan, J. A.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Heald, C. L.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Jones, DBA (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. EM dbj@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca RI Heald, Colette/A-6813-2011; Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014; Drummond, James/O-7467-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725; FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NASA FX This work was supported by funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. JAL was funded by grants from NASA. The GEOS-Chem model is managed at Harvard University with support from the NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program. NR 40 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 11 BP 3547 EP 3562 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 457XD UT WOS:000266968200005 ER PT J AU Bowman, KW Jones, DBA Logan, JA Worden, H Boersma, F Chang, R Kulawik, S Osterman, G Hamer, P Worden, J AF Bowman, K. W. Jones, D. B. A. Logan, J. A. Worden, H. Boersma, F. Chang, R. Kulawik, S. Osterman, G. Hamer, P. Worden, J. TI The zonal structure of tropical O-3 and CO as observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer in November 2004-Part 2: Impact of surface emissions on O-3 and its precursors SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; OZONE MAXIMUM; LIGHTNING NOX; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; GLOBAL-MODEL; WAVE-ONE; ATLANTIC; TRANSPORT AB The impact. of surface emissions on the zonal structure of tropical tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide is investigated for November 2004 using satellite observations, in-situ measurements, and chemical transport models in conjunction with inverse-estimated surface emissions. Vertical ozone profiles from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and ozone sonde measurements from the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) network show elevated concentrations of ozone over Indonesia and Australia (60-70 ppb) in the lower troposphere against the backdrop of the well-known zonal "wave-one" pattern with ozone concentrations of (70-80 ppb) centered over the Atlantic. Observational evidence from TES CO vertical profiles and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 columns point to regional surface emissions as an important contributor to the elevated ozone over Indonesia. This contribution is investigated with the GEOS-Chem chemistry and transport model using surface emission estimates derived from an optimal inverse model, which was constrained by TES and Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) CO profiles (Jones et al., 2009). These a posteriori estimates, which were over a factor of 2 greater than climatological emissions, reduced differences between GEOS-Chem and TES ozone observations by 30-40% over Indonesia. The response of the free tropospheric chemical state to the changes in these emissions is investigated for ozone, CO, NOx, and PAN. Model simulations indicate that ozone over Indonesian/Australian is sensitive to regional changes in surface emissions of NOx but relatively insensitive to lightning NOx. Over sub-equatorial Africa and South America, free tropospheric NOx, was reduced in response to increased surface emissions potentially muting ozone production. C1 [Bowman, K. W.; Worden, H.; Kulawik, S.; Osterman, G.; Hamer, P.; Worden, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Jones, D. B. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Logan, J. A.; Boersma, F.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Chang, R.] Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. RP Bowman, KW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM kevin.bowman@jpl.nasa.gov RI Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725; FU NASA; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada FX This work was performed, in part, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). JAL was funded by a grant from NASA to Harvard University. DBJ was supported by funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We also thank the SHADOZ program for making the sonde data accessible. NR 89 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 11 BP 3563 EP 3582 DI 10.5194/acp-9-3563-2009 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 457XD UT WOS:000266968200006 ER PT J AU Stavrakou, T Muller, JF De Smedt, I Van Roozendael, M van der Werf, GR Giglio, L Guenther, A AF Stavrakou, T. Mueller, J.-F. De Smedt, I. Van Roozendael, M. van der Werf, G. R. Giglio, L. Guenther, A. TI Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003-2006 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TROPICAL FOREST; FIRE EMISSIONS; CROSS-SECTIONS; NORTH-AMERICA; MODEL; OZONE; GASES AB Formaldehyde columns retrieved from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography/Chemistry (SCIAMACHY) instrument on-board ENVISAT satellite through 2003 to 2006 are used as top-down constraints to derive updated global biogenic and biomass burning flux estimates for the non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) precursors of formaldehyde. Our interest is centered over regions experiencing strong emissions, and hence exhibiting a high signal-to-noise ratio and lower measurement uncertainties. The formaldehyde dataset used in this study has been recently made available to the community and complements the long record of formaldehyde measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). We use the IMAGESv2 global chemistry-transport model driven by the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 1 or 2 for biomass burning, and from the newly developed MEGAN-ECMWF isoprene emission database. The adjoint of the model is implemented in a grid-based framework within which emission fluxes are derived at the model resolution, together with a differentiation of the sources in a grid cell. Two inversion studies are conducted using either the GFEDv1 or GFEDv2 as a priori for the pyrogenic fluxes. Although on the global scale the inferred emissions from the two categories exhibit only weak deviations from the corresponding a priori estimates, the regional updates often present large departures from their a priori values. The posterior isoprene emissions over North America, amounting to about 34 Tg C/yr, are estimated to be on average by 25% lower than the a priori over 2003-2006, whereas a strong increase (55%) is deduced over the south African continent, the optimized emission being estimated at 57 Tg C/yr. Over Indonesia the biogenic emissions appear to be overestimated by 20-30%, whereas over Indochina and the Amazon basin during the wet season the a priori inventory captures both the seasonality and the magnitude of the observed columns. Although neither biomass burning inventory seems to be consistent with the data over all regions, pyrogenic estimates inferred from the two inversions are reasonably similar, despite their a priori deviations. A number of sensitivity experiments are conducted in order to assess the impact of uncertainties related to the inversion setup and the chemical mechanism. Whereas changes in the background error covariance matrix have only a limited impact on the posterior fluxes, the use of an alternative isoprene mechanism characterized by lower HCHO yields (the GEOS-Chem mechanism) increases the posterior isoprene source estimate by 11% over northern America, and by up to 40% in tropical regions. C1 [Stavrakou, T.; Mueller, J.-F.; De Smedt, I.; Van Roozendael, M.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. [van der Werf, G. R.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Giglio, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Guenther, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stavrakou, T (reprint author), Belgian Inst Space Aeron, Ave Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. EM jenny@aeronomie.be RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630 FU Belgian Science Policy Office FX This work has been supported by the PRODEX programme of the ESA funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office. NR 58 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 11 BP 3663 EP 3679 DI 10.5194/acp-9-3663-2009 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 457XD UT WOS:000266968200012 ER PT J AU Spencer, KM McCabe, DC Crounse, JD Olson, JR Crawford, JH Weinheimer, AJ Knapp, DJ Montzka, DD Cantrell, CA Hornbrook, RS Mauldin, RL Wennberg, PO AF Spencer, K. M. McCabe, D. C. Crounse, J. D. Olson, J. R. Crawford, J. H. Weinheimer, A. J. Knapp, D. J. Montzka, D. D. Cantrell, C. A. Hornbrook, R. S. Mauldin, R. L., III Wennberg, P. O. TI Inferring ozone production in an urban atmosphere using measurements of peroxynitric acid SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NEW-YORK-CITY; PERNITRIC ACID; UNIMOLECULAR DECOMPOSITION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; RATE COEFFICIENT; TRACE GASES; HO2NO2 AB Observations of peroxynitric acid (HO2NO2) obtained simultaneously with those of NO and NO2 provide a sensitive measure of the ozone photochemical production rate. We illustrate this technique for constraining the ozone production rate with observations obtained from the NCAR C-130 aircraft platform during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) intensive in Mexico during the spring of 2006. Sensitive and selective measurements of HO2NO2 were made in situ using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). Observations were compared to modeled HO2NO2 concentrations obtained from the NASA Langley highly-constrained photochemical time-dependent box model. The median observed-to-calculated ratio of HO2NO2 is 1.18. At NOx levels greater than 15 ppbv, the photochemical box model under-predicts observations with an observed-to-calculated ratio of HO2NO2 of 1.57. As a result, we find that at high NOx, the ozone production rate calculated using measured HO2NO2 is faster than predicted using accepted photochemistry. Inclusion of an additional HOx source from the reaction of excited state NO2 with H2O or reduction in the rate constant of the reaction of OH with NO2 improves the agreement. C1 [Spencer, K. M.; Crounse, J. D.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [McCabe, D. C.; Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Olson, J. R.; Crawford, J. H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Weinheimer, A. J.; Knapp, D. J.; Montzka, D. D.; Cantrell, C. A.; Hornbrook, R. S.; Mauldin, R. L., III] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Spencer, KM (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM kspencer@caltech.edu RI Crounse, John/E-4622-2011; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Crounse, John/C-3700-2014; OI Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Crounse, John/0000-0001-5443-729X; Hornbrook, Rebecca/0000-0002-6304-6554 FU NASA [NNG06GB32B]; EPA-STAR Fellowship Program [FP916334012] FX The authors wish to thank C. M. Roehl for synthesizing the peroxynitric acid for calibration. P. Weibring and A. Fried, D. R. Blake, and R. E. Shetter provided formaldehyde, whole air sample, and solar actinic flux measurements, respectively, which provided constrains for the photochemical box model. The authors also wish to thank the C- 130 crew and support team. The HO2NO2 measurements and their interpretation was made possible with the financial support of NASA (NAG: NNG06GB32B). J. D. C. acknowledges support from the EPA-STAR Fellowship Program (FP916334012). This work has not been formally reviewed by the EPA. The views expressed in this document are solely those of the authors and the EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. NR 60 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 11 BP 3697 EP 3707 DI 10.5194/acp-9-3697-2009 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 457XD UT WOS:000266968200014 ER PT J AU Huang, J Fu, Q Su, J Tang, Q Minnis, P Hu, Y Yi, Y Zhao, Q AF Huang, J. Fu, Q. Su, J. Tang, Q. Minnis, P. Hu, Y. Yi, Y. Zhao, Q. TI Taklimakan dust aerosol radiative heating derived from CALIPSO observations using the Fu-Liou radiation model with CERES constraints SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MINERAL DUST; APRIL 1998; CLOUDS; CLIMATE; CHINA; DEPOLARIZATION; SENSITIVITY; ABSORPTION; CLOUDINESS AB The dust aerosol radiative forcing and heating rate over the Taklimakan Desert in Northwestern China in July 2006 are estimated using the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model along with satellite observations. The vertical distributions of the dust aerosol extinction coefficient are derived from the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) lidar measurements. The CERES (Cloud and the Earth's Energy Budget Scanner) measurements of reflected solar radiation are used to constrain the dust aerosol type in the radiative transfer model, which determines the dust aerosol single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factor as well as the aerosol optical properties' spectral dependencies. We find that the dust aerosols have a significant impact on the radiative energy budget over the Taklimakan desert. In the atmospheres containing light, moderate and heavy dust layers, the dust aerosols heat the atmosphere (daily mean) by up to 1, 2, and 3 K day(-1), respectively. The maximum daily mean radiative heating rate reaches 5.5 K day(-1) at 5 km on 29 July. The averaged daily mean net radiative effect of the dust are 44.4, -41.9, and 86.3 W m(-2), respectively, at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), surface, and in the atmosphere. Among these effects about two thirds of the warming effect at the TOA is related to the longwave radiation, while about 90% of the atmospheric warming is contributed by the solar radiation. At the surface, about one third of the dust solar radiative cooling effect is compensated by its longwave warming effect. The large modifications of radiative energy budget by the dust aerosols over Taklimakan Desert should have important implications for the atmospheric circulation and regional climate, topics for future investigations. C1 [Huang, J.; Fu, Q.; Su, J.; Tang, Q.] Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Minist Educ, Key Lab Semiarid Climate Change, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. [Fu, Q.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmosphere Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Minnis, P.; Hu, Y.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Yi, Y.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Zhao, Q.] Gansu Meteorol Bur, Lanzhou 73000, Peoples R China. RP Huang, J (reprint author), Lanzhou Univ, Coll Atmospher Sci, Minist Educ, Key Lab Semiarid Climate Change, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. EM hjp@lzu.edu.cn RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; FU National Science Foundation of China [40628005, 40633017]; National Basic Research Program of China [2006CB400501]; NASA [NNX08AF66G] FX This research is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under grant (40628005, and 40633017) and National Basic Research Program of China (2006CB400501). Q. Fu is also supported by NASA Grant NNX08AF66G. This research was also supported by the CALIPSO and CloudSat projects. The CALIPSO and CERES data were obtained from the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System, Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at the Langley Research Center. NR 46 TC 102 Z9 118 U1 4 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 12 BP 4011 EP 4021 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 462CX UT WOS:000267324700012 ER PT J AU Unger, N Menon, S Koch, DM Shindell, DT AF Unger, N. Menon, S. Koch, D. M. Shindell, D. T. TI Impacts of aerosol-cloud interactions on past and future changes in tropospheric composition SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GISS MODELE; CLIMATE; SIMULATIONS; OZONE; PARAMETERIZATION; PREINDUSTRIAL; SENSITIVITY; CUMULUS; GCM; NOX AB The development of effective emissions control policies that are beneficial to both climate and air quality requires a detailed understanding of all the feedbacks in the atmospheric composition and climate system. We perform sensitivity studies with a global atmospheric composition-climate model to assess the impact of aerosols on tropospheric chemistry through their modification on clouds, aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI). The model includes coupling between both tropospheric gas-phase and aerosol chemistry and aerosols and liquid-phase clouds. We investigate past impacts from preindustrial (PI) to present day (PD) and future impacts from PD to 2050 (for the moderate IPCC A1B scenario) that embrace a wide spectrum of precursor emission changes and consequential ACI. The aerosol indirect effect (AIE) is estimated to be -2.0 Wm(-2) for PD-PI and -0.6 Wm(-2) for 2050-PD, at the high end of current estimates. Inclusion of ACI substantially impacts changes in global mean methane lifetime across both time periods, enhancing the past and future increases by 10% and 30%, respectively. In regions where pollution emissions increase, inclusion of ACI leads to 20% enhancements in in-cloud sulfate production and similar to 10% enhancements in sulfate wet deposition that is displaced away from the immediate source regions. The enhanced in-cloud sulfate formation leads to larger increases in surface sulfate across polluted regions (similar to 10-30%). Nitric acid wet deposition is dampened by 15-20% across the industrialized regions due to ACI allowing additional re-release of reactive nitrogen that contributes to 1-2 ppbv increases in surface ozone in outflow regions. Our model findings indicate that ACI must be considered in studies of methane trends and projections of future changes to particulate matter air quality. C1 [Unger, N.; Koch, D. M.; Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Unger, N.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Menon, S.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Unger, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM nunger@giss.nasa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015 FU US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX We thank the NASA Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program for funding support. We thank the NASA Center for Computational Sciences for computing support. The work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. S. M. acknowledges funding from the NASA Modeling and Analysis Program NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 12 BP 4115 EP 4129 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 462CX UT WOS:000267324700019 ER PT J AU Chandra, S Ziemke, JR Duncan, BN Diehl, TL Livesey, NJ Froidevaux, L AF Chandra, S. Ziemke, J. R. Duncan, B. N. Diehl, T. L. Livesey, N. J. Froidevaux, L. TI Effects of the 2006 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide: implications for dynamics and biomass burning SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL-MODEL; ART.; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT; POLLUTION AB We have studied the effects of the 2006 El Nino on tropospheric O-3 and CO at tropical and sub-tropical latitudes measured from the OMI and MLS instruments on the Aura satellite. The 2006 El Nino-induced drought caused forest fires (largely set to clear land) to burn out of control during October and November in the Indonesian region. The effects of these fires are clearly seen in the enhancement of CO concentration measured from the MLS instrument. We have used a global model of atmospheric chemistry and transport (GMI CTM) to quantify the relative importance of biomass burning and large scale transport in producing observed changes in tropospheric O-3 and CO. The model results show that during October and November biomass burning and meteorological changes contributed almost equally to the observed increase in tropospheric O-3 in the Indonesian region. The biomass component was 4-6 DU but it was limited to the Indonesian region where the fires were most intense. The dynamical component was 4-8 DU but it covered a much larger area in the Indian Ocean extending from South East Asia in the north to western Australia in the south. By December 2006, the effect of biomass burning was reduced to zero and the observed changes in tropospheric O-3 were mostly due to dynamical effects. The model results show an increase of 2-3% in the global burden of tropospheric ozone. In comparison, the global burden of CO increased by 8-12%. C1 [Chandra, S.; Ziemke, J. R.; Duncan, B. N.; Diehl, T. L.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Chandra, S.; Ziemke, J. R.; Duncan, B. N.; Diehl, T. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Livesey, N. J.; Froidevaux, L.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Ziemke, JR (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM Jerald.R.Ziemke@nasa.gov RI Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011 FU Goddard Earth Science Technology (GEST) [NGC5-494] FX The authors thank the Aura OMI and MLS instrument and algorithm teams for the extensive satellite measurements used in this study. The OMI instrument was built by Dutch- Finnish collaboration, and is managed by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). The authors also thank the GMI processing group for their extensive efforts in producing the GMI CTM. Data used in this study were processed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Funding for this research was provided in part by Goddard Earth Science Technology (GEST) grant NGC5-494. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 32 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4239 EP 4249 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400003 ER PT J AU Halland, JJ Fuelberg, HE Pickering, KE Luo, M AF Halland, J. J. Fuelberg, H. E. Pickering, K. E. Luo, M. TI Identifying convective transport of carbon monoxide by comparing remotely sensed observations from TES with cloud modeling simulations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; LIVED SQUALL LINES; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; OZONE PRODUCTION; MESOSCALE PROCESSES; DEEP CONVECTION; CHEMISTRY; PARAMETERIZATION; POLLUTION; MECHANISM AB Understanding the mechanisms that transport pollutants from the surface to the free atmosphere is important for determining the atmosphere's chemical composition. This study quantifies the vertical transport of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) by deep mesoscale convective systems and assesses the ability of the satellite-borne Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) to detect the resulting enhanced CO in the upper atmosphere. A squall line that is similar to one occurring during NASA's INTEX-B mission is simulated using a typical environmental wind shear profile and the 2-D Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. The simulation provides post-convection CO profiles. The structure of the simulated squall line is examined, and its vertical transport of CO is quantified. Then, TES' ability to resolve the convectively modified CO distribution is documented using a 'clear-sky' retrieval scheme. Results show that the simulated squall line transports the greatest mass of CO in the upper levels, with a value of 96 t upward and 67 t downward at 300 hPa. Results indicate that TES has sufficient sensitivity to resolve convectively lofted CO, as long as the retrieval scene is cloud-free. TES swaths located immediately downwind of squall lines have the greatest chance of sensing convective transport because the impact of clouds on retrieval quality becomes less. A note of caution is to always analyze TES-derived CO data (or data from any satellite sensor) together with the retrieval averaging kernels that describe the information content of the retrieval. C1 [Halland, J. J.; Fuelberg, H. E.] Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Pickering, K. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Luo, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Fuelberg, HE (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM fuelberg@met.fsu.edu RI Pickering, Kenneth/E-6274-2012 FU NASA's Tropospheric Chemistry Program [NNG06B43G] FX We appreciate the helpful advice of Annmarie Eldering and Greg Osterman at JPL. We also thank Wei-Kuo Tao of NASA/GSFC for use of the GCE model. This research was sponsored by NASA's Tropospheric Chemistry Program under grant NNG06B43G to Florida State University. NR 69 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4279 EP 4294 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400006 ER PT J AU Lupu, A Kaminski, JW Neary, L McConnell, JC Toyota, K Rinsland, CP Bernath, PF Walker, KA Boone, CD Nagahama, Y Suzuki, K AF Lupu, A. Kaminski, J. W. Neary, L. McConnell, J. C. Toyota, K. Rinsland, C. P. Bernath, P. F. Walker, K. A. Boone, C. D. Nagahama, Y. Suzuki, K. TI Hydrogen cyanide in the upper troposphere: GEM-AQ simulation and comparison with ACE-FTS observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; BIOMASS-BURNING EMISSIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; TRACE GAS; NORTHERN JAPAN; FOREST-FIRES; HCN; MODEL; C2H6; CO AB We investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the upper troposphere through numerical simulations and comparison with observations from a space-based instrument. To perform the simulations, we used the Global Environmental Multiscale Air Quality model (GEM-AQ), which is based on the three-dimensional global multiscale model developed by the Meteorological Service of Canada for operational weather forecasting. The model was run for the period 2004-2006 on a 1.5 degrees x1.5 degrees global grid with 28 hybrid vertical levels from the surface up to 10 hPa. Objective analysis data from the Canadian Meteorological Centre were used to update the meteorological fields every 24 h. Fire emission fluxes of gas species were generated by using year-specific inventories of carbon emissions with 8-day temporal resolution from the Global Fire Emission Database (GFED) version 2. The model output is compared with HCN profiles measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) instrument onboard the Canadian SCISAT-1 satellite. High values of up to a few ppbv are observed in the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere; the enhancement in HCN volume mixing ratios in the upper troposphere is most prominent in October. Low upper-tropospheric mixing ratios of less than 100 pptv are mostly recorded at middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere in May-July. Mixing ratios in Northern Hemisphere peak in the boreal summer. The amplitude of the seasonal variation is less pronounced than in the Southern Hemisphere. The comparison with the satellite data shows that in the upper troposphere GEM-AQ performs well globally for all seasons, except at northern high and middle latitudes in summer, where the model has a large negative bias, and in the tropics in winter and spring, where it exhibits large positive bias. This may reflect inaccurate emissions or possible inaccuracies in the emission profile. The model is able to explain most of the observed variability in the upper troposphere HCN field, including the interannual variations in the observed mixing ratio. A complementary comparison with daily total columns of HCN from two middle latitude ground-based stations in Northern Japan for the same simulation period shows that the model captures the observed seasonal variation and also points to an underestimation of model emissions in the Northern Hemisphere in the summer. The estimated average global emission equals 1.3 Tg N yr(-1). The average atmospheric burden is 0.53 Tg N, and the corresponding lifetime is 4.9 months. C1 [Lupu, A.; Kaminski, J. W.; Neary, L.; McConnell, J. C.; Toyota, K.] York Univ, Ctr Res Earth & Space Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Rinsland, C. P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, Heslington, England. [Bernath, P. F.; Walker, K. A.; Boone, C. D.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Nagahama, Y.] Yokohama Natl Univ, Grad Sch Environm & Informat Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240, Japan. [Suzuki, K.] Yokohama Natl Univ, Fac Educ & Human Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240, Japan. RP Lupu, A (reprint author), York Univ, Ctr Res Earth & Space Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. EM alexlupu@yorku.ca RI Lupu, Alexandru/D-3689-2009; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Toyota, Kenjiro/D-7044-2012 OI Lupu, Alexandru/0000-0002-4520-5523; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Toyota, Kenjiro/0000-0001-9280-5305 NR 55 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4301 EP 4313 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400008 ER PT J AU Zhao, C Wang, Y Choi, Y Zeng, T AF Zhao, C. Wang, Y. Choi, Y. Zeng, T. TI Summertime impact of convective transport and lightning NOx production over North America: modeling dependence on meteorological simulations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; TROPICAL PACIFIC; HIGH-LATITUDES; OZONE; PARAMETERIZATION; DRIVEN; O-3 AB Global-scale chemical transport model simulations indicate lightning NOx dominates upper tropospheric O-3 production above Eastern North America during summertime but vary in their estimates. To improve our understanding, a regional-scale model (REAM) with higher resolution is applied. To examine the uncertainties in modeling the impact of convective transport and lightning NOx production on upper tropospheric chemical tracer distributions, REAM simulations of chemical tracers are driven by two meteorological models, WRF and MM5, with different cumulus convective parameterizations. The model simulations are evaluated using INTEX-A aircraft measurements and satellite measurements of NO2 columns and cloud top pressure, and we find that mid and upper tropospheric trace gas concentrations are affected strongly by convection and lightning NOx production. WRF with the KF-eta convection scheme simulates larger convective updraft mass fluxes below 150 hPa than MM5 with the Grell scheme. The inclusion of the entrainment and detrainment processes leads to more outflow in the mid troposphere in WRF than MM5. The ratio of C2H6/C3H8 is found to be a sensitive parameter to convective outflow; the simulation by WRF-REAM is in closer agreement with INTEX-A measurements than MM5-REAM, implying that convective mass fluxes by WRF are more realistic. WRF also simulates lower cloud top heights (10-12 km) than MM5 (up to 16 km), and hence smaller amounts of estimated (intra-cloud) lightning NOx and lower emission altitudes. WRF simulated cloud top heights are in better agreement with GOES satellite measurements than MM5. Simulated lightning NOx production difference (due primarily to cloud top height difference) is mostly above 12 km. At 8-12 km, the models simulate a contribution of 60-75% of NOx and up to 20 ppbv of O-3 from lightning, although the decrease of lightning NOx effect from the Southeast to Northeast and eastern Canada is overestimated. The model differences and biases found in this study reflect some major uncertainties of upper tropospheric NOx and O-3 simulations driven by those in meteorological simulations and lightning parameterizations. C1 [Zhao, C.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, T.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Choi, Y.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Zhao, C (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM chun.zhao@eas.gatech.edu RI Zhao, Chun/A-2581-2012; Wang, Yuhang/B-5578-2014 OI Zhao, Chun/0000-0003-4693-7213; FU National Science Foundation Atmospheric Chemistry program FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Atmospheric Chemistry program. NR 53 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4315 EP 4327 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400009 ER PT J AU Froyd, KD Murphy, DM Sanford, TJ Thomson, DS Wilson, JC Pfister, L Lait, L AF Froyd, K. D. Murphy, D. M. Sanford, T. J. Thomson, D. S. Wilson, J. C. Pfister, L. Lait, L. TI Aerosol composition of the tropical upper troposphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; NATURAL AMAZONIAN AEROSOL; ASIAN CONTINENTAL OUTFLOW; SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS CLOUDS; PEM-WEST-B; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TRACE-P; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS AB Aerosol composition was measured by the NOAA single-particle mass spectrometer (PALMS) aboard the NASA WB-57 high altitude aircraft platform during two Aura Validation Experiment (AVE) campaigns based in Costa Rica in 2004 and 2006. These studies yielded the most complete set of aerosol composition measurements to date throughout the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and tropical lower stratosphere. We describe the aerosol properties of the tropical atmosphere and use composition tracers to examine particle sources, the role of recent convection, and cirrus-forming potential in the TTL. Tropical dynamics and regional air sources played principal roles in dictating tropospheric aerosol properties. There was a sharp change in aerosol chemical composition at about 12 km altitude coincident with a change in convective influence. Below this level, maritime convection lofted condensable material that generated acidic, sulfate-rich aerosol. These particles contained significant amounts of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and showed evidence of cloud processes. In contrast, continental convection injected particles and precursors directly into the TTL, yielding a population of neutralized, organic-rich aerosol. The organics were often highly oxidized and particles with oxidized organics also contained nitrate. Above the tropopause, chemical composition gradually changed toward sulfuric acid particles but neutralized particles were still abundant 2 km above the tropopause. Deep continental convection, though sporadic and geographically localized, may strongly influence TTL aerosol properties on a global scale. The abundance of organic-rich aerosol may inhibit ice nucleation and formation of tropopause level cirrus. C1 [Froyd, K. D.; Murphy, D. M.; Sanford, T. J.; Thomson, D. S.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Froyd, K. D.; Sanford, T. J.; Thomson, D. S.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Pfister, L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Lait, L.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Wilson, J. C.] Univ Denver, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Denver, CO USA. RP Froyd, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Chem Sci, Boulder, CO USA. EM karl.froyd@noaa.gov RI Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; FU NOAA; NASA FX This work was funded by NOAA base and climate change programs as well as NASA funding for aircraft deployments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the NASA mission scientists and coordinators, and the pilots and crew of the WB-57. We also thank Paul Lawson and Darrel Baumgardner and their instrument teams for use of the CPI, 2DS, and CAPS data to remove in- cloud flight segments. We are grateful to Daniel Cziczo, Troy Thornberry, Paula Hudson, Fred Moore, and Elliot Atlas for their valuable input. NR 104 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 40 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4363 EP 4385 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400012 ER PT J AU Lossow, S Khaplanov, M Gumbel, J Stegman, J Witt, G Dalin, P Kirkwood, S Schmidlin, FJ Fricke, KH Blum, U AF Lossow, S. Khaplanov, M. Gumbel, J. Stegman, J. Witt, G. Dalin, P. Kirkwood, S. Schmidlin, F. J. Fricke, K. H. Blum, U. TI Middle atmospheric water vapour and dynamics in the vicinity of the polar vortex during the Hygrosonde-2 campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE TEMPERATURES; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; STRATOSPHERE; MESOSPHERE; DEHYDRATION; TROPOSPHERE; OZONE; POAM; BOULDER; CLOUDS AB The Hygrosonde-2 campaign took place on 16 December 2001 at Esrange/Sweden (68 degrees N, 21 degrees E) with the aim to investigate the small scale distribution of water vapour in the middle atmosphere in the vicinity of the Arctic polar vortex. In situ balloon and rocket-borne measurements of water vapour were performed by means of OH fluorescence hygrometry. The combined measurements yielded a high resolution water vapour profile up to an altitude of 75 km. Using the characteristic of water vapour being a dynamical tracer it was possible to directly relate the water vapour data to the location of the polar vortex edge, which separates air masses of different character inside and outside the polar vortex. The measurements probed extra-vortex air in the altitude range between 45 km and 60 km and vortex air elsewhere. Transitions between vortex and extra-vortex usually coincided with wind shears caused by gravity waves which advect air masses with different water vapour volume mixing ratios. From the combination of the results from the Hygrosonde-2 campaign and the first flight of the optical hygrometer in 1994 (Hygrosonde-1) a clear picture of the characteristic water vapour distribution inside and outside the polar vortex can be drawn. Systematic differences in the water vapour concentration between the inside and outside of the polar vortex can be observed all the way up into the mesosphere. It is also evident that in situ measurements with high spatial resolution are needed to fully account for the small-scale exchange processes in the polar winter middle atmosphere. C1 [Lossow, S.; Khaplanov, M.; Gumbel, J.; Stegman, J.; Witt, G.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Dalin, P.; Kirkwood, S.] Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. [Schmidlin, F. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA 23681 USA. [Fricke, K. H.; Blum, U.] Univ Bonn, Inst Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. RP Lossow, S (reprint author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. EM stefan.lossow@misu.su.se FU Swedish National Space Board FX We thank the personnel of Swedish Space Corporation for their help during the Hygrosonde-2 campaign. This work was conducted with support from the Swedish National Space Board. We would like to acknowledge Farah Khosrawi for helpful comments on the manuscript. NR 51 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4407 EP 4417 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400014 ER PT J AU Joiner, J Schoeberl, MR Vasilkov, AP Oreopoulos, L Platnick, S Livesey, NJ Levelt, PF AF Joiner, J. Schoeberl, M. R. Vasilkov, A. P. Oreopoulos, L. Platnick, S. Livesey, N. J. Levelt, P. F. TI Accurate satellite-derived estimates of the tropospheric ozone impact on the global radiation budget SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CIRRUS CLOUDS; CLIMATE; MODEL; CHEMISTRY; AEROSOL; PARAMETERIZATION; ALGORITHM; ALBEDO AB Estimates of the radiative forcing due to anthropogenically-produced tropospheric O-3 are derived primarily from models. Here, we use tropospheric ozone and cloud data from several instruments in the A-train constellation of satellites as well as information from the GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System to accurately estimate the radiative effect of tropospheric O-3 for January and July 2005. Since we cannot distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sources with the satellite data, our derived radiative effect reflects the unadjusted (instantaneous) effect of the total tropospheric O-3 rather than the anthropogenic component. We improve upon previous estimates of tropospheric ozone mixing ratios from a residual approach using the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) by incorporating cloud pressure information from OMI. We focus specifically on the magnitude and spatial structure of the cloud effect on both the short- and long-wave radiative budget. The estimates presented here can be used to evaluate the various aspects of model-generated radiative forcing. For example, our derived cloud impact is to reduce the radiative effect of tropospheric ozone by similar to 16%. This is centered within the published range of model-produced cloud effect on unadjusted ozone radiative forcing. C1 [Joiner, J.; Schoeberl, M. R.; Oreopoulos, L.; Platnick, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Vasilkov, A. P.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Livesey, N. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Levelt, P. F.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. RP Joiner, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joanna.joiner@nasa.gov RI Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012; Oreopoulos, Lazaros/E-5868-2012; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI Oreopoulos, Lazaros/0000-0001-6061-6905; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 FU NASA [NNG06HX18C]; US Department of Energy; Office of Science; Office of Biological and Environmental Research FX The authors thank the OMI, MLS, and MODIS science teams for the processing, validation, and distribution of data sets used here. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor for helpful comments and suggestions. The lead author acknowledges helpful discussions with A. da Silva. This material is based upon work supported by NASA under agreement NNG06HX18C issued through the Science Mission Directorate for the Aura Science Team. Lazaros Oreopoulos gratefully acknowledges support for this work by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Environmental Sciences Division as part of the ARM program under grant DE-FG02-07ER64354. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was performed under contract with NASA. NR 65 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 13 BP 4447 EP 4465 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 470OG UT WOS:000267984400017 ER PT J AU Bottenheim, JW Netcheva, S Morin, S Nghiem, SV AF Bottenheim, J. W. Netcheva, S. Morin, S. Nghiem, S. V. TI Ozone in the boundary layer air over the Arctic Ocean: measurements during the TARA transpolar drift 2006-2008 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POLAR SUNRISE EXPERIMENT; DEPLETION EVENTS; FROST FLOWERS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; ICE; BRO; PRECIPITATION; TRAJECTORIES; DESTRUCTION AB A full year of measurements of surface ozone over the Arctic Ocean far removed from land is presented (81 degrees N-88 degrees N latitude). The data were obtained during the drift of the French schooner TARA between September 2006 and January 2008, while frozen in the Arctic Ocean. The data confirm that long periods of virtually total absence of ozone occur in the spring (mid March to mid June) after Polar sunrise. At other times of the year, ozone concentrations are comparable to other oceanic observations with winter mole fractions of ca. 30-40 nmol mol(-1) and summer minima of ca. 20 nmol mol(-1). Contrary to earlier observations from ozone sonde data obtained at Arctic coastal observatories, the ambient temperature was well above -20 degrees C during most ODEs (ozone depletion episodes). Backwards trajectory calculations suggest that during these ODEs the air had previously been in contact with the frozen ocean surface for several days and originated largely from the Siberian coast where several large open flaw leads and polynyas developed in the spring of 2007. C1 [Bottenheim, J. W.; Netcheva, S.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. [Morin, S.] LGGE, CNRS UJF Grenoble, F-38400 St Martin Dheres, France. [Nghiem, S. V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bottenheim, JW (reprint author), Environm Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM jan.bottenheim@ec.gc.ca RI Morin, Samuel/E-8005-2011 OI Morin, Samuel/0000-0002-1781-687X FU European Commission in the 6th Framework Programme for Research and Development [018509]; OASIS-CANADA program (Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice and Snow interactions in Polar regions); Canadian Federal Program Office for the International Polar Year [MD-065]; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cryospheric Sciences Program FX The TARA expedition was made possible by several sponsors, but primarily by the company "agnes b" and its owner, E. Bourgois. We thank the TARA team, in particular logistics coordinator R. Trouble, science coordinator C. de Marliave, expedition leader G. Redvers, and the DAMOCLES scientists who kept our instrument running and sent us regular updates, in particular M. Weber and H. Le Goff. DAMOCLES is a project financed by the European Commission in the 6th Framework Programme for Research and Development (project no. 018509). We thank Jaak Jaagus, Timo Palo and Erko Jakobson (University of Tartu) for providing meteorological data, Elton Chan (Environment Canada) for assistance with Fig. 5, and Andreas Richter (University of Bremen) for providing Fig. 6. The ozone measurement project was part of the OASIS-CANADA program (Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice and Snow interactions in Polar regions), supported by the Canadian Federal Program Office for the International Polar Year (project #MD-065) The research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cryospheric Sciences Program. NR 48 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 4545 EP 4557 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500003 ER PT J AU Manney, GL Harwood, RS MacKenzie, IA Minschwaner, K Allen, DR Santee, ML Walker, KA Hegglin, MI Lambert, A Pumphrey, HC Bernath, PF Boone, CD Schwartz, MJ Livesey, NJ Daffer, WH Fuller, RA AF Manney, G. L. Harwood, R. S. MacKenzie, I. A. Minschwaner, K. Allen, D. R. Santee, M. L. Walker, K. A. Hegglin, M. I. Lambert, A. Pumphrey, H. C. Bernath, P. F. Boone, C. D. Schwartz, M. J. Livesey, N. J. Daffer, W. H. Fuller, R. A. TI Satellite observations and modeling of transport in the upper troposphere through the lower mesosphere during the 2006 major stratospheric sudden warming SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN WINTER 1991/92; POLAR VORTEX; ACE-FTS; EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITY; SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; 3-DIMENSIONAL EVOLUTION; TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; WATER-VAPOR AB An unusually strong and prolonged stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) in January 2006 was the first major SSW for which globally distributed long-lived trace gas data are available covering the upper troposphere through the lower mesosphere. We use Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) data, the SLIMCAT Chemistry Transport Model (CTM), and assimilated meteorological analyses to provide a comprehensive picture of transport during this event. The upper tropospheric ridge that triggered the SSW was associated with an elevated tropopause and layering in trace gas profiles in conjunction with stratospheric and tropospheric intrusions. Anomalous poleward transport (with corresponding quasi-isentropic troposphere-to-stratosphere exchange at the lowest levels studied) in the region over the ridge extended well into the lower stratosphere. In the middle and upper stratosphere, the breakdown of the polar vortex transport barrier was seen in a signature of rapid, widespread mixing in trace gases, including CO, H2O, CH4 and N2O. The vortex broke down slightly later and more slowly in the lower than in the middle stratosphere. In the middle and lower stratosphere, small remnants with trace gas values characteristic of the pre-SSW vortex lingered through the weak and slow recovery of the vortex. The upper stratospheric vortex quickly reformed, and, as enhanced diabatic descent set in, CO descended into this strong vortex, echoing the fall vortex development. Trace gas evolution in the SLIMCAT CTM agrees well with that in the satellite trace gas data from the upper troposphere through the middle stratosphere. In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, the SLIMCAT simulation does not capture the strong descent of mesospheric CO and H2O values into the reformed vortex; this poor CTM performance in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere results primarily from biases in the diabatic descent in assimilated analyses. C1 [Manney, G. L.; Santee, M. L.; Lambert, A.; Schwartz, M. J.; Livesey, N. J.; Daffer, W. H.; Fuller, R. A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Manney, G. L.; Minschwaner, K.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Harwood, R. S.; MacKenzie, I. A.; Pumphrey, H. C.] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Allen, D. R.] Dordt Coll, Sioux Ctr, Sioux Ctr, IA USA. [Walker, K. A.; Hegglin, M. I.] Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Walker, K. A.; Bernath, P. F.; Boone, C. D.] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. RP Manney, GL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM gloria.l.manney@jpl.nasa.gov RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; mackenzie, ian/E-9320-2013; Schwartz, Michael/F-5172-2016; Hegglin, Michaela/D-7528-2017 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Schwartz, Michael/0000-0001-6169-5094; Hegglin, Michaela/0000-0003-2820-9044 FU Research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; UK Natural Environment Research Council FX Thanks to the MLS team, especially Lucien Froidevaux, Brian W. Knosp, and Robert P. Thurstans, and the ACE Team, especially Sean McLeod and Ryan Hughes, for their continuing support and assistance. Thanks to the GMAO and ECMWF for producing/providing their assimilated data products, and to Steven Pawson for helpful discussions and comments; thanks to Susan E. Strahan for making available and providing advice on the GMI Aura4 simulation, and to Martyn Chipperfield for the SLIMCAT model. We appreciate the helpful comments of the two anonymous reviewers. Research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Funding for the ACE mission was provided primarily by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Ian MacKenzie is funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council. NR 85 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 4775 EP 4795 DI 10.5194/acp-9-4775-2009 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500016 ER PT J AU Rogers, RR Hair, JW Hostetler, CA Ferrare, RA Obland, MD Cook, AL Harper, DB Burton, SP Shinozuka, Y McNaughton, CS Clarke, AD Redemann, J Russell, PB Livingston, JM Kleinman, LI AF Rogers, R. R. Hair, J. W. Hostetler, C. A. Ferrare, R. A. Obland, M. D. Cook, A. L. Harper, D. B. Burton, S. P. Shinozuka, Y. McNaughton, C. S. Clarke, A. D. Redemann, J. Russell, P. B. Livingston, J. M. Kleinman, L. I. TI NASA LaRC airborne high spectral resolution lidar aerosol measurements during MILAGRO: observations and validation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; COLUMN CLOSURE; WATER-VAPOR; ACE-ASIA; CALIBRATION; INSTRUMENT; FILTER; CLOUD; MODEL AB The NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) measures vertical profiles of aerosol extinction, backscatter, and depolarization at both 532 nm and 1064 nm. In March of 2006 the HSRL participated in the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) campaign along with several other suites of instruments deployed on both aircraft and ground based platforms. This paper presents high spatial and vertical resolution HSRL measurements of aerosol extinction and optical depth from MILAGRO and comparisons of those measurements with similar measurements from other sensors and model predictions. HSRL measurements coincident with airborne in situ aerosol scattering and absorption measurements from two different instrument suites on the C-130 and G-1 aircraft, airborne aerosol optical depth (AOD) and extinction measurements from an airborne tracking sunphotometer on the J-31 aircraft, and AOD from a network of ground based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometers are presented as a validation of the HSRL aerosol extinction and optical depth products. Regarding the extinction validation, we find bias differences between HSRL and these instruments to be less than 3% (0.01 km(-1)) at 532 nm, the wavelength at which the HSRL technique is employed. The rms differences at 532 nm were less than 50% (0.015 km(-1)). To our knowledge this is the most comprehensive validation of the HSRL measurement of aerosol extinction and optical depth to date. The observed bias differences in ambient aerosol extinction between HSRL and other measurements is within 15-20% at visible wavelengths, found by previous studies to be the differences observed with current state-of-the-art instrumentation (Schmid et al., 2006). C1 [Rogers, R. R.; Hair, J. W.; Hostetler, C. A.; Ferrare, R. A.; Obland, M. D.; Cook, A. L.; Harper, D. B.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Burton, S. P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SSAI, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Shinozuka, Y.; McNaughton, C. S.; Clarke, A. D.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Redemann, J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, BAERI, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Livingston, J. M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SRI Int, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Kleinman, L. I.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Rogers, RR (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM raymond.r.rogers@nasa.gov FU HSRL deployment during MILAGRO; NASA Science Mission Directorate, the NASA CALIPSO project; US Department of Energy (Atmospheric Science Program) [DE-AI02-05ER6398] FX We gratefully acknowledge the NASA Langley Flight Research Service Directorate for their support of B200 flight operations during MILAGRO. We would also like to thank all of the aircraft crews and personnel of the G-1, J-31, and C-130 for making this mission possible. Support for the HSRL deployment during MILAGRO and the analyses of these data was provided by the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the NASA CALIPSO project, and the Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy (Atmospheric Science Program), Interagency Agreement No. DE-AI02-05ER6398. We also acknowledge Edward T. Peltzer, MBARI, for the bilinear regression code. NR 30 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 4811 EP 4826 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500018 ER PT J AU Vay, SA Tyler, SC Choi, Y Blake, DR Blake, NJ Sachse, GW Diskin, GS Singh, HB AF Vay, S. A. Tyler, S. C. Choi, Y. Blake, D. R. Blake, N. J. Sachse, G. W. Diskin, G. S. Singh, H. B. TI Sources and transport of delta C-14 in CO2 within the Mexico City Basin and vicinity SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-CYCLE; AIR-QUALITY; TROPOSPHERIC (CO2)-C-14; ATMOSPHERIC (CO2)-C-14; AIRBORNE OBSERVATIONS; FOREST-FIRES; FOSSIL-FUEL; C-14; PACIFIC; RADIOCARBON AB Radiocarbon samples taken over Mexico City and the surrounding region during the MILAGRO field campaign in March 2006 exhibited an unexpected distribution: (1) relatively few samples (23%) were below the North American free tropospheric background value (57 +/- 2aEuro degrees) despite the fossil fuel emissions from one of the world's most highly polluted environments; and (2) frequent enrichment well above the background value was observed. Correlate source tracer species and air transport characteristics were examined to elucidate influences on the radiocarbon distribution. Our analysis suggests that a combination of radiocarbon sources biased the 'regional radiocarbon background' above the North American value thereby decreasing the apparent fossil fuel signature. Likely sources include the release of C-14-enhanced carbon from bomb C-14 sequestered in plant carbon pools via the ubiquitous biomass burning in the region as well as the direct release of radiocarbon as CO2 from other 'hot' sources. Plausible perturbations from local point 'hot' sources include the burning of hazardous waste in cement kilns; medical waste incineration; and emissions from the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant. These observations provide insight into the use of delta(CO2)-C-14 to constrain fossil fuel emissions in the megacity environment, indicating that underestimation of the fossil fuel contribution to the CO2 flux is likely wherever biomass burning coexists with urban emissions and is unaccounted for as a source of the elevated CO2 observed above local background. Our findings increase the complexity required to quantify fossil fuel-derived CO2 in source-rich environments characteristic of megacities, and have implications for the use of delta(CO2)-C-14 observations in evaluating bottom-up emission inventories and their reliability as a tool for validating national emission claims of CO2 within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. C1 [Vay, S. A.; Diskin, G. S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Tyler, S. C.; Blake, D. R.; Blake, N. J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. [Choi, Y.; Sachse, G. W.] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Singh, H. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Vay, SA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM stephanie.a.vay@nasa.gov FU NASA; W. M. Keck Foundation FX We thank Charlie Hudgins, Jim Plant, and the NASA DC-8 flight crew for their valuable contributions during INTEX-B. We are grateful to NOAA ESRL for the MLO and NWR data, and Andreas Stohl for the FLEXPART data products. We also gratefully acknowledge funding support from the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program and the W. M. Keck Foundation for a major research instrumentation grant. NR 52 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 4973 EP 4985 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500029 ER PT J AU Reidmiller, DR Fiore, AM Jaffe, DA Bergmann, D Cuvelier, C Dentener, FJ Duncan, BN Folberth, G Gauss, M Gong, S Hess, P Jonson, JE Keating, T Lupu, A Marmer, E Park, R Schultz, MG Shindell, DT Szopa, S Vivanco, MG Wild, O Zuber, A AF Reidmiller, D. R. Fiore, A. M. Jaffe, D. A. Bergmann, D. Cuvelier, C. Dentener, F. J. Duncan, B. N. Folberth, G. Gauss, M. Gong, S. Hess, P. Jonson, J. E. Keating, T. Lupu, A. Marmer, E. Park, R. Schultz, M. G. Shindell, D. T. Szopa, S. Vivanco, M. G. Wild, O. Zuber, A. TI The influence of foreign vs. North American emissions on surface ozone in the US SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; AIR-QUALITY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; BACKGROUND OZONE; ASIAN EMISSIONS; VARIABILITY; PACIFIC; MODEL AB As part of the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP; < a href='http://www.htap.org' target='_blank'> http:// www.htap.org ) project, we analyze results from 15 global and 1 hemispheric chemical transport models and compare these to Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) observations in the United States (US) for 2001. Using the policy-relevant maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O-3) statistic, the multi-model ensemble represents the observations well (mean r(2)=0.57, ensemble bias = +4.1 ppbv for all US regions and all seasons) despite a wide range in the individual model results. Correlations are strongest in the northeastern US during spring and fall (r(2)=0.68); and weakest in the midwestern US in summer (r(2)=0.46). However, large positive mean biases exist during summer for all eastern US regions, ranging from 10-20 ppbv, and a smaller negative bias is present in the western US during spring (similar to 3 ppbv). In nearly all other regions and seasons, the biases of the model ensemble simulations are < 5 ppbv. Sensitivity simulations in which anthropogenic O-3-precursor emissions (NOx + NMVOC + CO + aerosols) were decreased by 20% in four source regions: East Asia (EA), South Asia (SA), Europe (EU) and North America (NA) show that the greatest response of MDA8 O-3 to the summed foreign emissions reductions occurs during spring in the West (0.9 ppbv reduction due to 20% emissions reductions from EA + SA + EU). East Asia is the largest contributor to MDA8 O-3 at all ranges of the O-3 distribution for most regions (typically similar to 0.45 ppbv) followed closely by Europe. The exception is in the northeastern US where emissions reductions in EU had a slightly greater influence than EA emissions, particularly in the middle of the MDA8 O-3 distribution (response of similar to 0.35 ppbv between 35-55 ppbv). EA and EU influences are both far greater (about 4x) than that from SA in all regions and seasons. In all regions and seasons O-3-precursor emissions reductions of 20% in the NA source region decrease MDA8 O-3 the most - by a factor of 2 to nearly 10 relative to foreign emissions reductions. The O-3 response to anthropogenic NA emissions is greatest in the eastern US during summer at the high end of the O-3 distribution (5-6 ppbv for 20% reductions). While the impact of foreign emissions on surface O-3 in the US is not negligible - and is of increasing concern given the recent growth in Asian emissions - domestic emissions reductions remain a far more effective means of decreasing MDA8 O-3 values, particularly those above 75 ppb (the current US standard). C1 [Reidmiller, D. R.] Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Reidmiller, D. R.; Jaffe, D. A.] Univ Washington, Dept Interdisciplinary Arts & Sci, Bothell, WA USA. [Fiore, A. M.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Bergmann, D.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Atmospher Earth & Energy Div, Livermore, CA USA. [Cuvelier, C.; Dentener, F. J.; Marmer, E.] Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Joint Res Ctr, European Commiss, Ispra, Italy. [Duncan, B. N.] UMBC, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. [Folberth, G.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Gauss, M.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Gong, S.] Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Hess, P.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Jonson, J. E.] Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Oslo, Norway. [Keating, T.] US EPA, Off Policy Anal & Review, Washington, DC 20460 USA. [Lupu, A.] York Univ, Ctr Res Earth & Space Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. [Park, R.] Harvard Univ, Atmospher Chem Modeling Grp, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Schultz, M. G.] Forschungszentrum Julich, ICG 2, Julich, Germany. [Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Shindell, D. T.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Szopa, S.] IPSL, UVSQ, CNRS, CEA,Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Vivanco, M. G.] CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. [Wild, O.] Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster, England. [Zuber, A.] European Commiss, Environm Directorate Gen, Brussels, Belgium. [Hess, P.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Reidmiller, DR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dreidm@atmos.washington.edu RI Park, Rokjin/I-5055-2012; Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009; Folberth, Gerd/F-7376-2010; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Lupu, Alexandru/D-3689-2009; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Schultz, Martin/I-9512-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Vivanco, Marta/L-9816-2014 OI Park, Rokjin/0000-0001-8922-0234; Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Folberth, Gerd/0000-0002-1075-440X; Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Lupu, Alexandru/0000-0002-4520-5523; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Schultz, Martin/0000-0003-3455-774X; Vivanco, Marta/0000-0002-5828-1859 FU NSF [ATM-0724327]; US DOE [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; NASA; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; Ontario Ministry of the Environment; Canadian Foundation for Innovation; Ontario Innovation Trust; Spanish Ministry of the Environment; Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development FX This work has been funded in large part by NSF grant ATM-0724327. The authors wish to thank Jenise Swall and Steve Howard (EPA) for providing daily MDA8 O3 CASTNet data from 1988 through 2004 and Tracey Holloway (University of Wisconsin) for many fruitful discussions and comments. CA and DB were supported primarily by the US DOE Atmospheric Science Program (Office of Science, BER) at LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344; BND from NASA MAP; AL from the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the Ontario Innovation Trust; MGV from the Spanish Ministry of the Environment; and RJP was partly supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant CATER 2007-3205. NR 74 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 5027 EP 5042 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500032 ER PT J AU Barletta, B Meinardi, S Simpson, IJ Atlas, EL Beyersdorf, AJ Baker, AK Blake, NJ Yang, M Midyett, JR Novak, BJ McKeachie, RJ Fuelberg, HE Sachse, GW Avery, MA Campos, T Weinheimer, AJ Rowland, FS Blake, DR AF Barletta, B. Meinardi, S. Simpson, I. J. Atlas, E. L. Beyersdorf, A. J. Baker, A. K. Blake, N. J. Yang, M. Midyett, J. R. Novak, B. J. McKeachie, R. J. Fuelberg, H. E. Sachse, G. W. Avery, M. A. Campos, T. Weinheimer, A. J. Rowland, F. S. Blake, D. R. TI Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Asian and north American pollution plumes during INTEX-B: identification of specific Chinese air mass tracers SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CARBONYL SULFIDE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; HYDROCARBON RATIOS; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; GLOBAL SOURCES; FAST-RESPONSE; PEM-WEST; PACIFIC; EMISSIONS; TRANSPORT AB We present results from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - Phase B (INTEX-B) aircraft mission conducted in spring 2006. By analyzing the mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured during the second part of the field campaign, together with kinematic back trajectories, we were able to identify five plumes originating from China, four plumes from other Asian regions, and three plumes from the United States. To identify specific tracers for the different air masses we characterized their VOC composition and we compared their background levels with those obtained during the 2004 INTEX-A mission. The Chinese and other Asian air masses were significantly enhanced in carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), while all CFC replacement compounds were elevated in US plumes, particularly HFC-134a.
Although elevated mixing ratios of Halon-1211 were measured in some Chinese plume samples, several measurements at background levels were also observed. After analyzing the VOC distribution and correlations within the Chinese pollution plumes and applying principal component analysis (PCA), we suggest the use of a suite of species, rather than a single gas, as specific tracers of Chinese air masses (namely OCS, CH3Cl, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl chloride, and Halon-1211). In an era of constantly changing halocarbon usage patterns, this suite of gases best reflects new emission characteristics from China. C1 [Barletta, B.; Meinardi, S.; Simpson, I. J.; Blake, N. J.; Yang, M.; Midyett, J. R.; Novak, B. J.; McKeachie, R. J.; Rowland, F. S.; Blake, D. R.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Atlas, E. L.] Univ Miami, RSMAS MAC, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Beyersdorf, A. J.; Sachse, G. W.; Avery, M. A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Baker, A. K.] Max Planck Inst, Atmospher Chem Dept, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Fuelberg, H. E.] Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Campos, T.; Weinheimer, A. J.] NCAR, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Barletta, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, 531 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM bbarlett@uci.edu RI Baker, Angela /A-1666-2011; Beyersdorf, Andreas/N-1247-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; OI Baker, Angela K./0000-0001-7845-422X FU NASA FX The authors would like to thank the flight crew of the NASA DC-8 and NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft for their help during the field deployment, and B. Love and G. Liu (University of California, Irvine) for technical support. We also would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. This work was funded by the NASA Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program. NR 62 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 14 BP 5371 EP 5388 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 477RF UT WOS:000268535500049 ER PT J AU Jensen, EJ Lawson, P Baker, B Pilson, B Mo, Q Heymsfield, AJ Bansemer, A Bui, TP McGill, M Hlavka, D Heymsfield, G Platnick, S Arnold, GT Tanelli, S AF Jensen, E. J. Lawson, P. Baker, B. Pilson, B. Mo, Q. Heymsfield, A. J. Bansemer, A. Bui, T. P. McGill, M. Hlavka, D. Heymsfield, G. Platnick, S. Arnold, G. T. Tanelli, S. TI On the importance of small ice crystals in tropical anvil cirrus SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; PART I; NUMBER DENSITIES; WAVE-CLOUDS; PARTICLES; PARAMETERIZATION; EVOLUTION; AEROSOLS; AIRBORNE AB In situ measurements of ice crystal concentrations and sizes made with aircraft instrumentation over the past two decades have often indicated the presence of numerous relatively small (< 50 mu m diameter) crystals in cirrus clouds. Further, these measurements frequently indicate that small crystals account for a large fraction of the extinction in cirrus clouds. The fact that the instruments used to make these measurements, such as the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) and the Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), ingest ice crystals into the sample volume through inlets has led to suspicion that the indications of numerous small-crystals could be artifacts of large-crystal shattering on the instrument inlets. We present new aircraft measurements in anvil cirrus sampled during the Tropical Composition, Cloud, and Climate Coupling (TC4) campaign with the 2-Dimensional Stereo (2D-S) probe, which detects particles as small as 10 mu m. The 2D-S has detector 'arms' instead of an inlet tube. Since the 2D-S probe surfaces are much further from the sample volume than is the case for the instruments with inlets, it is expected that 2D-S will be less susceptible to shattering artifacts. In addition, particle inter-arrival times are used to identify and remove shattering artifacts that occur even with the 2D-S probe. The number of shattering artifacts identified by the 2D-S interarrival time analysis ranges from a negligible contribution to an order of magnitude or more enhancement in apparent ice concentration over the natural ice concentration, depending on the abundance of large crystals and the natural small-crystal concentration. The 2D-S measurements in tropical anvil cirrus suggest that natural small-crystal concentrations are typically one to two orders of magnitude lower than those inferred from CAS. The strong correlation between the CAS/2D-S ratio of small-crystal concentrations and large-crystal concentration suggests that the discrepancy is likely caused by shattering of large crystals on the CAS inlet. We argue that past measurements with CAS in cirrus with large crystals present may contain errors due to crystal shattering, and past conclusions derived from these measurements may need to be revisited. Further, we present correlations between CAS spurious concentration and 2D-S large-crystal mass from spatially uniform anvil cirrus sampling periods as an approximate guide for estimating quantitative impact of large-crystal shattering on CAS concentrations in previous datasets. We use radiative transfer calculations to demonstrate that in the maritime anvil cirrus sampled during TC4, small crystals indicated by 2D-S contribute relatively little cloud extinction, radiative forcing, or radiative heating in the anvils, regardless of anvil age or vertical location in the clouds. While 2D-S ice concentrations in fresh anvil cirrus may often exceed 1 cm(-3), and are observed to exceed 10 cm(-3) in turrets, they are typically < u >similar to 0.1 cm(-3) and rarely exceed 1 cm(-3) (< 1.4% of the time) in aged anvil cirrus. We hypothesize that isolated occurrences of higher ice concentrations in aged anvil cirrus may be caused by ice nucleation driven by either small-scale convection or gravity waves. It appears that the numerous small crystals detrained from convective updrafts do not persist in the anvil cirrus sampled during TC-4. C1 [Jensen, E. J.; Bui, T. P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Lawson, P.; Baker, B.; Pilson, B.; Mo, Q.] SPEC Inc, Boulder, CO USA. [Heymsfield, A. J.; Bansemer, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [McGill, M.; Hlavka, D.; Heymsfield, G.; Platnick, S.; Arnold, G. T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Tanelli, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Jensen, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM eric.j.jensen@nasa.gov RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; McGill, Matthew/D-8176-2012; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 FU NASA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Insitute of Technology FX This work was supported by NASA's Radiation Science Program. The contribution by S. Tanelli was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Insitute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 49 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 15 BP 5519 EP 5537 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482HW UT WOS:000268876600010 ER PT J AU Smith, WL Revercomb, H Bingham, G Larar, A Huang, H Zhou, D Li, J Liu, X Kireev, S AF Smith, W. L., Sr. Revercomb, H. Bingham, G. Larar, A. Huang, H. Zhou, D. Li, J. Liu, X. Kireev, S. TI Technical Note: Evolution, current capabilities, and future advance in satellite nadir viewing ultra-spectral IR sounding of the lower atmosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; VALIDATION AB Infrared ultra-spectral spectrometers have brought in a new era in satellite remote atmospheric sounding capability. During the 1970s, after the implementation of the first satellite sounding instruments, it became evident that much higher vertical resolution sounding information was needed to be able to forecast life and property threatening localized severe weather. The demonstration of the ultra-spectral radiance measurement technology required to achieve higher vertical resolution began in 1985, with the aircraft flights of the High resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) instrument. The development of satellite instruments designed to have a HIS-like measurement capability was initiated in the late 1980's. Today, after more than a decade of development time, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are now operating successfully from the Aqua and MetOp polar orbiting satellites. The successful development and ground demonstration of the Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS), during this decade, is now paving the way toward the implementation of the ultra-spectral sounding capability on the international system of geostationary environmental satellites. This note reviews the evolution of the satellite ultra-spectral sounding systems, shows examples of current polar satellite sounding capability, and discusses future advances planned for geostationary orbit. C1 [Smith, W. L., Sr.; Huang, H.; Li, J.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Smith, W. L., Sr.; Revercomb, H.; Kireev, S.] Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Bingham, G.] Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT USA. [Larar, A.; Zhou, D.; Liu, X.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Smith, WL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM bill.l.smith@cox.net RI Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 FU University of Wisconsin's Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) FX The evolution of the ultra-spectral sounding capability reported here, is due to the dedicated and persevering efforts of scientists and engineers from a large number of university, government, and industrial institutions. The University of Wisconsin's Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) and the Space Science and Engineering CenterSSEC) initiated and continue to lead the ultra-spectral sounding evolution. The contributions from scientists and engineers from the NOAA/NESDIS, NASA/LaRC, NASA/JPL, Utah State University/SDL, EUMETSAT, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), ABB/BOMEM, ITT, BAE, Raytheon/SBRC, and Alcatel standout amongst those who have contributed greatly to the evolution of today's ultra-spectral satellite sounding capability. IASI has been developed and built under the responsibility of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France). It is flown onboard the Metop satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI data are received through the EUMETCast near real time data distribution service. NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 15 BP 5563 EP 5574 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482HW UT WOS:000268876600012 ER PT J AU Corr, CA Krotkov, N Madronich, S Slusser, JR Holben, B Gao, W Flynn, J Lefer, B Kreidenweis, SM AF Corr, C. A. Krotkov, N. Madronich, S. Slusser, J. R. Holben, B. Gao, W. Flynn, J. Lefer, B. Kreidenweis, S. M. TI Retrieval of aerosol single scattering albedo at ultraviolet wavelengths at the T1 site during MILAGRO SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE UV IRRADIANCE; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; CITY METROPOLITAN-AREA; MEXICO-CITY; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG; OZONE PRODUCTION; FIELD CAMPAIGN; ABSORPTION AB Surface measurements of direct and diffuse voltages at UV wavelengths were made at the T1 site during the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) field campaign in March 2006, using a multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (UV-MFRSR). We used the MFRSR data, together with measurements from a co-located CIMEL Sun photometer at the site operating as part of the AERONET network, to deduce aerosol single scattering albedo (omega) at 368 and 332 nm for four cloud-free days during the study. Our retrievals suggest that T1 aerosols with aerosol extinction optical depth tau(368)> 0.1 that are influenced by Mexico City emissions, blowing dust, and biomass burning, are characterized by low omega(368)=0.73-0.85 and omega(332)=0.70-0.86, with small or no spectral variation of omega between 368 and 332 nm. Our findings are consistent with other published estimates of omega for Mexico City aerosols, including those that suggest that the absorption attributable to these aerosols is enhanced at UV wavelengths relative to visible wavelengths. We also demonstrate, via sensitivity tests, the importance of accurate tau and surface albedo measurements in omega retrievals at UV wavelengths. C1 [Corr, C. A.; Kreidenweis, S. M.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Krotkov, N.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 20771 USA. [Madronich, S.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80407 USA. [Slusser, J. R.; Gao, W.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, USDA, UV B Monitoring & Res Program, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. [Holben, B.; Lefer, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Flynn, J.] Univ Houston, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Corr, CA (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM ccorr@cisunix.unh.edu RI Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; Madronich, Sasha/D-3284-2015; Gao, Wei/C-1430-2016; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011 OI Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Madronich, Sasha/0000-0003-0983-1313; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914 FU USDA [2006-34263-16926, NNX08AQ05G]; NSF [ATM-0511911] FX This work was conducted through the USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program and supported by NSF under grant number ATM-0511911. The USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program is supported through the USDA CSREES grant 2006-34263-16926 "Global Change/Ultraviolet Radiation". Nickolay Krotkov acknowledges NASA support through grant NNX08AQ05G "Spectral absorption properties of aerosols in UV wavelengths". Sasha Madronich acknowledges support from The National Center for Atmospheric Research which is supported by the NSF. We thank Amando Leyva Contreras, Hector Estevez Perez, and Wayne W. Newcomb for their efforts in establishing and maintaining the Mexico City AERONET site, and for the use of those data in this work. Wayne W. Newcomb's recent death in December ' 09 highlights the importance to science of insightful, practical and can do people. Without his considerable talents, these measurements during MILAGRO would not have been possible. He is sorely missed as a colleague to scientists and a friend to all. NR 54 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 15 BP 5813 EP 5827 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 482HW UT WOS:000268876600024 ER PT J AU Oreopoulos, L Platnick, S Hong, G Yang, P Cahalan, RF AF Oreopoulos, L. Platnick, S. Hong, G. Yang, P. Cahalan, R. F. TI The shortwave radiative forcing bias of liquid and ice clouds from MODIS observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE MODELS; ACCURATE PARAMETERIZATION; SCATTERING PROPERTIES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ALBEDO BIAS; PART I; TEMPERATURE; DEPENDENCE; BUDGET AB We present an assessment of the plane-parallel bias of the shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCRF) of liquid and ice clouds at 1 deg scales using global MODIS (Terra and Aqua) cloud optical property retrievals for four months of the year 2005 representative of the meteorological seasons. The (negative) bias is estimated as the difference of SWCRF calculated using the Plane-Parallel Homogeneous (PPH) approximation and the Independent Column Approximation (ICA). PPH calculations use MODIS-derived gridpoint means while ICA calculations use distributions of cloud optical thickness and effective radius. Assisted by a broadband solar radiative transfer algorithm, we find that the absolute value of global SWCRF bias of liquid clouds at the top of the atmosphere is about 6 W m(-2) for MODIS overpass times while the SWCRF bias for ice clouds is smaller in absolute terms by about 0.7 W m(-2), but with stronger spatial variability. If effective radius variability is neglected and only optical thickness horizontal variations are accounted for, the absolute SWCRF biases increase by about 0.3-0.4 W m(-2) on average. Marine clouds of both phases exhibit greater (more negative) SWCRF biases than continental clouds. Finally, morning (Terra)-afternoon (Aqua) differences in SWCRF bias are much more pronounced for ice clouds, up to about 15% (Aqua producing stronger negative bias) on global scales, with virtually all contribution to the difference coming from land areas. The substantial magnitude of the global SWCRF bias, which for clouds of both phases is collectively about 4 W m(-2) for diurnal averages, should be considered a strong motivation for global climate modelers to accelerate efforts linking cloud schemes capable of subgrid condensate variability with appropriate radiative transfer schemes. C1 [Oreopoulos, L.; Platnick, S.; Cahalan, R. F.] NASA, Lab Atmospheres, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hong, G.; Yang, P.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. RP Oreopoulos, L (reprint author), NASA, Lab Atmospheres, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM lazaros.oreopoulos@nasa.gov RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Hong, Gang/A-2323-2012; Oreopoulos, Lazaros/E-5868-2012; Cahalan, Robert/E-3462-2012; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI Oreopoulos, Lazaros/0000-0001-6061-6905; Cahalan, Robert/0000-0001-9724-1270; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 FU US Department of Energy; Office of Science; Office of Biological and Environmental Research; Environmental Sciences Division [DE-FG02-07ER64354]; NASA Radiation Sciences Program FX L. Oreopoulos gratefully acknowledges support from the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Environmental Sciences Division as part of the ARM program under grant DE-FG02-07ER64354. Partial funding to all GSFC authors was also provided by the NASA Radiation Sciences Program. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 5865 EP 5875 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000001 ER PT J AU Henze, DK Seinfeld, JH Shindell, DT AF Henze, D. K. Seinfeld, J. H. Shindell, D. T. TI Inverse modeling and mapping US air quality influences of inorganic PM2.5 precursor emissions using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; 3-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOCHEMICAL MODEL; VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; PARTICULATE MATTER; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION AB Influences of specific sources of inorganic PM2.5 on peak and ambient aerosol concentrations in the US are evaluated using a combination of inverse modeling and sensitivity analysis. First, sulfate and nitrate aerosol measurements from the IMPROVE network are assimilated using the four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method into the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model in order to constrain emissions estimates in four separate month-long inversions (one per season). Of the precursor emissions, these observations primarily constrain ammonia (NH3). While the net result is a decrease in estimated US NH3 emissions relative to the original inventory, there is considerable variability in adjustments made to NH3 emissions in different locations, seasons and source sectors, such as focused decreases in the midwest during July, broad decreases throughout the US in January, increases in eastern coastal areas in April, and an effective redistribution of emissions from natural to anthropogenic sources. Implementing these constrained emissions, the adjoint model is applied to quantify the influences of emissions on representative PM2.5 air quality metrics within the US. The resulting sensitivity maps display a wide range of spatial, sectoral and seasonal variability in the susceptibility of the air quality metrics to absolute emissions changes and the effectiveness of incremental emissions controls of specific source sectors. NH3 emissions near sources of sulfur oxides (SOx) are estimated to most influence peak inorganic PM2.5 levels in the East; thus, the most effective controls of NH3 emissions are often disjoint from locations of peak NH3 emissions. Controls of emissions from industrial sectors of SOx and NOx are estimated to be more effective than surface emissions, and changes to NH3 emissions in regions dominated by natural sources are disproportionately more effective than regions dominated by anthropogenic sources. NOx controls are most effective in northern states in October; in January, SOx controls may be counterproductive. When considering ambient inorganic PM2.5 concentrations, intercontinental influences are small, though transboundary influences within North America are significant, with SOx emissions from surface sources in Mexico contributing almost a fourth of the total influence from this sector. C1 [Henze, D. K.] Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. [Seinfeld, J. H.] CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Henze, D. K.; Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Henze, DK (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM daven.henze@colorado.edu RI Henze, Daven/A-1920-2012; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 FU US Environmental Protection Agency [R832158]; Columbia University; NASA FX This work was supported by US Environmental Protection Agency, grant R832158, a Columbia University Earth Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship, and NASA's Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program. Thanks are also given to supercomputing resources at NCCS and JPL. NR 113 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 59 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 5877 EP 5903 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000002 ER PT J AU Follette-Cook, MB Hudson, RD Nedoluha, GE AF Follette-Cook, M. B. Hudson, R. D. Nedoluha, G. E. TI Classification of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric ozone and water vapor profiles by meteorological regime SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; TROPOPAUSE MASS-EXCHANGE; LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; SAGE-II; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SEASONAL-VARIATION; MIXING-RATIO; TRANSPORT; TROPOSPHERE AB The subtropical and polar upper troposphere fronts and the polar vortex serve as the boundaries to divide the Northern Hemisphere into four meteorological regimes. These regimes are defined as (1) the arctic regime - within the polar vortex, (2) the polar regime - between the polar front and the polar vortex, or when the latter is not present, the pole, (3) the midlatitude regime - between the subtropical and polar fronts, and (4) the tropical regime - between the equator and the subtropical front. Data from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) were used to show that within each meteorological regime, ozone and water profiles are characterized by unique ozonepause and hygropause heights. Daily measurements and seven-year (1997-2003) monthly climatologies showed that, within each meteorological regime, both constituents exhibited distinct profile shapes from the tropopause up to approximately 20 km. This distinction was most pronounced in the winter and spring months, and weak in the summer and fall. Despite differences in retrieval techniques and sampling between the SAGE and HALOE instruments, the seven-year monthly climatologies calculated for each regime agreed well for both species below similar to 22 km. Given that profiles of ozone and water vapor exhibit unique profiles shapes within each regime in the UTLS, trends in this region will therefore be the result of both changes within each meteorological regime, and changes in the relative contribution of each regime to a given zonal band over time. C1 [Follette-Cook, M. B.; Nedoluha, G. E.] USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Hudson, R. D.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Follette-Cook, MB (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM melanie.cook@nasa.gov RI Hudson, Robert/F-4506-2010 FU NASA Science Mission Directorate; Naval Research Laboratory; National Research Council Research Associateship; NASA Langley Research Center (NASA-LaRC); NASA Langley Radiation and Aerosols Branch; HALOE website FX The early part of this work was funded by a grant from the NASA Science Mission Directorate and later by the Naval Research Laboratory. This work was also performed in part while M. Follette-Cook held a National Research Council Research Associateship award at the Naval Research Laboratory. The SAGE II data were processed and provided by the NASA Langley Research Center (NASA-LaRC) and the NASA Langley Radiation and Aerosols Branch; the HALOE data were obtained from the HALOE website: http://haloe.gats-inc.com/home/index.php; and the TOMS data were obtained from the TOMS website: http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful and insightful feedback. NR 69 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 5989 EP 6003 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000009 ER PT J AU Karcher, B Burkhardt, U Unterstrasser, S Minnis, P AF Kaercher, B. Burkhardt, U. Unterstrasser, S. Minnis, P. TI Factors controlling contrail cirrus optical depth SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ICE-SUPERSATURATED REGIONS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; AVHRR-DATA; PART II; HORIZONTAL INHOMOGENEITY; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; PERSISTENT CONTRAILS; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY AB Aircraft contrails develop into contrail cirrus by depositional growth and sedimentation of ice particles and horizontal spreading due to wind shear. Factors controlling this development include temperature, ice supersaturation, thickness of ice-supersaturated layers, and vertical gradients in the horizontal wind field. An analytical microphysical cloud model is presented and validated that captures these processes. Many individual contrail cirrus are simulated that develop differently owing to the variability in the controlling factors, resulting in large samples of cloud properties that are statistically analyzed. Contrail cirrus development is studied over the first four hours past formation, similar to the ages of line-shaped contrails that were tracked in satellite imagery on regional scales. On these time scales, contrail cirrus optical depth and microphysical variables exhibit a marked variability, expressed in terms of broad and skewed probability distribution functions. Simulated mean optical depths at a wavelength of 0.55 mu m range from 0.05-0.5 and a substantial fraction 20-50% of contrail cirrus stay subvisible (optical depth <0.02), depending on meteorological conditions. A detailed analysis based on an observational case study over the continental USA suggests that previous satellite measurements of line-shaped persistent contrails have missed about 89%, 50%, and 11% of contrails with optical depths 0-0.05, 0.05-0.1, and 0.1-0.2, respectively, amounting to 65% of contrail coverage of all optical depths. When comparing observations with simulations and when estimating the contrail cirrus climate impact, not only mean values but also the variability in optical depth and microphysical properties need to be considered. C1 [Kaercher, B.; Burkhardt, U.; Unterstrasser, S.] Inst Phys Atmosphare, Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. [Minnis, P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Karcher, B (reprint author), Inst Phys Atmosphare, Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. EM bernd.kaercher@dlr.de RI Burkhardt, Ulrike/B-8342-2013; Karcher, Bernd/D-5325-2014; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Unterstrasser, Simon/N-4182-2015 OI Karcher, Bernd/0000-0003-0278-4980; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; Unterstrasser, Simon/0000-0003-3772-3678 FU DLR-project "Climate-compatible air transport system" (CATS); NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program; Doug Spangenberg, SSAI FX This work was performed within the DLR-project "Climate-compatible air transport system" (CATS). Patrick Minnis was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program. The RUC temperature and wind analyses were provided by Doug Spangenberg, SSAI. NR 106 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 16 BP 6229 EP 6254 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 489EY UT WOS:000269404000024 ER PT J AU Vasilkov, AP Joiner, J Oreopoulos, L Gleason, JF Veefkind, P Bucsela, E Celarier, EA Spurr, RJD Platnick, S AF Vasilkov, A. P. Joiner, J. Oreopoulos, L. Gleason, J. F. Veefkind, P. Bucsela, E. Celarier, E. A. Spurr, R. J. D. Platnick, S. TI Impact of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide on the regional radiation budget SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; ROTATIONAL RAMAN-SCATTERING; SOLAR-RADIATION; MIXING RATIOS; ABSORPTION; ALGORITHM; CLOUDS; SPACE; NO2; PARAMETERIZATION AB Following the launch of several satellite ultraviolet and visible spectrometers including the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), much has been learned about the global distribution of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)). NO(2), which is mostly anthropogenic in origin, absorbs solar radiation at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. We parameterized NO(2) absorption for fast radiative transfer calculations. Using this parameterization with cloud, surface, and NO(2) information from different sensors in the NASA A-train constellation of satellites and NO(2) profiles from the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI), we compute the global distribution of net atmospheric heating (NAH) due to tropospheric NO(2) for January and July 2005. The globally-averaged NAH values due to tropospheric NO(2) are very low: they are about 0.05W/m(2). While the impact of NO(2) on the global radiative forcing is small, locally it can produce instantaneous net atmospheric heating of 2-4W/m(2) in heavily polluted areas. We assess the impact of clouds and find that they reduce the globally-averaged NAH values by 5-6% only. However, because most of NO(2) is contained in the boundary layer in polluted regions, the cloud shielding effect can significantly reduce the net atmospheric heating due to tropospheric NO(2) (up to 50%). We examine the effect of diurnal variations in NO(2) emissions and chemistry on net atmospheric heating and find only a small impact of these on the daily-averaged heating (11-14% at the most). We also examine the sensitivity of NO(2) absorption to various geophysical conditions. Effects of the vertical distributions of cloud optical depth and NO(2) on net atmospheric heating and downwelling radiance are simulated in detail for various scenarios including vertically-inhomogeneous convective clouds observed by CloudSat. The maximum effect of NO(2) on downwelling radiance occurs when the NO(2) is located in the middle part of the cloud where the optical extinction peaks. C1 [Vasilkov, A. P.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Joiner, J.; Oreopoulos, L.; Gleason, J. F.; Platnick, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Veefkind, P.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. [Bucsela, E.] SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Celarier, E. A.] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA. [Spurr, R. J. D.] RT Solut, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Vasilkov, AP (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. EM alexander_vassilkov@ssaihq.com RI Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012; Gleason, James/E-1421-2012; Oreopoulos, Lazaros/E-5868-2012; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI Oreopoulos, Lazaros/0000-0001-6061-6905; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNG06HX18C]; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Environmental Sciences Division [DE-FG02-07ER64354] FX The authors thank the OMI and MODIS science teams for the processing and distribution of data sets used here. We also thank Ronald Cohen, Richard Stolarski, and Arlindo da Silva for helpful comments. This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under agreement NNG06HX18C issued through the Science Mission Directorate for the Aura Science Team. Lazaros Oreopoulos gratefully acknowledges support for this work by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Environmental Sciences Division as part of the ARM program under grant DE-FG02-07ER64354. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 17 BP 6389 EP 6400 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 493ZK UT WOS:000269778500008 ER PT J AU Yu, Y Galle, B Panday, A Hodson, E Prinn, R Wang, S AF Yu, Y. Galle, B. Panday, A. Hodson, E. Prinn, R. Wang, S. TI Observations of high rates of NO2-HONO conversion in the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer in Kathmandu, Nepal SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID NITROUS-ACID HONO; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; MASS ACCOMMODATION COEFFICIENTS; HETEROGENEOUS NO2 CONVERSION; SIMULATED VERTICAL PROFILES; PATH FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; MINERAL DUST PARTICLES; AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; NITRIC-ACID AB Nitrous acid (HONO) plays a significant role in the atmosphere, especially in the polluted troposphere. Its photolysis after sunrise is an important source of hydroxyl free radicals (OH). Measurements of nitrous acid and other pollutants were carried out in the Kathmandu urban atmosphere during January-February 2003, contributing to the sparse knowledge of nitrous acid in South Asia. The results showed average nocturnal levels of HONO (1.7+/-0.8 ppbv), NO2 (17.9+/-10.2 ppbv), and PM10(0.18+/-0.11 mg m(-3)) in urban air in Kathmandu. Surprisingly high ratios of chemically formed secondary [HONO] to [NO2] (up to 30%) were found, which indicates unexpectedly efficient chemical conversion of NO2 to HONO in Kathmandu. The ratios of [HONO]/[NO2] at night were found to be much higher than previously reported values from measurements in urban air in Europe, North America and Asia. The influences of aerosol surface, ground reactive surface, and relative humidity on NO2-HONO chemical conversion were discussed. The high humidity, strong and low inversion layer at night, and high aerosol pollution burden in Kathmandu may explain the particularly efficient conversion of NO2 to HONO. C1 [Yu, Y.; Galle, B.] Chalmers, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Panday, A.; Hodson, E.; Prinn, R.] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Wang, S.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yu, Y (reprint author), Calif Air Resources Board, Monitoring & Lab Div, 9528 Telstar Ave, El Monte, CA 91731 USA. EM yyu@arb.ca.gov RI Yu, Yong/G-6445-2010; Galle, Bo/F-7996-2016 OI Galle, Bo/0000-0001-9989-809X FU AGS (Alliance for Global Sustainability) FX We would like to thank the management and especially Rabindra Poudel at the Taragaon Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kathmandu for their exceptional efforts in providing logistical and engineering support throughout the field campaign. We would like to thank Sherpa of Bouddha for permitting us to install the retroreflectors on the top floor of his house. The field campaign was partially funded through a pilot-project grant from the AGS (Alliance for Global Sustainability). Support was also provided by the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. We appreciate the great comments and suggestions from the reviewers. NR 137 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 32 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 17 BP 6401 EP 6415 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 493ZK UT WOS:000269778500009 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Li, Q Randerson, JT Lyons, EA Kahn, RA Nelson, DL Diner, DJ AF Chen, Y. Li, Q. Randerson, J. T. Lyons, E. A. Kahn, R. A. Nelson, D. L. Diner, D. J. TI The sensitivity of CO and aerosol transport to the temporal and vertical distribution of North American boreal fire emissions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS SMOKE INJECTION; CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; MOPITT INSTRUMENT; UNITED-STATES; FOREST-FIRES; BLACK CARBON; DIURNAL FIRE; MODEL; SIMULATION AB Forest fires in Alaska and western Canada represent important sources of aerosols and trace gases in North America. Among the largest uncertainties when modeling forest fire effects are the timing and injection height of biomass burning emissions. Here we simulate CO and aerosols over North America during the 2004 fire season, using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We apply different temporal distributions and injection height profiles to the biomass burning emissions, and compare model results with satellite-, aircraft-, and ground-based measurements. We find that averaged over the fire season, the use of finer temporal resolved biomass burning emissions usually decreases CO and aerosol concentrations near the fire source region, and often enhances long-range transport. Among the individual temporal constraints, switching from monthly to 8-day time intervals for emissions has the largest effect on CO and aerosol distributions, and shows better agreement with measured day-to-day variability. Injection height substantially modifies the surface concentrations and vertical profiles of pollutants near the source region. Compared with CO, the simulation of black carbon aerosol is more sensitive to the temporal and injection height distribution of emissions. The use of MISR- derived injection heights improves agreement with surface aerosol measurements near the fire source. Our results indicate that the discrepancies between model simulations and MOPITT CO measurements near the Hudson Bay can not be attributed solely to the representation of injection height within the model. Frequent occurrence of strong convection in North America during summer tends to limit the influence of injection height parameterizations of fire emissions in Alaska and western Canada with respect to CO and aerosol distributions over eastern North America. C1 [Chen, Y.; Li, Q.; Kahn, R. A.; Diner, D. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Li, Q.; Lyons, E. A.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Chen, Y.; Randerson, J. T.] Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. [Kahn, R. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Nelson, D. L.] Raytheon Co, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM yang.chen@uci.edu RI Chen, Yang/C-6529-2008; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Chen, Yang/0000-0002-0993-7081; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359; NR 87 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 17 BP 6559 EP 6580 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 493ZK UT WOS:000269778500020 ER PT J AU Shinozuka, Y Clarke, AD DeCarlo, PF Jimenez, JL Dunlea, EJ Roberts, GC Tomlinson, JM Collins, DR Howell, SG Kapustin, VN McNaughton, CS Zhou, J AF Shinozuka, Y. Clarke, A. D. DeCarlo, P. F. Jimenez, J. L. Dunlea, E. J. Roberts, G. C. Tomlinson, J. M. Collins, D. R. Howell, S. G. Kapustin, V. N. McNaughton, C. S. Zhou, J. TI Aerosol optical properties relevant to regional remote sensing of CCN activity and links to their organic mass fraction: airborne observations over Central Mexico and the US West Coast during MILAGRO/INTEX-B SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO; HIGH-RESOLUTION; INTEX-B; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; HYGROSCOPIC GROWTH; MINERAL DUST; RAIN-FOREST; PART 1; SIZE AB Remote sensing of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) would help evaluate the indirect effects of tropospheric aerosols on clouds and climate. To assess its feasibility, we examined relationships of submicron aerosol composition to CCN activity and optical properties observed during the MILAGRO/INTEX-B aircraft campaigns. An indicator of CCN activity, kappa, was calculated from hygroscopicity measured under saturation. kappa for dry 100 nm particles decreased with increasing organic fraction of non-refractory mass of submicron particles (OMF) as 0.34-0.20xOMF over Central Mexico and 0.47-0.43xOMF over the US West Coast. These fits represent the critical dry diameter, centered near 100 nm for 0.2% supersaturation but varied as kappa((-1/3)), within measurement uncertainty (similar to 20%). The decreasing trends of CCN activity with the organic content, evident also in our direct CCN counts, were consistent with previous ground and laboratory observations of highly organic particles. The wider range of OMF, 0-0.8, for our research areas means that aerosol composition will be more critical for estimation of CCN concentration than at the fixed sites previously studied. Furthermore, the wavelength dependence of extinction was anti-correlated with OMF as -0.70xOMF+2.0 for Central Mexico's urban and industrial pollution air masses, for unclear reasons. The Angstrom exponent of absorption increased with OMF, more rapidly under higher single scattering albedo, as expected for the interplay between soot and colored weak absorbers ( some organic species and dust). Because remote sensing products currently use the wavelength dependence of extinction albeit in the column integral form and may potentially include that of absorption, these regional spectral dependencies are expected to facilitate retrievals of aerosol bulk chemical composition and CCN activity over Central Mexico. C1 [Shinozuka, Y.; Clarke, A. D.; Howell, S. G.; Kapustin, V. N.; McNaughton, C. S.; Zhou, J.] Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [DeCarlo, P. F.; Jimenez, J. L.; Dunlea, E. J.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [DeCarlo, P. F.] Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Jimenez, J. L.] Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Roberts, G. C.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Atmospher Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Tomlinson, J. M.; Collins, D. R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. RP Shinozuka, Y (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Postdoctoral Program, MS 245-5, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM yohei@hawaii.edu RI Jimenez, Jose/A-5294-2008; DeCarlo, Peter/B-2118-2008; Tomlinson, Jason/C-6566-2009; Collins, Don/F-9617-2012 OI Jimenez, Jose/0000-0001-6203-1847; DeCarlo, Peter/0000-0001-6385-7149; FU NASA [NNG04GB39G, ESSF/05-0000-0186, 06-ESSF06R-0111, 07-Earth-07R-0100, NNG06GB03G]; NSF [ATM 0513116, ATM-0513116]; NCAR [C130] FX We would like to acknowledge support of part of our team through NASA grant NNG04GB39G for this work. YS was partially funded by NASA Earth System Science Graduate Student Fellowship (ESSF/05-0000-0186, 06-ESSF06R-0111, 07-Earth-07R-0100) and NASA Postdoctoral Program, the latter administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. EJD, PFD, and JLJ were supported by NASA NNG06GB03G and NSF-ATM 0513116 and ATM-0513116, and PFD was recipient of an EPA STAR Fellowship. We thank David Covert ( University of Washington) for the 3-wavelength PSAP, and Vaughan Phillips, John Porter, Chris Measures, Barry Huebert ( University of Hawaii), Meinrat O. Andreae, Ulrich Poschl and Sachin Gunthe (Max Planck Institute for Chemistry) and one anonymous referee for their review. We are particularly grateful to support crews of the NCAR C130. NR 77 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 18 BP 6727 EP 6742 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 498IE UT WOS:000270131400006 ER PT J AU Livingston, JM Redemann, J Russell, PB Torres, O Veihelmann, B Veefkind, P Braak, R Smirnov, A Remer, L Bergstrom, RW Coddington, O Schmidt, KS Pilewskie, P Johnson, R Zhang, Q AF Livingston, J. M. Redemann, J. Russell, P. B. Torres, O. Veihelmann, B. Veefkind, P. Braak, R. Smirnov, A. Remer, L. Bergstrom, R. W. Coddington, O. Schmidt, K. S. Pilewskie, P. Johnson, R. Zhang, Q. TI Comparison of aerosol optical depths from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura with results from airborne sunphotometry, other space and ground measurements during MILAGRO/INTEX-B SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLUMNAR WATER-VAPOR; SUN PHOTOMETER; SOLVE-II; SOLAR; SATELLITE; AERONET; ABSORPTION; RETRIEVALS; RADIATION; PINATUBO AB Airborne sunphotometer measurements are used to evaluate retrievals of extinction aerosol optical depth (AOD) from spatially coincident and temporally near-coincident measurements by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the Aura satellite during the March 2006 Megacity Initiative-Local And Global Research Observations/Phase B of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (MILAGRO/INTEX-B). The 14-channel NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS) flew on nine missions over the Gulf of Mexico and four in or near the Mexico City area. Retrievals of AOD from near-coincident AATS and OMI measurements are compared for three flights over the Gulf of Mexico for flight segments when the aircraft flew at altitudes 60-70 m above sea level, and for one flight over the Mexico City area where the aircraft was restricted to altitudes similar to 320-800 m above ground level over the rural area and similar to 550-750 m over the city. OMI-measured top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectances are routinely inverted to yield aerosol products such as AOD and aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) using two different retrieval algorithms: a near-UV (OMAERUV) and a multiwavelength (OMAERO) technique. This study uses the archived Collection 3 data products from both algorithms. In particular, AATS and OMI AOD comparisons are presented for AATS data acquired in 20 OMAERUV retrieval pixels ( 15 over water) and 19 OMAERO pixels ( also 15 over water). At least four pixels for one of the over-water coincidences and all pixels for the over-land case were cloud-free. Coincident AOD retrievals from 17 pixels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) aboard Aqua are available for two of the over-water flights and are shown to agree with AATS AODs to within root mean square (RMS) differences of 0.00-0.06, depending on wavelength. Near-coincident ground-based AOD measurements from ground-based sun/sky radiometers operated as part of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) at three sites in and near Mexico City are also shown and are generally consistent with the AATS AODs ( which exclude any AOD below the aircraft) both in magnitude and spectral dependence. The OMAERUV algorithm retrieves AODs corresponding to a non-absorbing aerosol model for all three over-water comparisons, whereas the OMAERO algorithm retrieves best-fit AODs corresponding to an absorbing biomass-burning aerosol model for two of the three over-water cases. For the four cloud-free pixels in one over-water coincidence ( 10 March), the OMAERUV retrievals underestimate the AATS AODs by similar to 0.20, which exceeds the expected retrieval uncertainty, but retrieved AODs agree with AATS values within uncertainties for the other two over-water events. When OMAERO retrieves AODs corresponding to a biomass-burning aerosol over water, the values significantly overestimate the AATS AODs ( by up to 0.55). For the Mexico City coincidence, comparisons are presented for a non-urban region similar to 50-70 km northeast of the city and for a site near the center of the city. OMAERUV retrievals are consistent with AERONET AOD magnitudes for the non-urban site, but are nearly double the AATS and AERONET AODs ( with differences of up to 0.29) in the center of the city. Corresponding OMAERO retrievals exceed the AATS and/or AERONET AODs by factors of 3 to 10. C1 [Livingston, J. M.] SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Redemann, J.; Bergstrom, R. W.; Zhang, Q.] BAERI, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. [Russell, P. B.; Johnson, R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Torres, O.] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Veihelmann, B.] ESA, Estec, Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Veefkind, P.; Braak, R.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. [Smirnov, A.; Remer, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Smirnov, A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Coddington, O.; Schmidt, K. S.; Pilewskie, P.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Livingston, JM (reprint author), SRI Int, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM john.livingston@sri.com RI Coddington, Odele/F-6342-2012; SCHMIDT, KONRAD SEBASTIAN/C-1258-2013 OI Coddington, Odele/0000-0002-4338-7028; SCHMIDT, KONRAD SEBASTIAN/0000-0003-3899-228X FU NASA FX The MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign is a collaborative effort of a large number of participants with the support of multi-national agencies. The MILAGRO/INTEX-B participants would like to thank the governments of the Federal District, the States of Mexico, Hidalgo and Veracruz, the Mexican Ministries of the Environment, Foreign Relations, Defense and Finance for their logistical support; IMP, U-Tecamac, and Rancho La Bisnega for hosting the supersites as well as many other Mexican institutions for their support. The photograph in Fig. 11a was taken and provided to us by Cameron McNaughton of the University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science Technology. We thank all INTEX-B/MILAGRO participants and sponsoring agencies for making this research possible. J31 measurements were supported by the NASA Radiation Science Program. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 18 BP 6743 EP 6765 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 498IE UT WOS:000270131400007 ER PT J AU Karl, M Tsigaridis, K Vignati, E Dentener, F AF Karl, M. Tsigaridis, K. Vignati, E. Dentener, F. TI Formation of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation over Europe SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ALPHA-PINENE; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; SOA FORMATION; ALPHA-PINENE/O-3 REACTION; SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; TERPENE OZONOLYSIS; PARTICULATE MATTER AB The role of isoprene as a precursor to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) over Europe is studied with the two-way nested global chemistry transport model TM5. The inclusion of the formation of SOA from isoprene oxidation in our model almost doubles the atmospheric burden of SOA over Europe compared to SOA formation from terpenes and aromatics. The reference simulation, which considers SOA formation from isoprene, terpenes and aromatics, predicts a yearly European production rate of 1.0 Tg SOA yr(-1) and an annual averaged atmospheric burden of about 50 Gg SOA over Europe. A fraction of 35% of the SOA produced in the boundary layer over Europe is transported to higher altitudes or to other world regions. Summertime measurements of organic matter ( OM) during the extensive EMEP OC/EC campaign 2002/2003 are better reproduced when SOA formation from isoprene is taken into account, reflecting also the strong seasonality of isoprene and other biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emissions from vegetation. However, during winter, our model strongly underestimates OM, likely caused by missing wood burning in the emission inventories. Uncertainties in the parameterisation of isoprene SOA formation have been investigated. Maximum SOA production is found for irreversible sticking (non-equilibrium partitioning) of condensable vapours on particles, with tropospheric SOA production over Europe increased by a factor of 4 in summer compared to the reference case. Completely neglecting SOA formation from isoprene results in the lowest estimate (0.51 Tg SOA yr(-1)). The amount and the nature of the absorbing matter are shown to be another key uncertainty when predicting SOA levels. Consequently, smog chamber experiments on SOA formation should be performed with different types of seed aerosols and without seed aerosols in order to derive an improved treatment of the absorption of SOA in the models. Consideration of a number of recent insights in isoprene SOA formation mechanisms reduces the tropospheric production of isoprene derived SOA over Europe from 0.4 Tg yr(-1) in our reference simulation to 0.1 Tg yr(-1). C1 [Karl, M.; Vignati, E.; Dentener, F.] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. [Tsigaridis, K.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY USA. RP Dentener, F (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. EM frank.dentener@jrc.it RI Tsigaridis, Kostas/K-8292-2012 OI Tsigaridis, Kostas/0000-0001-5328-819X FU NASA FX We would like to thank Arjo Segers and Maarten Krol for support with TM5, Bruno Guillaume and Cathy Liousse for providing the European BC/OCp inventory, Maria Kanakidou and Nikos Mihalopoulos for the Finokalia OC data, and Laurens Ganzeveld for the radiation code. Kostas Tsigaridis was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. NR 139 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 36 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 18 BP 7003 EP 7030 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 498IE UT WOS:000270131400021 ER PT J AU Urban, J Pommier, M Murtagh, DP Santee, ML Orsolini, YJ AF Urban, J. Pommier, M. Murtagh, D. P. Santee, M. L. Orsolini, Y. J. TI Nitric acid in the stratosphere based on Odin observations from 2001 to 2009-Part 1: A global climatology SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION; HNO3; SATELLITE; DENITRIFICATION; OZONE AB The Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) on board the Odin satellite, launched in February 2001, observes thermal emissions of stratospheric nitric acid (HNO(3)) originating from the Earth limb in a band centred at 544.6 GHz. Height-resolved measurements of the global distribution of nitric acid in the stratosphere were performed approximately on two observation days per week. An HNO3 climatology based on more than 7 years of observations from August 2001 to April 2009 covering the vertical range between typically similar to 19 and 45 km (similar to 1.5-60 hPa or similar to 500-1800 K in terms of potential temperature) was created. The study highlights the spatial and seasonal variation of nitric acid in the stratosphere, characterised by a pronounced seasonal cycle at middle and high latitudes with maxima during late fall and minima during spring, strong denitrification in the lower stratosphere of the Antarctic polar vortex during winter ( the irreversible removal of NO(y) by the sedimentation of cloud particles containing HNO3), as well as large quantities of HNO3 formed every winter at high-latitudes in the middle and upper stratosphere. A strong inter-annual variability is observed in particular at high latitudes. A comparison with a stratospheric HNO3 climatology, based on over 7 years of UARS/MLS ( Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite/Microwave Limb Sounder) measurements from the 1990s, shows good consistency and agreement of the main morphological features in the potential temperature range similar to 465 to similar to 960 K, if the different characteristics of the data sets such as the better altitude resolution of Odin/SMR as well as the slightly different altitude ranges are considered. Odin/SMR reaches higher up and UARS/MLS lower down in the stratosphere. An overview from 1991 to 2009 of stratospheric nitric acid is provided ( with a short gap between 1998 and 2001), if the global measurements of both experiments are taken together. C1 [Urban, J.; Pommier, M.; Murtagh, D. P.] Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Santee, M. L.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA USA. [Orsolini, Y. J.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. RP Urban, J (reprint author), Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM joaurb@chalmers.se RI Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011 OI Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559 FU Sweden (SNSB); Canada (CSA); Finland (TEKES); France (CNES); EC [505390-GOCE-CT-2004]; Swedish National Space Board (SNSB); European ERASMUS FX Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by Sweden (SNSB), Canada (CSA), Finland (TEKES), and France (CNES). Since 2007 the Odin project is supported by the third party mission programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). J. Urban was partly funded by the EC Integrated Project SCOUT-O3 (505390-GOCE-CT-2004) as well as by the Swedish National Space Board ( SNSB). M. Pommier received support from the European ERASMUS program to conduct his master thesis project in Sweden ( exchange with Universite d'Orleans, France). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA). We like to acknowledge the contributions of J. Moller, P. Eriksson, M. Olberg, and G. Persson to the Odin/SMR level-1b and level-2 processing system. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 18 BP 7031 EP 7044 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 498IE UT WOS:000270131400022 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Yang, P Kattawar, G Riedi, J Labonnote, LC Baum, BA Platnick, S Huang, HL AF Zhang, Z. Yang, P. Kattawar, G. Riedi, J. Labonnote, L. C. Baum, B. A. Platnick, S. Huang, H. -L. TI Influence of ice particle model on satellite ice cloud retrieval: lessons learned from MODIS and POLDER cloud product comparison SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INHOMOGENEOUS HEXAGONAL MONOCRYSTALS; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTY RETRIEVALS; INFRARED RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; SOLAR-RADIATION MEASUREMENTS; SINGLE-SCATTERING PROPERTIES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; LIGHT-SCATTERING AB The influence is investigated of the assumed ice particle microphysical and optical model on inferring ice cloud optical thickness (tau) from satellite measurements of the Earth's reflected shortwave radiance. Ice cloud tau are inferred, and subsequently compared, using products from MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances). POLDER tau values are found to be substantially smaller than those from collocated MODIS data. It is shown that this difference is caused primarily by the use of different ice particle bulk scattering models in the two retrievals, and more specifically, the scattering phase function. Furthermore, the influence of the ice particle model on the derivation of ice cloud radiative forcing (CRF) from satellite retrievals is studied. Three sets of shortwave CRF are calculated using different combinations of the retrieval and associated ice particle models. It is shown that the uncertainty associated with an ice particle model may lead to two types of errors in estimating CRF from satellite retrievals. One stems from the retrieval itself and the other is due to the optical properties, such as the asymmetry factor, used for CRF calculations. Although a comparison of the CRFs reveals that these two types of errors tend to cancel each other, significant differences are still found between the three CRFs, which indicates that the ice particle model affects not only optical thickness retrievals but also CRF calculations. In addition to CRF, the effect of the ice particle model on the derivation of seasonal variation of tau from satellite measurements is discussed. It is shown that optical thickness retrievals based on the same MODIS observations, but derived using different assumptions of the ice particle model, can be substantially different. These differences can be divided into two parts. The first-order difference is mainly caused by the differences in the asymmetry factor. The second-order difference is related to seasonal changes in the sampled scattering angles and therefore dependent on the sun-satellite viewing geometry. Because of this second-order difference, the use of different ice particle models may lead to a different understanding of the seasonal variation of tau. C1 [Zhang, Z.; Yang, P.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Zhang, Z.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Kattawar, G.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Riedi, J.; Labonnote, L. C.] Univ Sci & Technol Lille, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Baum, B. A.; Huang, H. -L.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Platnick, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhang, Z (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM zzbatmos@umbc.edu RI Zhang, Zhibo/D-1710-2010; Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI Zhang, Zhibo/0000-0001-9491-1654; Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 FU NASA [NNG04GL24G, NNX08AF68G]; National Science Foundation [ATM-0239605] FX The authors are very grateful to CNES and NASA for providing the POLDER/PARASOL and MODIS/AQUA data used in this study. We thank the ICARE Data and Services Center for providing access to the data and for general assistance and development support. The authors wish to thank F. Thieuleux (USTL/CNRS) for his help in development of POLDER/MODIS merging software. This study was supported by NASA (NNG04GL24G and NNX08AF68G) and partly by the National Science Foundation (ATM-0239605). Bryan Baum's research is supported by NASA grants NNX08AF81G and NNX08AF78A. George Kattawar's research is supported by the Office of Naval Research under the contract N00014-06-1-0069. NR 87 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 18 BP 7115 EP 7129 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 498IE UT WOS:000270131400028 ER PT J AU Hartmann, JM Tran, H Toon, GC AF Hartmann, J. -M. Tran, H. Toon, G. C. TI Influence of line mixing on the retrievals of atmospheric CO2 from spectra in the 1.6 and 2.1 mu m regions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONSTRAINED MULTISPECTRUM ANALYSIS; INFRARED Q BRANCHES; WING REGIONS; SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; SPEED DEPENDENCE; BANDS; COMPUTATION; SOFTWARE; CM(-1); MODEL AB We present the first study of the influence of line mixing among CO2 lines on the remote sensing retrieval of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This is done in the bands near 1.6 and 2.1 mu m which will be used by the Greenhouse Gases Observatory Satellite (GOSAT) instrument and eventual successors of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO). A purely theoretical analysis is first made, based on simulations of atmospheric spectra. It shows that line mixing cannot be neglected since disregarding this process induces significant errors in the calculated absorption coefficients, leading to systematic structures in the spectral fit residuals and airmass-dependent biases in the retrieved CO2 amounts. These theoretical predictions are then confirmed by using atmospheric solar-absorption spectra measured by a ground-based Fourier transform spectrometer. It is first shown that including line mixing in the forward model used for the inversion leads to a very significant reduction of the residuals in the 2.1 mu m region. Secondly, the inclusion of line mixing reduces the dependence of the retrieved CO2 on the airmass and greatly improves the consistency between values obtained independently from spectra in the 1.6 and 2.1 mu m bands. These results open promising prospects for various ground-based and space-borne experiments monitoring the carbon dioxide atmospheric amounts. C1 [Hartmann, J. -M.; Tran, H.] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 7583, LISA,INSU, F-94010 Creteil, France. [Hartmann, J. -M.; Tran, H.] Univ Paris 12, F-94010 Creteil, France. [Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hartmann, JM (reprint author), Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 7583, LISA,INSU, F-94010 Creteil, France. EM hartmann@lisa.univ-paris12.fr RI Tran, Ha/I-5076-2013 FU NASA's Carbon Cycle Program Office; Jet Propulsion Laborator; NASA; Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU) FX The authors are grateful to Paul Wennberg for providing a series of ground-based atmospheric spectra recordings which were obtained with support from NASA's Carbon Cycle Program Office. Part of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, under contract with NASA. The authors from LISA are grateful to the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU) for taking care of publications charges. NR 26 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 19 BP 7303 EP 7312 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 506MT UT WOS:000270779700003 ER PT J AU Wang, H Jacob, DJ Kopacz, M Jones, DBA Suntharalingam, P Fisher, JA Nassar, R Pawson, S Nielsen, JE AF Wang, H. Jacob, D. J. Kopacz, M. Jones, D. B. A. Suntharalingam, P. Fisher, J. A. Nassar, R. Pawson, S. Nielsen, J. E. TI Error correlation between CO2 and CO as constraint for CO2 flux inversions using satellite data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TRANSPORT MODELS; SCIAMACHY; EMISSIONS; SENSITIVITY; VALIDATION; MONOXIDE; COLUMNS; PACIFIC AB Inverse modeling of CO2 satellite observations to better quantify carbon surface fluxes requires a chemical transport model (CTM) to relate the fluxes to the observed column concentrations. CTM transport error is a major source of uncertainty. We show that its effect can be reduced by using CO satellite observations as additional constraint in a joint CO2-CO inversion. CO is measured from space with high precision, is strongly correlated with CO2, and is more sensitive than CO2 to CTM transport errors on synoptic and smaller scales. Exploiting this constraint requires statistics for the CTM transport error correlation between CO2 and CO, which is significantly different from the correlation between the concentrations themselves. We estimate the error correlation globally and for different seasons by a paired-model method (comparing GEOS-Chem CTM simulations of CO2 and CO columns using different assimilated meteorological data sets for the same meteorological year) and a paired-forecast method (comparing 48-vs. 24-h GEOS-5 CTM forecasts of CO2 and CO columns for the same forecast time). We find strong error correlations (r(2)>0.5) between CO2 and CO columns over much of the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere throughout the year, and strong consistency between different methods to estimate the error correlation. Application of the averaging kernels used in the retrieval for thermal IR CO measurements weakens the correlation coefficients by 15% on average (mostly due to variability in the averaging kernels) but preserves the large-scale correlation structure. We present a simple inverse modeling application to demonstrate that CO2-CO error correlations can indeed significantly reduce uncertainty on surface carbon fluxes in a joint CO2-CO inversion vs. a CO2-only inversion. C1 [Wang, H.; Jacob, D. J.; Kopacz, M.; Fisher, J. A.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Wang, H.] Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA USA. [Jones, D. B. A.; Nassar, R.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Suntharalingam, P.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Nassar, R.] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. [Pawson, S.; Nielsen, J. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM hwang@cfa.harvard.edu RI Fisher, Jenny/J-3979-2012; Jones, Dylan/O-2475-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; OI Fisher, Jenny/0000-0002-2921-1691; Jones, Dylan/0000-0002-1935-3725; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Nassar, Ray/0000-0001-6282-1611 FU NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada FX Work at Harvard was funded by the NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program. Work at University of Toronto was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We thank Hartmut Bosch at University of Leicester for providing OCO averaging kernels. We thank Jean-Daniel Paris at and two anonymous reviewers for providing thoughtful comments of our paper. NR 66 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 19 BP 7313 EP 7323 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 506MT UT WOS:000270779700004 ER PT J AU Allen, NDC Bernath, PF Boone, CD Chipperfield, MP Fu, D Manney, GL Oram, DE Toon, GC Weisenstein, DK AF Allen, N. D. C. Bernath, P. F. Boone, C. D. Chipperfield, M. P. Fu, D. Manney, G. L. Oram, D. E. Toon, G. C. Weisenstein, D. K. TI Global carbon tetrachloride distributions obtained from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; TRACE GASES; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; MONTREAL PROTOCOL; CIVIL AIRCRAFT; POLAR FIRN; PEM-WEST; HALOCARBONS; STRATOSPHERE; OZONE AB The first study of the global atmospheric distribution of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), as a function of altitude and latitude, was performed using solar occultation measurements obtained by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) mission using Fourier transform spectroscopy. A total of 8703 profile measurements were taken in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere between February 2004 and August 2007. The zonal distribution of carbon tetrachloride displays a slight hemispheric asymmetry and decreasing concentration with increasing altitude at all latitudes. Maximum carbon tetrachloride concentrations are situated below 10 km in altitude with VMR (Volume Mixing Ratio) values of 100-130 ppt (parts per trillion). The highest concentrations are located about the Equator and at mid-latitudes, particularly for latitudes in heavily industrialised regions (2045 degrees N), with values declining towards the poles. Global distributions obtained from ACE were compared with predictions from three chemistry transport models showing good agreement in terms of the vertical gradient despite an overall offset. The ACE dataset gives unique global and temporal coverage of carbon tetrachloride and its transport through the atmosphere. An estimated lifetime for carbon tetrachloride of 34 +/- 5 years was determined through correlation with CFC-11. C1 [Allen, N. D. C.; Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Bernath, P. F.; Boone, C. D.; Fu, D.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Chipperfield, M. P.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Fu, D.; Manney, G. L.; Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Oram, D. E.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Weisenstein, D. K.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. RP Allen, NDC (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM ndca500@york.ac.uk RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149 FU Canadian Space Agency; K Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO); NASA ACMAP FX Funding to operate the ACE mission is provided primarily by the Canadian Space Agency. We would also like to thank the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) for financial support. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We thank S. Strahan for help with GMI model data. AER acknowledges support from the NASA ACMAP program. NR 56 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 19 BP 7449 EP 7459 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 506MT UT WOS:000270779700013 ER PT J AU Pitts, MC Poole, LR Thomason, LW AF Pitts, M. C. Poole, L. R. Thomason, L. W. TI CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES; AIRBORNE LIDAR OBSERVATIONS; ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; LIQUID PARTICLES; WINTER; MICROPHYSICS; CLIMATOLOGY; AEROSOL; GROWTH; PSCS AB This paper focuses on polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) measurements by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol LI-dar with Orthogonal Polarization) lidar system onboard the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) spacecraft, which has been operating since June 2006. We describe a second-generation PSC detection algorithm that utilizes both the CALIOP 532-nm scattering ratio (ratio of total-to-molecular backscatter coefficients) and 532-nm perpendicular backscatter coefficient measurements for cloud detection. The inclusion of the perpendicular backscatter measurements enhances the detection of tenuous PSC mixtures containing low number densities of solid (likely nitric acid trihydrate, NAT) particles and leads to about a 15% increase in PSC areal coverage compared with our original algorithm. Although these low number density NAT mixtures would have a minimal impact on chlorine activation due to their relatively small particle surface area, these particles may play a significant role in denitrification and therefore are an important component of our PSC detection. In addition, the new algorithm allows discrimination of PSCs by composition in terms of their ensemble backscatter and depolarization in a manner analogous to that used in previous ground-based and airborne lidar PSC studies. Based on theoretical optical calculations, we define four CALIPSO-based composition classes which we call supercooled ternary solution (STS), ice, and Mix1 and Mix2, denoting mixtures of STS with NAT particles in lower or higher number densitiesvolumes, respectively. We examine the evolution of PSCs for three Antarctic and two Arctic seasons and illustrate the unique attributes of the CALIPSO PSC database. These analyses show substantial interannual variability in PSC areal coverage and also the well-known contrast between the Antarctic and Arctic. The CALIPSO data also reveal seasonal and altitudinal variations in Antarctic PSC composition, which are related to changes in HNO3 and H2O observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. C1 [Pitts, M. C.; Thomason, L. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Poole, L. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. RP Pitts, MC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM michael.c.pitts@nasa.gov OI Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 FU MLS team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory,; California Institute of Technology; NASA Radiation Sciences Program manager; NASA HQ Earth Science Division; NASA [NNL07AA00C] FX The Derived Meteorological Products for Aura MLS were calculated and provided by G. Manney and W. Daffer with support from the MLS team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. The Aura MLS gas species data were provided courtesy of the MLS team and obtained through the Aura MLS website (http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/index-eos-mls.php). IDL routines for calculating PSC thermodynamic properties were obtained from the GATS Scientific Software website (http://gwest.gats-inc.com/software/softwarepage.html). We would like to thank N. Larsen for his helpful suggestions and comments related to this work. We would also like to thank Dr. Hal Maring, NASA Radiation Sciences Program manager, and the NASA HQ Earth Science Division for continued support of this research. Support for L. Poole is provided under NASA contract NNL07AA00C. NR 34 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 4 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 19 BP 7577 EP 7589 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 506MT UT WOS:000270779700021 ER PT J AU Lin, CY Hsu, HM Lee, YH Kuo, CH Sheng, YF Chu, DA AF Lin, C. -Y. Hsu, H. -m. Lee, Y. H. Kuo, C. H. Sheng, Y. -F. Chu, D. A. TI A new transport mechanism of biomass burning from Indochina as identified by modeling studies SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE PROFILE; ATMOSPHERIC BROWN CLOUDS; TROPICAL SOUTH-ATLANTIC; FOREST-FIRE SMOKE; TIBETAN PLATEAU; MESOSCALE VORTEX; CHEMISTRY; PLUMES; CONVECTION; EMISSIONS AB Biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula (Indochina) is one of the important ozone sources in the low troposphere over East Asia in springtime. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data show that 20 000 or more active fire detections occurred annually in spring only from 2000 to 2007. In our tracer modeling study, we identify a new mechanism transporting the tracer over Indochina that is significantly different from the vertical transport mechanism over the equatorial areas such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Simulation results demonstrate that the lee-side troughs over Indochina play a dominant role in the uplift of the tracer below 3 km, and that the strong westerlies prevailing above 3 km transport the tracer. These fundamental mechanisms have a major impact on the air quality downwind from Indochina over East Asia. The climatological importance of such a leeside trough is also discussed. C1 [Lin, C. -Y.; Sheng, Y. -F.] Acad Sinica, Res Ctr Environm Changes, Taipei 115, Taiwan. [Hsu, H. -m.; Lee, Y. H.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Kuo, C. H.] Chinese Culture Univ, Dept Geol, Taipei, Taiwan. [Chu, D. A.] NASA, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Lin, CY (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Res Ctr Environm Changes, Taipei 115, Taiwan. EM yao435@rcec.sinica.edu.tw RI Lin, CY/K-6503-2014 FU [NSC-2111M-001-004-MY3] FX This work was supported by NSC-2111M-001-004-MY3. HmH enjoyed the hospitality provided by AC/RCEC during his visits. Discussion with Richard Routunno is very much appreciated. The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html) used in this publication. NR 48 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 20 BP 7901 EP 7911 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 512IL UT WOS:000271240500015 ER PT J AU Wespes, C Hurtmans, D Clerbaux, C Santee, ML Martin, RV Coheur, PF AF Wespes, C. Hurtmans, D. Clerbaux, C. Santee, M. L. Martin, R. V. Coheur, P. F. TI Global distributions of nitric acid from IASI/MetOP measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC LOWER STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; HNO3 PROFILES; IASI; MIPAS; SPECTROMETER; ASSIMILATION; RETRIEVALS; VALIDATION; SATELLITE AB This paper presents the first global distributions of HNO3 total columns acquired by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument, launched on-board the MetOp platform in October 2006. IASI is an infrared nadir-looking Fourier transform spectrometer providing atmospheric radiance spectra at 0.5 cm(-1) spectral resolution, from which temperature and infrared absorbing gas concentration profiles are retrieved with global Earth coverage twice a day. A first analysis of the IASI measurements in terms of information content demonstrates the possibility of retrieving a total column for HNO3 at all latitudes with a maximal sensitivity in the middle stratosphere. The retrievals are performed from IASI spectra in the atmospheric window using a fast radiative transfer model and inversion software (FORLI) relying on the Optimal Estimation Method. The operational processing of HNO3 total columns is achieved since March 2008. We show that FORLI-HNO3 performs well at all latitudes (RMS of the spectral residuals around 2.3x10(-6) W/m(2) sr m(-1)) and provides HNO3 total columns with on average statistical errors of about 12%, reaching the threshold value of 32% at the equatorial belt. The global distributions of the retrieved total columns for one year (from March 2008 to February 2009) are presented and discussed with emphasis given to seasonal and interhemispheric variations. Local seasonal variations at 6 specific locations are also described and discussed in comparison with MLS volume mixing ratios at 46.5 hPa. The seasonal cycle observed in Polar regions is highlighted, with maxima observed in fall-winter and minima during spring-summer. The denitrification inside the Antarctic polar vortex during winter is clearly revealed with unprecedented horizontal resolution: HNO3 columns decreasing down to about 1x10(16) molecules cm(-2) are observed, which is consistent with the lower values of temperature observed between 50 and 15 hPa (similar to 20-25 km) and the resulting formation and sedimentation of polar stratospheric clouds. During the same period, the collar region of high quantities of HNO3 at the vortex edge is also observed around 65-60 degrees S latitude. Preliminary correlations between IASI derived HNO3 and O-3 columns inside the polar vortex are presented and discussed. C1 [Wespes, C.; Hurtmans, D.; Clerbaux, C.; Coheur, P. F.] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. [Clerbaux, C.] Univ Paris 06, Paris, France. [Clerbaux, C.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, CNRS, INSU, LATMOS,IPSL, Paris, France. [Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Martin, R. V.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. [Martin, R. V.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM cwespes@ulb.ac.be RI Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013 OI Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; FU Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique [4511.08]; Belgian State Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs; European Space Agency [C90-327]; FRIA; Communaute Franc, aise de Belgique-Actions de Recherche Concertees FX IASI has been developed and built under the responsibility of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France). It is flown onboard the Metop satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI L1 data are received through the EUMETCast near real time data distribution service. The research was funded by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS, Belgium M. I. S. F. 4511.08), the Belgian State Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs and the European Space Agency (ESA-Prodex arrangement C90-327). Financial support by FRIA and the "Communaute Franc, aise de Belgique-Actions de Recherche Concertees" and are also acknowledged. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 56 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 20 BP 7949 EP 7962 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 512IL UT WOS:000271240500018 ER PT J AU Abad, GG Bernath, PF Boone, CD McLeod, SD Manney, GL Toon, GC AF Abad, G. Gonzalez Bernath, P. F. Boone, C. D. McLeod, S. D. Manney, G. L. Toon, G. C. TI Global distribution of upper tropospheric formic acid from the ACE-FTS SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; TRACE GASES; PHASE; EMISSION; PRECIPITATION; STRATOSPHERE; FORMALDEHYDE AB We present the first near global upper tropospheric distribution of formic acid (HCOOH) observed from space using solar occultation measurements from the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) on board the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite. Using a new set of spectroscopic line parameters recently published for formic acid by Vander Auwera et al. (2007) and Perrin and Vander Auwera (2007), we have retrieved the concentrations of HCOOH between 5 km and the tropopause for ACE-FTS observations from February 2004 to September 2007. We observe a significant seasonal dependence for the HCOOH concentrations related to vegetation growth and biomass burning. We estimate an emission ratio of 0.0051+/-0.0015 for HCOOH relative to CO for tropical South American fires using a selected set of data for September 2004. Results from the balloon-borne MkIV Fourier transform spectrometer are also presented and compared with the ACE measurements. C1 [Abad, G. Gonzalez; Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Boone, C. D.; McLeod, S. D.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Manney, G. L.; Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RP Abad, GG (reprint author), Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM gga500@york.ac.uk RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X FU Canadian Space Agency; UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO); Wild Fund FX The ACE mission is funded primarily by the Canadian Space Agency. Funding was also provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), in part through the National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO). Gonzalo Gonz alez Abad thanks the Wild Fund for support. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 49 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 20 BP 8039 EP 8047 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 512IL UT WOS:000271240500024 ER PT J AU Feofilov, AG Kutepov, AA Pesnell, WD Goldberg, RA Marshall, BT Gordley, LL Garcia-Comas, M Lopez-Puertas, M Manuilova, RO Yankovsky, VA Petelina, SV Russell, JM AF Feofilov, A. G. Kutepov, A. A. Pesnell, W. D. Goldberg, R. A. Marshall, B. T. Gordley, L. L. Garcia-Comas, M. Lopez-Puertas, M. Manuilova, R. O. Yankovsky, V. A. Petelina, S. V. Russell, J. M., III TI Daytime SABER/TIMED observations of water vapor in the mesosphere: retrieval approach and first results SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NONLOCAL THERMODYNAMIC-EQUILIBRIUM; MILLIMETER-WAVE SPECTROMETER; CRYOGENIC INFRARED SPECTROMETERS; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; ACCELERATED LAMBDA ITERATION; VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; MIDDLE-ATMOSPHERE; MU-M; PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; LOWER THERMOSPHERE AB This paper describes a methodology for water vapor retrieval in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) using 6.6 mu m daytime broadband emissions measured by SABER, the limb scanning infrared radiometer on board the TIMED satellite. Particular attention is given to accounting for the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) nature of the H2O 6.6 mu m emission in the MLT. The non-LTE H2O(nu(2)) vibrational level populations responsible for this emission depend on energy exchange processes within the H2O vibrational system as well as on interactions with vibrationally excited states of the O-2, N-2, and CO2 molecules. The rate coefficients of these processes are known with large uncertainties that undermines the reliability of the H2O retrieval procedure. We developed a methodology of finding the optimal set of rate coefficients using the nearly coincidental solar occultation H2O density measurements by the ACE=FTS satellite and relying on the better signal-to-noise ratio of SABER daytime 6.6 mu m measurements. From this comparison we derived an update to the rate coefficients of the three most important processes that affect the H2O(nu(2)) populations in the MLT: a) the vibrational-vibrational (V-V) exchange between the H2O and O-2 molecules; b) the vibrational-translational (V-T) process of the O-2(1) level quenching by collisions with atomic oxygen, and c) the V-T process of the H2O(010) level quenching by collisions with N-2, O-2, and O. Using the advantages of the daytime retrievals in the MLT, which are more stable and less susceptible to uncertainties of the radiance coming from below, we demonstrate that applying the updated H2O non-LTE model to the SABER daytime radiances makes the retrieved H2O vertical profiles in 50-85 km region consistent with climatological data and model predictions. The H2O retrieval uncertainties in this approach are about 10% at and below 70 km, 20% at 80 km, and 30% at 85 km altitude. C1 [Feofilov, A. G.; Kutepov, A. A.] Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Feofilov, A. G.; Kutepov, A. A.; Pesnell, W. D.; Goldberg, R. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Marshall, B. T.; Gordley, L. L.] GATS Inc, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Garcia-Comas, M.; Lopez-Puertas, M.] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18008 Granada, Spain. [Manuilova, R. O.; Yankovsky, V. A.] St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198904, Russia. [Petelina, S. V.] La Trobe Univ, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. [Russell, J. M., III] Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Feofilov, AG (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, 620 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM artem-feofilov@cua-nasa-gsfc.info RI Yankovsky, Valentine/B-6165-2011; Pesnell, William/D-1062-2012; Goldberg, Richard /E-1881-2012; Manuilova, Rada/I-3601-2012; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013; Garcia-Comas, Maya/E-4050-2014; Feofilov, Artem/A-2271-2015 OI Yankovsky, Valentine/0000-0002-1310-6870; Pesnell, William/0000-0002-8306-2500; Manuilova, Rada/0000-0003-3757-6321; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734; Garcia-Comas, Maya/0000-0003-2323-4486; Feofilov, Artem/0000-0001-9924-4846 FU NASA [NNX08AG41G]; Spanish MICINN [AYA2008-03498/ESP]; EC FEDER; Leibniz Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Kuhlungsborn, Germany; Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); European Space Agency FX This research was supported by NASA grant NNX08AG41G. This work was also partially supported by Spanish MICINN under contract AYA2008-03498/ESP and EC FEDER funds. SABER V1.07 atmospheric data were downloaded from the http://saber.gats-inc.com/Website. The authors are grateful to the SABER science, data processing, and flight operations for their ongoing support of this work. The authors also want to thank Gerd Sonnemann and Uwe Berger from the Leibniz Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Kuhlungsborn, Germany for the fruitful discussions and assistance in this work. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). ACE-FTS data were provided by the European Space Agency. NR 87 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2009 VL 9 IS 21 BP 8139 EP 8158 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 518TD UT WOS:000271715500001 ER EF