FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Francy, DS Simmons, OD Ware, MW Granger, EJ Sobsey, MD Schaefer, FW AF Francy, DS Simmons, OD Ware, MW Granger, EJ Sobsey, MD Schaefer, FW TI Effects of seeding procedures and water quality on recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stream water by using US environmental protection agency method 1623 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; PARVUM OOCYSTS; DRINKING-WATER; GIARDIA; SAMPLES; ULTRAFILTRATION; VARIABLES; SUPPLIES AB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 is widely used to monitor source waters and drinking water supplies for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Matrix spikes, used to determine the effect of the environmental matrix on the method's recovery efficiency for the target organism, require the collection and analysis of two environmental samples, one for analysis of endemic oocysts and the other for analysis of recovery efficiency. A new product, ColorSeed, enables the analyst to determine recovery efficiency by using modified seeded oocysts that can be differentiated from endemic organisms in a single sample. Twenty-nine stream water samples and one untreated effluent sample from a cattle feedlot were collected in triplicate to compare modified seeding procedures to conventional seeding procedures that use viable, unmodified oocysts. Significant negative correlations were found between the average oocyst recovery and turbidity or suspended sediment; this was especially apparent in samples with turbidities greater than 100 nephelometric turbidity units and suspended sediment concentrations greater than 100 mg/liter. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 16.7% of the unseeded environmental samples, and concentrations, adjusted for recoveries, ranged from 4 to 80 oocysts per 10 liters. Determining recovery efficiency also provided data to calculate detection limits; these ranged from <2 to <215 oocysts per 10 liters. Recoveries of oocysts ranged from 2.0 to 61% for viable oocysts and from 3.0 to 59% for modified oocysts. The recoveries between the two seeding procedures were highly correlated (r = 0.802) and were not significantly different. Recoveries by using modified oocysts, therefore, were comparable to recoveries by using conventional seeding procedures. C1 US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Francy, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, 6480 Doubletree Ave, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. EM dsfrancy@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 7 BP 4118 EP 4128 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4118-4128.2004 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 839BP UT WOS:000222758600044 PM 15240291 ER PT J AU Johnson, J Jinneman, K Stelma, G Smith, BG Lye, D Messer, J Ulaszek, J Evsen, L Gendel, S Bennett, RW Swaminathan, B Pruckler, J Steigerwalt, A Kathariou, S Yidirim, S Volokhov, D Rasooly, A Chizhikov, V Wiedmann, M Fortes, E Duvall, RE Hitchins, AD AF Johnson, J Jinneman, K Stelma, G Smith, BG Lye, D Messer, J Ulaszek, J Evsen, L Gendel, S Bennett, RW Swaminathan, B Pruckler, J Steigerwalt, A Kathariou, S Yidirim, S Volokhov, D Rasooly, A Chizhikov, V Wiedmann, M Fortes, E Duvall, RE Hitchins, AD TI Natural atypical Listeria innocua strains with Listeria monocytogenes pathogenicity island 1 genes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SEROTYPE 4B; EVOLUTION; IDENTIFICATION; OPERON; PRFA; P60; 16S AB Identification of bona fide Listeria isolates into the six species of the genus normally requires only a few tests. Aberrant isolates do occur, but even then only one or two extra confirmatory tests are generally needed for identification to species level. We have discovered a hemolytic-positive, rhamnose and xylose fermentation-negative Listeria strain with surprising recalcitrance to identification to the species level due to contradictory results in standard confirmatory tests. The issue had to be resolved by using total DNA-DNA hybridization testing and then confirmed by further specific PCR-based tests including a Listeria microarray assay. The results show that this isolate is indeed a novel one. Its discovery provides the first fully documented instance of a hemolytic Listeria innocua strain. This species, by definition, is typically nonhemolytic. The L. innocua isolate contains all the members of the PrfA-regulated virulence gene cluster (Listeria pathogenicity island 1) of L. monocytogenes. It is avirulent in the mouse pathogenicity test. Avirulence is likely at least partly due to the absence of the L. monocytogenes-specific allele of iap, as well as the absence of inl4, inlB, inlC, and daaA. At least two of the virulence cluster genes, hly and plcA, which encode the L. monocytogenes hemolysin (listeriolysin 0) and inositol-specific phospholipase C, respectively, are phenotypically expressed in this L. innocua strain. The detection by PCR assays of specific L. innocua genes (lin0198, lin0372, lin0419, lin0558, lin1068, lin1073, lin1074, lin2454, and lin2693) and noncoding intergenic regions (lin0454-lin0455 and nadA4-lin2134) in the strain is consistent with its L. innocua DNA-DNA hybridization identity. Additional distinctly different hemolytic L. innocua strains were also studied. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. US FDA, Bothell, WA 98021 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Ctr Food Safety & Technol, Summit Argo, IL 60501 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol, Bethesda, MD 20895 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hitchins, AD (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM Anthony.Hitchins@cfsan.fda.gov RI Wiedmann, Martin/A-9683-2008 OI Wiedmann, Martin/0000-0002-4168-5662 NR 39 TC 62 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 70 IS 7 BP 4256 EP 4266 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4256-4266.2004 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 839BP UT WOS:000222758600062 PM 15240309 ER PT J AU Phillips, SB Arya, SP Aneja, VP AF Phillips, SB Arya, SP Aneja, VP TI Ammonia flux and dry deposition velocity from near-surface concentration gradient measurements over a grass surface in North Carolina SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ammonia; dry deposition velocity; flux; stability; friction velocity ID ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; CONIFEROUS FOREST; EMISSIONS; EXCHANGE; NITROGEN; TRANSPORT; PARAMETERIZATION; LAGOONS; MODELS; SYSTEM AB Atmospheric ammonia concentrations were measured during fall 2001, winter, spring, and summer 2002 over natural surfaces in North Carolina where animal farms and waste storage and treatment lagoons (which are known to emit ammonia) at two heights (2 and 6m) above the surface employing an arrangement of two Thermo Environmental Instruments, Inc. Model 17C chemiluminescent nitrogen oxides (NO(X))-ammonia (NH(3)) analyzers along with a solenoid for each analyzer to alternate measurements between the two elevations. Simultaneously, mean winds and temperatures are also measured at the same two heights. The micrometeorological gradient method is used in conjunction with the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, to estimate the vertical flux and dry deposition velocity of ammonia under different meteorological conditions. Diurnal and seasonal variations of ammonia flux and dry deposition velocity were investigated under a wide range of wind and atmospheric stability conditions yielding hourly variation of NH(3) fluxes and deposition during each seasonal campaign. Fall average NH(3) concentrations were generally the highest with daytime concentrations of 7.60 +/- 6.54 mug m(-3) at 2m, while nighttime NH(3) concentrations were 7.25 +/- 6.14 mug m(-3) at 2m. The winter season had the lowest overall concentrations collected during each seasonal campaign with averages of 1.73 +/- 2.00 mug m(-3) (2m) during daytime and 1.37 +/- 1.50 mug m(-3) (2m) during nighttime. Deposition and emission occur, both on daily and seasonal scales. Summer measurements yielded the largest average daytime deposition velocity of 3.94 +/- 2.79 cm s(-1), whereas winter measurements gave the lowest daytime velocities with an average of 2.41 +/- 1.92 cm s(-1). The largest nighttime deposition velocities were estimated during the summer season with an average of 0.76 +/- 1.69 cm s(-1), whereas fall nighttime deposition velocities were considerably lower at 0.07 +/- 0.17 cm s(-1). Regression relationships between the ammonia deposition velocity and the friction velocity are obtained for different stability conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Phillips, SB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, OAQPS, EMAD,AQMG, Mail Drop D243-01,109 TW,Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM phillips.sharon@epa.gov NR 44 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 38 IS 21 BP 3469 EP 3480 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.054 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826OJ UT WOS:000221838100010 ER PT J AU Cantwell, MG Burgess, RM AF Cantwell, MG Burgess, RM TI Variability of parameters measured during the resuspension of sediments with a particle entrainment simulator SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE remobilization; metals; dredging; desorption ID MARINE-SEDIMENTS; METALS; MOBILITY AB The release of contaminants from sediments is an important problem facing environmental managers concerned with issues such as maintenance dredging, habitat restoration and dredge spoil placement. While there are laboratory methods to assess the remobilization of contaminants from resuspended sediments, little is known about how their operating characteristics influence a sediments response to resuspension. In this study, a particle entrainment simulator (PES) for resuspending sediments was evaluated by assessing variability among replicates and over operation time (12 h) for three estuarine sediments. These sediments varied in physical and chemical properties as well as the degree of metal contamination. Results showed that under identical resuspension conditions, there was low variability among sediment replicates. Sediment properties and the degree of metal contamination affected the magnitude and variation in water column parameters and contaminant release. Fine-grained sediments affected water column parameters, which stabilized over several hours of resuspension. While metal concentrations in the aqueous and particulate samples varied throughout operation, variation was highest for Cd and Ni. Compared to other methods used to evaluate the effects of sediment resuspension, the PES has operational advantages such as the ability to monitor water column conditions and resuspend sediment at specified energy levels. Overall, the PES provided reproducible conditions of resuspension effects among sediments varying in composition and contamination, demonstrating its value as a tool to evaluate contaminant mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Effects Environm Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Cantwell, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Effects Environm Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM cantwell.mark@epa.gov NR 19 TC 13 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 2004 VL 56 IS 1 BP 51 EP 58 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.033 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825AF UT WOS:000221727700007 PM 15109879 ER PT J AU Butler, RA Kelley, ML Olberding, KE Gardner, GR Van Beneden, RJ AF Butler, RA Kelley, ML Olberding, KE Gardner, GR Van Beneden, RJ TI Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-independent effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on softshell clam (Mya arenaria) reproductive tissue SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Aquatic Animal Models of Human Disease CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 2003 CL Amer Type Culture Collect, Manassas, VA SP Univ Miami HO Amer Type Culture Collect DE aryl hydrocarbon receptor; bivalve; diethylnitrosamine; dioxin; gametogenesis; germinoma; softshell clam; TCDD ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SOFT-SHELL CLAM; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; GONADAL NEOPLASMS; BIVALVE MOLLUSKS; ANIMAL-MODELS; LAKE TROUT; P53; EXPRESSION AB A high prevalence of germinomas has been observed in certain populations of Mya arenaria from eastern Maine. The etiology of these tumors is unknown. We are investigating the hypothesis that exposure to environmental contaminants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) contributes to gonadal carcinogenesis. Clams were exposed to TCDD with or without the initiating compound diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in an attempt to induce germinomas. A TCDD-dependent alteration in gametogenesis was observed in which 32.5 +/- 6.5% of individuals exhibited undifferentiated gonads. Analyses of AhR and p53 expression were carried out to identify similarities between naturally occurring neoplastic and TCDD ( +/- DEN)-altered reproductive tissues. Neoplastic tissues had significantly less p53 protein than matched controls, whereas TCDD-induced undifferentiated samples exhibited no difference in p53 protein levels compared to controls. No gender-specific differences were observed in AhR mRNA, but there were significant differences in protein levels. AhR was undetectable in male gonadal tissue whereas females exhibited a significant positive relationship between AhR protein levels and stage of ovogenesis. Despite exhibiting some morphological similarity, we conclude the TCDD-induced pathology is not a germinoma. We further suggest the change in reproductive tissue is due to inhibition of cell differentiation and/or development by an AhR-independent mechanism. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biochem Microbiol & Mol Biol, Orono, ME USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Van Beneden, RJ (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM rebeccav@maine.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [R01 RR08774]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES12066] NR 40 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 138 IS 3 BP 375 EP 381 DI 10.1016/j.cca.2004.05.001 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 873ZB UT WOS:000225319400016 PM 15533795 ER PT J AU Rubin, ES Taylor, MR Yeh, S Hounshell, DA AF Rubin, ES Taylor, MR Yeh, S Hounshell, DA TI Learning curves for environmental technology and their importance for climate policy analysis SO ENERGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies CY OCT 01-04, 2002 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme, RITE, JSER ID PROGRESS FUNCTIONS; POWER; CYCLE AB We seek to improve the ability of integrated assessment (IA) models to incorporate changes in CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) technology cost and performance over time. This paper presents results of research that examines past experience in controlling other major power plant emissions that might serve as a reasonable guide to future rates of technological progress in CCS systems. In particular, we focus on US and worldwide experience with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) control technologies over the past 30 years, and derive empirical learning rates for these technologies. Applying these rates to CCS costs in a large-scale IA model shows that the cost of achieving a climate stabilization target are significantly lower relative to scenarios with no learning for CCS technologies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Richard & Rhoda Goldman Sch Publ Policy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rubin, ES (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM rubin@cmu.edu RI Rubin, Edward/D-7629-2013; OI Yeh, Sonia/0000-0003-4936-6057; Yeh, Sonia/0000-0002-4852-1177 NR 19 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-5442 J9 ENERGY JI Energy PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 29 IS 9-10 SI SI BP 1551 EP 1559 DI 10.1016/j.energy.2004.03.092 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels GA 831DO UT WOS:000222173600032 ER PT J AU Hanson, D Laitner, JAS AF Hanson, D Laitner, JAS TI An integrated analysis of policies that increase investments in advanced energy-efficient/low-carbon technologies SO ENERGY ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE AMIGA; climate policy; technology AB A new analysis by the EPA Office of Atmospheric Programs and the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), using the All Modular Industry Growth Assessment (AMIGA) system, indicates that a technology-led investment strategy, can secure substantial domestic reductions of carbon emissions at a net positive impact on the U.S. economy. However, a moderate energy policy, even supported by a carbon charge ranging from US$48 to US$93 per metric ton, is insufficient to reach the so-called Kyoto targets. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Laitner, JAS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Pen Ave NW,Mail Stop 6201-J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM laitner.skip@epa.gov NR 26 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0140-9883 J9 ENERG ECON JI Energy Econ. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 26 IS 4 BP 739 EP 755 DI 10.1016/j.eneco.2004.04.020 PG 17 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 859UV UT WOS:000224294300014 ER PT J AU Sathaye, J Murtishaw, S Price, L Lefranc, M Roy, J Winkler, H Spalding-Fecher, R AF Sathaye, J Murtishaw, S Price, L Lefranc, M Roy, J Winkler, H Spalding-Fecher, R TI Multiproject baselines for evaluation of electric power projects SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE multiproject baselines; electric power GHG mitigation projects; marginal emissions rates AB Calculating greenhouse gas emissions reductions from climate change mitigation projects requires construction of a baseline that sets emissions levels that would have occurred without the project. This paper describes a standardized multiproject methodology for setting baselines, represented by the emissions rate (kg C/kWh), for electric power projects. A standardized methodology would reduce the transaction costs of projects. The most challenging aspect of setting multiproject emissions rates is determining the vintage and types of plants to include in the baseline and the stringency of the emissions rates to be considered, in order to balance the desire to encourage no- or low-carbon projects while maintaining environmental integrity. The criteria for selecting power plants to include in the baseline depend on characteristics of both the project and the electricity grid it serves. Two case studies illustrate the application of these concepts to the electric power grids in eastern India and South Africa. We use hypothetical, but realistic, climate change projects in each country to illustrate the use of the multiproject methodology, and note the further research required to fully understand the implications of the various choices in constructing and using these baselines. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Anal Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Jadavpur Univ, Dept Econ, Kolkata 700032, W Bengal, India. Univ Cape Town, Energy Dev & Res Ctr, ZA-7701 Cape Town, South Africa. RP Sathaye, J (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Energy Anal Dept, BLDG90R4000-1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jasathaye@lbl.gov; sgmurtishaw@lbl.gov OI Winkler, Harald/0000-0002-5826-4071 NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 EI 1873-6777 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD JUL PY 2004 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1303 EP 1317 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00098-3 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 810JR UT WOS:000220701100006 ER PT J AU Qian, ZM Chapman, RS Hu, W Wei, FS Korn, LR Zhang, JFJ AF Qian, ZM Chapman, RS Hu, W Wei, FS Korn, LR Zhang, JFJ TI Using air pollution based community clusters to explore air pollution health effects in children SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE air pollution; health effects; China ID NORTH-AMERICAN CHILDREN; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COMMUNITIES; 3 CHINESE CITIES; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; ACID AEROSOLS; LUNG-FUNCTION; INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION; PREADOLESCENT CHILDREN AB To study respiratory health effects of long-term exposure to ambient air pollutant mixture, we observed 7058 school children 5 - 16 years of age living in the four Chinese cities of Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. These children were enrolled from elementary schools located in eight districts, one urban district and one suburban district in each of the above cities. Ambient levels of PM2.5, PM10 - 2.5, total suspended particles (TSP), SO2, and NOx were measured in these districts from 1993 to 1996. Based on a cluster analysis of arithmetic mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10-2.5, (TSP-PM10), SO2, and NOx, we classified these children into four ordinal categories of exposure to ambient air pollutant mixtures. We tested for exposure-response relationships using logistic regression models, controlling for relevant covariates. We observed monotonic, positive relationships of exposure to the pollutant mixture with prevalence rates of cough with phlegm and wheeze. Other outcomes were not associated with the exposure in a monotonic exposure-response pattern. Even so, odds ratios for cough, phlegm, bronchitis, and asthma in the higher exposure district clusters were all higher than in the lowest exposure district cluster. We found evidence that exposure to the pollutant mixtures had adverse effects on children living in the four Chinese cities. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Coll Med, Dept Hlth Evaluat Sci, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. China Natl Environm Monitoring Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, SPH, New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Div Sci Res & Technol, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, SPH, Div Biometr, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. RP Qian, ZM (reprint author), 600 Centreview Dr,POB 855, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. EM zqian@psu.edu RI Hu, Wei/M-3524-2013 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05022-10] NR 53 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 30 IS 5 BP 611 EP 620 DI 10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.003 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821ZJ UT WOS:000221501800002 PM 15051237 ER PT J AU Rizzo, MJ Scheff, PA AF Rizzo, MJ Scheff, PA TI Assessing ozone networks using positive matrix factorization SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; AEROSOL; IDENTIFICATION; URBAN; AREAS AB In 2001, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began the process of examining the national monitoring networks to assess the contribution of individual monitoring sites in providing useful information to the public and regulatory agencies. One of the first networks to be examined was ozone, with the assessment being initially completed on a national level and then further refined on a regional basis. The goal of the regional analysis was to determine which monitors may be providing redundant information and could, therefore, be removed or relocated to another area in need of additional monitoring data. One technique which was used in the regional analysis of the ozone network was positive matrix factorization (PMF). This technique is similar to classical factor analysis, which allows for a series of related variables to be grouped into a smaller set of independent factors that represent combinations of the original variables. In addition to grouping the data into factors, this novel approach also provides predicted values of the analysis variable. Comparison of the predicted to the actual values not only gave an indication of bow well the model fitted the ozone concentrations, but also aided in the determination of the information value of individual monitors. Hourly ozone data were polled from the USEPA's national data archive for a total of 24 states for the prime ozone formation months of May through September for 1996 to 2000. Daily maximum 8-hour concentrations were calculated for each site according to the methods contained in 40 CFR Part 50 Appendix H. Because PMF requires a complete data record across all sites for all days analyzed, sites that were missing data were interpolated linearly over time. The results of the PMF analysis contained 10 factors representing various areas of the country including the Lake Michigan, Atlantic Coast, North Carolina, St. Louis/Indianapolis, Upper New York, State, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kansa/Southeast Missouri/Arkansas, Minnesota/Northwest Wisconsin, and Kentucky/Tennessee areas. Actual to predicted ratios were calculated for each day at each site and the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the individual ratio distributions were utilized as a metric to determine which sites were consistently being predicted well by PMF. Sites with low CVs were interpreted as being well predicted and considered not to be providing ambient ozone information as valuable as that provided by monitors that were poorly predicted by the model. (C) 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers. C1 Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. US EPA, Air Monitoring Sect, Air & Radiat Div, Chicago, IL USA. RP Scheff, PA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. EM pscheff@uic.edu NR 12 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 110 EP 119 DI 10.1002/ep.10018 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 835BW UT WOS:000222455900002 ER PT J AU Cook, R Jones, BL Cleland, J AF Cook, R Jones, BL Cleland, J TI A cohort-based approach for characterizing lifetime inhalation cancer risk from time-varying exposure to air toxics from ambient sources SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the American-Institute-of-Chemical-Engineers CY MAR 30-APR 03, 2003 CL New Orleans, LA SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers AB In recent years, the U.S. EPA as well as state and local agencies have released a number of risk characterizations addressing potential inhalation cancer risks from exposure to ambient sources of air toxics (e.g., U.S. EPA's 1993 Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study, the South Coast Air Quality Management District's MATES-II study, the U.S. EPA's National Scale Air Toxics Assessment). In these assessments, quantitative estimates of cancer risk are often presented as point estimates and/or distributions of individual upper-bound lifetime risks. The individual upper bound lifetime cancer risk is the probability that an individual in a given population will contract cancer if exposed continuously to a given concentration of an airborne carcinogen over an assumed lifetime. Individual risk estimates in these studies are usually based on average or median exposures for a wide population distribution. These estimates generally assume continuous exposure over an entire lifetime to levels estimated for 1 or a few years and do not account for expected changes in exposure over time. For example, risk estimates in US. EPA"s recent National Scale Air Toxics Assessment assume individuals will be exposed to 1996 levels over a 70-year lifetime. However, exposures to most air toxics are expected to change over time as a result of mobile and stationary source emission control programs. In this paper, a cohort-based approach, which estimates individual lifetime cancer risk based on time-weighted exposure over a lifetime, is presented. This approach accounts for changes in exposure level over time, including decreases anticipated as a result of regulatory programs. It also incorporates differences in exposures to children and adults that result from certain differences in time-activity patterns, integrating them into a single value.for a cohort. Moreover, this paper presents a case study applying this approach to estimate average nationwide individual cancer risks from exposure to the highway mobile source contribution to ambient benzene. The case study includes estimates for the general population and a highly exposed demographic group, outdoor workers. (C) 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers. C1 US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. ICF Consulting, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. RP Cook, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, 2000 Traverwood Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM cook-rich@epa.gov NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 120 EP 125 DI 10.1002/ep.10008 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 835BW UT WOS:000222455900003 ER PT J AU Cohen, M Artz, R Draxler, R Miller, P Poissant, L Niemi, D Ratte, D Deslauriers, M Duval, R Laurin, R Slotnick, J Nettesheim, T McDonald, J AF Cohen, M Artz, R Draxler, R Miller, P Poissant, L Niemi, D Ratte, D Deslauriers, M Duval, R Laurin, R Slotnick, J Nettesheim, T McDonald, J TI Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of mercury to the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE mercury; atmospheric deposition; Great Lakes; source-receptor modeling; emissions ID MICHIGAN MASS-BALANCE; GAS-PHASE REACTION; GASEOUS MERCURY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; UNITED-STATES; EVENT PRECIPITATION; WET DEPOSITION; TRANSFORMATION; SIMULATION; EMISSIONS AB A special version of the NOAA HYSPLIT-4 model has been developed and used to estimate the atmospheric fate and transport of mercury in a North American modeling domain. Spatial and chemical interpolation procedures were used to expand the modeling results and provide estimates of the contribution of each source in a 1996 anthropogenic US/Canadian emissions inventory to atmospheric mercury deposition to the Great Lakes. While there are uncertainties in the emissions inventories and ambient data suitable for model evaluation are scarce, model results were found to be reasonably consistent with wet deposition measurements in the Great Lakes region and with independent measurement-based estimates of deposition to Lake Michigan. Sources up to 2000 km from the Great Lakes contributed significant amounts of mercury through atmospheric transport and deposition. While there were significant contributions from incineration and metallurgical sources, coal combustion was generally found to be the largest contributor to atmospheric mercury deposition to the Great Lakes. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Commiss Environm Cooperat, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Environm Canada, Meteorol Serv Canada, Atmospher Tox Proc Serv, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Environm Canada, Pollutant Data Branch, Hull, PQ, Canada. Ontario Minist Environm, Environm Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Office, Chicago, IL USA. Int Joint Commiss, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada. RP Cohen, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 EW Highway R-ARL,Room 3316, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM mark.cohen@noaa.gov RI Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015 OI Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558 NR 64 TC 87 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 29 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 95 IS 3 BP 247 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2003.11.007 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 836OI UT WOS:000222564800003 PM 15220060 ER PT J AU Marvin, C Painter, S Rossmann, R AF Marvin, C Painter, S Rossmann, R TI Spatial and temporal patterns in mercury contamination in sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; mercury; heavy metals; sediment ID SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; MANS ACTIVITIES; ONTARIO; ERIE; HURON; MICHIGAN; SUPERIOR; ACCUMULATIONS; IMPACT AB Data from recent sediment surveys have been collated and mapped in order to determine the spatial distribution of mercury in sediments across the entire Great Lakes basin. Information from historical Surveys has also been collated in order to evaluate temporal trends. Lake Huron (2002) exhibited the lowest mercury concentrations (lakewide average concentration, 0.043 mug/g); Lakes Michigan (1994-1996) and Superior (2000) also exhibited relatively low levels (lakewide averages of 0.088 and 0.078 mug/g, respectively). The western basin of Lake Erie (1997-1998, 0.402 mug/g) and Lake Ontario (0.586 mug/g) exhibited the highest levels. Sources of mercury contamination in Lakes Erie and Ontario are primarily attributed to loadings from historical sources, including chlor-alkali production in the Detroit, St. Clair, and Niagara Rivers. The spatial distributions of mercury in sediments of Lakes Huron and Superior suggest that natural geochemical factors are an influence. Surficial sediment mercury contamination was found to have decreased markedly since the late 1960s and 1970s. Decreases in lakewide average sediment concentrations of mercury over this time period ranged from approximately 25% for Lake Ontario to 80% for Lake Huron. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Water Res Inst Branch, Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Marvin, C (reprint author), Natl Water Res Inst Branch, Environm Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. EM chris.marvin@ec.gc.ca NR 50 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 95 IS 3 BP 351 EP 362 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.007 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 836OI UT WOS:000222564800012 PM 15220069 ER PT J AU Rice, DC AF Rice, DC TI The US EPA reference dose for methylmercury: sources of uncertainty SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on an Ecosystem Approach to the Health Effects of Mercury in the Great Lakes Basin CY FEB 26-27, 2003 CL Windsor, CANADA SP Int Joint Commiss, Great Lakes Commiss ID IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; MATERNAL FISH DIET; SEYCHELLES CHILD-DEVELOPMENT; BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATIONS; INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; MERCURY; OUTCOMES; RISK AB The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) derived a reference dose for methylmercury in 2001, based on an extensive analysis by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences. The NRC performed benchmark dose analysis on a number of endpoints from three longitudinal prospective studies: the Seychelles Islands, the Faroe Islands, and the New Zealand studies. Adverse effects were reported in the latter two studies, but not in the Seychelles study. The NRC also performed an integrative analysis of all three studies. Dose conversion from cord blood or maternal hair mercury concentration was performed by EPA using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. A total uncertainty factor of 10 was applied for intrahuman pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability. There are numerous decisions made by the NRC/EPA that could greatly affect the value of the reference dose (RfD). Some of these include the choice of a linear model for the relationship between mercury body burden and neuropsychological performance, the choice of values of P-0 and the benchmark response, the use of the "critical study/critical endpoint" approach in the interpretation of the maternal body burden that corresponds to the RfD, the use of central tendencies in a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model rather than the inclusion of the distributions of variables for the population of reproductive-age women, the assumption of unity for the ratio of fetal cord blood to maternal blood methylmercury concentrations, the choice of a total of 10 as an uncertainty factor, and the lack of dose-response analysis for other health effects such as cardiovascular disease. In addition, it may be argued that derivation of a RfD for methylmercury is inappropriate, given that there does not appear to be a threshold for adverse neuropsychological effects based on available data. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rice, DC (reprint author), Bur Remed & Waste Management, Maine Dept Environm Protect, State House Stn 17, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. EM deborah.c.rice@maine.gov NR 35 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 95 IS 3 BP 406 EP 413 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2003.08.013 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 836OI UT WOS:000222564800017 PM 15220074 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR AF Mahaffey, KR TI Fish and shellfish as dietary sources of methylmercury and the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosahexaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid: risks and benefits SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; YOUNG HEALTHY-MEN; FATTY-ACIDS; OIL SUPPLEMENTATION; MERCURY EXPOSURE; LINOLENIC ACIDS; TERM INFANTS; COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; AMAZONIAN POPULATIONS AB Fish and shellfish supply the human diet with not only complex nutrients including the omega-3 fatty acids, but also highly toxic chemicals including methylmercury. The dietary essential fatty acids are linoleic and a-linolenic acid. Two omega-3 fatty acids with longer carbon chains, eicosahexaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can be synthesized in humans from a-linolenic precursors. Though not required in the diet per se, EPA and DHA have important roles in metabolism. The almost exclusive source of preformed dietary DHA is fish and shellfish. These foods are also an important source of EPA. In marked contrast to the benefits of fish and shellfish as sources of preformed omega-3 fatty acids, fish and shellfish are almost exclusively the dietary source of methylmercury. Fortunately, these chemicals are not uniformly distributed across many species of fish and shellfish. The purpose of this article is to provide information on the comparative distribution of these chemicals and nutrients to help groups formulating dietary recommendations. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Div Exposure Assessment Caoordinat & Policy, Washington, DC USA. Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC USA. RP Mahaffey, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7201M,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20464 USA. EM mahaffey.kate@epa.gov NR 101 TC 117 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 95 IS 3 BP 414 EP 428 DI 10.1016/j.envres.2004.02.006 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 836OI UT WOS:000222564800018 PM 15220075 ER PT J AU Benner, TC AF Benner, TC TI Brief survey of EPA standard-setting and health assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgates standards for air pollutants and drinking water contaminants, as part of its mandate to protect public health and welfare. The Agency also assesses the health risks associated with hundreds of chemical substances, often developing quantitative toxicity and cancer potency benchmarks. This article compares EPA standards and benchmark values to those of other countries and other agencies. This includes the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), the national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWR), and benchmark values from the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Results show that the NAAQS are generally comparable to or less strict than the air quality standards of other countries and international organizations. The NPDWR tend to be less strict than the water quality standards of other countries for inorganic chemicals, and they are more strict about as often as they are less strict for organic chemicals. Reference values for toxicity and cancer potency derived in EPA health assessments posted in the IRIS database are less stringent than those of other agencies about as often as they are more stringent, and they are often identical. Revisions to these values more often than not made them less stringent. These results suggest that EPA's standards and quantitative health assessments are not out of line with those of other agencies and other countries. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Off Sci Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Benner, TC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Off Sci Policy, 1200 Penn Ave NW,8104R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM benner.tim@epa.gov NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 13 BP 3457 EP 3464 DI 10.1021/es035132h PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 834FG UT WOS:000222396400009 PM 15296293 ER PT J AU Offenberg, JH Nelson, ED Gigliotti, CL Eisenreich, SJ AF Offenberg, JH Nelson, ED Gigliotti, CL Eisenreich, SJ TI Chlordanes in the mid-Atlantic atmosphere: New Jersey 1997-1999 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-WATER EXCHANGE; PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE POLLUTANTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RESOLUTION GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; TEMPORAL TRENDS; AMBIENT AIR; ORGANOHALOGEN PESTICIDES AB To characterize the atmospheric dynamics and behavior of chlordane compounds in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, atmospheric concentrations were measured in 1997-1999 at three New Jersey locations as part of the New Jersey Atmospheric Deposition Network (NJADN) project. Observed concentrations of Sigma-chlordanes (cis-chlordane + trans-chlordane + cis-nonachlor + trans-nonachlor) are log-normally distributed, with a geometric mean concentration of 77.1 pg m(-3) and range from 6.1 to 481 pg m(-3). Gas-phase species comprised 83% (+/-23%) of the Sigma-chlordanes species across all samples at all location. Gas-phase Sigma-chlordane concentrations are inversely proportional to temperature, with higher concentrations during periods of warmer air temperatures. Observed concentrations do not correlate with wind direction or air mass history,which suggests that observed concentrations in the New Jersey atmosphere are due to volatilization from soils and surfaces on the regional scale. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Brookdale Coll, Dept Chem, Lincroft, NJ 07738 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. RP Offenberg, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM offenberg.john@epa.gov RI Offenberg, John/C-3787-2009 OI Offenberg, John/0000-0002-0213-4024 NR 62 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 13 BP 3488 EP 3497 DI 10.1021/es049897 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 834FG UT WOS:000222396400013 PM 15296297 ER PT J AU Wikstrom, E Ryan, S Touati, A Tabor, D Gullett, BK AF Wikstrom, E Ryan, S Touati, A Tabor, D Gullett, BK TI Origin of carbon in polychlorinated dioxins and furans formed during sooting combustion SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; OXIDATION; PHENOLS AB The importance of solid- and gas-phase carbon precursors for the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) during sooting combustion was investigated in an entrained flow reactor (EFR). Experiments were performed at various methane (CH4) flame equivalence ratios with or without gas-phase chlorine (Cl-2) and fly ash, to provide a realistic environment for carbon reactions and PCDD/DF formation. Selected experiments were conducted with labeled (CH4)-C-13 and Cl-37(2) to investigate the relative roles of different carbon and chlorine species for the formation of PCDD/DF. The presence of soot and ash were the two major factors controlling the PCDD/DF yields. The 16 PCDD/DF homologues as well as other analyzed chlorinated aromatics were formed by reaction pathways that varied with degree of chlorination. The mono- and dichlorinated homologues were formed by gas-phase, catalytic, or noncatalytic flame product reactions, occurring during soot formation in the near flame zone and/or at lower reaction temperatures (<650 degreesC) in the postcombustion zone. Meanwhile, the higher (tri- to octa-) chlorinated homologues were mainly formed in the postcombustion zone (<650 degreesC) by fly ash-catalyzed de novo synthesis of the soot. Of these, the PCDD/DFs were formed from high carbon number (>C-12) fragments in the solid soot structure, while the PCDDs, at least in part, were also formed by reaction of two C-6 fragments. The tri- to hexachlorinated DD/DF homologues were formed via a relatively fast de novo synthesis occurring during the first minutes of reactions on the continuously formed soot particles, whereas de novo synthesis on an aged soot matrix was the major pathway for the hepta- and octachlorinated congeners. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gullett.brian@epa.gov NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 13 BP 3778 EP 3784 DI 10.1021/es0343656 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 834FG UT WOS:000222396400049 PM 15296332 ER PT J AU Tebes-Stevens, CL Jones, WJ AF Tebes-Stevens, CL Jones, WJ TI Estimation of microbial reductive transformation rates for chlorinated benzenes and phenols using a quantitative structure-activity relationship approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biotransformation; dechlorination; chlorophenols; chlorobenzenes; quantitative structure-activity relationships ID ANAEROBIC ESTUARINE SEDIMENT; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; HALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; FREE-ENERGY; MODEL; DECHLORINATION; OCTANOL AB A set of literature data was used to derive several quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to predict the rate constants for the microbial reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated aromatics. Dechlorination rate constants for 25 chloroaromatics were corrected for the effects of hydrophobic partitioning and adjusted for the observed distribution of product species. A number of physicochemical properties and molecular parameters were considered for inclusion in the QSARs. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to select the optimal set of descriptors to minimize multicollinearity between the descriptors, as well as to minimize the p-value of the regression coefficients. The final QSAR included four descriptors: The logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient (K-ow), the summation of the Hammett sigma constants, and the sigma induction constants in the ortho and meta positions relative to the transformation reaction center. The predictive ability of this QSAR was evaluated using 24 site-specific rate constants that were measured in five separate studies and were not used to derive the expression. The peer-reviewed literature was screened carefully to ensure that all rate constant data were representative of environmentally relevant conditions. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tebes-Stevens, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM stevens.caroline@epa.gov NR 47 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 23 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1600 EP 1609 DI 10.1897/03-282 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 828TE UT WOS:000221995300004 PM 15230311 ER PT J AU Alvarez, DA Petty, JD Huckins, JN Jones-Lepp, TL Getting, DT Goddard, JP Manahan, SE AF Alvarez, DA Petty, JD Huckins, JN Jones-Lepp, TL Getting, DT Goddard, JP Manahan, SE TI Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polar organic chemical integrative sampler [POCIS]; integrative; pharmaceuticals; hydrophilic contaminants ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WATER; PHARMACEUTICALS; DIURON; METALS AB Increasingly it is being realized that a holistic hazard assessment of complex environmental contaminant mixtures requires data on the concentrations of hydrophilic organic contaminants including new generation pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and many chemicals associated with household, industrial, and agricultural wastes. To address this issue, we developed a passive in situ sampling device (the polar organic chemical integrative sampler [POCIS]) that integratively concentrates trace levels of complex mixtures of hydrophilic environmental contaminants, enables the determination of their time-weighted average water concentrations, and provides a method of estimating the potential exposure of aquatic organisms to the complex mixture of waterborne contaminants. Using a prototype sampler, linear uptake of selected herbicides and pharmaceuticals with log K(ow)s < 4.0 was observed for up to 56 d. Estimation of the ambient water concentrations of chemicals of interest is achieved by using appropriate uptake models and determination of POCIS sampling rates for appropriate exposure conditions. Use of POCIS in field validation studies targeting the herbicide diuron in the United Kingdom resulted in the detection of the chemical at estimated concentrations of 190 to 600 ng/L. These values are in agreement with reported levels found in traditional grab samples taken concurrently. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Environm Agcy, Camberley GU16 7SQ, Surrey, England. Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Alvarez, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM dalvarez@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 283 Z9 292 U1 14 U2 160 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1640 EP 1648 DI 10.1897/03-603 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 828TE UT WOS:000221995300009 PM 15230316 ER PT J AU Griffith, MB Lazorchak, JM Herlihy, AT AF Griffith, MB Lazorchak, JM Herlihy, AT TI Relationships among exceedences of metals criteria, the results of ambient bioassays, and community metrics in mining-impacted streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediments; surface water; ambient criteria; ambient bioassays; community metrics ID ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; EXTRAPOLATION; TOXICITY AB If bioassessments are to help diagnose the specific environmental stressors affecting streams, a better understanding is needed of the relationships between community metrics and ambient criteria or ambient bioassays. However, this relationship is not simple, because metrics assess responses at the community level of biological organization, while ambient criteria and ambient bioassays assess or are based on responses at the individual level. For metals, the relationship is further complicated by the influence of other chemical variables, such as hardness, on their bioavailability and toxicity. In 1993 and 1994, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) conducted a Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (REMAP) survey on wadeable streams in Colorado's (USA) Southern Rockies Ecoregion. In this ecoregion, mining over the past century has resulted in metals contamination of streams. The surveys collected data on fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages, physical habitat, and sediment and water chemistry and toxicity. These data provide a framework for assessing diagnostic community metrics for specific environmental stressors. We characterized streams as metals-affected based on exceedence of hardness-adjusted criteria for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in water; on water toxicity tests (48-h Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia survival); on exceedence of sediment threshold effect levels (TELs); or on sediment toxicity tests (7-d Hyalella azteca survival and growth). Macroinvertebrate and fish metrics were compared among affected and unaffected sites to identify metrics sensitive to metals. Several macroinvertebrate metrics, particularly richness metrics, were less in affected streams, while other metrics were not. This is a function of the sensitivity of the individual metrics to metals effects. Fish metrics were less sensitive to metals because of the low diversity of fish in these streams. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Griffith, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM griffith.michael@epa.gov OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 37 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 23 IS 7 BP 1786 EP 1795 DI 10.1897/03-408 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 828TE UT WOS:000221995300024 PM 15230331 ER PT J AU Daniels, JL Longnecker, MP Rowland, AS Golding, J AF Daniels, JL Longnecker, MP Rowland, AS Golding, J CA ALSPAC Study Team TI Fish intake during pregnancy and early cognitive development of offspring SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEYCHELLES CHILD-DEVELOPMENT; PRENATAL METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; VISUAL RESOLUTION ACUITY; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; MERCURY EXPOSURE; MINAMATA-DISEASE; UMBILICAL-CORD; FULL-TERM; CONSUMPTION AB Background: Fish is a source of many nutrients that can be beneficial during pregnancy, as well as a source of neurotoxicant contaminants such as methylmercury. Previous investigations of fish intake in relation to neurodevelopment have focused on possible damage from contaminants, whereas potential benefits of fish consumption have been relatively unexplored Methods: We evaluated the association between maternal fish intake during pregnancy and offspring's early development of language and communication skills in a cohort of 7421 British children born in 1991-1992. Fish intake by the mother and child was measured by questionnaire. The child's cognitive development was assessed using adaptations of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory at 15 months of age and the Denver Developmental Screening Test at 18 months of age. Mercury was measured in umbilical cord tissue for a subset of 1054 children Results: Total mercury concentrations were low and were not associated with neurodevelopment. Fish intake by the mother during pregnancy, and by the infant postnatally, was associated with higher mean developmental scores. For example, the adjusted mean MacArthur comprehension score for children whose mothers con- sumed fish 4 or more times per week was 72 (95% confidence interval = 71-74), compared with 68 (66-71) among those whose mothers did not consume fish. Conclusions: When fish is not contaminated, moderate fish intake during pregnancy and infancy may benefit development. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Family & Community Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Bristol, Inst Child Hlth, Bristol, Avon, England. RP Daniels, JL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM juliedaniels@unc.edu OI Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 NR 49 TC 179 Z9 183 U1 3 U2 37 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP 394 EP 402 DI 10.1097/01.ede.0000129514.46451.ce PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800004 PM 15232398 ER PT J AU Alavanja, MCR Dosemeci, M Samanic, C Lubin, J Lynch, CF Knott, C Barker, J Hoppin, JA Sandler, DP Coble, J Thomas, K Blair, A AF Alavanja, MCR Dosemeci, M Samanic, C Lubin, J Lynch, CF Knott, C Barker, J Hoppin, JA Sandler, DP Coble, J Thomas, K Blair, A TI Use of agricultural pesticides and lung cancer risk in the agricultural health study cohort SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. US EPA, NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S178 EP S179 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00473 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800472 ER PT J AU Colford, J Wade, T Schiff, K Brookhart, A Arunajadai, S Burns, S Hayes, J Sandhu, S Wright, C Weisberg, S AF Colford, J Wade, T Schiff, K Brookhart, A Arunajadai, S Burns, S Hayes, J Sandhu, S Wright, C Weisberg, S TI The correlation between indicator organisms and health in recreational water in a cohort of beachgoers at Mission Bay, California during the summer of 2003 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Survey Res Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Weisberg, Stephen/B-2477-2008 OI Weisberg, Stephen/0000-0002-0655-9425 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S215 EP S215 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00571 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800570 ER PT J AU Cost, D AF Cost, D TI A toxicologic perspective on the evidence of effects from different sources SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S221 EP S221 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00588 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800586 ER PT J AU Ebi, K Gamble, J AF Ebi, K Gamble, J TI Models, scenarios and health: Healthy people 2100 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 Exponent Hlth Grp, Alexandria, VA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S222 EP S222 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00593 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800591 ER PT J AU Hilborn, EB Carmichael, W Servaites, J Azevedo, S Yuan, MC AF Hilborn, EB Carmichael, W Servaites, J Azevedo, S Yuan, MC TI Current issues in the detection of human exposure to the cyanobacteria toxins, microcystins SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Wright State Univ, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S212 EP S212 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00563 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800562 ER PT J AU Kyle, AD Woodruff, TJ AF Kyle, AD Woodruff, TJ TI Addressing environmental and health disparities in environmental health tracking initiatives. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S222 EP S222 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00592 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800590 ER PT J AU Lobdell, D Liu, ZY Kwok, R Mumford, J Xia, YJ Ning, ZZ Mendola, P AF Lobdell, D Liu, ZY Kwok, R Mumford, J Xia, YJ Ning, ZZ Mendola, P TI Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in relation to drinking water arsenic exposure in Ba Men, Inner Mongolia, China SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S184 EP S184 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00488 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800487 ER PT J AU Luben, T Nuckols, JR Lynberg, M Mendola, P Wolf, J AF Luben, T Nuckols, JR Lynberg, M Mendola, P Wolf, J TI Feasibility of matching study participant residence with a specific water utility in epidemiologic studies investigating exposure to disinfection by-products SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm & Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S104 EP S105 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00263 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800263 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Olshan, A Harness, C Herring, A Langlois, P Gilboa, S AF Mendola, P Olshan, A Harness, C Herring, A Langlois, P Gilboa, S TI Comparison of geocoding methods used in case-control study of air quality and birth defects SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, NHEERL, HSD, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S200 EP S200 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00532 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800531 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Barr, D Walsh, D Hern, S Rhoney, S Needham, L Hilborn, E Gonzales, M Carty, C AF Mendola, P Barr, D Walsh, D Hern, S Rhoney, S Needham, L Hilborn, E Gonzales, M Carty, C TI Organophosphate pesticide exposures - Where are the high risk children? SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Carty, Cara/B-8683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S180 EP S181 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00479 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800478 ER PT J AU Morello-Frosch, R Kyle, AD Woodruff, TJ AF Morello-Frosch, R Kyle, AD Woodruff, TJ TI Integrating individual- and community-level SES data in environmental health tracking: Theoretical and methodological considerations SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S131 EP S131 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00338 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800338 ER PT J AU Ozkaynak, H AF Ozkaynak, H TI Estimating health effects from exposures to outdoor and indoor sources of air pollution SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S220 EP S220 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00586 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800584 ER PT J AU Sams, E Calderon, R Wade, T Beach, M Brenner, K Williams, A Dufour, A AF Sams, E Calderon, R Wade, T Beach, M Brenner, K Williams, A Dufour, A TI GIS analysis for epidemiologic recreational water studies SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S215 EP S216 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00572 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800571 ER PT J AU Schreinemachers, D AF Schreinemachers, D TI Mortality from diabetes mellitus and associated diseases in four US wheat - Producing states SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S182 EP S182 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00482 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800481 ER PT J AU Selevan, SG Rice, DC Hogan, KA Euling, SY Pfahles-Hutchens, A Bethel, J AF Selevan, SG Rice, DC Hogan, KA Euling, SY Pfahles-Hutchens, A Bethel, J TI The impact of lead on maturation SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S91 EP S92 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00228 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800229 ER PT J AU Stone, S Hubbell, B AF Stone, S Hubbell, B TI Air quality advisories: Are they reaching the folks who need them most? SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S198 EP S198 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00526 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800525 ER PT J AU Wade, TJ Calderon, R Sams, E Brenner, K Beach, M Williams, A Dufour, A AF Wade, TJ Calderon, R Sams, E Brenner, K Beach, M Williams, A Dufour, A TI The National Epidemiological and Environmental Assessment of Recreational Waters: Results from the first summer of full-scale studies SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S213 EP S213 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00566 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800565 ER PT J AU Wilson, W AF Wilson, W TI The personal exposure fallacy in particulate matter (PM) time-series epidemiology SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S56 EP S56 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00134 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800135 ER PT J AU Woodruff, TL Kyle, A Axelrad, D AF Woodruff, TL Kyle, A Axelrad, D TI Incorporating race/ethnicity and social and economic status into measures for tracking children's environmental health SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL New York, NY SP NYU Sch Med, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch C1 US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 15 IS 4 BP S128 EP S128 DI 10.1097/00001648-200407000-00329 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 834GO UT WOS:000222399800329 ER PT J AU Grant, PR Grant, BR Markert, JA Keller, LF Petren, K AF Grant, PR Grant, BR Markert, JA Keller, LF Petren, K TI Convergent evolution of Darwin's finches caused by introgressive hybridization and selection SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE assignment tests; Darwin's finches; introgression; microsatellites; selection ID PLANT HYBRID ZONES; ISLA-DAPHNE-MAJOR; GENE FLOW; NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; GEOSPIZA-FORTIS; POPULATION; SPECIATION; DNA; INDIVIDUALS AB Between 1973 and 2003 mean morphological features of the cactus finch, Geospiza scandens, and the medium ground finch, G. fortis, populations on the Galapagos island of Daphne Major were subject to fluctuating directional selection. An increase in bluntness or robustness in the beak of G. scandens after 1990 can only partly be explained by selection. We use 16 microsatellite loci to test predictions of the previously proposed hypothesis that introgressive hybridization contributed to the trend, resulting in genes flowing predominantly from G. fortis to G. scandens. To identify F-1 hybrids and backcrosses we use pedigrees where known, supplemented by the results of assignment tests based on 14 autosomal loci when parents were not known. We analyze changes in morphology and allelic composition in the two populations over a period of 15-20 years. With samples that included F-1 hybrids and backcrosses, the G. scandens population became more similar to the G. fortis population both genetically and morphologically. Gene flow between species was estimated to be three times greater from G. fortis to G. scandens than in the opposite direction, resulting in a 20% reduction in the genetic difference between the species. Nevertheless, removing identified F-1 hybrids and backcrosses from the total sample and reanalyzing the traits did not eliminate the convergence. The two species also converged in beak shape by 22.2% and in body size by 45.5%. A combination of introgressive hybridization and selection jointly provide the best explanation of convergence in morphology and genetic constitution under the changed ecological conditions following a major El Nino event in 1983. The study illustrates how species without postmating barriers to gene exchange can alternate between convergence and divergence when environmental conditions oscillate. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Zurich, Museum Zool, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Grant, PR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM prgrant@princeton.edu NR 89 TC 122 Z9 127 U1 8 U2 85 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD JUL PY 2004 VL 58 IS 7 BP 1588 EP 1599 PG 12 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 842DI UT WOS:000222982800017 PM 15341160 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Normative science SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM lackey.robert@epa.gov NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUL PY 2004 VL 29 IS 7 BP 38 EP 39 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 834TH UT WOS:000222433300017 ER PT J AU Darling, RL Romero, JJ Dial, EJ Akunda, JK Langenbach, R Lichtenberger, LM AF Darling, RL Romero, JJ Dial, EJ Akunda, JK Langenbach, R Lichtenberger, LM TI The effects of aspirin on gastric mucosal integrity, surface hydrophobicity, and prostaglandin metabolism in cyclooxygenase knockout mice SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS; SELECTIVE CYCLO-OXYGENASE-2 INHIBITORS; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; RAT STOMACH; GENE DISRUPTION; DAMAGE; INJURY; COX-2; INDOMETHACIN AB Background & Aims: Insight into the role of the different cyclooxygenase isoforms in prostaglandin biosynthesis, surface hydrophobicity, and gastric mucosal barrier integrity can be gained by comparing the effects of luminal damaging agents in wild-type and cyclooxygenase knockout mice. Methods: Fasted wild-type, cyclooxygenase-1, and cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice were intragastrically administered saline, 0.6N HCl, or aspirin (aspirin 20 mmol/L) in combination with 0.6N HCl and killed 1 hour later, at which time the gastric lesion score was assessed and biopsy samples were taken for surface, biochemical, and morphological analyses. Results: The gastric mucosa of cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice was more severely injured by both HCl alone and aspirin/HCl than that of wild-type and cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice. HCl alone and aspirin/HCl also induced a more profound decrease in surface hydrophobicity in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice, whereas this surface property was unaffected in cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice. The gastric injury induced by aspirin/HCl in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice could be prevented if the animals were treated with phosphatidylcholine-associated aspirin. Aspirin/HCl, in comparison to saline or HCl alone, induced a 4-6-fold increase in gastric mucosal prostaglandin E-2 concentration in the cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice, whereas it decreased prostaglandin E-2 levels in wild-type and cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice. This paradoxical aspirin-induced increase in gastric prostaglandin E-2 in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice seemed to correspond to an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA and protein expression. The gastric lesion score seemed to be significantly associated with alterations in surface hydrophobicity but not with mucosal prostaglandin E-2 concentration. Conclusions: Our evidence on cyclooxygenase knockout mice suggests that aspirin predominantly causes gastric injury by a non-prostaglandin mechanism, perhaps by attenuating surface hydrophobicity, a possibility supported by the low gastric toxicity of phosphatidylcholine/aspirin. However, prostaglandins generated by cyclooxygenase-1 may play an important permissive role in maintaining gastric mucosal barrier integrity. Aspirin seems to paradoxically increase the gastric mucosal prostaglandin E-2 concentration in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice, possibly by the induction of cyclooxygenase-2. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol & Pharmacol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Lichtenberger, LM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Integrat Biol & Pharmacol, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM lenard.m.lichtenberger@uth.tmc.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 53195, P30 DK56338] NR 51 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD JUL PY 2004 VL 127 IS 1 BP 94 EP 104 DI 10.1016/j.gastro.2004.04.003 PG 11 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 836HE UT WOS:000222545700016 PM 15236176 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ AF Preston, RJ TI Radiation biology: Concepts for radiation protection SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE historical profiles; biokinetics; radiobiology; radiation protection ID DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; INDUCED GENOMIC INSTABILITY; CHINESE-HAMSTER CELLS; HUMAN DNA-REPAIR; IONIZING-RADIATION; X-RAYS; CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; DOSE-RESPONSE; CHROMATID ABERRATIONS AB The opportunity to write a historical review of the field of radiation biology allows for the viewing of the development and maturity of a field of study, thereby being able to provide the appropriate context for the earlier years of research and its findings. The pioneering work of Muller, Sax, and McClintock, and many others, has stood the test of time. The idea that x-rays could damage the genetic material and result in interactions that could lead to gene mutations and a range of chromosomal alterations is now interpretable in terms of induced DNA damage and errors of DNA repair. The expanded idea that such genetic alterations can be induced by DNA damage that is produced by one or two tracks of ionizing radiation remains the mainstay of radiation biology. The impact of the more recent molecular approaches to unraveling the mechanism behind this simple concept has confirmed this fundamental observation. The remarkable advances have allowed for a fairly complete understanding of the specific types of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiations and the pivotal role played by the errors of repair of double-strand breaks. Given our considerably enhanced knowledge of the details of the DNA repair processes involved, misrepair is a very unlikely event. The role of potential confounders of the concept of dose-response (e.g., bystander effects, genomic instability, and adaptive responses) is taking on a growing importance to the field. The evolving need is to begin to consider mechanistically-based dose-response models for cancer risk such that any potential impact of confounders on the response at low, environmental doses can be assessed. Thus, radiation biology research has always had a focus on how best to protect human health from radiation exposures and will continue to do so. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM preston.julian@epa.gov NR 102 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 3 EP 14 DI 10.1097/00004032-200407000-00002 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 830QK UT WOS:000222137500002 PM 15194918 ER PT J AU Pawel, DJ Puskin, JS AF Pawel, DJ Puskin, JS TI The US Environmental Protection Agency's assessment of risks from indoor radon SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE radon; risk analysis; cancer; health effects ID COMPARATIVE DOSIMETRY; DECAY PRODUCTS; HOMES AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has updated its assessment of health risks from indoor radon, which has been determined to be the second leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoking. This risk assessment is based primarily on results from a recent study of radon health effects (BEIR VI) by the National Academy of Sciences. In BEIR VI, the National Academy of Sciences fit empirical risk models to data from 11 cohorts of miners, and estimated that each year about 20,000 lung cancer deaths in the U.S. are radon related. A summary, abstracted from the technical report, is given of the EPA's risk assessment results and methods, including some modifications and extensions to the approach used in BEIR VI. Results include numerical estimates of lung cancer deaths per unit exposure, which had not been provided in BEIR VI. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Puskin, JS (reprint author), US EPA, MC 6608J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM puskin.jerome@epa.gov NR 17 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.1097/00004032-200407000-00008 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 830QK UT WOS:000222137500008 PM 15194924 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB AF Wolbarst, AB TI Image quality in chest radiography SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wolbarst, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM wolbarst.anthony@epa.gov NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 92 EP 93 DI 10.1097/00004032-200407000-00014 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 830QK UT WOS:000222137500014 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB AF Wolbarst, AB TI Foundations of image science SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wolbarst, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM wolbarst.anthony@epa.gov NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 93 EP 93 DI 10.1097/00004032-200407000-00015 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 830QK UT WOS:000222137500015 ER PT J AU Pan, YD Herlihy, A Kaufmann, P Wigington, J van Sickle, J Moser, T AF Pan, YD Herlihy, A Kaufmann, P Wigington, J van Sickle, J Moser, T TI Linkages among land-use, water quality, physical habitat conditions and lotic diatom assemblages: a multi-spatial scale assessment (vol 515, pg 59, 2004) SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Correction C1 Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Pan, YD (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUL PY 2004 VL 523 IS 1-3 BP 237 EP 237 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832JR UT WOS:000222264300022 ER PT J AU Riediker, M Koren, HS AF Riediker, M Koren, HS TI The importance of environmental exposures to physical, mental and social well-being SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Review DE well-being; health; environment; policy ID PUBLIC-HEALTH; ASTHMA AB "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" states the WHO. However, the current focus in this important area seems to be on reducing diseases, while less attention is paid on aspects how to increase the well-being of populations. This paper reviews three examples where well-being has drawn attention of the public and policy makers, and compares the policies of two wealthy countries. The first example is noise. Noise can reduce sleep quality and cause physiological, mental, and social effects. In Switzerland, noise receives a lot of attention by the public. Swiss laws are extensive, e.g., they prohibit trucks and planes from traveling at night. In the USA, there is little public attention and no national strategy against environmental noise. The second example is aesthetics and recreation. Many humans seek contact with the beauty of nature. The USA and Switzerland have similar strategies for achieving clear waters, while the protection of scenic views is approached very differently. Lifestyle is the last example. In the USA, the desire for individual freedom is a leading cause for suburban sprawl, a car-dependent sedentary lifestyle resulting in obesity, asthma and loss of community spirit. In Switzerland, a strict land use planning seeks to balance individual and public interests and stresses public transportation, which seems to be a more promising approach. Paying attention to aspects of well-being while developing political strategies might be a promising model to tackle environmental problems. Successful strategies employed so far seem to include the public, local authorities, politicians and scientists in this process, which might have been a key for their success. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, US EPA, ORD, NHEERL,Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Riediker, M (reprint author), Inst Univ Romand Sante Travail, Rue Bugnon 19, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. OI Riediker, Michael/0000-0002-5268-864X NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 10 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 207 IS 3 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00284 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 841YW UT WOS:000222969600002 PM 15330387 ER PT J AU Alberini, A Cropper, M Krupnick, A Simon, NB AF Alberini, A Cropper, M Krupnick, A Simon, NB TI Does the value of a statistical life vary with age and health status? Evidence from the US and Canada SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; CONTINGENT VALUATION DATA; DICHOTOMOUS CHOICE; DAILY MORTALITY; RISK AB This paper provides an empirical assessment of the effects of age and baseline health on willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions by reporting the results of two contingent valuation surveys: one administered in Hamilton, Ontario and the other to a national sample of US residents. Respondents for both surveys were limited to persons aged 40 years and older to examine the impact of age on WTP. Using the WTP responses and those regarding respondent's own and family health histories, we find weak support for the notion that WTP declines with age, and then, only for the oldest respondents (aged 70 or above). Furthermore, we find no support for the idea that people with chronic heart or lung conditions, or cancer, are willing to pay less to reduce their risk of dying than people without these illnesses. If anything, people with these illnesses are willing to pay more. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Resources Future Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Simon, NB (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 1809T,1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM simon.nathalie@epa.gov NR 22 TC 99 Z9 104 U1 4 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 48 IS 1 BP 769 EP 792 DI 10.1016/j.jeem.2003.10.005 PG 24 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 833UO UT WOS:000222365700008 ER PT J AU Meckes, MC Rhodes, ER AF Meckes, MC Rhodes, ER TI Evaluation of bacteriological indicators of disinfection for alkaline treated biosolids SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biosolids; fecal coliform; salmonellae; Escherichia coli; Clostridium perfringens endospores; aerobic endospores; sludge; lime; disinfection AB A suite of methods was used to enumerate fecal coliforms, total culturable heterotrophs, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Clostridium perfringens endospores (C. perfringens), aerobic endospores, and Salmonella spp. in untreated municipal sludge and lime treated biosolids. Results of this work indicate that the fecal coliform methods used during this evaluation were not significantly different (alpha = 0.05). Similarly the E. coli methods were also shown to be not significantly different (alpha = 0.05). We also found that the fecal coliform and E. coli populations are more susceptible to lime treatment than other heterotrophic bacteria. Endospore forming bacteria were found to survive lime treatment while the numbers of other indicator organisms were significantly reduced. Finally, we showed that the density of aerobic endospores and their resistance to lime treatment was comparable to the densities and resistance of C. perfringens endospores in both Class A and B alkaline treated biosolids. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45258 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Microbiol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Meckes, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45258 USA. EM meckes.mark@epa.gov NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 1496-2551 J9 J ENVIRON ENG SCI JI J. Environ. Eng. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 3 IS 4 BP 231 EP 236 DI 10.1139/s04-008 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 850YI UT WOS:000223649900002 ER PT J AU Scheckel, KG Ryan, JA AF Scheckel, KG Ryan, JA TI Spectroscopic speciation and quantification of lead in phosphate-amended soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SMELTER-CONTAMINATED SOILS; OXIDE-WATER INTERFACES; ORGANIC-MATTER; MINE TAILINGS; IRON-OXIDES; IN-VITRO; SURFACE COMPLEXATION; ADSORPTION COMPLEXES AB The immobilization of Pb in contaminated soils as pyromorphite [Pb,(PO,),Cl, OH, F] through the addition of various phosphate amendments has gained much attention in the remediation community. However, it is difficult to fully determine the speciation and amount of soil Pb converted to pyromorphite by previously employed methods, such as selective sequential extraction procedures and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which often lead to erroneous results in these non-equilibrated and heterogeneous systems. Statistical analysis by linear combination fitting (LCF) applied to X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopic data of Pb-contaminated soil samples relative to known Pb reference material provides direct, in situ evidence of dominate Pb species in the amended soils without chemical or physical disruption to the Pb species as well as a weighted quantification output. The LCF-XAFS approach illustrated that pyromorphite concentration ranged from 0% (control soil) to 45% (1% phosphoric acid amendment, residence time of 32 mo) relative to the total Pb concentration. The Pb speciation in the nonamended control soil included Pb-sulfur species (galena + angelsite = 53%), adsorbed Pb (inner-sphere + outer-sphere + organic-bound = 45%), and Pb-carbonate phases (cerussite + hydrocerussite = 2%). The addition of P promoted pyromorphite formation and the rate of formation increased with increasing P concentration (up to 45%). The supple mental addition of an iron amendment as an iron-rich byproduct with triple superphosphate (TSP) enhanced pyromorphite formation relative to independent TSP amendment of like concentrations (41 versus 29%). However, the amendment of biosolids and biosolids plus TSP observed little pyromorphite formation (1-16% of total Pb), but a significant increase of sorbed Pb was determined by LCF-XAFS. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Scheckel, KG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. EM Scheckel.Kirk@epa.gov RI Scheckel, Kirk/C-3082-2009 OI Scheckel, Kirk/0000-0001-9326-9241 NR 77 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1288 EP 1295 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 840JY UT WOS:000222855900012 PM 15254110 ER PT J AU Leif, RC Becker, MC Bromm, A Chen, NG Cowane, AE Vallarino, LM Yang, S Zucker, RM AF Leif, RC Becker, MC Bromm, A Chen, NG Cowane, AE Vallarino, LM Yang, S Zucker, RM TI Lanthanide Enhanced Luminescence (LEL) with one and two photon excitation of Quantum Dyes (R) lanthanide(III)-macrocycles SO JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 12th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry CY JUL 24-29, 2004 CL La Jolla, CA SP Histochem Soc C1 Newport Instruments, San Diego, CA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Chen, Nanguang/A-9948-2008 OI Chen, Nanguang/0000-0002-2375-1961 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HISTOCHEMICAL SOC INC PI SEATTLE PA UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT BIOSTRUCTURE, BOX 357420, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA SN 0022-1554 J9 J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEM JI J. Histochem. Cytochem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 52 SU 1 BP S64 EP S64 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 833QI UT WOS:000222352900255 ER PT J AU Rosenberger, TA Villacreses, NE Hovda, JT Bosetti, F Weerasinghe, G Wine, RN Harry, GJ Rapoport, SI AF Rosenberger, TA Villacreses, NE Hovda, JT Bosetti, F Weerasinghe, G Wine, RN Harry, GJ Rapoport, SI TI Rat brain arachidonic acid metabolism is increased by a 6-day intracerebral ventricular infusion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (vol 88, pg 1168, 2004) SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Correction C1 NIA, Brain Physiol & Metab Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Rosenberger, TA (reprint author), NIA, Brain Physiol & Metab Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 90 IS 1 BP 255 EP 255 DI 10.1111/j.1471.4159.2004.02613.x PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 829SY UT WOS:000222071200024 ER PT J AU Yassin, AS Martonik, JF Davidson, JL AF Yassin, AS Martonik, JF Davidson, JL TI Blood lead levels in US workers, 1988-1994 SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; HEALTH; EXPOSURE; POPULATION AB Limited research has been conducted to measure the association between elevated blood lead levels and sociodemographic factors among U.S. workers in various industries and occupations using population-based survey data. Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 10,127) were used to determine the blood lead levels in the U.S. workers. The prevalence of elevated blood lead levels greater than or equal to50 mug/dL was 0.001% (1560) among U.S. workers compared with 0.2% (19,953) workers with elevated lead levels greater than or equal to40 mug/dL. Regression analyses indicated that workers in the repair service industry were correlated with higher blood lead levels than those workers in the construction industry. Although low blood lead levels were found for the entire working population, the results showed that there were still high blood lead levels in certain occupations and industries during 1988 to 1994. C1 Occupat Safety & Hlth Adm, Off Evaluat & Audit Anal, US Dept Labor, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Safety Hlth & Environm Management Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Yassin, AS (reprint author), Occupat Safety & Hlth Adm, Off Evaluat & Audit Anal, US Dept Labor, 200 Constitut Ave NW,Room N 3641, Washington, DC USA. EM yassin.abdiaziz@dol.gov NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 46 IS 7 BP 720 EP 728 DI 10.1097/01.jom.0000131789.37592.dI PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 837XI UT WOS:000222674300015 PM 15247812 ER PT J AU Mehan, GT AF Mehan, GT TI A guest editorial written by a leading conservation professional SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Cadmus Grp Inc, Arlington, VA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mehan, GT (reprint author), Cadmus Grp Inc, Arlington, VA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 2004 VL 59 IS 4 BP 64A EP 64A PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 856IK UT WOS:000224038700002 ER PT J AU Clark, LS Harrington-Brock, K Wang, JY Sargent, L Lowry, D Reynolds, SH Moore, MM AF Clark, LS Harrington-Brock, K Wang, JY Sargent, L Lowry, D Reynolds, SH Moore, MM TI Loss of P53 heterozygosity is not responsible for the small colony thymidine kinase mutant phenotype in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID TRIFLUOROTHYMIDINE-RESISTANT; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; ASSAY SYSTEM; TK; LINE; GENE; MUTAGENESIS; MUTATIONS AB The mouse lymphoma L5178Y Tk(+/-) 3.7.2C assay is a well-characterized in vitro system used for the study of somatic cell mutation. It was determined that this cell line has a heterozygous mutation in exon 5 of Trp53. Based on this assumption that the cell line is heterozygous for the Trp53 gene, it was postulated that the small colony thymidine kinase (Tk) mutant phenotype may be due to a newly induced mutation/deletion in both the Trp53 and Tk1 alleles. The resultant Tk(-/-) mutants would also be Trp53(+/0) or Trp53(+/+) and would lose their ability to grow at normal rates. Subsequently, we published our evaluation of the Trp53 status in L5178Y cells. This analysis included sequencing of Trp53 exon 4 and determined that the mouse lymphoma cell line has a mutation in both of the Trp53 alleles and, therefore, no wild-type Trp53 allele in either Tk(+/-) cells or Tk(-/-) mutants. Because the cells have no wild-type Trp53, it is not possible that the small colony phenotype results from a newly induced loss of both functional Trp53 and Tk. To determine whether small colonies might, however, include the deletion of both Trp53 and Tk we evaluated, using microsatellite marker analysis, a series of small colony mutants. We also utilized in situ hybridization to determine that the Trp53 alleles are, in fact, in their normal chromosome 11 location in Tk(+/-) 3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells. From all of these analyses we can conclude that the small colony mutant phenotype is not caused by deletion of both Trp53 and Tk1. C1 Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Univ N Carolina, U N Carolina Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Genet & Reprod Toxicol, HFT 120,3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. EM mmmoore@nctr.fda.gov NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD JUL PY 2004 VL 19 IS 4 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1093/mutage/geh024 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 832MS UT WOS:000222272200002 PM 15215324 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EA Sanchez, FS Rygiewicz, PT AF Hobbie, EA Sanchez, FS Rygiewicz, PT TI Carbon use, nitrogen use, and isotopic fractionation of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi in natural abundance and C-13-labelled cultures SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; N-15 ABUNDANCE; FRUIT BODIES; PLANT; C-13; DISCRIMINATION; ASSIMILATION; FORESTS; ROOTS AB Stable isotopes in fruit bodies from field studies have been used to infer ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic status and to understand carbon and nitrogen use, but few controlled culture studies have correlated source and fungal isotopic patterns. Here, we measured natural abundances of N-15 and C-13 in ten strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi and seven strains of saprotrophic fungi grown on agar with three different primary carbon sources: glucose, glucose plus malt extract, and potato dextrose agar. Eight fungal strains were also grown using position-specific, C-13-labelled glucose (C-1 through C-6 labelled). Most fungi resembled nitrogen sources in delta(15)N, suggesting that growth on agar media minimizes isotopic fractionation on uptake compared to growth on liquid media, and that in general saprotrophic and rnycorrhizal fungi process nitrogen similarly. Saprotrophic fungi were more depleted in C-13 than ectomycorrhizal fungi on all media, presumably because of assimilation of C-13-depleted, agar-derived carbon. Results on C-13-enriched glucose indicated that saprotrophic fungi obtained up to 45% of their carbon from the agar substrate. Fungi generally incorporated the individual carbon atoms of glucose in the order, C-4 < C-1 < C-2, C-3, C-5 < C-6, ranging from a mean of 9% for the C-4 atom to 21% for the C-6 atom. Based on these incorporation patterns and intramolecular C-13 patterns within glucose, differential incorporation of carbon atoms within glucose among fungal taxa contributed less than 1&PTSTHOUSND; to isotopic differences among taxa, whereas isotopic fractionation among taxa during metabolism varied up to 4&PTSTHOUSND;. Parallel studies of C-13-enriched and natural abundance substrates were crucial to interpreting our results. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hobbie, EA (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM erik.hobbie@unh.edu NR 33 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 16 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 108 BP 725 EP 736 DI 10.1017/S0953756204000590 PN 7 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 851SH UT WOS:000223705100001 PM 15446705 ER PT J AU Calderon, RL Abernathy, CO Thomas, DJ AF Calderon, RL Abernathy, CO Thomas, DJ TI Consequences of acute and chronic exposure to arsenic in children SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; EXCRETION; INGESTION; INTOXICATION; METABOLISM; TOXICITY; TRIOXIDE; SOIL; MILK; ACID C1 US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarker Branch, NHEERL, Human Studies Div,Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Branch,Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Calderon, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarker Branch, NHEERL, Human Studies Div,Off Res & Dev, MD-58-A,, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 33 IS 7 BP 461 EP 466 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 836CK UT WOS:000222532600008 PM 15298311 ER PT J AU Shi, H Kleinstreuer, C Zhang, Z Kim, CS AF Shi, H Kleinstreuer, C Zhang, Z Kim, CS TI Nanoparticle transport and deposition in bifurcating tubes with different inlet conditions SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID INHALED ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; HUMAN AIRWAY BIFURCATION; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; CYLINDRICAL PIPE; FLOW STRUCTURES; DIFFUSION; MODEL; INJURY; CYCLE; CAST AB Transport and deposition of ultrafine particles in straight, bent and bifurcating tubes are considered for different inlet Reynolds numbers, velocity profiles, and particle sizes, i.e., 1 nmless than or equal tod(p)less than or equal to150 nm. A commercial finite-volume code with user-supplied programs was validated with analytical correlations and experimental data sets for nanoparticle depositions, considering a straight tube, a tubular 90degrees bend, and a G3-G5 double bifurcation with both planar and nonplanar configurations. The focus is on the airflow structures as well as nanoparticle deposition patterns and deposition efficiencies, which were analyzed for planar and nonplanar bifurcating lung airway models representing part of the upper bronchial tree. Deposition takes place primarily by Brownian diffusion, and thus deposition efficiencies increase with decreasing nanoparticle size and lower inlet Reynolds numbers. Deposition in the nonplanar configuration differs only slightly from that in the planar configuration. When compared with axisymmetric inlet conditions, the more realistic, skewed inlet velocity and particle profiles generate nearly axisymmetric deposition patterns as well. This work may elucidate basic physical insight of ultrafine particle transport and deposition relevant to environmental, industrial and biomedical studies. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kleinstreuer, C (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM ck@eos.ncsu.edu RI Zhang, Zhe/B-3769-2012 NR 32 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 EI 1089-7666 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD JUL PY 2004 VL 16 IS 7 BP 2199 EP 2213 DI 10.1063/1.1724830 PG 15 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 828CV UT WOS:000221951400010 ER PT J AU Bodensteiner, KJ Sawyer, HR Moeller, CL Kane, CM Pau, KYF Klinefelter, GR Veeramachaneni, DNR AF Bodensteiner, KJ Sawyer, HR Moeller, CL Kane, CM Pau, KYF Klinefelter, GR Veeramachaneni, DNR TI Chronic exposure to dibromoacetic acid, a water disinfection byproduct, diminishes primordial follicle populations in the rabbit SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dibromoacetic acid; ovary; follicles; rabbit; reproduction ID WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; DRINKING-WATER; OVARIAN TOXICITY; DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR-9; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; HALOACETIC ACIDS; FEMALE RATS; GROWTH; MOUSE; SHEEP AB To determine if dibromoacetic acid (DBA) affects ovarian folliculogenesis, four groups of female Dutch-belted rabbits were exposed daily to 0, 1, 5, or 50 mg DBA/kg body weight in drinking water beginning in utero from gestation day 15 throughout life. Functionality of the endocrine axis was assessed by measuring serum concentrations of gonadotropins following an im injection of 10 mug GnRH at 12 (prepubertal; n = 6/dose group) and 24 (postpubertal; n = 10/dose group) weeks of age. A day after GnRH challenge, number of ovulation sites and ovarian weights were determined at necropsy. Left ovaries were processed for histopathology, serially sectioned at 6 mum, and every twelfth section stained with hematoxylin and eosin was evaluated. All healthy follicles were categorized as primordial, primary, small preantral, large preantral, or small antral follicles. The area of each section evaluated was measured and the number of follicles in each category expressed per mm(2) unit area. In prepubertal animals, DBA caused a reduction in number of primordial follicles (p < 0.05) and total healthy follicles (p < 0.05) at 50 mg/kg dose level. In adult animals, there were fewer primordial follicles in both the 5 (p < 0.01) and 50 (p = 0.1) mg/kg dose groups. No profound changes in gonadotropin profiles were observed. Although chronic exposure to DBA did not appear to have an effect on late follicular development or ovulation, DBA did reduce the population of primordial follicles. The long-term health consequences of diminished primordial follicles are unknown, but it is very likely that reproductive senescence would occur earlier. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Oregon Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Reprod Biol & Behav, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Veeramachaneni, DNR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM rao@colostate.edu NR 48 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 80 IS 1 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh135 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 830IT UT WOS:000222116300011 PM 15141106 ER PT J AU Emond, C Birnbaum, LS DeVito, MJ AF Emond, C Birnbaum, LS DeVito, MJ TI Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for developmental exposures to TCDD in the rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE PBPK; TCDD; rat; dioxin; developmental ID LONG-EVANS RATS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; ALTERS REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; HEPATIC SEQUESTRATION AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a potent developmental toxicant in rodents, and these effects occur at exposures similar to background human body burdens. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model can aid in quantitatively describing the relationship between exposure, dose, and response. The aim of this work was the development a PBPK model to describe the relationship between maternal TCDD exposure and fetal TCDD concentrations during critical windows of susceptibility in the rat. This PBPK model is a modification of an eight-compartment model that describes the adult female rat. The modified model reduces the compartments from eight to four maternal compartments (liver, fat, placenta and rest of the body). Activation of the placental compartment and a separate fetal compartment occurs during gestation. The systemic circulation connects the maternal compartments. The physiological and biochemical parameters were obtained from the literature. The model validation used experimental data from acute and subchronic exposures prior to and during gestation. The simulations predict the TCDD tissue concentrations of the maternal compartments within the standard deviation of the experimental data. The model overestimates the fetal concentrations by approximately a factor of two at low subchronic exposures, but does predict the fetal tissue concentrations within the range of the experimental data at the higher exposures. This model may provide a framework for the development of a human PBPK model to estimate fetal TCDD concentrations in human health risk assessments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CNR, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP DeVito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Pharmacokinet Branch, Mail Drop B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Devito.Mike@epa.gov NR 74 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2004 VL 80 IS 1 BP 115 EP 133 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh117 PG 19 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 830IT UT WOS:000222116300015 PM 15056810 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Stehman, SV Smith, JH Yang, L AF Wickham, JD Stehman, SV Smith, JH Yang, L TI Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the western United States SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE land-cover mapping; MRLC; NLCD; thematic accuracy assessment ID ANCILLARY DATA SOURCES; MAP ACCURACY; CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY; DESIGN; BIAS AB The MultiResolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) consortium sponsored production of the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) for the conterminous United States, using Landsat imagery collected on a target year of 1992 (1992 NLCD). Here we report the thematic accuracy of the 1992 NLCD for the six western mapping regions. Reference data were collected in each region for a probability sample of pixels stratified by map land-cover class. Results are reported for each of the six mapping regions with agreement defined as a match between the primary or alternate reference land-cover label and a mode class of the mapped 3 X 3 block of pixels centered on the sample pixel. Overall accuracy at Anderson Level 11 was low and variable across the regions, ranging from 38% for the Midwest to 70% for the Southwest. Overall accuracy at Anderson Level I was higher and more consistent across the regions, ranging from 82% to 85% for five of the six regions, but only 74% for the South-central region. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Syracuse, ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Geograph Anal & Monitoring Program, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E24305, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wickham.james@epamail.epa.gov NR 26 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN 30 PY 2004 VL 91 IS 3-4 BP 452 EP 468 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2004.04.002 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 834VF UT WOS:000222438300015 ER PT J AU Hays, MD Smith, ND Dong, YJ AF Hays, MD Smith, ND Dong, YJ TI Nature of unresolved complex mixture in size-distributed emissions from residential wood combustion as measured by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE unresolved complex mixture (UCM); fine particulate matter (PM2.5); thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; wood combustion; electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES; BIOMASS; GC/MS; QUANTIFICATION; SPECIATION; CARBON AB Unresolved complex mixture (UCM) is an analytical artifact of gas chromatographs of combustion source-related fine aerosol extracts. In this study the UCM is examined in size-resolved fine aerosol emissions from residential wood combustion. The aerosols are sorted by size in an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) and subsequently analyzed by thermal desorption/ gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS). A semiquantitative system for predicting the branched alkane, cycloalkane, alkylbenzene, C-3-, C-4-, C-5-alkylbenzene, methylnaphthalene, C-3-, C-4-, C-5-alkylnaphthalene, methylphenanthrene C-2-, C-3-alkylphenanthrene, and dibenzothiophene concentrations in the UCM is introduced. Analysis by TD/GS/MS detects UCM on each ELPI stage for all six combustion tests. The UCM baseline among the different fuel types is variable. In particular, the UCM of Pseudotsuga sp. is enriched in later-eluting compounds of lower volatility. A high level of reproducibility is achieved in determining UCM areas. UCM fractions (UCM ion area/total extracted ion chromatograph area) by individual ELPI stage return a mean relative standard deviation of 19.1% over the entire combustion test set, indicating a highly consistent UCM fraction across the ELPI size boundaries. Among the molecular ions investigated, branched alkane (m/z 57) and dibenzothiophene (m/z 212 and 226) constituents are most abundant in UCM emissions from RWC, collectively accounting for 64-95% of the targeted chemical species. The total UCM emissions span 446-756 mg/kg of dry biomass burned and correspond to an upper limit of 7.1% of the PM2.5 mass. The UCM emissions are primarily accumulation mode (0.1 mum less than or equal to aerodynamic diameter (d(a)) less than or equal to 1 mum), with a geometric mean diameter (d(g)) range of 120.3-518.4 nm. UCM in PM2.5 is chemically asymmetric (shifted to finer d(a)), typically clustering at d(a) less than or equal to 1 mum. Measurable shifts in d(g) and changes in distribution widths (sigma(g)) on an intratest basis suggest that the particle density may be a function of size within PM1. The potential effects these results have on regulatory affairs, human health studies, and the state of the analytical science covering organics in PM2.5 are discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27713 USA. RP Hays, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM hays.michael@epa.gov RI Hays, Michael/E-6801-2013 OI Hays, Michael/0000-0002-4029-8660 NR 35 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 25 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D16 AR D16S04 DI 10.1029/2003JD004051 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 839IF UT WOS:000222776600001 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Environmental mass spectrometry: Emerging contaminants and current issues SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; TIME-OF-FLIGHT; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; LASER-DESORPTION IONIZATION; N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE NDMA C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 200 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 12 BP 3337 EP 3363 DI 10.1021/ac040060d PG 27 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 828ZA UT WOS:000222011100007 PM 15193112 ER PT J AU Zein, MM Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Zein, MM Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI MtBE biodegradation in a gravity flow, high-biomass retaining bioreactor SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; AMYL METHYL-ETHER; AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR; BACTERIAL CULTURE; PURE CULTURE; BED REACTOR; GROUNDWATER; DEGRADATION; STRAIN AB The aerobic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), a widely used fuel oxygenate, was investigated using a pilot-scale biomass-retaining bioreactor called a Biomass Concenlrator Reactor (BCR). The reactor was operated for a year at a flow rate of 2500 L/d on Cincinnati dechlorinated tap water and an influent MtBE concentration of 5 mg/L. Treatment efficiency of MtBE in the reactor during stable OPE rations exceeded 99.9%. The upper 95% confidence levels of effluent MtBE concentrations and its degradation byproduct tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) were 2.9 and 0.9 mug/L, respectively, during these stable conditions. In addition, the effluent was found to be of better quality than the influent tap water as reflected by dissolved organic carbon analysis. Microbial community DNA profiling was carried out using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction amplified 16s rDNA. The BCR was found to be inhabited by a wide spectrum of bacterial species, most notably microorganisms related to the genera Hydrogenophaga, Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, aid Pseudomonas. These organisms were previously reported to be associated with MtBE degradation. With the contamination of groundwater by MtBE being a wide-ranging problem throughout the United States, it is essential to develop a technology capable of effectively remediating such aquifers in order to protect public health and the environment. The BCR's simple operation and low maintenance requirements may render it an economically attractive approach to remediating groundwater contaminated with MtBE. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM Makram.Suidan@uc.edu NR 43 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 12 BP 3449 EP 3456 DI 10.1021/es030652y PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 829MA UT WOS:000222051400043 PM 15260347 ER PT J AU Chen, YZ Shah, N Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA AF Chen, YZ Shah, N Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA TI Investigation of primary fine particulate matter from coal combustion by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Air Quality 3rd Conference on Mercury Trace Elements and Particulate Matter CY SEP 09-12, 2002 CL Arlington, VA DE computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy; CCSEM; coal fly ash; PM2.5; ternary diagram; size distribution; particle classification ID ASH; SPECTROSCOPY; POTASSIUM AB The particle size distributions, morphologies, and chemical composition distributions of 14 coal fly ash (CFA) samples produced by the combustion of four western U.S. coals (two AA subbituminous, one lignite, and one bituminous) and three eastern U.S. coals (all bituminous) have been examined by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM). The samples were obtained from a 50-kW combustor using an isokinetic sampler and separated aerodynami-cally), using a cyclone into PM fractions that were nominally <2.5 μm in mean diameter (PM2.5) and >2.5 mum in mean diameter (PM2.5,). However, the CCSEM particle size distribution results show that particles with mean diameter <2.5 μm typically constitute more than 80% of the total number of particles and particles with mean diameter >2.5 mum account for over 80% of the total particle volume for both the PM2.5 and the PM2.5+ fractions. The samples contained from 0.5 to 11.0 wt.% of unburned carbon and carbonaceous PM was the dominant form of PM <1 μm in mean size. Typically, over 80% of carbon-rich PM was < 1 mum and over 95% was <2.5 μm in mean size. The dominant carbonaceous PM morphology consisted of roughly spherical carbon particulates &SIM; 10-50 nm in diameter bonded together in complex chains and clusters that were usually < 1 mum in size. Glassy phases with rounded and frequently spherical morphologies were the dominant species observed for the inorganic PM. Particle compositions for several hundred inorganic particles are presented as ternary diagrams, which appear to be useful for source attribution. The inorganic PM derived from combustion of western low-rank coals, which are rich in carboxyl-bound Ca, is dominated by Ca-Si-Al glass phases, while that from eastern bituminous coals, which are rich in pyrite, is dominated by Fe-Si-Al glass phases. Important secondary signature glass phases that are also revealed by the ternary diagrams are Na-Si-Al for western CFA and K-Si-Al for eastern CFA. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kentucky, Consortium Fossil Fuel Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Huffman, GP (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Consortium Fossil Fuel Sci, 107 Whalen Bldg,533 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM huffman@engr.uky.edu RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009; Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011; OI Chen, Yuanzhi/0000-0001-9749-7313 NR 21 TC 39 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6-7 BP 743 EP 761 DI 10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.11.017 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 815GQ UT WOS:000221031200026 ER PT J AU Becker, S Mundandhara, S Madden, M AF Becker, S Mundandhara, S Madden, M TI Regulation of cytokine production in alveolar macrophage and airway epithelial cells in response to particulate air pollution: Further mechanistic understanding SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 12 BP 140 EP 140 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900011 ER PT J AU Munns, WR Bontje, D Hermens, J Suter, GW AF Munns, WR Bontje, D Hermens, J Suter, GW TI Benefits of integrated risk assessment in practice SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 US EPA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 24 BP 143 EP 143 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900023 ER PT J AU Suter, GW Vermeire, T Munns, WR Sekizawa, J AF Suter, GW Vermeire, T Munns, WR Sekizawa, J TI An integrated framework for health and ecological risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 US EPA, Washington, DC USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Tokyo 158, Japan. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 23 BP 143 EP 143 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900022 ER PT J AU Rogers, JM Chernoff, N AF Rogers, JM Chernoff, N TI Evaluation and interpretation of maternal toxicity in Segment II studies: Issues, some answers and data needs SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 100 BP 163 EP 163 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900091 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ AF Preston, RJ TI Bystander effects, genomic instability, adaptive response and cancer risk assessment for radiation and chemical exposures SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 130 BP 169 EP 170 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900114 ER PT J AU Chung, KT Claxton, LD AF Chung, KT Claxton, LD TI Determining the structure-activity relationships of aminobiphenyl and benzidine analogues SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Microbiol & Mol Cell Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 505 BP 258 EP 259 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900438 ER PT J AU Gulson, B Mizon, K Palmer, JM Korsch, M Taylor, A Mahaffey, K AF Gulson, B Mizon, K Palmer, JM Korsch, M Taylor, A Mahaffey, K TI Blood lead changes during pregnancy and postpartum with calcium supplementation SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 CSIRO Explorat & Min, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 548 BP 270 EP 271 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900481 ER PT J AU Gulson, B Mizon, K Korsch, M Louie, H Wu, M Stauber, J Davis, JM Taylor, A AF Gulson, B Mizon, K Korsch, M Louie, H Wu, M Stauber, J Davis, JM Taylor, A TI Contribution of metal emissions from motor vehicles to the environment and exposure of young children SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia. CSIRO Explorat & Min, Sydney, NSW, Australia. AGAL, Sydney, NSW, Australia. CSIRO Energy Technol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009; Stauber, Jenny/G-8418-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 547 BP 270 EP 270 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900480 ER PT J AU Davis, JM AF Davis, JM TI Comprehensive environmental assessment: An integration of life cycle assessment and risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 10th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Tampere, FINLAND C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN 15 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 3 MA 863 BP 356 EP 356 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 833OZ UT WOS:000222348900795 ER PT J AU Hedrick, E Munch, D AF Hedrick, E Munch, D TI Measurement of perchlorate in water by use of an O-18-enriched isotopic standard and ion chromatography with mass spectrometric detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Ion Chromography Symposium CY SEP 21-24, 2003 CL San Diego, CA DE water analysis; isotopic internal standard; perchlorate; inorganic anions ID THYROID-FUNCTION AB Currently, the most promising analytical methodology for low-level determination and confirmation of perchlorate (ClO4-) in drinking water is ion chromatography followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (IC-ESI-MS). However, there are still potentially limiting situations that must be considered when analyzing real world samples by IC-ESI-MS. They are: (1) co-elution of contaminants with fragment ions having the same ink as ClO4- (2) high background counts at the m/z of interest leading to a subsequent decrease in signal-to-noise, (3) gradual loss of sensitivity occurring over time as the sampling cone and/or ion optics of the mass spectrometer are fouled, and (4) suppression of gas phase ion formation (ionization suppression) that can occur if high concentrations of contaminants co-elute with ClO4- An internal standard whose response, on the column and in the electrospray, is similar to that of ClO4- would give the highest degree of accuracy possible in situations 3 and 4 listed above. Commercially available NaClO4 that was enriched with oxygen-18 was evaluated for its potential as an internal standard. The level of oxygen-18 (O-18) enrichment was verified, the stability of the enriched ClO4- in aqueous solutions was determined, and method performance parameters such as method detection limits, accuracy, precision and ruggedness using the enriched ClO4- as an internal standard were determined. Internal and external calibration yielded similar results with respect to calibration, detection limits, and short-term precision. However, the enriched isotopic internal standard showed superior results with respect to ruggedness and percent recovery of spikes in ground water and synthetic water samples. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Hedrick, E (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM hedrick.elizabeth@epa.gov NR 6 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 11 PY 2004 VL 1039 IS 1-2 BP 83 EP 88 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.077 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 825OY UT WOS:000221769000014 PM 15250407 ER PT J AU Wagner, HP Suarez, FX Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ AF Wagner, HP Suarez, FX Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ TI Challenges encountered in extending the sensitivity of US Environmental Protection Agency Method 314.0 for perchlorate in drinking water SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Ion Chromography Symposium CY SEP 21-24, 2003 CL San Diego, CA DE water analysis; perchlorate AB Concerns about the potential adverse health effects of perchlorate at concentrations below the minimum reporting level (MRL) of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 314.0 (generally recognized as 4.0 mug/l) have led to an interest in increasing the sensitivity of the method. This work describes the use of 2 mm columns with a large-loop direct injection method, a column concentration technique and this concentration technique with a background reduction step, to increase the sensitivity for the analysis of trace levels of Perchlorate in high ionic strength matrices. The concentrator columns studied were the Dionex TAC LP-1 and a new Dionex high capacity Cryptand concentrator column. The use of a surrogate to monitor trapping efficiency for the concentration technique and the use of confirmational columns to minimize the potential for false positives are also discussed. The large-loop direct injection method and the column concentration methods provided acceptable data when the samples were pre-treated with solid phase pretreatment cartridges. The background reduction technique did not provide acceptable data with either of the concentrator columns evaluated. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B. V. C1 EFFEX Analyt Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89120 USA. Shaw Environm Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wagner, HP (reprint author), EFFEX Analyt Serv, 2545 Chaldler Ave,Ste 7, Las Vegas, NV 89120 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 11 PY 2004 VL 1039 IS 1-2 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.01.067 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 825OY UT WOS:000221769000016 PM 15250409 ER PT J AU Roberts, ES Charboneau, L Espina, V Liotta, LA Petricoin, EF Dreher, KL AF Roberts, ES Charboneau, L Espina, V Liotta, LA Petricoin, EF Dreher, KL TI Application of laser capture microdissection and protein microarray technologies in the molecular analysis of airway injury following pollution particle exposure SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; OIL FLY-ASH; PARTICULATE MATTER; IN-VITRO; GENE-EXPRESSION; METALS; CELLS; PROGRESSION; TISSUE AB Understanding the mechanisms by which various types of air pollution particles (particulate matter, PM) mediate adverse health effects would provide biological plausibility to epidemiological associations of increased rates of morbidity and mortality. The majority of information regarding the means by which PM generates lung injury has been derived from in vitro studies. However, it is unclear as to what extent these mechanisms can be extrapolated to the in vivo situation. Current methods to assess mechanisms of PM-induced lung injury make it difficult to obtain site-specific, sensitive, and comprehensive determinations of cellular and molecular pathology associated with PM-induced injury. In the present study, the ability of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and protein microarray technologies were assessed to examine the effect of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) exposure on airway intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factor activation. Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with 0.5 mg/rat of ROFA. LCM was used to recover airway cells and protein extracts derived from the microdissected airways were analyzed by protein microarray. ROFA exposure increased p-ERK:ERK and p-IkappaB:IkappaB, suggesting changes in cell growth, transformation, and inflammation within the airway. These results are consistent with previously reported in vitro findings, demonstrating for the first time the credibility of applying LCM and protein microarray technologies to assess acute lung injury induced by environmental air pollutants. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Mol Biomed Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Canc Inst, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. US FDA, CBER, Rockville, MD USA. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM DREHER.KEVIN@EPA.GOV OI Espina, Virginia/0000-0001-5080-5972 NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD JUN 11 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 11 BP 851 EP 861 DI 10.1080/15287390490425768 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 820OR UT WOS:000221399700002 PM 15205040 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Jaques, PA AF Kim, CS Jaques, PA TI Analysis of total respiratory deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in adult subjects as various breathing patterns SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LUNG DEPOSITION; HEALTHY-ADULTS; FINE PARTICLES; AIR-POLLUTION; TRACT; DISEASE; SYSTEM; WOMEN; REST; MEN AB Ultrafine particles are ubiquitous in the ambient air, and their unique physicochemical characteristics may pose a potential health hazard. Accurate lung dose information is essential to assess a potential health risk from exposure to these particles. In the present study, we measured total respiratory tract deposition fraction (TDF) of inert ultrafine aerosols (NMD = 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 mum and sigma(g) 1.3) in a group of young healthy adults (11 males and 11 females). A fast-response ultrafine condensation particle counter was used for continuous monitoring of inhaling aerosols breath by breath. Six different breathing patterns were used: three different tidal volumes (V-t = 500, 750, and 1000 ml) and two different flow rates for each V-t. The mean respiratory time (T-m) ranged from 2 to 4 s. The measured data showed that TDF increased with a decrease in particle size, thereby an increase in diffusion coefficient (D), and with an increase in T-m and V-t. For a given particle size both T-m and V-t were almost equally influential to TDF. TDF was generally comparable for men and women at the same breathing pattern. A slight increase in TDF was noticed for women only for smaller size particles (e.g., 0.04 mum). From the parametric analysis a composite parameter, (DTm)V-0.5(t)k, was identified by which all TDF data could be consolidated into a single curve (k = 0.49, (sigma(2) = 0.97). The results show that TDF of ultrafine particles can be reliably estimated by a unique empirical formula, and this may provide a convenient means of assessing respiratory dose of ultrafine particles. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Human Studies MD 58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Human Studies MD 58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kim.chong@epa.gov OI Jaques, Peter/0000-0002-4714-4082 NR 23 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 525 EP 540 DI 10.1080/02786820490465513 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 841TF UT WOS:000222953800008 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Jaques, PA AF Kim, CS Jaques, PA TI Analysis of total respiratory deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in adult subjects at various breathing patterns SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LUNG DEPOSITION; HEALTHY-ADULTS; FINE PARTICLES; AIR-POLLUTION; TRACT; DISEASE; SYSTEM; WOMEN; REST; MEN AB Ultrafine particles are ubiquitous in the ambient air, and their unique physicochemical characteristics may pose a potential health hazard. Accurate lung dose information is essential to assess a potential health risk from exposure to these particles. In the present study, we measured total respiratory tract deposition fraction (TDF) of inert ultrafine aerosols (NMD = 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 mum and sigma(g) 1.3) in a group of young healthy adults (11 males and 11 females). A fast-response ultrafine condensation particle counter was used for continuous monitoring of inhaling aerosols breath by breath. Six different breathing patterns were used: three different tidal volumes ( V-t=500, 750, and 1000 ml) and two different flow rates for each V-t. The mean respiratory time (T-m) ranged from 2 to 4 s. The measured data showed that TDF increased with a decrease in particle size, thereby an increase in diffusion coefficient (D), and with an increase in T-m and V-t. For a given particle size both T-m and V-t were almost equally influential to TDF. TDF was generally comparable for men and women at the same breathing pattern. A slight increase in TDF was noticed for women only for smaller size particles (e.g., 0.04 mum). From the parametric analysis a composite parameter, (DTm)V-0.5(t)k, was identified by which all TDF data could be consolidated into a single curve ( k = 0.49, (sigma(2) = 0.97). The results show that TDF of ultrafine particles can be reliably estimated by a unique empirical formula, and this may provide a convenient means of assessing respiratory dose of ultrafine particles. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div MD58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div MD58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kim.chong@epa.gov OI Jaques, Peter/0000-0002-4714-4082 NR 23 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 525 EP 540 DI 10.1080/02786820490465513 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 829VL UT WOS:000222078300001 ER PT J AU Lobdell, D Gilboa, S Mendola, P AF Lobdell, D Gilboa, S Mendola, P TI Recruitment and retention issues for a large longitudinal study of children's environmental health. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Epidemiologic-Research CY JUN 15-18, 2004 CL Salt Lake City, UT SP Soc Epidemiol Res C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 159 IS 11 SU S BP S27 EP S27 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 826GH UT WOS:000221816800107 ER PT J AU Lobdell, DT Ning, Z Kwok, RK Liu, ZY Mumford, JL Xia, Y Mendola, P AF Lobdell, DT Ning, Z Kwok, RK Liu, ZY Mumford, JL Xia, Y Mendola, P TI Drinking water arsenic and perinatal outcomes. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Epidemiologic-Research CY JUN 15-18, 2004 CL Salt Lake City, UT SP Soc Epidemiol Res C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 159 IS 11 SU S BP S87 EP S87 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 826GH UT WOS:000221816800346 ER PT J AU Rubes, J Selevan, SG Sram, R Evenson, DP Perreault, SD AF Rubes, J Selevan, SG Sram, R Evenson, DP Perreault, SD TI GST M1 genotype influences sperm DNA damage with exposure to air pollution. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Epidemiologic-Research CY JUN 15-18, 2004 CL Salt Lake City, UT SP Soc Epidemiol Res C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 159 IS 11 SU S BP S90 EP S90 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 826GH UT WOS:000221816800358 ER PT J AU Schechtman, LM Stokes, WS AF Schechtman, LM Stokes, WS TI The FDA's regulatory role in the ICCVAM process SO ATLA-ALTERNATIVES TO LABORATORY ANIMALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences CY AUG 11-15, 2002 CL New Orleans, LA DE alternative methods; Food and Drug Administration (FDA); Food Drug and Cosmetic Act; ICCVAM Authorization Act; Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM); NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM); regulatory acceptance; validation ID ALTERNATIVE METHODS; ECVAM AB The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), a permanent body set forth in the ICCVAM Authorization Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-545), is charged with establishing criteria and processes for the validation and regulatory acceptance of toxicological test methods of interest to Federal agencies, including alternative methods that reduce, refine, or replace the use of animals for research and testing purposes. In response to that mandate, 15 Federal regulatory and research agencies and programmes that would consider utilising such methods or the results derived from them, now participate in cross-agency efforts directed toward the identification, standardisation, validation, acceptance, regulatory implementation and international harmonisation and adoption of such test methods. As an integral member of ICCVAM since its inception, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established processes for responding to ICCVAM issues and recommendations. The participating FDA units include all FDA research and product-based centres and oversight offices. FDA product centres respond to distinct regulatory mandates and regulate different products. Upon completion of a validation effort, ICCVAM forwards its recommendations to member Government agencies regarding the validity and technical acceptability of a method. The FDA's response consists of the conclusions reached by each of its regulatory components and addresses such factors as their concurrence with ICCVAM's conclusions, the practical applicability of the method to the products they regulate and the feasibility of implementation of an accepted method to supplement or supplant those currently used. Each centre/office independently determines which of the ICCVAM-recommended tests are appropriate for implementation to satisfy its regulatory obligations to ensure product safety and to protect human health. The adoption of a method triggers a notification process to announce the availability and utility of a method, encourage its use, and inform, educate and train end-users and regulatory review staff. C1 FDA Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Washington Operat, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Schechtman, LM (reprint author), FDA Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Washington Operat, HFT-10,5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. EM lschechtman@nctr.fda.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU FRAME PI NOTTINGHAM PA RUSSELL & BURCH HOUSE 96-98 NORTH SHERWOOD ST, NOTTINGHAM NG1 4EE, NOTTS, ENGLAND SN 0261-1929 J9 ATLA-ALTERN LAB ANIM JI ATLA-Altern. Lab. Anim. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 32 SU 1B BP 663 EP 668 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 833QA UT WOS:000222352000049 PM 23581155 ER PT J AU Rispin, A Harbell, JW Klausner, M Jordan, FT Coecke, S Gupta, K Stitzel, K AF Rispin, A Harbell, JW Klausner, M Jordan, FT Coecke, S Gupta, K Stitzel, K TI Quality assurance for in vitro alternative test methods: Quality control issues in test kit production SO ATLA-ALTERNATIVES TO LABORATORY ANIMALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences CY AUG 11-15, 2002 CL New Orleans, LA DE alternative test methods; animal test replacement; GLP; good cell culture practice; Limulus assay; pyrogen testing; quality assurance; skin constructs; test kits ID RECOMMENDATIONS AB In vitro toxicology methods are being adopted by regulatory agencies worldwide. Many of these methods have been validated by using proprietary materials, often in the form of test kits. Guidelines for the use of Good Laboratory Practice methods for in vitro methods have been proposed. However, users of the data from these methods also need to be reassured that the proprietary materials and the test kits will provide consistent, good quality data over time, not just during the validation process. This paper presents an overview of the methods currently used by representatives of kit manufacturers and contract testing laboratories to ensure that the results from methods that utilise test kits are reproducible over time and across different types of test materials. This information will be valuable as a basis for future discussion on the need for formalised oversight of the quality of these materials. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Inst Vitro Sci Inc, Gaithersburg, MD USA. MatTek Corp, Ashland, MA USA. Charles River Endosafe Corp, Wilmington, MA USA. European Ctr Validat Alternat Methods, Inst Hlth & Consumer Protect, European Commiss Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy. US Consumer Prod Safety Commiss, Bethesda, MD USA. Consultant, W Chester, OH USA. RP Rispin, A (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM amy.rispin@epa.gov NR 13 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FRAME PI NOTTINGHAM PA RUSSELL & BURCH HOUSE 96-98 NORTH SHERWOOD ST, NOTTINGHAM NG1 4EE, NOTTS, ENGLAND SN 0261-1929 J9 ATLA-ALTERN LAB ANIM JI ATLA-Altern. Lab. Anim. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 32 SU 1B BP 725 EP 729 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 833QA UT WOS:000222352000060 PM 23581166 ER PT J AU Sioutas, C Pandis, SN Allen, DT Solomon, PA AF Sioutas, C Pandis, SN Allen, DT Solomon, PA TI Special issue of Atmospheric Environment on findings from EPA's Particulate Matter Supersites Program - Preface SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Sioutas, C (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM solomon.paul@epa.gov RI Pandis, Spyros/D-3680-2013 NR 8 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 20 BP 3101 EP 3106 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.001 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826ON UT WOS:000221838500001 ER PT J AU Chu, SH Paisie, JW Jang, BWL AF Chu, SH Paisie, JW Jang, BWL TI PM data analysis - a comparison of two urban areas: Fresno and Atlanta SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE PM2.5; organics; sulfate; nitrate; acid catalyzed; heterogeneous; SOA; meteorology ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; PARTICULATE MATTER; SECONDARY AEROSOL; UNITED-STATES; LOS-ANGELES; CHEMISTRY; NO2; PARTICLES; OXIDATION AB Urban speciated fine particulate data from the Speciation Trends Network from January 2001 to February 2002 were studied in both eastern and western locations of the United States. The seasonal variability of PM2.5 mass, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfate ion, nitrate ion, and ammonium cation concentrations were analyzed. Their relationships with ozone and meteorology were also examined. The results reveal that differences in meteorology and emissions have a significant impact on the observed seasonality in species concentrations in Fresno and Atlanta. Based on a parallel analysis of regional PM2.5 episodic events, this influence appears to be general and may typify the difference between eastern and western cities in the United States. In Atlanta, ozone, sulfate, and ammonium were high in the summer when temperatures and humidities were high, whereas organic carbon concentrations were relatively flat year-round. In Fresno, however, ozone concentrations were high but sulfate concentrations were very low even in the summer, whereas PM2.5 concentrations were much higher in the winter and dominated by organics. Meteorologically, in Fresno, it was hot and dry in the summer but cool and humid in the winter. Organic carbon, nitrate, and ammonium ion concentrations were observed to be the highest in late fall and winter when the average relative humidity was the highest (above similar to60%). Much lower mixing heights and frequent stagnations in the winter in Fresno were the major factors influencing the observed high concentrations of various species. The wintertime organic aerosols in Fresno were predominately primary in origin. However, on some very high organic concentration days, up to 30% of the observed organic aerosols could be attributed to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). These very high organic aerosol concentration days in the winter typically had mild temperatures, high humidities, low dilution rates, and an abundance of nitrate particles. These conditions were favorable for additional SOA formation through the acid catalyzed heterogeneous reactions at night on top of the already high primary organic emissions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, OAQPS, AQSSD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Commerce, TX 75429 USA. RP Chu, SH (reprint author), US EPA, OAQPS, AQSSD, MD-C504-02,109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM chu.shao-hang@epa.gov NR 29 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 20 BP 3155 EP 3164 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.018 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826ON UT WOS:000221838500005 ER PT J AU McGaughey, GR Desai, NR Allen, DT Seila, RL Lonneman, WA Fraser, MP Harley, RA Pollack, AK Ivy, JM Price, JH AF McGaughey, GR Desai, NR Allen, DT Seila, RL Lonneman, WA Fraser, MP Harley, RA Pollack, AK Ivy, JM Price, JH TI Analysis of motor vehicle emissions in a Houston tunnel during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE tunnel study; vehicle emission factors; on-road gasoline vehicles; hydrocarbon speciation ID ON-ROAD MEASUREMENT; GASOLINE AB Measurements from a Houston tunnel were used to develop fuel consumption-based emission factors for CO, NOx, and non-methane organic compound (NMOC) for on-road gasoline vehicles. The Houston NOx emission factor was at the low range of emission factors reported in previous (primarily pre-1996) tunnel studies while the NMOC emission factor was slightly higher than that reported in the previous tunnel studies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Ctr Energy & Environm Resources R7100, Austin, TX 78758 USA. Texas Commiss Environm Qual, Austin, TX 78711 USA. ENVIRON Int Corp, Novato, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Senior Environm Employment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McGaughey, GR (reprint author), Univ Texas, Ctr Energy & Environm Resources R7100, 10100 Burnet Rd, Austin, TX 78758 USA. EM garym@mail.utexas.edu RI fraser, matthew/G-6355-2012; Harley, Robert/C-9177-2016 OI fraser, matthew/0000-0002-6239-9104; Harley, Robert/0000-0002-0559-1917 NR 19 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 20 BP 3363 EP 3372 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.006 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826ON UT WOS:000221838500022 ER PT J AU Tillman, FD Bartelt-Hunt, SL Smith, JA Alther, GR AF Tillman, FD Bartelt-Hunt, SL Smith, JA Alther, GR TI Evaluation of an organoclay, an organoclay-anthracite blend, clinoptilolite, and hydroxy-apatite as sorbents for heavy metal removal from water SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BENTONITE; SORPTION C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Program Interdisciplinary Res Contaminant Hydroge, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. US Environm Protect Agcy, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Biomin Inc, Ferndale, MI 48220 USA. RP Smith, JA (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Program Interdisciplinary Res Contaminant Hydroge, POB 400742, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RI Smith, James/B-4617-2011; OI Tillman, Fred/0000-0002-2922-402X NR 6 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1134 EP 1141 DI 10.1007/s00128-004-0362-8 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 823XD UT WOS:000221646500008 PM 15362441 ER PT J AU Kato, M Loomis, D Brooks, LM Gattas, GFJ Gomes, L Carvalho, AB Rego, MAV DeMarini, DM AF Kato, M Loomis, D Brooks, LM Gattas, GFJ Gomes, L Carvalho, AB Rego, MAV DeMarini, DM TI Urinary biomarkers in charcoal workers exposed to wood smoke in Bahia State, Brazil SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES; MUTAGENICITY; 1-HYDROXYPYRENE; 2-NAPHTHOL; CONSUMPTION; CARCINOGENS; POPULATION AB Charcoal is an important source of energy for domestic and industrial use in many countries. Brazil is the largest producer of charcoal in the world, with similar to350,000 workers linked to the production and transportation of charcoal. To evaluate the occupational exposure to wood smoke and potential genotoxic effects on workers in charcoal production, we studied urinary mutagenicity in Salmonella YG1041 +S9 and urinary levels of 2-naphthol and I-pyrenol in 154 workers of northeastern Bahia. Workers were classified into three categories according to their working location, and information about socio-demographic data, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking was obtained using a standard questionnaire. Spot urine samples were collected to evaluate urinary mutagenicity and urinary metabolites. Urinary mutagenicity increased significantly with exposure to wood smoke and was modified by smoking. The prevalence odds ratio was 5.31, and the 95% confidence interval was 1.85; 15.27 for urinary mutagenicity in the highly exposed group relative to the nonexposed group. The levels of urinary metabolites increased monotonically with wood smoke exposure and were associated with the GSTM1 null genotype, which was determined previously. The prevalence odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for higher levels of 2-naphtol among the highly exposed was 17.13 (6.91; 42.44) and for 1-hydroxyprene 11.55 (5.32; 25.08) when compared with nonexposed workers. Urinary 2-naphthol was the most sensitive indicator of wood smoke exposure. This is the first reported measurement of internal exposure to wood smoke among charcoal workers, and the results showed that these workers receive a systemic exposure to genotoxic compounds. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FUNDACENTRO CRBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Dept Legal Med Eth & Occupat Hlth, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Fed Bahia, Dept Prevent Med, Salvador, BA, Brazil. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, B143-06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM demarini.david@epa.gov RI Gattas, Gilka/H-4846-2013 NR 46 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1005 EP 1012 PG 8 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 826ZL UT WOS:000221867900016 PM 15184257 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, O Dimitrov, S Serafimova, R Thompson, E Kotov, S Dimitrova, N Walker, JD AF Mekenyan, O Dimitrov, S Serafimova, R Thompson, E Kotov, S Dimitrova, N Walker, JD TI Identification of the structural requirements for mutagenicity by incorporating molecular flexibility and metabolic activation of chemicals I: TA100 model SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RODENT CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR LIGANDS; ALPHA BINDING-AFFINITY; SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY; AMES TEST; REGULATING MUTAGENICITY; NICOTINE METABOLISM; URINARY-EXCRETION; ALGORITHM; QSAR AB Traditional attempts to model genotoxicity data have been limited to congeneric data sets, primarily because the mechanism of action was ignored, and frequently, the chemicals required metabolism to the active species. In this exercise, the COmmon REactivity PAtterns (COREPA) approach was used to delineate the structural requirements for eliciting mutagenicity in terms of ranges of descriptors associated with three-dimensional molecular structures. The database used to build the mutagenicity model includes 1196 structurally diverse chemicals tested in the Ames assay by the National Toxicology Program. This manuscript describes the development of the TA100 model that predicts the results of mutagenicity testing using only the Ames TA100 strain. The TA100 model was developed using 148 chemicals that tested positive in TA100 strain without rat liver enzymes (S-9) and 188 chemicals that tested positive in TA100 strain with rat liver enzymes. A decision tree was developed by first comparing the reactivity profile of chemicals that were positive in TA100 without rat liver enzymes to the reactivity profile of the remaining 1048 chemicals. This approach correctly identified 82% of the primary acting mutagens and 94% of the nonmutagens in the training set. The 188 chemicals in the training set that are positive only in the presence of metabolic activation would pass through the decision tree as negative. The next step was to identify the chemicals that are positive only in the presence of metabolic activation. To accomplish this, a series of hierarchically ordered metabolic transformations were used to develop an S-9 metabolism simulator that was applied to each of the 1048 chemicals. The potential metabolites were then screened through the decision tree to identify reactive mutagens. This model correctly identified 77% of the metabolically activated chemicals in a training set. A computer system that applies the COREPA models and predicts mutagenicity of chemicals, including their metabolic activation, was developed. Each prediction is accompanied by a probabilistic estimate of the chemical being in the structural domain covered by the training set. C1 Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. Procter & Gamble Co, Miami Valley Labs, Human & Environm Safety, Cincinnati, OH 45239 USA. US EPA, TSCA Interagcy Testing Comm, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7401, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. EM omekenya@btu.bg NR 58 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X EI 1520-5010 J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 6 BP 753 EP 766 DI 10.1021/tx030049t PG 14 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 831YJ UT WOS:000222232500004 PM 15206896 ER PT J AU Balu, N Padgett, WT Lambert, GR Swank, AE Richard, AM Nesnow, S AF Balu, N Padgett, WT Lambert, GR Swank, AE Richard, AM Nesnow, S TI Identification and characterization of novel stable deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine adducts of benzo[alpha]pyrene-7,8-quinone from reactions at physiological pH SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CATECHOL ORTHO-QUINONES; HYDROCARBON O-QUINONES; DNA-ADDUCTS; DIHYDRODIOL DEHYDROGENASE; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; P53 MUTATIONS; HUMAN LUNG; RAT LUNG; CANCER; BENZOPYRENE AB Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is an archetypal member of the family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is a widely distributed environmental pollutant. B[a]P is known to induce cancer in animals, and B[a]P-containing complex mixtures are human carcinogens. B [a] P exerts its genotoxic and carcinogenic effects through metabolic activation forming reactive intermediates that damage DNA. DNA adduction by B[a]P is a complex phenomenon that involves the formation of both stable and unstable (depurinating) adducts. One pathway by which B[a]P can mediate genotoxicity is through the enzymatic formation of B[a]P-7,8-quinone (BPQ) from B[a]P-7,8-diol by members of the aldo-keto-reductase (AKR) family. Once formed, BPQ can act as a reactive Michael acceptor that can alkylate cellular nucleophiles including DNA and peptides. Earlier studies have reported on the formation of stable and depurinating adducts from the reaction of BPQ with DNA and nucleosides, respectively. However, the syntheses and characterization of the stable adducts from these interactions have not been addressed. In this study, the reactivity of BPQ toward 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) nucleosides under physiological pH conditions is examined. The identification and characterization of six novel BPQ-nucleoside adducts obtained from the reaction of BPQ and dG or dA in a mixture of phosphate buffer and dimethylformamide are reported. The structures of these adducts were determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy, electrospray mass spectrometry, and NMR experiments including H-1, C-13, two-dimensional COSY, one-dimensional NOE, ROESY, HMQC, HSQC, and HMBC. The reaction of BPQ with dG afforded four unique Michael addition products: two diastereomers of 8-N-1,9-N-2-deoxyguanosyl-8,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzotalpyren-7(8H)-one (BPQ-dG(1,2)) and two diastereomers of 10-(N-2-deoxyguanosyl)-9,10-dihydro9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione (BPQ-dG(3,4)). The BPQ-dG(1,2) adducts suggest a 1,6-Michael addition reaction of dG, an oxidation of the hydroquinone to the quinone, a 1,4-Michael addition of water, and an internal cyclization. The BPQ-dG(3,4) adducts suggest a 1,4-Michael addition reaction of dG, an oxidation of the hydroquinone to the quinone, and a 1,6-Michael addition of water. Under similar but extended reaction conditions, the reaction of BPQ with dA produced only one diastereomeric pair of adducts identified as 8-N-6,10-N-1-deoxyadenosyl-8,9-dihydroxy9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyren-7(8H)-one (BPQ-dA(1,2)). The BPQ-dA(1,2) adducts suggest a 1,4-Michael addition reaction of dA, an oxidation of the hydroquinone to the quinone, a 1,6-Michael addition of water, and an internal cyclization. As considerable efforts have been placed in documenting the genotoxic effects of BPQ this first report of the identification and characterization of these stable adducts of BPQ formed under physiological pH conditions is expected to contribute significantly to the area of BPQ-mediated genotoxicity and carcinogenesis. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, B143-06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM nesnow.stephen@epa.gov NR 46 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 6 BP 827 EP 838 DI 10.1021/tx034207s PG 12 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 831YJ UT WOS:000222232500012 PM 15206904 ER PT J AU Williams, K Malarkey, D Cohn, L Patrick, D Dye, J Toews, G AF Williams, K Malarkey, D Cohn, L Patrick, D Dye, J Toews, G TI Identification of spontaneous feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - Morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE animal model; cats; fibrosis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; lung; type II pneumocytes ID INTERSTITIAL LUNG-DISEASES; SURFACTANT PROTEIN-C; GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; MYOFIBROBLASTS; EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS; CLASSIFICATION; PATHOGENESIS; RAT AB Study objectives: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a poorly understood chronic respiratory disease of humans, which has no correlate in other animals. Understanding the role that inflammation, alveolar epithelial cells, and myofibroblasts play in the progression of the disease is controversial, and hampered by the lack of an animal model. We have identified spontaneous IPF in domestic cats and hypothesized that this newly identified disease shares the pathology of human IPF; further, this work provides data suggesting that the disease is related to a defect in type II pneumocyte biology. Setting and subjects: Chronic respiratory disease with pathology consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) spontaneously developed in 16 domestic cats. Results: The histopathology of feline IPF consisted of the following: (1) interstitial fibrosis with fibroblast/myofibroblast foci, (2) honeycombing with alveolar epithelial metaplasia and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, and (3) alveolar interstitial smooth-muscle metaplasia. Interstitial inflammation was not a prominent feature of the disease. alpha-Smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts were prominent in myofibroblast foci, beneath honeycomb and hyperplastic epithelium, and in alveolar septa away from the remodeling. Feline IPF type II pneumocyte, ultrastructure is similar to a heritable form of human IPF, with abnormal cytoplasmic lamellar body-like inclusions. Conclusions: We conclude the following: (1) chronic respiratory disease with clinical and pathology features of UIP/IPF occurs in the domestic cat; (2) as in human IPF, the type II pneumocyte and myofibroblasts are important cellular constituents of feline IPF; and (3) type II cell ultrastructure suggests feline IPF is a defect in the type II pneumocyte. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, Coll Vet Med, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Med & Surg, Columbia, MO USA. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Williams, K (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, Coll Vet Med, 210 Food Safety & Toxicol Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM williams@dcpah.msu.edu NR 28 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD JUN PY 2004 VL 125 IS 6 BP 2278 EP 2288 DI 10.1378/chest.125.6.2278 PG 11 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 832FQ UT WOS:000222253100049 PM 15189952 ER PT J AU Nwachcuku, N Gerba, CP AF Nwachcuku, N Gerba, CP TI Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? SO CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITOZOON-INTESTINALIS; UV-IRRADIATION; WASTE-WATER; INACTIVATION; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CORONAVIRUS; ENVIRONMENT; ADSORPTION AB The rapid emergence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli O157:H7 have created a threat to the drinking water industry and there is a growing need to develop a strategy for recognizing potential emerging waterborne pathogens. Globalization of trade, changing population demographics and changes in treatment technology have been driving factors in the emergence of these new pathogens. An understanding of disinfectant action and microbial resistance to treatment processes is needed to better identify those pathogens likely to be of greatest concern. Recent research on microbial resistance to treatment and disinfection demonstrates that the microbial surface structure and composition and the nature of the genome are key to determining the potential for waterborne transmission of emerging pathogens. C1 US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Gerba, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM gerba@ag.arizona.edu NR 54 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 10 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0958-1669 J9 CURR OPIN BIOTECH JI Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 15 IS 3 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.04.010 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 835ZF UT WOS:000222523800003 PM 15193323 ER PT J AU Nwachuku, N Gerba, CP AF Nwachuku, N Gerba, CP TI Microbial risk assessment: don't forget the children SO CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID DRINKING-WATER; GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS; SWIMMING POOL; OUTBREAK; ROTAVIRUS; TRANSMISSION; DISINFECTION; CONSUMPTION; INFECTION; DISEASE AB Quantitative microbial risk assessment is a rapidly developing field with a purpose to quantify risks of infection, disease and mortality from the environmental exposure of pathogens. It is currently being applied to the development of standards for drinking water, wastewater re-use and foods. A growing body of evidence indicates that the greatest risk of infection for enteric pathogens is for persons less than 19 years of age. Children are more likely to become ill from consumption of contaminated drinking water and recreational activities. These increased risks may be because immunological, neurological and digestive systems are still developing. In addition, children are more environmentally exposed to pathogens. For some enteric pathogens children may be the greatest at risk population. C1 US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Gerba, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM gerba@ag.arizona.edu NR 41 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5274 J9 CURR OPIN MICROBIOL JI Curr. Opin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 7 IS 3 BP 206 EP 209 DI 10.1016/j.mib.2004.04.011 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 836CY UT WOS:000222534100002 PM 15196486 ER PT J AU Palen, WJ Schindler, DE Adams, MJ Pearl, CA Bury, RB Diamond, SA AF Palen, WJ Schindler, DE Adams, MJ Pearl, CA Bury, RB Diamond, SA TI Optical characteristics of natural waters protect amphibians from UV-B in the US Pacific Northwest: reply SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; POPULATION DECLINES; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; LAKES; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTS; ECOLOGY; ACIDIFICATION; CONSEQUENCES; PENETRATION C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Palen, WJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM wpalen@u.washington.edu NR 48 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 11 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1754 EP 1759 DI 10.1890/03-3171 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 838QH UT WOS:000222727500034 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Brooks, LR Warren, SH Kobayashi, T Gilmour, MI Singh, P AF DeMarini, DM Brooks, LR Warren, SH Kobayashi, T Gilmour, MI Singh, P TI Bioassay-directed fractionation and Salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE EXTRACTS; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; SENSITIVE METHOD; ENGINE EXHAUST; IGE PRODUCTION; AMES ASSAY; EMISSIONS; TYPHIMURIUM; NITROARENES AB Many pulmonary toxicity studies of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have used an automobile-generated sample (A-DEPs) whose mutagenicity has not been reported. In contrast, many mutagenicity studies of DEPs have used a forklift-generated sample (SRM 2975) that has been evaluated in only a few pulmonary toxicity studies. Therefore, we evaluated the mutagenicity of both DEPs in Salmonella coupled to a bioassay-directed fractionation. The percentage of extractable organic material (EOM) was 26.3% for A-DEPs and 2% for SRM 2975. Most of the A-EOM (similar to55%) eluted in the hexane fraction, reflecting the presence of alkanes and alkenes, typical of uncombusted fuel. In contrast, most of the SRM 2975 EOM (similar to58%) eluted in the polar methanol fraction, indicative of oxygenated and/or nitrated organics derived from combustion. Most of the direct-acting, base-substitution activity of the A-EOM eluted in the hexane/dichloromethane (DCM) fraction, but this activity eluted in the polar methanol fraction for the SRM 2975 EOM. The direct-acting frameshift mutagenicity eluted across fractions of A-EOM, whereas > 80% eluted only in the DCM fraction of SRM 2975 EOM. The A-DEPs were more mutagenic than SRM 2975 per mass of particle, having 227x more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-type and 8-45x more nitroarene-type mutagenic activity. These differences were associated with the different conditions under which the two DEP samples were generated and collected. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the health effects of DEPs requires the evaluation of DEP standards for a variety of end points, and our results highlight the need for multidisciplinary studies on a variety of representative samples of DEPs. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Environm Hlth Sci Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM demarini.david@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 11245-01] NR 57 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 11 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP 814 EP 819 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200027 PM 15175166 ER PT J AU Singh, P DeMarini, DM Dick, CAJ Tabor, DG Ryan, JV Linak, WP Kobayashi, T Gilmour, MI AF Singh, P DeMarini, DM Dick, CAJ Tabor, DG Ryan, JV Linak, WP Kobayashi, T Gilmour, MI TI Sample characterization of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles and comparative pulmonary toxicity in mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE automobile; diesel exhaust particles; forklift; mice; pulmonary toxicity; SRM 2975 ID AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; IGE PRODUCTION; EMISSIONS; PARTICULATE; EXPOSURE; HEALTH; HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; MUTAGENICITY; EXPRESSION; COMPONENTS AB Two samples of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) predominate in health effects research: an automobile-derived DEP (A-DEP) sample and the National Institute of Standards Technology standard reference material (SRM 2975) generated from a forklift engine. A-DEPs have been tested extensively for their effects on pulmonary inflammation and exacerbation of allergic asthma-like responses. In contrast, SRM 2975 has been tested thoroughly for its genotoxicity. In the present study, we combined physical and chemical analyses of both DEP samples with pulmonary toxicity testing in CD-I mice to compare the two materials and to make associations between their physicochemical properties and their biologic effects. A-DEPs had more than 10 times the amount of extractable organic material and less than one-sixth the amount of elemental carbon compared with SRM 2975. Aspiration of 100 mug of either DEP sample in saline produced mild acute lung injury; however, A-DEPs induced macrophage influx and activation, whereas SIRM 2975 enhanced polymorphonuclear cell inflammation. A-DEPs stimulated an increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor a, macrophage inhibitory protein-2, and the T(H)2 cytokine IL-5, whereas SRM 2975 only induced significant levels of IL-6. Fractionated organic extracts of the same quantity of DEPs (100 mug) did not have a discernable effect on lung responses and will require further study. The disparate results obtained highlight the need for chemical, physical, and source characterization of particle samples under investigation. Multidisciplinary toxicity testing of diesel emissions derived from a variety of generation and collection conditions is required to meaningfully assess the health hazards associated with exposures to DEPs. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Environm Hlth Sci Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. RP Singh, P (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM singh.pramila@epa.gov NR 36 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 3 U2 15 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP 820 EP 825 DI 10.1289/ehp.6579 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200028 PM 15175167 ER PT J AU Quintana, PJE Delfino, RJ Korrick, S Ziogas, A Kutz, FW Jones, EL Laden, F Garshick, E AF Quintana, PJE Delfino, RJ Korrick, S Ziogas, A Kutz, FW Jones, EL Laden, F Garshick, E TI Adipose tissue levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE adipose tissue; chlordane; DDT; dieldrin; heptachlor; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; organochlorine; PCBs; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls ID UNITED-STATES; OBESE INDIVIDUALS; MALIGNANT DISEASE; TOXIC POLLUTANTS; AGRICULTURAL USE; POOLED ANALYSIS; BREAST-CANCER; SERUM; EXPOSURE; PLASMA AB In this nested case-control study we examined the relationship between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and organochlorine pesticide exposure. We used a data set originally collected between 1969 and 1983 in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Human Adipose Tissue Survey. Adipose samples were randomly collected from cadavers and surgical patients, and levels of organochlorine pesticide residues were determined. From the original study population, 175 NHL cases were identified and matched to 481 controls; 173 controls were selected from accident victims, and 308 from cases with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Cases and controls were mainly from cadavers (> 96%) and were matched on sex, age, region of residence within the United States, and race/ethnicity. Conditional logistic regression showed the organochlorine pesticide residue heptachlor epoxide to be significantly associated with NHL [compared with the lowest quartile: third quartile odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-3.28; fourth quartile OR = 3.41, 95% CI, 1.89-6.16]. The highest quartile level of dieldrin was also associated with elevated NHL risk (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.58-4.61), as were higher levels of oxychlordane, p,p'-DDE [p,p-1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], and beta-benzene hexachloride (ORs = 1.79, 1.99, and 2.47, respectively). The p-values for trends for these associations were significant. In models containing pairs of pesticides, only heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin remained significantly associated with risk of NHL. Limitations of this study include collection of samples after diagnosis and a lack of information on variables affecting organochlorine levels such as diet, occupation, and body mass index. Given the persistence of pesticides in the environment, these findings are still relevant today. C1 San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Coll Med, Dept Med, Div Epidemiol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ft George G Meade, MD USA. Vet Affairs Healthcare Syst, Boston, MA USA. RP Quintana, PJE (reprint author), 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM jquintan@mail.sdsu.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES 05947] NR 59 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 10 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP 854 EP 861 DI 10.1289/ehp.6726 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200033 PM 15175172 ER PT J AU Gardner, SY McGee, JK Kodavanti, UP Ledbetter, A Everitt, JI Winsett, DW Doerfler, DL Costa, DL AF Gardner, SY McGee, JK Kodavanti, UP Ledbetter, A Everitt, JI Winsett, DW Doerfler, DL Costa, DL TI Emission-particle-induced ventilatory abnormalities in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; cardiopulmonary; monocrotaline; particle; residual oil fly ash; ventilation ID OIL FLY-ASH; CARDIOPULMONARY-COMPROMISED RATS; MONOCROTALINE-TREATED RATS; AIR-POLLUTION; PARTICULATE MATTER; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; LUNG INJURY; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; INHALATION EXPOSURES; TRANSITION-METALS AB Preexistent cardiopulmonary disease in humans appears to enhance susceptibility to the adverse effects of ambient particulate matter. Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated enhanced inflammation and mortality after intratracheal instillation (IT) and inhalation (INH) of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline (MCT). The present study was conducted to examine the effects of ROFA in this model on ventilatory function in unanesthetized, unrestrained animals. Sixty-day-old male CID rats were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH) intraperitoneally 10 days before IT of ROFA (8.3 mg/kg) or saline (SAL) (control) or nose-only INH of ROFA [15 mg/m(3) for 6 hr on 3 consecutive days or air (control)]. At 24 and 72 hr after exposure, rats were studied individually in a simultaneous gas uptake/whole-body plethysmograph. Lungs were removed at 72 hr for histology. Pulmonary test results showed that tidal volume (V-T) decreased 24 hr after IT of ROFA in MCT-treated rats. Breathing frequency, minute volume (V-E), and the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen increased in MCT- and VEH-treated rats 24 hr after IT or INH of ROFA and remained elevated 72 hr post-IT. O-2 uptake (VO2) decreased after IT of ROFA in MCT-treated rats. Carbon monoxide uptake decreased 24 hr after IT of ROFA, returning to control values in VEH-treated rats but remaining low in MCT-treated rats 72 hr post-IT. ROTA exposure induced histologic changes and abnormalities in several ventilatory parameters, many of which were enhanced by MCT treatment. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Toxicol Ctr Hlth Res, Inst Ind Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gardner, SY (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM Sarah_Gardner@ncsu.edu OI Everitt, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0273-6284 NR 33 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP 872 EP 878 DI 10.1289/ehp.6583 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200036 PM 15175175 ER PT J AU Nyska, A Jokinen, MP Brix, AE Sells, DM Wyde, ME Orzech, D Haseman, JK Flake, G Walker, NJ AF Nyska, A Jokinen, MP Brix, AE Sells, DM Wyde, ME Orzech, D Haseman, JK Flake, G Walker, NJ TI Exocrine pancreatic pathology in female harlan Sprague-Dawley rats after chronic treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dioxin-like compounds SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE carcinogenesis; dioxin; furans; inflammation; pancreas; polychlorinated biphenyls ID ACINAR CELL-CARCINOMA; CCK-A RECEPTOR; PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS; METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; TCDD ALTERS; CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; CHOLECYSTOKININ; EXPRESSION; MORTALITY AB We evaluated the effect of chronic exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like compounds on the pancreas in female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats. This investigation represents part of an ongoing National Toxicology, Program initiative to determine the relative potency of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenyls. Animals were treated by gavage for up to 2 years with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), or a toxic-equivalency-factor (TEF) mixture of these agents; control animals received corn oil-acetone vehicle alone. A complete necropsy was performed on all animals, and a full complement of tissues was collected and examined microscopically. Administration of each of the four compounds was associated with increased incidences of several nonneoplastic changes in the exocrine pancreas, including cytoplasmic vacuolation, chronic active inflammation, atrophy, and arteritis. Low incidences, but higher than those in the historical database, of pancreatic acinar adenoma and carcinoma were seen in the TCDD, PeCDF, and TEF-mixture groups. These results indicate that the pancreatic acini are target tissues for dioxin and certain dioxin-like compounds. C1 NIEHS, Lab Expt Pathol, Natl Inst Hlth, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. A Charles River Co, Pathol Assoc, Durham, NC USA. Expt Pathol Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Battelle Columbus Labs, Columbus, OH USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Operat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Anal, Natl Inst Hlth, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Nyska, A (reprint author), NIEHS, Lab Expt Pathol, Natl Inst Hlth, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, MD B3-06,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM nyska@niehs.nih.gov RI Walker, Nigel/D-6583-2012 OI Walker, Nigel/0000-0002-9111-6855 NR 56 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP 903 EP 909 DI 10.1289/ehp.6869 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200041 PM 15175180 ER PT J AU Wright, JM Schwartz, J Dockery, DW AF Wright, JM Schwartz, J Dockery, DW TI The effect of disinfection by-products and mutagenic activity on birth weight and gestational duration SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE birth weight; bromodichloromethane; chloroform; gestational age; haloacetic acids; mutagenic activity; MX; preterm delivery; small for gestational age; trihalomethanes ID DRINKING-WATER DISINFECTION; LONG-EVANS RAT; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; RESIDENTIAL-MOBILITY; AIR-POLLUTION; UNITED-STATES; CHLORINE DISINFECTION; TRIHALOMETHANE LEVELS; INHALED CHLOROFORM; PREGNANCY AB Epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products have traditionally focused on total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration as a surrogate for maternal exposure during pregnancy. We used birth certificate data on 196,000 infants to examine the effect of third-trimester exposures on various indices of fetal development. We examined the effect of town-average concentrations of TTHM and additional exposure metrics in relation to mean birth weight, mean gestational age, small for gestational age (SGA) infancy, and preterm delivery. Trihalomethane data (TTHM, chloroform, and bromodichloromethane) from 1995-1998 were available for 109 towns in Massachusetts. Data from 1997-1998 on haloacetic acid (total haloacetic acids, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), and mutagenicity were available for a limited number of towns. We observed reductions in mean birth weight (12-18 g) for maternal trihalomethane exposures > the 90th percentile compared with those < the 50th percentile. Birth weight reductions were detected for chloroform exposures > 20 mug/L and TTHM exposures > 40 mug/L. Elevated trihalomethanes were associated with increases in gestational duration and a reduced risk of preterm, delivery. We found evidence of an exposure-response effect of trihalomethanes on risk of SGA, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.09 to 1.23 for bromodichloromethane exposures > 5 mug/L. Elevated mutagenic activity was associated with SGA [OR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04 to 1.51] and mean birth weight (-27 g; 95% CI, -54 to -1). Although smaller in magnitude, our findings are consistent with previous studies reporting associations between trihalomethanes and SGA. These data also suggest a relationship between fetal development indices and mutagenic activity independent of exposure to trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and MX. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Exposure Epidemiol & Risk Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Wright, JM (reprint author), 26 W,Martin Luther King Dr,MS-190, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM wright.michael@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 00002] NR 52 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 14 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP 920 EP 925 DI 10.1289/ehp.6779 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200044 PM 15175183 ER PT J AU Niemi, G Wardrop, D Brooks, R Anderson, S Brady, V Paerl, H Rakocinski, C Brouwer, M Levinson, B McDonald, M AF Niemi, G Wardrop, D Brooks, R Anderson, S Brady, V Paerl, H Rakocinski, C Brouwer, M Levinson, B McDonald, M TI Rationale for a new generation of indicators for coastal waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE coastal; ecologic; estuarine; health; indicators; marine; nutrients; responses; stressors ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; UNITED-STATES; ECOSYSTEMS; SCALE; EUTROPHICATION; FISH; PHYTOPLANKTON; POPULATION; RESPONSES; NITROGEN AB More than half the world'S human population lives within 100 km of the coast, and that number is expected to increase by 25% over the next two decades. Consequently, coastal ecosystems are at serious risk. Larger coastal populations and increasing development have led to increased loading of toxic substances, nutrients and pathogens with subsequent algal blooms, hypoxia, beach closures, and damage to coastal fisheries. Recent climate change has led to the rise in sea level with loss of coastal wetlands and saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers. Coastal resources have traditionally been monitored on a stressor-by-stressor basis such as for nutrient loading or dissolved oxygen. To fully measure the complexities of coastal systems, we must develop a new set of ecologic indicators that span the realm of biological organization from genetic markers to entire ecosystems and are broadly applicable across geographic regions while integrating stressor types. We briefly review recent developments in ecologic indicators and emphasize the need for improvements in understanding of stress-response relationships, contributions of multiple stressors, assessments over different spatial and temporal scales, and reference conditions. We provide two examples of ecologic indicators that can improve our understanding of these inherent problems: a) the use of photopigments as indicators of the interactive effects of nutrients and hydrology, and b) biological community approaches that use multiple taxa to detect effects on ecosystem structure and function. These indicators are essential to measure the condition of coastal resources, to diagnose stressors, to communicate change to the public, and ultimately to protect human health and the quality of the coastal environment. C1 Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Penn State Univ, Cooperat Wetlands Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, Ocean Springs, MS USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Niemi, G (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, 5013 Miller Trunk Hwy, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. EM gniemi@d.umn.edu RI Rakocinski, Chet/B-1240-2009 OI Rakocinski, Chet/0000-0002-1552-358X NR 93 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 46 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 9 BP 979 EP 986 DI 10.1289/ehp.6903 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 833DE UT WOS:000222315800006 PM 15198917 ER PT J AU Melnick, RL Huff, J AF Melnick, RL Huff, J TI Testing toxic pesticides in humans: Health risks with no health benefits SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID INDUSTRY C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Melnick, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Inst Hlth, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EM melnickr@nichs.nih.gov NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 8 BP A459 EP A461 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 829BO UT WOS:000222018200005 PM 15175190 ER PT J AU Brazner, JC Tanner, DK Detenbeck, NE Batterman, SL Stark, SL Jagger, LA Snarski, VM AF Brazner, JC Tanner, DK Detenbeck, NE Batterman, SL Stark, SL Jagger, LA Snarski, VM TI Landscape character and fish assemblage structure and function in western Lake Superior streams: General relationships and identification of thresholds SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest fragmentation; mature forest cover; watershed storage; wetland cover; hydrogeomorphology; fish assemblages; Lake Superior streams ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; LAND-USE; AQUATIC ECOREGIONS; HISTORICAL CHANGES; URBAN-DEVELOPMENT; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; WATER-QUALITY; COHO SALMON AB As part of a comparative watershed project investigating land-cover/land-use disturbance gradients for streams in the western Lake Superior Basin, we examined general relationships between landscape character and fish assemblage structure and function. We also examined the shape of those relationships to identify discontinuity thresholds where small changes in landscape character were associated with marked shifts in the fish assemblages. After completing a geographic analysis of second- and third-order watersheds in the western Lake Superior drainage, we randomly selected 48 streams along mature forest and watershed storage gradients in 2 hydrogeomorphic regions as our study sites. During the summers of 1997 and 1998, we used electrofishing to sample fish assemblages from each stream. Each of the landscape factors was significantly associated with fish assemblage structure and function based on analysis of covariance. Watershed storage was related to the greatest number of fish assemblage characteristics, but hydrogeopmorphic region and mature forest cover were strongly associated as well. The hydrogeomorphic region also mediated relationships between watershed character and fish assemblages. Discontinuity thresholds for our fish assemblages averaged 11% for watershed storage and 50% for watershed mature forest cover based on piecewise regression analysis. Although many of the landscape-fish relationships might have been manifest through effects on in-stream habitat, our results highlight the importance of management and land-use planning decisions at the watershed and landscape scales. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Geog, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US Forest Serv, Olympia Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Brazner, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM brazner.john@epa.gov NR 94 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 6 BP 855 EP 875 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-3031-0 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 848JX UT WOS:000223464700008 PM 15517683 ER PT J AU Bradley, MP Smith, E AF Bradley, MP Smith, E TI Using science to assess environmental vulnerabilities SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE environmental forecasting; integrated assessment; MAIA; Mid-Atlantic; ReVA; vulnerability AB Beginning in 1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Office of Research and Development has focused much of its ecological research in the Mid-Atlantic as part of the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA). The goal of MAIA is to improve the assessability of scientific information in environmental decision-making. Following the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) whose goal is to guide monitoring that effectively reflects Current ecosystem condition and trends, MAIA's second, current, phase of research under the Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) program is designed to target risk management activities using available data and models. The papers presented here are from a conference held in May 2003 that presented results of research in this second phase of MAIA. The conference was organized into the following topics: 1. Assessing Current Impacts and Vulnerabilities 2. Forecasting Environmental Condition and Vulnerabilities 3. Developing Management Strategies to Optimize the Future, and 4. Assessing and Responding to Environmental Vulnerability. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Bradley, MP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. EM bradley.patricia@epa.gov NR 17 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016875.89092.e7 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400001 PM 15141442 ER PT J AU Yuan, LL AF Yuan, LL TI Using spatial interpolation to estimate stressor levels in unsampled streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE kriging interpolation; nitrate; physical habitat; streams; sulfate ID SEDIMENT AB Accurate estimates of stressor levels in unsampled streams would provide valuable information for managing these resources over large regions. Spatial interpolation of stream characteristics have rarely been attempted, partly because defining separation distances between distinct stream samples is not straightforward. That is, conventional Eulerian definitions of separation distance may not apply to stream networks where information flows along distinct paths. A two-stage model for estimating stressor levels in unsampled streams is presented. Mean characteristics within streams are predicted using a generalized additive model and residual variation is estimated using a conventional application of spatial statistics. The model is developed and tested using stream survey data collected in the state of Maryland, USA. Model efficiency is compared for three stream variables (nitrate concentration, sulfate concentration, and epifaunal substrate score) known to be associated with biological impairments in streams. Accounting for spatial autocorrelation in the residual variation improved model R 2 from 0.71 to 0.81 for nitrate, from 0.29 to 0.63 for sulfate, and from 0.21 to 0.31 for epifaunal substrate score. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Yuan, LL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Mail Code 8623-D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM yuan.lester@.epa.gov NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 23 EP 38 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016877.52279.05 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400003 PM 15141444 ER PT J AU Lawler, JJ Schumaker, NH AF Lawler, JJ Schumaker, NH TI Evaluating habitat as a surrogate for population viability using a spatially explicit population model SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE eastern United States; habitat; landscape pattern; Mid-Atlantic; Northern Goshawk; PATCH; population dynamics; Red-shouldered Hawk; ReVA; spatially explicit population models ID RED-SHOULDERED HAWKS; LANDSCAPE INDEXES; FRAGMENTATION; CONNECTIVITY; SELECTION; DYNAMICS; NETWORKS; SUCCESS; SINKS; OHIO AB Because data for conservation planning are always limited, surrogates are often substituted for intractable measurements Such as species richness or Population viability. We examined the ability of habitat quality to act as a surrogate for population performance for both Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) and Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis). We compared simple measures of habitat quality to estimates of population growth rates obtained from a spatially explicit model of population dynamics. We found that habitat quality was a relatively poor predictor of simulated population growth rates for several reasons. First, a relatively small proportion of the potential habitat for each species served as population sources in Our simulations-15% for Red-shouldered Hawks and 2% for Goshawks. Second, when habitat quality correctly predicted demographic sources on the landscape, it consistently underestimated the contribution of these areas to the population. In areas where habitat quality correctly anticipated the presence of demographic sinks, we found no useful quantitative relationship between the two measures. Our simulation model captured the influence of habitat quality on the hawk populations, but it also incorporated interactions between dispersing individuals and landscape patterns. Thus, the discrepancies we observed likely reflected the influence of forest fragmentation and the spatial arrangement of forest patches on the populations. We conclude that simple measures of habitat quality will often he poor surrogates for population persistence, but that spatially explicit Population models can help inform the development of better indices. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lawler, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM lawler.joshua@epa.gov NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 100 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016881.12925.b1 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400007 PM 15141448 ER PT J AU Kepner, WG Semmens, DJ Bassett, SD Mouat, DA Goodrich, DC AF Kepner, WG Semmens, DJ Bassett, SD Mouat, DA Goodrich, DC TI Scenario analysis for the San Pedro River, analyzing hydrological consequences of a future environment SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE alternative futures analysis; hydrologic modeling; watershed assessment; geographic information systems; landscape indicators; landscape characterization; remote sensing; regional vulnerability; San Pedro River AB Studies of future management and policy options based on different assumptions provide a mechanism to examine possible Outcomes and especially their likely benefits and consequences. The San Pedro River in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico is an area that has undergone rapid changes in land use and cover, and subsequently is facing keen environmental crises related to water resources. It is the location of a number of studies that have dealt with change analysis, watershed condition, and most recently, alternative futures analysis. The previous work has dealt primarily with resources of habitat, visual quality, and groundwater related to urban development patterns and preferences. In the present study, previously defined future scenarios, in the form of land-use/land-cover grids, were examined relative to their impact on surface-water conditions (e.g., surface runoff and sediment yield). These hydrological outputs were estimated for the baseline year of 2000 and predicted twenty years in the future as a demonstration of how new geographic information system-based hydrologic modeling tools can be used to evaluate the spatial impacts of urban growth patterns on surface-water hydrology. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. ARS, USDA, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Desert Res Inst, Div Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Kepner, WG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM kepner.william@epa.gov RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 22 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 115 EP 127 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016883.10110.15 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400009 PM 15141450 ER PT J AU Claggett, PR Jantz, CA Goetz, SJ Bisland, C AF Claggett, PR Jantz, CA Goetz, SJ Bisland, C TI Assessing development pressure in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: An evaluation of two land-use change models SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE land conservation; land-use change; predictive modeling; urban sprawl; vulnerability assessment; Mid-Atlantic; Chesapeake Bay ID URBAN-GROWTH AB Natural resource lands in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are increasingly susceptible to conversion into developed land uses, particularly as the demand for residential development grows. We assessed development pressure in the Baltmore-Washington, DC region, one of the major urban and suburban centers in the watershed. We explored the utility of two modeling approaches for forecasting future development trends and patterns by comparing results from a cellular automata model, SLEUTH (slope, land use, excluded land, urban extent, transportation), and a supply/demand/allocation model, the Western Futures Model. SLEUTH can be classified as a land-cover change model and produces projections on the basis of historic trends of changes in the extent and patterns of developed land and future land protection scenarios. The Western Futures Model derives forecasts from historic trends in housing units, a U.S. Census variable, and exogenously supplied future population projections. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses, and combining the two has advantages and limitations. C1 US Geol Survey, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. US EPA, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. RP Claggett, PR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 410 Severn Ave,Suite 109, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. EM pclagget@chesapeakebay.net RI Goetz, Scott/A-3393-2015 OI Goetz, Scott/0000-0002-6326-4308 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 129 EP 146 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016884.96098.77 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400010 PM 15141451 ER PT J AU Bradley, MP Hanson, R Walbeck, ES AF Bradley, MP Hanson, R Walbeck, ES TI Innovative environmental education contributes to improved management practices in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE Mid-Atlantic; case Studies; decision-making; environmental success stories AB The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) and its partner, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) have developed a graduate-level course focused on successful application of science by decision-makers to address a particular problem. Students conduct a literature review, interview the decision-makers and scientists, and synthesize and document the management problem, the science that was applied to that problem, and other issues that might constrain or drive the solution (e.g., legalities, social pressures, expense, politics, personalities, etc.). Students also quantify the results, evaluate who the intended audience is and how they most appropriately target them, and determine if there are other management problems that could be addressed with the science. The final products are short publications geared towards other decision-makers who might have a similar problem and might be seeking successful innovative solutions. MAIA is distributing these short publications to decision-makers throughout the Mid-Atlantic Region. The publications have been very positively received by state and local governments and watershed groups. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. Ctr Urban Environm Res & Educ, Technol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Perot Syst Govt Serv, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Bradley, MP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. EM bradley.patricia@epa.gov NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 205 EP 215 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016889.76387.5b PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400015 PM 15141456 ER PT J AU Campbell, D Meisch, M Demoss, T Pomponio, J Bradley, MP AF Campbell, D Meisch, M Demoss, T Pomponio, J Bradley, MP TI Keeping the books for environmental systems: An emergy analysis of West Virginia SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE environmental accounting; emergy analysis; West Virginia; management questions; environmental assessment ID CARRYING-CAPACITY AB Emergy provides a general accounting mechanism that allows us to view the economy and the environment on the same income statement and balance sheet. This allows an auditor to verify the economic picture by checking it against a more complete representation of the flows and storages of real wealth as measured by emergy. In this study, we constructed emergy accounts for the state of West Virginia in 1997. The income statement showed annual production, consumption, and flows of emergy and dollars into and out of the state, The balance sheet evaluated the storage of emergy in some of the state's assets. Emergy indices were used to answer questions posed by managers and gain insight into the state's economic and environmental strengths and weaknesses. West Virginia has great wealth in nonrenewable resources (9E14 sej m(-2) or 17 times the U. S. average). The investment ratio of emergy purchased outside to indigenous renewable and nonrenewable emergy was 2.2:1, which indicates a high potential for future development. However, the environmental loading ratio (14:1) was already 1.5 times higher than that found at an average location in the U.S. Twice as much emergy was exported as received and standard of living indicators showed that people have largely failed to benefit from their state's wealth. We propose that,just as in business, where decisions made using financial accounts ensure solvency; decisions governing the environment should be made based on an emergy accounting of activities, assets, and liabilities for the combined system of humanity and nature. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Engn Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Canaan Valley Inst, Thomas, WV 26292 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Mid Atlantic Integrated Assessment Environm Sci C, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Campbell, D (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM campbell.dan@epa.gov NR 16 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 217 EP 230 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016890.70068.f7 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400016 PM 15141457 ER PT J AU Jackson, LE Bird, SL Matheny, RW O'Neill, RV White, D Boesch, KC Koviach, JL AF Jackson, LE Bird, SL Matheny, RW O'Neill, RV White, D Boesch, KC Koviach, JL TI A regional approach to projecting land-use change and resulting ecological vulnerability SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE land-use change; ecological risk; environmental assessment; biological integrity; Mid-Atlantic; vulnerability ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATON MODEL; SAN-FRANCISCO; URBANIZATION; POLLUTION; IMPACT; SOUTH; COVER AB This study explores ecological vulnerability to land-use change in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region by spatially extrapolating land and economic development, and overlaying these projections with maps of sensitive ecological resources. As individual extrapolations have a high degree of uncertainty, five methods with different theoretical bases are employed. Confidence in projections is increased for counties targeted by two or more projection methods. A county is considered at risk if it currently supports three or more sensitive resources, and is projected to experience significant growth by the year 2010 by two or more methods. Analysis designated 19 counties and two cities as at risk, highlighting within a large region the priority areas where state and regional efforts would contribute the most to integrating environmental considerations into the process of land development. The study also found that potentially severe ecological effects of future land-use change are not limited to the outskirts of major urban areas. Recreational demands on smaller communities with mountain and coastal resources are also significant, as are initiatives to promote economic development in rural areas of high ecological quality. This approach provides a comprehensive overview of potential regional development, leading to an objective prioritization of high-risk areas. The intent is to inform local planning and decision-making so that regional and cumulative ecological degradation are minimized. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. TN & Associates, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept City & Reg Planning, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Jackson, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM jackson.laura@epa.gov NR 39 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 231 EP 248 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016891.24052.bf PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400017 PM 15141458 ER PT J AU Locantore, NW Tran, LT O'Neill, RV Mckinnis, PW Smith, ER O'Connell, M AF Locantore, NW Tran, LT O'Neill, RV Mckinnis, PW Smith, ER O'Connell, M TI An overview of data integration methods for regional assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE integration; synthesis; regional assessment; data issues; ReVA; Mid-Atlantic; MAIA ID MID-ATLANTIC REGION; RISK AB The U.S. Environmental Protections Agency's (U.S. EPA) Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) program has focused much of its research over the last five years on developing and evaluating integration methods for spatial data. An initial strategic priority was to use existing data from monitoring programs, model results, and other spatial data. Because most of these data were not collected with an intention of integrating into a regional assessment of conditions and vulnerabilities, issues exist that may preclude the use of some methods or require some sort of data preparation. Additionally, to Support Multi-criteria decision-making, methods need to be able to address a series of assessment questions that provide insights into where environmental risks are a priority. This paper provides an overview of twelve spatial integration methods that can be applied towards regional assessment, along with preliminary results as to how sensitive each method is to data issues that will likely be encountered with the use of existing data. C1 Waratah Corp, Durham, NC 27713 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. TN & Associates, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Locantore, NW (reprint author), Glaxo Smith Kline, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM moc@waratah.com NR 21 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 249 EP 261 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016892.67527.4c PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400018 PM 15141459 ER PT J AU Tran, LT Knight, CG O'Neill, RV Smith, ER AF Tran, LT Knight, CG O'Neill, RV Smith, ER TI Integrated environmental assessment of the Mid-Atlantic Region with analytical network process SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Regional Vulnerability and Assessment - Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (reVA-MAIA) CY MAY 13-15, 2003 CL King of Prussia, PA SP US EPA DE vulnerability assessment; PCA; ANP; environmental indicators; integrated environmental assessment; Mid-Atlantic ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; LANDSCAPE PATTERN METRICS; HIERARCHY PROCESS; VULNERABILITY; POLLUTION; HEALTH; WATER; AHP AB A decision analysis method for integrating environmental indicators was developed. This was a combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Being able to take into account the interdependency among variables, the method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region. Using data on land cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography of the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States, we were able to point out areas which were in relatively poor condition and/or vulnerable to future deterioration regarding various environmental aspects. The method offered an easy and comprehensive way to combine the strengths of conventional multivariate statistics (PCA) and decision-making science tool (ANP) for integrated environmental assessment. C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. TN & Associates, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tran, LT (reprint author), Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. EM ltran@fau.edu NR 36 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 263 EP 277 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016893.77348.67 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UE UT WOS:000189078400019 PM 15141460 ER PT J AU Esperanza, M Suidan, MT Nishimura, F Wang, ZM Sorial, GA AF Esperanza, M Suidan, MT Nishimura, F Wang, ZM Sorial, GA TI Determination of sex hormones and nonylphenol ethoxylates in the aqueous matrixes of two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; RIVER WATER; METABOLITES; POLYETHOXYLATES; EXTRACTION AB Two analytical methods were developed and refined for the detection and quantitation of two groups of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the liquid matrixes of two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. The targeted compounds are seven sex hormones (estradiol, ethinylestradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione), a group of nonionic surfactants (nonylphenol polyethoxylates), and their biodegradation byproducts nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates with one, two, and three ethoxylates. Solid phase extraction using C-18 for steroids and graphitized carbon black for the surfactants were used for extraction. HPLC-DAD and GC/MS were used for quantification. Each of the two 20 L/h pilot-scale plants consists of a primary settling tank followed by a three-stage aeration tank and final clarification. The primary and the waste-activated sludge are digested anaerobically in one plant and aerobically in the other. The pilot plants are fed with a complex synthetic wastewater spiked with the EDCs. Once steady state was reached, liquid samples were collected from four sampling points to obtain the profile for all EDCs along the treatment system. Complete removal from the aqueous phase was obtained for testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone. Removals for nonylphenol polyethoxylates, estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol from the aqueous phase exceeded 96%, 94%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. Levels of E3 in the liquid phase were low, and no clear conclusions could be drawn concerning its removal. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Shaw Environm & Infrastruct Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45246 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45286 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM makram.suidan@uc.edu RI Motteran, Fabricio/F-8406-2012 OI Motteran, Fabricio/0000-0002-7664-2697 NR 23 TC 68 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 31 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 11 BP 3028 EP 3035 DI 10.1021/es0350886 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 826FR UT WOS:000221815200019 PM 15224731 ER PT J AU Kemp, WM Batiuk, R Bartleson, R Bergstrom, P Carter, V Gallegos, CL Hunley, W Karrh, L Koch, EW Landwehr, JM Moore, KA Murray, L Naylor, M Rybicki, NB Stevenson, JC Wilcox, DJ AF Kemp, WM Batiuk, R Bartleson, R Bergstrom, P Carter, V Gallegos, CL Hunley, W Karrh, L Koch, EW Landwehr, JM Moore, KA Murray, L Naylor, M Rybicki, NB Stevenson, JC Wilcox, DJ TI Habitat requirements for submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: Water quality, light regime, and physical-chemical factors SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID EELGRASS ZOSTERA-MARINA; SEAGRASS THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; DANISH COASTAL WATERS; POTAMOGETON-PERFOLIATUS; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; HALODULE-WRIGHTII; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; ESTUARINE GRADIENT; SEDIMENT SULFIDE; VASCULAR PLANTS AB We developed an algorithm for calculating habitat suitability for seagrasses and related submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) at coastal sites where monitoring data are available for five water quality variables that govern light availability at the leaf surface. We developed independent estimates of the minimum light required for SAV survival both as a percentage of surface light passing through the water column to the depth of SAV growth (PLW(min)) and as a percentage of light reaching leaves through the epiphyte layer (PLL(min)). Values were computed by applying, as inputs to this algorithm, statistically derived values for water quality variables that correspond to thresholds for SAV presence in Chesapeake Bay. These estimates of PLW(min) and PLL(min) compared well with the values established from a literature review. Calculations account for tidal range, and total light attenuation is partitioned into water column and epiphyte contributions. Water column attenuation is further partitioned into effects of chlorophyll alpha (chl alpha), total suspended solids (TSS) and other substances. We used this algorithm to predict potential SAV presence throughout the Bay where calculated light available at plant leaves exceeded PLL(min). Predictions closely matched results of aerial photographic monitoring surveys of SAV distribution. Correspondence between predictions and observations was particularly strong in the mesohaline and polyhaline regions, which contain 75-80% of all potential SAV sites in this estuary. The method also allows for independent assessment of effects of physical and chemical factors other than light in limiting SAV growth and survival. Although this algorithm was developed with data from Chesapeake Bay, its general structure allows it to be calibrated and used as a quantitative tool for applying water quality data to define suitability of specific sites as habitats for SAV survival in diverse coastal environments worldwide. C1 Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, CES, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program Off, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. Hampton Rds Sanitat Dist, Virginia Beach, VA 23471 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Kemp, WM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, CES, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. EM kemp@hpl.umces.edu RI kemp, Michael/F-9955-2013; OI Gallegos, Charles/0000-0001-5112-0166 NR 113 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 64 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 2004 VL 27 IS 3 BP 363 EP 377 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 832UK UT WOS:000222292500001 ER PT J AU Shank, GC Skrabal, SA Whitehead, RF Kieber, RJ AF Shank, GC Skrabal, SA Whitehead, RF Kieber, RJ TI Fluxes of strong Cu-complexing ligands from sediments of an organic-rich estuary SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE copper; speciation; sediments; fluxes; estuaries; Cape Fear River; southeastern US ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CAPE-FEAR RIVER; DISSOLVED COPPER; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONTROL; TRACE-ELEMENTS; BENTHIC FLUXES; GALVESTON BAY; WATER; CARBON AB Benthic fluxes were evaluated as a source of strong Cu-complexing ligands (K'(CuL) > 10(11)) to the water column of the organic-rich Cape Fear River estuary along the North Carolina coast. A core incubation technique was used to measure sediment-water exchange of strong Cu-complexing ligands, as well as total dissolved Cu and dissolved organic carbon, at two sites within the estuary. Substantial ligand fluxes were observed only during summer experiments (850 +/- 610 nmol m-(2) d(-1) in June 2001 at lower estuarine site and 870 +/- 580 nmol m(-2) d(-1) in June 2002 at upper estuarine site). Strong ligand fluxes were correlated with DOC fluxes only for the June 2002 experiment. The ratio of strong Cu ligand:DOC fluxes among all cores from the June 2002 incubation (3 x 10(-5) mol g(-1) C) was nearly equivalent to the ratio measured in the water column in an earlier study of the Cape Fear estuary (2 x 10(-5) mol g(-1) C). Fluxes of TDCu were not statistically significant during any experiment and were not related to the behavior of strong Cu ligands. Although fluxes of strong Cu ligands were large during the summer months, short estuarine residence times (< 1 week) and a large ambient water column pool of ligands (30-200 nM) limit the importance of sediment-water exchange as a major source to Cape Fear estuarine waters. However, the fluxing ligands are experimentally indistinguishable from those in the water column, suggesting that benthic fluxes may provide an important source to estuaries with long residence times or lower ambient ligand levels. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Shank, GC (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, ERD, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM shank.chris@epamail.epa.gov RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 60 IS 2 BP 349 EP 358 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.01.010 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 823DZ UT WOS:000221591200016 ER PT J AU Cronkhite, L Jollie, J Harrigan-Farrelly, J Kobelski, B AF Cronkhite, L Jollie, J Harrigan-Farrelly, J Kobelski, B TI Fluids used in the-hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane do not affect underground sources of drinking water SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cronkhite, L (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 9 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 2004 VL 24 IS 3 BP 51 EP 52 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 850FC UT WOS:000223595600004 ER PT J AU Pfiffner, SM Palumbo, AV Sayles, GD Gannon, D AF Pfiffner, SM Palumbo, AV Sayles, GD Gannon, D TI Microbial population and degradation activity changes monitored during a chlorinated solvent biovent demonstration SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID EXPANDED-BED BIOREACTORS; AEROBIC COMETABOLISM; TRICHLOROETHYLENE DEGRADATION; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; VINYL-CHLORIDE; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS; TOLUENE; BIOAUGMENTATION; METHANE AB Microbial populations and degradation activity increased significantly during a chlorinated solvent bioventing bioremediation effort using propane at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. The propane injection resulted in degradation of a mixture of chlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA). In only 20 d, the propane injection resulted in decreases of TCE and c-DCE of > 98%, and a decrease in TCA in soil gas by similar to70%. The degradation of the TCA may not have occurred with a methane, butane, toluene, or phenol injection. These decreases in chlorinated solvent concentrations were accompanied by large increases in propane-utilizing bacteria that ranged from below detection levels prior to the injection to similar to1% of the ending total aerobic heterotrophic population by the end of the propane injection. Thus, a proportional increase occurred as heterotrophic counts increased a hundredfold. Microbial TCE degradation activity, as measured in microcosms, also increased with the propane injection. The highest rates of degradation were observed in microcosms with propane and nutrients, indicating the potential for higher field rates of degradation with nutrient additions. C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Astra Zenecas, Sheridan Pk Environm Lab, Mississauga, ON, Canada. RP Pfiffner, SM (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, 10515 Res Dr,Ste 300, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA. EM pfiffner@utk.edu RI Palumbo, Anthony/A-4764-2011 OI Palumbo, Anthony/0000-0002-1102-3975 NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 2004 VL 24 IS 3 BP 102 EP 110 PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 850FC UT WOS:000223595600010 ER PT J AU Griffiths, C AF Griffiths, C TI Economic implications of hormesis in policy making SO HUMAN & EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benefit-cost analysis; economic analysis; hormesis; risk policy AB Economists face no fundamental problem in calculating the optimal exposure of a hormetic substance and this could potentially be set as a regulatory level. This level would be where the marginal cost of control is equal to the slope of the exposure-response function. There are a number of reasons, however, to expect public resistance to assuming hormesis. These reasons include the fact that hormesis implies a lower level or risk for any given exposure; it might be viewed as weakening regulatory standards; and it could justify low emissions if marginal costs are low. If all we care about are the negative effects measured by a single health endpoint, then the RfD ( the level of exposure below which there is no appreciable risk) may be appropriate. Hormesis maintains the single endpoint, but accepts beneficial as well as deleterious effects. If we are going to accept beneficial effects then we should consider all health endpoints and all costs and benefits. This is simply benefit-cost analysis with a hormetic exposure-response curve. Because of legal constraints, this type of analysis may be of little use in setting tolerance levels, but may be important if the EPA chooses to adopt more voluntary policy measures. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20004 USA. RP Griffiths, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Room 4316F,EPA W MC 1809T,1301 Constitut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004 USA. EM griffiths.charles@epa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0960-3271 J9 HUM EXP TOXICOL JI Hum. Exp. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 23 IS 6 BP 281 EP 283 DI 10.1191/0960327104ht449oa PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 839LU UT WOS:000222787400004 PM 15301154 ER PT J AU Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK Webber, TD Betancourt, D Dean, T AF Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK Webber, TD Betancourt, D Dean, T TI Growth response of Stachybotrys chartarum to moisture variation on common building materials SO INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Stachybotrys chartarum; biocontaminants; mould growth; gypsum; humidity ID PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE AB The mould Stachybotrys chartarum has been found to be associated with idiopathic pulmonary haemorrhage in infants and indoor exposure has also been linked to other putmonary diseases, including allergies and asthma. S. chartarum has been studied both for toxin production and its occurrence in water-damaged buildings. Growth of S. chartarum on building materials such as gypsum wallboard has been frequently documented. Given that there may be a high frequency of occurrence and so the risk of exposure, environmental factors leading to the growth of S. chartarum have been studied. Samples of commonly used building materials were sterilised, inoculated with S. chartarum and exposed to controlled levels of relative humidity and wetting. A quantitative analysis of viable S. chartarum was performed on the building materials during a 7-month period. The results indicate that for environments with a relative humidity below total saturation, wetting was necessary for visible growth to occur. Conversely, high levels of relative humidity without wetting did not initiate growth. Porous materials, after becoming sufficiently wet and measuring saturation on a moisture meter, exhibited mould growth in every experiment conducted. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ctr Engn & Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Menetrez, MY (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM menetrez.marc@epa.gov NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1420-326X J9 INDOOR BUILT ENVIRON JI Indoor Built Environ. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 13 IS 3 BP 183 EP 187 DI 10.1177/1420326X04043979 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 830GJ UT WOS:000222109800003 ER PT J AU Wichers, LB Nolan, JP Winsett, DW Ledbetter, AD Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MCJ Costa, DL Watkinson, WP AF Wichers, LB Nolan, JP Winsett, DW Ledbetter, AD Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MCJ Costa, DL Watkinson, WP TI Effects of instilled combustion-derived particles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part I: Cardiovascular responses SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Colloquium on PM and Human Health CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2003 CL Pittsburgh, PA ID OIL FLY-ASH; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; CARDIOPULMONARY-COMPROMISED RATS; TRANSITION-METALS; AMBIENT AIR; HEART-RATE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; PULMONARY RESPONSES; CARDIAC-ARRHYTHMIA; LUNG INJURY AB Epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant associations between the levels of ambient particulate matter (PM) and the incidence of morbidity and mortality, particularly among persons with cardiopulmonary disease. While similar effects have been demonstrated in animals, the mechanism(s) by which these effects are mediated are unresolved. To further investigate this phenomenon, the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory effects of an oil combustion-derived PM(HP-12) were examined in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. The particle used in this study had considerably fewer water-soluble metals than the residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles widely used in previous animal toxicity studies, with Zn and Ni constituting the primary water-leachable elements in HP-12. Rats were surgically implanted with radiotelemeters capable of continuously monitoring electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate (HR), systemic arterial blood pressure (BP), and core temperature (T-co). Animals were divided into four dose groups and were administered one of four doses of HP-12 suspended in saline vehicle (0.00, 0.83, 3.33, 8.33 mg/kg; control, low, mid, and high dose, respectively) via intratracheal instillation (IT). Telemetered rats were monitored continuously for up to 7 days post-IT, and were sacrificed 4 or 7 days post-IT. Exposures to mid- and high-dose HP-12 induced large decreases in HR (down arrow30-120 bpm), BP (down arrow20-30 mmHg), and T-co (down arrow1.2-2.6degreesC). The decreases in HR and BP were most pronounced at night and did not return to pre-IT values until 72 and 48 h after dosing, respectively. ECG abnormalities (rhythm disturbances, bundle branch block) were observed primarily in the high-dose group. This study demonstrates substantial dose-related deficits in cardiac function in SH rats after IT exposure to a low-metal content, combustion-derived particle. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM watkinson.william@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES00002] NR 37 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 16 IS 6-7 BP 391 EP 405 DI 10.1080/08958370490439696 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 816LJ UT WOS:000221111100008 PM 15204755 ER PT J AU Wichers, LB Nolan, JP Winsett, DW Ledbetter, AD Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MCJ Costa, DL Watkinson, WP AF Wichers, LB Nolan, JP Winsett, DW Ledbetter, AD Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MCJ Costa, DL Watkinson, WP TI Effects of instilled combustion-derived particles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part II: Pulmonary responses SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Colloquium on PM and Human Health CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2003 CL Pittsburgh, PA ID OIL FLY-ASH; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; CARDIOPULMONARY-COMPROMISED RATS; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; TRANSITION-METALS; INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; INHALATION EXPOSURES AB A consistent association between exposure to high concentrations of ambient particulate matter (PM) and excess cardiopulmonary-related morbidity and mortality has been observed in numerous epidemiological studies, across many different geographical locations. To elicit a similar response in a controlled laboratory setting, spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed to an oil combustion-derived PM (HP-12) and monitored for changes in pulmonary function and indices of pulmonary injury. Rats were implanted with radiotelemeters to monitor electrocardiogram, heart rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, core temperature, and activity. Animals were divided into four groups and exposed via intratracheal instillation (IT) to suspensions of HP-12 (0.0, 0.83, 3.33, and 8.33 mg/kg; control, low, mid, and high dose, respectively) in saline vehicle. Telemetered rats were monitored continuously for 4-7 days post-IT and pulmonary function was examined using a whole-body plethysmograph system for 6 h/day on post-IT days 1-7. At 24, 96, and 192 h post-IT, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from subsets of nontelemetered animals in order to assess the impact of HP-12 on biochemical indices of pulmonary inflammation and injury. Immediate dose-related changes in pulmonary function were observed after HP-12 exposure, consisting of decreases in tidal volume (down arrow12-41%) and increases in breathing frequency (up arrow52-103%), minute ventilation (up arrow12-25%), and enhanced pause (up arrow113-187%). These functional effects were resolved by 7 days post-IT, although some average BALF constituents remained elevated through day 7 for mid- and high-dose groups when compared to those of the saline-treated control group. This study demonstrates significant deficits in pulmonary function, along with significant increases in BALF indices of pulmonary inflammation and injury in SH rats after IT exposure to HP-12. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM watkinson.william@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES00002] NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 16 IS 6-7 BP 407 EP 419 DI 10.1080/08958370490439704 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 816LJ UT WOS:000221111100009 PM 15204756 ER PT J AU Qian, ZM Zhang, JF Korn, LR Wei, FS Chapman, RS AF Qian, ZM Zhang, JF Korn, LR Wei, FS Chapman, RS TI Factor analysis of household factors: are they associated with respiratory conditions in Chinese children? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE indoor air pollution; respiratory health effect; exposure assessment; China ID AIR-POLLUTION; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; INDOOR ENVIRONMENT; SCHOOL-CHILDREN; PASSIVE SMOKING; HEALTH; CITIES; RISKS; POPULATION; PREVALENCE AB Background We explored methods to develop uncorrelated variables for epidemiological analysis models. They were used to examine associations between respiratory health outcomes and multiple household risk factors. Methods We analysed data collected in the Four Chinese Cities Study (FCCS) to examine health effects on prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and illnesses in 7058 school children living in the four Chinese cities: Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. We used factor analysis approaches to reduce the number of the children's lifestyle/household variables and to develop new uncorrelated 'factor' variables. We used unconditional logistic regression models to examine associations between the factor variables and the respiratory health outcomes, while controlling for other covariates. Results Five factor variables were derived from 21 original variables: heating coal smoke, cooking coal smoke, socioeconomic status, ventilation, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and parental asthma. We found that higher exposure to heating coal smoke was associated with higher reporting of cough with phlegm, wheeze, and asthma. Cooking coal smoke was not associated with any of the outcomes. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with lower reporting of persistent cough and bronchitis. Higher household ventilation was associated with lower reporting of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, cough with phlegm, bronchitis, and wheeze. Higher exposure to ETS and the presence of parental asthma were associated with higher reporting of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, cough with phlegm, bronchitis, wheeze, and asthma. Conclusions Our study suggests that independent respiratory effects of exposure to indoor air pollution, heating coal smoke, and ETS may exist for the studied children. C1 Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Hlth Evaluat Sci, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Div Sci Res & Technol, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. UMDNJ SPH, Div Biometr, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. China Natl Environm Monitoring Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Qian, ZM (reprint author), 600 Ctr View Dr,POB 855, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. EM zqian@psu.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05022-10] NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 3 BP 582 EP 588 DI 10.1093/ije/dyg278 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 832MR UT WOS:000222272100029 PM 15166210 ER PT J AU Wu, Q Wang, M Wu, X AF Wu, Q Wang, M Wu, X TI Investigations of groundwater bursting into coal mine seam floors from fault zones SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE case study; coal mines; fault zones; fault weakness zones; forecasting; numerical simulations; seam floors; retarded groundwater bursting AB This paper presents a case study of investigations into retarded groundwater bursting along the fault zones in the seam floors in coal mines. In addition to in situ measurements of ground stresses, a number of rock samples from the fault zones at the site of the case study were taken, and laboratory tests were performed for conventional and special rheological rock mechanics properties. The effects of different parameters on deformation and failure of the fault zone materials were analyzed, and the mechanism of retarded groundwater bursting along fault zones was further revealed. In the case study, different scenarios accounting for the different development phases of the fault weakness zone and groundwater bursting as well as different groundwater pressures were considered, and each of them was simulated using the 3D visual elastic-plastic numerical mechanics model FLAC(3D) (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions). Through the case study, the applicability of rock mechanics modeling software for studying retarded groundwater bursting along a fault zone was examined. Several issues are discussed regarding the investigations of retarded groundwater bursting and a general structured approach to investigate and control this geological hazardous event is presented. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 China Univ Mining & Technol, Resources Dev Engn Dept, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. Univ Arizona, Dept Min & Geol Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. China Inst Water Resources & Hydropower Res, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China. RP Wang, M (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ctr Subsurface Modeling Support, 919 Res Dr,POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM wang.mingyu@epa.gov NR 14 TC 55 Z9 79 U1 7 U2 34 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1365-1609 J9 INT J ROCK MECH MIN JI Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 41 IS 4 BP 557 EP 571 DI 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.01.004 PG 15 WC Engineering, Geological; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 827UH UT WOS:000221926200002 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ AF Ghio, AJ TI Biological effects of Utah Valley ambient air particles in humans: A review SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL MEDICINE-DEPOSITION CLEARANCE AND EFFECTS IN THE LUNG LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Congress of the International-Society-Aerosols-in-Medicine CY JUN 14-18, 2003 CL Baltimore, MD SP Int Soc Aerosols Med DE air pollution; lung diseases; oxidants; iron ID POLLUTION PARTICLE; PM(10) POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; LUNG; FIBRIN; DISEASE AB The Utah Valley provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the health effects of particulate matter (PM) in humans. The area has had intermittently high particle levels with the principal point source being a steel mill. Due to a labor dispute, the mill was shut down. The closure and reopening of the steel mill allowed for an examination of potential correlates between epidemiological observations and measures of the biological effect of PM with experimental cell and human exposure. Epidemiologic investigation demonstrated an association of both the closure of the steel mill and the reduction in exposure to air pollution particles with changes in morbidity and mortality. Changes in these parameters were not fully accounted for by variation in the mass of PM. Metal content, in vitro oxidative stress, and release of pro-inflammatory mediators by cultured respiratory epithelial cells were all elevated in those aqueous extracts collected from the Utah Valley while the steel mill was open. Similarly, inflammatory injury in the lower respiratory tract of humans after instillation of aqueous extracts of filter PM was increased in those volunteers exposed to particles collected while the mill was open. These results indicate that equal masses of PM can induce disparate lung injuries suggesting that particle components may be relevant in assessing health effects after their exposure. Specifically, metals can participate in the biological effects of PM collected from the Utah Valley. In addition, correlates between findings of epidemiological studies and the biological effects of PM in cell and human investigation were demonstrated. C1 US EPA, Human Sci Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Clin Res Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM ghio.andy@epa.gov NR 20 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0894-2684 J9 J AEROSOL MED JI J. Aerosol Med.-Depos. Clear. Eff. Lung PD SUM PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1089/0894268041457200 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Respiratory System SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Respiratory System GA 839TY UT WOS:000222809000007 PM 15294066 ER PT J AU Endres, M Biniszkiewicz, D Sobol, RW Harms, C Ahmadi, M Lipski, A Katchanov, J Mergenthaler, P Dirnagl, U Wilson, SH Meisel, A Jaenisch, R AF Endres, M Biniszkiewicz, D Sobol, RW Harms, C Ahmadi, M Lipski, A Katchanov, J Mergenthaler, P Dirnagl, U Wilson, SH Meisel, A Jaenisch, R TI Increased postischemic brain injury in mice deficient in uracil-DNA glycosylase SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID BASE-EXCISION-REPAIR; FOCAL CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA; RAT-BRAIN; MUTATOR PHENOTYPE; OXIDATIVE LESIONS; NITRIC-OXIDE; MITOCHONDRIA; CELLS; MUTATIONS; REPLICATION AB Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is involved in base excision repair of aberrant uracil residues in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Ung knockout mice generated by gene targeting are viable, fertile, and phenotypically normal and have regular mutation rates. However, when exposed to a nitric oxide donor, Ung(-/-) fibroblasts show an increase in the uracil/cytosine ratio in the genome and augmented cell death. After combined oxygen-glucose deprivation, Ung(-/-) primary cortical neurons have increased vulnerability to cell death, which is associated with early mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo, LING expression and activity are low in brains of naive WT mice but increase significantly after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Moreover, major increases in infarct size are observed in Ung(-/-) mice compared with littermate control mice. In conclusion, our results provide compelling evidence that LING is of major importance for tissue repair after brain ischemia. C1 Humboldt Univ, Charite, Dept Neurol, Berlin, Germany. MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Inst Canc, Hillman Canc Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Endres, M (reprint author), Charite Univ Med Berlin, Neurol Klin & Poliklin, Campus Mitte,Schumannstr 20-21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. EM matthias.endres@charite.de RI Sobol, Robert/E-4125-2013; OI Sobol, Robert/0000-0001-7385-3563; Meisel, Andreas/0000-0001-7233-5342; Harms, Christoph/0000-0002-2063-2860; Dirnagl, Ulrich/0000-0003-0755-6119 NR 37 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC PI ANN ARBOR PA 35 RESEARCH DR, STE 300, ANN ARBOR, MI 48103 USA SN 0021-9738 J9 J CLIN INVEST JI J. Clin. Invest. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 113 IS 12 BP 1711 EP 1721 DI 10.1172/JCI200420926 PG 11 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 829JV UT WOS:000222045300009 PM 15199406 ER PT J AU Simcox, AC Whittemore, RC AF Simcox, AC Whittemore, RC TI Environmental index for assessing spatial bias in watershed sampling networks SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE water quality; water sampling; error analysis; watersheds; streams; network design AB Bias in the design of stream-sampling networks can be a major cause of inaccurate characterization of ambient water quality. At the state level, sampling bias can impact a state's ability to produce an accurate assessment of the water quality of all state waters. At the federal level, this bias has hindered attempts by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to produce nationwide assessments of water quality. Three types of bias commonly occur in water-quality assessments: design, analytical, and statistical. This paper focuses on "design bias," especially spatial-design bias, in stream monitoring networks. A geographic information system method is described to develop an environmental index to help recognize spatial design bias, and to prioritize areas (subwatersheds) for sampling. The environmental index, which is developed using data that are generally available from federal and state agencies, provides a means of differentiating the component parts of a watershed, its subwatersheds, in terms of two sets of features: natural landscape features and anthropogenic features or "stressors." Together, these features largely determine the variability of the quantity and quality of water discharged from watersheds. Subwatersheds with higher environmental-index values are expected to have more variable water quality over the course of a year than subwatersheds with lower index values. They are also expected to exert a greater influence on basinwide water quality. These properties of the index make it useful for (1) identifying the possible presence of spatial bias in existing watershed-sampling networks, (2) making sampling design decisions, and (3) aggregating data from subwatersheds into basinwide measures of water quality. Development and use of the index is demonstrated in a watershed in southern New Hampshire. C1 US EPA, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Simcox, AC (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Congress St,Ste 1100 CWQ, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 2004 VL 130 IS 6 BP 622 EP 630 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:6(622) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 823JK UT WOS:000221607200007 ER PT J AU Cerco, CF Noel, MR Linker, L AF Cerco, CF Noel, MR Linker, L TI Managing for water clarity in Chesapeake Bay SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE Chesapeake Bay; light attenuation; suspended solids; water quality ID SECCHI DISK; DIFFUSE ATTENUATION; AQUATIC VEGETATION; ESTUARY; MODEL; RIVER; DISTRIBUTIONS; NUTRIENT; LIGHT; EUTROPHICATION AB Diminished clarity has been listed as a water quality impairment in Chesapeake Bay. The CE-QUAL-ICM eutrophication model has been revised and recalibrated to provide management guidance in alleviating impaired clarity. The algorithms used to model light attenuation and suspended solids are presented herein. Computed and observed total and volatile solids and light attenuation are examined in several formats. A solids budget constructed for the bay identifies major solids sources as internal production, bank erosion, and watershed loading. Sensitivity to loading sources and a key management scenario are examined. Major but feasible reductions in solids and nutrient loads, coupled with reductions in bank erosion, are calculated to meet clarity goals at the 1-m depth in the main bay and major eastern embayments. Careful examination of model results at small scales is required to verify large-scale findings, however. We recommend major improvements in monitoring, computation of light attenuation, and in sediment transport modeling to improve the state of the art in modeling and management of water clarity. C1 USA, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Environm Lab, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. RP Cerco, CF (reprint author), USA, Ctr Res Dev & Engn, Environm Lab, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. EM cercoc@wes.army.mil NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 2004 VL 130 IS 6 BP 631 EP 642 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:6(631) PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 823JK UT WOS:000221607200008 ER PT J AU Barnwell, TO Brown, LC Whittemore, RC AF Barnwell, TO Brown, LC Whittemore, RC TI Importance of field data in stream water quality modeling using QUAL2E-UNCAS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE water quality; streams; simulation models; field investigations; model verification; error analysis; Monte Carlo method ID DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; RIVER; UNCERTAINTY; CALIBRATION; SLOVENIA; SAVA AB The Stream Water Quality Model QUAL2E-UNCAS is widely used to simulate the dissolved oxygen of streams under steady flow conditions. It is the latest version of a series of water quality models that have a long history in systems analysis in water quality management, and has been applied to a number of streams and rivers around the world. This paper summarizes the conceptual representation of the computer model, briefly reviews a number of applications of the model that have been published in open literature, describes the included uncertainty analysis capability, and discusses the importance of field data in model predictions. Experience with the QUAL2E model has proven the importance of site-specific data to model predictions. An accurate representation of the properties of the system significantly contributes to simulation success. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Barnwell, TO (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res, 8723R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 12 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 2004 VL 130 IS 6 BP 643 EP 647 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:6(643) PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 823JK UT WOS:000221607200009 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE AF Jorgensen, EE TI Small mammal use of microhabitat reviewed SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE macrohabitat; microhabitat; microhabitat partitioning; small mammal; spatial scale ID DESERT RODENT COMMUNITIES; BIRD SPECIES-DIVERSITY; SAND DUNE HABITATS; WHITE-FOOTED MICE; 2 TEMPERATE-ZONE; HETEROMYID RODENTS; PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS; DIPODOMYS-MERRIAMI; RESOURCE UTILIZATION; POPULATION ECOLOGY AB Small mammal microhabitat research has greatly influenced vertebrate community ecologists. There exists a "microhabitat paradigm" that states that sympatry among small mammal species is enabled by differential use of microhabitat (i.e., microhabitat partitioning). However, several studies have failed to detect microhabitat partitioning, and research has consistently indicated that microhabitat phenomena do not explain larger spatial scale (i.e., macrohabitat) variation. Possible reasons for these difficult to reconcile observations are explored by reviewing and tabulating data from 70 studies. The meaning of the term microhabitat has changed subtly since 1969. This review demonstrates that the existing knowledge of small mammal microhabitat partitioning is highly concentrated among small-scale studies, conducted with modest intensity, that measure microhabitat at inappropriate spatial scales. This concentration of knowledge appears to be an insufficient foundation on which to accept microhabitat partitioning as a widely generalizable phenomenon. The observation that microhabitat phenomena do not explain larger spatial scale variation suggests the importance of underappreciated adaptive mechanisms that relate to the ability of species to coexist, use habitat, and ultimately persist. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM jorgensen.eric@epa.gov NR 93 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 6 U2 27 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 531 EP 539 DI 10.1644/BER-019 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 827JV UT WOS:000221896600023 ER PT J AU Vesper, SJ Varma, M Wymer, LJ Dearborn, DG Sobolewski, J Haugland, RA AF Vesper, SJ Varma, M Wymer, LJ Dearborn, DG Sobolewski, J Haugland, RA TI Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of fungi in dust from homes of infants who developed idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhaging SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI HEMOLYSIN; MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM; LUNGS; STACHYLYSIN; CLEVELAND; INDUCTION; INJURY AB Fungal concentrations were measured in the dust of 6 homes in Cleveland, Ohio, where an infant developed pulmonary hemorrhage (pulmonary hemorrhage homes [PHH]) and 26 reference homes (RH) with no known fungal contamination. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for 82 species (or assay groups) were used to identify and quantify fungal concentrations. The ratios of the geometric means of PHH to RH were >1 for 26 species (group I). However, the same ratios were <1 for 10 species (group II). Probit analysis of the sum of the logs of the concentrations of these 2 groups resulted in a 95% probability range for separating PHH from RH homes. The same 82 fungal species were also tested for hemolysin production on sheep's blood agar (incubated at 37&DEG;C). Hemolysins were more commonly produced by group I species (42%) compared with group II species (10%). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Swetland Ctr Environm Hlth, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Cuyahoga Cty Board Hlth, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,ML 314, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM vesper.stephen@epa.gov NR 25 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 46 IS 6 BP 596 EP 601 DI 10.1097/01.jom.0000128160.17144.6e PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 828ID UT WOS:000221966100014 PM 15213523 ER PT J AU Isaacs, KK Evans, MV Harris, TR AF Isaacs, KK Evans, MV Harris, TR TI Visualization-based analysis for a mixed-inhibition binary PBPK model: Determination of inhibition mechanism SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE PBPK models; sensitivity analysis; identifiability analysis; binary exposures; trichloroethylene; chloroform; mixtures ID GAS UPTAKE; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; RATS; CHLOROFORM; METABOLISM; HUMANS AB A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating mixed enzyme inhibition was used to determine the mechanism of metabolic interactions occurring during simultaneous exposures to the organic solvents chloroform and trichloroethylene (TCE). Visualization-based sensitivity and identifiability analyses of the model were performed to determine the conditions under which four inhibitory parameters describing inhibitor binding could be estimated. The sensitivity methods were used to reduce the 4-parameter estimation problem into two distinct 2-parameter problems. The inhibitory parameters were then estimated from multiple closed-chamber gas-uptake experiments using graphical methods. The estimated values of the four inhibitory parameters predicted that chloroform and TCE interact in a competitive manner. Based on the model analysis, we present recommendations for the design of experiments for determination of inhibition mechanism in binary chemical mixtures. We assert that a thorough analysis of the parameter-dependent sensitivity and identifiability characteristics can be used to plan efficient experimental protocols for the quantitative analysis of inhalation pharmacokinetics. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Isaacs, KK (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Stn B,Box 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM isaacs.kristin@epa.gov FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 01243] NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1567-567X J9 J PHARMACOKINET PHAR JI J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 3 BP 215 EP 242 DI 10.1023/B:JOPA.0000039565.11358.94 PG 28 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 849QD UT WOS:000223553700002 PM 15518245 ER PT J AU Cologne, JB Pawel, DJ Sharp, GB Fujiwara, S AF Cologne, JB Pawel, DJ Sharp, GB Fujiwara, S TI Uncertainty in estimating probability of causation in a cross-sectional study: joint effects of radiation and hepatitis-C virus on chronic liver disease SO JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; URANIUM MINERS; RELATIVE-RISK; UNITED-STATES; CANCER; MORTALITY; MODEL; INFECTIONS; PREVALENCE AB Exposure to other risk factors is an important consideration in assessing the role played by radiation in producing disease. A cross-sectional study of atomic-bomb survivors suggested an interaction between whole-body radiation exposure and chronic hepatitis-C viral (HCV) infection in the etiology of chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis), but did not allow determination of the joint-effect mechanism. Different estimates of probability of causation (POC) conditional on HCV status resulted from additive and multiplicative models. We therefore estimated the risk for radiation conditional on HCV status using a more general, mixture model that does not require choosing between additivity or multiplicativity, or deciding whether there is interaction, in the face of the large uncertainty. The results support the conclusion that POC increases with radiation dose in persons without HCV infection, but are inconclusive regarding individuals with HCV infection, the lower confidence bound on estimated POC for radiation with HCV infection being zero over the entire dose range. Although the mixture model may not reflect the true joint-effect mechanism, it avoids restrictive model assumptions that cannot be validated using the available data yet have a profound influence on estimated POC. These considerations apply more generally, given that the additive and multiplicative models are often used in POC related work. We therefore consider that an empirical approach may be preferable to assuming a specific mechanistic model for estimating POC in epidemiological studies where the joint-effect mechanism is in doubt. C1 Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Stat, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Epidemiol, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Clin Studies, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. RP Cologne, JB (reprint author), Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Dept Stat, Minami Ku, 5-2 Hijiyama Pk, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. EM cologne@rerf.or.jp OI Cologne, John/0000-0003-1540-6639 NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0952-4746 J9 J RADIOL PROT JI J. Radiol. Prot. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 131 EP 145 AR PII S0925-4746(04)77930 DI 10.1088/0925-4746/24/2/003 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 838LO UT WOS:000222715000004 PM 15296257 ER PT J AU Srivastava, RK Miller, CA Erickson, C Jambhekar, R AF Srivastava, RK Miller, CA Erickson, C Jambhekar, R TI Emissions of sulfur trioxide from coal-fired power plants SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURE-REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; SUPPORTED VANADIA CATALYSTS; OXIDATION; DIOXIDE; CONDENSATION; AEROSOLS; OPACITY; SO2; GAS AB Emissions of sulfur trioxide (SO,) are a key component of plume opacity and acid deposition. Consequently, these emissions need to be low enough to not cause opacity violations and acid deposition. Generally, a small fraction of sulfur (S) in coal is converted to SO3 in coal-fired combustion devices such as electric utility boilers. The emissions of SO3 from such a boiler depend on coal S content, combustion conditions, flue gas characteristics, and air pollution devices being used. It is well known that the catalyst used in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for nitrogen oxides control oxidizes a small fraction of sulfur dioxide in the flue gas to SO3, The extent of this oxidation depends on the catalyst formulation and SCR operating conditions. Gas-phase SO3 and sulfuric acid, on being quenched in plant equipment (e.g., air preheater and wet scrubber), result in fine acidic mist, which can cause increased plume opacity and undesirable emissions. Recently, such effects have been observed at plants firing high-S coal and equipped with SCR systems and wet scrubbers. This paper investigates the factors that affect acidic mist production in coal-fired electric utility boilers and discusses approaches for mitigating emission of this mist. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Babcock Borsig Power Inc, Worcester, MA USA. RP US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM srivastava.ravi@epa.gov RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 47 TC 79 Z9 88 U1 9 U2 39 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1096-2247 EI 2162-2906 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 54 IS 6 BP 750 EP 762 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 828NO UT WOS:000221980200009 PM 15242154 ER PT J AU Atwood, DW Meisch, MV AF Atwood, DW Meisch, MV TI Distribution and seasonal abundance of Cnephia pecuarum (Diptera : Simuliidae) in Arkansas SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Cnephia pecuarum; southern buffalo gnat; distribution; abundance; Arkansas; Simuliidae; black flies AB Studies were conducted during 1990-92 to determine the distribution and abundance of the southern buffalo gnat (Cnephia pecuarum) in Arkansas. Field collection of adults near streams throughout Arkansas demonstrated adult occurrence in 24 counties. Abundance studies were conducted by using tent traps baited with dry ice in 3 counties in southeastern Arkansas. In 1990, studies were conducted in Bayou Meto (Ashley County); Seven Devils Swamp (Drew County); and Crocketts Bluff, Bayou Meto, and Little LaGrue Bayou (Arkansas County). During 1991 and 1992, abundance studies were limited to Arkansas County. Results and previous field observations suggest 3 distinct populations in Arkansas (southwestern, southeastern, and central). Seasonal occurrence extended from December to April but varied by location and year. Abundance studies indicated variation in both seasonal occurrence and adult density by year and trap location. Although investigations during 1990-91 showed similar seasonal occurrence trends (peaking in early March), higher adult densities were noted during 1990. In contrast, peak adult density during 1992 occurred in late January. Greatest adult density during the course of these investigations was 7,160 gnats/24 h during 1990 at Crocketts Bluff (Arkansas County). Results suggest that additional studies are warranted to determine the impact of environmental and river factors on seasonal occurrence and abundance of this pest. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biol & Econ Anal Div, Herbicide & Insecticide Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Atwood, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biol & Econ Anal Div, Herbicide & Insecticide Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI EATONTOWN PA P O BOX 234, EATONTOWN, NJ 07724-0234 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 125 EP 129 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 830KF UT WOS:000222120200006 PM 15264619 ER PT J AU Detenbeck, NE Elonen, CM Taylor, DL Anderson, LE Jicha, TM Batterman, SL AF Detenbeck, NE Elonen, CM Taylor, DL Anderson, LE Jicha, TM Batterman, SL TI Region, landscape, and scale effects on Lake Superior tributary water quality SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE watershed management; classification; Lake Superior; tributaries; water quality ID PRECAMBRIAN SHIELD; CLASSIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; STREAMS; PHYTOPLANKTON; CHEMISTRY; PATTERNS; WETLANDS; CATCHMENTS AB In 1998 and 1999, third-order watersheds in high mature forest (HMF) and low mature forest (LMF) classes were selected along gradients of watershed storage within each of two hydrogeomorphic regions in the Lake Superior Basin to evaluate threshold effects of storage on hydrologic regimes and watershed exports. Differences were detected between regions (North and South Shore) for particulates, nutrients, and pH, with all but silica values higher for South Shore streams (p < 0.05). Mature forest effects were detected for turbidity, nutrients, color, and alkalinity, with higher values in the LMF watersheds, that is, watersheds with less that 50 percent mature forest cover. Dissolved N, ammonium, N:P, organic carbon, and color increased, while suspended solids, turbidity, and dissolved P decreased as a function of storage. Few two-way interactions were detected between region and mature forest or watershed storage, thus threshold based classification schemes could be used to extrapolate effects across regions. Both regional differences in water quality and those associated with watershed attributes were more common for third-order streams in the western Lake Superior drainage basin as compared with second-order streams examined in an earlier study. Use of ecoregions alone as a basis for setting regional water quality criteria would have led to misinterpretation of reference condition and assessment of impacts in the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Detenbeck, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM detenbeek.naomi@epa.gov NR 48 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 40 IS 3 BP 705 EP 720 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb04454.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 835LL UT WOS:000222484600012 ER PT J AU Fairbrother, A Smits, J Grasman, KA AF Fairbrother, A Smits, J Grasman, KA TI Avian immunotoxicology SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID SWALLOWS HIRUNDO RUSTICA; GULLS LARUS-ARGENTATUS; CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; SPRAYED APPLE ORCHARDS; NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS; TERNS STERNA-CASPIA; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; BARN SWALLOWS; JAPANESE-QUAIL; RISK-ASSESSMENT AB Methods for studying the avian immune system have matured during the past two decades, with laboratory studies predominating in earlier years and field studies being conducted only in the past decade. One application has been to determine the potential for environmental contaminants to produce immune suppression, while another research direction is looking at the evolutionary significance of a robust immune system, and the relationship between immune competence and fitness parameters. Laboratory studies of immunosuppression following exposure of birds to environmental contaminants have adapted conventional mammalian methods to the avian immune system, and both lines of research have developed field-deployable measures of immune function. This review describes the avian immune system with emphasis on how it differs from the better known mammalian system, reviews the literature on contaminant-induced immunosuppression, and discusses the work on evolutionary biology of avian immunocompetence. Evidence indicates that the field of avian immunology is technically robust, even for nontraditional species such as passerines, seabirds, raptors, and other free-ranging species. It is now possible to screen chemicals for immunotoxicological properties following the same tiered approach that has been established for mammals. Despite the increased capacity and interest in avian field studies, there has not yet been a reported study of measured immune suppression associated with an avian epizootic. It is more likely that the immune suppression in adult birds resulting from low-level chronic stress ( e. g., crowding onto poor quality habitat, food reductions, or climate stress) and ( or) environmental contaminants causes slow but consistent morbidity and mortality associated with multiple pathogens, rather than an acute epizootic with a single pathogen. Increased fitness costs associated with such stress may significantly alter genetic diversity and species survival over time. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Saskatoon, Dept Vet Pathol, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Wright State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Fairbrother, A (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM fairbrother.anne@epa.gov RI Smits, Judit/E-8225-2012 NR 178 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 4 U2 27 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 7 IS 2 BP 105 EP 137 DI 10.1080/10937400490258873 PG 33 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 771NJ UT WOS:000188792100002 PM 14769546 ER PT J AU Tunnell, SJ Engle, DM Jorgensen, EE AF Tunnell, SJ Engle, DM Jorgensen, EE TI Old-field grassland successional dynamics following cessation of chronic disturbance SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Festuca arundinacea; heavy grazing; redundancy analysis (RDA); species richness ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; TALL-FESCUE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SPECIES RICHNESS; PLANT LITTER; ENDOPHYTE; GRASSES; ARUNDINACEA; VEGETATION; MANAGEMENT AB Question: Does increasing Festuca canopy cover reduce plant species richness and, therefore, alter plant community composition and the relationship of litter to species richness in old-field grassland? Location: Southeastern Oklahoma, USA. Methods: Canopy cover by species, species richness, and litter mass were collected within an old-field grassland site on 16, 40 in x 40 in plots. Our study was conducted during the first three years of a long-term study that investigated the effects of low-level nitrogen enrichment and small mammal herbivory manipulations. Results: Succession was altered by an increase in abundance of Festuca over the 3-yr study period. Species richness did not decline with litter accumulation. Instead, Festuca increased most on species-poor plots, and Festuca abundance remained low on species-rich plots. Conclusions: Festuca may act as an invasive transformer-species in warm-season dominated old-field grasslands, a phenomenon associated more with invasions of cool-season grasses at higher latitudes in North America. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Tunnell, SJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, POB 830915, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM stunnell2@unl.edu; dme@mail.pss.okstate.edu; jorgensen.eric@epa.gov NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI GRANGARDE PA GAMLA VAGEN 40, S-770 13 GRANGARDE, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 15 IS 3 BP 431 EP 436 DI 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02281.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 824RZ UT WOS:000221705200017 ER PT J AU Wright, H AF Wright, H TI The naked pioneer girl. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, AWBERC Lib, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wright, H (reprint author), US EPA, AWBERC Lib, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 129 IS 10 BP 122 EP 122 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 826GL UT WOS:000221817200083 ER PT J AU Hermoso, MA Matsuguchi, T Smoak, K Cidlowski, JA AF Hermoso, MA Matsuguchi, T Smoak, K Cidlowski, JA TI Glucocorticoids and tumor necrosis factor alpha cooperatively regulate Toll-like receptor 2 gene expression SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR-2; NF-KAPPA-B; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; MAPK PHOSPHATASE-1; IMMUNE CELLS; DNA-BINDING; CROSS-TALK; TRANSCRIPTION; STAT5; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AB Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and glucocorticoids are widely recognized as mutually antagonistic regulators of adaptive immunity and inflammation. Surprisingly, we show here that they cooperatively regulate components of innate immunity. The Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene encodes a transmembrane receptor critical for triggering innate immunity. Although TLR2 mRNA and protein are induced by inflammatory molecules such as TNF-alpha, we show that TLR2 is also induced by the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids in cells where they also regulate MKP-1 mRNA and protein levels. TNF-alpha and glucocorticoids cooperate to regulate the TLR2 promoter, through the involvement of a 3' NF-kappaB site, a STAT-binding element, and a 3' glucocorticoid response element (GRE). Molecular studies show that the IkappaBalpha superrepressor or a STAT dominant negative element prevented TNF-alpha and dexamethasone stimulation of TLR2 promoter. Similarly, an AF-1 deletion mutant of glucocorticoid receptor or ablation of a putative GRE notably reduced the cooperative regulation of TLR2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrate that all three transcription factors interact with both endogenous and transfected TLR2 promoters after stimulation by TNF-alpha and dexamethasone. Together, these studies define novel signaling mechanism for these three transcription factors, with a profound impact on discrimination of innate and adaptive immune responses. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Signal Transduct, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Kagoshima Univ, Grad Sch Med & Dent Sci, Div Biochem & Mol, Kagoshima 890, Japan. Kagoshima Univ, Grad Sch Med & Dent Sect, Kagoshima, Japan. RP Cidlowski, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Signal Transduct, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM cidlowski@niehs.nih.gov NR 38 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0270-7306 J9 MOL CELL BIOL JI Mol. Cell. Biol. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 24 IS 11 BP 4743 EP 4756 DI 10.1128/MCB.24.11.4743-4756.2004 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 822JX UT WOS:000221536600013 PM 15143169 ER PT J AU Mcmillan, AM Bagley, MJ Evers, DC AF Mcmillan, AM Bagley, MJ Evers, DC TI Characterization of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Common Loon (Gavia immer) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE aves; gaviidae; loons; microsatellite; PCR; primer AB We describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and conditions to amplify seven microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the Common Loon (Gavia immer). The PCR primers were tested on 83 individuals from 10 locations in North America, including breeding, migration stopover, and wintering areas. Between two and seven alleles were observed to segregate at the seven microsatellite loci, with observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.048 to 0.695. C1 SUNY Coll Buffalo, Biol Dept, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. BioDivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. RP Mcmillan, AM (reprint author), SUNY Coll Buffalo, Biol Dept, 1300 Elmwood Ave, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA. EM mcmillam@buffalostate.edu RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD JUN PY 2004 VL 4 IS 2 BP 297 EP 299 DI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00649.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 823TN UT WOS:000221636200050 ER PT J AU O'Shaughnessy, D Boyes, W AF O'Shaughnessy, D Boyes, W TI Testing for developmental neurotoxicity: Session VII-A summary and research needs SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 D OShaughnessy Consulting Inc, Sparta, NJ 07871 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP O'Shaughnessy, D (reprint author), D OShaughnessy Consulting Inc, 21 Birch Pkwy, Sparta, NJ 07871 USA. EM doconslt@earthlink.net NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 511 EP 514 DI 10.1016/j.neuro.2003.09.010 PG 4 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900005 PM 15183004 ER PT J AU Wolff, MS Berkowitz, GS Wetmur, J Matte, T Landrigan, PJ AF Wolff, MS Berkowitz, GS Wetmur, J Matte, T Landrigan, PJ TI Gene environment influences on neurologic and somatic development. SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 US EPA, NIEHS, Childrens Environm Hlth & Dis Prevent Res Ctr, Mt Sinai Sch Med,Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY USA. US EPA, NIEHS, Childrens Environm Hlth & Dis Prevent Res Ctr, Mt Sinai Sch Med,Dept Pediat, New York, NY USA. US EPA, NIEHS, Childrens Environm Hlth & Dis Prevent Res Ctr, Mt Sinai Sch Med,Dept Microbiol, New York, NY USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 667 EP 667 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900025 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR AF Mahaffey, KR TI Biomarkers of mercury exposure: Differences between children and adult women in the distribution of blood and hair mercury concentrations among the 1999/2000 NHANES examinees. SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 677 EP 678 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900053 ER PT J AU Suk, WA AF Suk, WA TI Global environmental threats to children's health: Research needs and future directions. SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Ctr Risk & Integrated Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 687 EP 687 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900077 ER PT J AU Sonawane, B Ginsberg, G Neafsey, P Hattis, D AF Sonawane, B Ginsberg, G Neafsey, P Hattis, D TI Population di stribution and implications of paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphism for risk assessment. SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Clark Univ, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 689 EP 689 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900081 ER PT J AU Basha, R Zawia, NH Kodavanti, PRS AF Basha, R Zawia, NH Kodavanti, PRS TI Changes in nuclear transcription factors in rat hippocampus and cerebellum following developmental exposure to a commercial PCB mixture. SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biomed Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Div Neurotoxicol,Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 696 EP 697 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900100 ER PT J AU Moser, VC AF Moser, VC TI Long-term neurotoxicological and immunotoxicological consequences of developmental heptachlor exposure in rats. SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 701 EP 701 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900112 ER PT J AU Alexander, D Scheidt, P Selevan, SG AF Alexander, D Scheidt, P Selevan, SG TI The National Children's Study 2 (NCS). SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 NICHHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NICHHD, NIH, HHS, Program Off,Natl Childrens Study, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 706 EP 707 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900125 ER PT J AU Sonawane, B Ginsberg, G Somolensi, S Neafsey, P Hattis, D Walker, K AF Sonawane, B Ginsberg, G Somolensi, S Neafsey, P Hattis, D Walker, K TI Genetic polymorphism database: Analysis of the influence of polymorphism on interindividual variability in metabolism of xenobiotics. SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY NOV 18-21, 2002 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Clark Univ, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 713 EP 714 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 830KW UT WOS:000222121900142 ER PT J AU Barbehenn, RV Karowe, DN Spickard, A AF Barbehenn, RV Karowe, DN Spickard, A TI Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the nutritional ecology of C-3 and C-4 grass-feeding caterpillars SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Poaceae; nutrients; global change; herbivore ID INSECT HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; BUNDLE SHEATH-CELLS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES; HOST PLANTS; INTERSPECIFIC VARIATION; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; GROWTH-RESPONSE; LEPIDOPTERA; LARVAE AB It is plausible that the nutritional quality of C-3 plants will decline more under elevated atmospheric CO2 than will the nutritional quality of C-4 plants, causing herbivorous insects to increase their feeding on C-3 plants relative to C-4 plants. We tested this hypothesis with a C-3 and C-4 grass and two caterpillar species with different diet breadths. Lolium multiflorum (C-3) and Bouteloua curtipendula (C-4) were grown in outdoor open top chambers at ambient (370 ppm) or elevated (740 ppm) CO2. Bioassays compared the performance and digestive efficiencies of Pseudaletia unipuncta (a grass-specialist noctuid) and Spodoptera frugiperda (a generalist noctuid). As expected, the nutritional quality of L. multiflorum changed to a greater extent than did that of B. curtipendula when grown in elevated CO2; levels of protein (considered growth limiting) declined in the C-3 grass, while levels of carbohydrates (sugar, starch and fructan) increased. However, neither insect species increased its feeding rate on the C-3 grass to compensate for its lower nutritional quality when grown in an elevated CO2 atmosphere. Consumption rates of P. unipuncta and S. frugiperda were higher on the C-3 grass than the C-4 grass, the opposite of the result expected for a compensatory response to the lower nutritional quality of the C-4 grass. Although our results do not support the hypothesis that grass-specialist insects compensate for lower nutritional quality by increasing their consumption rates more than do generalist insects, the performance of the specialist was greater than that of the generalist on each grass species and at both CO2 levels. Mechanisms other than compensatory feeding, such as increased nutrient assimilation efficiency, appear to determine the relative performance of these herbivores. Our results also provide further evidence against the hypothesis that C-4 grasses would be avoided by insect herbivores because a large fraction of their nutrients is unavailable to herbivores. Instead, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that C-4 grasses are poorer host plants primarily because of their lower nutrient levels, higher fiber levels, and greater toughness. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. US EPA, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Barbehenn, RV (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM rvb@umich.edu NR 82 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 27 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUN PY 2004 VL 140 IS 1 BP 86 EP 95 DI 10.1007/s00442-004-1572-9 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 826SZ UT WOS:000221850300010 PM 15118901 ER PT J AU Coleman, FM AF Coleman, FM TI The political landscape: Constellations of authority in early complex polities. SO ORGANIZATION & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM fcoleman@pcrs.net NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1086-0266 EI 1552-7417 J9 ORGAN ENVIRON JI Organ. Environ. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 BP 275 EP 277 DI 10.1177/1086026604172012 PG 3 WC Environmental Studies; Management SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 821JP UT WOS:000221456600012 ER PT J AU Chen, H Schneider, BA Thompson, DC Kunkel, DL Baron, JJ Holm, RE AF Chen, H. Schneider, B. A. Thompson, D. C. Kunkel, D. L. Baron, J. J. Holm, R. E. TI US crop grouping and international harmonization SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Chen, H.; Thompson, D. C.; Kunkel, D. L.; Baron, J. J.; Holm, R. E.] Rutgers State Univ, IR4 Project, N Brunswick, NJ USA. [Schneider, B. A.] US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 6 SU S BP S17 EP S17 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V44HJ UT WOS:000202993500110 ER PT J AU Teeguarden, JG Barton, HA AF Teeguarden, JG Barton, HA TI Computational modeling of serum-binding proteins and clearance in extrapolations across life stages and species for endocrine active compounds SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE bisphenol A; endocrine disruption; estradiol; genistein octylphenol; PBPK model; risk assessment; serum protein binding; SHBG ID RAT ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-BETA; XENOESTROGENS BISPHENOL-A; BREAST-CANCER CELLS; FREE FATTY-ACIDS; IN-VITRO; STEROID-HORMONES; HUMAN-PLASMA; DISPLACEMENT INTERACTIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AB One measure of the potency of compounds that lead to the effects through ligand-dependent gene transcription is the relative affinity for the critical receptor. Endocrine active compounds that are presumed to act principally through binding to the estrogen receptor (e.g., estradiol, genistein, bisphenol A, and octylphenol) comprise one class of such compounds. For making simple comparisons, receptor-binding affinity has been equated to in vivo potency, which consequently defines the dose-response characteristics for the compound. Direct extrapolation of in vitro estimated affinities to the corresponding in vivo system and to specific species or life stages (e.g., neonatal, pregnancy) can be misleading. Accurate comparison of the potency of endocrine active compounds requires characterization of biochemical and pharmacokinetic factors that affect their free concentration. Quantitative in vitro and in vivo models were developed for integrating pharmacokinetics factors (e.g., serum protein and receptor-binding affinities, clearance) that affect potency. Data for parameterizing these models for several estrogenic compounds were evaluated and the models exercised. While simulations of adult human or rat sera were generally successful, difficulties in describing early life stages were identified. Exogenous compounds were predicted to be largely ineffective at competing estradiol off serum-binding proteins, suggesting this was unlikely to be physiologically significant. Discrepancies were identified between relative potencies based upon modeling in vitro receptor-binding activity versus in vivo activity in the presence of clearance and serum-binding proteins. The examples illustrate the utility of this approach for integrating available experimental data from in vitro and in vivo studies to estimate the relative potency of these compounds. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ENVIRON Hlth Sci Ins, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. RP Barton, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, B143-05,109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X NR 76 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 24 IS 3 BP 751 EP 770 DI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00473.x PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 834UL UT WOS:000222436300019 PM 15209943 ER PT J AU Bradford, DF Jaeger, JR Jennings, RD AF Bradford, DF Jaeger, JR Jennings, RD TI Population status and distribution of a decimated amphibian, the relict leopard frog (Rana onca) SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION; NEVADA AB The relict leopard frog (Rana onca) was once thought to be extinct, but has recently been shown to comprise a valid taxon with 'extant populations. We delineate the minimum historical range of the species based on records from 24 localities, report the extinction of 2 of 7 populations extant in the 1990s, and estimate total population size. The 5 remaining Populations Occurred in 2 areas: near the Overton Arm of Lake Mead and in Black Canyon along the Colorado River below Lake Mead, Nevada. These 2 areas are only 3.6 and 5.1 km long, respectively. The 5 extant populations inhabited spring systems with largely unaltered hydrology and no introduced American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) or game fishes. In a mark-recapture study conducted in the Overton Arm area, the estimated number of adult frogs averaged 36 over 555 m of stream habitat, and estimated annual survivorship of adults averaged 0.27. A single mark-recapture estimate for the size of the largest population within Black Canyon, at a site approximately 450 m in length, was 637 adult frogs. An estimate for the total number of frogs at all sites, based on mark-recapture data, Visual encounter surveys, and extent of habitat, was approximately 1,100 adults (range 6931,833). The 2 recent population extinctions occurred concomitantly with encroachment of emergent vegetation into pools. We speculate that this occurred as a result of natural processes in one case, and anthropogenic processes in the other. C1 US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Western New Mexico Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Silver City, NM 88062 USA. RP Bradford, DF (reprint author), US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM Bradford.David@epa.gov NR 17 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 49 IS 2 BP 218 EP 228 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0218:PSADOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 830UI UT WOS:000222148800006 ER PT J AU Yue, S Wang, CY AF Yue, S Wang, CY TI The Mann-Kendall test modified by effective sample size to detect trend in serially correlated hydrological series SO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE effective sample size; Mann-Kendall test; serial correlation; statistical hydrology; trend analysis ID QUALITY TIME-SERIES; WATER-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; RIVERS; LAKE AB The non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical test has been popularly used to assess the significance of trend in hydrological time series. The test requires sample data to be serially independent. When sample data are serially correlated, the presence of serial correlation in time series will affect the ability of the test to correctly assess the significance of trend. To eliminate the effect of serial correlation on the MK test, effective sample size (ESS) has been proposed to modify the MK statistic. This study investigates the ability of ESS to eliminate the influence of serial correlation on the MK test by Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation demonstrates that when no trend exists within time series, ESS can effectively limit the effect of serial correlation on the MK test. When trend exists within time series, the existence of trend will contaminate the estimate of the magnitude of sample serial correlation, and ESS computed from the contaminated serial correlation cannot properly eliminate the effect of serial correlation on the MK test. However, if ESS is computed from the sample serial correlation that is estimated from the detrended series, ESS can still effectively reduce the influence of serial correlation on the MK test. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. China Dev Bank, Water Resources & hydropower Sect, Eval Dept 1, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. RP Yue, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM yue.sheng@epa.gov NR 35 TC 192 Z9 204 U1 4 U2 56 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-4741 J9 WATER RESOUR MANAG JI Water Resour. Manag. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 18 IS 3 BP 201 EP 218 DI 10.1023/B:WARM.0000043140.61082.60 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 857PG UT WOS:000224130200002 ER PT J AU Gilman, P AF Gilman, P TI New EPA focus on sustainability SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Washington, DC USA. RP Gilman, P (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Mail Code 8101R, Washington, DC USA. EM Hecht.Alan@EPA.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 28 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 5675 BP 1243 EP + PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 824EV UT WOS:000221669600018 PM 15166347 ER PT J AU Kim, KJ Smith, RL AF Kim, KJ Smith, RL TI Parallel multiobjective evolutionary algorithms for waste solvent recycling SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GENETIC ALGORITHM; DESIGN; OPTIMIZATION AB Waste solvents are of great concern to the chemical process industries and to the public, and many technologies have been suggested and implemented in the chemical process industries to reduce waste and associated environmental impacts. As reported in this article, we have developed a novel parallel multiobjective steady-state genetic algorithm (pMSGA) for designing environmentally benign and economically viable processes for waste solvent recycling. This pMSGA can efficiently solve this complex multiobjective design problem and provide accurate and uniform Pareto-optimal (i.e., tradeoff) solutions. In addition, it can approximate a wider range of the Pareto front than other multiobjective genetic algorithms. As a case study, acetic acid recovery from aqueous waste mixtures is investigated under simultaneous maximization of the total profit and minimization of the potential environmental impacts (PEIs). At low acetic acid feed contents (X-F = 0.25), many of the Pareto-optimal solutions are economically infeasible and also provided minimal PEI reduction. However, at medium and high feed contents (XF 0.30 and 0.35), the total profit is very large, and the PEI reduction is significant as well. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Kim, KJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM kim.ki-joo@epa.gov NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD MAY 26 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 11 BP 2669 EP 2679 DI 10.1021/ie0343162 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 823CA UT WOS:000221586100009 ER PT J AU Yang, XF Wang, MW Varma, RS Li, CJ AF Yang, XF Wang, MW Varma, RS Li, CJ TI Ruthenium-catalyzed tandem olefin migration - aldol- and Mannich-type reactions in ionic liquid SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS A-CHEMICAL LA English DT Article DE aldol- and Mannich-type reactions; ionic liquid; ruthenium catalyst; catalyst recycling ID AQUEOUS-MEDIA; LEWIS-ACID; ALLYLATION REACTIONS; ORGANIC-REACTIONS; MUKAIYAMA ALDOL; BOND FORMATION; ENOL ETHERS; WATER; ALDEHYDES; COMPLEXES AB In the presence of a catalytic amount of RuCl(PPh3)(3), a cross-coupling of 3-buten-2-ol (2) with aldehydes and imines was developed via a tandem olefin migration-aldol-Mannich reaction in bmim[PF6]. With In(OAc)(3) as co-catalyst, alpha-vinylbenzyl alcohol (4) and aldehydes underwent similar coupling reactions. Compared with aqueous and other organic solvents, complementary diastereoselectivity was observed with ionic liquid as the solvent. The ionic liquid/catalyst system could be reused at least five times without loss of activity. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tulane Univ, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. US EPA, Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Chem, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. RP Li, CJ (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Dept Chem, 6400 Freret St, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. EM cjli@tulane.edu NR 56 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1381-1169 J9 J MOL CATAL A-CHEM JI J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem. PD MAY 18 PY 2004 VL 214 IS 1 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1016/j.molcata.2003.12.031 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 812AO UT WOS:000220812600021 ER PT J AU Offenberg, JH Naumova, YY Turpin, BJ Eisenreich, SJ Morandi, MT Stock, T Colome, SD Winer, AM Spektor, DM Zhang, J Weisel, CP AF Offenberg, JH Naumova, YY Turpin, BJ Eisenreich, SJ Morandi, MT Stock, T Colome, SD Winer, AM Spektor, DM Zhang, J Weisel, CP TI Chlordanes in the indoor and outdoor air of three US cities SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE POLLUTANTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RESOLUTION GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; MARINE FOOD-CHAINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TEMPORAL TRENDS; GREAT-LAKES; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; TECHNICAL CHLORDANE AB Indoor and outdoor concentrations of six chlordane components (trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, oxychlordane, and MC5) were measured at 157 residences, all of which were inhabited by nonsmoking individuals, in three urban areas during June 1999-May 2000. The analyses were conducted on a subset of 48 h integrated samples collected in Los Angeles County, CA, Houston, TX, and Elizabeth, NJ within the Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA) study. Both particle-bound (PM2.5; quartz fiber filter) and vapor-phase (PUF sorbant) chlordane concentrations were separately measured by GC/EI MS after solvent extraction. The outdoor (gas + particle) total chlordane (trans-chlordane + cis-chlordane + trans-nonachlor + cis-nonachlor) concentrations ranged from 0.036 to 4.27 ng m(-3) in Los Angeles County, from 0.008 to 11.00 ng m(-3) in Elizabeth, and from 0.062 to 1.77 ng m(-3) in Houston. The corresponding indoor total chlordane concentrations ranged from 0.037 to 112.0 ng m(-3) in Los Angeles County, from 0.260 to 31.80 ng m(-3) in Elizabeth, and from 0.410 to 38.90 ng m(-3) in Houston study homes. Geometric mean concentrations were higher in indoor air than outdoor air (1.98 vs 0.58 ng m(-3) in CA; 1.30 vs 0.17 ng m(-3) in NJ; 4.18 vs 0.28 ng m(-3) in TX), which suggests there are significant indoor sources of chlordane species in a subset of homes in each of the three cities. Calculated source strengths relate to home age, with the highest apparent indoor source strengths occurring in unattached single-family homes; built during the period from 1945 to 1959. Principle indoor sources of chlordanes likely include volatilization from residues of indoor application of chlordanes and infiltration from subsurface and foundation application of chlordane-containing termiticides during home construction. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX 77225 USA. Integrated Environm Sci, Irvine, CA 92612 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Offenberg, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD E205-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM offenberg.john@epa.gov RI Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Offenberg, John/C-3787-2009 OI Offenberg, John/0000-0002-0213-4024 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05022] NR 73 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 10 BP 2760 EP 2768 DI 10.1021/es035404g PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821ZS UT WOS:000221502800012 PM 15212248 ER PT J AU Liu, XY Mason, M Krebs, K Sparks, L AF Liu, XY Mason, M Krebs, K Sparks, L TI Full-scale chamber investigation and simulation of air freshener emissions in the presence of ozone SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; GAS-PHASE KINETICS; INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS; AEROSOL FORMATION; ALPHA-PINENE; POLLUTANTS; CHEMISTRY; RADICALS; EXPOSURE; OZONOLYSIS AB Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from one electrical plug-in type of pine-scented air freshener and their reactions with O-3 were investigated in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency indoor air research large chamber facility. Ozone was generated from a device marketed as an ozone generator air cleaner. Ozone and oxides of nitrogen concentrations and chamber conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and air exchange rate were controlled and/or monitored. VOC emissions and some of the reaction products were identified and quantified. Source emission models were developed to predict the time/concentration profiles of the major VOCs (limonene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, camphene, benzyl propionate, benzyl alcohol, bornyl acetate, isobornyl acetate, and benzaldehyde) emitted by the air freshener. Gas-phase reactions of VOCs from the air freshener with O-3 were simulated by a photochemical kinetics simulation system using VOC reaction mechanisms and rate constants adopted from the literature. The concentration-time predictions were in good agreement with the data for O-3 and VOCs emitted from the air freshener and with some of the primary reaction products. Systematic differences between the predictions and the experimental results were found for some species. Poor understanding of secondary reactions and heterogeneous chemistry in the chamber is the likely cause of these differences. The method has the potential to provide data to predict the impact of O-3/VOC interactions on indoor air quality. C1 ARCADIS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mason, M (reprint author), ARCADIS, POB 13109, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27713 USA. EM xliu@arcadis-us.com; mason.mark@epa.gov NR 49 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 10 BP 2802 EP 2812 DI 10.1021/es030544b PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821ZS UT WOS:000221502800017 PM 15212253 ER PT J AU Scheckel, KG Impellitteri, CA Ryan, JA AF Scheckel, KG Impellitteri, CA Ryan, JA TI Lead sorption on ruthenium oxide: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; BOND-VALENCE DETERMINATION; SURFACE FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS; GOETHITE ALPHA-FEOOH; PB(II) SORPTION; HEAVY-METALS; WATER INTERFACES; ACTIVATED CARBON; ORGANIC-MATTER; FE-OXIDE AB The sorption and desorption of Pb on RuO(2)(.)xH(2)O were examined kinetically and thermodynamically via spectroscopic and macroscopic investigations. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to determine the sorption mechanism with regard to identity and interaction of nearest atomic neighbors, bond distances (R), and coordination numbers (N). The kinetics of the Pb-Ru-oxide sorption reaction are rapid with the equilibrium loading of Pb on the surface achieving approximately 1:1 wt/wt (129 mumol m(-2)). XAS data indicate that Pb adsorbed as bidentate innersphere complexes with first shell Pb-O parameters of RPb-O = 2.27 Angstrom and NPb-O = 2.1-2.5. Pb-Ru interatomic associations suggest two distinct bidentate surface coordinations of Pb to edges (RPb-Rul similar to3.38Angstrom, NPb-Rul similar to1.0) and shared corners (RPb-Rull similar to4.19 Angstrom, NPb-Rull similar to0.8) on RuO2 octahedra (cassiterite-like structure), and an additional second neighbor backscattering of Pb indicates the formation of Pb-Pb dimers (RPb-Pb similar to3.89 Angstrom, NPb-Pb similar to0.9). Desorption studies a function of aging time (1 h to 1 year) using a continuous stirred-flow reactor with a background electrolyte (0.01 M NaNO3, pH 6) demonstrated that Pb was tightly bound (99.7-99.9% retained). The Pb sorption Capacity and retention on RuO2-xH(2)O is greater than that of other metal oxides examined in the literature. The results of this study imply that RuO(2)(.)xH(2)O may serve as a high capacity remediation treatment media. C1 US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, LRPCD,WMB, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Scheckel, KG (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, LRPCD,WMB, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. EM Scheckel.Kirk@epa.gov RI Scheckel, Kirk/C-3082-2009 OI Scheckel, Kirk/0000-0001-9326-9241 NR 77 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 10 BP 2836 EP 2842 DI 10.1021/es035212l PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821ZS UT WOS:000221502800021 PM 15212257 ER PT J AU Gallagher, PA Schwegel, CA Parks, A Gamble, BM Wymer, L Creed, JT AF Gallagher, PA Schwegel, CA Parks, A Gamble, BM Wymer, L Creed, JT TI Preservation of As(III) and As(V) in drinking water supply samples from across the United States using EDTA and acetic acid as a means of minimizing iron-arsenic coprecipitation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-WATERS; ICP-MS; GROUNDWATER; SEPARATION; SPECIATION; ADSORPTION; HYDROXIDE AB Seven different treatment/storage conditions were investigated for the preservation of the native As(III)/As(V) found in 10 drinking water supplies from across the United States. These 10 waters were chosen because they have different As(III)/As(V) distributions; six of these waters contained enough iron to produce an iron precipitate during shipment. The waters were treated and stored under specific conditions and analyzed periodically over a span of approximately 75 days. Linear least squares (LLS) was used to estimate the change in As(III) and As(V) over the study period. Point estimates for the first and last analyses days and 95% confidence bounds were calculated from the LLS. The difference in the point estimates for the first and last day were then evaluated with respect to drinking water treatment decision making. Three primary treatments were evaluated: EDTA/AcOH treatment and AcOH treatment as well as no treatment. The effect of temperature was explored for all treatments, while the effect of aeration was evaluated for only the EDTA/AcOH treated samples. The nontreated samples experienced a 0-40% reduction in the native arsenic concentration due to the formation of Fe/As precipitates. The Fe/As precipitates were resolubilized and shown to contain elevated concentrations of As(V) relative to the native distribution. Once this Fe/As precipitate was removed from solution using a 0.45 and 0.2 mum filter, the resulting arsenic concentration (As(III) + As(V)) was relatively constant (the largest LLS slope was -1.4 x 10(-2) (ng As g water(-1)) day(-1)). The AcOH treatment eliminated the formation of the Fe/As precipitate observed in the nontreated samples. However, two of the AcOH water samples produced analytically significant changes in the As(Ill) concentration. The LLS slopes for these two waters were -5.7 x 10(-2) (ng As(III) g water(-1)) day(-1) and -1.0 x 10(-1) (ng As(III) g water(-1)) day(-1). This corresponds to a -4.3 ng/g and a -7.8 ng/g change in the As(III) concentration over the study period, which is a 10% shift in the native distribution. The third and final treatment was EDTA/AcOH. This treatment eliminated the Fe/As precipitate that formed in the nontreated sample. The LLS slopes were less than -7.5 x 10(-3) (ng As(III) g water(-1)) day(-1) for the above-mentioned waters, corresponding to a 0.6 ng/g change over the study period. One of the EDTA/AcOH treated waters did indicate that using the 5 degreesC storage temperature minimized the rate of conversion relative to 20 degreesC storage. C1 US EPA, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM creed.jack@epa.gov RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 23 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 10 BP 2919 EP 2927 DI 10.1021/es035071n PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821ZS UT WOS:000221502800032 PM 15212268 ER PT J AU Sen, B Wolf, DC Hester, SD AF Sen, B Wolf, DC Hester, SD TI The transcriptional profile of the kidney in Tsc2 heterozygous mutant Long Evans (Eker) rats compared to wild-type SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Tsc2 gene; mutation; kidney; Eker rat; gene expression; microarray ID RENAL-CELL CARCINOMA; DOMINANTLY INHERITED CANCER; GROWTH-FACTOR-ALPHA; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR; ALTERED EXPRESSION; GENE-PRODUCT; S-PHASE; KINASE; MODEL; PROLIFERATION AB Hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in Eker rats results from an inherited insertional mutation in the Tsc2 tumor suppressor gene and provides a valuable experimental model to characterize the function of the Tsc2 gene product, tuberin in vivo. The Tsc2 mutation predisposes the Eker rat to develop renal tumors at an early age. The exact mechanism of Tsc2 mediated tumor suppression is not known, however, there is evidence that it is most likely mediated by changes in cell cycle regulation via the PI3K/Akt pathway. The present study was designed to identify if gene expression was different in Tsc2 heterozygous mutant rat kidney compared to wild-type and if any of those differences are associated with tumorigenesis. cDNA microarray analysis of the untreated Tsc2 (+/-) mutant Long Evans (Eker) rat was compared to the Tsc2 (+/+) wild-type Long Evans rat to search for patterns that might be indicative of the intrinsic role of Tsc2. Of 4395 genes queried, 3.2% were significantly altered in kidneys from heterozygous mutant rats, of which 110 (76%) were up-regulated and 34 (24%) were down-regulated relative to the wild-type. The genes with altered expression belonged to the functional categories of cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, cell adhesion and endocytosis. Many of these genes appear to be directly or indirectly regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition to the PI3K/Akt pathway, other signaling pathways were also differentially expressed in Tsc2 mutant Eker rat kidneys compared to wild-type rats. The gene expression profiles of the Tsc2 heterozygous mutant and wild-type animals highlights new pathways for investigation that may be associated with the tumorigenic activity of tuberin loss and correlate with the enhanced susceptibility of the Tsc2 mutant animal's tendency to develop renal cell carcinoma. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wolf, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wolf.doug@epa.gov NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 549 IS 1-2 BP 213 EP 224 DI 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.12.023 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 823BB UT WOS:000221583600014 PM 15120972 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Patrizio, P Schmid, JE Hecht, NB Dix, DJ AF Rockett, JC Patrizio, P Schmid, JE Hecht, NB Dix, DJ TI Gene expression patterns associated with infertility in humans and rodent models SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE microarray; gene expression; male infertility; testis; human; mouse ID CONVERTING-ENZYME; DEFICIENT MICE; HUMAN TESTIS; GERM-CELLS; SPERMATOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; SPERMATIDS; INJECTION; DELETIONS; FERTILITY AB Modern genomic technologies such as DNA arrays provide the means to investigate molecular interactions at an unprecedented level. and arrays have been used to carry out gene expression profiling as a means of identifying candidate genes involved in molecular mechanisms underlying a variety of phenotypes. By comparing gene expression profiles from normal and abnormal human testes with those from comparable infertile mouse models, we endeavored to identify genes and gene networks critical for male fertility. We used commercially available filter-based DNA arrays to analyze testicular gene expression from eight human testis biopsies and three different infertile mouse models (atrichosis mutation, ataxia telangiectasia knockout and CREMtau knockout). Forty-seven mouse genes exhibited differential testicular gene expression (P<0.01) associated with male infertility. These included genes involved in DNA repair (Vim, Rad23A, Rad23B), glutathione metabolism (Gsr, Gstp 1, Mgst1). proteolysis (Ace, Casp1, Ctsd), spermatogenesis (Prlr, Tmsb4 and Zfp-37) and stress response (Hsp 1, Osp94). The expression of 19 human genes was different (P<0.05) between normal and abnormal samples, including those associated with apoptosis (GADD45), gonad development (SOX9), proteolysis (PSMC3, SPINK2, TIMP3, UBE213) and signal transduction (DLK1, NAP4, S100A10). Direct comparison of differentially expressed human and mouse Genes identified glucose phosphate isomerase, and the highly similar human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) and mouse Timp2. Using DNA microarrays to profile gene expression in testes from infertile animal models and humans will be useful for understanding congenital infertility, and also infertility caused by environmental exposures where the same genes and molecular mechanisms are involved. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Penn, Ctr Res Reprod & Womens Hlth, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Yale Univ, Fertil Ctr, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM dix.david@epa.gov NR 34 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD MAY 15 PY 2004 VL 549 IS 1-2 BP 225 EP 240 DI 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.11.017 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 823BB UT WOS:000221583600015 PM 15120973 ER PT J AU Samet, JM DeMarini, DM Malling, HV AF Samet, JM DeMarini, DM Malling, HV TI Do airborne particles induce heritable mutations? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID AIR-POLLUTION; DNA-DAMAGE; PATTERNS; EXPOSURE; REFLECT C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM jsamet@jhsph.edu NR 13 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 14 PY 2004 VL 304 IS 5673 BP 971 EP 972 DI 10.1126/science.1097441 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 820IV UT WOS:000221383300031 PM 15143266 ER PT J AU Mottaleb, MA Zhao, X Curtis, LR Sovocool, GW AF Mottaleb, MA Zhao, X Curtis, LR Sovocool, GW TI Formation of nitro musk adducts of rainbow trout hemoglobin for potential use as biomarkers of exposure SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; nitro musk; Hb adducts; fish ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; AMINO METABOLITES; SEWAGE SLUDGES; FRESH-WATER; XYLENE; FRAGRANCES; TOXICITY; SAMPLES; KETONE AB The high use of nitro musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) as fragrances, and their persistence and bioaccumulation potential make them ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The 4-amino-MX (AMX) and 2-amino-MK (AMK) metabolites have been detected in trout fish hemoglobin (Hb) samples by gas chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twelve Hb samples prepared from rainbow trout that were exposed to MX and MK, over a period of 24 and 72 h, were analyzed. Amino metabolites were liberated by basic hydrolysis and extracted from the fish Hb into n-hexane. The extract was concentrated, analyzed, and spiked with a standard solution (80 pg/mul) of AMX or AMK and reanalyzed. Concentrations of AMX from 10 to 25 ng/g were detected in Hb from fish taken 24 and 72 h after MX exposure. At 24 and 72 h after MK exposure, the concentration of AMK was found to be 25-51 ng/g and 9.5-25 ng/g, respectively. Concentrations of AMK in Hb from two of the three trout were substantially lower after 72 h compared with 24 h exposure. The AMX and AMK metabolites were not detected in four control samples. Average recoveries exceeding 89 and 86% could be achieved for AMX and AMK, respectively, with a coefficient of variation (CV) around 5%. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. York Univ, Combinatorial Chem Facil, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mottaleb, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM mottaleb.mohammad@epa.gov NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAY 12 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 4 BP 315 EP 324 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.01.004 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 816VN UT WOS:000221137500002 PM 15084408 ER PT J AU Smith, RL AF Smith, RL TI Hierarchical design and evaluation of processes to generate waste-recycled feeds SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID REDUCTION WAR ALGORITHM; MINIMIZATION; METHODOLOGY AB A methodology is described for the hierarchical design and evaluation of processes to make waste-recycled feeds that can be exchanged, thereby furthering efforts aimed at industrial ecology. The methodology consists of nine hierarchy levels that include identifying, transporting, handling, sorting, converting, and purifying the waste-recycled feeds. These levels provide the designer with a systematic procedure for developing waste-to-feed processes. Evaluations at each level show whether a process for recycling a waste is economically and/or environmentally beneficial, or if costs or environmental impacts are actually greater than those saved from using a waste stream. The systematic procedure for designs and evaluations allows one to look for other alternatives immediately when costs or impacts are found to be too high. An example for styrene tar waste shows how the method can be used to design and evaluate waste-to-feed processes. In addition, any part of the process that is currently yet to be designed can use the intermediate results of economic and environmental impact values as targets for the remainder of the design. These targets let the designer know what monetary and impact values to remain below for the process to be economically and environmentally beneficial. In the future, this methodology can be used to analyze specific recycling processes of interest and evaluate their economic and environmental viability. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM smith.raymond@epa.gov NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD MAY 12 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2508 EP 2515 DI 10.1021/ie030746g PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 819BJ UT WOS:000221287900027 ER PT J AU Wilson, MD Rocke, DM Durbin, B Kahn, HD AF Wilson, MD Rocke, DM Durbin, B Kahn, HD TI Detection limits and goodness-of-fit measures for the two-component model of chemical analytical error SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE chemical analytical error; limits of detection; two-component error models; goodness-of-fit ID QUANTIFICATION; CALIBRATION AB The utility of analytical chemistry measurements in most applications is dependent on an assessment of measurement error. This paper demonstrates the use of a two-component error model in setting limits of detection and related concepts and introduces two goodness-of-fit statistics for assessing the appropriateness of the model for the data at hand. The model is applicable to analytical methods in which high concentrations are measured with approximately constant relative standard deviation. At low levels, the relative standard deviation cannot stay constant, since this implies vanishingly small absolute standard deviation. The two-component model has approximately constant standard deviation near zero concentration, and approximately constant relative standard deviation at high concentrations, a pattern that is frequently observed in practice. Here we discuss several important applications of the model to environmental monitoring and also introduce two goodness-of-fit statistics, to ascertain whether the data exhibit the error structure assumed by the model, as well as to took for problems with experimental design. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wilson, MD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. RI Rocke, David/I-7044-2013; OI Rocke, David/0000-0002-3958-7318; Wilson, Machelle/0000-0003-1734-2755 NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD MAY 3 PY 2004 VL 509 IS 2 BP 197 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.047 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 806MZ UT WOS:000220439300009 ER PT J AU Yue, S Gan, TY AF Yue, S Gan, TY TI Simple scaling properties of Canadian annual average streamflow SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE simple scaling; annual average strearnflow; product moments; probability weighted moments; linear regression ID MESOSCALE RAINFALL; SPATIAL RAINFALL; DISTRIBUTIONS; EXPONENTS AB The spatial scaling properties of Canadian annual average streamflow (abbreviated as AASF) are assessed using both the product moments (PMs) and the probability weighted moments (PWMs) of AASF across the entire country and in its sub-climatic regions. By the PMs, the log relationship between the kth moments of AASF and the drainage area can be almost represented by a perfect straight tine across the entire country and in its sub-climatic regions, whose regression parameters are a linear function of the moment order. By the PWMs, the logarithm of the kth PWM is a linear function of the logarithm of drainage area for the entire country and its sub-climatic regions, where its slope (or scale exponent) in a region is constant and is independent of the order. These results indicate that Canadian AASF exhibits simple scaling and drainage area alone may describe most of the variability in the moments of AASF. The third approach, based on the log linearity between quantiles and drainage area, is applied to Region 2, also demonstrate simple scaling of AASF in that region, as concluded from using PMs and PWMs methods, which indicates that all three methods are consistent. The simple scaling results provide a basis for using the index flood method to conduct regional frequency analysis of AASF in Canada. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada. RP Yue, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM yue.sheng@epa.gov; tgan@civil.ualberta.ca NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 27 IS 5 BP 481 EP 495 DI 10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.02.019 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 824HR UT WOS:000221677800002 ER PT J AU Oudejans, L Touati, A Gullett, BK AF Oudejans, L Touati, A Gullett, BK TI Real-time, on-line characterization of diesel generator air toxic emissions by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-PHOTON IONIZATION; TRACE ANALYSIS; AROMATICS; MOLECULES; EXHAUST; GAS; INCINERATION; COMPONENTS; PRODUCTS AB The laser-based resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS) technique has been applied to the exhaust gas stream of a diesel generator to measure, in real time, concentration levels of aromatic air toxics. Volatile organic compounds, as well as several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in the concentration range of 10-200 ppb in the steady-state diesel generator exhaust. The results were verified and compared with conventional extractive sampling and analytical techniques using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The high isomer selectivity of the REMPI-TOFMS instrument provided data for individual xylene isomers that are otherwise (partially) coeluting in standard GC/MS analyses. Good agreement was observed between results for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds obtained with REMPI-TOFMS and conventional extractive sampling. Transient events, such as cold start-ups of the diesel generator, resulted in sharp (less than 15 s) peak emissions that were, for benzene, up to a factor of 90 higher than the predominately constant concentrations observed during steady-state operation; warm restarts resulted in lower peak concentrations by a factor of 2.5. These fast transient emissions are only detectable using a real-time approach (1-s resolution) as demonstrated here using REMPI-TOFMS. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gullett.brian@epa.gov NR 23 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 9 BP 2517 EP 2524 DI 10.1021/ac035390x PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 817VV UT WOS:000221205900022 PM 15117192 ER PT J AU Tian, GL Vose, JM Coleman, DC Geron, CD Walker, JT AF Tian, GL Vose, JM Coleman, DC Geron, CD Walker, JT TI Evaluation of the effectiveness of riparian zone restoration in the southern Appalachians by assessing soil microbial populations SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE denitrifiers; fertilizer; microbial biomass; nitrifiers; southeastern USA; vegetation ID FOREST SOIL; BIOMASS; RATES; DENITRIFICATION; NITRIFICATION; NITRIFIERS; OXIDE; INPUT AB Microbial biomass, nitrifiers and denitrifiers in surface soil (0-10 cm) were quantified in a riparian zone restoration project at Coweeta, North Carolina, USA. Four treatments are included in this study: (1) a degraded (+ N) riparian zone with continued compaction, vegetation removal, and nutrient addition (mow, roll, and nutrient addition); (2) a degraded (- N) riparian zone with continued compaction and vegetation removal, but without nutrient addition (mow and roll only); (3) a restored riparian area (no grazing, cessation of manure and N fertilizer application and re-vegetation with natural regrowth for 2 years); and (4) reference riparian zone (no riparian zone degradation has occurred within the last 10 years). Mean microbial biomass C increased from winter (316 mg kg(-1)) to summer (593 mg kg(-1)), and decreased from summer to fall (265 mg kg(-1)). There were no significant changes in microbial biomass C with the cessation of manure and chemical fertilizer application in the degraded - N plot and with re-vegetation in the restored plot as compared to the degraded + N plot. Microbial biomass C level in the restored plot was comparable to that in the reference plot for most seasons. Restored plots had significant greater populations of denitrifiers than reference plots in the spring. Nitrifier numbers were lower in the degraded - N and restored plots than the degraded + N. Ammonium oxidizers in summer were more abundant (25,000 g(-1) soil) in the degraded + N plot compared to (1000 g(-1) soil) in the degraded - N and restored plots, and NO2- oxidizers in the same period were more abundant (130,000 g(-1) soil) in the degraded + N plot than that in the degraded - N and restored plots about (40,000 g(-1) soil). The soil NO3- concentrations were considerably lower in the degraded - N and restored plots than the degraded + N plot. Our results imply either cessation of manure and N fertilizer application or cessation of manure and N fertilizer and re-vegetation could contribute to restoration of degraded riparian zone through reducing numbers of nitrifiers. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Metropolitan Water Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago, Biosolids Utilizat & Soil Sci Lab, Cicero, IL 60804 USA. Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Tian, GL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM guanglong.tian@mwrdgc.dst.il.us RI Walker, John/I-8880-2014; OI Walker, John/0000-0001-6034-7514; Coleman, David/0000-0003-0390-1501 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 DI 10.1016/j.apsoil.2003.10.003 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 817VC UT WOS:000221204000007 ER PT J AU Etterson, MA AF Etterson, MA TI Parentage in an Oklahoma population of Loggerhead Shrikes assessed using nuclear microsatellites SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE extra-pair fertilization; Lanius ludovicianus; Loggerhead Shrike; parentage exclusion; power ID EXTRA-PAIR FERTILIZATIONS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; COLONIALITY; PATERNITY; MARKERS; BIRDS AB I used six nuclear microsatellites to assess rates of intraspecific brood parasitism and extra-pair paternity in relationship to conspecific density in 218 offspring from 44 broods of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus). I also estimated statistical power associated with these markers for each parentage test and suggest a method for adjusting power estimates when individuals are incompletely genotyped. No offspring were the result of intraspecific brood parasitism. Eight offspring from five families (4% of all offspring; 14% of families) were sired by extra-pair fertilization. Average exclusionary power was 0.94 when adjusted to account for incomplete genotyping. Assuming a 1% genotyping error rate, this power drops to 0.91. This is the first genetic assessment of parentage in a wild population of Loggerhead Shrikes. C1 Univ Minnesota, Conservat Biol Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Etterson, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM etterson.matthew@epa.gov NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2004 VL 106 IS 2 BP 401 EP 404 DI 10.1650/7296 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 818SE UT WOS:000221264000019 ER PT J AU Leif, RC Becker, MC Bromm, AJ Chen, NG Cowan, A Vallarino, LM Yang, S Zucker, RM AF Leif, RC Becker, MC Bromm, AJ Chen, NG Cowan, A Vallarino, LM Yang, S Zucker, RM TI One and two photon excitation of cells and molecules labeled with a europium(III)macrocycle (Quantum Dye (R)) under Lanthanide Enhanced Luminescence (LEL) SO CYTOMETRY PART A LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 22nd Congress of the International-Society-for-Analytical-Cytology CY MAY 22-27, 2004 CL Montpellier, FRANCE SP Ins Soc Analyt Cytol C1 Phoenix Flow Syst, Dev & Mfg, San Diego, CA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Storrs, CT USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Biochem, Farmington, CT USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Biomed Imaging Technol, Farmington, CT USA. Newport Instruments R&D, Phoenix Flow Syst, San Diego, CA USA. US EPA, Dev Toxicol Div MD67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Newport Instruments, Res & Dev, San Diego, CA USA. RI Chen, Nanguang/A-9948-2008 OI Chen, Nanguang/0000-0002-2375-1961 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOM PART A JI Cytom. Part A PD MAY PY 2004 VL 59A IS 1 BP 74 EP 74 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 819MV UT WOS:000221319900146 ER PT J AU Fath, BD Cabezas, H AF Fath, BD Cabezas, H TI Exergy and Fisher Information as ecological indices SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Biennial Meeting of the International-Environmental-Modelling-and-Software-Society (IEMSs) CY JUL, 2002 CL Univ Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland SP Int Environm Modelling & Software Soc HO Univ Lugano DE ecological indices; ecological goal functions; ecological modeling; exergy; Fisher information; food webs ID SYSTEMS AB Ecological indices are used to provide summary information about a particular aspect of ecosystem behavior. Many Such indices have been proposed and here we investigate two: exergy and Fisher Information. Exergy, a thermodynamically based index, is a measure of the maximum amount of useable work that can be extracted when a system is brought into equilibrium with a reference state. The measure for exergy used herein, also includes a factor to weigh the "complexity" of the ecological species. Fisher Information is an old statistical measure that has recently been applied as a way to detect change in system regime and as a measure of system order. These two indices are compared on a 10-compartment food web model undergoing five different perturbation scenarios. This food web model, although simple, allows for some interesting insight into the two indices. The results show that generally, although not always, exergy and Fisher Information respond differently. such that when one increases due to a perturbation the other decreases and vice versa. We provide a discussion as to the usefulness of these metrics as ecological indices and as their potential use as ecological goal functions in light of these findings. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Towson State Univ, Dept Biol, Towson, MD 21252 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Sustainable Environm Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Fath, BD (reprint author), Towson State Univ, Dept Biol, Towson, MD 21252 USA. EM bfath@towson.edu NR 16 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 174 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.12.045 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 816FE UT WOS:000221095000004 ER PT J AU Warman, LD Forsyth, DM Sinclair, ARE Freemark, K Moore, HD Barrett, TW Pressey, RL White, D AF Warman, LD Forsyth, DM Sinclair, ARE Freemark, K Moore, HD Barrett, TW Pressey, RL White, D TI Species distributions, surrogacy, and important conservation regions in Canada SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; complementarity; congruence; conservation; irreplaceability; minimum set; reserve network; species richness; surrogacy; taxonomic groups ID INDICATOR GROUPS; BIODIVERSITY; COMPLEMENTARITY; RARE; IRREPLACEABILITY; STRATEGIES; CONGRUENCE; SELECTION; RESERVES; NETWORKS AB Conservation actions could be more efficient if there is congruence among taxa in the distribution of species. Patterns in the geographical distribution of five taxa were used to identify nationally important regions for conservation in Canada. Two measures of surrogacy were significantly and positively correlated among taxa, and conservation areas selected for one taxon represented other taxa significantly better than random selections. However, few large protected areas exist in the sites of highest conservation value in southern Canada; these regions are therefore a priority for future conservation regard. By focusing this effort on threatened and endangered species, which are a national priority in Canada, most other species could also benefit. C1 Univ British Columbia, Biodivers Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. GeoInsight Ltd, Carp, ON K0A 1L0, Canada. New S Wales Dept Environm & Conservat, Queanbeyan, NSW 2620, Australia. New S Wales Dept Environm & Conservat, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Warman, LD (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Biodivers Res Ctr, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM warman@zoology.ubc.ca RI Pressey, Bob/C-8370-2013; OI Pressey, Bob/0000-0003-2740-0330; Forsyth, David/0000-0001-5356-9573 NR 27 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 7 IS 5 BP 374 EP 379 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00590.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 814YW UT WOS:000221011000003 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Degitz, SJ Diamond, SA Tietge, JE AF Ankley, GT Degitz, SJ Diamond, SA Tietge, JE TI Assessment of environmental stressors potentially responsible for malformations in North American anuran amphibians SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE amphibian; malformation; chemical; ultraviolet radiation; trematode ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; GROWTH-REGULATOR METHOPRENE; RETINOIC ACID; LIMB MALFORMATIONS; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; RANA-PIPIENS; B RADIATION; UV-B; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; TREMATODE INFECTION AB Several species of anuran amphibians from different regions across North America have recently exhibited an increased occurrence of malformations, predominantly of the hindlimb. Research concerning the potential causes of these malformations has focused extensively on three stressors: chemical contaminants, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and parasitic trematodes. In this overview of recent work with each of these stressors, we assess their plausibility as contributors to the malformations observed in field-collected amphibians. There is as yet little evidence that chemical contaminants are responsible for the limb malformations. This includes chemicals, such as the pesticide methoprene, that could affect retinoid-signaling pathways that are critical to limb development. Exposure to UV radiation also seems to be an unlikely explanation for hindlimb malformations in amphibians. Although solar UV can cause hindlimb deficiencies in amphibians, a probabilistic assessment based on empirical dose-response and exposure data indicates that UV exposures sufficient to induce limb defects would be uncommon in most wetlands. Results of controlled studies conducted with some affected species and field-monitoring work suggest infection by digenetic trematodes as a promising explanation for the malformations observed in anurans collected from many field sites. Controlled experimentation with additional species and monitoring across a broader range of affected sites are required to assess fully the role of trematodes in relation to other stressors in causing limb malformations. If trematode infestations are indeed related to the recent increases in malformed amphibians, then the question remains as to what alterations in the environment might be causing changes in the distribution and abundance of the parasites. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM ankley.gerald@epa.gov NR 76 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 EI 1090-2414 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 58 IS 1 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.01.004 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 817GA UT WOS:000221164800002 PM 15087157 ER PT J AU Landrigan, PJ Lioy, PJ Thurston, G Berkowitz, G Chen, LC Chillrud, SN Gavett, SH Georgopoulos, PG Geyh, AS Levin, S Perera, F Rappaport, SM Small, C AF Landrigan, PJ Lioy, PJ Thurston, G Berkowitz, G Chen, LC Chillrud, SN Gavett, SH Georgopoulos, PG Geyh, AS Levin, S Perera, F Rappaport, SM Small, C CA NIEHS World Trade Ctr Working Grp TI Health and environmental consequences of the world trade center disaster SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; airway hyperresponsiveness; asbestos; occupational lung disease; PM2.5; PM10; small for gestational age (SGA) ID NEW-YORK-CITY; FINE PARTICULATE MATTER; 11TH TERRORIST ATTACKS; CENTER SITE; MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA; LOWER MANHATTAN; AIR-POLLUTION; FETAL-GROWTH; CENTER COUGH; GROUND-ZERO AB The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) created an acute environmental disaster of enormous magnitude. This study characterizes the environmental exposures resulting from destruction of the WTC and assesses their effects on health. Methods include ambient air sampling; analyses of outdoor and indoor settled dust; high-altitude imaging and modeling of the atmospheric plume; inhalation studies of WTC dust in mice; and clinical examinations, community surveys, and prospective epidemiologic studies of exposed populations. WTC dust was found to consist predominantly (95%) of coarse particles and contained pulverized cement, glass fibers, asbestos, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated furans and dioxins. Airborne particulate levels were highest immediately after the attack and declined thereafter. Particulate levels decreased sharply with distance from the WTC. Dust pH was highly alkaline (pH 9.0-11.0). Mice exposed to WTC dust showed only moderate pulmonary inflammation but marked bronchial hyperractivity. Evaluation of 10,116 firefighters showed exposure-related. P increases in cough and bronchial hyperreactivity. Evaluation of 183 cleanup workers showed new-onset cough (33%), wheeze (18%), and phlegm production (24%). Increased frequency of new-onset cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath were also observed in community residents. Follow-up of 182 pregnant women who were either inside or near the WTC on I I September showed a 2-fold increase in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. In summary, environmental exposures after the WTC disaster were associated with significant adverse effects on health. The high alkalinity of WTC dust produced bronchial hyperreactivity, persistent cough, and increased risk of asthma. Plausible causes of the observed increase in SGA infants include maternal exposures to PAH and particulates. Future risk of mesothelioma may be increased, particularly among workers and volunteers exposed occupationally to asbestos. Continuing follow-up of all exposed populations is required to document the long-term consequences of the disaster. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA. NYU, Sch Med, Nelson Inst Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Landrigan, PJ (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl,Box 1057, New York, NY 10029 USA. EM phil.landrigan@mssm.edu RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011; Cjem, Lung-Chi/H-5030-2012 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30ES09089-04S, P30 ES00260, P30 ES009089, P30 ES03819, P30 ES05022, P42ES05948, P42ES07384] NR 58 TC 170 Z9 175 U1 5 U2 44 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 112 IS 6 BP 731 EP 739 DI 10.1289/ehp.6702 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 822DD UT WOS:000221514400040 PM 15121517 ER PT J AU Graff, DW Cascio, WE Brackhan, JA Devlin, RB AF Graff, DW Cascio, WE Brackhan, JA Devlin, RB TI Metal particulate matter components affect gene expression and beat frequency of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE beat frequency; cardiac myocytes; cytokines; gap junctions; ion channels; metals; particulate matter ID GAP JUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION; AIR-POLLUTION; HEART PREPARATIONS; IN-VIVO; CELLS; PARTICLES; CURRENTS; EXPOSURE; CYTOKINE; DISEASE AB Soluble particulate matter (PM) components (e.g., metals) have the potential to be absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the heart where they might induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and remodel electrical properties. We exposed cultured rat ventricular myocytes to similar concentrations of two metals [zinc (Zn) and vanadium (V)] found commonly in PM and measured changes in spontaneous beat rate. We found statistically significant reductions in spontaneous beat rate after both short-term (4-hr) and long-term (24-hr) exposures, with a more substantial effect seen with Zn. We also measured the expression of genes associated with inflammation and a number of sarcolemmal proteins associated with electrical impulse conduction. Exposure to Zn or V (6.25-50 muM) for 6 hr produced significant increases in IL-6, IL-1alpha, heat shock protein 70, and connexin 43 (Cx43). After 24 hr exposure, Zn induced significant changes in the gene expression of Kv4.2 and KvLQt (potassium channel proteins), the alpha(1) subunit of the L-type calcium channel, and Cx43, as well as IL-6 and IL-1alpha. In contrast, V produced a greater effect on Cx43 and affected only one ion channel (KvLQT1). These results show that exposure of rat cardiac myocytes to noncytotoxic concentrations of Zn and V alter spontaneous beat rate as well as the expression of ion channels and sarcolemmal proteins relevant to electrical remodeling and slowing of spontaneous beat rate, with Zn producing a more profound effect. As such, these data suggest that the cardiac effects of PM are largely determined by the relative metal composition of particles. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Graff, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM graff.don@epa.gov NR 32 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 112 IS 7 BP 792 EP 798 DI 10.1289/txg.6865 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 823ZS UT WOS:000221653700012 PM 15159208 ER PT J AU Serveiss, VB Bowen, JL Dow, D Valiela, I AF Serveiss, VB Bowen, JL Dow, D Valiela, I TI Using ecological risk assessment to identify the major anthropogenic stressor in the Waquoit Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE watershed ecological risk assessment; eutrophication; watershed management; watershed approach; environmental decision making; multiple stressors ID ESTUARIES; MANAGEMENT; QUALITY; CONSEQUENCES; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS; MUSSEL; USA AB The Waquoit Bay Watershed ecological risk assessment was performed by an interdisciplinary and inter-agency workgroup. This paper focuses on the steps taken to formulate the analysis plan for this watershed assessment. The workgroup initially conducted a series of meetings with the general public and local and state managers to determine environmental management objectives for the watershed. The workgroup then decided that more information was needed on the impacts of six stressors: nutrient enrichment, physical alteration of habitat, altered freshwater flow, toxic chemicals, pathogens, and fisheries harvesting. Assessment endpoints were selected to establish the link between environmental management objectives, impacts of stressors, and scientifically measurable endpoints. The following assessment endpoints were selected: estuarine eelgrass cover, scallop abundance, finfish diversity and abundance, wetland bird distribution and abundance, piping plover distribution and abundance, tissue contaminant levels, and brook trout distribution and abundance in streams. A conceptual model was developed to show the pathways between human activities, stressors, and ecological effects. The workgroup analyzed comparative risks, by first ranking stressors in terms of their potential risk to biotic resources in the watershed. Then stressors were evaluated by considering the components of stressors (e.g., the stressor chemical pollution included both heavy metals and chlorinated solvents components) in terms of intensity and extensiveness. The workgroup identified nutrient enrichment as the major stressor. Nutrient enrichment comprised both phosphorus enrichment in freshwater ponds and nitrogen enrichment within estuaries. Because phosphorus impacts were being analyzed and mitigated by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, this assessment focused on nitrogen. The process followed to identify the predominant stressor and focus the analyses on nitrogen impacts on eelgrass and scallops will serve as an example of how to increase the use of the findings of a watershed assessment in decision making. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Boston Univ, Marine Program, Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Serveiss, VB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 33 IS 5 BP 730 EP 740 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-0085-y PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 843SC UT WOS:000223105800011 PM 15503390 ER PT J AU Marvin, C Painter, S Williams, D Richardson, V Rossmann, R Van Hoof, P AF Marvin, C Painter, S Williams, D Richardson, V Rossmann, R Van Hoof, P TI Spatial and temporal trends in surface water and sediment contamination in the Laurentian Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; surface water; mercury; metals; sediment ID SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; ONTARIO SEDIMENTS; GREEN BAY; ST-CLAIR; MERCURY; ERIE; MICHIGAN; SUPERIOR AB Data from recent sediment and surface water surveys have been collated and mapped to illustrate the spatial distribution of contaminants across the entire Great Lakes basin. Information from historical surveys, together with data from surface water monitoring programs in three major connecting channels, has also been collated in order to evaluate temporal trends. In general, Lakes Superior and Michigan exhibited the lowest levels of sediment contamination while Lake Ontario had the highest. Contaminants such as gamma-HCH (lindane) and dieldrin were ubiquitous in surface waters across the entire basin, which was indicative of atmospheric sources. The distribution of other compounds including hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene and mirex indicated the presence of local sources within the watersheds of the connecting channels. Surficial sediment contamination was found to have decreased markedly since the late 1960s and 1970s. Similarly, surface water contamination decreased over the period 1986-1997 with concentrations of dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene and mirex reduced by over 50%. However, the spatial distributions of both sediment and surface water contamination indicate that further effort is warranted in reducing local sources of contaminants, particularly in Lake Ontario. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Marvin, C (reprint author), Environm Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. EM chris.marvin@ec.gc.ca NR 55 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 129 IS 1 BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.029 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 803RQ UT WOS:000220248600015 PM 14749077 ER PT J AU Totten, LA Gigliotti, CL Vanry, DA Offenberg, JH Nelson, ED Dachs, J Reinfelder, JR Eisenreich, SJ AF Totten, LA Gigliotti, CL Vanry, DA Offenberg, JH Nelson, ED Dachs, J Reinfelder, JR Eisenreich, SJ TI Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of polychorinated biphenyls to the Hudson River Estuary SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AIR-WATER EXCHANGE; NORTHERN CHESAPEAKE BAY; JERSEY HARBOR ESTUARY; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; YORK NEW-JERSEY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; DRY DEPOSITION; DIFFUSIVE EXCHANGE AB The first estimates of atmospheric deposition fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to the Hudson River Estuary are presented. Concentrations of PCBs were measured in air, aerosol, and precipitation at nine sites representing a variety of land-use regimes at regular intervals from October 1997 through May 2001. Highest concentrations in the gas phase were observed at urban sites such as Camden and Jersey City (SigmaPCB concentrations averaged 3250 and 1260 pg m(-3), respectively). In great portions of the state encompassing forested, coastal, and suburban environments, gas-phase SigmaPCB concentrations were essentially the same (averaging 150-220 pg m(-3)). This spatial trend suggests that atmospheric PCBs arise from highly localized, urban sources which influence atmospheric concentrations and deposition fluxes over a distance of a few tens of kilometers. Atmospheric SigmaPCB deposition fluxes (gas absorption + dry particle deposition + wet deposition) ranged from 7.3 to 340 mug m(-2) yr(-1) and increased with proximity to urban areas. While the magnitude of the fluxes increased with urbanization, the relative proportions of wet, dry, and gaseous deposition remained largely constant. Because the Hudson River Estuary is adjacent to urban areas such as Jersey City, it is subject to higher depositional fluxes of PCBs. These depositional fluxes are at least 2-10 times those estimated for the Chesapeake Bay and Lake Michigan. Inputs of PCBs to the Hudson River Estuary from the upper Hudson River and from wastewater treatment plants are 8-18 times atmospheric inputs, and volatilization of PCBs from the estuary exceeds atmospheric deposition of low molecular weight PCBs. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ecol & Environm Inc, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. CSIC, IIQAB, Dept Environm Chem, Barcelona 08034, Spain. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. RP Totten, LA (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM totten@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Offenberg, John/C-3787-2009; Rodenburg, Lisa/L-6882-2015; Reinfelder, John/C-7214-2016; OI Offenberg, John/0000-0002-0213-4024; Rodenburg, Lisa/0000-0002-6828-173X; Reinfelder, John/0000-0002-3737-604X; Dachs, Jordi/0000-0002-4237-169X NR 31 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 9 BP 2568 EP 2573 DI 10.1021/es034878c PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817PR UT WOS:000221189900021 PM 15180052 ER PT J AU Su, CM Puls, RW AF Su, CM Puls, RW TI Nitrate reduction by zerovalent iron: Effects of formate, oxalate, citrate, chloride, sulfate, borate, and phosphate SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZERO-VALENT IRON; LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE; CHEMICAL REDUCTION; REACTIVE BARRIER; WATER; DENITRIFICATION; KINETICS; FTIR; TRANSFORMATION; DEGRADATION AB Recent studies have shown that zerovalent iron (Fe-0) may potentially be used as a chemical medium in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for groundwater nitrate remediation; however, the effects of commonly found organic and inorganic ligands in soil and sediments on nitrate reduction by Fe-0 have not been well understood. A 25.0 mL nitrate solution of 20.0 mg of N L-1 (1.43 mM nitrate) was reacted with 1.00 g of Peerless Fe-0 at 200 rpm on a rotational shaker at 23 degreesC for up to 120 h in the presence of each of the organic acids (3.0 mM formic, 1.5 mM oxalic, and 1.0 mM citric acids) and inorganic acids (3.0 mM HCl, 1.5 mM H2SO4, 3.0 mM H3BO3, and 1.5 mM H3PO4), These acids provided an initial dissociable H+ concentration of 3.0 mM available for nitrate reduction reactions under conditions of final pH < 9.3. Nitrate reduction rates (pseudo-first-order) increased in the order: H3PO4 < citric acid < H3BO3 < oxalic acid < H2SO4 < formic acid < HCl, ranging from 0.00278 to 0.0913 h(-1), corresponding to surface area normalized rates ranging from 0.126 to 4.15 h(-1) m(-2) mL. Correlation analysis showed a negative linear relationship between the nitrate reduction rates for the ligands and the conditional stability constants for the soluble complexes of the ligands with Fe2+ (R-2 = 0.701) or Fe3+ (R-2 = 0.918) ions. This sequence of reactivity corresponds also to surface adsorption and complexation of the three organic ligands to iron oxides, which increase in the order formate < oxalate < citrate. The results are also consistent with the sequence of strength of surface complexation of the inorganic ligands to iron oxides, which increases in the order: chloride < sulfate < borate < phosphate. The blockage of reactive sites on the surface of Fe-0 and its corrosion products by specific adsorption of the inner-sphere complex forming ligands (oxalate, citrate, sulfate, borate, and phosphate) may be responsible for the decreased nitrate reduction by Fe-0 relative to the chloride system. C1 US EPA, Ground Water & Ecosyst Restorat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Ground Water & Ecosyst Restorat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM su.chunming@epa.gov NR 41 TC 137 Z9 159 U1 17 U2 102 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 9 BP 2715 EP 2720 DI 10.1021/es034650p PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817PR UT WOS:000221189900039 PM 15180070 ER PT J AU Verslycke, TA Fockedey, N McKenney, CL Roast, SD Jones, MB Mees, J Janssen, CR AF Verslycke, TA Fockedey, N McKenney, CL Roast, SD Jones, MB Mees, J Janssen, CR TI Mysid crustaceans as potential test organisms for the evaluation of environmental endocrine disruption: A review SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE mysids; endocrine disruption; biomarkers regulation; environmental monitoring ID NEOMYSIS-INTEGER CRUSTACEA; COMPLETE LIFE-CYCLE; M EDW CRUSTACEA; ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE CHLORPYRIFOS; CRAB CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; POST-EMBRYONIC GROWTH; AGE-SPECIFIC GROWTH; 7-D TOXICITY TEST; DAPHNIA-MAGNA AB Anthropogenic chemicals that disrupt the hormonal systems (endocrine disruptors) of wildlife species recently have become a widely investigated and politically charged issue. Invertebrates account for roughly 95% of all animals, yet surprisingly little effort has been made to understand their value in signaling potential environmental endocrine disruption. This emission largely can be attributed to the high diversity of invertebrates and the shortage of fundamental knowledge of their endocrine systems. Insects and crustaceans are exceptions and, as such, appear to be excellent candidates for evaluating the environmental consequence.,, of chemically induced endocrine disruption. Mysid shrimp (Crustacea: Mysidacea) may serve as a viable surrogate for many crustaceans and have been put forward as suitable test organisms for the evaluation of endocrine disruption by several researchers and regulatory bodies (e.g., the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Despite the long-standing use of mysids in toxicity testing, little information exists oil their endocrinology, and few studies have focused on the potential of these annuals for evaluating the effects of hormone-disrupting compounds. Therefore, the question remains as to whether the current standardized mysid endpoints can be used or adapted to detect endocrine disruption, or if new procedures must be developed, specifically directed it evaluating hormone-regulated endpoints in these animals. This review summarizes the ecological importance of mysids in estuarine and marine ecosystems, their use in toxicity testing and environmental monitoring, and their endocrinology and important hormone-regulated processes to highlight their potential use in assessing environmental endocrine disruption. C1 Univ Ghent, Lab Environm Toxicol & Aquat Ecol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Univ Ghent, Marine Biol Sect, Dept Biol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Plymouth, Sch Biol Sci, Drake Circus PL4 8AA, Devon, England. Flanders Marine Inst, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium. RP Verslycke, TA (reprint author), Univ Ghent, Lab Environm Toxicol & Aquat Ecol, J Plateaustr 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM tim.verslycke@ugent.be RI Janssen, Colin/H-3122-2015 NR 264 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1219 EP 1234 DI 10.1897/03-332 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 821AT UT WOS:000221432400016 PM 15180373 ER PT J AU Schoff, PK Ankley, GT AF Schoff, PK Ankley, GT TI Effects of methoprene, its metabolites, and breakdown products on retinoid-activated pathways in transfected cell lines SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE methoprene; retinoic acid; retinoic acid receptor; retinoid X receptor retinol ID GROWTH-REGULATOR METHOPRENE; LIMB DEVELOPMENT; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; ISOPROPYL (2E,4E)-11-METHOXY-3,7,11-TRIMETHYL-2,4-DODECADIENOATE; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; RANA-PIPIENS; ACID; INHIBITION; RECEPTORS; DEHYDROGENASE AB Methoprene (isopropyl (2E,4E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate) is all insect juvenile hormone agonist that blocks metamorphosis in some insects. Recent evidence suggests that a metabolite, methoprene acid. activates vertebrate retinoid X receptors (RXRs), and may interfere with retinoic acid-regulated developmental processes. Methoprene, methoxy-methoprene acid, and two major breakdown products were tested for their ability to interfere with retinoid-regulated pathways when using transfected cells. The CV-1 cells were transiently transfected with genes encoding RXRs and response elements attached to luciferase reporters, and retinoic acid-sensitive F9 cells were stably transfected with retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/RXR response elements attached a lacZ reporter (Sil-REM/beta-gal-NEO). Experiments confirmed that methoxy-methoprene acid acted as a ligand for RXRs and was capable of activating transcription through RAR/RXR response elements. However, neither methoprene nor the breakdown products, 7-methoxycitronellal and 7-methoxycitronellic acid. activated transcription in transfected CV-1 or F9 cells. Methoprene and methoxy-methoprene acid may interfere with the conversion of all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinaldehyde to all-trans-retinoic acid in the F9-derived cell line. Methoprene was as effective as the retinol dehydrogenase inhibitor citral in blocking the retinol-induced transcription of RAR/RXR-regulated reporter genes, whereas methoxy-methoprene acid blocked transcription stimulated by retinaldehyde. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Schoff, PK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM pschoff@nrri.umn.edu NR 38 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1305 EP 1310 DI 10.1897/03-117 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 821AT UT WOS:000221432400027 PM 15180384 ER PT J AU Brown, CA Holt, SA Jackson, GA Brooks, DA Holt, GJ AF Brown, CA Holt, SA Jackson, GA Brooks, DA Holt, GJ TI Simulating larval supply to estuarine nursery areas: how important are physical processes to the supply of larvae to the Aransas Pass Inlet? SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE larval supply; red drum; Sciaenops ocellatus; tidal inlet ID DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; TEXAS GULF-COAST; RED DRUM; BEAUFORT INLET; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; VERTICAL MIGRATION; NORTH-CAROLINA; DEMERSAL FISH; SURF ZONE AB Factors controlling the movement of fish larvae from coastal spawning environments to estuarine nursery areas are important to fish recruitment. In this paper, the role of physical processes in larval transport to estuarine nursery areas in the Aransas Pass region, Texas, is examined using a circulation model coupled with a fixed-depth particle transport model. Two phases of transport are examined: transport on the shelf to the tidal inlet and transport through the inlet to estuarine nursery areas. Observed pulsing in the supply of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae to the tidal inlet is significantly correlated with modeled particle supply. This pulsing is not correlated with a specific physical process, but results from the interaction of several factors affecting water movement, including low-frequency variations in water level and wind forcing. Simulations suggest that the primary spawning region for red drum larvae that utilize nursery habitat in the Aransas Pass region is located north of the inlet. Patterns in the trajectories of particles that successfully enter the inlet reveal that they move alongshelf in the nearshore region and then move into the inlet, rather than moving directly across the shelf to the inlet. The approach path of particles outside the inlet determines the spatial transport patterns for inlets with branched channels and multiple bays. This study demonstrates that physical processes play an important role in determining larval supply to a tidal inlet. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. RP Brown, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Pacific Coastal Ecol Branch, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM brown.cheryl@epa.gov NR 59 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 13 IS 3 BP 181 EP 196 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2004.00285.x PG 16 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 812KT UT WOS:000220839100003 ER PT J AU Yuan, LL AF Yuan, LL TI Assigning macroinvertebrate tolerance classifications using generalised additive models SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE generalised additive model; macroinvertebrates; tolerance classification ID BIOTIC INDEX; QUALITY; WATER; STREAMS; RIVERS; REGRESSION; SELECTION AB 1. Macroinvertebrates are frequently classified in terms of their tolerance to human disturbance and pollution. These tolerance values have been used effectively to assess the biological. condition of running waters. 2. Generalised additive models were used to associate the presence and absence of different macroinvertebrate genera with different environmental gradients. The model results were then used. to classify each genera as sensitive, intermediately tolerant or tolerant to different stressor gradients as quantified by total phosphorus concentration, sulphate ion concentration, qualitative habitat score and stream pH. The analytical approach provided a means of estimating stressor-specific tolerance classifications while controlling for covarying, natural environmental gradients. 3. Computed tolerance classification generally conformed with expectations and provided some capacity for distinguishing between different stressors in test data. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Yuan, LL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Mail Code 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM yuan.lester@epa.gov NR 33 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 49 IS 5 BP 662 EP 677 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01206.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 817SO UT WOS:000221197400013 ER PT J AU Bartram, J Cotruvo, J Dufour, A Hazan, S Tanner, B AF Bartram, J Cotruvo, J Dufour, A Hazan, S Tanner, B TI Heterotrophic Plate Count - IJFM introduction SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NSF Int, J Cotruvo Associates, Washington, DC 20016 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NSF Ctr Publ Hlth Educ, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NSF Int Brussels, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium. RP Bartram, J (reprint author), WHO, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. EM bartramj@who.int; joseph.cotruvo@verizon.net; Dufour.alfred@epa.gov; hazan@nsf.org; btanner@nsf.org OI Bartram, Jamie/0000-0002-6542-6315 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 3 BP 239 EP 240 DI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.004 PG 2 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 825RC UT WOS:000221774900001 ER PT J AU Stelma, GN Lye, DJ Smith, BG Messer, JW Payment, P AF Stelma, GN Lye, DJ Smith, BG Messer, JW Payment, P TI Rare occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria with pathogenic potential in potable water SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE virulence; heterotrophic bacteria; potable water ID DRINKING-WATER; VIRULENCE CHARACTERISTICS; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MICE; PROTECTION AB Since the discovery of Legionella pneumophila, an opportunistic pathogen that is indigenous to water, microbiologists have speculated that there may be other opportunistic pathogens among the numerous heterotrophic bacteria found in potable water. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed a series of rapid in vitro assays to assess the virulence potential of large numbers of bacteria from potable water to possibly identify currently unknown pathogens. Results of surveys of potable water from several distribution systems using these tests showed that only 50 of the approximately 10,000 bacterial colonies expressed one or more virulence characteristics. In another study, 45 potable water isolates that expressed multiple virulence factors were tested for pathogenicity in immunocompromised mice. None of the isolates infected mice that were compromised either by treatment with carrageenan (CG), to induce susceptibility to facultative intracellular pathogens, or by cyclophosphamide (CY), to induce susceptibility to extracellular pathogens. These results indicate that there are very few potential pathogens in potable water and that the currently developed in vitro virulence screening tests give an overestimation of the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria that may be pathogens. Current efforts are focused on using the animal models to screen concentrated samples of waters known to contain large numbers of heterotrophic bacteria and newly discovered Legionella-like organisms that parasitize amoebae. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Inst Armand Frappier, Ctr Rech Virol, Laval, PQ H7N 4Z3, Canada. RP Stelma, GN (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Stelma.Gerard@epa.gov NR 21 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 3 BP 249 EP 254 DI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.011 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 825RC UT WOS:000221774900003 PM 15145583 ER PT J AU Allen, MJ Edberg, SC Reasoner, DJ AF Allen, MJ Edberg, SC Reasoner, DJ TI Heterotrophic plate count bacteria - what is their significance in drinking water? SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HPC; drinking water; heterotrophic bacteria ID MEMBRANE-FILTER; CONTROLLED TRIAL; TAP WATER; SYSTEMS; AGAR; RISK AB While the literature documents the universal occurrence of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria in soils, foods, air, and all sources of water, there is a lingering question as to whether this group of organisms may signal an increased health risk when elevated populations are present in drinking water. This paper reviews the relevant literature on HPC bacteria in drinking water, the lack of clinical evidence that elevated populations or specific genera within the HPC flora pose an increased health risk to any segment of the population, and the appropriate uses of HPC data as a tool to monitor drinking water quality changes following treatment. It finds no evidence to support health-based regulations of HPC concentrations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Awwa Res Fdn, Denver, CO 80235 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Allen, MJ (reprint author), Awwa Res Fdn, 6666 W Quincy Ave, Denver, CO 80235 USA. NR 32 TC 126 Z9 136 U1 8 U2 44 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 3 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.017 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 825RC UT WOS:000221774900005 PM 15145585 ER PT J AU Reasoner, DJ AF Reasoner, DJ TI Heterotrophic plate count methodology in the United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heterotrophic bacteria; bacterial plate count; heterotrophic plate count; drinking water; standard methods ID DRINKING-WATER; SPREAD PLATE; POTABLE WATER; BACTERIA; ENUMERATION; MEDIA AB In the United States (US), the history of bacterial plate counting (BPC) methods used for water can be traced largely through Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (Standard Methods). The bacterial count method has evolved from the original Standard Methods (1st edition, 1905) plate count which used nutrient gelatin and incubation at 20 degreesC for 48 h, to the HPC method options in the latest edition of Standard Methods that provide greater flexibility of application, depending on the data needs of the water analyst. The use of agar-agar as a gelling agent, replacing gelatin, allowed the use of higher incubation temperatures and resulted in the "body temperature count" (37 degreesC) found in the 3rd through the 8th edition of Standard Methods. The change from 37 degreesC incubation to 35 +/- 0.5 degreesC accommodated laboratories that did both milk and water analyses. By using a single temperature, fewer incubators were needed. The term "standard plate count" (SPC) first appeared in 1960 (11th edition) along with plate count agar. Incubation at 20 degreesC for the plate count was dropped from the 13th to 15th editions and few changes were made in the SPC method from the 11th edition through the 13th editions. Plate count analysis of bottled waters was included in the 14th edition (1975), calling for incubation at 3 5 +/- 0.5 degreesC for 72 +/- 4 h. Perhaps the most significant changes in plate count methods occurred with the 16th edition (1985). The term heterotrophic plate count replaced the standard plate count, and the spread plate (SP) and membrane filter (MF) methods were added along with new media for pour and spread plates (R2A agar and NWRI agar, both low nutrient) and for the membrane filter method (mHPC medium). The use of low nutrient media, lower incubation temperature, and longer incubation times, results in higher plate count results for most water samples. The options currently available, including low and high nutrient media, incubation temperatures (20 degreesC, 28 degreesC or 35 degreesC), plating methods (pour plate (PP), spread plate and membrane filter) and range of incubation times (24, 48, 72 h and 5-7 days) provide great flexibility in the application of the HPC analysis to drinking water. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Reasoner, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM reasoner.donald@epa.gov NR 26 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2004 VL 92 IS 3 BP 307 EP 315 DI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.008 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 825RC UT WOS:000221774900009 PM 15145589 ER PT J AU Randall, P Brown, L Deschaine, L Dimarzio, J Kaiser, G Vierow, J AF Randall, P Brown, L Deschaine, L Dimarzio, J Kaiser, G Vierow, J TI Application of the analytic hierarchy process to compare alternatives for the long-term management of surplus mercury SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury; mercury management; analytic hierarchy process; environmental decision analysis AB This paper describes a systematic method for comparing options for the long-term management of surplus elemental mercury in the US, using the analytic hierarchy process as embodied in commercially available Expert Choice software. A limited scope multi-criteria decision analysis was performed. Two (2) general types of treatment technologies were evaluated (stabilization/amalgamation and selenide), combined with four (4) disposal options: (a) hazardous waste landfill; (b) hazardous waste monofill; (c) engineered below-ground structure; and (d) mined cavity. In addition, three storage options for elemental mercury were considered: (a) aboveground structure; (b) hardened structure; and (c) mined cavity. Alternatives were evaluated against criteria that included costs, environmental performance, compliance with current regulations, implementation considerations, technology maturity, potential risks to the public and workers, and public perception. Considering non-cost criteria only, the three storage options rank most favorably. If both cost and other criteria are considered, then landfill options are preferred, because they are the least expensive ones. Storage options ranked unfavorably on cost because: (a) even relatively small per annum costs will add up over time; and (b) storage is a temporary solution and, sooner or later, a treatment and disposal technology will be adopted, which adds to the cost. However, the analysis supports continued storage for a short period (up to a few decades) followed by permanent retirement when treatment technologies have matured. Suggestions for future work include: (a) involving additional stakeholders in the process, (b) evaluating alternatives for mercury-containing wastes rather than for elemental mercury only, (c) revisiting the analysis periodically to determine if changes are required, (d) conducting uncertainty analyses utilizing Monte Carlo-based techniques. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. RP Randall, P (reprint author), US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 26W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM randall.paul@epa.gov RI Randall, Paul/M-6232-2014 NR 10 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 71 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.01.004 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 816YW UT WOS:000221146200005 PM 15084358 ER PT J AU Meyer, VF Redente, EF Barbarick, KA Brobst, RB Paschke, MW Miller, AL AF Meyer, VF Redente, EF Barbarick, KA Brobst, RB Paschke, MW Miller, AL TI Plant and soil responses to biosolids application following forest fire SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; VEGETATION COVER; DISTURBED SOILS; NITROGEN STATUS; PONDEROSA PINE; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; GROWTH; FLOOR; AVAILABILITY; TOBOSAGRASS AB Soil stability and revegetation is a great concern following forest wildfires. Biosolids application might enhance revegetation efforts and enhance soil stability. In May 1997, we applied Metro Wastewater Reclamation District (Denver, CO, USA) composted biosolids at rates of 0, 5,10,20,40, and 80 Mg ha(-1) to a severely burned, previously forested site near Buffalo Creek, CO to improve soil C and N levels and help establish eight native, seeded grasses. The soils on the site belong to the Sphinx series (sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid, shallow Typic Ustorthents). Vegetation and soils data were collected for four years following treatment. During the four years following treatment, total plant biomass ranged from approximately 50 to 230 g m(-2) and generally increased with increasing biosolids application. The percentage of bare ground ranged from 4 to 58% and generally decreased with increasing biosolids rate. Higher rates of biosolids application were associated with increased concentrations of N, P, and Zn in tissue of the dominant plant species, streambank wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm) Gould subsp. lanceolatus], relative to the unamended, unfertilized control. At two months following biosolids application (1997), total soil C and N at soil depths of 0 to 7.5, 7.5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm showed significant (P < 0.05) linear increases (r(2) > 0.88) as biosolids rate increased. The surface soil layer also showed this effect one year after application (1998). For Years 2 through 4 (1999-2001) following treatment, soil C and N levels declined but did not show consistent trends. The increase in productivity and cover resulting from the use of biosolids; can aid in the rehabilitation of wildfire sites and reduce soil erosion in ecosystems similar to the Buffalo Creek area. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. MFG Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Barbarick, KA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM ken.barbarick@colostate.edu RI Barbarick, Kenneth/B-7974-2013; Paschke, Mark/E-3799-2013 OI Barbarick, Kenneth/0000-0002-8779-0740; Paschke, Mark/0000-0002-6345-5905 NR 46 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 3 BP 873 EP 881 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 822BK UT WOS:000221509200011 PM 15224923 ER PT J AU Wigand, C McKinney, RA Chintala, MM Charpentier, MA Groffman, PM AF Wigand, C McKinney, RA Chintala, MM Charpentier, MA Groffman, PM TI Denitrification enzyme activity of fringe salt marshes in New England (USA) SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; NITRATE DYNAMICS; RIPARIAN FORESTS; FRESH-WATER; GROUNDWATER; ECOSYSTEM; ESTUARIES; WETLAND; SOIL; SIGNATURES AB Coastal salt marshes are a buffer between the uplands and adjacent coastal waters in New England (USA). With increasing N loads from developed watersheds, salt marshes could play an important role in the water quality maintenance of coastal waters. In this study we examined seasonal relationships between denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) in salt marshes of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and watershed N loadings, land use, and terrestrial hydric soils. In a manipulative experiment, the effect of nutrient enrichment on DEA was examined in a saltmeadow cordgrass [Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl.] marsh. In the high marsh, DEA significantly (p < 0.05) increased with watershed N loadings and decreased with the percent of hydric soils in a 200-m terrestrial buffer. In the low marsh, we found no significant relationships between DEA and watershed N loadings, residential land development, or terrestrial hydric soils. In the manipulation experiment, we measured increased DEA in N-amended treatments, but no effect in the P-amended treatments. The positive relationships between N loading and high marsh DEA support the hypothesis that salt marshes may be important buffers between the terrestrial landscape and estuaries, preventing the movement of land-derived N into coastal waters. The negative relationships between marsh DEA and the percent of hydric soils in the adjacent watershed illustrate the importance of natural buffers within the terrestrial landscape. Denitrification enzyme activity appears to be a useful index for comparing relative N exposure and the potential denitrification activity of coastal salt marshes. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OAO Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Wigand, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM wigand.cathleen@epa.gov NR 42 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 33 IS 3 BP 1144 EP 1151 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 822BK UT WOS:000221509200042 PM 15224954 ER PT J AU Sohn, MD McKone, TE Blancato, JN AF Sohn, MD McKone, TE Blancato, JN TI Reconstructing population exposures from dose biomarkers: inhalation of trichloroethylene (TCE) as a case study SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE exposure assessment; biomarkers; PBPK modeling; Bayesian inference ID BODY BURDEN; PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNCERTAINTY; CHLOROFORM; INFORMATION; BREATH; TOXICOKINETICS; VARIABILITY; WATER AB Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a well-established toxicological tool designed to relate exposure to a target tissue dose. The emergence of federal and state programs for environmental health tracking and the availability of exposure monitoring through biomarkers creates the opportunity to apply PBPK models to estimate exposures to environmental contaminants from urine, blood, and tissue samples. However, reconstructing exposures for large populations is complicated by often having too few biomarker samples, large uncertainties about exposures, and large interindividual variability. In this paper, we use an illustrative case study to identify some of these difficulties, and for a process for confronting them by reconstructing population-scale exposures using Bayesian inference. The application consists of interpreting biomarker data from eight adult males with controlled exposures to trichloroethylene (TCE) as if the biomarkers were random samples from a large population with unknown exposure conditions. The TCE concentrations in blood from the individuals fell into two distinctly different groups even though the individuals were simultaneously in a single exposure chamber. We successfully reconstructed the exposure scenarios for both subgroups - although the reconstruction of one subgroup is different than what is believed to be the true experimental conditions. We were however unable to predict with high certainty the concentration of TCE in air. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Sohn, MD (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 90R3058, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mdsohn@lbl.gov OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 NR 40 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 204 EP 213 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500314 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 820IS UT WOS:000221382200002 PM 15141149 ER PT J AU Xue, JP McCurdy, T Spengler, J Ozkaynak, H AF Xue, JP McCurdy, T Spengler, J Ozkaynak, H TI Understanding variability in time spent in selected locations for 7-12-year old children SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE children; human activity; inter-individual variability; intra individual variability; time use ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY PATTERNS; POPULATION EXPOSURE; YOUNG-ADULTS; FITNESS; POLLUTANTS; BEHAVIORS; HEALTH; COMMUNITIES; RELIABILITY; ADOLESCENCE AB This paper summarizes a series of analyses of clustered, sequential activity/location data collected by Harvard University for 160 children aged 7-12 years in Southern California (Geyh et al., 2000). The main purpose of the paper is to understand intra- and inter-variability in the time spent by the sample in the outdoor location, the location exhibiting the most variability of the ones evaluated. The data were analyzed using distribution-free hypothesis-testing (K-S tests of the distributions), generalized linear modeling techniques, and random-sampling schemes that produced "cohorts" whose descriptive statistical characteristics were evaluated against the original dataset. Most importantly, our analyses indicate that subdividing the population into appropriate cohorts better replicates parameters of the original data, including the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which is a relative measure of the intra- and inter-individual variability inherent in the original data. While the findings of our analyses are consistent with previous assessments of "time budget" and physical activity data, they are constrained by the rather homogeneous sample available to us. Owing to a general lack of longitudinal human activity/location data available for other age/gender cohorts, we are unable to generalize our findings to other population subgroups. C1 US EPA, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP McCurdy, T (reprint author), US EPA, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E205-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mccurdy.thomas@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES000002, R01-ES06370] NR 50 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 222 EP 233 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500319 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 820IS UT WOS:000221382200004 PM 15141151 ER PT J AU Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Iachan, R Lyu, C Gordon, SM Morgan, MK Ozkaynak, H Sheldon, LS AF Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Iachan, R Lyu, C Gordon, SM Morgan, MK Ozkaynak, H Sheldon, LS TI Design and sampling methodology for a large study of preschool children's aggregate exposures to persistent organic pollutants in their everyday environments SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE preschool children; survey sampling; recruiting; child day care; aggregate exposures; pesticides; persistent organic pollutants ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DAY-CARE-CENTERS; PROBABILITY-BASED SAMPLE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; PESTICIDE EXPOSURE; AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY; WASHINGTON-STATE; AIR; CHLORPYRIFOS; FIELD AB Young children, because of their immaturity and their rapid development compared to adults, are considered to be more susceptible to the health effects of environmental pollutants. They are also more likely to be exposed to these pollutants, because of their continual exploration of their environments with all their senses. Although there has been increased emphasis in recent years on exposure research aimed at this specific susceptible population, there are still large gaps in the available data, especially in the area of chronic, low-level exposures of children in their home and school environments. A research program on preschool children's exposures was established in 1996 at the USEPA National Exposure Research Laboratory. The emphasis of this program is on children's aggregate exposures to common contaminants in their everyday environments, from multiple media, through all routes of exposure. The current research project, "Children's Total Exposure to Persistent Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants," (CTEPP), is a pilot-scale study of the exposures of 257 children, ages 11/2-5 years, and their primary adult caregivers to contaminants in their everyday surroundings. The contaminants of interest include several pesticides, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phthalate esters. Field recruitment and data collection began in February 2000 in North Carolina and were completed in November 2001 in Ohio. This paper describes the design strategy, survey sampling, recruiting, and field methods for the CTEPP study. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Durham, NC 27713 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wilson, NK (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 100 capitola Dr,Suite 301, Durham, NC 27713 USA. EM wilsonk@battelle.org NR 61 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 260 EP 274 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500326 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 820IS UT WOS:000221382200008 PM 15141155 ER PT J AU Morrison, J Yang, C Lin, KT Haugland, RA Neely, AN Vesper, SJ AF Morrison, J Yang, C Lin, KT Haugland, RA Neely, AN Vesper, SJ TI Monitoring Aspergillus species by quantitative PCR during construction of a multi-storey hospital building SO JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus; hospital enlargement; QPCR; construction; monitoring AB During the enlargement of an existing hospital, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to monitor Aspergillus spp. populations within the construction site. The rapid availability of results meant that the construction schedule was largely uninterrupted, while assuring that the new construction was free from contamination by the targeted Aspergillus spp. (C) 2004 The Hospital Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Boelter & Yates Inc, Park Ridge, IL USA. STL P&K Microbiol Serv Inc, Cherry Hill, NJ USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Surg, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH USA. EM vesper.stephen@epa.gov NR 6 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 32 JAMESTOWN RD, LONDON NW1 7BY, ENGLAND SN 0195-6701 J9 J HOSP INFECT JI J. Hosp. Infect. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 57 IS 1 BP 85 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.01.030 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 824TJ UT WOS:000221709200013 PM 15142721 ER PT J AU Guo, QZ Fan, CY Raghaven, R Field, R AF Guo, QZ Fan, CY Raghaven, R Field, R TI Gate and vacuum flushing of sewer sediment: Laboratory testing SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE storm drainage; combined sewers; storage tanks; sediment control; flushing; surge; vacuum; experimental data ID SYSTEMS AB The objective of this study was to test the performance of a traditional gate-flushing device and a newly designed vacuum-flushing device in removing sediment from combined sewers and CSO storage tanks. A laboratory hydraulic flume was used to simulate a reach of sewer or storage tank. The flushing device was fabricated and installed at upstream end of the flume. The removed sediment was collected at downstream end of the flume and weighed. The test results indicate that the weight of flushed sediment increases with increasing initial water depth in the flushing device; the weight of flushed sediment decreases with increasing initial water depth in the flume: the weight of flushed sediment only changes slightly with changing height of flushing device opening for water release and does not necessarily increase with increasing opening height. Water is held up by vacuum and is released upon dissipation of the vacuum in the vacuum-flushing device rather than through closing and opening of a mechanical gate in the gate-flushing device. The test results indicate that sediment removal efficiency of the vacuum-flushing device is practically the same as the gate-flushing device. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Division, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. USInfrastructure Inc, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Guo, QZ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 623 Bowser Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. EM qguo@rci.rutgers.edu NR 9 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 10 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2004 VL 130 IS 5 BP 463 EP 466 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:5(463) PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 814MZ UT WOS:000220980100010 ER PT J AU Kalin, L Govindaraju, RS Hantush, MM AF Kalin, L Govindaraju, RS Hantush, MM TI Development and application of a methodology for sediment source identification. I: Modified unit sedimentograph approach SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID WATERSHEDS; CATCHMENT AB Identification of sediment source areas within a watershed is useful for designing appropriate management alternatives that reduce sediment losses. In most watersheds, data collection programs are present at the stream gauging station, and sediment source identification must be treated as an inverse problem. A physically based watershed-scale surface flow and erosion model, KINEROS was utilized as the modeling tool in this study. A modified unit sedimentograph approach was used for source identification based on hydrograph and sedimentograph data collected at the watershed outlet. Data from several events were examined over two small watersheds, and a statistical procedure was employed to assess the erosion vulnerability of different regions in the two watersheds. These results were presented in the form of maps to obtain a spatial picture of potential sediment generating areas. A statistical analysis was also utilized to determine if erosion potentials of different regions of a watershed were significantly different. It appears that identification of source areas is-possible when a limited number of regions are contributing sediments. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Govindaraju, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM govind@ecn.purdue.edu OI Govindaraju, Rao/0000-0003-3957-3319 NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 9 IS 3 BP 184 EP 193 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:3(184) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 814EY UT WOS:000220959200003 ER PT J AU Kalin, L Govindaraju, RS Hantush, MM AF Kalin, L Govindaraju, RS Hantush, MM TI Development and application of a methodology for sediment source identification. II: Optimization approach SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID RELEASE HISTORY; RIVER OUSE; CONTAMINANT; UK; WATERSHEDS; CATCHMENT; YORKSHIRE AB In this-paper, we re-examine the question of identification of source areas using optimization methods for two Iowa watersheds. The question of nonuniqueness is addressed first, with the result that only eight sediment contributing regions are allowed to be active simultaneously as in the companion study. Tukey's procedure is utilized to examine if the differences in erodibility of the different regions are statistically, significant. Results were presented in the form of maps to obtain a spatial picture of the potential of sediment generating areas. Comparisons with physical characteristics of the watersheds showed good agreement between erosion potential and properties associated with erosion. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Govindaraju, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM govind@ecn.purdue.edu OI Govindaraju, Rao/0000-0003-3957-3319 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 9 IS 3 BP 194 EP 207 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:3(194) PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 814EY UT WOS:000220959200004 ER PT J AU Goldman, JM Murr, AS Buckalew, AR Schmid, JE Abbott, BD AF Goldman, JM Murr, AS Buckalew, AR Schmid, JE Abbott, BD TI Methoxychlor-induced alterations in the histological expression of angiogenic factors in pituitary and uterus SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR HISTOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; ESTROGEN-RECEPTORS; FACTOR VEGF; IN-VIVO; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; BLOOD-VESSELS; CORPUS-LUTEUM; RAT PITUITARY AB Within the reproductive system, oestrogenic stimulation of uterine and pituitary tissue typically causes a proliferative response accompanied by an angiogenic induction of new blood vessels from existing ones, thereby providing nutrients and oxygen to the a growing tissue. The pro-oestrogenic pesticide methoxychlor (MXC), however, has shown a differential effect on proliferative activity. An increase in uterine growth is present, while the pituitary undergoes a decrease in size, even though the effect is accompanied by a characteristic oestrogen-induced elevation in pituitary prolactin concentration. The focus of the current study was whether the observed differences in tissue growth between uterus and pituitary in response to MXC administration were paralleled by a corresponding disparity in the expression of those growth factors (members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin families and their receptors) that are involved in the angiogenic cascade. Ovariectomized adult Sprague-Dawley female rats were administered MXC (0-200 mg/kg, oral) for 1 or 3 weeks. Immunohistochemical staining of uteri and pituitaries was performed under strictly controlled conditions for VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2, Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 and their tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2, and platelet endothelial adhesion factor (as an index of vascularity). Image acquisition and densitometric assessments of staining intensity were conducted under blind conditions. The results showed uterine MXC-induced increases in the expression of VEGFR2 and Ang1, changes consistent with a normal proliferative response to oestrogenic stimulation. For VEGF, staining tended to be most pronounced in the stromal region, although there did not appear to be a progressive increase with dose. VEGFR2 expression showed significant dose-related trends in luminal and glandular epithelia by 1 week. Similar effects at 1 week were evident for Ang1 in glandular epithelium. In the anterior pituitary, a dose-related increase in VEGF was present for the 1 and 3 week treatments, and the number of pituitary vessels per unit area was also increased after 3 weeks. The effects indicate that even though the insecticide has not been found to cause an augmentation in pituitary growth, a dose-related rise in the expression of at least one principal angiogenic factor is present that may be associated with an increase in vascular density. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Goldman, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 56 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-2379 J9 J MOL HISTOL JI J. Mol. Histol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 35 IS 4 BP 363 EP 375 PG 13 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 859FH UT WOS:000224248300004 PM 15503810 ER PT J AU Newbold, RR Padilla-Banks, E Jefferson, WN AF Newbold, RR Padilla-Banks, E Jefferson, WN TI Neonatal exposure to the soy phytoestrogen genistein alters gene expression in the murine uterus. SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 5th International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease CY SEP 21-24, 2003 CL Orlando, FL C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 134 IS 5 BP 1282S EP 1282S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 820XK UT WOS:000221423000179 ER PT J AU Ylin, LM Millette, JR Vette, A Ilacqua, V Quan, CL Gorczynski, J Kendall, M Chen, LC Weisel, CP Buckley, B Yang, I Lioy, PJ AF Ylin, LM Millette, JR Vette, A Ilacqua, V Quan, CL Gorczynski, J Kendall, M Chen, LC Weisel, CP Buckley, B Yang, I Lioy, PJ TI Comparisons of the dust/smoke particulate that settled inside the surrounding buildings and outside on the streets of southern New York city after the collapse of the World Trade Center, September 11, 2001 SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; LOWER MANHATTAN; PARTICLE-SIZE; DUST; PESTICIDES; MATTER; AIR AB The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001, generated large amounts of dust and smoke that settled in the surrounding indoor and outdoor environments in southern Manhattan. Sixteen dust samples were collected from undisturbed locations inside two uncleaned buildings that were adjacent to Ground Zero. These samples were analyzed for morphology, metals, and organic compounds, and the results were compared with the previously reported outdoor WTC dust/smoke results. We also analyzed seven additional dust samples provided by residents in the local neighborhoods. The morphologic analyses showed that the indoor WTC dust/smoke samples were similar to the outdoor WTC dust/smoke samples in composition and characteristics but with more than 50% mass in the <53-mum size fraction. This was in contrast to the outdoor samples that contained >50% of mass above >53 mum. Elemental analyses also showed the similarities, but at lower concentrations. Organic compounds present in the outdoor samples were also detected in the indoor samples. Conversely, the resident-provided convenience dust samples were different from either the WTC indoor or outdoor samples in composition and pH, indicating that they were not WTC-affected locations. In summary, the indoor dust/smoke was similar in concentration to the outdoor dust/smoke but had a greater percentage of mass <53 mum in diameter. C1 UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. MVA Inc, Norcross, GA USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Exposure Measurements & Anal Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Environm Hlth, Kuopio, Finland. NYU, Sch Med, Nelson Inst Environm Med, New York, NY USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Lioy, PJ (reprint author), UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd,Room 301, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. EM plioy@eohsi.rutgers.edu RI YANG, ILL /F-4693-2010; Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011; Cjem, Lung-Chi/H-5030-2012; Ilacqua, Vito/M-8634-2014 OI Ilacqua, Vito/0000-0002-7547-4281 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 54 IS 5 BP 515 EP 528 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 818HH UT WOS:000221235700001 ER PT J AU Ramakrishnan, B Sorial, GA Speth, TF Clark, P Zaffiro, A Patterson, C Hand, DW AF Ramakrishnan, B Sorial, GA Speth, TF Clark, P Zaffiro, A Patterson, C Hand, DW TI Remediation of MTBE from drinking water: Air stripping followed by off-gas adsorption SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; GROUNDWATER; AERATION AB The widespread use of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) as an oxygenate in gasoline has resulted in the contamination of a large number of ground and surface water sources. Even though air stripping has been proven to be an effective treatment technology for MTBE removal, off-gas treatment often is required in conjunction with it. This study evaluated the combined treatment technologies of air stripping followed by off-gas adsorption on a pilot scale for the treatment of MTBE-contaminated water. The effect of air/water ratios on the treatment efficiency was studied, and the mass transfer coefficient was determined. Air/water ratios of 105:1, 15 1:1, 177:1, 190:1, 202:1, and 206:1 were used, and a treatment efficiency of >99% was achieved for all the runs conducted. The depth of packing required to achieve maximum treatment efficiency decreased with increasing air/water ratio. Relative humidity (RH) impacts on the MTBE adsorption capacity of a granular activated carbon (GAC) and carbonaceous resin were determined from pilot plant studies. Breakthrough, profiles obtained from the pilot plant studies conducted at 20, 30, and 50% RH indicated that GAC has a higher adsorptive capacity than resin. The adsorptive capacity of GAC decreased with increasing RH, whereas RH did not impact the resin adsorptive capacity. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Shaw Environm & Infra Struct Inc, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Sorial, GA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM george.sorial@uc.edu NR 30 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 54 IS 5 BP 529 EP 539 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 818HH UT WOS:000221235700002 PM 15149041 ER PT J AU Gandhi, J Johnson, M Hedrick, J AF Gandhi, J Johnson, M Hedrick, J TI Determination of trace level perchlorate SO LC GC EUROPE LA English DT Article C1 Metrohm Peak Inc, Houston, TX USA. US EPA, Houston, TX USA. Agilent Technol, Houston, TX USA. RP Gandhi, J (reprint author), Metrohm Peak Inc, Houston, TX USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1471-6577 J9 LC GC EUR JI LC GC Eur. PD MAY PY 2004 SU S BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 837ZY UT WOS:000222681400001 ER PT J AU Randall, P Chattopadhyay, S AF Randall, P Chattopadhyay, S TI Influence of pH and oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) on the dissolution of mercury-containing mine wastes from the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine SO MINERALS & METALLURGICAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Mining-Metallurgy-and-Exploration CY FEB 24-26, 2003 CL Cincinnati, OH SP Soc Mining Metallurgy Exploration DE evironmental remediation; mercury contamination; mine wastes; leaching AB This study was undertaken as apart of the development of treatment alternatives for waste materials, primarily waste rock and roaster tailings, from sites contaminated by mercury (Hg) mining wastes. Leaching profiles of waste rock over a range of pH and oxidation-reduction (Eh) conditions were performed. Because iron (Fe) is present in large quantities in mining wastes, the effect of Fe on the leaching of Hg was also determined. Results show that the Hg concentration increased as the pH of the suspension increased until a pH value of 10.65. Thereafter, the Hg concentration decreased sharply. The Hg concentration in the presence of Fe decreased significantly (1/10(th) to 1/100(th)). Kinetics results show a relatively slow rate of leaching in the presence of ferric ions. The results obtained from the present study are being used to predict the fate and stability of Hg present in the environment and will, therefore, be useful it? dictating the nature and suitability of any remediation treatment. C1 US EPA, US Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Environm Restorat Dept, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Randall, P (reprint author), US EPA, US Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Randall, Paul/M-6232-2014 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC MINING METALLURGY EXPLORATION INC PI LITTLETON PA 8307 SHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0747-9182 J9 MINER METALL PROC JI Miner. Metall. Process. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 21 IS 2 BP 93 EP 98 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 827QL UT WOS:000221915400006 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM Makris, SL Sette, WF Mendez, E Raffaele, KC AF Crofton, KM Makris, SL Sette, WF Mendez, E Raffaele, KC TI A qualitative retrospective analysis of positive control data in developmental neurotoxicity studies SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Review DE developmental neurotoxicity; startle response; positive control data ID NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING METHODS; BEHAVIORAL TERATOLOGY; TACTILE STARTLE; MOTOR-ACTIVITY; SCOPOLAMINE; ACRYLAMIDE; RATS; ASSESSMENTS; MODULATION; MEMORY AB Testing for neurodevelopmental effects commonly involves both functional and neuropathological assessments in offspring during and following maternal exposure. The use of positive controls in neurotoxicity screening has been advocated by numerous expert groups. Evaluation of positive control data allows evaluation of laboratory proficiency in detecting changes in the structure and function of the developing nervous system and comparison of the sensitivity of assessments in different studies and laboratories. This project surveyed approaches taken in contract and industrial laboratories in generating and providing these data. Positive control data submitted in support of 34 developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) studies from 16 different laboratories were summarized by test method for information oil the following: age relevance of test subjects, the presence of a dose-response relationship, gender, group size, statistics, report quality, quality assurance, and the year the study was conducted. Endpoints included the following: developmental landmarks, clinical observations (CO), motor activity, startle response, learning and memory, qualitative neuropathology, and quantitative brain morphometry (linear measurements of selected brain regions). Results ranged from no positive control data for three laboratories, to one laboratory that submitted 17 separate positive control reports. The qualitative range was similarly broad, from excellent to poor. Various problems were identified, including the following: inappropriate report structure (e.g., copies of poster presentations), lack of individual data, inadequate methodological details, submission of very old data ( > 10 years) or data from completely different laboratories, use of inappropriate positive control chemicals or doses that were without effect, lack of statistical analysis, use of only one sex, and use of incompatibly aged animals. Analyses revealed that there were only 3 out of 16 laboratories that had submitted positive control data adequate for proficiency purposes for all of the major endpoints in the DNT study. Adequate positive control data are very useful in a weight-of-evidence approach to help determine the biological significance of results, and also to increase the confidence in negative results from DNT studies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Div Hlth Effects, OPPTS, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, ORD, MD-B105-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM crofton.kevin@epa.gov RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 47 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 345 EP 352 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.02.007 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 820DH UT WOS:000221366500001 PM 15113596 ER PT J AU Das, KP Freudenrich, TM Mundy, WR AF Das, KP Freudenrich, TM Mundy, WR TI Assessment of PC12 cell differentiation and neuritc growth: a comparison of morphological and neurochemical measures SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PC12 cells; neurite growth; differentiation; GAP-43; synapsin I ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PRIMARY CULTURES; SYNAPSIN-I; EXPRESSION; NEURONS; GAP-43; NGF AB In vitro techniques are used increasingly to screen for and characterize neurotoxicants. In many cases, chemical-induced injury to developing neurons has been examined in vitro by assessing morphological changes in differentiation and neurite growth. This research evaluated the use of proteins associated with axonal growth and synaptogenesis as surrogates for morphological measurement of neuronal differentiation. PC12 cells, which differentiate upon nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation, were used as the in vitro model. NGF-induced (50 ng/ml) differentiation (cells with at least one neurite with a length equal to the cell body diameter) and neurite growth (length of longest neurite) were determined using light microscopy and computer-based quantitative image analysis. PC12 cell differentiation and neurite growth reached a plateau after 6 days in culture. Expression of the axonal growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and the synaptic protein synapsin I were assessed simultaneously by Western blot during cell differentiation. Expression of GAP-43 was low on Culture Day 0 and increased progressively to maximum levels on Culture Day 5. Likewise, synapsin I expression increased slowly on Days 0-4, and then rapidly on Days 5-7 of culture. Pharmacologic inhibitors of NGF-induced signaling were used to test the sensitivity of the proteins to chemical disruption of differentiation. The MAP kinase inhibitor, U0126 (5-30 muM) and the PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I (Bis 1; 1.25-5 muM) inhibited differentiation and neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. U0126 and Bis I significantly decreased GAP-43, but not synapsin I expression. Interestingly, the Pl-PLC inhibitor edelfosine (ET-18; 5-30 muM) stimulated differentiation at early times of exposure followed by a significant decrease in neurite length at later time points. However, ET-18 did not alter the expression of GAP-43 or synapsin I. These data suggest that GAP-43 may be a useful indicator of the status of PC12 cell differentiation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Mundy, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, B105-06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mundy.william@epa.gov NR 47 TC 126 Z9 134 U1 7 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 397 EP 406 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.02.006 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 820DH UT WOS:000221366500006 PM 15113601 ER PT J AU McDaniel, KL Moser, VC AF McDaniel, KL Moser, VC TI Differential profiles of cholinesterase inhibition and neurobehavioral effects in rats exposed to fenamiphos or profenofos SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Soc Toxicol DE fenamiphos; profenofos; neurobehavior; cholinesterase; organophosphates ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS; SCREENING BATTERY; SOMAN; BRAIN; RECEPTORS; TOXICITY; REGIONS AB The relationship between cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition and neurobehavioral changes was examined using two ChE-inhibiting organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, fenamiphos and profenofos. Both pesticides produce considerable blood ChE inhibition, but relatively little brain inhibition up to almost lethal doses. Interestingly, pronounced neurobehavioral signs were produced by fenamiphos but not profenofos. After a single oral dose, both pesticides greatly inhibited blood ChE (87-98% inhibition), yet whole brain ChE was only inhibited by 9-14% at the highest doses. Fenamiphos produced dose-dependent effects on many behavioral measures. Despite the similar ChE inhibition profile, profenofos produced no observable changes in behavior. Treatment with anticholinergic drugs was used to evaluate the contribution of peripheral versus central ChE inhibition. Scopolamine (SCO) and methylscopolamine (MSC) were used as central/ peripheral and peripheral-only cholinergic receptor blockers, respectively, in combination with fenamiphos. Neither drug altered the effects of fenamiphos on ChE inhibition. Some behavioral effects of fenamiphos were blocked or attenuated only by SCO, whereas other effects were blocked by both drugs. These data indicate that some of the pronounced neurobehavioral changes observed following fenamiphos dosing may be centrally mediated (blocked by SCO only), despite the small amount of inhibition of brain ChE. Other behavioral changes may be mediated more peripherally (blocked by both MSC and SCO). To test the hypothesis that regionally specific ChE inhibition may be responsible for these effects, the same dose of fenamiphos used in the previous studies was given and one half of the brain was dissected into regions. There was significant ChE inhibition in the pons and medulla, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus, and half-brain but not in the rest-of-brain and frontal cortex; however, the magnitude of inhibition was relatively small across the regions measured. Thus, the centrally mediated neurobehavioral effects of fenamiphos could not be explained based on differential regional brain ChE inhibition alone. Despite the low level of brain ChE inhibition, some behavioral effects of fenamiphos were centrally mediated, and there was little regional specificity of ChE inhibition that could account for the behavioral changes observed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Mail Code B105-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM moser.ginger@epa.gov NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 407 EP 415 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.01.001 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 820DH UT WOS:000221366500007 PM 15113602 ER PT J AU Lewis, JD Lucash, M Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT AF Lewis, JD Lucash, M Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT TI Relationships between needle nitrogen concentration and photosynthetic responses of Douglas-fir seedlings to elevated CO2 and temperature SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE acclimatization; carbon dioxide; climate change; nitrogen; photosynthesis; Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir); seasonal variation; temperature ID RISING ATMOSPHERIC CO2; RADIATA D. DON.; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SCOTS PINE; GAS-EXCHANGE; C-3 PLANTS; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; SEASONAL PATTERNS; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AB Here we examined correlations between needle nitrogen concentration ([N]) and photosynthetic responses of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings to growth in elevated temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]). Seedlings were grown in sunlit, climate-controlled chambers at ambient or ambient +3.5degreesC and ambient or ambient +180 mumol mol(-1) CO2 in a full factorial design. Photosynthetic parameters and needle [N] were measured six times over a 21-month period. Needle [N] varied seasonally, and accounted for 30-50% of the variation in photosynthetic parameters. Across measurement periods, elevated temperature increased needle [N] by 26% and light-saturated net photosynthetic rates by 17%. Elevated [CO2] decreased needle [N] by 12%, and reduced net photosynthetic rates measured at a common [CO2], maximum carboxylation activity (V-c,V-max) and electron transport capacity (J(max)), indicating photosynthetic acclimatization. Even so, elevated [CO2] enhanced net photosynthesis, and this effect increased with needle (N]. These results suggest that needle [N] may regulate photosynthetic responses of Douglas-fir to climate change. Further, needle [N] may be altered by climate change. However, effects of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis. may be similar across growth temperatures. C1 Fordham Univ, Biol Stn, Louis Calder Ctr, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lewis, JD (reprint author), Fordham Univ, Biol Stn, Louis Calder Ctr, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. EM jdlewis@fordham.edu RI Lucash, Melissa /I-8677-2012 OI Lucash, Melissa /0000-0003-1509-3273 NR 81 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 162 IS 2 BP 355 EP 364 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01036.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 815RH UT WOS:000221058900010 ER PT J AU Herrick, JD Maherali, H Thomas, RB AF Herrick, JD Maherali, H Thomas, RB TI Reduced stomatal conductance in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) sustained over long-term CO2 enrichment SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE free air CO2 enrichment (FACE); stomatal conductance; Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum); sun; shade; stomatal density ID DOUBLED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ELEVATED CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENHANCEMENT; C-3/C-4 GRASSLAND; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; RESPONSES; CANOPY; ACCLIMATION; OAK AB Over 4 yr (1998-2001) we examined the effects of CO2 enrichment on stomatal conductance (g(s)) of sun and shade leaves of overstory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown at the Duke Forest Free Air Carbon CO Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Gas-exchange measurements were taken in June and September of each year and relationships between water stress and stomatal conductance were examined. Stomatal density was measured in June 2000. Relative stomatal limitation (I-g) was calculated from gas-exchange measurements. We found a 28% reduction of gs in elevated CO2 that was sustained over the study period and was similar in sun and shade leaves. Elevated CO2 reduced I-g by 26%. Stomatal density was not affected by CO2 enrichment. Elevated CO2 did not change the sensitivity of gs to soil moisture or vapor pressure deficit. The data illustrate that decreased gs of sweetgum leaves in CO2 enrichment is consistent over long periods of time and under varying environmental conditions. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. W Virginia Univ, Dept Biol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Herrick, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Herrick.Jeffrey@epa.gov NR 37 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 162 IS 2 BP 387 EP 396 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01045.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 815RH UT WOS:000221058900013 ER PT J AU Kadiiska, MB Ghio, AJ Mason, RP AF Kadiiska, MB Ghio, AJ Mason, RP TI ESR investigation of the oxidative damage in lungs caused by asbestos and air pollution particles SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Workshop on Electron Magnetic Resonance of Disordered Systems CY JUN 07-16, 2003 CL Sofia, BULGARIA DE ESR; spin trap; asbestos; oil fly ash; free radicals in vivo ID ENHANCED LIPID-PEROXIDATION; EPITHELIAL-CELL APOPTOSIS; FREE-RADICAL FORMATION; IN-VIVO EVIDENCE; OIL FLY-ASH; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE; CROCIDOLITE ASBESTOS; MOLECULAR-BASIS AB Exposure to asbestos and air pollution particles can be associated with increased human morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular mechanism of lung injuries remains unknown. It has been postulated that the in vivo toxicity results from the catalysis of free radical generation. Using electron spin resonance (ESR) in conjunction with the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) we previously investigated in vivo free radical production by rats treated with intratracheal instillation of asbestos (crocidolite fibers) and an emission source air pollution particle (oil fly ash). In this report we compare the effect of two different exposures on the type of free radicals they induce in in vivo animal model. Twenty-four hours after the exposure, ESR spectroscopy of the chloroform extract from lungs of animals exposed to either asbestos or oil fly ash gave a spectrum consistent with a carbon-centered radical adduct (a(N) = 15.01 G and a(H) = 2.46 G). To test whether free radical formation occurred in vivo and not in vitro, a number of control experiments were performed. Combinations (both individually and together) of asbestos or oil fly ash and 4-POBN were added to lung homogenate of unexposed rats prior to chloroform extraction. No detectable ESR signal resulted. To exclude the possibility of ex vivo free radical generation, asbestos or oil fly ash was added to lung homogenate of an animal treated with 4-POBN. Also, 4-POBN was added to lung homogenate from rats instilled with asbestos or oil fly ash. Neither system produced radical adducts, indicating that the ESR signal detected in the lung extracts of the treated animals must be produced in vivo and not ex vivo or in vitro. In conclusion, ESR analysis of lung tissue demonstrated that both exposures produce lipid-derived radical metabolites despite their different composition and structure. Analogously, both exposures provide evidence of in vivo enhanced lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, it is concluded that without the presence of a spin-trapping agent, no free radical metabolites could be detected directly by ESR in either exposure. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kadiiska, MB (reprint author), NIEHS, NIH, MD F0-02,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM kadiiska@niehs.nih.gov NR 56 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1386-1425 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA A JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1371 EP 1377 DI 10.1016/j.saa.2003.10.035 PG 7 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 822ZB UT WOS:000221578400018 PM 15134737 ER PT J AU Himmelstein, MW Carpenter, SC Evans, MV Hinderliter, PM Kenyon, EM AF Himmelstein, MW Carpenter, SC Evans, MV Hinderliter, PM Kenyon, EM TI Kinetic modeling of beta-chloroprene metabolism: II. The application of physiologically based modeling for cancer dose response analysis SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Soc Toxicol DE 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene; PBTK or PBPK modeling; benchmark dose; liver; lung; mouse; rat; hamster; human ID IN-VITRO; PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; RISK ASSESSMENT; GAS UPTAKE; RATS; 1,3-BUTADIENE; HUMANS; LIVER AB beta-Chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene; CD), which is used in the synthesis of polychloroprene, caused significant incidences of several tumor types in B6C3F1 mice and Fischer rats, but not in Wistar rats or Syrian hamsters. This project investigates the relevance of the bioassay lung tumor findings to human health risk by developing a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model and exploring a tissue specific exposure-dose-response relationship. Key steps included identification of the plausible genotoxic mode of action, experimental quantification of tissue-to-air partition coefficients, scaling of in vitro parameters of CD metabolism for input into the PBTK model, comparing the model with in vivo experimental gas uptake data, selecting an appropriate tissue dosimetric, and predicting a corresponding human exposure concentration. The total daily milligram amount of CD metabolized per gram of lung was compared with the animal bioassay response data, specifically combined bronchiolar adenoma/carcinoma. The faster rate of metabolism in mouse lung agreed with the markedly greater incidence of lung tumors compared with the other rodent species. A lung tissue dose was predicted for the combined rodent lung tumor bioassay data at a 10% benchmark response. A human version of the PBTK model predicted that the lung tissue dose in humans would be equivalent to continuous lifetime daily exposure of 23 ppm CD. PBTK model sensitivity analysis indicated greater dependence of model predictions of dosimetry on physiological than biochemical parameters. The combined analysis of lung tumor response across species using the PBTK-derived internal dose provides an improved alternative to default pharmacokinetic interspecies adjustments for application to human health risk assessment. C1 EI du Pont de Nemours & Co, Haskell Lab Hlth & Environm Sci, Newark, DE 19711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Himmelstein, MW (reprint author), EI du Pont de Nemours & Co, Haskell Lab Hlth & Environm Sci, POB 50,1090 Elkton Rd, Newark, DE 19711 USA. EM matthew.w.himmelstein@usa.dupont.com NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 79 IS 1 BP 28 EP 37 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh096 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 816YT UT WOS:000221145900005 PM 14976335 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Phillips, PM Levine, AB McDaniel, KL Sills, RC Jortner, BS Butt, MT AF Moser, VC Phillips, PM Levine, AB McDaniel, KL Sills, RC Jortner, BS Butt, MT TI Neurotoxicity produced by dibromoacetic acid in drinking water of rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 17-21, 2002 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Soc Toxicol DE dibromoacetic acid; disinfection by-products; neurotoxicity; behavior; neuropathology; rats ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE-ZETA; 90 DAY TOXICITY; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; B6C3F1 MICE; SODIUM DICHLOROACETATE; METABOLISM; SPERMATOTOXICITY; PHARMACOKINETICS; CHLORINATION AB An evaluation of potential adverse human health effects of disinfection byproducts requires study of both cancer and noncancer endpoints; however, no studies have evaluated the neurotoxic potential of a common haloacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid (DBA). This study characterized the neurotoxicity of DBA during 6-month exposure in the drinking water of rats. Adolescent male and female Fischer 344 rats were administered DBA at 0, 0.2, 0.6, and 1.5 g/l. On a mg/kg/day basis, the consumed dosages decreased greatly over the exposure period, with average intakes of 0, 20, 72, and 161 mg/kg/day. Weight gain was depressed in the high-concentration group, and concentration-related diarrhea and hair loss were observed early in exposure. Testing with a functional observational battery and motor activity took place before dosing and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 months. DBA produced concentration-related neuromuscular toxicity (mid and high concentrations) characterized by limb weakness, mild gait abnormalities, and hypotonia, as well as sensorimotor depression (all concentrations), with decreased responses to a tail-pinch and click. Other signs of toxicity at the highest concentration included decreased activity and chest clasping. Neurotoxicity was evident as early as one month, but did not progress with continued exposure. The major neuropathological finding was degeneration of spinal cord nerve fibers (mid and high concentrations). Cellular vacuolization in spinal cord gray matter (mostly) and in white matter (occasionally) tracts was also observed. No treatment-related changes were seen in brain, eyes, peripheral nerves, or peripheral ganglia. The lowest-observable effect level for neurobehavioral changes was 20 mg/kg/day (produced by 0.2 g/l, lowest concentration tested), whereas this dosage was a no-effect level for neuropathological changes. These studies suggest that neurotoxicity should be considered in the overall hazard evaluation of haloacetic acids. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NIEHS, NTP, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Pathol Associates Div Charles River Labs, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL ORD, MD B105-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM moser.ginger@epa.gov NR 40 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 79 IS 1 BP 112 EP 122 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh081 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 816YT UT WOS:000221145900016 PM 14976349 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Meek, ME Krishnan, K Kedderis, GL Clewell, H Haber, L AF Lipscomb, JC Meek, ME Krishnan, K Kedderis, GL Clewell, H Haber, L TI Incorporation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data into risk assessments SO TOXICOLOGY MECHANISMS AND METHODS LA English DT Article DE chemical-specific adjustment factors (CSAF); enzyme kinetics; human variability; in silico predictions; in vitro studies; interspecies differences; metabolism; risk assessment; toxicokinetics; toxicodynamics; uncertainty factors ID BLOOD PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; IN-VITRO; ISOLATED HEPATOCYTES; HEPATIC MICROSOMES; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; TISSUE DOSIMETRY; POTENTIAL IMPACT; DRUG-METABOLISM; LIVER SLICES; HUMANS AB Risk assessment methodologies are being updated to allow the inclusion of numerical values for variance in pharmacokinetic (PK) measures and pharmacodynamic (PD) processes related to toxicity. The key PK measures and PD processes are identified from the results of carefully conducted and adequately reported studies. In some instances, studies with humans are not possible, and so the development of data useful for human PK evaluations and on PD processes in vitro or in silico represent an alternative. These results can be integrated under physiologic, anatomic, and biochemical constraints of the intact body through physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. This manuscript presents the rational for and key considerations related to the inclusion of quantitative PK and PD data in assessing chemical risks. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Enviornm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Hlth Canada, Existing Subst Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3T 1A8, Canada. ENVIRON Int Corp, Ruston, LA 71270 USA. Toxicol Excellence Rsk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Enviornm Assessment, 26 W ML King Dr,MD-190, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM lipscomb.john@epa.gov NR 54 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1537-6524 J9 TOXICOL MECH METHOD JI Toxicol. Mech. Methods PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 14 IS 3 BP 145 EP 158 DI 10.1080/15376520490429382 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 810FN UT WOS:000220690300002 PM 20021141 ER PT J AU Brazner, JC Campana, SE Tanner, DK AF Brazner, JC Campana, SE Tanner, DK TI Habitat fingerprints for Lake Superior coastal wetlands derived from elemental analysis of yellow perch otoliths SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NURSERY AREAS; FISH OTOLITHS; PROBE MICROANALYSIS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; BLUEFIN TUNA; JUVENILE; ESTUARINE; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; RIVER AB Assessing the ecological importance of coastal habitats to Great Lakes ecosystems requires an understanding of the ecological linkages between coastal and offshore waters. Elemental analysis of fish otoliths has emerged as a powerful technique that can provide a natural tag for determining nursery area affiliation, population structure, and movement of individual fish. Since the elemental composition of fish otoliths reflects some of the environmental conditions under which a fish was reared, otolith chemistry can record differences in ambient water conditions specific to habitats used during a fish's life history. Although few studies have been conducted in freshwaters, trace element analysis of marine fish otoliths has proven useful in identifying the chemical signatures unique to particular spawning and nursery habitats. To examine the utility of this method in freshwater, sagittae were removed from 275 young-of-the-year yellow perch Perca flavescens captured from eight wetlands in western Lake Superior during August 2001. They were analyzed for Ca and 13 minor and trace elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and inductive]), coupled atomic emission mass spectrometry (ICPAES). Otolith concentrations of Ba, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Sr differed significantly among wetlands (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Interwetland differences were also pronounced when analyzed as a multivariate fingerprint (MANOVA, P < 0.001). Discriminant function analysis revealed relatively distinct chemical fingerprints associated with each wetland. Wetland classification accuracy based on a five-element model (Sr, Mn, K, Ba, and Mg) ranged from 62% to 100% and averaged 76%. Differences in fingerprints between wetland types (river-influenced versus lagoon) were also distinct (MANOVA, P < 0.001). Classification accuracy for wetland type was 81% based on a five-element model that included Ba, Mg, MD, Na, and Sr. Our results suggest that otolith elemental fingerprints may be useful for quantifying the relative contributions of different wetland nursery areas to recruitment in adjacent lake populations. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Fish Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. RP Brazner, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM brazner.john@epa.gov RI Campana, Steven/C-3420-2013 OI Campana, Steven/0000-0001-8802-3976 NR 38 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 35 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 133 IS 3 BP 692 EP 704 DI 10.1577/T03-091.1 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 828ZM UT WOS:000222012400016 ER PT J AU Campbell, JG Goodman, LR AF Campbell, JG Goodman, LR TI Acute sensitivity of juvenile shortnose sturgeon to low dissolved oxygen concentrations SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ACIPENSER-BREVIROSTRUM; HABITATS AB There is considerable concern that factors such as eutrophication, industrial pollution, and dredging are adversely affecting the habitats of the endangered shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum. Specific knowledge of the environmental requirements of this species is required if environmental managers are to adequately protect it. We conducted experiments to obtain information on the acute sensitivity of young-of-year shortnose sturgeon to a low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. Flow-through tests were conducted with hatchery-produced fish exposed to the ranges of DO, salinity, and temperature expected in the southeastern United States coastal river-estuary interfaces during spring and summer. The estimated concentration lethal to 50% of the test organisms (the LC50 value) after 24 h that we derived for approximately 77-d-old fish tested at 2parts per thousand salinity and a nominal temperature of 25degreesC was 2.7 mg/L (32% saturation). An estimated LC50 of 2.2 mg/L (26% saturation) was obtained for approximately 104-d-old fish tested at 4parts per thousand and 22degreesC. The 24-h, 48-h, and 72-h LC50 values for approximately 134-d-old fish tested at 4.5% and 26degreesC were also 2.2 mg/L (28% saturation). However, the test with approximately 100-d-old fish at 2% and a nominal temperature of 30degreesC yielded a 24-h LC50 of 3.1 mg/L (42% saturation). These data should be of value in derivating DO-protective values for shortnose sturgeon inhabiting estuaries along the Atlantic coast. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Campbell, JG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM campbell.jed@epa.gov NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2004 VL 133 IS 3 BP 772 EP 776 DI 10.1577/T02-070.1 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 828ZM UT WOS:000222012400022 ER PT J AU Li, X Ambrose, RB Araujo, R AF Li, X Ambrose, RB Araujo, R TI Modeling mineral nitrogen export from a forest terrestrial ecosystem to streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE biogeochemical processes; hardwood forest; modeling; nitrogen export; nonpoint-source pollution; soil organic matter; terrestrial ecosystem; water quality ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; HUBBARD BROOK ECOSYSTEM; GULF-OF-MEXICO; LAND-USE; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ROOT DECOMPOSITION; SURFACE WATERS; PHOSPHORUS; DYNAMICS AB Terrestrial ecosystems are major sources of N pollution to aquatic ecosystems. Predicting N export to streams is a critical goal of nonpoint-source modeling. This study was conducted to assess the effect of terrestrial N cycling on stream N export using long-term monitoring data from Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in New Hampshire. The field scale DAYCENT model was used to quantify N pools and long-term annual streamflow and mineral N export for six subwatersheds at the HBEF By combining DAYCENT with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model, mineral N export simulations were extended to the watershed scale. Our study indicated that only 13% of external N input was exported to streams during 1951-2000 at HBEF As much as 4763 kg/ha of N was stored in forest litter, soil organic matter (SOM), and living plant biomass. Net N mineralization of SOM and forest litter contributed 93% of total available N for export within the HBEF ecosystem. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (E-ns) evaluating model performance of DAYCENT at six subwatersheds ranged from 0.72 to 0.82 for simulating annual streamflow (1964-2000) and from 0.48 to 0.67 for annual mineral N export (1971-1995), indicating reasonable simulated values. DAYCENT successfully predicted the effect of ecosystem disturbance such as forest cut and insect invasion on stream mineral N export. The watershed-scale simulation suggested that soil spatial variability affects stream N export in addition to the accepted controls of land cover, external N input, climate, and ecosystem disturbance. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Li, X (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, 2217 Geol Bldg, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM xuyong.li@ucr.edu NR 61 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 47 IS 3 BP 727 EP 739 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 852GK UT WOS:000223743300014 ER PT J AU Kleiter, M Malarkey, DE Ruslander, DE Thrall, DE AF Kleiter, M Malarkey, DE Ruslander, DE Thrall, DE TI Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine epithelial nasal tumors SO VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Veterinary-Radiology CY DEC, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Coll Vet Radiol DE canine; cyclooxygenase-2; nasal tumors; radiation therapy ID SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA; IN-VITRO; RADIATION-THERAPY; COX-2 EXPRESSION; MAMMARY-TUMORS; DOGS; SURVIVAL; RADIOTHERAPY; INHIBITOR; ENHANCEMENT AB Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme upregulated in some human and animal tumors. Enzymatic products are associated with tumorigenic activities. Given the poor response of canine nasal tumors to radiation, we considered the possibility that some of this resistance may be associated with COX-2 expression. To test this, 21 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and archived biopsy samples from canine epithelial nasal tumors were analyzed for COX-2 expression using immunohistochemistry. The biopsies were collected from dogs prior to radiation therapy. COX-2 expression was present in 17 of 21 (81%) tumors. The expression was observed in several different tumor types, including nasal carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. Samples from five control dogs without nasal neoplasia were also analyzed for COX-2 staining. These specimens were characterized by varying degrees of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis with scattered regions of COX-2 positive respiratory epithelial and stromal cells. Whether the intensity and distribution of COX-2 expression in nasal tumors can be used as a prognostic marker requires further investigation. A combination therapy of irradiation and a selective COX-2 inhibitor appears worthy of clinical investigation in the treatment of canine epithelial nasal tumors. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Mol Biomed Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Kleiter, M (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Mol Biomed Sci, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. EM Miriam_Kleiter@ncsu.edu NR 47 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER COLL VETERINARY RADIOLOGY PI RALEIGH PA 2520 BEECHRIDGE RD, RALEIGH, NC 27608 USA SN 1058-8183 J9 VET RADIOL ULTRASOUN JI Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound PD MAY-JUN PY 2004 VL 45 IS 3 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04046.x PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 826QS UT WOS:000221844200013 PM 15200266 ER PT J AU Domino, MM Pepich, BV Munch, DJ Fair, PS AF Domino, MM Pepich, BV Munch, DJ Fair, PS TI Optimizing the determination of haloacetic acids in drinking waters SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE water analysis; derivatization; GC; methylation; haloacetic acids; diazomethane AB Three methods are currently approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency for the compliance monitoring of haloacetic acids in drinking waters. Each derivatizes the acids to their corresponding esters using either acidic methanol or diazomethane. This study was undertaken to characterize the extent of methylation of these analytes by these methods, and to fully optimize methylation chemistries to improve analytical sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The approved methods were shown to have little to no esterification efficiencies for the brominated trihaloacetic acids (HAA3). Methylation with acidic methanol was determined to be more efficient and rugged than methylation with diazomethane. A new higher boiling solvent, tertiary-amyl methyl ether, is reported which has significantly improved methylation efficiencies for HAA3. Additional modifications to the method have been made that improve method ruggedness. The revised method, EPA Method 552.3, outperforms the currently approved methods, especially for HAA3. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Shaw Environm Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Domino, MM (reprint author), Shaw Environm Inc, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. EM domino.mark@epa.gov NR 15 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD APR 30 PY 2004 VL 1035 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.034 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 811SE UT WOS:000220790800002 PM 15117068 ER PT J AU Hwang, SC Bouwer, EJ Larson, SL Davis, JL AF Hwang, SC Bouwer, EJ Larson, SL Davis, JL TI Decolorization of alkaline TNT hydrolysis effluents using UV/H2O2 SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE alkaline hydrolysis; carbonate decolorization; hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-center dot); TNT ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; WASTE-WATER; ADVANCED OXIDATION; UV-RADIATION; DYE; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE AB Effects of H2O2 dosage (0, 10, 50, 100 and 300 mg/l), reaction pH (11.9, 6.5 and 2.5) and initial color intensity (85, 80 and 60 color unit) on decolorization of alkaline 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) hydrolysis effluents were investigated at a fixed UV strength (40 W/m(2)). Results indicated that UV/H2O2 oxidation could efficiently achieve decolorization and further mineralization. Pseudo first-order decolorization rate constants, k, ranged between 2.9 and 5.4 h(-1) with higher values for lower H2O2 dosage (i.e., 10 mg/l H2O2) when the decolorization occurred at the reaction pH of 11.9. whereas a faster decolorization was achieved with increase in H2O2 dosage at both pH 6.5 and 2.5, resulting in the values of k as fast as 15.4 and 26.6 h(-1) with 300 mg/l H2O2 at pH 6.5 and 2.5, respectively. Difference in decolorization rates was attributed to the reaction pH rather than to the initial color intensity, resulting from the scavenging of hydroxyl radical by carbonate ion. About 40% of spontaneous mineralization was achieved with addition of 10mg/l H2O2 at pH 6.5. Efficient decolorization and extension of H2O2 longevity were observed at pH 6.5 conditions. It is recommended that the colored effluents from alkaline TNT hydrolysis be neutralized prior to a decolorization step. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Environm Lab, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Hwang, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ground Water & Ecosys Restorat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM hwang.sangchul@epa.gov NR 24 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD APR 30 PY 2004 VL 108 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2003.11.016 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 815TQ UT WOS:000221065000005 PM 15081163 ER PT J AU Brady-Roberts, EG Mattie, D Dodd, DE AF Brady-Roberts, EG Mattie, D Dodd, DE TI Part A: Current issues - Preface SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. USAF, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Biosci & Protect Div, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Brady-Roberts, EG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM roberts.eletha@epa.gov; david.mattie@wpafb.af.mil; darol.dodd@wpafb.af.mil NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD APR 23 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 8-10 BP 607 EP 610 DI 10.1080/15287390490427900 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 814CI UT WOS:000220952400001 ER PT J AU Dockins, C Griffiths, CW Owens, N Simon, NB Axelrad, DA AF Dockins, C Griffiths, CW Owens, N Simon, NB Axelrad, DA TI Linking economics and risk assessment SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2003 CL Fairborn, OH AB Benefit-cost analysis relies heavily upon risk assessment. The extent to which benefits can be quantitatively included in an economic analysis is frequently determined by risk assessment methods. Therefore, interdisciplinary collaboration between economists and experts in risk assessment-related disciplines is critical to further development of quantitative human health benefits analysis. To further lay the groundwork for such collaborations, this article reviews the economic foundations of benefit-cost analysis, identifies implications of incorporating this approach into risk assessment, and suggests future cooperation between economists and risk assessors. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Owens, N (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, 1200 Penn Ave NW 1809T, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM owens.nicole@epa.gov NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD APR 23 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 8-10 BP 611 EP 620 DI 10.1080/15287390490427955 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 814CI UT WOS:000220952400002 PM 15192857 ER PT J AU Englehardt, JD Swartout, J AF Englehardt, JD Swartout, J TI Predictive population dose-response assessment for Cryptosporidium parvum: Infection endpoint SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2003 CL Fairborn, OH ID HEALTHY-ADULTS; RISK; VOLUNTEERS; EPIDEMIC; OOCYST; MODEL AB Data validation of safe doses of pathogens in drinking water consistent with public health goals is not possible due to the number of subjects that would be needed at each dose. Because of this problem, together with the difficulty in extrapolating pathogenic response between species, and the ability of microbes to adapt rapidly, confidence-level-dependent assessments of Cryptosporidium parvum dose-response have been developed. However, these results, even on a relative basis, are dependent on confidence level, and the lack of scientific basis for this choice hampers efforts to set water quality standards. Therefore, a predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment method was proposed previously. In this article, a hierarchical predictive population dose-response Bayesian assessment for C. parvum is presented for the infection endpoint. Available data on the infectivity of three isolates of C. parvum, genotype C, were adjusted for sensitive and antibody-positive subpopulations not proportionately represented in the data, by bootstrap analysis. The diverse mean infectivities of the isolates were used to obtain a predictive distribution for population infectivity, used in turn to obtain the predictive population dose-response function. The predictive result is a distribution of unconditional probability of infection, based on available dose-response information. Information includes theoretical and empirical evidence for the conditional beta-Poisson parametric dose-response function. Results indicate that a dose of 6x10(-6) oocysts per exposure corresponds to 10(-4) infections per capita year. An allowable dose corresponding to goals of the SWTR should be increased over this value to reflect the illness endpoint, while potentially being reduced to account for secondary transmission among hosts if important for gastroenteritis in developed countries. C1 Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Englehardt, JD (reprint author), Univ Miami, POB 248294, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM jenglehardt@miami.edu NR 29 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD APR 23 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 8-10 BP 651 EP 666 DI 10.1080/15287390490428080 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 814CI UT WOS:000220952400005 PM 15192860 ER PT J AU Simmons, JE Teuschler, LK Gennings, C Speth, TF Richardson, SD Miltner, RJ Narotsky, MG Schenck, KD Hunter, ES Hertzberg, RC Rice, G AF Simmons, JE Teuschler, LK Gennings, C Speth, TF Richardson, SD Miltner, RJ Narotsky, MG Schenck, KD Hunter, ES Hertzberg, RC Rice, G TI Component-based and whole-mixture techniques for addressing the toxicity of drinking-water disinfection by-product mixtures SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2003 CL Fairborn, OH ID SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; BLADDER-CANCER; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; VEHICLE; RISK; RATS; TRIHALOMETHANES AB Chemical disinfection of water is of direct public health benefit as it results in decreased water-borne illness. The chemicals used to disinfect water react with naturally occurring organic matter, bromide, and iodide in the source water, resulting in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Despite the identification of several hundred DBPs, more than 50% of the mass of total organic halide formed during chlorination remains unidentified. The toxic contribution of the DBPs that are formed and present but not yet chemically identified, the unidentified fraction, has been largely unexplored. A better understanding of the potential for adverse human health consequences associated with exposure to the DBPs present in drinking water will be gained by integration of knowledge on the toxicity of individual OBPs; simple, defined DBP mixtures; complex, environmentally realistic DBP mixtures with partial chemical characterization; and the unidentified fraction. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Biostat, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Athens, GA USA. US EPA Waste Management, Homeland Secur Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Simmons, JE (reprint author), US EPA, ETD NHEERL, MD B143-01,109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Simmons.Jane@epa.gov NR 43 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD APR 23 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 8-10 BP 741 EP 754 DI 10.1080/15287390490428215 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 814CI UT WOS:000220952400011 PM 15192866 ER PT J AU Teuschler, LK Rice, GE Wilkes, CR Lipscomb, JC Power, FW AF Teuschler, LK Rice, GE Wilkes, CR Lipscomb, JC Power, FW TI Feasibility study of cumulative risk assessment methods for drinking water disinfection by-product mixtures SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2003 CL Fairborn, OH AB Humans are exposed daily to complex mixtures of chemicals, including drinking water disinfection by-products (OBPs) via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. Some positive epidemiological and toxicological studies suggest reproductive and developmental effects and cancer are associated with consumption of chlorinated drinking water. Thus, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted research to examine the feasibility of evaluating simultaneous exposures to multiple DBPs via all three exposure routes. A cumulative risk assessment approach was developed for DBP mixtures by combining exposure modeling and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling results with a new mixtures risk assessment method, the cumulative relative potency factors (CRPF) approach. Internal doses were estimated for an adult female and an adult male, each of reproductive age, and for a child (age 6 yr) inclusive of oral, dermal, and inhalation exposures. Estimates of the daily internal doses were made for 13 major DBPs, accounting for activity patterns that affect the amount of human contact time with drinking water (e.g., tap water consumed, time spent showering), building characteristics (e.g., household air volumes), and physicochemical properties of the DBPs (e.g., inhalation rates, skin permeability rates, blood:air partition coefficients). A novel cumulative risk assessment method, the CRPF approach, is advanced that integrates the principles of dose addition and response addition to produce multiple-route, chemical mixture risk estimates using total absorbed doses. Research needs to improve this approach are presented. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Wilkes Technol Inc, Bethesda, MD USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Teuschler, LK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr MS-190, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM teuschler.linda@epa.gov NR 17 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD APR 23 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 8-10 BP 755 EP 777 DI 10.1080/15287390490428224 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 814CI UT WOS:000220952400012 PM 15192867 ER PT J AU Suter, GW AF Suter, GW TI Bottom-up and top-down integration of human and ecological risk assessment SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2003 CL Fairborn, OH ID HUMAN HEALTH; NATURAL-ENVIRONMENT; SENTINELS AB The World Health Organization has published a framework for integrating human health and ecological risk assessments, and many others have argued for greater integration of health and environmental concerns in assessments. However, those who argue for integration do not agree on the expected benefits. This article provides a conceptual organization of the rationale for integration. The bottom-up line of argument begins with the premise that the mechanisms of transport, fate, exposure, and effects of chemicals on humans and nonhuman organisms are largely common. Therefore, integrated assessment should be more efficient and should employ the highest quality of science. The top-down line of argument begins with the premise that humans are organisms that reside in ecosystems. Therefore, changes in the environment imply changes in human health and welfare. These include changes in the many services of nature that contribute to human health, such as air and water purification, sentinel functions, and provision of recreation and food supplies. They also include the direct health benefits that have been associated with exposure of humans to plants, animals, and natural ecosystems. Integration should proceed from both the top and bottom. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suter, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin L King Dr,MC-117, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM suter.glenn@epa.gov NR 36 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD APR 23 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 8-10 BP 779 EP 790 DI 10.1080/15287390490428233 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 814CI UT WOS:000220952400013 PM 15192868 ER PT J AU Riediker, M Cascio, WE Griggs, TR Herbst, MC Bromberg, PA Neas, L Williams, RW Devlin, RB AF Riediker, M Cascio, WE Griggs, TR Herbst, MC Bromberg, PA Neas, L Williams, RW Devlin, RB TI Particulate matter exposure in cars is associated with cardiovascular effects in healthy young men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE ambulatory electrocardiography; complete blood cell count; vehicle emissions ID HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; VON-WILLEBRAND-FACTOR; AIR-POLLUTION; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; ATRIAL-FIBRILLATION; PARTICLES; DISEASE; RISK AB Exposure to fine airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in older and cardiac patients. Potential physiologic effects of in-vehicle, roadside, and ambient PM2.5 were investigated in young, healthy, nonsmoking, male North Carolina Highway Patrol troopers. Nine troopers (age 23 to 30) were monitored on 4 successive days while working a 3 P.M. to midnight shift. Each patrol car was equipped with air-quality monitors. Blood was drawn 14 hours after each shift, and ambulatory monitors recorded the electrocardiogram throughout the shift and until the next morning. Data were analyzed using mixed models. In-vehicle PM2.5 (average of 24 mug/m(3)) was associated with decreased lymphocytes (-11% per 10 mug/m(3)) and increased red blood cell indices (1% mean corpuscular volume), neutrophils (6%), C-reactive protein (32%), von Willebrand factor (12%), next-morning heart beat cycle length (6%), next-morning heart rate variability parameters, and ectopic beats throughout the recording (20%). Controlling for potential confounders had little impact on the effect estimates. The associations of these health endpoints with ambient and roadside PM2.5 were smaller and less significant. The observations in these healthy young men suggest that in-vehicle exposure to PM2.5 may cause pathophysiologic changes that involve inflammation, coagulation, and cardiac rhythm. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Cardiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. N Carolina State Highway Patrol, Raleigh, NC USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Riediker, M (reprint author), Inst Sante Travail, Inst Occupat Hlth Sci, Rue Bugnon 19, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. EM michael.riecliker@alumni.ethz.ch RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012; OI Riediker, Michael/0000-0002-5268-864X NR 46 TC 223 Z9 242 U1 5 U2 41 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 169 IS 8 BP 934 EP 940 DI 10.1164/rccm.200310-1463OC PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 812GI UT WOS:000220827600010 PM 14962820 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E TI Epoxidation of olefins and alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones over sonochemically prepared hydroxyapatites using hydrogen peroxide SO APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL LA English DT Article DE hydroxyapatite; ultrasound irradiation; alkene epoxidation; hydrogen peroxide; acetonitrile ID ELECTRON-DEFICIENT ALKENES; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS; EFFICIENT CATALYST; ALPHA-ISOPHORONE; LOW-TEMPERATURE; OXIDATION; ALUMINA; CRYSTALLIZATION; HYDROPEROXIDES; PHOSPHATES AB An effective and environmentally friendly protocol for the epoxidation of olefins and alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones in the presence of hydroxyapatite as catalyst using hydrogen peroxide is described. The catalyst is active and reusable for the selective epoxidation of a variety of olefins and olefinic ketones under a relatively mild condition. It is also found that the reactivity of less reactive enones can be significantly improved by the addition of a surfactant when methanol is employed as the solvent. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, MS 443,26 West Martin King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM sahle-demessie.endalkachew@epa.gov NR 48 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-860X J9 APPL CATAL A-GEN JI Appl. Catal. A-Gen. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 261 IS 1 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1016/j.apcata.2003.10.030 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 815IJ UT WOS:000221035700009 ER PT J AU Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ Howard-Reed, C AF Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ Howard-Reed, C TI Source strengths of ultrafine and fine particles due to cooking with a gas stove SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR CHANGE RATES; OCCUPIED TOWNHOUSE; DEPOSITION; OUTDOOR; POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; FILTERS; WINDOWS; HOMES; FANS AB Cooking, particularly frying, is an important source of particles indoors. Few studies have measured a full range of particle sizes, including ultrafine particles, produce during cooking. In this study, semicontinuous instruments with fine size discriminating ability were used to calculate particle counts in 124 size bins from 0.01 to 2.5 mum. Data were collected at 5 min intervals for 18 months in an occupied house. Tracer gas measurements were made every 10 min in each of 10 rooms of the house to establish air change rates. Cooking episodes (N = 44) were selected meeting certain criteria (high concentrations, no concurrent indoor sources, long smooth decay curves), and the number and volume of particles produced were determined for each size category. For each episode, the particle decay rate was determined and used to determine the source strength for each size category. The selected cooking episodes (mostly frying) were capable of producing about 10(14) particles over the length of the cooking period (about 15 min), more than 90% of them in the ultrafine (<0.1 μm) range, with an estimated whole-house volume concentration of 50 (μm/cm)(3). More than 60% of this volume occurred in the 0.1-0.3 μm range. Frying produced peak numbers of particles at about 0.06 μm, with a secondary peak at 0.01 pm. The peak volume occurred at a diameter of about 0.16 μm. Since the cooking episodes selected were blase toward higher concentrations, the particle concentrations measured during about 600 h of morning and evening cooking over a full year were compared to concentrations measured during noncooking periods at the same times. Cooking was capable of producing more than 10 times the ultrafine particle number observed during noncooking periods. Levels of PM2.5 were increased during cooking by a factor of 3. Breakfast cooking (mainly heating water for coffee and using an electric toaster) produced concentrations about half those produced from more complex dinnertime cooking. Although the number and volume concentrations observed depend on air change rates, house volume, and deposition rates due to fans and filters,the source strengths calculated here are independent of these variables and may be used to estimate number and volume concentrations in other types of homes with widely varying volumes, ventilation rates, and heating and air-conditioning practices. C1 US EPA, Reston, VA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, LA (reprint author), US EPA, 11568 Woodhollow Court, Reston, VA USA. EM wallace.lance@epa.gov RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009; Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010; Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 25 TC 133 Z9 139 U1 10 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 8 BP 2304 EP 2311 DI 10.1021/es0306260 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 812RU UT WOS:000220857400007 PM 15116834 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S Norris, GA Smith, LA Noble, CA Neas, LM Ozkaynak, AH Gonzales, M AF Mukerjee, S Norris, GA Smith, LA Noble, CA Neas, LM Ozkaynak, AH Gonzales, M TI Receptor model comparisons and wind direction analyses of volatile organic compounds and submicrometer particles in an arid binational, urban air shed SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEL-NORTE OZONE; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; EL-PASO; PARTICULATE MATTER; EMISSION INVENTORY; AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERE; POLLUTANTS; ROAD AB The relationship between continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds sources and particle number was evaluated at a Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station Network (PAMS) site located near the U.S.-Mexico Border in central El Paso, TX. Sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated using the multivariate receptor model UNMIX and the effective variance least squares receptor model known as Chemical Mass Balance (CMB, Version 8.0). As expected from PAMS measurements, overall findings from data screening as well as both receptor models confirmed that mobile sources were the major source of VOCs. Comparison of hourly source contribution estimates (SCEs) from the two receptor models revealed significant differences in motor vehicle exhaust and evaporative gasoline contributions. However, the motor vehicle exhaust contributions were highly correlated with each other. Motor vehicle exhaust was also correlated with the ultrafine and accumulation mode particle count, which suggests that motor vehicle exhaust is a source of these particles at the measurement site. Wind sector analyses were performed using the SCE and pollutant data to assess source location of VOCs, particle count, and criteria pollutants. Results from this study have application to source apportionment studies and mobile source emission control strategies that are ongoing in this air shed. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RTI Int, Ctr Aerosol Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD E205-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mukerjee.shaibal@epa.gov RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012; Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 50 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 8 BP 2317 EP 2327 DI 10.1021/es0304547 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 812RU UT WOS:000220857400009 PM 15116836 ER PT J AU Brenner, RC Magar, VS Ickes, JA Foote, EA Abbott, JE Bingler, LS Crecelius, EA AF Brenner, RC Magar, VS Ickes, JA Foote, EA Abbott, JE Bingler, LS Crecelius, EA TI Long-term recovery of PCB-contaminated surface sediments at the Sangamo-Weston/Twelvemile Creek/Lake Hartwell superfund site SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PUGET SOUND AB Natural recovery of contaminated sediments relies on burial of contaminated sediments with increasingly clean sediments over time (i.e., natural capping). Natural capping reduces the risk of resuspension of contaminated surface sediments, and it reduces the potential for contaminant transport into the food chain by limiting bioturbation of contaminated surface or near-surface sediments. This study evaluated the natural recovery of surface sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the Sangamo-Weston/Twelvemile Creek/Lake Hartwell Superfund Site (Lake Hartwell), Pickens County, SC. The primary focus was on sediment recovery resulting from natural capping processes. Total PCB (t-PCB), lead-210 (Pb-210), and cesium-137 (Cs-137) sediment core profiles were used to establish vertical t-PCB concentration profiles, age date sediments, and determine surface sedimentation and surface sediment recovery rates in 18 cores collected along 10 transects. Four upgradient transects in the headwaters of Lake Hartwell were impacted by historical sediment releases from three upgradient sediment impoundments. These transects were characterized by silt/clay and sand layering. The highest PCB concentrations were associated with silt/clay layers (1.8-3.5% total organic carbon (TOC), while sand layers 0.05-0.32% TOC) contained much lower PCB concentrations. The historical sediment releases resulted in substantial burial of PCB contaminated sediment in the vicinity of these four cores; each core contained less than 1 mg/kg t-PCBs in the surface sand layers. Cores collected from six downgradient Lake Hartwell transects consisted primarily of silt and clay (0.91-5.1% TOC) and were less noticeably impacted by the release of sand from the impoundments. Vertical t-PCB concentration profiles in these cores began with relatively low PCB concentrations at the sediment-water interface and increased in concentration with depth until maximum PCB concentrations were measured at similar to30-60 cm below the sediment-water interface, ca. 1960-1980. Maximum t-PCB concentrations were followed by progressively decreasing concentrations with depth until the t-PCB concentrations approached the detection limit, where sediments were likely deposited before the onset of PCB use at the Sangamo-Weston plant. The sediments containing the maximum PCB concentrations are associated with the period of maximum PCB release into the watershed. Sedimentation rates averaged 2.1 +/- 1.5 g/(cm(2) yr) for 12 of 18 cores collected. The 1994 Record of Decision cleanup requirement is 1.0 mg/kg; two more goals(0.4 and 0.05 mg/kgt-PCBs) also were identified. Average surface sedimentation requirements to meet the three goals were 1.4 +/- 3.7, 11 +/- 4.2, and 33 11 cm, respectively. Using the age dating results, the average recovery dates to meet these goals were 2000.6 +/- 2.7, 2007.4 +/- 3.5, and 2022.7 +/- 11 yr, respectively. (The 95% prediction limits for these values also are provided.) Despite the reduction in surface sediment PCB concentrations, PCB concentrations measured in largemouth bass and hybrid bass filets continue to exceed the 2.0 mg/kg FDA fish tolerance level. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Battelle Marine Sci Lab, Sequim, WA 98382 USA. RP Magar, VS (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. EM magarv@battelle.org NR 21 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 8 BP 2328 EP 2337 DI 10.1021/es030650d PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 812RU UT WOS:000220857400010 PM 15116837 ER PT J AU Shafer, TJ Meyer, DA AF Shafer, TJ Meyer, DA TI Effects of pyrethroids on voltage-sensitive calcium channels: a critical evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, data needs, and relationship to assessment of cumulative neurotoxicity SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Review DE pyrethroids; voltage-sensitive sodium channel; neurotoxicity ID RAT-BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES; CENTRAL SYNAPTIC-TRANSMISSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA PC12 CELLS; PRESYNAPTIC NERVE-TERMINALS; NEURONAL GENE-EXPRESSION; CA2+ CHANNEL; N-TYPE; MICE LACKING; TRANSMITTER RELEASE; GLUTAMATE RELEASE AB The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conduct cumulative risk assessments for classes of pesticides that have a common mode or mechanism of action. For the pyrethroid insecticides, disruption of voltage-sensitive sodium channel function is generally accepted as the mechanism underlying acute neurotoxicity. However, data exist which suggest that voltage-sensitive calcium (Ca(2+)) channels (VSCC) may also be important targets of pyrethroid action. VSCC are important to neuronal function during development and for neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and electrical excitability in the nervous system. Disruption of these and other processes mediated by VSCC can result in neurotoxicity. If effects on VSCC are demonstrated to contribute to pyrethroid neurotoxicity, then such effects will have to be considered when making decisions regarding cumulative risk of exposure to this class of compounds. This document provides a critical review of the data related to the hypothesis that VSCC are important targets of pyrethroid effects. Data supporting effects of pyrethroids on VSCC have been generated by several different laboratories using different techniques and biological preparations. Thus, the many reports of effects on VSCC provide evidence that pyrethroids may interact with VSCC. However, evidence to support a role of VSCC in pyrethroid neurotoxicity is based entirely on in vitro observations, and numerous limitations exist in these data, including: (1) lack of defined concentration-response relationships, with some effects observed only at relatively high concentrations, (2) the use of indirect measures of VSCC function, (3) data from nonmammalian species, (4) data from studies that have not been peer-reviewed, (5) the need for replication of some effects, and (6) inconsistent or contradictory results from different laboratories/preparations. Thus, at the present time, it is premature to conclude that effects on VSCC play an important role in the acute neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides in mammals. To demonstrate that VSCC are important targets of pyrethroid neurotoxicity in mammals, in vivo studies supporting a role for pyrethroid effects on VSCC are needed. Additional support could be provided by demonstration of direct effects of pyrethroid compounds on mammalian neuronal VSCC in vitro, including demonstration that concentration-response relationships are similar, or greater, in sensitivity to effects of pyrethroids on voltage-sensitive sodium channels. If such effects were to be demonstrated, the rationale for considering VSCC as targets of pyrethroid compounds when assessing cumulative risk would be strengthened. However, at the present time, the data available neither support nor refute conclusively the hypothesis that effects on VSCC are important to the acute neurotoxicity of pyrethroids. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, ORD,Neurophysiol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Shafer, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, ORD,Neurophysiol Toxicol Branch, MD B105-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM shafer.tim@epa.gov RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 116 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR 15 PY 2004 VL 196 IS 2 BP 303 EP 318 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.12.013 PG 16 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 813LP UT WOS:000220908900011 PM 15081275 ER PT J AU Slebos, RJC Little, RE Umbach, DM Antipkin, Y Zadaorozhnaja, TD Mendel, NA Sommer, CA Conway, K Parrish, E Gulino, S Taylor, JA AF Slebos, RJC Little, RE Umbach, DM Antipkin, Y Zadaorozhnaja, TD Mendel, NA Sommer, CA Conway, K Parrish, E Gulino, S Taylor, JA TI Mini-and microsatellite mutations in children from Chernobyl accident cleanup workers SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE minisatellite; microsatellite; germline mutation; Chernobyl accident ID LUNG-CANCER; GERMLINE; INSTABILITY; CELLS; HYPERMUTABILITY; LIQUIDATORS; LAVAGE; TRACT AB Knowledge about possible genotoxic effects of low-dose radiation on the human germline is limited and relies primarily on extrapolations from high-dose exposures. To test whether ionizing radiation can cause paternal genetic mutations that are transmitted to offspring, we enrolled families of 88 Chernobyl cleanup workers exposed to ionizing radiation. We analyzed DNA isolated from lymphocytes for mutations via DNA blotting with the multi-locus minisatellite probes 33.6 and 33.15 and via PCR in a panel of six tetranucleotide repeats. Children conceived before and children conceived after their father's exposure showed no statistically significant differences in mutation frequencies. We saw an increase in germline microsatellite mutations after radiation exposure that was not statistically significant. We found no dependence of mutation rate on increasing exposure. A novel finding was that the tetranucleotide marker D7S 1482 demonstrated germline hypermutability. In conclusion, our results do not support an increased level of germline minisatellite mutations but suggest a modest increase in germline mutations in tetranucleotide repeats. Small sample size, however, limited statistical power. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Burroughs Wellcome Co, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Ukranian Inst Pediat Obstet & Gynecol, Kiev, Ukraine. Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Taylor, JA (reprint author), Burroughs Wellcome Co, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM taylor@niehs.nih.gov OI taylor, jack/0000-0001-5303-6398 NR 23 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD APR 11 PY 2004 VL 559 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.01.003 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 815AC UT WOS:000221014200015 PM 15066582 ER PT J AU Pleil, JD Vette, AF Rappaport, SM AF Pleil, JD Vette, AF Rappaport, SM TI Assaying particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from archived PM2.5 filters SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE teflon filters; air sampling; particulate matter; solvent extraction; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; MORTALITY; HEALTH; FINE; PM10; ASSOCIATION; EXPOSURE; CITIES; BASIN AB Airborne particulate matter contains numerous organic species, including several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are known or suspected carcinogens. Existing methods for measuring airborne PAHs are complex and costly, primarily because they are designed to collect both gas-phase and particle-phase PAH constituents. Here, we report an assay for measuring particle-bound PAHs in archived filters from the network of U.S. monitoring stations for particles less than 2.5 mum in diameter (PM2.5), without the need for deploying specialized samplers. PAHs are extracted from Teflon filters with dichloromethane, concentrated, and measured at trace levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although PAHs with 3-6 aromatic rings can be assayed, results are only unambiguously accurate for compounds with 5- or 6-rings, due to variable vaporization losses of the more volatile 3- and 4-ring compounds during sampling and/or storage. The method was evaluated for sensitivity, recovery, precision, and agreement of paired air samples, using PM2.5 samplers locally in Chapel Hill, NC. Additionally, three sets of archived samples were analyzed from a study of PM2.5 in the Czech Republic. Levels of some 4-ring and all 5-and 6-ring PAHs in both the local and Czech samples were consistent with published results from investigations employing PAH-specific air samplers. This work strongly suggests that assessment of particle-bound 5- and 6-ring PAHs from archived PM2.5 filters is quantitatively robust. The assay may also be useful for selected 4-ring compounds, notably chrysene and benzo(a)anthracene, if PM2.5 filters are stored under refrigeration. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, HEASD,Methods Dev & Applicat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, HEASD,Exposure Measurements & Anal Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rappaport, SM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM smr@unc.edu RI Vette, Alan/A-7330-2012 OI Vette, Alan/0000-0001-6749-1252 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42ES05948] NR 40 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 1033 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1016/j.chrome.2003.12.074 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 804HP UT WOS:000220290100002 PM 15072286 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Barton, HA Tornero-Velez, R Evans, MV Alcasey, S Snawder, JE Laskey, J AF Lipscomb, JC Barton, HA Tornero-Velez, R Evans, MV Alcasey, S Snawder, JE Laskey, J TI The metabolic rate constants and specific activity of human and rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 2E1 toward toluene and chloroform SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID TRICHLOROETHYLENE METABOLISM; LIVER-MICROSOMES; BIOACTIVATION; EXTRAPOLATION; OXIDATION; VARIANCE; ETHANOL; PROTEIN; FORMS; MICE AB Chloroform (CHCl3) is a near-ubiquitous environmental contaminant, a by-product of the disinfection of drinking water sources and a commercially important compound. Standards for safe exposure have been established based on information defining its toxicity, which is mediated by metabolites. The metabolism of CHCl3 is via cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidation to phosgene, which is known to obey a saturable mechanism. CyP2E1 is a highly conserved form, expressed in all mammalian systems studied, and is responsible for the metabolism of a great many low-molecular-weight (halogenated) compounds. However, the Michaelis-Menten rate constants for CHCl3 oxidation have not been derived in vitro, and the specific activity of CYP2E1 toward CHCl3 has not been reported. In this investigation with microsomal protein (MSP), apparent V-max values of 27.6 and 28.3 nmol/h/mg MSP and apparent K-m values of 1 and 0.15 muM in rats and human organ donors, respectively, were demonstrated. The specific activity of CYP2E1 toward CHCl3 in rats and humans was 5.29 and 5.24 pmol/min/pmol CYP2E1, respectively. Toluene metabolism to benzyl alcohol (BA), another CYP2E1-dependent reaction, was also highly dependent on CYP2E1 content in humans, and was more efficient than was CHCl3 metabolism. The specific activity of human CYP2E1 toward toluene metabolism in human MSP was 23 pmol/min/pmol CYP2E1. These results demonstrate that differences in CYP2E1 content of MSP among individuals and between species are largely responsible for observed differences in toluene and CHCl3 metabolism in vitro. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Natl Caucus & Ctr Black Aged Inc, SEP, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM lipscomb.john@epa.gov NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD APR 9 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 7 BP 537 EP 553 DI 10.1080/15287390490425588 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 807GO UT WOS:000220490200002 PM 15129551 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E TI Mesoporous iron phosphate as an active, selective and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of nopol by Prins condensation SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID MESOSTRUCTURED ALUMINOPHOSPHATES; MOLECULAR-SIEVES; NIOBIUM OXIDE; MECHANISM AB Mesoporous iron phosphate is found to be a highly active and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the selective synthesis of nopol by Prins condensation of beta-pinene and paraformaldehyde in acetonitrile at 80degreesC. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Clean Proc Branch, MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Sahle-Demessie.Endalkachew@epa.gov NR 22 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PD APR 7 PY 2004 IS 7 BP 826 EP 827 DI 10.1039/b313747c PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 816QL UT WOS:000221124300048 PM 15045083 ER PT J AU Irshad, H McFarland, AR Landis, MS Stevens, RK AF Irshad, H McFarland, AR Landis, MS Stevens, RK TI Wind tunnel evaluation of an aircraft-borne sampling system SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROBE; PERFORMANCE; MERCURY; FLOW; AIR AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FLDEP), and Texas A&M University collaborated in the design, construction, and testing of a unique, highly crosslinked, Teflon-coated inlet and manifold gas and aerosol sampling system that is being used in EPA aircraft atmospheric pollution characterization studies. The aircraft-borne ambient sampling system, which consists of a Teflon-coated shrouded probe coupled to a Teflon-coated aluminum manifold, is designed to collect reactive gases (e.g., mercury and halide species) and aerosols for subsequent analysis and characterization. The shrouded inlet probe was tested for particle transmission ratios in a high-speed aerosol wind tunnel. An existing wind tunnel was upgraded from a maximum wind speed of 13.4 m/s (48 km/h or 30 miles/h) to 50.5 m/s (182 km/h or 113 miles/h) to test this probe. The wind tunnel was evaluated for compliance with the criteria of ANSI 13.1 to establish the acceptability of its use in testing probes. The results demonstrated that the velocity and tracer gas concentration profiles were within the specified limits. A well-characterized ThermoAndersen Shrouded Probe (Model RF-2-112) was also tested to check tunnel performance and test methodology. The results obtained from these tests are in close agreement with earlier published data. When operated at a sampling flow rate of 90 L/min, the aircraft-borne shrouded probe showed a transmission ratio of about 0.76 at 45 m/s (162 km/h or 100 miles/h) for 10 mum aerodynamic diameter particles. To improve the transmission ratio of the sampling probe, the sampling flow rate was reduced to 80 L/min and the air speed increased to 50.5 m/s, which increased the transmission ratio to about 0.9 for 10 mum particles. Further reduction of the flow rate to 60 L/min increased the transmission to 1.2. The Teflon-coated manifold, which is located downstream of the shrouded probe, was statically tested for transmission ratio at flow rates of 90 L/min and 30 L/min. The results were a transmission ratio of about 0.80 for 10 mum aerodynamic diameter particles. The combination of the shrouded probe operated at 60 L/min with a transmission ratio of 1.2 and the manifold with its transmission of 0.8 will give an overall transmission of about unity for 10 mum aerodynamic diameter particles at a flight speed of 50.5 m/s. These findings suggest that shrouded probes can be used for low speed (similar to100 miles/h) aircraft applications. The transmission ratio of these probes is a significant improvement over the conventional aircraft-mounted, sharp-edged isokinetic diffuser-type inlets. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Florida Dept Environ Protect, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP McFarland, AR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM arm@tamu.edu RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 311 EP 321 DI 10.1080/02786820490426192 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 825ZF UT WOS:000221797300003 ER PT J AU Wu, WD Samet, JM Silbajoris, R Dailey, LA Sheppard, D Bromberg, PA Graves, LM AF Wu, WD Samet, JM Silbajoris, R Dailey, LA Sheppard, D Bromberg, PA Graves, LM TI Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor cleavage mediates zinc-induced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; EGF-RECEPTOR; METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; TRANSFORMING GROWTH; CARDIAC-HYPERTROPHY; ECTODOMAIN CLEAVAGE; SIGNALING PATHWAYS; FACTOR-ALPHA AB We have previously shown that exposure to zinc ions can activate epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signaling in murine fibroblasts and A431 cells through a mechanism involving Src kinase. While studying the effects of zinc ions in normal human bronchial epithelial cell, we uncovered evidence for an additional mechanism of Zn2+-induced EGFR activation. Exposure to Zn2+ induced phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosine 1068, a major autophosphorylation site, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. This effect of Zn2+ on EGFR was significantly blocked with an antibody against the ligand-binding domain of the receptor. Neutralizing antibodies against EGFR ligands revealed the involvement of heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) in Zn2+-induced EGFR phosphorylation. This observation was further supported by immunoblots showing elevated levels of HBEGF released by Zn2+-exposed cells. Zymography showed the existence of matrix metalloproteinase-3 in Zn2+-challenged cells. Incubation with a specific matrix metalloproteinase-3 inhibitor suppressed Zn2+-induced EGFR phosphorylation as well as HB-EGF release. Therefore, these data support an autocrine or paracrine mechanism whereby Zn2+ induces EGFR phosphorylation through the extracellular release of EGFR ligands, which may be mediated by metalloproteinases. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. United States Environm Protect Agcy, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Wu, WD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM Weidong_Wu@med.unc.edu NR 56 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 30 IS 4 BP 540 EP 547 DI 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0233OC PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 809TZ UT WOS:000220660300014 PM 12972402 ER PT J AU Thornburg, JW Rodes, CE Lawless, PA Steven, CD Williams, RW AF Thornburg, JW Rodes, CE Lawless, PA Steven, CD Williams, RW TI A pilot study of the influence of residential HAC duty cycle on indoor air quality SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; heating; cooling; air exchange rate; indoor-outdoor ratio ID PARTICLES; PENETRATION; ENVIRONMENT; VENTILATION; FILTRATION AB A simple methodology was developed to collect measurements of duty cycle, the fraction of time the heating and air conditioning (HAC) system was operating, inside residences. The primary purpose of the measurements was to assess whether the HAC duty cycle was related to reductions in indoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations. A miniature temperature logger placed on an HAC outlet vent monitored changes in temperature as the system cooled or heated the residence. Temperature step changes signaling duty cycle periods were identified using spreadsheet macros. Parallel measurements of 24-h integrated air exchange rates (AERs) and indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were collected to determine relationships with the duty cycle. The mild temperatures (mean = 18.7degreesC) present during the Spring season of the RTP PM Panel Study and personal comfort preferences caused low and variable daily duty cycles (mean = 0.061, std. dev. = 0.054) in both heating and cooling mode. Warmer ambient temperatures during the Fall season of the Tampa Asthmatic Children's Study (TACS) resulted in cooling-only HAC operation, with a higher mean duty cycle of 0.21 (std. dev. 0.11). Statistically significant linear relationships were observed between daily average duty cycle and the ambient temperature for both studies. Duty cycle exhibited a strong diurnal pattern commensurate with ambient temperature fluctuations. Duty cycles were positively associated with the residence AERs for heating-mode operations, but negatively associated when operating in cooling mode. Personal preferences contributed to the variability in the relationship between duty cycle and AER. The relationship between duty cycle and PM2.5 or PM10 indoor-outdoor ratios were not statistically significant. The association of duty cycle with indoor-outdoor ratio was confounded by the short time span (mean of 10.3 min for the TACS) of HAC system operation and the presence of strong indoor sources altering the indoor concentration levels. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 RTI Int, Ctr Aerosol Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Search Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Thornburg, JW (reprint author), RTI Int, Ctr Aerosol Technol, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM jwt@rti.org NR 17 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1567 EP 1577 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.019 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801ST UT WOS:000220116300004 ER PT J AU Holland, DM Caragea, P Smith, RL AF Holland, DM Caragea, P Smith, RL TI Regional trends in rural sulfur concentrations SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE CASTNet; Clean Air Act Amendments; kriging; Bayesian methods ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; SULFATE DEPOSITION; PART II; COVARIANCE; REGRESSION; POLLUTION; DIOXIDE; MODELS AB This paper presents an analysis of trends in atmospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate sulfate (SO42-) at rural monitoring sites in the Clean Air Act Status and Trends Monitoring Network (CASTNet) from 1990 to 1999. A two-stage approach is used to estimate regional trends and standard errors in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions of the US. In the first stage, a linear regression model is used to estimate site-specific trends in data adjusted for the effects of season and meteorology. In the second stage, kriging methodology based on maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate regional trends and standard errors. The method is extended to include a Bayesian analysis to account for the uncertainty in estimating the spatial covariance parameters. For both pollutants, significant improvement in air quality was detected that appears similar to the large drop in SO2 power plant emissions. Spatial patterns of trends in SO2 and SO42- concentrations vary by location over the eastern US. For SO2, trends at monitoring sites in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic were in the -30% to -42% range with smaller changes in the South. Across most of the US, trends in SO42- were smaller than for SO2. Both spatial prediction techniques produced similar results in terms of regional trends and standard errors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Stat & Operat Res, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Holland, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E243-05 109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM holland.david@epa.gov; pcaragea@iastate.edu; rls@email.unc.edu NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1673 EP 1684 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.10.044 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 801ST UT WOS:000220116300013 ER PT J AU Harper, SL Reiber, CL AF Harper, SL Reiber, CL TI Physiological development of the embryonic and larval crayfish heart SO BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PROCAMBARUS-CLARKII; CARDIAC-FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR-SYSTEM; CIRCULATORY-SYSTEM; CHICK-EMBRYO; ONTOGENY; CRUSTACEANS; HYPOXIA; ENVIRONMENT; STAGE-16 AB The cardiovascular system is the first system to become functional in a developing animal and must perform key physiological functions even as it develops and grows. The ontogeny of cardiac physiology was studied throughout embryonic and larval developmental stages in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii using videomicroscopic dimensional analysis. The heart begins to contract by day 13 of development (at 25 degreesC, 20 kPa O-2). Cardiac output is primarily regulated by changes in heart rate because stroke volume remains relatively constant throughout embryogenesis. Prior to eclosion, heart rate and cardiac output decreased significantly. Previous data suggest that the decrease in cardiac parameters prior to hatching may be due to an oxygen limitation to the embryo. Throughout development, metabolizing mass and embryonic oxygen consumption increased, while egg surface area remained constant. The surface area of the egg membrane is a constraint on gas exchange; this limitation, in combination with the increasing oxygen demand of the embryo, results in an inadequate diffusive supply of oxygen to developing tissues. To determine if the decrease in cardiac function was the result of an internal hypoxia experienced during late embryonic development, early and late-stage embryos were exposed to hyperoxic water (Po-2 = 40 kPa 02). Heart rate in late-stage embryos exposed to hyperoxic water increased significantly over control values, which suggests that the suppression in cardiac function observed in late-stage embryos is due to a limited oxygen supply. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Sci, ORD, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Reiber, CL (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 454004, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM Reiber@ccmail.nevada.edu NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 6 PU MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY PI WOODS HOLE PA 7 MBL ST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA SN 0006-3185 J9 BIOL BULL-US JI Biol. Bull. PD APR PY 2004 VL 206 IS 2 BP 78 EP 86 DI 10.2307/1543538 PG 9 WC Biology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 817YA UT WOS:000221211600003 PM 15111362 ER PT J AU Degitz, SJ Zucker, RM Kawanishi, CY Massenburg, GS Rogers, JM AF Degitz, SJ Zucker, RM Kawanishi, CY Massenburg, GS Rogers, JM TI Pathogenesis of methanol-induced craniofacial defects in C57BL/6J mice SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methanol; teratogenesis; craniofacial anomalies; neural crest; cell death ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; CRANIAL NEURAL CREST; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; VERTEBRATE HEAD; MOUSE EMBRYOS; RAT EMBRYOS; ETHANOL; GENES; INHALATION; MESENCHYME AB Methanol administered to C57BL/6J mice during gastrulation causes severe craniofacial dysmorphology. We describe dysmorphogenesis, cell death, cell cycle assessment, and effects on development of cranial ganglia and nerves observed following administration of methanol to pregnant C57BL/6J mice on gestation day (GD) 7. METHODS: Mice were injected (i.p.) on GD 7 with 0, 2.3,3.4, or 4.9 gm/kg methanol, split into two doses. III embryos of mice treated with 0 or 4.9 gm/kg methanol, we used histology and LysoTracker red staining on GD 8 0 hr through GD 8 18 hr to examine cell death and dysmorphogenesis, and we also evaluated cell-cycle distribution and proliferation using flow cytometry (FCM) and BrdU immunohistochemistry. On GD 10, we evaluated the effect of GD 7 exposure to 0, 2.3,3.4, or 4.9 gm/kg methanol on cranial ganglia and nerve development using neurofilament immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Methanol treatment on GD 7 resulted in reduced mesenchyme surrounding the fore- and midbrain, and in the first branchial arches, by GD 8 12 hr. There were disruptions in the forebrain neuroepithelium and optic pit. Neural crest cell emigration from the mid- and hindbrain region was reduced in methanol-exposed embryos. Methanol had no apparent effect on BrdU incorporation or cell-cycle distribution on GD8. Cell death was observed in the hindbrain region along the path of neural crest migration and in the trigeminal ganglion on GD 8 18 hr. Development of the cranial ganglia and nerves was adversely affected by methanol. Development of ganglia V, VIII, and IX was decreased at all dosage levels; ganglion VII was reduced at 3.4 and 4.9 gm/kg, and ganglion X was reduced at 4.9 gm/kg. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that gastrulation-stage methanol exposure affects neural crest cells and the anterior mesoderm and neuroepithelium. Cell death was evident in areas of migrating neural crest cells, but only at time points after methanol was cleared from the embryo, suggesting an indirect effect on these cells. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, hic. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Dev Biol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Degitz, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM degitz.sigmund@cpa.gov NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-0752 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES A JI Birth Defects Res. Part A-Clin. Mol. Teratol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4 BP 172 EP 178 DI 10.1002/bdra.20010 PG 7 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 817JZ UT WOS:000221175100003 PM 15108243 ER PT J AU Degitz, SJ Rogers, JM Zucker, RM Hunter, ES AF Degitz, SJ Rogers, JM Zucker, RM Hunter, ES TI Developmental toxicity of methanol: Pathogenesis in CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice exposed in whole embryo culture SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LASER-SCANNING MICROSCOPY; CELL-CYCLE ALTERATIONS; MOUSE EMBRYOS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE TERATOGENESIS; RAT EMBRYOS; APOPTOSIS; DEATH; ETHANOL; INHALATION; DEFECTS AB Methanol causes axial skeleton and craniofacial defects in both CD-I and C57BL/6J mice during gastrulation, but C57BL/6J embryos are more severely affected. We evaluated methanol-induced pathogenesis in CD-1 and C57BL/6J embryos exposed during gastrulation in whole embryo culture. METHODS: Conceptuses with five to seven somites were exposed to 0, 1, 2,3,4, or 6 mg methanol/ml culture medium for 24 hr and embryonic morphology was assessed. Cell death was evaluated by histology and LysoTracker red staining, and cell-cycle distribution was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: In C57BL/6J embryos, craniofacial defects were observed at 3 mg methanol/ml and greater. The response for CD-1 embryos was different, with increased dysmorphology only at 6 mg/ml. However, protein content in CD-1 embryos was reduced at 3 mg methanol/ml and above, indicating growth retardation. Yolk sac toxicity occurred only at 6 mg methanol/ml in both strains. Methanol caused only small changes in cell-cycle distribution, while cell death was induced at 4 and 6 mg methanol/ml in both strains after 8 hr. The extent of cell death after 8 hr was greater in C57BL/6J embryos, and increased over time through 18 hr; in contrast, CD-I embryos showed less cell death at 18 than at 8 hr, suggesting recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Cell death plays a prominent role in methanolinduced dysmorphogenesis, while cell-cycle perturbation may not. Differences in the extent of cell death between CD-1 and C57BL/6J embryos correlated with differences in the severity of dysmorphogenesis. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Dev Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Degitz, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM degitz.sigmund@cpa.gov NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-0752 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES A JI Birth Defects Res. Part A-Clin. Mol. Teratol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1002/bdra.20009 PG 6 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 817JZ UT WOS:000221175100004 PM 15108244 ER PT J AU Rogers, JM Brannen, KC Barbee, BD Zucker, RM Degitz, SJ AF Rogers, JM Brannen, KC Barbee, BD Zucker, RM Degitz, SJ TI Methanol exposure during gastrulation causes holoprosencephaly, facial dysgenesis, and cervical vertebral malformations in C57BL/6j mice SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART B-DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; CD-1 MOUSE; INHALED METHANOL; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; TOPOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS; CRITICAL PERIODS; CONTAINING GENES; ETHANOL; EXPRESSION AB BACKGROUND: Exposure of pregnant outbred CD-1 mice to methanol during the period of gastrulation results in exencephaly, cleft palate, and cervical vertebra malformations [Rogers and Mole, Teratology 55: 364, 1997], while inbred C57BL/6J mice are sensitive to the teratogenicity of ethanol. C57BL/6J fetuses exhibit the holoprosencephaly spectrum of malformations after maternal exposure to ethanol during gastrulation, but the sensitivity of C57BL/6J mice to methanol-induced teratogenesis has not been previously described. METHODS: Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were administered two i.p. injections totaling 3.4 or 4.9 g/kg methanol or distilled water four hrs apart on gestation day (GD) 7. On GD 17, litters were examined for numbers of live, dead and resorbed conceptuses, fetuses were weighed as a litter and examined externally, and all fetuses were double stained for skeletal analysis. RESULTS: No maternal intoxication was apparent, but the high dosage level caused a transient deficit in maternal weight gain. The number of live fetuses per litter was reduced at both dosages of methanol, and fetal weight was lower in the high dosage group. Craniofacial defects were observed in 55.8% of fetuses in the low dosage group and 91.0% of fetuses in the high dosage group, including micro/anophthalmia, holoprosencephaly, facial clefts and gross facial angenesis. Skeletal malformations, particularly of the cervical vertebrae, were observed at both dosages of methanol, and were similar to those previously reported in the CD-1 mouse following methanol exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The types of craniofacial malformations induced in the C57BL/6J mouse by methanol indicate that methanol and ethanol have common targets and may have common modes of action. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Rogers, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rogers.john@epa.gov NR 42 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-9733 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES B JI Birth Defects Res. Part B-Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 71 IS 2 BP 80 EP 88 DI 10.1002/bdrb.20003 PG 9 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 819LB UT WOS:000221315300003 PM 15098201 ER PT J AU Kramer, MG AF Kramer, MG TI Recent advances in transgenic arthropod technology SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION; YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; MARINER TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; SINDBIS VIRUS EXPRESSION; AEDES-AEGYPTI MOSQUITOS; NON-DROSOPHILID INSECTS; PEST-MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY AB The ability to insert foreign genes into arthropod genomes has led to a diverse set of potential applications for transgenic arthropods, many of which are designed to advance public health or improve agricultural production. New techniques for expressing foreign genes in arthropods have now been successfully used in at least 18 different genera. However, advances in field biology are lagging far behind those in the laboratory, and considerable work is needed before deployment in nature can be a reality. A mechanism to drive the gene of interest though a natural population must be developed and thoroughly evaluated before any field release, but progress in this area has been limited. Likewise, serious consideration of potential risks associated with deployment in nature has been lacking. This review gives an overview of the most promising techniques for expressing foreign genes in arthropods, considers the potential risks associated with their deployment, and highlights the areas of research that are most urgently needed for the field to advance out of the laboratory and into practice. C1 US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kramer, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Mail Code 7201M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM kramer.melissa@epa.gov NR 151 TC 0 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD APR PY 2004 VL 94 IS 2 BP 95 EP 110 DI 10.1079/BER2003290 PG 16 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 820OS UT WOS:000221399800001 PM 15153293 ER PT J AU Vaughan, J Lamb, B Frei, C Wilson, R Bowman, C Figueroa-Kaminsky, C Otterson, S Boyer, M Mass, C Albright, M Koenig, J Collingwood, A Gilroy, M Maykut, N AF Vaughan, J Lamb, B Frei, C Wilson, R Bowman, C Figueroa-Kaminsky, C Otterson, S Boyer, M Mass, C Albright, M Koenig, J Collingwood, A Gilroy, M Maykut, N TI A numerical daily air quality forecast system for the Pacific Northwest SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX TERRAIN; PUGET-SOUND; MODEL; EMISSIONS; REGION AB A real-time photochemical air quality forecast system has been implemented for the Puget Sound region to support public awareness of air quality issues. The Air Indicator Report for Public Access and Community Tracking (AIRPACT) forecast system uses daily numerical weather forecasts from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) to drive the California Meteorological Model (CALMET)/California photochemistry grid model (CALGRID) Eulerian photochemical modeling suite. Hourly forecasts of ozone and other pollutant concentrations, including primary particulate emissions from diesel sources, are produced for urban Seattle and environs within a gridded domain consisting of 62 x 67 grid cells (4 km x 4 km) with 13 vertical layers. Detailed gridded emission inventories are adjusted dynamically for time of day, day of the week, month, and gridded ambient temperatures to generate requisite emissions. The forecast system also uses hourly pollutant observation data, reported daily, to perform automated evaluations of forecast accuracy. Forecasts and verification results are provided on a daily basis via the Web (see www.airpact.wsu.edu). This paper describes the forecast system and presents preliminary forecast evaluation results from the Pacific Northwest 2001 (PNW2001) field program and from selected months using the routine monitoring network. AIRPACT is unique nationally as the sole numerical modeling system producing daily, year-round, high-resolution regional air quality forecasts with daily verification. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lab Atmospher Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US EPA, Reg 10, Seattle, WA USA. Washington Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Puget Sound Clean Air Agcy, Seattle, WA USA. RP Vaughan, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lab Atmospher Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM jvaughan@wsu.edu RI Vaughan, Joseph/B-1714-2013 OI Vaughan, Joseph/0000-0002-1769-1042 NR 22 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 4 BP 549 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-85-4-549 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 817FA UT WOS:000221162200026 ER PT J AU Grimm, AC Cashdollar, JL Williams, FP Fout, GS AF Grimm, AC Cashdollar, JL Williams, FP Fout, GS TI Development of an astrovirus RT-PCR detection assay for use with conventional, real-time, and integrated cell culture/RT-PCR SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE astrovirus; RT-PCR; real-time PCR; ICC/RT-PCR; environmental water ID GASTROENTERITIS; OUTBREAK; WATER; VIRUS; ENTEROVIRUSES; GROUNDWATER; INFECTION; SAMPLES AB Astrovirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans that has been determined to be responsible for outbreaks of illness in several countries. Since astrovirus can be waterborne, it is important to be able to identify this virus in environmental water. We have developed and optimized a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method that was able to amplify all eight astrovirus serotypes in a single reaction. In addition, a positive control construct was designed so that any inhibitors of this astrovirus assay could be detected. The assay was adapted for use in a real-time PCR assay and the sensitivity of these two methods was compared. The real-time assay was then combined with CaCo2 cell culture to produce an integrated cell culture/RT-PCR (ICC/RT-PCR) assay that was able to detect low levels of astrovirus after an incubation of 7 days or less. Also, the sensitivity of the ICC/RT-PCR assay was compared with RT-PCR alone. The methods were used to detect astrovirus in acute phase illness stool samples as well as in a water sample spiked with astrovirus. C1 US EPA, Biohazard Assessment Res Branch, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Grimm, AC (reprint author), US EPA, Biohazard Assessment Res Branch, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM grimm.ann@epa.gov NR 28 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 50 IS 4 BP 269 EP 278 DI 10.1139/W04-012 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 827WP UT WOS:000221934700005 PM 15213751 ER PT J AU Nikitin, AY Alcaraz, A Anver, MR Bonson, RT Cardiff, RD Dixon, D Fraire, AE Gabrielson, EW Gunning, WT Haines, DC Kaufman, MH Linnoila, RI Maronpot, RR Rabson, AS Reddick, RL Rehm, S Rozengurt, N Schuller, HM Shmidt, EN Travis, WD Ward, JM Jacks, T AF Nikitin, AY Alcaraz, A Anver, MR Bonson, RT Cardiff, RD Dixon, D Fraire, AE Gabrielson, EW Gunning, WT Haines, DC Kaufman, MH Linnoila, RI Maronpot, RR Rabson, AS Reddick, RL Rehm, S Rozengurt, N Schuller, HM Shmidt, EN Travis, WD Ward, JM Jacks, T TI Classification of proliferative pulmonary lesions of the mouse: Recommendations of the mouse models of human cancers consortium SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID LARGE T-ANTIGEN; STRAIN-A MICE; INDUCED LUNG-TUMORS; CLARA CELL ANTIGEN; TRANSGENIC MICE; K-RAS; HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION; CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION; N-NITROSOETHYLUREA; II CELLS AB Rapid advances in generating new mouse genetic models for lung neoplasia provide a continuous challenge for pathologists and investigators. Frequently, phenotypes of new models either have no precedents or are arbitrarily attributed according to incongruent human and mouse classifications. Thus, comparative characterization and validation of novel models can be difficult. To address these issues, a series of discussions was initiated by a panel of human, veterinary, and experimental pathologists during the Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium (NIH/National Cancer Institute) workshop on mouse models of lung cancer held in Boston on June 20-22, 2001. The panel performed a comparative evaluation of 78 cases of mouse and human lung proliferative lesions, and recommended development of a new practical classification scheme that would (a) allow easier comparison between human and mouse lung neoplasms, (b) accommodate newly emerging mouse neoplasms, and (c) address the interpretation of benign and preinvasive lesions of the mouse lung. Subsequent discussions with additional experts in pulmonary pathology resulted in the current proposal of a new classification. It is anticipated that this classification, as well as the complementary digital atlas of virtual histological slides, will help investigators and pathologists in their characterization of new mouse models, as well as stimulate further research aimed at a better understanding of proliferative lesions of the lung. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Coll Vet Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NCI, Vet Pathol Sect, Pathol Histotechnol Lab, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Comparat Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Expt Pathol, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Worcester, MA 01605 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Oncol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Med Coll Ohio, Dept Pathol, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Anat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. NCI, Canc Res Ctr, Cell & Canc Biol Dept, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. GlaxoSmithKline, King Of Prussia, PA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Expt Oncol Lab, Knoxville, TN USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Pulm & Mediastinal Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. NCI, Vet & Tumor Pathol Sect, Ctr Canc Res, NIH, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Nikitin, AY (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Coll Vet Med, VRT T2014A,Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM an58@cornell.edu RI Gunning, William/E-4681-2010 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA84241, CA84242]; NCRR NIH HHS [RR017595]; PHS HHS [N01-C0-124000] NR 82 TC 198 Z9 202 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2307 EP 2316 DI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3376 PG 10 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 808RP UT WOS:000220586500001 PM 15059877 ER PT J AU Griffiths, RA AF Griffiths, RA TI Sorption and desorption by ideal two-compartment systems: unusual behavior and data interpretation problems SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE kinetics; isotherm; regression; curve fitting; two-compartment; soil; sediment ID DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; PHASE-DISTRIBUTION RELATIONSHIPS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; INTRAPARTICLE HETEROGENEITY; NONEQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS; IRREVERSIBLE ADSORPTION; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; KINETICS; SOILS AB This paper examines the current practices of fitting curves to sorption, desorption, and equilibrium data obtained from laboratory experiments. Systems of equations incorporating Freundlich isotherms and first-order kinetics for two different idealized sorbents, one "fast" and one "slow," were solved numerically to produce "data". Two-compartment curves were then fit to the data by nonlinear regression, and the parameters computed by the regression are compared with the original parameters used to produce the data. The results show that a sorbent with fast kinetics will not steadily accumulate sorbate until it reaches the equilibrium value but will overshoot equilibrium, accumulating an excess of sorbate. This overshoot will cause the sorption rates for both sorbents and the distribution between the fast and slow sorbents to be estimated incorrectly. The system may appear to be at equilibrium by external measures, but sorbate will slowly be redistributing from the fast to the slow sorbent. An isotherm constructed from data acquired during this process will have an incorrect coefficient and exponent. Consequently, the meaning of the results obtained by curve fitting may often be questionable and may say little about the phenomena occurring within the sorbate-sorbent-liquid system. Possible physical explanations for the effects observed are offered. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Griffiths, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Ctr Hill Res Facil, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. EM griffiths.richard@epa.gov NR 32 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 2004 VL 55 IS 3 BP 443 EP 454 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.07.009 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 806DA UT WOS:000220413400015 PM 14987943 ER PT J AU Redman, AR Dickmann, LJ Kidd, RS Goldstein, JA Ritchie, DM Hon, YY AF Redman, AR Dickmann, LJ Kidd, RS Goldstein, JA Ritchie, DM Hon, YY TI CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms and warfarin SO CLINICAL AND APPLIED THROMBOSIS-HEMOSTASIS LA English DT Article DE warfarin; cytochrome P-450 enzyme system; genotype ID HUMAN LIVER-MICROSOMES; CYTOCHROME P4502C9; ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY; DOSE REQUIREMENT; METABOLISM; ASSOCIATION; ENANTIOMERS; VARIANTS; IDENTIFICATION; PHENYTOIN AB The objective of this study was to report 2 cases of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism and elevated warfarin S:R ratios in patients taking low doses of warfarin, and compare the observed characteristics with those in published reports. Two patients of different age groups and races were evaluated for CYP2C9 genotype and warfarin S:R ratios. The patients had been stabilized on weekly warfarin doses of 10.5 mg and 10 mg, respectively. Each patient was found to have at least I variant CYP2C9 allele. Elevated warfarin S:R ratios in both patients provided evidence for impaired metabolism of S-warfarin. This report of a CYP2C9*3 heterozygous individual taking a low dose of warfarin is consistent with previous reports in the literature. This summary of a CYP2C9*6 homozygous individual taking a low dose of warfarin is the first such published report. CYP2C9 genotyping in these patients provided a likely explanation for their continued low warfarin dosage requirements. Awareness of a patient's CYP2C9 genotype may provide an explanation for low warfarin dosage requirements in stable patients and may help in determining the optimal dose in patients being initiated on warfarin. C1 Mercer Univ, So Sch Pharm, Dept Clin & Adm Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Shenandoah Univ, Bernard J Dunn Sch Pharm, Dept Biopharmaceut Sci, Winchester, VA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Atlanta Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Anticoagulat Clin, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Redman, AR (reprint author), Mercer Univ, So Sch Pharm, Dept Clin & Adm Sci, 3001 Mercer Univ Dr, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM Redman_ar@mercer.edu RI Goldstein, Joyce/A-6681-2012 NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTMINSTER PUBL INC PI GLEN HEAD PA 708 GLEN COVE AVE, GLEN HEAD, NY 11545 USA SN 1076-0296 J9 CLIN APPL THROMB-HEM JI Clin. Appl. Thromb.-Hemost. PD APR PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 149 EP 154 DI 10.1177/107602960401000205 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 812ZL UT WOS:000220877300005 PM 15094935 ER PT J AU Alexis, NE Becker, S Bromberg, PA Devlin, R Peden, DB AF Alexis, NE Becker, S Bromberg, PA Devlin, R Peden, DB TI Circulating CD11b expression correlates with the neutrophil response and airway mCD14 expression is enhanced following ozone exposure in humans SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human; ozone; circulating CD11b; airway mCD14; induced sputum; neutrophil ID INDUCED INFLAMMATION; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; INHALED LPS; ASTHMA; POLLUTION; INDIVIDUALS; POLLUTANTS; SPUTUM; LAVAGE; CELLS AB We recently reported that baseline expression of circulating CD11b is associated with the magnitude of the neutrophil response following inhaled endotoxin. In this study, we examined whether circulating CD11b plays a similar role in the inflammatory response following inhaled ozone exposure. Twenty-two volunteers underwent controlled exposure to ozone (0.4 ppm, 2 h) and to clean air on two separate occasions. Induced sputum and peripheral blood were collected before and after exposure. Induced sputum collected from subjects exposed to ozone revealed marked neutrophilia and increased expression of mCD14 on airway macrophages and monocytes. Baseline CD11b expression on blood phagocytes correlated positively with ozone-induced neutrophil influx into the airways. In conclusion, in human volunteers, circulating CD11b predicts the magnitude of the airway neutrophil response following inhaled ozone exposure. Consequently, CD11b may be a useful biomarker for predicting susceptibility to airway neutrophilic inflammation caused by pollutants. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, CEMALB, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Alexis, NE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, CEMALB, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM Neil_Alexis@med.unc.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL66559-01, R01 HL62624 04] NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1521-6616 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL JI Clin. Immunol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 111 IS 1 BP 126 EP 131 DI 10.1016/j.clim.2003.12.002 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 815EX UT WOS:000221026700016 PM 15093561 ER PT J AU Baker, JP Landers, DH AF Baker, JP Landers, DH TI Alternative-futures analysis for the Willamette River Basin, Oregon SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material DE alternative futures; environmental assessment; landscape change; land use; scenario analysis; water use C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Baker, JP (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 2 BP 311 EP 312 DI 10.1890/02-5008 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805UZ UT WOS:000220392500001 ER PT J AU Baker, JP Hulse, DW Gregory, SV White, D Van Sickle, J Berger, PA Dole, D Schumaker, NH AF Baker, JP Hulse, DW Gregory, SV White, D Van Sickle, J Berger, PA Dole, D Schumaker, NH TI Alternative futures for the Willamette River Basin, Oregon SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE alternative futures; environmental assessment; impact analysis; landscape change; land use; scenario analysis; water use; Willamette River ID FRESH-WATER AB Alternative futures analysis can inform community decisions regarding land and water use. We conducted an alternative futures analysis in the Willamette River Basin in western Oregon. Based on detailed input from local stakeholders, three alternative future landscapes for the year 2050 were created and compared to present-day (circa 1990) and historical (pre-EuroAmerican settlement) landscapes. We evaluated the likely effects of these landscape changes on four endpoints: water availability, Willamette River, stream condition, and terrestrial wildlife. All three futures assume a doubling of the 1990 human population by 2050. The Plan Trend 2050 scenario assumes current policies and trends continue. Because Oregon has several conservation-oriented policies in place, landscape changes and projected environmental effects associated with this scenario were surprisingly small (most less than or equal to10% change relative to 1990). The scenario did, however, engender a debate among stakeholders about the reasonableness of assuming that existing policies would be implemented exactly as written if no further policy actions were taken. The Development 2050 scenario reflects a loosening of current policies, more market-oriented approach, as proposed by some stakeholders. Estimated effects of this scenario include loss of 24% of prime farmland; 39% more wildlife species would lose habitat than gain habitat relative to the 1990 landscape. Projected effects on aquatic biota were less severe, primarily because many of the land use changes involved conversion of agricultural lands into urban or rural development, both of which adversely impact streams. Finally, Conservation 2050 assumes that ecosystem protection and restoration are given higher priority, although still within the bounds of what stakeholders considered plausible. In response, most ecological indicators (both terrestrial and aquatic) recovered 20-70% of the losses sustained since EuroAmerican settlement. The one exception is water availability. Water consumed for out-of-stream uses increased under all three future scenarios (by 40-60%), with accompanying decreases in stream flow. Although the conservation measures incorporated into Conservation 2050 moderated the increase in consumption, they were not sufficient to reverse the trend. Results from these analyses have been actively discussed by stakeholder groups charged with developing a vision for the basin's future and a basin-wide restoration strategy. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Landscape Architecture, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioengn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Asian Dev Bank, Econ Res Dept, Manila 0980, Philippines. RP Baker, JP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM baker.joan@epa.gov NR 43 TC 116 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 55 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 2 BP 313 EP 324 DI 10.1890/02-5011 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805UZ UT WOS:000220392500002 ER PT J AU Van Sickle, J Baker, J Herlihy, A Bayley, P Gregory, S Haggerty, P Ashkenas, L Li, J AF Van Sickle, J Baker, J Herlihy, A Bayley, P Gregory, S Haggerty, P Ashkenas, L Li, J TI Projecting the biological condition of streams under alternative scenarios of human land use SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE land use; model projection; riparian; scenario; stream condition; watershed; Willamette Basin ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; MID-ATLANTIC REGION; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; UNITED-STATES; WATER-QUALITY; LANDSCAPE INFLUENCES; FISH; CHEMISTRY; MACROINVERTEBRATES; URBANIZATION AB We present regression models for estimating the status of fish and aquatic invertebrate communities in all second to fourth-order streams (1: 100 000 scale; total stream length = 6476 km) throughout the Willamette River Basin, Oregon (USA). The models project fish and invertebrate status as a function of physiographic, land-use/land-cover, and stream flow variables, with the latter two sets of variables subject to change under historical and alternative future scenarios of human development. Models are developed using sample data collected between 1993 and 1997 from 149 wadeable streams in the basin. Model uncertainties are propagated through model projections and into aggregated estimates of regional status. The projections show no significant change in basin-wide status in year 2050, relative to Circa 1990, for scenarios either of increased human development or continuation of current development trends, because landscape change under these scenarios is dominated by conversion of agricultural land to rural residential and urban uses, and because these changes affect only a small percentage of the basin. However, under a scenario of increased conservation, regional medians of biotic status indicators are projected to improve by 9-24% by year 2050. None of the changes projected between Circa 1990 and year 2050 is as large in magnitude as the decline in status projected to have occurred between the time of pre-European settlement and Circa 1990. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Nat Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Van Sickle, J (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Nat Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM VanSickle.John@epa.gov NR 71 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 30 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 2 BP 368 EP 380 DI 10.1890/02-5009 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805UZ UT WOS:000220392500006 ER PT J AU Schumaker, NH Ernst, T White, D Baker, J Haggerty, P AF Schumaker, NH Ernst, T White, D Baker, J Haggerty, P TI Projecting wildlife responses to alternative future landscapes in Oregon's Willamette Basin SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE alternative future landscape; habitat change; habitat model; landscape change; model comparison; PATCH; population viability analysis; simulation model; wildlife model ID EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS; BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE; BILLED MARSH WRENS; RED-TAILED HAWK; BLUE GROUSE; METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS; SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; VIABILITY ANALYSIS; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; NORTHEASTERN OREGON AB Increasingly, environmental quality is becoming recognized as a critical factor that should constrain land use planning. One important measure of a landscape's quality is its capacity to support viable populations of wildlife species. But the ability of land managers to balance conservation with other competing objectives is limited by a shortage of methodologies for assessing landscape quality. In response to this shortage, the research community has begun developing a variety of multispecies, landscape-level, assessment models. Useful models must strike a balance between parsimony and biological realism and must be designed to make the most of limited life history data. This paper applies two such assessments to an examination of wildlife responses to scenarios of landscape change within Oregon's Willamette River Basin. The study uses GIS maps of pre-European settlement and circa 1990 habitat conditions, and three possible realizations of how the Basin might appear in the year 2050. Our simpler assessment generated statistics of landscape change from the GIS imagery and species-habitat relationships for all 279 amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species in the basin. Our more complex assessment used an individual-based life history simulator to estimate population sizes for a small subset of this fauna. These two assessments offer complementary kinds of information about wildlife responses to landscape change: estimates of habitat changes for a large number of species representing a region's biodiversity, and estimates of changes in the persistence of populations of key species. We found both good and poor correlations between our two assessments, depending upon the species and landscape. Both assessments agreed in their overall ranking of the landscapes' quality for wildlife. In most cases, the percentage change in habitat quality underestimated the percentage change in population size. In a few cases, small gains in habitat quality were accompanied by very large increases in wildlife populations. We attribute discrepancies in our two assessments to the influence habitat fragmentation had on our individual-based model. As such, our study provides a methodology for separating the influences of habitat quality and quantity from those of habitat pattern. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Indus Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Schumaker, NH (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM schumaker.nathan@epa.gov NR 149 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 32 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 2 BP 381 EP 400 DI 10.1890/02-5010 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805UZ UT WOS:000220392500007 ER PT J AU Edwards, TC Cutler, DR Geiser, L Alegria, J McKenzie, D AF Edwards, TC Cutler, DR Geiser, L Alegria, J McKenzie, D TI Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE inventory estimation; lichens; Northwest Forest Plan; old-growth forests; sample designs; species rarity ID DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST; NATURAL-RESOURCES; POWER ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; CONSERVATION; DESIGN; DIVERSITY; BIOMASS; PERSPECTIVES; COMMUNITIES AB We show how simple statistical analyses of systematically collected inventory data can be used to provide reliable information about the distribution and habitat associations of rare species. Using an existing design-based sampling grid on which epiphytic macrolichens had been inventoried in the Northwest Forest Plan area of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, we (1) estimate frequencies and standard errors for each of 25 lichen species having special management designation (i.e., Survey and Manage), (2) assess the probability that individual. species were associated with specific land allocation and forest stand age classifications, and (3) provide estimates of sample sizes necessary to ensure sufficient detections for these analyses. We conclude with a discussion of management and conservation information needs that extant data can satisfy and identify advantages and limitations of random vs. nonrandom sampling strategies. Combining design-assisted and model-assisted approaches can overcome some of the limitations of either single strategy. C1 Utah State Univ, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. BLM, Oregon State Off, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US EPA, ORD Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Edwards, TC (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USGS, Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM tce@nr.usu.edu NR 49 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 2 BP 414 EP 424 DI 10.1890/02-5236 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805UZ UT WOS:000220392500009 ER PT J AU Barron, MG Duvall, SE Barron, KJ AF Barron, MG Duvall, SE Barron, KJ TI Retrospective and current risks of mercury to panthers in the Florida Everglades SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 11-15, 2001 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE mercury; panther; risk; Everglades; diet ID METHYLMERCURY; CAT AB Florida panthers are an endangered species inhabiting south Florida. Hg has been suggested as a causative factor for low populations and some reported panther deaths, but a quantitative assessment of risks has never been performed. This study quantitatively evaluated retrospective (pre-1992) and current (2002) risks of chronic dietary Hg exposures to panthers in the Florida Everglades. A probabilistic assessment of Hg risks was performed using a dietary exposure model and Latin Hypercube sampling that incorporated the variability and uncertainty in ingestion rate, diet, body weight, and mercury exposure of panthers. Hazard quotients (HQs) for retrospective risks ranged from less than 0.1-20, with a 46% probability of exceeding chronic dietary thresholds for methylmercury. Retrospective risks of developing clinical symptoms, including ataxia and convulsions, had an HQ range of <0.1-5.4 with a 17% probability of exceeding an HQ of 1. Current risks were substantially lower (4% probability of exceedences; HQ range <0.1-3.5) because of an estimated 70-90% decline in Hg exposure to panthers over the last decade. Under worst case conditions of panthers consuming only raccoons from the most contaminated area of the Everglades, current risks of developing clinical symptoms that may lead to death was 4.6%. Current risks of mercury poisoning of panthers with a diversified diet was 0.1% (HQ range of <0.1-1.4). The results of this assessment indicate that past Hg exposures likely adversely affected panthers in the Everglades, but current risks of Hg are low. C1 PEAK Res, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. RP Barron, MG (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM barron.mace@epa.gov NR 21 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 2004 VL 13 IS 3 BP 223 EP 229 DI 10.1023/B:ECTX.0000023567.42698.38 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 811PX UT WOS:000220784900005 PM 15217246 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Goodman, LR Macauley, JM Moore, JC AF Lewis, MA Goodman, LR Macauley, JM Moore, JC TI Sediment toxicity and community composition of benthos and colonized periphyton in the Everglades-Florida Bay transitional zone SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 11-15, 2001 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE sediment toxicity; community composition; macrobenthos; algal-periphyton; Florida Bay; Everglades ID WATER-QUALITY; TRENDS AB This survey provides information on sediment toxicity and structural characteristics of the macrobenthic and periphytic algal communities at 10 locations in northeast Florida Bay. Whole sediments were not acutely toxic to Mysidopsis bahia ( marine invertebrate) and Hyalella azteca (freshwater invertebrate) relative to reference sediment. Survival was between 80% and 100%. Community structure of the macrobenthos and algal-periphyton varied spatially. A total of 116 benthic species were identified at the 10 locations; mean density was greater in Shell Creek (10,017 organisms/m(2)) and least in Canal C-103 (441 organisms/m(2)). Tubificids and the crustacean Halmyrapseudes bahamensis (Family: Apseudidae) dominated the benthos at 4 of 10 locations. One hundred and six species of periphytic algae representing 52 genera were identified on substrates colonized for 21 days. Mean algal density was greater in Florida Bay (19,440 cells/cm(2)) and least in Long Sound (10 cells/cm(2)). Diatoms and blue green algae dominated the algal-periphyton. Major diatom genera were Navicula, Brachysira and Nitzschia. The more abundant and widely occurring blue-green taxa were species of Oscillatoria, Polycystis and Lyngbya. Ash free dry weight and chlorophyll a were significantly greater for periphyton colonized in Canal C-111 and Florida Bay and the least in Long Sound. Spatial variation and the availability of reference areas are important issues that need consideration in future biomonitoring efforts conducted in this region to ensure relevancy of results. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM Lewis.Michael@epa.gov NR 57 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 2004 VL 13 IS 3 BP 231 EP 244 DI 10.1023/B:ECTX.0000023568.44003.53 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 811PX UT WOS:000220784900006 PM 15217247 ER PT J AU Raimondo, S Strazanac, JS Butler, L AF Raimondo, S Strazanac, JS Butler, L TI Comparison of sampling techniques used in studying Lepidoptera population dynamics SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; sampling techniques; gypsy moth; population dynamics ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR LEPIDOPTERA; PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS; FORESTS; LIGHT; OUTBREAKS; CATCHES; DENSITY; COUNTS; LARVAE AB Four methods (light traps, foliage samples, canvas bands, and gypsy moth egg mass surveys) that are used to study the population dynamics of foliage-feeding Lepidoptera. were compared for 10 species, including gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Samples were collected weekly at 12 sites during a 15-wk period in 1995-2001. For each non-gypsy moth species, light trap and canvas band estimates were regressed against foliage sample to determine how well they predict population abundance. Gypsy moth estimates obtained from foliage and under canvas bands were compared with counts of egg masses using a similar linear model. All comparisons were made on three spatial scales: plot (200 ha), forest (2,000-3,000 ha), and study site (200,000 ha). Abundance of moths collected by light traps were good predictors of population size compared with counts of larvae on foliage, whereas mixed results were obtained for canvas bands. Both foliage samples and canvas band samples proved to be good predictors of gypsy moth population size on the plot and forest scale, although only foliage samples provided good estimates at the study site scale. For all comparisons, predictability of light traps and canvas bands increased with increasing spatial scale. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Raimondo, S (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM raimondo.sandy@epa.gov NR 36 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 17 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 418 EP 425 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 812RL UT WOS:000220856500038 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR Clickner, RP Bodurow, CC AF Mahaffey, KR Clickner, RP Bodurow, CC TI Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood; exposure; fish; mercury; methyl mercury; NHANES; population estimates; shellfish; women ID DENTAL AMALGAM FILLINGS; FISH CONSUMPTION; METHYL MERCURY; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; UNITED-KINGDOM; MUSCLE-TISSUE; CORD BLOOD; EXPOSURE; METHYLMERCURY; PESTICIDES AB Blood organic mercury (i.e., methyl mercury) concentrations among 1,709 women who were participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 1999 and 2000 (1999-2000 NHANES) were 0.6 mug/L at the 50th percentile and ranged from concentrations that were nondetectable (5th percentile) to 6.7 mug/L (95th percentile). Blood organic/methyl mercury reflects methyl mercury intake from fish and shellfish as determined from a methyl mercury exposure parameter based on 24-hr dietary recall, 30-day food frequency, and mean concentrations of mercury in the fish/shellfish species reported as consumed (multiple correlation coefficient > 0.5). Blood organic/methyl mercury concentrations were lowest among Mexican Americans and highest among participants who designated themselves in the Other racial/ethnic category, which includes Asians, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders. Blood organic/methyl mercury concentrations were similar to 1.5 times higher among women 30-49 years of age than among women 16-29 years of age. Blood mercury (BHg) concentrations were seven times higher among women who reported eating nine or more fish and/or shellfish meals within the past 30 days than among women who reported no fish and/or shellfish consumption in the past 30 days. Blood organic/methyl mercury concentrations ! 5.8 mug/L were lowest among Mexican Americans (2.0%) and highest among examinees in the Other racial/ethnic category (21.7%). Based on the distribution of BHg concentrations among the adult female participants in 1999-2000 NHANES and the number of U.S. births in 2000, > 300,000 newborns each year in the United States may have been exposed in utero, to methyl mercury concentrations higher than those considered to be without increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental effects associated with methyl mercury exposure. C1 US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. WESTAT Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Mahaffey, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave,NW Mail Code 7201 M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM mahaffey.kate@epa.gov NR 61 TC 247 Z9 253 U1 5 U2 37 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 5 BP 562 EP 570 DI 10.1289/ehp.6587 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 811KI UT WOS:000220770400043 PM 15064162 ER PT J AU Flower, KB Hoppin, JA Lynch, CF Blair, A Knott, C Shore, DL Sandler, DP AF Flower, KB Hoppin, JA Lynch, CF Blair, A Knott, C Shore, DL Sandler, DP TI Cancer risk and parental pesticide application in children of agricultural health study participants SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE agricultural workers; cancer; children; occupational exposure; pesticides ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; CHILDHOOD-CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES; MALIGNANT-LYMPHOMAS; CRITICAL WINDOWS; LEUKEMIA; ENVIRONMENT; ETIOLOGY; WORK; IOWA AB Parental exposure to pesticides may contribute to childhood cancer risk. Through the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective study of pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina, we examined childhood cancer risk and associations with parental pesticide application. Identifying information for 17,357 children of Iowa pesticide applicators was provided by parents via questionnaires (1993-1997) and matched against the Iowa Cancer Registry. Fifty incident childhood cancers were identified (1975-1998). Risk of A childhood cancers combined was increased [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.79]. Risk of all lymphomas combined was also increased (SIR = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.13-4.19), as was risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR = 2.56; 95% CI, 1.06-6.14). We used logistic regression to explore associations between self-reported parental pesticide application practices and childhood cancer risk. No association was detected between frequency of parental pesticide application and childhood cancer risk. An increased risk of cancer was detected among children whose fathers did not use chemically resistant gloves [odds ratio (OR) = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.05-3.76] compared with children whose fathers used gloves. Of 16 specific pesticides used by fathers prenatally, ORs were increased for aldrin (OR = 2.66), dichlorvos (OR = 2.06), and ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (OR = 1.91). However, these results were based on small numbers and not supported by prior biologic evidence. Identification of excess lymphoma risk suggests that farm exposures including pesticides may play a role in the etiology of childhood lymphoma. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Robert Wood Johnson Clin Scolars Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Community Pediat, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Epidemiol, Iowa City, IA USA. NCI, Occupat & Environm Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Durham, NC USA. WESTAT Corp, Durham, NC USA. RP Flower, KB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Robert Wood Johnson Clin Scolars Program, CB 7105, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM kori_flower@med.unc.edu OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES 05605] NR 46 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 5 BP 631 EP 635 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 811KI UT WOS:000220770400054 PM 15064173 ER PT J AU West, TO Marland, G King, AW Post, WM Jain, AK Andrasko, K AF West, TO Marland, G King, AW Post, WM Jain, AK Andrasko, K TI Carbon management response curves: Estimates of temporal soil carbon dynamics SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE CHANGE; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; ORGANIC-CARBON; N2O EMISSIONS; SEQUESTRATION; CULTIVATION; CONVERSION; MITIGATION; ATMOSPHERE; TILLAGE AB Measurement of the change in soil carbon that accompanies a change in land use (e.g., forest to agriculture) or management (e.g., conventional tillage to no-till) can be complex and expensive, may require reference plots, and is subject to the variability of statistical sampling and short-term variability in weather. In this paper, we develop Carbon Management Response (CMR) curves that could be used as an alternative to in situ measurements. The CMR curves developed here are based on quantitative reviews of existing global analyses and field observations of changes in soil carbon. The curves show mean annual rates of soil carbon change, estimated time to maximum rates of change, and estimated time to a new soil carbon steady state following the initial change in management. We illustrate how CMR curves could be used in a carbon accounting framework while effectively addressing a number of potential policy issues commonly associated with carbon accounting. We find that CMR curves provide a transparent means to account for changes in soil carbon accumulation and loss rates over time, and also provide empirical relationships that might be used in the development or validation of ecological or Earth systems models. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP West, TO (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM westto@ornl.gov RI Post, Wilfred/B-8959-2012; West, Tristram/C-5699-2013; Jain, Atul/D-2851-2016 OI West, Tristram/0000-0001-7859-0125; Jain, Atul/0000-0002-4051-3228 NR 36 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 4 BP 507 EP 518 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-9108-3 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 833AR UT WOS:000222309300009 PM 15453404 ER PT J AU Rashleigh, B AF Rashleigh, B TI Relation of environmental characteristics to fish assemblages in the Upper French Broad River Basin, North Carolina SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE detrended correspondence analysis; fish assemblage metrics; water quality ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; LAND-USE; RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; UNITED-STATES; WATER-QUALITY; STREAMS; INDEX; ECOSYSTEMS; ASSOCIATIONS; COMMUNITIES AB Fish assemblages at 16 sites in the upper French Broad River basin, North Carolina were related to environmental characteristics using detrended correspondence analysis, principal components analysis, and linear regression. The primary gradient affecting sites in this basin was related to agricultural influence, characterized by high levels of agricultural land cover, nitrate plus nitrite, sulfate, specific conductance, and sediment. Agricultural influence on the fish assemblage was represented as a trophic shift from specialized insectivores to generalized insectivores and an herbivore. A secondary influence on variation among sites was related to urban land cover, population density, increased concentrations of metals, and soil erodibility. This primarily urban gradient was characterized by an increase in the number of native and introduced fish species, particularly sunfish and omnivores species, and a decline in the percent of piscivores. These results support the identification of indicators for different environmental influences, which can improve the ability of resource managers to diagnose impairment in this basin and in similar basins. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30601 USA. RP Rashleigh, B (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30601 USA. EM rashleigh.brenda@epa.gov NR 53 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD APR-MAY PY 2004 VL 93 IS 1-3 BP 139 EP 156 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016806.69647.3e PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775UC UT WOS:000189078200009 PM 15074614 ER PT J AU Wikstrom, E Ryan, S Touati, A Gullett, BK AF Wikstrom, E Ryan, S Touati, A Gullett, BK TI In situ formed soot deposit as a carbon source for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS; FLY-ASH; MECHANISTIC ASPECTS; COMBUSTION CONDITIONS; WASTE COMBUSTION; MODEL MIXTURES; PCDD/PCDF; DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS; INCINERATORS; CHLORIDE AB The aim of this study was to investigate the role of in situ formed soot deposits generated during a combustion process for the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). In situ formed soot deposits were generated in an entrained flow reactor by using a sooting methane (CH4) flame (sooting phase), with or without chlorine doped into the flame, and fly ash added into the gas phase. The presence of fly ash in the soot deposit was found to be critical, as a catalyst for formation and/or a chlorinating agent. The presence of chlorinated aromatic structures in the soot matrix was not enough to promote de novo formation of PCDDs/Fs without the presence of fly ash. PCDFs were formed via direct release of the molecule backbone structure from the soot. PCDDs were formed via a similar mechanism as well as an equally important formation pathway of condensation reactions Of C-6 compounds. The formation rate of the soot/ash deposit was still at half its original activity 34 h after the deposits were formed, suggesting a persistent de novo formation occurring for a long time after the sooting incidences (memory effect). C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gullett.brian@epa.gov NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2097 EP 2101 DI 10.1021/es034564p PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 808OG UT WOS:000220577800037 PM 15112812 ER PT J AU Bennett, DH Furtaw, EJ AF Bennett, DH Furtaw, EJ TI Fugacity-based indoor residential pesticide fate model SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AIR PARTITION-COEFFICIENT; MATERIAL-SURFACES; VAPOR-PRESSURES; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; DYNAMIC-BEHAVIOR; VINYL FLOORING/; COMPOUNDS VOCS; DEPOSITION; EXPOSURE AB Dermal and nondietary pathways are possibly important for exposure to pesticides used in residences. Limited data have been collected on pesticide concentrations in residential air and surfaces following application. Models may be useful for interpreting these data and to make predictions about concentrations in the home for other pesticides based on chemical properties. We present a dynamic mass-balance compartment model based on fugacity principles. The model includes air (both gas phase and aerosols), carpet, smooth flooring, and walls as model compartments. Six size fractions of particulate matter with different fate and transport properties are included. We determine the compartmental fugacity capacity and mass-transfer rate coefficients between compartments. We compare model results to chlorpyrifos air and carpet measurements from an independent study. Fora comparison, we run the same simulation for diazinon and permethrin. We quantify the effect of parameter uncertainty and model uncertainties related to the source release rate and conduct a sensitivity analysis to determine which parameters contribute most to output uncertainty. In the model comparison to chlorpyrifos measurements, the model results are of the same order of magnitude as measured values but tend to overpredict the measured data, thus indicating the need for a better understanding of emissions from treated surfaces. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Landmark Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Bennett, DH (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Landmark Ctr, POB 15677, Boston, MA 02215 USA. EM dbennett@hsph.harvard.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES000002] NR 60 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 6 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 7 BP 2142 EP 2152 DI 10.1021/es034287m PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 808OG UT WOS:000220577800043 PM 15112818 ER PT J AU Hecht, SA Gunnarsson, JS Boese, BL Lamberson, JO Schaffner, C Giger, W Jepson, PC AF Hecht, SA Gunnarsson, JS Boese, BL Lamberson, JO Schaffner, C Giger, W Jepson, PC TI Influences of sedimentary organic matter quality on the bioaccumulation of 4-nonylphenol by estuarine amphipods SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nonylphenol; bioaccumulation; Eohaustorius estuarius; Grandidierella japonica; Corophium salmonis ID DEPOSIT-FEEDING CLAM; NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ATLANTIC SALMON; VITELLOGENIN; METABOLITES; BIOAVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION; NONYLPHENOL; TOXICITY AB Nonylphenol (NP) is a moderately persistent, hydrophobic chemical with endocrine-disrupting and acute narcotic effects in aquatic biota. Concern exists about the ultimate fate of NP in aquatic ecosystems and the potential for bioaccumulation by benthic biota from the sediment with the potential for further transfer to higher trophic levels. Our goals were to determine if benthic amphipods bioaccumulate significant amounts of NP from sediment and to determine how additions of organic matter influence NP bioaccumulation by amphipods. Estuarine sediment was spiked with C-14-NP and enriched with two types of organic carbon (OC) sources of different nutritional qualities. Macrophytic algae (Ulva species) were used as a labile and nutritious OC source. Wood lignins were used as a refractory and low-nutrition OC source. Nonylphenol bioaccumulation was measured in Eohaustorius estuarius, Grandidierella japonica, and Corophium salmonis after 16 d of exposure. Nonylphenol accumulation was inversely proportional to OC quantity, but was unaffected by OC nutritional quality. Significant differences were found in the accumulation patterns between the three amphipod species. Mean biota-sediment accumulation factors ranged from 8.1 to 33.9 in E. estuarius. from 4.6 to 17.2 in G. japonica, and averaged 7.1 in male C. salmonis and 16.0 in female C. salmonis. These accumulation factors indicate that estuarine amphipods could constitute an important source of NP to higher trophic levels, such as juvenile fish. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Pacific Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EAWAG, Inst Aquat Sci & Water Pollut Control, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. Oregon State Univ, Integrated Plant Protect Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hecht, SA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM scott.hecht@noaa.gov RI Jepson, Paul/E-8669-2011 OI Jepson, Paul/0000-0003-3419-4715 NR 44 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 14 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 4 BP 865 EP 873 DI 10.1897/03-220 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 807EE UT WOS:000220484000008 PM 15095881 ER PT J AU Boethling, RS Lynch, DG Jaworska, JS Tunkel, JL Thom, GC Webb, S AF Boethling, RS Lynch, DG Jaworska, JS Tunkel, JL Thom, GC Webb, S TI Using Biowin (TM), Bayes, and batteries to predict ready biodegradability SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ready biodegradation; Bayes' theorem; premanufacture notice; pharmaceuticals; inherent biodegradation ID BOTTLE TEST OECD-301-D; WASTE-WATER BACTERIA; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; TOXICITY; TESTS; SURFACTANTS AB Whether or not a given chemical substance is readily biodegradable is an important piece of information in risk screening for both new and existing chemicals. Despite the relatively low cost of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development tests. data are often unavailable and biodegradability must be estimated. In this paper, we focus on the predictive value of selected Biowin(TM) models and model batteries using Bayesian analysis. Posterior probabilities, calculated based on performance with the model training sets using Bayes' theorem, were closely matched by actual performance with an expanded set of 374 premanufacture notice (PMN) substances. Further analysis suggested that a simple battery consisting of Biowin3 (survey ultimate biodegradation model) and Biowin5 (Ministry of International Trade and Industry [MITI] linear model) would have enhanced predictive power in comparison to individual models. Application of the battery to PMN substances showed that performance matched expectation. This approach significantly reduced both false positives for ready biodegradability and the overall misclassification rate. Similar results were obtained for a set of 63 pharmaceuticals using a battery consisting of Biowin3 and Biowin6 (MITI nonlinear model). Biodegradation data for PMNs tested in multiple ready tests or both inherent and ready biodegradation tests yielded additional insights that may be useful in risk screening. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Procter & Gamble Eurocor, B-1853 Stombeek Bever, Belgium. Syracuse Res, Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. CEFIC, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium. RP Boethling, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM boethling.bob@epa.gov NR 36 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 25 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 4 BP 911 EP 920 DI 10.1897/03-280 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 807EE UT WOS:000220484000013 PM 15095886 ER PT J AU Thursby, GB Abdelrhman, MA AF Thursby, GB Abdelrhman, MA TI Growth of the marsh elder Iva frutescens in relation to duration of tidal flooding SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SALT-MARSH; PLANT ZONATION; VEGETATION; COMMUNITY; BIOMASS; ISLAND AB Iva frutescens is a common shrub at the upland fringe of salt marshes throughout the East and Gulf Coasts of North America. Within a marsh, its location and relative size are governed largely by the degree of flooding by seawater. Iva's wide distribution and restricted location within salt marshes may make it a useful indicator of overall conditions of the marshes. This work was designed to provide basic information on the age and growth of I. frutescens, especially as they relate to the degree of flooding that is needed in order to investigate Iva's potential as an indicator. Cross-sections of older stems (living and standing dead) from salt marshes in Rhode Island, United States, were examined in order to age stems and estimate their growth rate from cumulative increase in woody tissue. Most stems were six yr old or less, suggesting that aboveground structures five for only a few years. Stem diameter correlated with growth rate and aboveground biomass. Elevation at the root zone was used to estimate the duration that plants were flooded, which was negatively correlated with stem diameter. The most robust plants came from sites that were flooded only up to 6-7% of the total time during the growing season. No plants were found in areas flooded more than 30% of the time. C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev,Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Thursby, GB (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev,Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM thursby.glen@epa.gov NR 30 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 10 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2004 VL 27 IS 2 BP 217 EP 224 DI 10.1007/BF02803379 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 826JV UT WOS:000221826300006 ER PT J AU Hale, SS Paul, JF Heltshe, JF AF Hale, SS Paul, JF Heltshe, JF TI Watershed landscape indicators of estuarine benthic condition SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MID-ATLANTIC REGION; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE; SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL-QUALITY; COMMUNITY CONDITION; TEMPORAL VARIATION; COASTAL WATERS AB Do land use and cover characteristics of watersheds associated with small estuaries exhibit a strong enough signal to make landscape metrics useful for identifying degraded bottom communities? We tested this idea with 58 pairs of small estuaries (<260 km(2)) and watersheds in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic coastal plain (Delaware Bay to Chesapeake Bay). We considered 34 landscape metrics as potential explanatory variables and seven estuarine parameters as response variables. We developed three logistic regression models: one to calculate the probability of degraded benthic environmental quality (BEQ), as defined by chemical parameters, and two for the probability of degraded estuarine bottom communities, one using a benthic index (BI) and a second using the total number of bottom-dwelling species (TNBS, consisting of benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes). We evaluated the discriminatory power of the models with ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves of sensitivity and specificity. All three models showed excellent discrimination of high and low values. A model using the sum of all human land uses and percent wetlands correctly classified BEQ in 86% of the cases; low benthic index and low total number of bottom species were each associated with degraded BEQ (p<0.01). The BI model used percent riparian urban, riparian wetlands, and agriculture on steep slopes (76% correct classification) and correctly predicted high-low benthic index of an independent data set 79% of the time (p<0.05). The TNBS model used percent wetlands, riparian wetlands, and riparian agriculture (74% correct classification). Watersheds with higher percentages of urban and agricultural land uses were associated with lower benthic environmental quatity, benthic index, and biodiversity, whereas those with higher percentages of wetlands were associated with higher numbers. As human development of watersheds increases, statistical prediction rules developed from landscape metrics could be a cost-effective method to identify potentially threatened estuaries. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Comp Sci & Stat, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Hale, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM hale.stephen@cpa.gov NR 55 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2004 VL 27 IS 2 BP 283 EP 295 DI 10.1007/BF02803385 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 826JV UT WOS:000221826300012 ER PT J AU Turi, JL Yang, FM Garrick, MD Piantadosi, CA Ghio, AJ AF Turi, JL Yang, FM Garrick, MD Piantadosi, CA Ghio, AJ TI The iron cycle and oxidative stress in the lung SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE membrane transporters; metals; lung; free radicals ID ELEMENT-BINDING-PROTEIN; RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; HUMAN LACTOFERRIN; RNA-BINDING; HYPOTRANSFERRINEMIC MICE; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION; HUMAN-MONOCYTES AB Iron is critical for many aspects of cellular function, but it can also generate reactive oxygen species that can damage biological macromolecules. To limit oxidative stress, iron acquisition and its distribution must be tightly regulated. In the lungs, which are continuously exposed to the atmosphere, the risk of oxidative damage is particularly high because of the high oxygen concentration and the presence of significant amounts of catalytically active iron in atmospheric particulates. An effective system of metal detoxification must exist to minimize the associated generation of oxidative stress in the lungs. Here we summarize the evidence that a number of specific proteins that control iron uptake in the gastrointestinal tract are also employed in the lung to transport iron into epithelial cells and sequester it in a catalytically inactive form in ferritin. Furthermore, these and other proteins facilitate ferritin release from lung cells to the epithelial and bronchial lining fluids for clearance by the mucociliary system or to the reticuloendothelial system for long-term storage of iron. These pathways seem to be the primary mechanism for control of oxidative stress presented by iron in the respiratory tract. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biochem, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), Human Studies Facil, Campus Box 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27759 USA. EM ghio.andy@epa.gov FU NICHD NIH HHS [K12 HD043494]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 59794] NR 77 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 36 IS 7 BP 850 EP 857 DI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.12.008 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 807AX UT WOS:000220475500004 PM 15019970 ER PT J AU Waite, IR Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Urquhart, NS Klemm, DJ AF Waite, IR Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Urquhart, NS Klemm, DJ TI The effects of macroinvertebrate taxonomic resolution in large landscape bioassessments: an example from the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, USA SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioassessment; macroinvertebrates; Mid-Atlantic; multivariate; richness; streams; taxonomic resolution ID RUNNING-WATER SITES; STREAM CHEMISTRY; GREAT-BRITAIN; UNITED-STATES; COMMUNITIES; CLASSIFICATION; LEVEL; QUANTIFICATION; ASSEMBLAGES; PREDICTION AB 1. During late spring 1993-1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampled 490 wadeable streams in the mid-Atlantic Highlands (MAH) of the U.S. for a variety of physical, chemical and biological indicators of environmental condition. We used the resulting data set to evaluate the importance of differing levels of macroinvertebrate taxonomic resolution in bioassessments by comparing the ability of family versus genus to detect differences among sites classified by type and magnitude of human impact and by stream size. We divided the MAH into two physiographic regions: the Appalachian Plateau where mine drainage (MD) and acidic deposition are major stressors, and the Ridge and Valley where nutrient enrichment is a major stressor. Stream sites were classified into three or four impact classes based on water chemistry and habitat. We used stream order (first to third Strahler order) in each region as a measure of stream size. Ordination, 2 x 2 chi-square and biotic metrics were used to compare the ability of family and genus to detect differences among both stressor and size classes. 2. With one notable exception, there were only a small number of different genera per family (interquartile range = 1-4). Family Chironomidae, however, contained 123 different genera. As a result, significant information loss occurred when this group was only classified to family. The family Chironomidae did not discriminate among the predefined classes but many chironomid genera did: by chi-square analysis, 10 and 28 chironomid genera were significant in discriminating MD and nutrient impacts, respectively. 3. Family and genus data were similar in their ability to distinguish among the coarse impacts (e.g. most severe versus least severe impact classes) for all cases. Though genus data in many cases distinguished the subtler differences (e.g. mixed/moderate impacts versus high or low impacts) better than family, differences in significance levels between family and genus analyses were relatively minor. However, genus data detected differences among stream orders in ordination analyses that were not revealed at the family level. In the ordinations, both family and genus levels of analysis responded to similar suites of environmental variables. 4. Our results suggest that identification to the family level is sufficient for many bioassessment purposes. However, identifications to genus do provide more information in genera-rich families like Chironomidae. Genus or finer levels of identification are important for investigating natural history, stream ecology, biodiversity and indicator species. Decisions about the taxonomic level of identification need to be study specific and depend on available resources (cost) and study objectives. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. Oregon State Univ, US EPA, NHEERL, WED,Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, NERL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Waite, IR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. EM iwaite@usgs.gov NR 32 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 49 IS 4 BP 474 EP 489 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01197.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 804AW UT WOS:000220272600010 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Hellmann, GM AF Rockett, JC Hellmann, GM TI Confinning microarray data - is it really necessary? SO GENOMICS LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION ANALYSIS; MESSENGER-RNA; CDNA MICROARRAY; DNA-MICROARRAY; CANCER; AMPLIFICATION; PREDICTION; CELLS AB The generation of corroborative data has become a commonly used approach for ensuring the veracity of microarray data. Indeed, the need to conduct corroborative studies has now become official editorial policy for at least 2 journals, and several more are considering introducing such a policy. The issue of corroborating microarray data is a challenging one-there are good arguments for and against conducting such experiments. However, we believe that the introduction of a fixed requirement to corroborate microarray data, especially if adopted by more journals, is overly burdensome and may, in at least several applications of microarray technology, be inappropriate. We also believe that, in cases in which corroborative studies are deemed essential, a lack of clear guidance leaves researchers unclear as to what constitutes an acceptable corroborative study. Guidelines have already been outlined regarding the details of conducting microarray experiments. We propose that all stakeholders, including journal editorial boards, reviewers, and researchers, should undertake concerted and inclusive efforts to address properly and clarify the specific issue of corroborative data. In this article we highlight some of the thorny and vague areas for discussion surrounding this issue. We also report the results of a poll in which 76 life science journals were asked about their current or intended policies on the inclusion of corroborative studies in papers containing microarray data. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA. RP Rockett, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rockett.john@epa.gov NR 36 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0888-7543 J9 GENOMICS JI Genomics PD APR PY 2004 VL 83 IS 4 BP 541 EP 549 DI 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.017 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 806TY UT WOS:000220457400001 PM 15028276 ER PT J AU Landis, WG Duncan, PB Hayes, EH Markiewicz, AJ Thomas, JF AF Landis, WG Duncan, PB Hayes, EH Markiewicz, AJ Thomas, JF TI A regional retrospective assessment of the potential stressors causing the decline of the Cherry Point Pacific herring run SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Pacific herring; Cherry Point Washington; indicators; retrospective assessment; environmental management ID ECOLOGICAL RISK-ASSESSMENT; ESTABLISHING CAUSALITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB The Pacific herring stock that spawns at Cherry Point, northwest of Bellingham, WA, has undergone a dramatic decline in the last 20 years. The population decline corresponds with a collapse of the age structure. The Cherry Point area contains three deep water shipping piers, two refineries, an aluminum smelter, and urban development. The Cherry Point Aquatic Reserve was formed initially to protect the spawning habitat of the Cherry Point Pacific herring run. We conducted a retrospective assessment using the relative risk model (RRM) to investigate the causes of the current decline of the Cherry Point run. The RRM combines aspects of the weight-of-evidence (WoE) approach and other methods of establishing causality into a framework that deals with multiple stressors, uncertainty, and spatial scale. An analysis of the Cherry Point Pacific herring age structure and population dynamics indicates that the loss of reproductive potential of the older age class fish was the population characteristic that led to the decline of the run. Exploitation, habitat alteration and climate change are the risk factors that contribute to the decline of the Cherry Point Pacific herring. The retrospective assessment identified the cyclic nature of climate change, as expressed by the warmer sea surface temperatures associated with a warm Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), as the primary factor altering the dynamics of the Pacific herring. Other factors are ranked accordingly along with the associated uncertainty. Criteria for selecting alternative endpoints for managing the Cherry Point Aquatic Reserve are also provided. The strengths of the retrospective RRM include its ability to combine a WoE and causality criteria with a multitude of stressors at a regional scale. The difficulties include how to deal with differences in the magnitude of effects, and expressing the uncertainty as distributions. C1 Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm, Inst Environm Toxicol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US EPA, Seattle, WA USA. Natl Council Air & Stream Improvement, Anacortes, WA USA. RP Landis, WG (reprint author), Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm, Inst Environm Toxicol, MS 9180, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. EM landis@cc.wwu.edu NR 22 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 271 EP 297 DI 10.1080/10807030490438201 PG 27 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817RZ UT WOS:000221195900006 ER PT J AU Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK AF Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK TI Research and development of prevention and control measures for mold contamination SO INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE indoor air; antimicrobial; biocontaminant; duct cleaning; mitigation ID PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM; DUCT MATERIALS; REMEDIATION; BUILDINGS; GROWTH; INFANT AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Indoor Environment Management Branch has, since 1995, conducted research into controlling biological contamination in the indoor environment. In this paper four areas of research are discussed: (1) research and development of prevention and control measures for mitigation of indoor air pollutants by biocontaminants; (2) duct cleaning effectiveness for prevention and control of microbial growth on duct materials; (3) investigation and evaluation of antimicrobial treatments as control technologies to reduce ambient exposure; and (4) field testing of sealants and encapsulents used in air duct systems. The conclusions resulting from this body of research are listed to summarise the accomplishments and put into perspective the interrelationships of these areas of investigation in reducing human exposure to biological contamination in the indoor environment. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ctr Engn & Environm Sci, Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1420-326X EI 1423-0070 J9 INDOOR BUILT ENVIRON JI Indoor Built Environ. PD APR PY 2004 VL 13 IS 2 BP 109 EP 114 DI 10.1177/1420326X04040612 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 818BG UT WOS:000221220000004 ER PT J AU Neely, AN Gallardo, V Barth, E Haugland, RA Warden, GD Vesper, SJ AF Neely, AN Gallardo, V Barth, E Haugland, RA Warden, GD Vesper, SJ TI Rapid monitoring by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for pathogenic Aspergillus during carpet removal from a hospital SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUNGI AB Monitoring for pathogenic Aspergillus species using a rapid, highly sensitive, quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique during carpet removal in a burn unit provided data that allowed patients to be safely returned to the refloored area sooner than if only conventional culture monitoring had been used (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:350-352). C1 Shriners Burn Hosp, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Surg, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Neely, AN (reprint author), Shriners Burn Hosp, 3229 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 4 BP 350 EP 352 DI 10.1086/502405 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 811SM UT WOS:000220791600015 PM 15108736 ER PT J AU Baptista, S Quaresma, A Aires, T Kurtenbach, K Santos-Reis, M Nicholson, M Collares-Pereira, M AF Baptista, S Quaresma, A Aires, T Kurtenbach, K Santos-Reis, M Nicholson, M Collares-Pereira, M TI Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in questing ticks from mainland Portugal SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Potsdam Symposium on Tick-Borne Diseases (IPS VII) CY MAR 13-14, 2003 CL Berlin, GERMANY DE Lyme borreliosis; questing ticks; spirochete infection; Portugal ID BURGDORFERI SENSU-LATO; IXODES-RICINUS TICKS; DISEASE; DIVERSITY; LUSITANIAE; ECOLOGY; NOV.; 5S AB in Portugal, Ixodes ricinus ticks have been shown to contain DNA of several spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, with major differences in the genetic diversity between ecozones. Some isolates have been obtained since 1999, confirming the circulation of pathogenic strains in these ticks. Ixodes ricinus is considered to be a widespread species, however, in Portugal it is found only in a few habitats. Here we present preliminary results from a nationwide survey of questing I. ricinus (n= 4,001) and other Ixodidae (n = 1,534) in Portugal, initiated in 2001. The sampling points (so far 41) were selected using a Geographic Information System, according to the type of vegetation, accessibility and prevalence of human cases. The spatial and temporal of tick abundance and the infection of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks were determined in selected areas. Ticks were examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato by culturing (719 out of 4,001 I. ricinus), and direct PCR amplification of the 5S-23S intergenic spacer region (1,870 out of 5,535) followed by RFLP analysis, the reverse line blot assay and nucleotide sequencing of PCR amplicons. The most abundant tick genus was Rhipicephalus (53%), followed by Dermacentor (34%), I. ricinus and Hyalomma (7%, each). The Mafra and Grandola sites., where a more intensive study was carried out, were excellent habitats for I. ricinus. However, a clear difference of the prevalence of Borrelia infection and the genetic diversity of circulating spirochetes was observed in these two sites. Genotyping of all I. ricinus isolates revealed 5 B. garinii, 8 B. lusitaniae and 1 B. valaisiana strains, which were obtained for the first time in these regions along with a considerable percentage of tick-derived PCR amplicons. Two hard-tick species other than I. ricinus in Grandola were also B. lusitaniae positive, thus seeming to take part in the transmission cycle of Borrelia. The seasonal dynamics of L ricinus in Mafra was bimodal, more pronounced in nymphs than in adults. The present findings indicate that B. burgdorferi sensu lato agents are differentially maintained in nature in local tick populations in different geographic areas across Portugal and that the risk of acquiring Lyme borreliosis in certain areas of Portugal is higher than previously assumed. C1 Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Higiene & Med Trop, ULBL, P-1349008 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. Univ Lisbon, Fac Sci, CBA, DBA, Lisbon, Portugal. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Collares-Pereira, M (reprint author), Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Higiene & Med Trop, ULBL, R da Junqueira 96, P-1349008 Lisbon, Portugal. EM mcp@ihmt.unl.pt RI Santos-Reis, Margarida/H-4064-2011; Aires, Tania/M-8306-2013; OI Aires, Tania/0000-0002-1964-6819; Santos-Reis, Margarida/0000-0002-0337-963X NR 22 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 9 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4221 J9 INT J MED MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Med. Microbiol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 293 SU 37 BP 109 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S1433-1128(04)80016-0 PG 8 WC Microbiology; Virology SC Microbiology; Virology GA 823UB UT WOS:000221637700016 PM 15146992 ER PT J AU Brooks, MC Annable, MD Rao, PSC Hatfield, K Jawitz, JW Wise, WR Wood, AL Enfield, CG AF Brooks, MC Annable, MD Rao, PSC Hatfield, K Jawitz, JW Wise, WR Wood, AL Enfield, CG TI Controlled release, blind test of DNAPL remediation by ethanol flushing SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE cosolvent flushing; DNAPL; perchloroethylene; groundwater; site remediation; cosolvent recycling ID NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS; POROUS-MEDIA; BEHAVIOR; REMOVAL; FLOODS; DENSE AB A dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone was established within a sheet-pile isolated cell through a controlled release of perchloroethylene (PCE) to evaluate DNAPL remediation by in-situ cosolvent flushing. Ethanol was used as the cosolvent, and the main remedial mechanism was enhanced dissolution based on the phase behavior of the water-ethanol-PCE system. Based on the knowledge of the actual PCE volume introduced into the cell, it was estimated that 83 L of PCE were present at the start of the test. Over a 40-day period, 64% of the PCE was removed by flushing the cell with an alcohol solution of approximately 70% ethanol and 30% water. High removal efficiencies at the end of the test indicated that more PCE could have been removed had it been possible to continue the demonstration. The ethanol solution extracted from the cell was recycled during the test using activated carbon and air stripping treatment. Both of these treatment processes were successful in removing PCE for recycling purposes, with minimal impact on the ethanol content in the treated fluids. Results from pre- and post-flushing partitioning tracer tests overestimated the treatment performance. However, both of these tracer tests missed significant amounts of the PCE present, likely due to inaccessibility of the PCE. The tracer results suggest that some PCE was inaccessible to the ethanol solution which led to the inefficient PCE removal rates observed. The flux-averaged aqueous PCE concentrations measured in the post-flushing tracer test were reduced by a factor of 3 to 4 in the extraction wells that showed the highest PCE removal compared to those concentrations in the pre-flushing tracer test. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USA, Corps Engineers, Hydrol Invest Sect, Jacksonville, FL 32207 USA. Univ Florida, Inter Disciplinary Program Hydrol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Brooks, MC (reprint author), USA, Corps Engineers, Hydrol Invest Sect, Jacksonville, FL 32207 USA. EM Michael.C.Brooks@saj02.usace.army.mil RI Jawitz, James/G-5819-2013 NR 25 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3-4 BP 281 EP 297 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00158-X PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 808CE UT WOS:000220546400007 PM 15028395 ER PT J AU Sarin, P Snoeyink, VL Lytle, DA Kriven, WM AF Sarin, P Snoeyink, VL Lytle, DA Kriven, WM TI Iron corrosion scales: Model for scale growth, iron release, and colored water formation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE corrosion; iron; potable water; water distribution; water quality; water pipelines ID FECL2 SOLUTIONS; AQUEOUS-MEDIA; FERROUS IRON; RUST LAYERS; OXIDATION; OXYGENATION; FE(II); LEPIDOCROCITE; MECHANISM; KINETICS AB This paper was presented in part by V. L. Snoeyink as the Simon W. Freese Lecture at the 2002 Canadian Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE Environmental Engineering Conference in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, July 22, 2002. The interactions of corroded iron pipe surfaces with water are of importance because they can lead to serious water quality degradation and material deterioration. A conceptual model has been developed in this paper to describe the formation and growth of iron scales, and their reactions that lead to colored water problems. Most corrosion scales have characteristic structural features, such as a loosely held top surface layer, a shell-like layer(s), and a porous core. According to this model corrosion scales are expected to grow from inside the scale via the corrosion reaction, i.e., the conversion of iron metal to ferrous ion. The average oxidation state of iron increases with distance from the pipe wall. The scale structure and scale reactions permit the ferrous iron to be released to the bulk water, where it undergoes conversion to particulate ferric iron, which is the cause of colored water. Scale structure and composition play important roles in the reactions of iron scales that lead to iron release, and water quality control to decrease the porosity of the scale is an important means of reducing iron release. It is anticipated that the conceptual model presented here will be used as a basis for changing water quality to minimize colored water formation, and as a guide for further research. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 3230, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NRMRL, TTEB, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Snoeyink, VL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Newmark Civil Engn Lab 3230, 205 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM p-sarin@uiuc.edu; snoeyink@uiuc.edu; LYTLE.DARREN@epamail.epa.gov; kriven@uiuc.edu NR 47 TC 116 Z9 138 U1 9 U2 63 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 2004 VL 130 IS 4 BP 364 EP 373 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:4(364) PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 807WO UT WOS:000220531800002 ER PT J AU Qian, ZM Zhang, JF Korn, LR Wei, FS Chapman, RS AF Qian, ZM Zhang, JF Korn, LR Wei, FS Chapman, RS TI Exposure-response relationships between lifetime exposure to residential coal smoke and respiratory symptoms and illnesses in Chinese children SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (INDOOR AIR 2002) CY JUN 30-JUL 05, 2002 CL Monterey, CA DE respiratory health; indoor coal smoke; exposure assessment; China ID AIR-POLLUTION; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; INDOOR ENVIRONMENT; SCHOOL-CHILDREN; PASSIVE SMOKING; HEALTH RISKS; LUNG-CANCER; CITIES; PREVALENCE AB Data collected in a large epidemiologic study were analyzed to examine respiratory health effects of residential coal use in 7058 school children living in the four Chinese cities of Chongqing, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, and Wuhan. A Scenario Evaluation Approach was used to develop two exposure variables, heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke. Estimated lifetime exposures to heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke were both classified into four-level ordinal scales, as follows: no reported exposure (control); lightly exposed; moderately exposed; and heavily exposed. Zero-one dummy variables were constructed for each exposure level other than the control level (total six variables). These variables were entered into the analytical model. We tested for exposure-response relationships using logistic regression models, while controlling for other relevant covariates, including an indicator variable of ambient air pollution levels. We observed monotonic and positive exposure-response relationships of exposure to heating coal smoke with modeled odds ratios (ORs) of phlegm, cough with phlegm, and bronchitis. Other health outcomes were not associated with such exposure in a monotonic exposure-response pattern. However, ORs for cough, wheeze, and asthma were all higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. We observed no consistent associations between cooking coal smoke and the examined health outcomes. We conclude that exposure to heating coal smoke could have adverse effects on children's respiratory symptoms and illnesses in these four Chinese cities. C1 Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Hlth Evaluat Sci, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. UMDNJ SPH, New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Div Sci Res & Technol, Trenton, NJ USA. UMDNJ SPH, Div Biometr, Trenton, NJ USA. China Natl Environm Monitoring Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC USA. RP Qian, ZM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Hlth Evaluat Sci, 600 Ctr View Dr,POB 855, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. EM zqian@psu.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05022-10] NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 14 SU 1 BP S78 EP S84 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500362 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 816SF UT WOS:000221128900011 PM 15118749 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW AF Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW TI Effect of alfalfa seed washing on the organic carbon concentration in chlorinated and ozonated water SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; PROCESSING WASTE-WATER; DRINKING-WATER; DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM; VIBRIO-CHOLERAE; OZONE TREATMENT; INACTIVATION; GROWTH; SALMONELLA; REGROWTH AB The bioassays assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and coliform growth response are better indexes than biological oxygen demand to determine water quality and water's ability to support the growth of bacteria. Ozonated (5 mg/liter) and chlorinated tap water were used to wash alfalfa seeds for 30 min. After washing in the ozonated tap water, the AOC concentration increased 25-fold, whereas the dissolved ozone decreased to undetectable levels. The AOC levels for the chlorinated water after washing the seeds also increased. These increases are due to ozone's strong oxidizing ability to break down refractory, large-molecular-weight compounds, forming smaller ones, which are readily used as nutrient sources for microorganisms. This same phenomenon was observed when using ozone in the treatment of drinking water. The AOC value increased from 1,176 to 1,758 mugC-eq/liter after the reconditioned wastewater was ozonated. When the ozonated wastewater was inoculated with Salmonella serotypes, the cells survived and increased generation times were observed. The increased nutrients would now become more readily available to any pathogenic microorganisms located on alfalfa seed surface as seen with the increase in the inoculated levels of Salmonella in the ozonated wastewater. If the washing process using ozonated water is not followed by the recommended hypochlorite treatment or continually purged with ozone, pathogen growth is still possible. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, DC USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, DC USA. EM krajkowski@errc.ars.usda.gov NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD APR PY 2004 VL 67 IS 4 BP 813 EP 817 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 810LM UT WOS:000220705800027 PM 15083737 ER PT J AU Jordan, SJ Coakley, JM AF Jordan, SJ Coakley, JM TI Long-term projections of eastern oyster populations under various management scenarios SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Crassostrea virginica; fishing mortality; models; natural mortality; oyster; population dynamics; recruitment ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; HABITAT; DISEASE AB Time series of fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data Were used to parameterize a model of oyster population dynamics for Maryland's Chesapeake Bay. Model parameters are (1) fishing mortality, estimated front differences between predicted and reported landings scaled to a fishery-independent estimate of exploitation rated (2) natural mortality, estimated from the ratio of dead to live oysters in fishery-independent surveys: (3) recruitment. estimated from annual changes in the market oyster stock and total mortality rates, and (4) carrying capacity. estimated from predicted densities of oysters ill the absence of either exploitation or excess mortality front parasitic diseases. Multiplied by charted areas of high-quality and marginal habitat. The model predicts continuing decline in population abundance and biomass in the absence of significant management intervention. Moderate decreases in fishing mortality alone or in combination with increases in recruitment through stock enhancement. could reverse recent population trends resulting in a larger population and improved harvests within 1-2 decades, even if currently high rates of natural mortality are sustained. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32526 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Sarbanes Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD USA. RP Jordan, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32526 USA. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD APR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 63 EP 72 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 820QH UT WOS:000221403900009 ER PT J AU Post, E Deck, L McCubbin, D Hallberg, A Davidson, K Hubbell, B AF Post, E Deck, L McCubbin, D Hallberg, A Davidson, K Hubbell, B TI Untitled - Letter SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Washington, DC USA. RP Post, E (reprint author), ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 54 IS 4 BP 386 EP 388 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809NL UT WOS:000220643300001 PM 15115366 ER PT J AU Pinto, JP Lefohn, AS Shadwick, DS AF Pinto, JP Lefohn, AS Shadwick, DS TI Spatial variability of PM2.5 in urban areas in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; FINE PARTICLES; OUTDOOR; PM10 AB Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (now known as the Air Quality System) database for 1999 and 2000 have been used to characterize the spatial variability of concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to2.5 mug (PM2.5) in 27 urban areas across the United States. Different measures were used to quantify the degree of uniformity of PM2.5 concentrations in the urban areas characterized. It was observed that PM2.5 concentrations varied to differing degrees in the urban areas examined. Analyses of several urban areas in the Southeast indicated high correlations between site pairs and spatial uniformity in concentration fields. Considerable spatial variation was found in other regions, especially in the West. Even within urban areas in which all site pairs were highly correlated, a variable degree of heterogeneity in PM2.5 concentrations was found. Thus, even though concentrations at pairs of sites were highly correlated, their concentrations were not necessarily the same. These findings indicate that the potential for exposure misclassification errors in time-series epidemiologic studies exists. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ASL & Associates, Helena, MT USA. RP Pinto, JP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, B-243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pinto.joseph@epa.gov NR 14 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 16 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 2004 VL 54 IS 4 BP 440 EP 449 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 809NL UT WOS:000220643300009 PM 15115373 ER PT J AU Cash, GG Gutman, I AF Cash, GG Gutman, I TI The Lapacian permanental polynomial: Formulas and algorithms SO MATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTRUM; CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS; LAPLACIAN SPECTRUM; MOLECULAR GRAPHS; WIENER INDEX; ALKANES; NUMBER; TREES; ROOTS AB This study extends relationships previously demonstrated (Gutman, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem. 47 (2003) 133-140) between the ordinary and Laplacian characteristic polynomials to the ordinary and Laplacian permanental polynomials. Various formulas relating the ordinary and Laplacian permanental polynomials are evaluated for their efficiency as algorithms for calculating the Laplacian permanental polynomials of chemical graphs. C1 US EPA, Risk Assessment Div 7403M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Kragujevac, Fac Sci, YU-34000 Kragujevac, Serbia Monteneg, Yugoslavia. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Risk Assessment Div 7403M, 1200 Penn Ave N W, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Gutman, Ivan/B-6092-2013 OI Gutman, Ivan/0000-0001-9681-1550 NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV BAYREUTH, DEPT MATHEMATICS PI BAYREUTH PA C/O PROF DR A KERBER, D-95440 BAYREUTH, GERMANY SN 0340-6253 J9 MATCH-COMMUN MATH CO JI Match-Commun. Math. Cmput. Chem. PD APR PY 2004 IS 51 BP 129 EP 136 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Mathematics GA 833JD UT WOS:000222332700008 ER PT J AU Luderer, U Tomero-Velez, R Shay, T Rappaport, S Heyer, N Echeverria, D AF Luderer, U Tomero-Velez, R Shay, T Rappaport, S Heyer, N Echeverria, D TI Temporal association between serum prolactin concentration and exposure to styrene SO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PERIPHERAL MARKERS; WORKERS; NEUROTOXICITY; DYSFUNCTION; RATS AB Background: Previous studies have suggested that occupational exposure to styrene is associated with increased serum levels of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL). Aims: To test the hypotheses that: ( 1) the effect of styrene exposure on PRL secretion is an acute effect, not a subchronic or chronic effect; ( 2) blood styrene, as a measure of absorbed dose, is a stronger predictor of serum PRL level than personal breathing zone air styrene concentration. Methods: Subjects were recruited from 17 workplaces in the reinforced plastics industry. Personal breathing zone air styrene, whole blood styrene, and serum PRL were measured during one to three sessions, approximately one year apart. Linear multiple regression was used to model the relations between acute ( air styrene or blood styrene obtained at same time as PRL), subchronic ( average air or blood styrene over two or three sessions), and chronic ( years of work in industry or facility times average air styrene over all sessions) indices of styrene exposure and serum PRL. Results: Acute blood styrene concentration was the strongest predictor of serum PRL concentration, with the model predicting a 2.06-fold increase in PRL (95% CI 1.11 to 3.84) for every 10-fold increase in blood styrene. Serum PRL tended to increase with increasing styrene exposure in both men and women; however, women tended to have higher PRL levels. For women, the change in blood styrene between sessions 1 and 2 was a significant predictor of the change in serum PRL between sessions. Conclusions: Results confirm that styrene exposure enhances serum PRL concentrations and support an acute effect of styrene on PRL secretion. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Dept Med, Div Environm & Occupat Med, Irvine, CA 92612 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA. RP Luderer, U (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Dept Med, Div Environm & Occupat Med, 5201 Calif Ave,Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92612 USA. EM uluderer@uci.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [R01-CA6943]; NIDCR NIH HHS [R01-DE11712]; NIEHS NIH HHS [T32ES07018, ES04696, ES07033, P30 ES07033-03] NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU B M J PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1351-0711 J9 OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI Occup. Environ. Med. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 61 IS 4 BP 325 EP 333 DI 10.1136/oem.2002.005561 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 804MK UT WOS:000220302600007 PM 15031390 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, G Hattis, D Miller, R Sonawane, B AF Ginsberg, G Hattis, D Miller, R Sonawane, B TI Pediatric pharmacokinetic data: Implications for environmental risk assessment for children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE children; metabolism; pharmacokinetics; risk assessment ID DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; ACID HEPATIC FATALITIES; HUMAN-FETAL LIVERS; VALPROIC ACID; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; CYTOCHROME-P450 ENZYMES; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; PLACENTAL-TRANSFER AB Pharmacology and toxicology share a common interest in pharmacokinetic data, especially as it is available in pediatric populations. These data have been critical to the clinical pharmacologist for many years in designing age-specific dosing regimens. Now they are being used increasingly by toxicologists to understand the ontogeny of physiologic parameters that may affect the metabolism and clearance of environmental toxicants. This article reviews a wide range of physiologic and metabolic factors that are present in utero and in early postnatal life and that can affect the internal dose of an absorbed chemical and its metabolites. It also presents a child/adult pharmacokinetic database that includes data for 45 therapeutic drugs organized into specific children's age groupings and clearance pathways. Analysis of these data suggests that substantial child/adult differences in metabolism and clearance are likely for a variety of drugs and environmental chemicals in the early postnatal period. These results are also relevant to in utero exposures, where metabolic systems are even more immature, but exposures are greatly modified by the maternal system and placental metabolism. The implications of these child/adult differences for assessing children's risks from environmental toxicants is discussed with special focus on physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling strategies that could simulate children's abilities to metabolize and eliminate chemicals at various developmental stages. C1 Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Clark Univ, Ctr Technol Environm & Dev, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ginsberg, G (reprint author), Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Box 340308,Mail Stop 11CHA, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. EM gary.ginsberg@po.state.ct.us NR 93 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 113 IS 4 SU S BP 973 EP 983 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 808RC UT WOS:000220585200007 PM 15060190 ER PT J AU Moya, J Bearer, CF Etzel, RA AF Moya, J Bearer, CF Etzel, RA TI Children's behavior and physiology and how it affects exposure to environmental contaminants SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE children; behaviors; exposure; food intake; water intake; soil intake; inhalation rates; soil adherence ID BREAST-FED INFANTS; SOIL INGESTION; HUMAN-MILK; GROWTH; WOMEN; METHODOLOGY; POLLUTION; PATTERNS; HAZARDS AB Infant, child, and adolescent exposures to environmental toxicants are different from those of adults because of differences in behavior and physiology. Because of these differences, there is the potential for quantitatively different exposures at various stages of development. Pediatricians are well aware of these behavioral and physiologic differences from a clinical standpoint-namely, food and water intake, soil ingestion, mouthing behavior, inhalation physiology, and activity level-as they relate to the ratio of these parameters between the adult and the child when considering weight and surface area. Pediatricians recognized the importance of pica as a cause of lead poisoning, the noxious effect of second-hand smoke, and the greater propensity for addiction during the adolescent years. For determining the differences in impact of many environmental toxicants between adults and children, research is needed to document where and whether these differences result in deleterious effects. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pediat & Neurosci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. George Washington Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Moya, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, 8623D,1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM moya.jacqueline@epa.gov FU NIAAA NIH HHS [R01AA11839]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P01 ES11261]; PHS HHS [MM-0122-02/02] NR 55 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 113 IS 4 SU S BP 996 EP 1006 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 808RC UT WOS:000220585200009 PM 15060192 ER PT J AU Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Kyle, AD Nweke, O Miller, GG Hurley, BJ AF Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA Kyle, AD Nweke, O Miller, GG Hurley, BJ TI Trends in environmentally related childhood illnesses SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE children; environmental health; tracking; surveillance; illness; asthma; cancer ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CHILDREN; EMERGENCY-ROOM VISITS; AIR-POLLUTION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MENTAL-RETARDATION; CANCER INCIDENCE; DEVELOPING BRAIN; LEAD LEVELS; COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENT; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AB Tracking incidence or prevalence of diseases and using that information to target interventions is a well-established strategy for improving public health. The need to track environmentally mediated chronic diseases is increasingly recognized. Trends in childhood illnesses are 1 element of a framework for children's environmental health indicators, which also includes trends in contaminants in the environment and in concentrations of contaminants in bodies of children and their mothers. This article presents data on 3 groups of important childhood diseases or disorders that seem to be caused or exacerbated, at least in part, by exposure to environmental agents and for which nationally representative data are available. They are asthma, childhood cancers, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Data were used from the National Health Interview Survey for asthma and neurodevelopmental disorders; the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for childhood cancer incidence; and the National Vital Statistics System for childhood cancer mortality. The prevalence of children with asthma doubled between 1980 and 1995, from 3.6% in 1980 to 7.5% in 1995. The annual incidence of childhood cancer increased from 1975 until approximately 1990 and seems to have become fairly stable since. Childhood cancer mortality has declined substantially during the past 25 years. Incidence of certain types of cancers has increased since 1974, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, central nervous system tumors, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Approximately 6.7% of children aged 5 to 17 were reported to have attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in 1997 - 2000, and approximately 6 of every 1000 children were reported to have received a diagnosis of mental retardation during the same period. C1 US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ICF Consulting, Washington, DC USA. RP Woodruff, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, 75 Hawthorne St,SPE-1, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. EM woodruff.tracey@epa.gov NR 76 TC 60 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 113 IS 4 SU S BP 1133 EP 1140 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 808RC UT WOS:000220585200027 PM 15060210 ER PT J AU Hollister, JW Gonzalez, ML Paul, JF August, PV Copeland, JL AF Hollister, JW Gonzalez, ML Paul, JF August, PV Copeland, JL TI Assessing the accuracy of national land cover dataset area estimates at multiple spatial extents SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION AB Site-specific accuracy assessments evaluate fine-scale accuracy of land-use/land-cover (LULC) datasets but provide little insight into accuracy of area estimates of LULC classes derived from sampling units of varying size. Additionally, accuracy of landscape structure metrics calculated from area estimates cannot be determined solely from site-specific assessments. We used LULC data from Rhode Island and Massachusetts as reference to determine the accuracy of area measurements from the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) within spatial units ranging from 0.1 to 200 km(2). When regressed on reference area, NLCD area of developed land, agriculture, forest, and water had positive linear relationships with high ?, suggesting acceptable accuracy, However, many of these classes also displayed mean differences (NLCD - REFERENCE), and linear relationships between the NLCD and reference were not one-to-one (i.e., low r(2), beta(0) not equal 0, beta(1) not equal 1), suggesting mapped area is different from true area. Rangeland, wetland, and barren were consistently, poorly classified. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Comp Sci & Stat, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Hollister, JW (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Nat Resources Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. EM jeff@edc.uri.edu; liliana@cs.uri.edu; paul.john@epamail.epa.gov; pete@edc.uri.edu; copeland.jane@epamail.epa.gov OI Hollister, Jeffrey/0000-0002-9254-9740 NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 2004 VL 70 IS 4 BP 405 EP 414 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 820QB UT WOS:000221403300005 ER PT J AU Dearden, JC Wong, EHY Walker, JD AF Dearden, JC Wong, EHY Walker, JD TI Molecular connectivity: Polarity correction to improve correlation with hydrophobicity SO QSAR & COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MCIs; K(ow); QSARs; hydrophobicity; polarity ID PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS AB Contrary to belief in some quarters, molecular connectivites correlate only very poorly with hydrophobicity. We have devised a simple polarity correction to the calculation of first-order molecular connectivity ((1)chi,), which involves subtracting, instead of adding, the bond contributions (6 values) for bonds between atoms i and j where j is a heteroatom other than halogen, to give a (1)chi(p) value. For set of 23 diverse substituents, the correlation between (1)chi and pi (the hydrophobic substituent constant) yielded r(2) = 0.123, whilst that between (1)chi(p) and pi yielded r(2) = 0.771. When the method was applied to the correlation of the protein-binding constants for a set of 42 diverse compounds with (1)chi, r(2) improved from 0.078 to 0.443. C1 Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, QSAR & Modelling Grp, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7401, TSCA Interagency Testing Committee ITC, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dearden, JC (reprint author), Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, QSAR & Modelling Grp, Byrom St, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. EM j.c.dearden@livjm.ac.uk NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1611-020X J9 QSAR COMB SCI JI QSAR Comb. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2-3 BP 75 EP 79 DI 10.1002/qsar.200330857 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 820BX UT WOS:000221362600001 ER PT J AU Tsuji, JS Benson, R Schoof, RA Hook, GC AF Tsuji, JS Benson, R Schoof, RA Hook, GC TI Health effect levels for risk assessment of childhood exposure to arsenic SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; children's health; acute exposure; subchronic exposure; effect levels ID ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; DRINKING-WATER; INNER-MONGOLIA; SKIN-LESIONS; CANCER; TRIOXIDE; PREVALENCE; CHILDREN; EXCRETION; REMISSION AB Health risks to children from chemicals in soil and consumer products have become a regulatory focus in the U.S. This study reviews short-term health effect levels for arsenic exposure in young children (i.e., 0-6 years old). Acute health effects are described mostly in adults in cas e reports of arsenic poisoning from water or food and in studies of medicinal arsenic treatment. Several epidemiological studies report health effects from subchronic arsenic exposure in children primarily from drinking water in developing countries. Acute health effects typically include gastrointestinal, neurological; and skin effects, and in a few cases facial edema and cardiac arrhythmia. Dermatoses are most consistently reported in both adults and children with subchronic exposure. With low exposure, the prevalence and severity of disease generally increases with age (i.e., length of exposure) and arsenic dose. The available data collectively indicate a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level around 0.05 mg/kg-day for both acute and subchronic exposure. At low doses, children do not appear to be more sensitive than adults on a dose-per-body-weight basis, although data for acute exposures are limited and uncertainties exist for quantifying potential neurological or vascular effects at low-level subchronic exposures. Based on these data, possible reference levels for acute and subchronic exposure in young children are 0.015 and 0.005 mg/kg-day, respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Exponent, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Integral Consulting, Bellevue, WA 98004 USA. Denver Dept Environm Hlth, Dept 1009, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Tsuji, JS (reprint author), Exponent, 15375 SE 30th Pl,Suite250, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA. EM tsujij@exponent.com NR 62 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 BP 99 EP 110 DI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.12.002 PG 12 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 809IY UT WOS:000220631600004 PM 15041143 ER PT J AU Krewski, D Bakshi, K Garrett, R Falke, E Rusch, G Gaylor, D AF Krewski, D Bakshi, K Garrett, R Falke, E Rusch, G Gaylor, D TI Development of acute exposure guideline levels for airborne exposures to hazardous substances SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acute exposures; health effects; airborne contaminants; exposure guideline levels; hazardous substances ID CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT; REFERENCE DOSE RFD; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; SAFETY FACTORS; MODEL; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; NOAEL AB Hazardous substances can be released into the atmosphere due to industrial and transportation accidents, fires, tornadoes, earthquakes, and terrorists, thereby exposing workers and the nearby public to potential adverse health effects. Various enforceable guidelines have been set by regulatory agencies for worker and ambient air quality. However, these exposure levels generally are not applicable to rare lifetime acute exposures, which possibly could occur at high concentrations. Acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) provide estimates of concentrations for airborne exposures for an array of short durations that possibly could cause mild (AEGL-1), severe, irreversible, potentially disabling adverse health effects (AEGL-2), or life threatening effects (AEGL-3). These levels can be useful for emergency responders and planners in reducing or eliminating potential risks to the publics Procedures and methodologies for deriving AEGLs are reviewed in this paper that have been developed in the United States, with direct input from international representatives of OECD member-countries, by the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guidelines for Hazardous Substances and reviewed by the National Research Council. Techniques are discussed for the extrapolation of effects across different exposure durations. AEGLs provide a viable approach for assisting in the prevention, planning, and response to acute airborne exposures to toxic agents. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Honeywell Int Inc, Morristown, NJ USA. Sci Int Inc, Little Rock, AR USA. RP Krewski, D (reprint author), Univ Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. EM dkrewski@uottawa.ca NR 41 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 BP 184 EP 201 DI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.11.009 PG 18 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 809IY UT WOS:000220631600009 PM 15041148 ER PT J AU Yue, S Wang, CY AF Yue, S Wang, CY TI A comparison of two bivariate extreme value distributions SO STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Gumbel distribution; bivariate extreme value distribution; Gumbel mixed model; Gumbel logistic model; correlation ID FLOOD FREQUENCY-ANALYSIS; GUMBEL MIXED-MODEL; EVENTS AB There are two distinct bivariate extreme value distributions constructed from Gumbel marginals, namely Gumbel mixed (GM) model and Gumbel logistic (GL) model. These two models have completely different structures and their dependence ranges are different. The product-moment correlation coefficient for the former is rhois an element of[0,2/3] and the latter is rhois an element of[0,1]. It is natural to ask which one is more appropriate for representing the joint probabilistic behavior of two correlated Gumbel-distributed variables. This study compares these two models by numerical experiments. The comparison is based on that: (i) if the two distribution models are identical, then the joint probability and the joint return period computed by the GM model should be the same as those by the GL model; and (ii) if a selected distribution is the true distribution from which sample data are drawn, then the probabilities computed by the theoretical model should provide a good fit to empirical ones. Comparison results indicate that in the range of correlation coefficient rhois an element of[0,2/3], both models provide identical joint probabilities and joint return periods, and both indicate a good fit to empirical probabilities; while for rhois an element of(2/3,1), only the Gumbel logistic model can be used. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. China Dev Bank, Evaluat Dept 1, Water Resources & Hydropower Sect, Beijing 100073, Peoples R China. RP Yue, S (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM yue.sheng@epa.gov NR 26 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1436-3240 J9 STOCH ENV RES RISK A JI Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 61 EP 66 DI 10.1007/s00477-003-0124-x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA 807JA UT WOS:000220496600002 ER PT J AU Cohen, SM Klaunig, J Meek, E Hill, RN Pastoor, T Lehman-McKeeman, L Bucher, J Longfellow, DG Seed, J Dellarco, V Fenner-Crisp, P Patton, D AF Cohen, SM Klaunig, J Meek, E Hill, RN Pastoor, T Lehman-McKeeman, L Bucher, J Longfellow, DG Seed, J Dellarco, V Fenner-Crisp, P Patton, D TI Evaluating the human relevance of chemically induced animal tumors SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material DE carcinogenic mode of action; human relevance of animal tumors; risk assessment; PPAR alpha agonists ID CARCINOGENIC MODES; INFORMATION; FRAMEWORK AB Defining the mode(s) of action by which chemicals induce tumors in laboratory animals has become a key to judgments about the relevance of such tumor data for human risk assessment. Frameworks for analyzing mode of action information appear in recent U.S. EPA and IPCS publications relating to cancer risk assessment. This FORUM paper emphasizes that mode of action analytical frameworks depend on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of relevant data and information: (1) presenting key events in the animal mode of action, (2) developing a "concordance" table for side-by-side comparison of key events as defined in animal studies with comparable information from human systems, and (3) using data and information from mode of action analyses, as well as information on relative sensitivity and exposure, to make weight-of-evidence judgments about the relevance of animal tumors for human cancer assessments. The paper features a systematic analysis for using mode of action information from animal and human studies, based in part on case examples involving environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals. C1 Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol Microbiol, ILSI RSI Steering Comm, Omaha, NE 69198 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Syngenta Crop Protect, Greensboro, NC 27419 USA. Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Int Life Sci Inst, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Cohen, SM (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol Microbiol, ILSI RSI Steering Comm, 983135 Nebraska Med Ctr, Omaha, NE 69198 USA. EM scohen@unmc.edu NR 6 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 181 EP 186 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh073 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 810YP UT WOS:000220739900003 PM 14737005 ER PT J AU Vorderstrasse, BA Fenton, SE Bohn, AA Cundiff, JA Lawrence, BP AF Vorderstrasse, BA Fenton, SE Bohn, AA Cundiff, JA Lawrence, BP TI A novel effect of dioxin: Exposure during pregnancy severely impairs mammary gland differentiation SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP Soc Toxicol DE TCDD; mammary; pregnancy; prolactin; estrogen; progesterone ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; TGF-ALPHA EXPRESSION; BREAST-CANCER CELLS; AH RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; GENE-EXPRESSION; DEFICIENT MICE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE AB Many ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) are considered endocrine disruptors and carcinogens, and assessment of adverse health effects in humans exposed to such chemicals has often focused on malignancies, including breast cancer. Mammary tissue contains the AhR, and inappropriate activation of the AhR during fetal development causes defects in mammary development that persist into adulthood. However, it is not known whether the extensive differentiation of mammary tissue that occurs during pregnancy is also sensitive to disruption by AhR activation. To examine this, we exposed pregnant C57Bl/6 mice to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on days 0, 7, and 14 of pregnancy. Examination of mammary glands on days 9, 12, and 17 of pregnancy and on the day of parturition showed severe defects in development, including stunted growth, decreased branching, and poor formation of lobular alveolar structures. This impaired differentiation was biologically significant, as expression of whey acidic protein in the gland was suppressed, and all pups born to TCDD-treated dams died within 24 h of birth. Analysis of circulating progesterone, prolactin, and estradiol suggest that hormone production was slightly impaired by inappropriate activation of the AhR. However, hormone levels were affected only very late in pregnancy. Given that the observed defects in gland development preceded these hormonal effects, altered hormone levels are an unlikely mechanistic explanation for impaired mammary development. This novel finding that AhR activation during pregnancy disrupts mammary gland differentiation raises questions about the susceptibility of mammary tissue to direct injury by endocrine disrupting agents and the potential for AhR-mediated signaling to adversely affect lactation and breast tissue development in human populations. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, ORD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lawrence, BP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Wegner Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM bpl@mail.wsu.edu RI Bohn, Andrea/E-1682-2017 OI Bohn, Andrea/0000-0001-9589-8455 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES10619] NR 77 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 248 EP 257 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh062 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 810YP UT WOS:000220739900011 PM 14718648 ER PT J AU Smialowicz, RJ Burgin, DE Williams, WC Diliberto, JJ Setzer, RW Birnbaum, LS AF Smialowicz, RJ Burgin, DE Williams, WC Diliberto, JJ Setzer, RW Birnbaum, LS TI CYP1A2 is not required for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced immunosuppression SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CYP1A2; TCDD; mouse; knockout; antibody response; immunotoxicity ID TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; MICE; TCDD; METABOLISM; INDUCTION; EXPOSURE; PHARMACOKINETICS; DISPOSITION; SENSITIVITY; BINDING AB One of the most sensitive and reproducible immunotoxic endpoints of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure is suppression of the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) in mice. Immunosuppression occurs in concert with hepatomegaly and associated induction of several hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP1A2 which is responsible for the hepatic sequestration of TCDD. In this study, TCDD-induced immunosuppression was evaluated in C57BL/6N CYP1A2 (+/+) wild-type and compared with that of age-matched CYP1A2 (-/-) knockout and CYP1A2 (+/-) heterozygous female mice. Groups of mice were given a single gavage dose of 0, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 mug TCDD/kg, followed 7 days later by immunization with SRBCs. Serum was obtained 5 days after immunization and body, spleen, thymus and liver weights were measured. sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody titers were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-SRBC titers were suppressed at 1.0, 1.0 and 0.3 lug TCDD/kg for CYP1A2 (+/+), CYP1A2 (+/-), and CYP1A2 mice, respectively, which indicated a three-fold increase in TCDD-induced immunosuppression for the CYP1A2 (-/-) mice. This increase in TCDD-induced immunosuppression may be due to the inability of CYP1A2 (-/-) mice to sequester TCDD in the liver leading to a higher dose to the immune system. In CYP1A2 (+/+) mice, a dose of 3.0 mug TCDD/kg was sufficient to increase the liver weight, while in CYP1A2 (-/-) mice no increase in liver weight was observed. Application of analysis of variance and dose-response modeling approaches indicate that there is little evidence that the immunosuppression dose-response curves, for the three strains, differ in the lower part of the dose-response range. Thus, CYP1A2 is not required for TCDD-induced immunosuppression in the mouse. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM smialowicz.ralph@epa.gov NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 1 BP 15 EP 22 DI 10.1016/j.tox.2003.11.016 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 804VA UT WOS:000220325000002 PM 15003330 ER PT J AU Walker, DB Williams, WC Copeland, CB Smialowicz, RJ AF Walker, DB Williams, WC Copeland, CB Smialowicz, RJ TI Persistent suppression of contact hypersensitivity, and altered T-cell parameters in F344 rats exposed perinatally to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD; developmental immunotoxicity; contact hypersensitivity; T cell; T lymphocyte ID TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; DEVELOPING IMMUNE-SYSTEM; RECENT THYMIC EMIGRANTS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; BREAST-FED INFANTS; LONG-EVANS RATS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS; MICE; EXPRESSION AB The outcome of perinatal low-level TCDD exposure on the T-cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response in adult F344 rats was investigated. Suppression of the 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-specific contact hypersensitivity reponse occurred in mature offspring of dams dosed by gavage with I mug or 3 mug TCDD/kg on gestation day (GD) 14. To determine if this effect was correlated with altered distribution or activation of major T-cell subtypes, cells of the auricular lymph node draining the hapten-treated skin were evaluated by flow cytometry for expressed phenotype, including activation markers, 24 h after challenge. Six-month-old female offspring with significantly decreased CHS and born to dams given 3 mug TCDD/kg, had significantly greater proportion of CD4(+) T cells expressing a naive phenotype marker, CD45RC(hi), in their draining nodes. The greater relative frequency of this CD4(+) subset in peripheral lymphoid tissues associated with a reduced CHS in these rats may be attributed to a reduction in the proportion of CD4(+) T cells maintaining or recruited into an activated state. The CHS proved to be a valuable bioassay for investigating long-term immunotoxic effects of perinatal TCDD exposure in rats. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Wyeth Res, Chazy, NY 12921 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Walker, DB (reprint author), Wyeth Res, 641 Ridge Rd, Chazy, NY 12921 USA. EM walkerd4@wyeth.com NR 46 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 197 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.tox.2003.12.012 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 804VA UT WOS:000220325000006 PM 15003334 ER PT J AU Nwosu, VC Kissling, GE Trempus, CS Honeycutt, H French, JE AF Nwosu, VC Kissling, GE Trempus, CS Honeycutt, H French, JE TI Exposure of Tg.AC transgenic mice to benzene suppresses hematopoietic progenitor cells and alters gene expression in critical signaling pathways SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benzene; Tg.AC; mouse; hematopoietic progenitor cells; leukemia; cDNA array ID C-MYC; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; INHALED BENZENE; CYCLE ARREST; RAS; MOUSE; DIFFERENTIATION; LEUKEMOGENESIS; HEMATOTOXICITY; GROWTH AB The effects of acute benzene (BZ) exposure on hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) derived from bone marrow cells were studied using homozygous male nu-Ha-ras Tg.AC mice at 8-10 weeks of age. The mice were given 0.02% BZ in their drinking water for 28 days with the dose rate estimated to be 34 mg benzene/kg BW/day. Analysis of cultured HPCs indicated that BZ suppressed the proliferation of the multilineage colony forming unit-granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM); colony forming unit-granulocyte, macrophage (CFU-GM); and blast forming unit erythrocyte/colony forming unit erythrocyte (BFUE/CFUE). A gene expression profile was generated using nylon arrays spotted with 23 cDNAs involved in selected signal pathways involved in cell distress, inflammation, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Of the 23 marker genes, 6 (bax, c-fos, E124, hsf1, ikBa, and p57) were significantly (Mann-Whitney U tests. P < 0.05) overexpressed in BZ-exposed mice. Two genes (c-myc and IL-2) approached significance (at P = 0.053). The pattern of gene expression was consistent with BZ toxicity and the suppression of HPCs. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27707 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Ctr Toxicogenomics, Canc Biol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Nwosu, VC (reprint author), N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Biol, 1801 Fayetteville St, Durham, NC 27707 USA. EM vcnwosu@wpo.nccu.edu FU PHSPO CDC HHS [SO608049] NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR 1 PY 2004 VL 196 IS 1 BP 37 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.010 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 812DO UT WOS:000220820400005 PM 15050406 ER PT J AU Hornung, MW Cook, PM Flynn, KM Lothenbach, DB Johnson, RD Nichols, JW AF Hornung, MW Cook, PM Flynn, KM Lothenbach, DB Johnson, RD Nichols, JW TI Use of multi-photon laser-scanning microscopy to describe the distribution of xenobiotic chemicals in fish early life stages SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish early life stage; methods; multi-photon; microscopy; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAH ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MEDAKA ORYZIAS-LATIPES; TRANSGENIC ZEBRAFISH; TOXICITY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; EXPOSURE AB To better understand the mechanisms by which persistent bioaccumulative toxicants (PBTs) produce toxicity during fish early life stages (ELS), dose-response relationships need to be understood in relation to the dynamic distribution of chemicals in sensitive tissues. In this study, a multi-photon laser scanning microscope (MPLSM) was used to determine the multi-photon excitation spectra of several polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to describe chemical distribution among tissues during fish ELS. The multi-photon excitation spectra revealed intense fluorescent signal from the model fluorophore, pentamethyl-difluoro-boroindacene (BODIPY(R)), less signal from benzo[a]pyrene and fluoranthene, and no detectable signal from pyrene. The imaging method was tested by exposing newly fertilized medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs to BODIPY(R) or fluoranthene for 6 h, followed by transfer to clean media. Embryos and larvae were then imaged through 5 days post-hatch. The two test chemicals partitioned similarly throughout development and differences in fluorescence intensify among tissues were evident to a depth of several hundred microns. Initially, the most intense signal was observed in the oil droplet within the yolk, while a moderate signal was seen in the portion of the yolk containing the yolk-platelets. As embryonic development progressed, the liver biliary system, gall bladder, and intestinal tract accumulated strong fluorescent signal. After hatch, once the gastrointestinal tract was completely developed, most of the fluorescent signal was cleared. The MPLSM is a useful tool to describe the tissue distribution of fluorescent PBTs during fish ELS. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Hornung, MW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM hornung.michael@epa.gov NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAR 30 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.009 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 803XQ UT WOS:000220264200001 PM 15019246 ER PT J AU Chmura, GL Santos, A Pospelova, V Spasojevic, Z Lam, R Latimer, JS AF Chmura, GL Santos, A Pospelova, V Spasojevic, Z Lam, R Latimer, JS TI Response of three paleo-primary production proxy measures to development of an urban estuary SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Buzzards Bay; urbanization; forest clearance; industrialization; algal blooms; pollution; phytoplankton; benthic algae ID DINOFLAGELLATE CYST; BIOGENIC SILICA; CHESAPEAKE BAY; MARINE ENVIRONMENTS; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; TROPHIC STATUS; YOKOHAMA-PORT; TOKYO-BAY; LAND-USE; EUTROPHICATION AB In this study we present a novel comparison of three proxy indicators of paleoproductivity, pigments, biogenic silica (BSi), and cysts of autotrophic dinoflagellates measured in cored sediments from New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts. In addition to detailed historical reports we use palynological signals of land clearance, changes in the ratio of centric and pennate diatoms, sedimentary organic carbon and stable carbon isotopes to constrain our interpretations. Our study spans the period from prior to European settlement to similar to1977, during which watersheds were cleared, port development occurred and much of the coastal property became industrialized. The combined effects of nutrient loading from watershed clearance and urban sewage on the estuarine ecosystem shifted not only levels of primary production, but also the nature of the production. Our proxies show that when European colonists first arrived the estuarine production was benthic-dominated, but eventually became pelagic-dominated. Importance of water column production (by diatoms and dinoflagellates) rapidly increased as soil nitrogen was released following forest clearance. Stabilization in rates of forest clearance is reflected as a decline in production. However, population increases in the urbanizing watershed brought new sources of nutrients through direct sewage discharge, apparently again stimulating primary production. We assume that early 20th century changes in sewage discharge and introduction of heavy metals into Harbor waters caused a temporary reduction in primary production. The introduction of a new sewer outfall near the core site and changes in estuarine hydrography due to construction of a hurricane barrier across the mouth of the harbor are reflected by renewed water column production, but decreases in the population of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Fossil pigments suggest renewed water column production in the latest years recorded by our sediment core. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, Ctr Climate & Global Change Res, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Chmura, GL (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Geog, 805 Sherbrooke St,W, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. EM Chmura@felix.geog.mcgill.ca RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 70 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAR 29 PY 2004 VL 320 IS 2-3 BP 225 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.003 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 806MY UT WOS:000220439200010 PM 15016509 ER PT J AU Al-Abed, SR Purandare, J Allen, D AF Al-Abed, SR Purandare, J Allen, D TI Effect of liquid to solid ratio on leaching of metals from mineral processing waste. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM al-abed.souhail@epamail.epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 110-GEOC BP U1209 EP U1209 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603973 ER PT J AU Al-Abed, SR Fang, YX AF Al-Abed, SR Fang, YX TI Effects of reactor conditions on electrochemical dechlorination of trichloroethylene using granuler-graphite electrode SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM al-abed.souhail@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 096-ENVR BP U1053 EP U1053 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603594 ER PT J AU Corbin, M Spatz, DS Thurman, NC Eckel, WP Ruhman, M Gangaraju, R Nicholson, IK Kuchnicki, TC Mathew, R AF Corbin, M Spatz, DS Thurman, NC Eckel, WP Ruhman, M Gangaraju, R Nicholson, IK Kuchnicki, TC Mathew, R TI Terrestrial field dissipation guidance document: Background and status SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 United States Environm Protect Agcy, Off Pesticide Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Hlth Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agcy, Environm Assessment Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. EM corbin.mark@epa.gov; spatz.dana@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 087-AGRO BP U71 EP U71 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655600256 ER PT J AU Frick, WE AF Frick, WE TI Modeling and alleviating pesticide runoff plumes in small streams. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, NERL, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM frick.walter@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 082-ENVR BP U1051 EP U1051 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603580 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, MA Smith, R AF Gonzalez, MA Smith, R TI Using green chemistry to influence process development. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM gonzalez.michael@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 048-IEC BP U1238 EP U1238 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655604108 ER PT J AU Karn, B AF Karn, B TI Nanotechnology and the environment: A year's progress. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM karn.barbara@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 001-IEC BP U1230 EP U1230 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655604061 ER PT J AU Kavanaugh, R Al-Abed, SR AF Kavanaugh, R Al-Abed, SR TI Influence of pH and redox conditions on copper leaching SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 128-ENVR BP U1059 EP U1059 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603626 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Exact method for relating zwitterionic microscopic to macroscopic acidity constants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM loux.nick@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 073-ENVR BP U1050 EP U1050 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603571 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Issues in modeling elemental mercury air/water exchange. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM loux.nick@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 072-ENVR BP U1049 EP U1050 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603570 ER PT J AU Mayer, K AF Mayer, K TI Perchlorate in the environment: History, occurrence and regulatory response SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. EM mayer.kevin@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 102-AGRO BP U74 EP U74 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655600271 ER PT J AU Meyer, M Ferrell, G Bumgarner, JE Cole, D Hutchins, S Krapac, I Johnson, K Verstraeten, I Kolpin, DW AF Meyer, M Ferrell, G Bumgarner, JE Cole, D Hutchins, S Krapac, I Johnson, K Verstraeten, I Kolpin, DW TI Occurrence of antibiotic residues in waste storage facilities at swine animal feeding operation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM mmeyer@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 155-AGFD BP U53 EP U53 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655600163 ER PT J AU Nicholson, IK Eckel, WP Thurman, NC Spatz, DS Kuchnicki, TC Corbin, M Mathew, R Gangaraju, R Ruhman, M AF Nicholson, IK Eckel, WP Thurman, NC Spatz, DS Kuchnicki, TC Corbin, M Mathew, R Gangaraju, R Ruhman, M TI Problem formulation: Using a conceptual model to determine terrestrial field dissipation study components SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Environm Assessment Div, Pest Management Regulatory Agcy Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada. US EPA, Off Pesticide Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM eckel.william@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 088-AGRO BP U72 EP U72 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655600257 ER PT J AU Philip, N AF Philip, N TI Effects of different sample concentrations on the structure of microbial communities using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Claffin Univ, Dept Chem, Orangeburg, SC 29115 USA. US EPA, ORDERL RD, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 334-CHED BP U452 EP U453 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655601617 ER PT J AU Ruhman, M Gangaraju, R Mathew, R Nicholson, IK Eckel, WP Thurman, NC Kuchnicki, TC Spatz, DS Corbin, M AF Ruhman, M Gangaraju, R Mathew, R Nicholson, IK Eckel, WP Thurman, NC Kuchnicki, TC Spatz, DS Corbin, M TI Outstanding technical issues from the 2002 workshop on revising terrestrial field dissipation guidance SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Hlth Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agcy, Environm Assessment Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada. EM ruhman.mohammed@epa.gov; Raju_gangaraju@hc-sc.gc.ca; regi_mathew@hc-sc.gc.ca NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 097-AGRO BP U73 EP U73 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655600266 ER PT J AU Savage, NF AF Savage, NF TI Nanotechnology & government oversight. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM savage.nora@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 004-IEC BP U1230 EP U1230 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655604064 ER PT J AU Sigleo, AC AF Sigleo, AC TI Sediment denitrification in the Yaquina Estuary, Oregon. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, COAS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. OSU, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM sigleo.anne@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 031-GEOC BP U1110 EP U1110 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655603894 ER PT J AU Thurman, NC Kuchnicki, TC Ruhman, M Corbin, M Gangaraju, R Eckel, WP Spatz, DS Mathew, R Nicholson, IK AF Thurman, NC Kuchnicki, TC Ruhman, M Corbin, M Gangaraju, R Eckel, WP Spatz, DS Mathew, R Nicholson, IK TI Using results of pesticide terrestrial field dissipation studies in risk assessments SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Hlth Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agcy, Environm Assessment Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada. EM thurman.nelson@epa.gov; ted_kuchnicki@hc-sc.gc.ca NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 109-AGRO BP U75 EP U75 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AJ UT WOS:000223655600278 ER PT J AU Varma, R Ju, YH AF Varma, R Ju, YH TI Direct synthesis of tertiary amines in water using microwaves SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 227th ACS National Meeting CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Varma.Rajender@epa.gov; Ju.Yuhong@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 28 PY 2004 VL 227 MA 165-ORGN BP U130 EP U130 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 851AK UT WOS:000223655700674 ER PT J AU Yue, S Wang, CY AF Yue, S Wang, CY TI Reply to comment by Xuebin Zhang and Francis W. Zwiers on "Applicability of prewhitening to eliminate the influence of serial correlation on the Mann-Kendall test" SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material DE statistical hydrology; time series; trend analysis ID HYDROLOGICAL SERIES; CANADIAN STREAMFLOW; TRENDS; JAPAN C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. China Dev Bank, Evaluat Dept 2, Water Resources & Hydropower Sect, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China. RP Yue, S (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM yue.sheng@epa.gov NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR 27 PY 2004 VL 40 IS 3 AR W03806 DI 10.1029/2003WR002547 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 809GZ UT WOS:000220626500002 ER PT J AU Knuckles, TL Jaskot, R Richards, J Dreher, KL AF Knuckles, TL Jaskot, R Richards, J Dreher, KL TI Air pollution particle bioavailable constituents mediate in vitro cardiotoxicity and altered gene expression SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 5 SU S BP A1195 EP A1195 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 806ZB UT WOS:000220470702088 ER PT J AU Roberts, ES Dreher, KL AF Roberts, ES Dreher, KL TI Air particulate pollution exposure induces systemic oxidative stress in healthy mice SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 24 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 5 SU S BP A1196 EP A1196 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 806ZB UT WOS:000220470702092 ER PT J AU Wang, D Huang, YCT Xie, A Wang, T AF Wang, D Huang, YCT Xie, A Wang, T TI Alteration of cardiac electrical activity by water-leachable components of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 Univ S Carolina, Coll Pharm, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 23 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 4 SU S BP A610 EP A610 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 806ZA UT WOS:000220470602930 ER PT J AU Parran, DK Barone, S Mundy, WR AF Parran, DK Barone, S Mundy, WR TI Methylmercury inhibits TrkA signaling through the ERK1/2 cascade after NGF stimulation of PC12 cells SO DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE disorders of the nervous system; neurotoxicity; methylmercury; protein kinase C; MAP kinase; PC12 cell ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; FACTOR-INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; METHYL MERCURY; RAT-BRAIN; ACTIVATION; TRAFFICKING; MECHANISMS AB Using PC12 cells as a model of neuronal differentiation, we have shown that acute exposure to methylmercury (CH3Hg) inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced activation of TrkA. In the present study, we examined the effects of CH3Hg on pathways activated by NGF. NGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in PC12 cells was time-dependent. Concurrent exposure to CH3Hg and NGF for 2.5 min resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (EC50= 0-018 muM). However, NGF-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was not altered after 5 min of exposure to CH3Hg. In vitro studies revealed that CH3Hg did not directly inhibit the ERK kinase MEK. As reported in other neuronal tissue, CH3Hg can inhibit PKC activity in vitro. Incubation of PC12 cell lysates with CH3Hg produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of PKC activity that was significant at 0.3-10 muM. Further studies using recombinant enzymes examined the effect of CH3Hg on PKC isoforms expressed in PC12 cells. CH3Hg inhibited PKCdelta, epsilon and zeta activity in a concentration-dependent manner at higher concentrations (3 - 10 muM), while a significant increase in PKCalpha activity was observed at lower concentrations (0.1 muM). However, CH3Hg bad no affect on NGF-induced PKC activity in intact cells. These results show that CH3Hg inhibition of NGF-stimulated TrkA activation in PC12 cells decreases downstream signaling through the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade. In intact cells PKC does not appear to be a primary target for CH3Hg. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch,Res Lab,Off Res & D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Mundy, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch,Res Lab,Off Res & D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mundy.william@epa.gov NR 50 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-3806 J9 DEV BRAIN RES JI Dev. Brain Res. PD MAR 22 PY 2004 VL 149 IS 1 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.10.017 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences SC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 807VB UT WOS:000220527900007 ER PT J AU Shappell, SB Thomas, GV Roberts, RL Herbert, R Ittmann, MM Rubin, MA Humphrey, PA Sundberg, JP Rozengurt, N Barrios, R Ward, JM Cardiff, RD AF Shappell, SB Thomas, GV Roberts, RL Herbert, R Ittmann, MM Rubin, MA Humphrey, PA Sundberg, JP Rozengurt, N Barrios, R Ward, JM Cardiff, RD TI Prostate pathology of genetically engineered mice: Definitions and classification. The consensus report from the bar harbor meeting of the mouse models of human cancer consortium prostate pathology committee SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID LARGE T-ANTIGEN; PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY; NEEDLE-BIOPSY SPECIMENS; ACCESSORY SEX-ORGANS; INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; TRANSGENIC MICE; RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY; POSTATROPHIC HYPERPLASIA; PERINEURAL INVASION; TRANSITION ZONE AB The Pathological Classification of Prostate Lesions in Genetically Engineered Mice (GEM) is the result of a directive from the National Cancer Institute Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium Prostate Steering Committee to provide a hierarchical taxonomy of disorders of the mouse prostate to facilitate classification of existing and newly created mouse models and the translation to human prostate pathology. The proposed Bar Harbor Classification system is the culmination of three meetings and workshops attended by various members of the Prostate Pathology Committee of the Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium. A 2-day Pathology Workshop was held at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, in October 2001, in which study sets of 93 slides from 22 GEM models were provided to individual panel members. The comparison of mouse and human prostate anatomy and disease demonstrates significant differences and considerable similarities that bear on the interpretation of the origin and natural history of their diseases. The recommended classification of mouse prostate pathology is hierarchical, and includes developmental, inflammatory, benign proliferative, and neoplastic disorders. Among the neoplastic disorders, preinvasive, microinvasive, and poorly differentiated neoplasms received the most attention. Specific criteria were recommended and will be discussed. Transitions between neoplastic states were of particular concern. Preinvasive neoplasias of the mouse prostate were recognized as focal, atypical, and progressive lesions. These lesions were designated as mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN). Some atypical lesions were identified in mouse models without evidence of progression to malignancy. The panel recommended that mPIN lesions not be given histological grades, but that mPIN be further classified as to the absence or presence of documented associated progression to invasive carcinoma. Criteria for recognizing microinvasion, for classification of invasive gland-forming adenocarcinomas, and for characterizing poorly differentiated tumors, including neuroendocrine carcinomas, were developed and are discussed. The uniform application of defined terminology is essential for correlating results between different laboratories and models. It is recommended that investigators use the Bar Harbor Classification system when characterizing new GEM models or when conducting experimental interventions that may alter the phenotype or natural history of lesion progression in existing models. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Comparat Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NCI, Vet & Tumor Pathol Sect, Off Lab Anim Resources, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Pathol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Urol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Urol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Urol Surg, Nashville, TN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Vanderbilt Ingram Canc Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Vanderbilt Prostate Canc Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Nashville, TN USA. RP Shappell, SB (reprint author), Oppenheimer Urol Reference Lab, 1854 Airlane Dr,Suite 17A, Nashville, TN 37210 USA. EM scottshappell@ourlab.net OI Rubin, Mark/0000-0002-8321-9950 FU NCI NIH HHS [U01 CA 98013] NR 106 TC 349 Z9 356 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2270 EP 2305 DI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0946 PG 36 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 803RV UT WOS:000220249100055 PM 15026373 ER PT J AU Ferrey, ML Wilkin, RT Ford, RG Wilson, JT AF Ferrey, ML Wilkin, RT Ford, RG Wilson, JT TI Nonbiological removal of cis-dichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene in aquifer sediment containing magnetite SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEARING SOIL MINERALS; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; CHLORINATED ETHYLENES; IRON SULFIDE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TRANSFORMATION; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; KINETICS AB The U.S. EPA Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater emphasizes biological reductive dechlorination as the primary mechanism for destruction of chlorinated solvents. However, biological reductive dechlorination could not explain the removal of cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) and 1,1-DCE from a plume of contaminated groundwater in Minnesota. Several recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that common iron minerals such as magnetite can also transform chlorinated alkenes. Laboratory microcosms were constructed with sediment from three depth intervals in the aquifer near the source of the plume. The microcosms were autoclaved to prevent biological transformations. In these autoclaved sediments, the rates of removal of cis-DCE in samples from the shallow, intermediate, and deeper depth intervals in the aquifer were 0.58 +/- 0.09, 2.29 +/- 0.26, and 0.31 +/- 0.08 per year at 95% confidence. The rate of removal of 1,1-DCE in sediment from the shallow interval was 1.37 +/- 0.50 per year. The rates of removal in the microcosms are similar to the rates of attenuation observed in the field. Magnetite was identified in the sediment by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Published rates of transformation of cis-DCE by magnetite are consistent with the rates of removal in the microcosm study. C1 Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Ferrey, ML (reprint author), Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, 520 Lafayette Rd, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. EM mark.ferrey@pca.state.mn.us RI Ford, Robert/N-4634-2014 OI Ford, Robert/0000-0002-9465-2282 NR 23 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1746 EP 1752 DI 10.1021/es0305609 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 802WP UT WOS:000220193900023 PM 15074684 ER PT J AU Lei, L Suidan, MT Khodadoust, AP Tabak, HH AF Lei, L Suidan, MT Khodadoust, AP Tabak, HH TI Assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated sediment using XAD-2 assisted desorption SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NATURAL ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL; EXTRACTABILITY; SUBSTANCES; EXTRACTION; CHEMICALS; SEAWATER; SAMPLES AB An XAD-2 assisted desorption assay was evaluated to assess its functionality in determining the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an aged field-contaminated sediment. In the study, various dosages of XAD-2 resin were added to abiotic sediment-water slurry systems to adsorb the PAHs from the aqueous phase thus accelerating the desorbability of these contaminants from the sediment. A parallel experiment on the biodegradation of these PAHs by microorganisms indigenous to the sediment was also conducted. Both the desorbability of the PAHs in the XAD-2 assisted desorption assay and their biodegradability decreased with time and eventually approached constant values. The two procedures showed very similar residual concentrations of PAHs for compounds with less than five benzene rings. This suggests that the XAD-2 assisted desorption assay shows promise in measuring the bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated sediments and could be used for predicting the end point of PAH bioremediation. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM makram.suidan@uc.edu NR 22 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1786 EP 1793 DI 10.1021/es030643p PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 802WP UT WOS:000220193900029 PM 15074690 ER PT J AU Kim, EY Little, JC Chiu, N AF Kim, EY Little, JC Chiu, N TI Estimating exposure to chemical contaminants in drinking water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ESTIMATING DERMAL ABSORPTION; INDOOR AIR; TAP WATER; INDUSTRIAL-CHEMICALS; SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; INHALATION EXPOSURE; BY-PRODUCTS; BODY BURDEN; CHLOROFORM AB A model is developed that predicts exposure and absorbed dose for chemical contaminants in household drinking water via three pathways: inhalation, direct and indirect ingestion, and dermal penetration. Extensive probability distributions for building characteristics, activity and water use patterns, operating conditions of water devices, and physiological characteristics of the general population are developed. The impacts of different operating conditions on mass transfer coefficients for the shower, bath, washing machine, dishwasher, and faucet are established. Dichlorobromomethane, inorganic lead, and endosulfan, three compounds associated with adverse birth outcomes that have significantly different chemical properties, are selected for analysis. The primary exposure pathways for dichlorobromomethane are inhalation (62%) and ingestion (27%). Seventy percent of total exposure to endosulfan comes from ingestion, and 18% from dermal sorption with the remaining 12% due to inhalation. Virtually all (99.9%) of the exposure to lead occurs via ingestion. A nested Monte Carlo analysis shows that natural variability contributes significantly more (a factor of 10) toward total uncertainty than knowledge uncertainty (a factor of 1.5). Better identification of certain critical input variables (ventilation rate in the shower and bathroom, ingestion rate, the boiling water mass transfer coefficient, and skin permeability) is required. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Little, JC (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM jcl@vt.edu RI Little, John/B-4154-2009; Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 65 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1799 EP 1806 DI 10.1021/es026300t PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 802WP UT WOS:000220193900031 PM 15074692 ER PT J AU Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA AF Huggins, FE Huffman, GP Linak, WP Miller, CA TI Quantifying hazardous species in particulate matter derived from fossil-fuel combustion SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; OIL FLY-ASH; AIR-POLLUTION; DAILY MORTALITY; STRUCTURE SPECTROSCOPY; PARTICLE EMISSIONS; XAFS SPECTROSCOPY; COAL COMBUSTION; SPECIATION AB An analysis protocol that combines X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy with selective leaching has been developed to examine hazardous species in size-segregated particulate matter (PM) samples derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. The protocol has been used to identify and determine quantitatively the amounts of three important toxic species in combustion-derived PM: viz., nickel sulfides in residual oil fly ash (ROFA) PM, and Cr(VI) and As(III) species in coal fly ash PM. Although it has been assumed that these toxic species might exist in PM derived from fossil-fuel combustion, the results presented here constitute the first direct determination of them in combustion-derived PM and their potential bioavailability. Detailed information on the presence of these toxic species in PM samples is of significant interest to epidemiological and toxicological studies of the health effects of both source and ambient PM. Additionally, information is obtained on insoluble forms that may be useful for source attribution and on the distribution of phases between size fractions that may be related to formation mechanisms of specific toxic species during combustion. C1 Univ Kentucky, CFFS CME, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Huggins, FE (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, CFFS CME, 107 Whalen Bldg,533 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM ffiuggins@engr.uky.edu RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009; Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 50 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1836 EP 1842 DI 10.1021/es0348748 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 802WP UT WOS:000220193900036 PM 15074697 ER PT J AU Olgun, S Gogal, RM Adeshina, F Choudhury, H Misra, HP AF Olgun, S Gogal, RM Adeshina, F Choudhury, H Misra, HP TI Pesticide mixtures potentiate the toxicity in murine thymocytes SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lindane; malathion; permethrin; chemical mixtures; apoptosis; immunotoxicity ID FLOW-CYTOMETRY; NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; MEASURING APOPTOSIS; DNA FRAGMENTATION; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; ANNEXIN-V; MALATHION; MICE; RATS; PROLIFERATION AB The immunotoxic risks of multiple pesticide exposure were evaluated. C57BL/6 mouse thymocytes were exposed to lindane, malathion, and permethrin, either separately or in mixtures of two pesticides, in vitro. These pesticide exposures caused both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in thymocytes as evaluated by flow cytometric analysis in combination with 7-aminoactinomycin-D (7-AAD), Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining assays and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. When cells exposed to mixtures of two pesticides, a significantly greater than additive interaction was observed in both apoptotic and necrotic populations of cells. The gel electrophoresis of DNA of cells showed DNA ladder formation with limited genomic DNA and increased laddering in mixture exposures. Based on these findings, it is suggested that these pesticides are potent immunotoxicants, in vitro, and that the mechanism of cytotoxicity observed upon exposure to these pesticides may, at least in part, be due to induction of apoptosis. We also provided evidence that induction of drug metabolizing mixed function oxidase system with lindane may, in part, be responsible for the potentiation of cytotoxicity in the combined exposures. As more information is obtained on the potential immunotoxic effects of pesticides, further insights will be gained for the risk assessment of these environmental pollutants. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, Corp Res Ctr, Edward Via Coll Osteopath Med, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Misra, HP (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM misra@vt.edu NR 41 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAR 15 PY 2004 VL 196 IS 3 BP 181 EP 195 DI 10.1016/j.tox.2003.09.007 PG 15 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 800EE UT WOS:000220010900002 PM 15036745 ER PT J AU Geter, DR Winn, RN Fournie, JW Norris, MB DeAngelo, AB Hawkins, WE AF Geter, DR Winn, RN Fournie, JW Norris, MB DeAngelo, AB Hawkins, WE TI Mx [3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone], a drinking-water carcinogen, does not induce mutations in the liver of cll transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Article ID GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA; RAT GLANDULAR STOMACH; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE MX; MUTAGEN 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE; METHYLAZOXYMETHANOL ACETATE; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MUCOCHLORIC ACID; IN-VITRO; DNA AB Mutagenicity assays with Salmonella have shown that 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy2[5H]-furanone (MX), a drinking-water disinfection by-product, is a potent mutagen, accounting for about one-third of the mutagenic potency/potential of chlorinated drinking water. The ability of MX to induce mutations was investigated in the liver of medaka (Oryzias latipes), a small fish model, utilizing the cll transgenic medaka strain that allows detection of in vivo mutations. Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMAc), a carcinogen in medaka, served as a positive control. Fish were exposed to MX at 0, 1, 10, or 30 mg/L for 96h, whereas the MAMAc exposures were for 2 h at 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/L. Both exposures were conducted under static water conditions and with fasted medaka. Following exposure, fish were returned to regular culture conditions to allow mutation expression for 15 or 40 d for MX or for 15 or 32 d for MAMAc. Mutations were not induced in medaka exposed to MX for 96 h. However, a concentration- and time-dependent increase in mutations was observed from the livers of fish exposed to I and 10 mg/L MAMAc. In conclusion, mutation induction was not observed in the livers of cll medaka exposed to MX for 96 h; however, studies are planned to examine mutation induction in the gills and skin to explore the possibility that MX-induced DNA damage occurs primarily in the tissues of initial contact. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Coastal Sci, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS USA. Univ Georgia, Aquat Biotechnol & Environm Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Geter, DR (reprint author), 109 TW Alexander Dr,B143-07, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM dgeter@nc.rr.com NR 56 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD MAR 12 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 5 BP 373 EP 383 DI 10.1080/15287390490273587 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 806JM UT WOS:000220430200001 PM 14718174 ER PT J AU Ya, KS Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS Smirniotis, PG AF Ya, KS Namboodiri, VV Varma, RS Smirniotis, PG TI Ionic liquid-catalyzed alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene SO JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE alkylation; ionic liquid; sulfuric acid; 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium halides-aluminum chloride ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; OLEFINS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; SPECTROSCOPY; SOLVENTS; CHLORIDE; ZEOLITE; CATION; MEDIA; SALTS AB A detailed study of the alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene in ionic liquid media has been conducted using 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium halides-aluminum chloride encompassing various alkyl groups (butyl-, hexyl-, and octyl-) and halides (Cl, Br, and 1) on its cations and anions, respectively. The emphasis has been to delineate the role of both cations and anions in this reaction. The ionic liquids bearing a larger alkyl group on their cation ([C(8)mim]) displayed relatively higher activity than a smaller one ([C(6) or C(4)mim]) with the same anionic composition, due to the high solubility of reactants in the former. Among the ionic liquids with different halide groups, bromides ([C(8)mim]Br-AlCl(3)) showed outstanding activity, because of the higher inherent acidity relative to others. From the (27)Al NMR study, a major peak at similar to 99.5 ppm corresponding to [AlCl(3)Br](-) (similar to 99.5 ppm) was observed. Moreover, the anion showed a strong acidity based on FT-IR characterization; the largest peak related to acidity (1570 cm(-1)) was detected. Under various composition conditions, catalytic activity and amount of TMPs increased with concentration of anion. This is mainly attributed to a higher amount of strong acid ions [Al(2)Cl(6)Br](-) which can react with hydrogen atoms at the 2-position of an imidazolium ion to form Bronsted acid. However, the ionic liquid with strong acidity (X = 0.58) deactivated rapidly due to a higher sensitivity to moisture, causing decomposition. Under various reaction temperature conditions, optimum catalytic activity was observed at 80 degreesC. The result is also attributed to the effect of anion composition. The strong acidic anion increased with temperature. However, at higher reaction temperatures (120 degreesC), the ionic liquid showed a lower activity and TMP selectivity, since the solubility and Bronsted acid sites were reduced by decomposition of imidazolium ions. The selected ionic liquid sample ([C(8)mim]Br-AlCl(3)) was compared with one of the standard commercial catalysts, sulfuric acid. Under optimum experimental conditions, it was observed that both catalysts showed comparable catalytic behavior. However, ionic liquid showed higher activity, and lower TMP selectivity due to a more acidic nature and a lower amount of Bronsted acid sites, respectively. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM Varma.Rajender@epa.gov; Panagiotis.Smirniotis@uc.edu NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 8 U2 37 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9517 J9 J CATAL JI J. Catal. PD MAR 10 PY 2004 VL 222 IS 2 BP 511 EP 519 DI 10.1016/j.jcat.2003.11.018 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 804RO UT WOS:000220316000024 ER PT J AU Li, ZG Wei, CM Chen, L Varma, RS Li, CJ AF Li, ZG Wei, CM Chen, L Varma, RS Li, CJ TI Three-component coupling of aldehyde, alkyne, and amine catalyzed by silver in ionic liquid SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article DE silver; alkyne; imine; catalysis; ionic liquid ID ASYMMETRIC ALDOL REACTION; GRIGNARD TYPE REACTION; AQUEOUS-MEDIA; ENANTIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS; HIGHLY EFFICIENT; WATER; BOND; ALKYNYLATION; CYCLIZATION; ACTIVATION AB A three-component coupling of aldehyde, alkyne, and amine was developed by using gold, copper, or silver as catalysts in ionic liquid. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Chem, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. Tulane Univ, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Li, CJ (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Chem, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. EM cjli@tulane.edu NR 44 TC 138 Z9 139 U1 0 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD MAR 8 PY 2004 VL 45 IS 11 BP 2443 EP 2446 DI 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.044 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 800EF UT WOS:000220011000042 ER PT J AU Geter, DR George, MH Moore, TM Kilburn, SR Huggins-Clark, G DeAngelo, AB AF Geter, DR George, MH Moore, TM Kilburn, SR Huggins-Clark, G DeAngelo, AB TI The effects of a high animal fat diet on the induction of aberrant crypt foci in the colons of male F344/N rats exposed to trihalomethanes in the drinking water SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE drinking water; high fat diet; trihalomethane; azoxymethane; aberrant crypt foci ID S-TRANSFERASE-THETA; RECTAL CANCER; BY-PRODUCTS; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; RISK; AZOXYMETHANE; SALMONELLA; DELETION; FOOD AB Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), identified as putative precursor lesions in the development of colon cancer, were induced by brominated trihalomethanes (THMs) administered in the drinking water of rats. To investigate whether ACF induced by THMs could be promoted by a diet high in saturated animal fat, male F344/N rats were exposed to 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 or 1.1 g/l of trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (BDCM) and tribromomethane (TBM), respectively, in drinking water. All animals were fed a Purina 5001 diet with half receiving the normal 4.5% fat feed and half receiving feed supplemented with 19% animal fat. After 26 weeks of treatment, colons were excised and examined for ACE No difference in ACF was noted between animals fed a normal or high fat diet and exposed to TCM, BDCM or DBCM. However, animals exposed to TBM and fed a high fat diet showed a significant and near two-fold increase in ACF when compared to TBM exposed animals fed a normal diet. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Geter, DR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, B143-06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM geter.david@epa.gov; george.michael@epa.gov; moore.tanya@epa.gov; kilburn.steve@epa.gov; huggins-clark.gloria@epa.gov; deangelo.anthony@epa.gov NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD MAR 7 PY 2004 VL 147 IS 3 BP 245 EP 252 DI 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.11.006 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 779PX UT WOS:000189310200006 PM 15104116 ER PT J AU Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, P AF Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, P TI Re: The carcinogenicity risk assessment of chromium compounds SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Gibb, HJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 8601D,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM gibb.herman@epa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 45 IS 3 BP 310 EP 310 DI 10.1002/ajim.10338 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 804GZ UT WOS:000220288500012 ER PT J AU Maizels, M Budde, WL AF Maizels, M Budde, WL TI A LC/MS method for the determination of cyanobacteria toxins in water SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; ION ELECTROSPRAY; EXTRACTION; PEPTIDES; HEPATOTOXINS; HERBICIDES; ACID; NODULARINS AB The cyanobacteria toxins anatoxin-a, microcystin-IR, microcystin-RR, microcystin-YR, and nodularin were separated in less than 30 min on several 1 min x 15 cm reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) columns, and their electrospray mass spectra were measured using injections of 50 ng or less with a benchtop time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. New data from this work include the following: (a) the impact of acetic acid concentrations in the methanol-water mobile phase on measured ion abundances; (b) the performance of the electrospray-TOF mass spectrometer as an LC detector; (c) the accuracy and precision of exact m/z measurements after LC separation with a routinely used mass spectrometer resolving power of 5000; and (d) recoveries of the five toxins from reagent water, river waters, and sewage treatment plant effluent samples extracted with G 18 silica particles enmeshed in thin Teflon membrane filter disks. Ibis technique has the potential of providing a relatively simple and reasonable-cost sample preparation and LC/MS method that provides the sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, and information content needed for source and drinking water occurrence and human exposure studies. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin L King Jr Dr,MS-593, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM budde.william@epa.gov NR 32 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 5 BP 1342 EP 1351 DI 10.1021/ac035118n PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 779BE UT WOS:000189275100023 PM 14987091 ER PT J AU Fritz, KM Evans, MA Feminella, JW AF Fritz, KM Evans, MA Feminella, JW TI Factors affecting biomass allocation in the riverine macrophyte Justicia americana SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Justicia americana; biomass allocation; parasitic nematodes; streambed instability; flood ID SONORAN DESERT STREAM; AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; NORTH-CAROLINA; WATER DEPTH; DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITIES; NEMATODES; STABILITY; HABITAT AB The relative effects of hydrologic disturbance, abundance of root parasites, and ambient physicochemical conditions on total biomass, biomass allocation, and architecture of the emergent macrophyte Justicia americana (L.) Vahl. (Acanthanceae) were investigated in six south-central Alabama streams, USA. Justicia total biomass was negatively related to shading by riparian vegetation, which accounted for 45 and 31% of the total variation at the beginning and end of the growing season, respectively. Contrary to our predictions, total Justicia biomass was unrelated to disturbance by flooding as indicated by the likelihood of streambed movement by bankfull discharge, nor was biomass allocation to below-ground structures positively related to likelihood of substrate movement. Stem density at the end of the growing season was negatively related to abundance of nematode-parasites, but total Justicia biomass was unrelated to parasite abundance. This macrophyte appears to persist in the dynamic environment of eastern North American streams by firm anchorage of below-ground structures and high capacity for regeneration following storm flows. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Fritz, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Ecosyst Res Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King,Mailstop 642, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM fritz.ken@epa.gov RI Fritz, Ken/A-9868-2013 NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 3 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2003.11.003 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 803ZR UT WOS:000220269500007 ER PT J AU Walker, JT Whitall, DR Robarge, W Paerl, HW AF Walker, JT Whitall, DR Robarge, W Paerl, HW TI Ambient ammonia and ammonium aerosol across a region of variable ammonia emission density SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric nitrogen; agricultural emissions; acid gases; PM2.5; denuders ID ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION; NORTH-CAROLINA; DRY DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; NITRIC-ACID; COASTAL-PLAIN; TRANSPORT; FOREST; SITE; USA AB We present 1 year of ambient ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloride (Cl-), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrous acid (HONO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations at three sites in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. The three sites, Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, are located in counties with total NH3 emission densities of 4800, 2280, and 320 kg NH3-N km(-2) yr(-1), respectively. Average NH3 concentrations were 5.32, 2.46, and 0.58 mug m(-3) at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. Average NH4+ concentrations were 1.84, 1.25, and 0.91 mug m(-3), and total concentrations of inorganic (NH4+NO3- + SO42-+ Cl-) particulate matter with aerosol diameters < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were 8.66, 6.35, and 5.31 μg m(-3) at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH3 concentrations were highest during the summer at all sites, with summer-to-winter concentration ratios of 2.40, 5.70, and 1.70 at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH3 concentrations were higher at night at the Clinton site, during the day at the Kinston site, and day vs. night concentrations were similar at the Morehead City site. NH4+ concentrations were highest during the winter at all sites, though this may not be representative of all years. Average daytime concentrations of NH4+ were similar to night values at all sites. NH4+ aerosol was primarily associated with SO42- at all sites, though the degree of SO42- neutralization was highest at Clinton and lowest at Morehead City. NH4+ aerosol formation appeared to be acid-gas-limited at the Clinton site during all seasons and during the spring and summer at the Kinston site. This study shows that agricultural NH3 emissions influence local ambient concentrations of NH3 and PM2.5. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Walker, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, E305-2,MD-63, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM walker.johnt@epamail.epa.gov RI Walker, John/I-8880-2014 OI Walker, John/0000-0001-6034-7514 NR 49 TC 92 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 35 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1235 EP 1246 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.027 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 776DT UT WOS:000189102000001 ER PT J AU Waters, SB Devesa, V Del Razo, LM Styblo, M Thomas, DJ AF Waters, SB Devesa, V Del Razo, LM Styblo, M Thomas, DJ TI Endogenous reductants support the catalytic function of recombinant rat Cyt19, an arsenic methyltransferase SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE; THIOETHER S-METHYLTRANSFERASE; AUREUS PLASMID PI258; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE; MONOMETHYLARSONIC ACID; MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; MMA(V) REDUCTASE; RABBIT LIVER; LIPOIC ACID AB The postulated scheme for the metabolism of inorganic As involves alternating steps of oxidative methylation and of reduction of As from the pentavalent to the trivalent oxidation state, producing methylated compounds containing As-III that are highly reactive and toxic. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine: As-III methyltransferase purified from rat liver catalyzes production of methyl and dimethyl arsenicals from inorganic As. This protein is encoded by the cyt19 gene orthologous with cyt19 genes in mouse and human. The reductants dithiothreitol or tris(2-carboxylethyl)phosphine support catalysis by recombinant rat cyt19 (rrcyt19). Coupled systems containing an endogenous reductant (thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase/NADPH, glutaredoxin/glutathione/glutathione reductase/NADPH, or lipoic acid/thioredoxin reductase/NADPH) support inorganic As methylation by rrcyt19. Although glutathione alone does not support rrcyt19's catalytic function, its addition to reaction mixtures containing other reductants increases the rate of As methylation. Aurothioglucose, an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase, reduces the rate of As methylation by rrcyt19 in thioredoxin-supported reactions. Addition of guinea pig liver cytosol, a poor source of endogenous As methyltransferase activity, to reaction mixtures containing rrcyt19 shows that endogenous reductants in cytosol support the enzyme's activity. Methylated compounds containing either As-III or As-V are detected in reaction mixtures containing rrcyt19, suggesting that cycling of As between oxidation states is a component of the pathway producing methylated arsenicals. This enzyme may use endogenous reductants to reduce pentavalent arsenicals to trivalency as a prerequisite for utilization as substrates for methylation reactions. Thus, cyt19 appears to possess both As-III methyltransferase and As-V reductase activities. C1 US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch,Off Res & Dev, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Curriculum Toxicol,Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Polytech Inst, Ctr Res & Adv Studies, Dept Environm Toxicol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Thomas, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch,Off Res & Dev, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM thomas.david@epa.gov RI Devesa, Vicenta/I-2102-2012 OI Devesa, Vicenta/0000-0002-1988-2985 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 56350]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09941] NR 45 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 6 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 3 BP 404 EP 409 DI 10.1021/tx0342161 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 804MU UT WOS:000220303600015 PM 15025511 ER PT J AU Umbuzeiro, GD Roubicek, DA Rech, CM Sato, MIZ Claxton, LD AF Umbuzeiro, GD Roubicek, DA Rech, CM Sato, MIZ Claxton, LD TI Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE monitoring program; mutagenicity; arylamines; azo dye; water quality; water pollution ID DRINKING-WATER; AZO DYES; CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; PAULO STATE; IDENTIFICATION; EFFLUENTS; BIODEGRADATION; SYSTEMS; BRAZIL; WASTES AB In the routine Sao Paulo state (Brazil) surface water quality-monitoring program, which includes the Salmonella microsome mutagenicity assay as one of its parameters, a river where water is taken and treated for drinking water purposes has repeatedly shown mutagenic activity. A textile dyeing facility employing azo-type dyes was the only identifiable source of mutagenic compounds. We extracted the river and drinking water samples with XAD4 at neutral and acidic pH and with blue rayon, which selectively adsorbs polycyclic compounds. We tested the industrial effluent, raw, and treated water and sediment samples with YG1041 and YG1042 and compared the results with the TA98 and TA100 strains. The elevated mutagenicity detected with YG-strains suggested that nitroaromatics and/or aromatic amines were causing the mutagenicity detected in the samples analyzed. Positive responses for the blue rayon extracts indicated that mutagenic polycyclic compounds were present in the water samples analyzed. The mutagen or mixture of mutagens present in the effluent and water samples cause mainly frameshift mutations and are positive with and without metabolic activation. The Salmonella assay combined with different extraction procedures proved to be very useful in the identification of the origin of the pollution and in the identification of the classes of chemical compounds causing the mutagenic activity in the river analyzed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CETESB, Cia Tecnol Saneamento Ambiental, BR-05459900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. US EPA, Environm Protect Agcy, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Umbuzeiro, GD (reprint author), CETESB, Cia Tecnol Saneamento Ambiental, Av Prof Freder Hermann Jr,345, BR-05459900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM giselav@cetesb.sp.gov.br RI Umbuzeiro, Gisela/H-4603-2011; Libardoni, Bruno/P-3873-2014; OI Umbuzeiro, Gisela/0000-0002-8623-5200; Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 44 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR PY 2004 VL 54 IS 11 BP 1589 EP 1597 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.009 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RX UT WOS:000189132000002 ER PT J AU Smith, JE Perdek, JM AF Smith, JE Perdek, JM TI Assessment and management of watershed microbial contaminants SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE watershed; pathogen; stormwater; sewage; sludge; biosolids; manure; decentralized systems ID COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; WATERBORNE CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; MASSIVE OUTBREAK; RIVER WATER; WASTE-WATER; DISINFECTION; INFECTION; SURVIVAL; HEALTH AB Numerous sources of infectious disease causing microorganisms exist in watersheds and can impact recreational and drinking water quality. Organisms of concern include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The watershed manager is challenged to limit human contact with pathogens, limit the numbers of pathogens reaching surface or groundwaters, and limit the pathogens reaching crops eaten raw to levels below those needed to cause infection. Therefore, the goal of the National Risk Management Research Laboratory's (NRMRL) watershed pathogens research program is to develop optimum solutions for managing the complex problem of watershed microbial contamination and thus support watershed managers' decision making. It supports the Agency's Strategy for Waterborne Microbial Disease Control by addressing contamination sources, named in the strategy as one of the highest priority approaches to water protection. This paper summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the sources and impacts of microbial pathogens in the watershed and discusses challenges to their successful management, research underway to resolve them, and research that is planned by the NRMRL. C1 Natl Risk Management Res Lab, US EPA, Pathogen Equivalency Comm, Technol Transfer & Support Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Edison, NJ USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), Natl Risk Management Res Lab, US EPA, Pathogen Equivalency Comm, Technol Transfer & Support Div, 86 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM smith.james@epa.gov NR 86 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 8 U2 40 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 109 EP 139 DI 10.1080/10643380490430663 PG 31 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 806PV UT WOS:000220446700001 ER PT J AU Knaak, JB Dary, CC Power, F Thompson, CB Blancato, JN AF Knaak, JB Dary, CC Power, F Thompson, CB Blancato, JN TI Physicochemical and biological data for the development of predictive organophosphorus pesticide QSARs and PBPK/PD models for human risk assessment SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE A- and B-esterases; cytochrome P450 (CYP isozymes); K-m values for metabolism; organophosphorus pesticides; PBPK/PD models; PON1; QSAR; skin permeability constants; tissue partition coefficients; V-max ID HUMAN-SERUM PARAOXONASE; HUMAN LIVER-MICROSOMES; NITROPHENYL PHOSPHOROTHIONATE PARATHION; OXIDASE-CATALYZED METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETICS; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY; ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES; PERFUSED PORCINE SKIN; UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; APPARENTLY HOMOGENEOUS PREPARATION AB A search of the scientific literature was carried out for physiochemical and biological data [i.e., IC50, LD50, K-p (cm/h) for percutaneous absorption, skin/water and tissue/blood partition coefficients, inhibition k(i) values, and metabolic parameters such as V-max and K-m] on 31 organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) to support the development of predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models for human risk assessment. Except for work on parathion, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos, very few modeling data were found on the 31 OPs of interest. The available percutaneous absorption, partition coefficients and metabolic parameters were insufficient in number to develop predictive QSAR models. Metabolic kinetic parameters (V-max, K-m) varied according to enzyme source and the manner in which the enzymes were characterized. The metabolic activity of microsomes should be based on the kinetic activity of purified or cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and the specific content of each active CYP in tissue microsomes. Similar requirements are needed to assess the activity of tissue A- and B-esterases metabolizing OPs. A limited amount of acetylcholinesterase (ACNE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CaE) inhibition and recovery data were found in the literature on the 31 OPs. A program is needed to require the development of physicochemical and biological data to support risk assessment methodologies involving QSAR and PBPK/PD models. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Sch Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. US EPA, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Anteon Corp, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Knaak, JB (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Sch Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM jbknaak@aol.com OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 NR 345 TC 29 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 28 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-8444 J9 CRIT REV TOXICOL JI Crit. Rev. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 143 EP 207 DI 10.1080/10408440490432250 PG 65 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 809UL UT WOS:000220661500002 PM 15112752 ER PT J AU Leif, RC Stein, JH Zucker, RM AF Leif, RC Stein, JH Zucker, RM TI A short history of the initial application of anti-5-BrdU to the detection and measurement of S phase SO CYTOMETRY PART A LA English DT Article ID CELL-CYCLE ANALYSIS; DNA-REPLICATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; BUOYANT DENSITY; HUMAN-ERYTHROCYTES; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; SINGLE CELLS; BROMODEOXYURIDINE; CHROMOSOMES; ACID C1 Newport Instruments, San Diego, CA USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Leif, RC (reprint author), 5648 Toyon Rd, San Diego, CA 92115 USA. EM rleif@rleif.com NR 39 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOM PART A JI Cytom. Part A PD MAR PY 2004 VL 58A IS 1 BP 45 EP 52 DI 10.1002/cyto.a.20012 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 809OW UT WOS:000220647000008 PM 14994219 ER PT J AU Blundell, AG Peart, DR AF Blundell, AG Peart, DR TI Density-dependent population dynamics of a dominant rain forest canopy tree SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cabang panti; demography; dipterocarpaceae; elasticity; Gunung Palung National Park; herbivory; Kalimantan Barat (Indonesian West Borneo); meristem damage; regulation; saplings; seedlings; Shorea quadrinervis; Southeast Asia; tropics ID HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; NEOTROPICAL FOREST; DIPTEROCARP FOREST; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; TROPICAL FORESTS; MATRIX MODELS; RECRUITMENT; GROWTH; HETEROGENEITY AB Intraspecific, negative density dependence may contribute to the maintenance of diversity by limiting the dominance of common species. Shorea quadrinervis Slooten (Dipterocarpaceae) is one of the dominant canopy trees in a species-rich tropical rain forest in Southeast Asia. We test whether juvenile density and performance and overall population growth rate of S. quadrinervis decline with increasing local abundance of conspecific adult trees. We mapped the 357 S. quadrinervis adults (greater than or equal to15 cm dbh) in 75 ha at Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesian Borneo, and compared the dynamics of juveniles <1 cm dbh between eight areas (80 in diameter plots) with high densities of conspecific adults and eight containing low densities. Within these 16 areas, we mapped 5215 S. quadrinervis juveniles and followed their growth and survival for two years. Plots with high and low density of S. quadrinervis adults did not differ in understory light, slope, aspect, or soil properties nor in the total density (all species combined) of either adults or juveniles. We evaluated four kinds of evidence. All were consistent with the hypothesis of negatively density-dependent population dynamics: (1) Density and size: Although the density of juveniles <25 cm tall per capita adult increased with local adult density, the pattern reversed for juveniles >75 cm tall. This suggests positive density-dependent seedling recruitment followed by negative density-dependent juvenile dynamics. (2) Foliar condition: Juveniles had more leaves per Unit height where adult density was low. Growth and survival increased more with leaf number than with height. (3) Juvenile dynamics: Growth and survival were higher where adult density was low. Previous work suggests that herbivores may drive this negative density dependence in juvenile performance. (4) Population dynamics: We modeled population growth rate (X) for each of the 16 areas using separate matrix models parameterized with empirical juvenile transition rates. We found that X declined with local adult density (r(2) = 0.40), and this trend was robust to the inclusion of El Ni (n) over tildeo conditions. We conclude that replacement of adults in the canopy is less likely in areas where conspecific adults are more abundant, tending to limit the dominance of S. quadrinervis in the canopy. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Amer Assoc Advancement Sci, Washington, DC 20010 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Sci Biol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Blundell, AG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Amer Assoc Advancement Sci, 3426 16th St NW 308, Washington, DC 20010 USA. EM art.blundell@alum.dartmout.org NR 45 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAR PY 2004 VL 85 IS 3 BP 704 EP 715 DI 10.1890/01-4101 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805VD UT WOS:000220392900014 ER PT J AU Hemming, JM Allen, HJ Thuesen, KA Turner, PK Waller, WT Lazorchak, JM Lattier, D Chow, M Denslow, N Venables, B AF Hemming, JM Allen, HJ Thuesen, KA Turner, PK Waller, WT Lazorchak, JM Lattier, D Chow, M Denslow, N Venables, B TI Temporal and spatial variability in the estrogenicity of a municipal wastewater effluent SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE vitellogenin; xenoestrogens; biomarker; wastewater effluent; Pimephales promelas; treatment wetland ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS RAFINESQUE; SURFACE-WATER; IN-VITRO; SOUTHWESTERN GERMANY; TREATMENT WORKS; STW EFFLUENT; TROUT; VITELLOGENIN; INDUSTRIAL AB The estrogenicity of a municipal wastewater effluent was monitored using the vitellogenin biomarker in adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The variability in the expression of vitellogenin was evident among the monitoring periods. Significant (alphaless than or equal to0.05) increases in plasma vitellogenin concentrations were detected in March and December, but not in August or June. Additionally, the magnitude of expression was variable. Variability in the spatial scale was also evident during the March and June exposure months. Concurrent exposures in both the creek receiving the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and an experimental wetland showed estrogenicity to be different with distance from the respective effluent inflow sites. March exposures showed estrogenicity to be somewhat persistent in the receiving creek (>600m), but to decrease rapidly within the experimental wetland (<40m). Results are discussed relative to the monitoring season, to the spatial distribution of the response in both receiving systems, and to possible causative factors contributing to the effluent estrogenicity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv Div, Panama City Field Off, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. Univ N Texas, Inst Appl Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Florida, Prot Chem & Mol Biomarkers Core Facil, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. TRAC Labs Inc, Denton, TX 76201 USA. RP Hemming, JM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv Div, Panama City Field Off, 1601 Balbao Ave, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. EM jon-hemming@fws.gov OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 40 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 57 IS 3 BP 303 EP 310 DI 10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00025-3 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 807WB UT WOS:000220530500007 PM 15041253 ER PT J AU Pope, CA Hansen, ML Long, RW Nielsen, KR Eatough, NL Wilson, WE Eatough, DJ AF Pope, CA Hansen, ML Long, RW Nielsen, KR Eatough, NL Wilson, WE Eatough, DJ TI Ambient particulate air pollution, heart rate variability, and blood markers of inflammation in a panel of elderly subjects SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular disease; C-reactive protein; ECG monitoring; heart rate variability; inflammation; particulate air pollution; PM2.5 ID SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; DIESEL EXHAUST; ACUTE EXPOSURE; TERM EXPOSURE; MORTALITY; PM2.5; HEALTH; RISK; ASSOCIATION; MECHANISMS AB Epidemiologic studies report associations between particulate air pollution and cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Although the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms remain unclear, it has been hypothesized that altered autonomic function and pulmonary/systemic inflammation may play a role. In this study we explored the effects of air pollution on autonomic function measured by changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and blood markers of inflammation in a panel of 88 elderly subjects from three communities along the Wasatch Front in Utah. Subjects participated in multiple sessions of 24-hr ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and blood tests. Regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between fine particulate matter [aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 mum (PM2.5)] and HRV, C-reactive protein (CRP), blood cell counts, and whole blood viscosity. A 100-mug/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was associated with approximately a 35 (SE = 8)-msec decline in standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals (SDNN, a measure of overall HRV); a 42 (SE = 11)-msec decline in square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (r-MSSD, an estimate of short-term components of HRV); and a 0.81 (SE = 0.17)-mg/dL increase in CRP. The PM2.5-HRV associations were reasonably consistent and statistically robust, but the CRP association dropped to 0.19 (SE = 0.10) after excluding the most influential subject. PM2.5 was not significantly associated with white or red blood cell counts, platelets, or whole-blood viscosity. Most short-term variability in temporal deviations of HRV and CRP was not explained by PM2.5; however, the small statistically significant associations that were observed suggest that exposure to PM2.5 may be one of multiple factors that influence HRV and CRP. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Econ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Cleveland, OH USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Salt Lake City, UT USA. US EPA, Off Environm Informat, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pope, CA (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Econ, 142 FOB, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM cap3@email.byu.edu NR 40 TC 284 Z9 291 U1 5 U2 56 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 3 BP 339 EP 345 DI 10.1289/ehp.6588 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 800SJ UT WOS:000220047700033 PM 14998750 ER PT J AU Orlando, EF Kolok, AS Binzcik, GA Gates, JL Horton, MK Lambright, CS Gray, LE Soto, AM Guillette, LJ AF Orlando, EF Kolok, AS Binzcik, GA Gates, JL Horton, MK Lambright, CS Gray, LE Soto, AM Guillette, LJ TI Endocrine-disrupting effects of cattle feedlot effluent on an aquatic sentinel species, the fathead minnow SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE anabolic steroid hormones; aquatic ecosystem health; concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO); environmental androgens and estrogens; gene expression; HPG axis; hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis; pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs); Pimephales promelas ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT; VITELLOGENIN INDUCTION; IN-VITRO; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; GROWTH PROMOTER; RIVERS; FISH; 17-BETA-TRENBOLONE; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; PHARMACEUTICALS AB Over the last decade, research has examined the endocrine-disrupting action of various environmental pollutants, including hormones, pharmaceuticals, and surfactants, in sewage treatment plant effluent. Responding to the growth of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and the pollutants present in their wastewater (e.g., nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and hormones), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed a new rule that tightens the regulation of CAFOs. In this study, we collected wild fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to feedlot effluent (FLE) and observed significant alterations in their reproductive biology. Male fish were demasculinized (having lower testicular testosterone synthesis, altered head morphometrics, and smaller testis size). Defeminization of females, as evidenced by a decreased estrogen:androgen ratio of in vitro steroid hormone synthesis, was also documented. We did not observe characteristics in either male or female fish indicative of exposure to environmental estrogens. Using cells transfected with the human androgen receptor, we detected potent androgenic responses from the FLE. Taken together, our morphologic, endocrinologic, and in vitro gene activation assay data suggest two hypotheses: a) there are potent androgenic substance(s) in the FLE, and/or b) there is a complex mixture of androgenic and estrogenic substances that alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, inhibiting the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone or gonadotropins. This is the first study demonstrating that the endocrine and reproductive systems of wild fish can be adversely affected by FLE. Future studies are needed to further investigate the effects of agricultural runoff and to identify the biologically active agents, whether natural or pharmaceutical in origin. C1 St Marys Coll Maryland, Dept Biol, St Marys City, MD 20686 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Orlando, EF (reprint author), St Marys Coll Maryland, Dept Biol, 18952 E Fisher Rd, St Marys City, MD 20686 USA. EM eforlando@smcm.edu OI gray jr, leon earl/0000-0002-1111-4754 NR 40 TC 188 Z9 205 U1 5 U2 86 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 3 BP 353 EP 358 DI 10.1289/ehp.6591 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 800SJ UT WOS:000220047700035 PM 14998752 ER PT J AU Ulrich, RG Rockett, JC Gibson, GG Pettit, SD AF Ulrich, RG Rockett, JC Gibson, GG Pettit, SD TI Overview of an interlaboratory collaboration on evaluating the effects of model hepatotoxicants on hepatic gene expression SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE clofibrate; gene expression profiling; liver; methapyrilene; microarray; qRT-PCR; rat; toxicogenomics ID PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS; INDUCED LIVER-INJURY; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS; TOXICITY; METHAPYRILENE; RAT; CLOFIBRATE; GENOTOXICITY; METABOLISM; MECHANISM AB DNA microarrays and related tools offer promise for identification of pathways involved in toxic responses to xenobiotics. To be useful for risk assessment, experimental data must be challenged for reliability and interlaboratory reproducibility. Toward this goal, the Hepatotoxicity Working Group of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Technical Committee on Application of Genomics to Mechanism-Based Risk Assessment evaluated and compared biological and gene expression responses in rats exposed to two model hepatotoxins-clofibrate and methapyrilene. This collaborative effort provided an unprecedented opportunity for the working group to evaluate and compare multiple biological, genomic, and toxicological parameters across different laboratories and microarray platforms. Many of the results from this collaboration are presented in accompanying articles in this mini-monograph, whereas others have been published previously. In vivo studies for both compounds were conducted in two laboratories using a standard experimental protocol, and RNA samples were distributed to 16 laboratories for analysis on six microarray platforms. Histopathology, clinical chemistry, and organ weight changes were consistent with reported effects. Gene expression results demonstrated reasonable agreement between laboratories and across platforms. Discrepancies in expression profiles of some individual genes were largely due to platform differences and approaches to data analysis rather than to biological or interlaboratory variability. Despite these discrepancies there was overall agreement in the biological pathways affected by these compounds, demonstrating that transcriptional profiling is reproducible between laboratories and can reliably identify affected pathways necessary to provide mechanistic insight. This effort represents an important first step toward the use of transcriptional profiling in risk assessment. C1 ILSI HESI, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Rosetta Inpharmat, Merck Res Labs, Kirkland, WA USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Surrey, Sch Biol & Mol Sci, Mol Toxicol Grp, Surrey, England. RP Pettit, SD (reprint author), ILSI HESI, 1 Thomas Circle,9th Floor NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA. EM spettit@ilsi.org NR 28 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 4 BP 423 EP 427 DI 10.1289/txg.6675 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 807BS UT WOS:000220477600015 PM 15033591 ER PT J AU Baker, VA Harries, HM Waring, JF Duggan, CM Ni, HA Jolly, RA Yoon, LW De Souza, AT Schmid, JE Brown, RH Ulrich, RG Rockett, JC AF Baker, VA Harries, HM Waring, JF Duggan, CM Ni, HA Jolly, RA Yoon, LW De Souza, AT Schmid, JE Brown, RH Ulrich, RG Rockett, JC TI Clofibrate-induced gene expression changes in rat liver: A cross-laboratory analysis using membrane cDNA arrays SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cDNA array; clofibrate; cross-laboratory studies; gene expression profiling; liver; membrane array; microarray; peroxisome proliferator; rat ID PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS; DIVERGENT HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS; HUMAN HEPATOMA-CELLS; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS; DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; DNA MICROARRAYS; FATTY-ACIDS; TOXICOLOGY; INDUCTION; CHLOROPHENOXYISOBUTYRATE AB Microarrays have the potential to significantly impact our ability to identify toxic hazards by the identification of mechanistically relevant markers of toxicity. To be useful for risk assessment, however, microarray data must be challenged to determine reliability and interlaboratory reproducibility. As part of a series of studies conducted by the International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Science Institute Technical Committee on the Application of Genomics to Mechanism-Based Risk Assessment, the biological response in rats to the hepatotoxin clofibrate was investigated. Animals were treated with high (250 mg/kg/day) or low (25 mg/kg/day) doses for 1, 3, or 7 days in two laboratories. Clinical chemistry parameters were measured, livers removed for histopathological assessment, and gene expression analysis was conducted using cDNA arrays. Expression changes in genes involved in fatty acid metabolism (e.g., acyl-CoA oxidase), cell proliferation (e.g., topoisomerase II-alpha), and fatty acid oxidation (e.g., cytochrome P450 4A1), consistent with the mechanism of clofibrate hepatotoxicity, were detected. Observed differences in gene expression levels correlated with the level of biological response induced in the two in vivo studies. Generally, there was a high level of concordance between the gene expression profiles generated from pooled and individual RNA samples. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm modulations for a number of peroxisome proliferator marker genes. Though the results indicate some variability in the quantitative nature of the microarray data, this appears due largely to differences in experimental and data analysis procedures used within each laboratory. In summary, this study demonstrates the potential for gene expression profiling to identify toxic hazards by the identification of mechanistically relevant markers of toxicity. C1 Unilever Res Colworth, Safety & Environm Assurance Ctr, Sharnbrook, Beds, England. Abbott Labs, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA. GlaxoSmithKline, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Herts, England. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Rosetta Inpharmat, Merck Res Labs, Kirkland, WA USA. RP Baker, VA (reprint author), Alnwick Res Ctr, Willowburn Ave, Alnwick NE66 2JH, Northd, England. EM val.baker@sanofi-synthelabo.com NR 49 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 4 BP 428 EP 438 DI 10.1289/txg.6677 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 807BS UT WOS:000220477600016 PM 15033592 ER PT J AU Ferretti, JA Calesso, DF Lazorchak, JM Dolce, TJ Arnold, J Goodfellow, WL Smith, ME Serbst, JR AF Ferretti, JA Calesso, DF Lazorchak, JM Dolce, TJ Arnold, J Goodfellow, WL Smith, ME Serbst, JR TI Interlaboratory comparison of a reduced volume marine sediment toxicity test method using the amphipod Ampelisca abdita SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment toxicity; Ampelisca abdita; ring test ID LEPTOCHEIRUS-PLUMULOSUS; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has standardized methods for performing acute marine amphipod sediment toxicity tests. A test design reducing sediment volume from 200 to 50 ml and overlying water from 600 to 150 rut was recently proposed. An interlaboratory comparison was conducted to evaluate the precision of this reduced sediment volume toxicity test method using the marine amphipod Ampelisca abdita. A negative control and three sediment samples of varying degrees of toxicity ranging from low to high were tested by six laboratories. Complete agreement was reached in rank of relative toxicity for all samples tested by five out of six laboratories. Test acceptability for control survival was achieved by all laboratories, and 69% agreement in classification of the sediments as toxic or nontoxic was documented. Coefficients of variation in all test samples were similar to those reported in other interlaboratory studies using marine amphipods. Results of this study indicate that the reduced sediment volume test using A. abdita is a reliable and precise measure of acute toxicity in marine sediment samples. C1 US EPA, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, SoBran Environm, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EA Sci Engn & Technol, Sparks, MD 21152 USA. Cosper Environm Serv, Bohemia, NY 11716 USA. Aqua Survey Inc, Flemington, NJ 08822 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ferretti, JA (reprint author), US EPA, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. EM ferretti.jim@epa.gov OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 3 BP 632 EP 637 DI 10.1897/03-212 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 776NT UT WOS:000189122600014 PM 15285356 ER PT J AU Durkin, P Hertzberg, R Diamond, G AF Durkin, P Hertzberg, R Diamond, G TI Application of PBPK model for 2,4-D to estimates of risk in backpack applicators SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Chemical Mixtures (ICCM) CY SEP 09-12, 2002 CL Atlanta, GA SP FDA, US EPA, NIEHS, NIOSH, Health Council Netherlands DE 2,4-D; backpack; exposure; flow limited; herbicides; model; PBPK; pH trapping; weak acids; worker ID 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 2,4-D; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; SERUM-ALBUMIN; RATS; CYCLOSPORINE; TISSUE; HUMANS; BLOOD; 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETATE; NEPHROTOXICITY AB A PBPK model for 2,4-D was developed that involves flow-limited pH trapping modified to consider tissue binding, binding to plasma, and high-dose inhibition of urinary excretion. The PBPK model provides reasonable estimates of the kinetics of 2,4-D in rats as well as in humans, providing a common metric for expressing risk. The risk characterization for 2,4-D based on the PBPK model is consistent with that based on standard risk assessment methods, except that the apparent variability in the risk characterization is reduced. The model demonstrates that non-linear pharmacokinetics and inhibition of urinary excretion would not be expected in occupational exposures. This case study suggests that preliminary PBPK models could be developed for numerous pesticides based on commonly available data. If properly validated with well-designed worker exposure studies, such models may be useful in more complete assessments of risks to workers as well as members of the general public. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Syracruse Environm Res Associates Inc, New York, NY 13066 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Syracruse Res Corp, New York, NY 13212 USA. RP Durkin, P (reprint author), Syracruse Environm Res Associates Inc, 5100 Highbridge St,42C Fayetteville, New York, NY 13066 USA. EM sera_inc@msn.com NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 16 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 91 DI 10.1016/j.etap.2003.09.003 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 806TE UT WOS:000220455400007 PM 21782695 ER PT J AU Job, C AF Job, C TI Selected characteristics of ground water-supplied community water systems SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Infrastruct Branch 4606M, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Infrastruct Branch 4606M, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 48 EP + DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00711.x PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 823FI UT WOS:000221594900003 ER PT J AU Cordy, GE Duran, NL Bouwer, H Rice, RC Furlong, ET Zaugg, SD Meyer, MT Barber, LB Kolpin, DW AF Cordy, GE Duran, NL Bouwer, H Rice, RC Furlong, ET Zaugg, SD Meyer, MT Barber, LB Kolpin, DW TI Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic waste water compounds persist when waste water is used for recharge? SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GROUNDWATER; LEGIONELLA; SALMONELLA; EFFLUENT; FATE; ENVIRONMENT AB A proof-of-concept experiment was devised to determine if pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water compounds (OWCs), as well as pathogens, found in treated effluent could be transported through a 2.4 m soil column and, thus, potentially reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in and or semiarid climates. Treated effluent was applied at the top of the 2.4 m long, 32.5 cm diameter soil column over 23 days. Samples of the column inflow were collected from the effluent storage tank at the beginning (T-begin) and end (T-end) of the experiment, and a sample of the soil column drainage at the base of the column (Bend) was collected at the end of the experiment. Samples were analyzed for 131 OWCs including veterinary and human antibiotics, other prescription and nonprescription drugs, widely used household and industrial chemicals, and steroids and reproductive hormones, as well as the pathogens Salmonella and Legionella. Analytical results for the two effluent samples taken at the beginning (Tbegin) and end (Tend) of the experiment indicate that the number of OWCs detected in the column inflow decreased by 25% (eight compounds) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by 46% while the effluent was in the storage tank during the 23-day experiment. After percolating through the soil column, an additional 18 compounds detected in Tend (67% of OWCs) were no longer detected in the effluent (Bend) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by more than 70%. These compounds may have been subject to transformation (biotic and abiotic), adsorption, and (or) volatilization in the storage tank and during travel through the soil column. Eight compounds-carbamazapine; sulfamethoxazole; benzophenone; 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole; N, N-diethyltoluamide; tributylphosphate; tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate; and cholesterol-were detected in all three samples indicating they have the potential to reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in and and semiarid climates. Results from real-time polymerase chain reactions demonstrated the presence of Legionella in all three samples. Salmonella was detected only in Tbegin, suggesting that the bacteria died off in the effluent storage tank over the period of the experiment. This proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that, under recharge conditions similar to those in and or semiarid climates, some pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other OWCs can persist in treated effluent after soil-aquifer treatment. C1 USGS, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. US EPA, Border Off, El Paso, TX 79902 USA. USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. GeoSyst Anal Inc, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. USGS, Kansas Dist Organ Geochem Res Grp, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. USGS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. USGS, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. RP Cordy, GE (reprint author), USGS, 520 N Pk Ave,Ste 221, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM gcordy@usgs.gov; duran.norma@epa.gov; hbouwer@uswl.ars.ag.gov; riceqhb@netscape.net; efurlong@usgs.gov; sdzaugg@usgs.gov; mmeyer@usgs.gov; lbbarber@usgs.gov; dwkolpin@usgs.gov RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011; OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603; Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 39 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 25 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 58 EP 69 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00713.x PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 823FI UT WOS:000221594900005 ER PT J AU Snyder, SA Leising, J Westerhoff, P Yoon, Y Mash, H Vanderford, B AF Snyder, SA Leising, J Westerhoff, P Yoon, Y Mash, H Vanderford, B TI Biological and physical attenuation of endocrine pisruptors and pharmaceuticals: Implications for water reuse SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WASTE-WATER; RIVERS; DRUGS; MEDIA AB A select group of endocrine disruptors, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products was studied to determine the degree of biological attenuation in water reuse applications. Laboratory investigations involved both batch reactors using biologically active sand and continuous flow simulated aquifer storage and recovery experiments. All laboratory experiments were conducted using Colorado River water spiked with various target compounds at concentrations between 10 and 100 ng/L. Field studies were also conducted to determine the occurrence and attenuation of target compounds in water reuse applications. Two golf courses irrigated with reuse water were studied to determine if turf applications led to contamination of nearby ground water. A waste water treatment facility that uses rapid infiltration basins seasonally was also tested to determine the degree of attenuation of detectable target compounds along a subsurface flowpath. A qualitative structural activity relationship model was applied to the target compounds to predict the general rate of aerobic biological degradation. Significant attenuation of many target compounds was observed in both laboratory and field experiments. Conversely, several compounds displayed limited removal during these studies. Field experiments were limited to detectable compounds and various nonbiological removal or concentration effects that may impact data interpretations, which are discussed in this paper. The predictive model was found to be moderately accurate within the confines of the project scope. C1 So Nevada Water Author, Res & Dev, Henderson, NV 89015 USA. Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. So Nevada Water Author, Groundwater Resources, Henderson, NV 89015 USA. So Nevada Water Author, Watershed Management Div, Henderson, NV 89015 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Snyder, SA (reprint author), So Nevada Water Author, Res & Dev, 1350 Richard Bunker Ave, Henderson, NV 89015 USA. EM shane.snyder@snwa.com; joseph.leising@snwa.com; p.westerhoff@asu.edu; y-yoon2@northwestern.edu; mash.heath@epamail.epa.gov; brett.vanderford@snwa.com RI Yoon, Yeomin/C-3331-2012; Snyder, Shane/A-3302-2011 OI Snyder, Shane/0000-0003-2709-9840 NR 27 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 18 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 108 EP 118 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00719.x PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 823FI UT WOS:000221594900011 ER PT J AU Daughton, CG AF Daughton, CG TI Ground water recharge and chemical contaminants: Challenges in communicating the connections and collisions of two disparate worlds SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID SCIENCE; RISK AB Our knowledge base regarding the presence and significance of chemicals foreign to the subsurface environment is large and growing-the papers in this volume serving as testament. However, complex questions with few answers surround the unknowns regarding the potential for environmental or human health effects from trace levels of xenobiotics in ground water, especially ground water augmented with treated waste water. Public acceptance for direct or indirect ground water recharge using treated municipal waste water (especially sewage) spans the spectrum from unquestioned embrace to outright rejection. In this paper, I detour around the issues most commonly discussed regarding ground water recharge and instead focus on some of the less-recognized issues-those that emanate from the mysteries created at the many literal and virtual interfaces involved with the subsurface world. My major objective is to catalyze discussion that advances our understanding of the barriers to public acceptance of waste water reuse with its ultimate culmination in direct reuse for drinking. I pose what could be a key question as to whether much of the public's frustration or ambivalence in its decision-making process for accepting, or rejecting, water reuse (for various purposes including personal use) emanates from fundamental inaccuracies, misrepresentation, or oversimplification of what water is and how it functions in the environment-just exactly what the water cycle is. These questions suggest it might behoove us to revisit some very elementary aspects of our science and how we are conveying them to the public. C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Daughton, CG (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM daughton.christian@epa.gov OI Daughton, Christian/0000-0002-0302-7730 NR 41 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 127 EP 138 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00721.x PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 823FI UT WOS:000221594900013 ER PT J AU Johnson, CS Blanton, MR Hunter, ES AF Johnson, CS Blanton, MR Hunter, ES TI Effects of ethanol and hydrogen peroxide on mouse limb bud mesenchyme differentiation and cell death SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE chondrogenesis; ROS; alcohol; teratogen ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; NEURAL CREST CELLS; CARTILAGE DIFFERENTIATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; FREE-RADICALS; MICE; CHONDROGENESIS; MECHANISM; EXPOSURE; DEFECTS AB Many of the morphological defects associated with embryonic alcohol exposure are a result of cell death. During limb development, ethanol administration produces cell death in the limb and digital defects, including postaxial ectrodactyly. Because an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced in adult and embryonic tissues by ethanol exposure, this investigation examines the possibility that ethanol-indueed cell death in the limb is a result of ROS. Using an in vitro primary culture of limb mesenchyme, the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ethanol on cell death and differentiation were examined. In addition, a dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay was performed to determine the relative intracellular ROS levels after exposure to several concentrations of ethanol and H2O2. Exposure of 1 to 100 muM H2O2 resulted in a 1.08-1.21 times control increase in cartilage matrix accumulation. Cell death was increased 1.69-2.76 times the untreated control value. Production of ROS ranged from 1.25-1.51 times untreated controls. Ethanol exposure of 0.25 to 1.00% (v/v) did not affect cartilage matrix accumulation but resulted in an increase of cell death (1.45-2.31 times untreated control). Intracellular ROS levels after ethanol exposure increased 1.08-1.15 times control but were lower than that produced by 1 muM H2O2. On the basis of the correlation between ROS level produced by H2O2, it was concluded that ethanol -induced cell death in limb mesenchyme is a result of a non-ROS-mediated mechanism. Therefore, in addition to ethanol-induced cell death mediated by ROS reported in the literature, ethanol-induced cell death can be induced in limb mesenchyme by mechanisms that are not dependent upon ROS. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hunter, ES (reprint author), US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, RTD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Hunter.Sid@epa.gov FU NIAAA NIH HHS [2-T32-AA007573-06] NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 40 IS 3-4 BP 108 EP 112 PG 5 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 846ZH UT WOS:000223357800009 PM 15311970 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Stehman, SV Smith, JH Wade, TG Yang, L AF Wickham, JD Stehman, SV Smith, JH Wade, TG Yang, L TI A priori evaluation of two-stage cluster sampling for accuracy assessment of large-area land-cover maps SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY; ERRORS AB Two-stage cluster sampling reduces the cost of collecting accuracy assessment reference data by constraining sample elements to fall within a limited number of geographic domains (clusters). However, because classification error is typically positively spatially correlated, within-cluster correlation may reduce the precision of the accuracy estimates. The detailed population information to quantify a priori the effect of within-cluster correlation on precision is typically unavailable. Consequently, a convenient, practical approach to evaluate the likely performance of a two-stage cluster sample is needed. We describe such an a priori evaluation protocol focusing on the spatial distribution of the sample by land-cover class across different cluster sizes and costs of different sampling options, including options not imposing clustering. This protocol also assesses the two-stage design's adequacy for estimating the precision of accuracy estimates for rare land-cover classes. We illustrate the approach using two large-area, regional accuracy assessments from the National Land-Cover Data (NLCD), and describe how the a priori evaluation was used as a decision-making tool when implementing the NLCD design. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res 8723R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E243-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1235 EP 1252 DI 10.1080/0143116031000149998 PG 18 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 762RZ UT WOS:000187997100013 ER PT J AU Rubes, J Selevan, SG Sram, R Evenson, DP Perreault, SD AF Rubes, J Selevan, SG Sram, R Evenson, DP Perreault, SD TI GST M1 genotype influences the susceptibility of men to sperm DNA damage associated with exposure to air pollution SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 29th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Andrology (ASA 2004) CY APR 17-20, 2004 CL Baltimore, MD SP Amer Soc Androl C1 US EPA, ORD, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. IEM AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic. SDSU, Brookings, SD USA. US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 SU S MA 11 BP 41 EP 41 PG 1 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 803LE UT WOS:000220231800012 ER PT J AU Jeffay, SC Buus, RM Strader, LF Olshan, AF Evenson, DP Perreault, SD AF Jeffay, SC Buus, RM Strader, LF Olshan, AF Evenson, DP Perreault, SD TI Evaluation of chromomycin A(3) assay in human sperm after simulated overnight shipment SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 29th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Andrology (ASA 2004) CY APR 17-20, 2004 CL Baltimore, MD SP Amer Soc Androl C1 US EPA, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. UNC CH, Chapel Hill, NC USA. SDSU, Brookings, SD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 SU S MA 158 BP 91 EP 91 PG 1 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 803LE UT WOS:000220231800159 ER PT J AU Roy, B Halverson, JB Wang, JH AF Roy, B Halverson, JB Wang, JH TI The influence of radiosonde ''age'' on TRMM field campaign soundings humidity correction SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOGA COARE; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS AB Hundreds of Vaisala sondes with an RS80-H Humicap thin-film capacitor humidity sensor were launched during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) field campaigns ( 1999) Large Scale Biosphere - Atmosphere (LBA) experiment held in Brazil and the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) held in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Six humidity error correction algorithms were used primarily for applying system-bias correction to RS80-H humidity data. All TRMM field campaign Vaisala humidity soundings were corrected for dry bias using this algorithm. An overall improvement of 3% RH for daytime and 5% RH for nighttime soundings was achieved. Sonde age was ascertained using respective serial numbers ( in this case the range is 0.06 - 2.07 yr) and used in the algorithm for calculation of sensor aging error and chemical contamination errors. Chemical contamination error is also found to be a dominant error source. Daytime sensor-arm heating for the first 50 s of the sonde launch is found to bear a cosine variation with sonde age. Surface reference temperature and sonde registered surface temperature are both used for calculating surface saturation vapor pressure, which in turn is used for sensor-arm-heating error estimation during the first 50 s. Site-mean CAPE values are found to increase significantly after correction. It is suggested that sonde surface temperature error must also be corrected for sonde age while using the present RS80-H correction algorithm. An age - height plot of the differences between the uncorrected and corrected specific humidity value for all Vaisala soundings shows an age-dependent increase ( approximately 3.4 g kg(-1) for 2-yr-old sondes). Variation of specific humidity difference was not found to be very significant for the upper levels when the sensor is less than 1.25 yr old. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Atmospher Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Roy, B (reprint author), US EPA, MEARB, Atmospher Modeling Div, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Roy.Dev@EPA.gov NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 3 BP 470 EP 480 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0470:TIORAO>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 805BA UT WOS:000220340600006 ER PT J AU Gibbs, SG Meckes, MC Green, CF Scarpino, PV AF Gibbs, SG Meckes, MC Green, CF Scarpino, PV TI Evaluation of the ability of chlorine to inactivate selected organisms from the biofilm of a drinking water distribution system simulator following a long-term wastewater cross-connection SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biofilm; chlorine; wastewater; drinking water; microorganisms; cross-connection ID LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA; MICROBIOLOGY; SALMONELLA; SURVIVAL AB The drinking water distribution system simulator (DSS) from the U.S. EPA was operated with a direct cross-connection of 0.3% wastewater to system volume per day for 70 d. During the cross-connection, tap water, wastewater, and system discharge water were monitored to ensure that the wastewater cross-connection was the source of study organisms and that these organisms were present in the water column of the DSS. The effectiveness of free chlorine levels of 0, 1, 2, and 5 mg/L to inactivate microbes in biofilms on PVC and ductile iron coupons following a wastewater cross-connection was determined. A reduction in organisms occurred after 12 h for both non-chlorinated PVC and ductile iron coupons. This suggests that the study organisms were able to adhere to the biofilm, but were not able to remain in the biofilm. The study organisms were inactivated both in the biofilm and in the water column. Water column data showed that biofilm released culturable heterotrophs and endospores into the water column throughout the 72 h evaluation period at all chlorine levels evaluated. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Hlth Sci Ctr, El Paso, TX 79902 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Gibbs, SG (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Hlth Sci Ctr, El Paso Reg Campus,1100 N Stanton, El Paso, TX 79902 USA. EM sgibbs@sph.uth.tmc.edu NR 38 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 1496-2551 J9 J ENVIRON ENG SCI JI J. Environ. Eng. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 3 IS 2 BP 97 EP 105 DI 10.1139/S03-061 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 820AR UT WOS:000221359300004 ER PT J AU Brown, S Chaney, R Hallfrisch, J Ryan, JA Berti, WR AF Brown, S Chaney, R Hallfrisch, J Ryan, JA Berti, WR TI In situ soil treatments to reduce the phyto- and bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; MANGANESE OXIDE; INDUCED RELEASE; BIOSOLIDS; HYDROXYAPATITE; IMMOBILIZATION; PHOSPHATE; WILDLIFE; PB; CHLOROPYROMORPHITE AB A study was established near a former Zn and Pb smelter to test the ability of soil amendments to reduce the availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd in situ. Soil collected from the field was amended in the lab with P added as 1% P-H(3)PO(4), biosolids compost added at 10% (referred to hereafter as "compost"), and a high-Fe by-product (referred to hereafter as "Fe") + P-triple superphosphate (TSP) (2.5% Fe + 1% P-TSP) and incubated under laboratory conditions at a constant soil pH. Changes in Pb bioavailability were measured with an in vitro test and a feeding study with weanling rats. Field-amended and incubated soils using these plus additional treatments were evaluated using the in vitro extraction and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Kentucky-31) metal concentration. Reductions were observed across all parameters but were not consistent. In the feeding study, the 1% P-H(3)PO(4) and compost treatments resulted in a decrease of 26% in rat tissue Pb concentration compared with the control soil. The 2.5% Fe + 1% P-TSP showed a 39% decrease. The 1% P-H(3)PO(4) treatment caused the greatest reduction in in vitro extractable Pb from field samples (pH 2.2) with a measured reduction of 66%, while the compost treatment had a 39% reduction and the 2.5% Fe + 1% P-TSP treatment a 50% reduction. The in vitro extraction (pH 1.5) run on field samples showed no reduction in the compost or Fe treatments. The 1% P-H3PO4 treatment was the most effective at reducing plant Pb, Zn, and Cd. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, HNRS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. DuPont Cent Res & Dev, Newark, DE 19702 USA. RP Brown, S (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM slb@u.washington.edu NR 40 TC 152 Z9 188 U1 14 U2 88 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 522 EP 531 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 804IQ UT WOS:000220292800010 PM 15074803 ER PT J AU McConnell, LL Harman-Fetcho, JA Hagy, JD AF McConnell, LL Harman-Fetcho, JA Hagy, JD TI Measured concentrations of herbicides and model predictions of atrazine fate in the Patuxent River estuary SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT NUTRIENT CONDITIONS; NORTHERN CHESAPEAKE BAY; AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SUSQUEHANNA RIVER; WETLAND SEDIMENT; ALACHLOR; METOLACHLOR; TRANSPORT; TOXICITY AB The environmental fate of herbicides in estuaries is poorly understood. Estuarine physical transport processes and the episodic nature of herbicide release into surface waters complicate interpretation of water concentration measurements and allocation of sources. Water concentrations of herbicides and two triazine degradation products (CIAT [6-amino-2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-s-triazine] and CEAT [6-amino-2-chloro-4-ethylamino-s-triazinel) were measured in surface water from four sites on 40 d from 4 Apr. through 29 July 1996 in the Patuxent River estuary, part of the Chesapeake Bay system. Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) was most persistent and present in the highest concentrations (maximum 1.29 mug/L). Metolachlor [2-chloro-6'-ethyl-N-(2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-o-acetoluidide], CIAT, CEAT, and simazine (1-chloro-3,5-bisethylamino-2,4,6-triazine) were frequently detected with maximum concentration values of 0.61, 1.1, 0.76, and 0.49 mug/L, respectively. A physical transport model was used to interpret atrazine concentrations in the context of estuarine water transport, giving estimates of in situ degradation rates and total transport. The estimated half-life of atrazine in the turbid, shallow upper estuary was t(1/2) = 20 d, but was much longer (t(1/2) = 100 d) in the deeper lower estuary. Although most (93%) atrazine entered the estuary upstream via the river, simulations suggested additional inputs directly to the lower estuary. The total atrazine load to the estuary from 5 April to 15 July was 71 kg with 48% loss by degradation and 31% exported to the Chesapeake Bay. Atrazine persistence in the estuary is directly related to river flows into the estuary. Low flows will increase atrazine residence time in the upper estuary and increase degradation losses. C1 USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP McConnell, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Bldg 007,Room 225, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM mcconnel@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 42 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 594 EP 604 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 804IQ UT WOS:000220292800018 PM 15074811 ER PT J AU Andl, T Chu, EY Metzger, D Chambon, P Mishina, Y Seykora, JT Crenshaw, EB Millar, SE AF Andl, T Chu, EY Metzger, D Chambon, P Mishina, Y Seykora, JT Crenshaw, EB Millar, SE TI Loss of epithelial Bmpr1a results in continuous proliferation of hair follicle epithelium and the development of matricomas SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 65th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Investigative-Dermatology CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2004 CL Providence, RI SP Soc Investigat Dermatol C1 Univ Penn, Dept Dermatol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Strasbourg 1, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaaire, Strasbourg, France. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reprod & Dev Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Abramson Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-202X J9 J INVEST DERMATOL JI J. Invest. Dermatol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 122 IS 3 MA 661 BP A111 EP A111 PG 1 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 809UB UT WOS:000220660500711 ER PT J AU Dean, TR Betancourt, D Menetrez, MY AF Dean, TR Betancourt, D Menetrez, MY TI A rapid DNA extraction method for PCR identification of fungal indoor air contaminants SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE PCR inhibitors; DNA extraction; Stachybotrys chartarum ID STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM; CONIDIA AB Following air sampling fungal DNA needs to be extracted and purified to a state suitable for laboratory use. Our laboratory has developed a simple method of extraction and purification of fungal DNA appropriate for enzymatic manipulation and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) applications. The methodology described is both rapid and cost effective for use with multiple fungal organisms. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dean, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM dean.timothy@epa.gov NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD MAR PY 2004 VL 56 IS 3 BP 431 EP 434 DI 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.015 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 777ZP UT WOS:000189214600015 PM 14967235 ER PT J AU Murrel, MC Lores, EM AF Murrel, MC Lores, EM TI Phytoplankton and zooplankton seasonal dynamics in a subtropical estuary: importance of cyanobacteria SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COPEPOD ACARTIA-TONSA; OF-MEXICO ESTUARY; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; CHLOROPHYLL-A; RIVER ESTUARY; GROWTH; SYNECHOCOCCUS; PICOPLANKTON AB A seasonal study of phytoplankton and zooplankton was conducted from 1999 to 2001 in Pensacola Bay, Florida, USA, to further the understanding of pelagic food webs in sub-tropical estuaries. Monthly measurements included size-fractionated chlorophyll (whole water, <5 mum, <20 mum), net- and picophytoplankton composition analyzed using microscopy, flow cytometry, and HPLC pigment analysis. Additionally, zooplankton abundance and dry weight were determined from net tows. The results show a phytoplankton community dominated by the small size fraction (<5 mum), especially during the warm periods. The <5 mum chlorophyll fraction was strongly correlated with cyanobacterial abundance and zeaxanthin. Cyanobacteria (cf. Synechococcus) abundance peaked during summer in the upper estuary, typically exceeding 3 x 10(9) L-1, and was strongly correlated with temperature. Cyanobacteria abundance at the freshwater end of the Bay (in the Escambia River) was very low, suggesting that cyanobacteria were not delivered via freshwater. Two pigmentation types of cyanobacteria were observed. Phycoerythrin-containing cells (PE-rich) were more abundant at the marine end, while phycocyanin-containing cells (PC-rich) were more abundant in the upper estuary. The larger algae (>5-10 mum) were predominantly composed of diatoms, followed by chlorophytes, cryptophytes and dinoflagellates. The three most abundant genera of diatoms were Thalassiosira, Pennales and Cyclotella. Zooplankton biomass averaged 12.2 mug C L-1, with peak biomass occurring during May (similar to30 mug C L-1). Zooplankton abundance averaged 16.7 ind. L-1, peaking at 30 ind. L-1 during May. During the summer, the zooplankton community shifted from the ubiquitous Acartia tonsa towards Oithona sp. The increase in Oithona coincided with increases in picophytoplankton and may reflect the changing food resources available to zooplankton. Thus, the trophic implications of cyanobacterial dominance in sub-tropical estuaries need to be more fully assessed. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Murrel, MC (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM murrell.michael@epa.gov NR 49 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 25 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 371 EP 382 DI 10.1093/plankt/fbh038 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 802RA UT WOS:000220179400012 ER PT J AU Joy, RW Heirigs, PL Torgerson, GD St Denis, M Austin, TC Gordon, J Tefft, B Lindner, J AF Joy, RW Heirigs, PL Torgerson, GD St Denis, M Austin, TC Gordon, J Tefft, B Lindner, J TI Development of the IM147: An alternative inspection/maintenance mass-emission transient test to address vehicle preconditioning concerns SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB A series of studies was performed to develop an alternative to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's gold standard IM240 mass-based emission test. The new IM147 test was based on the second phase of the IM240 that consists of 147 sec of transient vehicle operation. Paired IM240/IM147 tests were conducted on vehicles ranging from 1981 to 1996 to determine IM147 cutpoints and excess emissions were identified. Additionally, an optimized test procedure was developed that combined possible triplicate IM147s with improved drive trace quality control, fast-pass, and retest methods. The optimized procedure was found to provide improved vehicle preconditioning with a relatively minor decrease in excess emissions identification. Resulting identification rates ranged from 96 to 100% for hydrocarbons (HC), 93-100% for CO, and 93-100% for NO., depending on cutpoint selection, while false failures caused by lack of vehicle preconditioning were reduced to essentially zero. Significant vehicle throughput improvements were achieved through the development of software algorithms involving modal fast-pass and retest procedures. Modal drive trace variation limits also were developed to improve test accuracy. The combination of the algorithms reduced average IM147 test times by nearly 60%. C1 Sierra Res Inc, Sacramento, CA USA. Gordon Darby Inc, Louisville, KY USA. US EPA, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Joy, RW (reprint author), Sierra Res Inc, Sacramento, CA USA. EM rjoy@sierraresearch.com NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 54 IS 3 BP 269 EP 285 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 800LR UT WOS:000220030300002 PM 15061610 ER PT J AU Gilmour, MI O'Connor, S Dick, CAJ Miller, CA Linak, WP AF Gilmour, MI O'Connor, S Dick, CAJ Miller, CA Linak, WP TI Differential pulmonary inflammation and in vitro cytotoxicity of size-fractionated fly ash particles from pulverized coal combustion SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; LUNG INJURY; MINE DUST; IRON; GENERATION; EXPOSURE AB Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Pulmonary inflammatory responses were examined in CD1 mice after intratracheal instillation of 25 or 100 mug of ultrafine (<0.2 mum), fine (<2.5 mum), and coarse (>2.5 mum) coal fly ash from a combusted Montana subbituminous coal, and of fine and coarse fractions from a combusted western Kentucky bituminous coal. After 18 hr, the lungs were lavaged and the bronchoalveolar fluid was assessed for cellular influx, biochemical markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The responses were compared with saline and endotoxin as negative and positive controls, respectively. On an equal mass basis, the ultrafine particles from combusted Montana coal induced a higher degree of neutrophil inflammation and cytokine levels than did the fine or coarse PM. The western Kentucky fine PM caused a moderate degree of inflammation and protein levels in bronchoalveolar fluid that were higher than the Montana fine PM. Coarse PM did not produce any significant effects. In vitro experiments with rat alveolar macrophages showed that of the particles tested, only the Montana ultrafine displayed significant cytotoxicity. It is concluded that fly ash toxicity is inversely related with particle size and is associated with increased sulfur and trace element content. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Atom Energy Commiss, Dept Radiobiol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gilmour.ian@epa.gov RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 42 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 11 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 54 IS 3 BP 286 EP 295 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 800LR UT WOS:000220030300003 PM 15061611 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S Smith, LA Norris, GA Morandi, MT Gonzales, M Noble, CA Neas, LM Ozkaynak, AH AF Mukerjee, S Smith, LA Norris, GA Morandi, MT Gonzales, M Noble, CA Neas, LM Ozkaynak, AH TI Field method comparison between passive air samplers and continuous monitors for VOCs and NO2 in El Paso, Texas SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DEL-NORTE OZONE; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; VARYING TEMPERATURES; PARTICULATE MATTER; PPB CONCENTRATIONS; 24-H EXPOSURES; OUTDOOR; AMBIENT; NETWORK AB This study evaluates the performance of Model 3300 Ogawa Passive Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Samplers and 3M 3520 Organic Vapor Monitors (OVMs) by comparing integrated passive sampling concentrations to averaged hourly NO, and volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements at two sites in El Paso, TX. Sampling periods were three time intervals (3-day weekend, 4-day weekday, and 7-day weekly) for three consecutive weeks. OVM concentrations were corrected for ambient pressure to account for higher elevation. Precise results (<5% relative standard deviation, RSD) were found for NO, measurements from collocated Ogawa samplers. Reproducibility was lower from duplicate OVMs for BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers) VOCs ( greater than or equal to7% RSD for 2-day samples) with better precision for longer sampling periods. Comparison of Ogawa NO2 samplers with chemiluminescence measurements averaged over the same time period suggested potential calibration problems with the chemiluminescence analyzer. For BTEX species, generally good agreement was obtained between OVMs and automated-gas chromatograph (auto-GC) measurements. The OVMs successfully tracked increasing levels of VOCs recorded by the auto-GCs. However, except for toluene, OVM BTEX measurements generally exceeded their continuous counterparts with a mean bias of 5-10%. Although interpretation of the study results was limited due to small sample sizes, diffusion barrier influences caused by shelters that housed OVMs and differences in sampling heights between OVMs and auto-GC inlet may explain the overestimation. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Exposure Modeling Res Branc, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div,, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Durham, NC USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Environm Characterizat & Ap, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div,, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RTI Int, Ctr Aerosol Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Exposure Modeling Res Branc, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div,, MD E205-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mukerjee.shaibal@epa.gov RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012; Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 53 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 20 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 54 IS 3 BP 307 EP 319 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 800LR UT WOS:000220030300005 PM 15068008 ER PT J AU Stevens, DL Olsen, AR AF Stevens, DL Olsen, AR TI Spatially balanced sampling of natural resources SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE environmental sampling; imperfect sampling frame; monitoring; non-response; spatial sampling; survey design; systematic sampling ID DESIGNS AB The spatial distribution of a natural resource is an important consideration in designing an efficient survey or monitoring program for the resource. Generally, sample sites that are spatially balanced, that is, more or less evenly dispersed over the extent of the resource, are more efficient than simple random sampling. We review a unified strategy for selecting spatially balanced probability samples of natural resources. The technique is based on creating a function that maps two-dimensional space into one-dimensional space, thereby defining an ordered spatial address. We use a restricted randomization to randomly order the addresses, so that systematic sampling along the randomly ordered linear structure results in a spatially well-balanced random sample. Variable inclusion probability, proportional to an arbitrary positive ancillary variable, is easily accommodated. The basic technique selects points in a two-dimensional continuum, but is also applicable to sampling finite populations or one-dimensional continua embedded in two-dimensional space. An extension of the basic technique gives a way to order the sample points so that any set of consecutively numbered points is in itself a spatially well-balanced sample. This latter property is extremely useful in adjusting the sample for the frame imperfections common in environmental sampling. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Stevens, DL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM stevens@stat.orsr.edu NR 45 TC 382 Z9 396 U1 4 U2 63 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 99 IS 465 BP 262 EP 278 DI 10.1198/016214504000000250 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 809LM UT WOS:000220638200025 ER PT J AU Denis-Mize, K Fout, GS Dahling, DR Francy, DS AF Denis-Mize, Kimberly Fout, G. Shay Dahling, Daniel R. Francy, Donna S. TI Detection of human enteric viruses in stream water with RT-PCR and cell culture SO JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH LA English DT Article DE enteric virus; quality control; RT-PCR; stream water AB A multiplex RT-PCR method was used to measure virus occurrence at five stream water sites that span a range of hydroclimatic, water-quality, and land-use characteristics. The performance of the molecular method was evaluated in comparison with traditional cell culture and Escherichia coli membrane filtration assays. The study incorporated multiple quality controls and included a control for virus recovery during the sampling procedure as well as controls to detect potentially false-negative and false-positive data. Poliovirus recovery ranged from 16 to 65% and was variable, even in samples collected within the same stream. All five sites were positive for viruses by both molecular and cell culture-based virus assays. Enteroviruses, reoviruses, rotaviruses, and hepatitis A viruses were detected, but the use of the quality controls proved critical for interpretation of the molecular data. All sites showed evidence of faecal contamination, and culturable viruses were detected in four samples that would have met the US Environmental Protection Agency's recommended E. coli guideline for safe recreational water. C1 [Fout, G. Shay; Dahling, Daniel R.] US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. [Denis-Mize, Kimberly; Francy, Donna S.] US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Fout, GS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM fout.shay@epa.gov NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 1477-8920 J9 J WATER HEALTH JI J. Water Health PD MAR PY 2004 VL 2 IS 1 BP 37 EP 47 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Microbiology; Water Resources GA V58BK UT WOS:000203924400004 PM 15384728 ER PT J AU Weiss, WJ Bouwer, EJ Ball, WP O'Melia, CR Aboytes, R Speth, TF AF Weiss, WJ Bouwer, EJ Ball, WP O'Melia, CR Aboytes, R Speth, TF TI Riverbank filtration: Effect of ground passage on NOM character SO JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; filtration; NOM; riverbank; XAD-8 ID ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC-CARBON; SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER TREATMENT; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; PREPARATIVE ISOLATION; BANK FILTRATION; MATTER; FRACTIONATION; REMOVAL AB Research was conducted to explore the effect of underground travel on the character of the natural organic matter (NOM) originating from river water sources during riverbank filtration (RBF) at three Midwestern US drinking water utilities. Measurements of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) showed significant reductions (50 to 90%) int the biodegradable portion NOM at two of the sites. Specific UV-absorbance (SUVA) values suggested preferential reduction (26% reduction in SUVA) in UV-absorbing NOM at one of the sites but negligible changes in SUVA were observed at the other two sites. XAD-8 characterization was carried out on the river and well waters to investigate possible changes in the character of the NOM. The distribution of dissolvedorganic carbon (DOC) between the XAD-8 adsorbing ('hydrophobic') and non-absorbing ('hydrophilic') fractions was similar between the river and well waters (40 to 70% hydrophilic and 30 to 60% hydrophobic), indicating no significant, consistens, preferential removal of either fraction upon ground passage. SUVA measurements on the seperate XAD-8 fractions similarly showed no significant change during bank filtration. Disinfection by-product (DBP) formation testing was performed on the various fractions, keeping the ratio of chlorine:DOC:bromide constant. DBP formation testing showed no preferential formation between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions in either the river or well waters. While the overall concentrations of organic DBP precursors are effectively reduced during bank filtration, the reductions appear to be largely the results of the reduction in NOM concentration rather than a consistent change in NOM character. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Amer Water, Belleville, IL 62220 USA. US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Weiss, WJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM jweiss@jhu.edu RI Ball, William/A-3285-2010 OI Ball, William/0000-0001-5217-8108 NR 50 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SUPPLY RES T JI J. Water Supply Res Technol.-Aqua PD MAR PY 2004 VL 53 IS 2 BP 61 EP 83 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 814DV UT WOS:000220956300001 ER PT J AU Blum, MJ Sloop, CM Ayres, DR Strong, DR AF Blum, MJ Sloop, CM Ayres, DR Strong, DR TI Characterization of microsatellite loci in Spartina species (Poaceae) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article ID ALTERNIFLORA; HYBRIDIZATION; CALIFORNIA; FOLIOSA; BAY; USA AB The cordgrasses in the genus Spartina have become model organisms for studying biological invasions from both ecological and genetic perspectives. Here we characterize 11 disomic loci in Spartina alterniflora that show promise for population studies and for studying hybridization events between S. alterniflora and S. foliosa. Comparisons among invasive and native S. alterniflora populations showed that levels of allelic variation are lower in invasive populations. In addition, nearly all loci that amplified in S. foliosa populations and in a swarm of S. alterniflora x foliosa hybrids were polymorphic. We also found that several loci amplified successfully in other Spartina species. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Ecol & Evolut, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Blum, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mol Ecol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM blum.mike@epa.gov NR 7 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD MAR PY 2004 VL 4 IS 1 BP 39 EP 42 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00556.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 777DJ UT WOS:000189159500013 ER PT J AU Oshiro, WM Krantz, QT Bushnell, PJ AF Oshiro, WM Krantz, QT Bushnell, PJ TI A search for residual behavioral effects of trichloroethylene in rats exposed as young adults SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE d-amphetamine; ethanol; learning; organic solvent; signal detection; sustained attention ID SIGNAL-DETECTION TASK; FREQUENCY HEARING-LOSS; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; SUSTAINED ATTENTION; TOLUENE EXPOSURE; INHALATION EXPOSURE; LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY; RECEPTOR LIGANDS; AGONIST BINDING AB Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an organic solvent with robust acute effects on the nervous system, but poorly documented long-term effects. This study employed a signal detection task (SDT) to assess the persistence of effects of repeated daily inhalation of TCE on sustained attention in rats. Adult male Long-Evans rats inhaled TCE at 0, 1600, or 2400 ppm, 6 h/day for 20 days (n = 8/group) and began learning the SDT 3 weeks later. Rats earned food by pressing one retractable response lever in a signal trial and a second lever in a blank (no signal) trial. TCE did not affect acquisition of the response rule or performance of the SDT after the intertrial interval (ITI) was changed from a constant value to a variable one. Increasing the trial presentation rate reduced accuracy equivalently in all groups. Injections of ethanol (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/kg ip) and d-amphetamine (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg sc) systematically impaired performance as functions of drug dose. d-Amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) reduced P(hit) more in the 2400-ppm TCE group than in the other groups. All rats required remedial training to learn a reversal of the response contingencies, which TCE did not interfere with. Thus, a history of exposure to TCE did not significantly alter learning or sustained attention in the absence of drugs. Although ethanol did not differentially affect the TCE groups, the effect of d-amphetamine is consistent with solvent-induced changes in dopaminergic functions in the CNS. Calculations indicated power values of 0.5 to 0.8 to detect main effects of TCE for the three primary endpoints. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, B105-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bushnell.philip@epa.gov NR 100 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 26 IS 2 BP 239 EP 251 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2003.12.005 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 806OY UT WOS:000220444400007 PM 15019957 ER PT J AU Boekelheide, K Darney, SP Daston, GP David, RM Luderer, U Olshan, AF Sanderson, WT Willhite, CC Woskie, S AF Boekelheide, K Darney, SP Daston, GP David, RM Luderer, U Olshan, AF Sanderson, WT Willhite, CC Woskie, S TI NTP-CERHR Expert Panel Report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of 2-bromopropane SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; BONE-MARROW; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; 1-BROMOPROPANE; SOLVENTS; SYSTEM; CELLS; SPERMATOGONIA; MUTAGENICITY; METABOLISM C1 Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. DTSC, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Lowell, MA USA. RP Boekelheide, K (reprint author), Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 18 IS 2 BP 189 EP 217 DI 10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.003 PG 29 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 806XN UT WOS:000220466700002 PM 15019719 ER PT J AU Turner, SJ Johnson, AR Whitford, WG AF Turner, SJ Johnson, AR Whitford, WG TI Pairwise species associations in the perennial vegetation of the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID LARREA-TRIDENTATA; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; PRESENCE ABSENCE; CREOSOTEBUSH; ECOSYSTEM; SOUTHWEST AB We analyzed pairwise species associations based on presence/absence data from transects of perennial vegetation at 129 sites located in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. The sites were chosen to represent the range of commonly encountered desert vegetation types from grassland to shrubland. Twenty-four significant associations were found, all of which were positive (i.e., the species pairs co-occurred more frequently than would be expected by chance). Some of the species associations identified by our analysis have been noted in the literature previously, but others have not and warrant further investigation. Given the nature and scale of the data used in our analysis, the associations we uncovered most likely represent species with similarities in ecological requirements or tolerances, but might or might not indicate strong interaction at the scale of individual plants. C1 St Cloud State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89195 USA. RP Turner, SJ (reprint author), St Cloud State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. EM sjturner@stcloudstate.edu NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0001:PSAITP>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 803EF UT WOS:000220213700001 ER PT J AU Haugland, RA Varma, M Wymer, LJ Vesper, SJ AF Haugland, RA Varma, M Wymer, LJ Vesper, SJ TI Quantitative PCR analysis of selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces species SO SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus; Penicillium; Paecilomyces; QPCR; exposure; indoor; mold ID STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM CONIDIA; REAL-TIME; MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION; INDOOR MOLDS; PRODUCTS; HOMES; FUNGI; DUST AB A total of 65 quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays, incorporating fluorigenic 5' nuclease (TaqMan(R)) chemistry and directed at the nuclear ribosomal RNA operon, internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 or ITS2) was developed and tested for the detection of selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces species. The assays varied in specificity from species or subspecies to closely related species groups, subject to the amount of nucleotide sequence variation in the different organisms. A generic assay for all target species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces was also developed and tested. Using a previously reported DNA extraction method, estimated conidia detection limits for target species ranged from less than one to several hundred per sample for the different assays. Conidia detection limits for non-target species were at least 1,000 fold higher in nearly all instances. The assays were used to analyze ten HVAC dust samples from different sources around the US. Total quantities of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces conidia in the samples, determined by the generic assay and the summed totals from the specific assays, were in general agreement, suggesting that all of the numerically dominant species in the samples were accounted for by the specific assays. QPCR analyses of these samples after spiking them with selected target organisms indicated that the enumeration results were within approximately a one-half log range of the expected values 95% of the time. Evidence is provided that the commonly used practices of enumerating Aspergillus and Penicillium as a single group or only by genus can be misleading in understanding the indoor populations of these organisms and their potential health risks. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM haugland.rich@epa.gov NR 24 TC 174 Z9 179 U1 7 U2 50 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0723-2020 J9 SYST APPL MICROBIOL JI Syst. Appl. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 27 IS 2 BP 198 EP 210 DI 10.1078/072320204322881826 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 806XT UT WOS:000220467300010 PM 15046309 ER PT J AU Barron, MG Carls, MG Heintz, R Rice, SD AF Barron, MG Carls, MG Heintz, R Rice, SD TI Evaluation of fish early life-stage toxicity models of chronic embryonic exposures to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; aryl hydrocarbon receptor; narcosis; fish embryo ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; WEATHERED CRUDE-OIL; RAINBOW-TROUT; MORTALITY; WATER; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; SENSITIVITY; INDUCTION; RETENE; DAMAGE AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can cause a variety of effects in early life-stages of fish that have been chronically exposed as embryos, including mortality, deformities, and edemas. Mechanistic models of the chronic toxicity of complex mixtures of PAHs in fish have not been reported, with the exception of a previously untested model based on the lipids of fish as the site of action and toxicity caused through a narcosis mechanism. Four mechanism-based models of the chronic toxicity of embryonic exposures to complex mixtures of petrogenic PAHs in two species of fish, Pacific herring and pink salmon, were evaluated using a toxic-units approach: narcosis, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonism, alkyl phenanthrene toxicity, and combined toxicity. Alkyl phenanthrenes were the predominant PAH constituent determining early life-stage toxicity in both herring and salmon. The alkyl phenanthrene model had 67 to 80% accuracy in predicting the absence or presence of significant early life-stage toxicity, compared with a 40 to 50% accuracy and general underprediction of toxicity with the narcosis model. PAHs with high relative AhR affinity did not appear to contribute substantially to the observed early life-stage toxicity because of low concentrations of the most potent AhR agonists. Narcosis appeared to primarily contribute to embryo mortality and to be predominantly controlled by the concentration of naphthalenes. Except for the highest PAH exposure to herring, the primary toxic unit contribution to the combined toxicity model was alkyl phenanthrene toxicity to both herring and salmon. We recommend the continued use of total PAHs as a metric of exposure until mechanistic models have been further evaluated. C1 PEAK Res, Longmont, CO 80501 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Barron, MG (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM barron.mace@epa.gov NR 23 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 55 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 60 EP 67 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh051 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 801DG UT WOS:000220076000008 PM 14691206 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE TI Interactive effects of vinclozolin and testosterone propionate on pregnancy and sexual differentiation of the male and female SD Rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE sexual differentiation; endocrine-disrupting compounds; cumulative risk; androgen; antiandrogen ID ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; IN-VITRO; ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIANDROGENS; PRENATAL TESTOSTERONE; LAMB PERFORMANCE; ANDROGENS; FETAL; FUNGICIDE; BEHAVIOR; ALTERS AB In mammals, androgens are essential in directing mammalian sexual differentiation of the male phenotype. Administration of testosterone during this period alters female development in a male-like direction, whereas exposure to an androgen receptor antagonist like vinclozolin (V) demasculinizes and feminizes the male offspring. In the current study, we administered V (gavage at 200 mg/kg/day) and/or testosterone propionate (TP, sc, at 1 mg/rat/day), alone and in combination to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats on days 14 through 19 of pregnancy, to determine if V would antagonize the effects of TP in the female and, conversely, if TP would antagonize the effects of V in the male offspring. These doses of TP and V were selected because they significantly alter sexual differentiation in the majority of female and male rat offspring, respectively, without producing severe toxicity in the dam or offspring. The study design is a 2 x 2 factorial (7 dams per group) including vehicle control, V, TP, and V + TP groups. As expected, individually, both V and TP reduced maternal weight gain and the V + TP group was affected in a cumulative fashion. Litter size on postnatal day (PND) 2 was reduced only by V + TP, whereas pup body weight was reduced in all three treated groups, the effect of V + TP again being cumulative. In female offspring, TP-induced alterations (i.e., increased anogenital distance [AGD] and fewer nipples, vaginal agenesis, hydrometrocolpos, induced prostate and bulbourethral glands, and levator ani muscle tissues) were all reversed by coadministration of V. In male offspring, V-induced alterations were only modestly antagonized by TP. At the dosage levels used herein, V + TP-treated male offspring had less well-developed nipples as infants and adults and a lower incidence of ectopic testis than did the V group. However, V-induced changes in reproductive organ weights, AGD, atrophic testes, vaginal pouch, and agenesis of the sex accessory tissues were not antagonized by concurrent TP treatment in male offspring. We observed that the combination of V and TP, two chemicals with opposing endocrine action, antagonized one another during sexual differentiation, especially in the female offspring and induced cumulative effects on maternal and neonatal toxicity. We suspect that antagonism of V by TP would be enhanced in the male if lower dose levels of V were used, but then the antagonism of TP by V in the female would likely be attenuated. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, MD 72,2525 Highway 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epa.gov NR 38 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh018 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 801DG UT WOS:000220076000016 PM 14736997 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Laws, SC Crofton, KM Hedge, JM Ferrell, JM Cooper, RL AF Stoker, TE Laws, SC Crofton, KM Hedge, JM Ferrell, JM Cooper, RL TI Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE polybrominated diphenyl ethers; EDSP Tier I screen; pubertal development; thyroid hormones; hepatic enzyme activity ID ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; THYROID-HORMONE; MALE-RAT; EDSTAC RECOMMENDATIONS; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; PREPUBERTAL EXPOSURES; SEXUAL-MATURATION; FLAME RETARDANTS; C57BL/6J MICE; HUMAN-MILK AB DE-71, a commercial mixture, was used to test the sensitivity of the female and male pubertal protocol to detect thyroid active chemicals. These protocols are being evaluated for the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program as part of a Tier I Screening Battery. To examine the ability of these protocols to screen for chemicals that induce the clearance of thyroid hormone, we examined male and female Wistar rats following DE-71 exposure. Rats were gavaged daily with 0, 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg DE in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 23-53 in the male or PND 22-41 in the female. The temporal effects of DE-71 on liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were measured in another group of males and females following only 5 days of dosing (PND 21 to 26 in females and PND 23 to 28 in males). Serum T4 was significantly decreased at 30 and 60 mg/kg following the 5-day exposures and in the 21-day exposed females. Doses of 3, 30, and 60 mg/kg decreased T4 in 31-day exposed males. Serum T3 was decreased and TSH elevated by 30 and 60 mg/kg in the 31-day exposed males only. Decreased colloid area and increased follicular cell heights (indicative of the hypothyroid state) were observed in thyroids of the 60 mg/kg groups of 20- and 31-day exposed female and males. Increased liver-to-body weight ratios coincided with a significant induction of uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDGPT; two to four-fold), and ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD) at the two highest doses in all exposures. Of the androgen dependent tissues in the 31-day exposed males, seminal vesicle (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights were reduced at 60 mg/kg, while testes and epididymal weights were not affected. Preputial separation (PPS) was also significantly delayed by doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. In the female, the 60 mg/kg dose also caused a significant delay in the age of vaginal opening. Based upon the thyroid hormone response data, this study provides evidence that the 31-day alternative Tier 1 male protocol is a more sensitive test protocol than the 5-day or female pubertal protocol for thyrotoxic agents that act via up-regulation of hepatic metabolism. This apparent greater sensitivity may be due a greater body burden attained following the longer dosing regimen as compared with that of the female protocol, or to gender specific differences in thyroid hormone metabolism. Also, the delay in PPS and reduction in SV and VP weights may indicate a modification or inhibition of endogenous androgenic stimulation directly by DE-71 or a secondary effect that occurs in response to a DE-induced change in thyroid hormones. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stoker, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM stoker.tammy@epa.gov RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 60 TC 183 Z9 201 U1 7 U2 26 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 144 EP 155 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh029 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 801DG UT WOS:000220076000017 PM 14999130 ER PT J AU Chen, JG Thirkill, TL Lohstroh, PN Bielmeier, SR Narotsky, MG Best, DS Harrison, RA Natarajan, K Pegram, RA Overstreet, JW Lasley, BL Douglas, GC AF Chen, JG Thirkill, TL Lohstroh, PN Bielmeier, SR Narotsky, MG Best, DS Harrison, RA Natarajan, K Pegram, RA Overstreet, JW Lasley, BL Douglas, GC TI Bromodichloromethane inhibits human placental trophoblast differentiation SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE pregnancy; bioactivity; desmosomes; toxicity ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; EARLY FETAL LOSS; HORMONE RECEPTOR GENE; DRINKING-WATER SOURCE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; BIRTH OUTCOMES; IN-VITRO; TRIHALOMETHANES AB Epidemiological data suggest an association between exposures to bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a trihalomethane found in drinking water as a result of drinking water disinfection, and an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. We previously hypothesized that BDCM targets the placenta and showed that the secretion of chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) was reduced in primary cultures of human term syncytiotrophoblasts exposed to BDCM. In the present study we extend this observation by evaluating the effects of BDCM on the morphological differentiation of mononucleated cytotrophoblast cells to multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast-like colonies. Addition of BDCM to cytotrophoblast cultures inhibited the subsequent formation of multinucleated colonies in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by immunocytochemical staining for desmosomes and nuclei. The effect was seen at BDCM concentrations between 0.02 and 2 mM and was confirmed by quantitative image analysis. Secretion of bioactive and immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin was also significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner under these culture conditions, and cellular levels of CG were also reduced. Trophoblast viability was not compromised by exposure to BDCM. We conclude that BDCM disrupts syncytiotrophoblast formation and inhibits CG secretion in vitro. Although other tissue targets are not ruled out, these data substantiate the idea that BDCM targets the placenta and could have implications for understanding the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with BDCM exposure in humans. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Sch Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Hlth & Environm, Sch Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Douglas, GC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Sch Med, Tupper Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM gcdouglas@ucdavis.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05707, ES06198, P42ES04699] NR 60 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 1 BP 166 EP 174 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh046 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 801DG UT WOS:000220076000019 PM 14691210 ER PT J AU Ross, MK Pegram, RA AF Ross, MK Pegram, RA TI In vitro biotransformation and genotoxicity of the drinking water disinfection byproduct bromodichloromethane: DNA binding mediated by glutathione transferase theta 1-1 SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glutathione transferase theta 1-1; cytochrome P450 2E1; bromodichloromethane; DNA damage ID ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; METABOLISM; RAT; TRIHALOMETHANES; CHLORINATION; SALMONELLA; CHLOROFORM; INDUCTION; TOXICITY AB The drinking water disinfection byproduct bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2) was previously shown to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium that overexpress rat glutathione transferase theta 1-1 (GSTT1-1). Several experimental approaches were undertaken in this study to investigate the DNA covalent binding potential of reactive intermediates generated by GSTT1-1-mediated metabolism of CHBrCl2. First, rodent hepatic cytosol incubations containing [C-14]CHBrCl2, supplemented glutathione (GSH), and calf thymus DNA resulted in approximately 3-fold (rat liver cytosol) and 7-fold (mouse liver cytosol) greater amounts of total radioactivity (RAD) associated with the purified DNA as compared to a control (absence of rodent cytosol) following liquid scintillation counting (LSC) of isolated DNA. The relative increase in DNA labeling is consistent with the conjugation activity of these rodent cytosols toward CHBrCl2. Second, exposure of GSTT1-1-expressing S. typhimurium to [C-14]CHBrCl2 resulted in a concentration-dependent increase of bacterial DNA-associated total radioactivity. Characterization of DNA-associated radioactivity could not be assigned to a specific deoxynucleoside adduct(s) following enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA and subsequent HPLC analysis. A possible explanation for this observation was formation of a 'transient' adduct that was unstable in the DNA isolation and hydrolysis procedures employed. To circumvent problems of adduct instability, reactions of [C-14]CHBrCl2 with GSH catalyzed by recombinant rat GSTT1-1 were performed in the presence of calf thymus DNA or, alternatively, the model nucleophile deoxyguanosine. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of [C-14]-labeled DNA or HPLC chromatography of [C-14]-labeled deoxyguanosine derivatives demonstrated the covalent binding of [C-14] CHBrCl2-derived metabolites to DNA and deoxyguanosine in low yield (approximately 0.02% of [C-14]CHBrCl2 biotransformed by GSTT1-1 resulted in DNA adducts). Cytochrome P450 (CYP)- and GST-catalyzed biotransformation of CHBrCl2 in rat tissues (kidney and large intestine) that develop tumors following chronic CHBrCl2 exposure were compared with rat liver (a nontarget tissue). Rat liver had a significant capacity to detoxify CHBrCl2 (to carbon dioxide) compared with kidney and large intestine as a result of CYP-catalyzed oxidation, liver was approximately 16-fold more efficient than kidney and large intestine when intrinsic clearance values (V-max/K-m) were compared. In contrast, the efficiency of GST-mediated GSH conjugation of CHBrCl2 in kidney and large intestine was only slightly lower than liver (approximately 2- to 4-fold lower), thus, the relative amounts of reactive intermediates that are produced with the capacity to covalently modify DNA may be enhanced in these extrahepatic tissues. The significance of these findings is that conjugation of CHBrCl2 with GSH can result in the covalent modification of DNA and that cancer target tissues in rats have a much reduced detoxification capacity, but only a modest decrease in bioactivation capacity, as compared to the liver (a nontarget tissue in rats). (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Pegram, RA (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, ORD, MD-B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pegram.rex@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [F32 ES11111-01] NR 55 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR 1 PY 2004 VL 195 IS 2 BP 166 EP 181 DI 10.1016/i.taap.2003.11.019 PG 16 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 801KJ UT WOS:000220094500004 PM 14998683 ER PT J AU Kinnee, EJ Touma, JS Mason, R Thurman, J Beidler, A Bailey, C Cook, R AF Kinnee, EJ Touma, JS Mason, R Thurman, J Beidler, A Bailey, C Cook, R TI Allocation of onroad mobile emissions to road segments for air toxics modeling in an urban area SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ISCST3; benzene; geographic information system; link-based emissions ID PROXIMITY AB Dispersion models are useful tools for setting emission control priorities and developing strategies for reducing air toxics emissions. Previous methodologies for modeling hazardous air pollutant emissions for onroad mobile sources are based on using spatial surrogates to allocate county level emissions to grid cells. A disadvantage of this process is that it spreads onroad emissions throughout a grid cell instead of along actual road locations. High local concentrations may be underestimated near major roadways, which are often clustered in urban centers. Here, we describe a methodology which utilizes a Geographic Information System to allocate benzene emissions to major road segments in an urban area and model the segments as elongated area sources. The Industrial Source Complex Short Term dispersion model is run using both gridded and link-based emissions to evaluate the effect of improved spatial allocation of emissions on ambient modeled benzene concentrations. Allocating onroad mobile emissions to road segments improves the agreement between modeled concentrations when compared with monitor observations, and also results in higher estimated concentrations in the urban center. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Comp Sci Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Durham, NC 27707 USA. US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Missions Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kinnee, EJ (reprint author), Comp Sci Corp, POB 12804, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM kinnee.ellen@epa.gov NR 14 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1361-9209 J9 TRANSPORT RES D-TR E JI Transport. Res. Part D-Transport. Environ. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 9 IS 2 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1016/j.trd.2003.09.003 PG 12 WC Environmental Studies; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Transportation GA 778HP UT WOS:000189233800004 ER PT J AU Vandenbergh, MP AF Vandenbergh, Michael P. TI From smokestack to SUV: The individual as regulated entity in the new era of environmental law SO VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW LA English DT Review AB A debate between advocates of command and control regulation and advocates of economic incentives has dominated environmental legal scholarship over the last three decades. Both sides in the debate implicitly embrace the premise that regulatory measures should be directed almost exclusively at large industrial polluters. This Article asserts that for many pollutants the premise is no longer supportable, and that much of the focus of regulation in the future should turn to individuals and households. Examining a wide range of empirical data, the Article presents the first profile of individual behavior as a source of pollution. The profile demonstrates that individuals constitute a surprisingly large source and that the resulting environmental harms may be substantial. Reconceptualizing individuals as targets of regulatory action will require corresponding changes in regulatory theories and methods, and agency management. The Article suggests that although traditional command and control and economic measures have limited prospects for changing individual behavior, innovative uses of informational regulation and norm management, both alone and in combination with the traditional measures, are potentially powerful tools. The Article also proposes agency management reforms, including development of agency expertise on the social influences of agency actions and a reexamination of the administrative procedures needed for informational regulatory measures. The new view of the individual as polluter presented in this Article thus not only challenges a fundamental premise of the environmental regulatory debate but offers an agenda for the evolution of the regulatory state. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Law, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Vandenbergh, MP (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Law, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. NR 195 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW PI NASHVILLE PA VANDERBILT UNIV SCHOOL OF LAW, NASHVILLE, TN 37240 USA SN 0042-2533 J9 VANDERBILT LAW REV JI Vanderbilt Law Rev. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 57 IS 2 BP 515 EP + PG 115 WC Law SC Government & Law GA V42OZ UT WOS:000202878100003 ER PT J AU Impellitteri, CA AF Impellitteri, CA TI Effects of pH and competing anions on the speciation of arsenic in fixed ionic strength solutions by solid phase extraction cartridges SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arsenite; arsenate; speciation; anion exchange resin ID DIFFERENTIAL PULSE POLAROGRAPHY; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION-SPECTROMETRY; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HYDRIDE-GENERATION; DRINKING-WATER; NATURAL-WATERS; SEDIMENT EXTRACTS; HUMAN HEALTH; EXCHANGE; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Anion exchange resins (AERs) separate As(V) and As(III) in solution by retaining As(V) and allowing As(III) to pass through. Anion exchange resins offer several advantages including cost, portability, and ease of use. The use of AERs for the instantaneous speciation of As minimizes the effects of preservatives on As species analysis. The aims of this study were to: (1) Examine the effects of pH and competing anions on the efficacy of solid phase extraction cartridges (SPECs) for speciation of As in a 0.01 mol L-1 NaNO3 background electrolyte. (2) Identify optimal conditions (e.g. flow rates) for As speciation. (3) Calculate method detection limits (MDLs) from spiked background electrolyte and percent recoveries of As species from spiked extracts of mine wastes. The most effective SPEC retained As(V) through a range of environmentally relevant pH values (4-8). The mass loading capacity for As(V) was reduced in the background electrolyte (0.006 mg) compared with As(V) in deionized H2O (0.75 mg). Some retention (10-20%) of As(III) occurred on pre-wetted cartridges. Approximately 98% of spiked As(III) passed through dry cartridges. The recommended flow rate (0.5 mL min(-1)) was increased to 5 mL min(-1) without significant effect on As(V) retention. The presence of anions decreased the retention of As(V) with sulfate and phosphate having the greatest impact. MDLs were 0.004 mg L-1 for both inorganic species. Spike recoveries in 0.01 M NaNO3 mine waste extracts averaged 94% for As(III) and 107% for As(V). Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Impellitteri, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM impellitteri.christopher@epa.gov NR 42 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1207 EP 1214 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.023 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 800EY UT WOS:000220012900015 PM 14975654 ER PT J AU Lunetta, RS Johnson, DM Lyon, JG Crotwell, J AF Lunetta, RS Johnson, DM Lyon, JG Crotwell, J TI Impacts of imagery temporal frequency on land-cover change detection monitoring SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; land-cover change; temporal frequency; accuracy assessment ID UNITED-STATES; MSS DATA; INDEXES AB dAn important consideration for monitoring land-cover (LC) change is the nominal temporal frequency of remote sensor data acquisitions required to adequately characterize change events. Ecosystem-specific regeneration rates are an important consideration for determining the required frequency of data collections to minimize change omission errors. Clear-cut forested areas in north central North Carolina undergo rapid colonization from pioneer (replacement) vegetation that is often difficult to differentiate spectrally from that previously present. This study compared change detection results for temporal frequencies corresponding to 3-, 7-, and 10-year time intervals for near-anniversary date Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data acquisitions corresponding to a single path/row. Change detection was performed using an identical change vector analysis (CVA) technique for all imagery dates. Although the accuracy of the 3-year analysis was acceptable (86.3%, kappa = 0.55), a significant level of change omission errors resulted (51.7%). Accuracies associated with both the 7-year (43.6%, kappa = 0.10) and 10-year (37.2%, kappa=0.05) temporal frequency analyses performed poorly, with excessive change omission errors of 84.8% and 86.3%, respectively. The average rate of LC change observed over the study area for the 13-year index period (1987-2000) was approximately 1.0% per annum. Overall results indicated that a minimum of 3-4-year temporal data acquisition frequency is required to monitor LC change events in north central North Carolina. Reductions in change omission errors could probably best be achieved by further increasing temporal data acquisition frequencies to a 1-2-year time interval. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lunetta, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lunetta.ross@epa.gov NR 28 TC 101 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB 29 PY 2004 VL 89 IS 4 BP 444 EP 454 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.022 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 777GA UT WOS:000189166600004 ER PT J AU Jenkins, SM Barone, S AF Jenkins, SM Barone, S TI The neurotoxicant trimethyltin induces apoptosis via caspase activation, p38 protein kinase, and oxidative stress in PC12 cells SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE organotins; programmed cell death; PC12 cells; neurodegeneration ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; RAT; DIFFERENTIATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; DEFICIENCIES; TRANSDUCTION; INVOLVEMENT; HIPPOCAMPUS; MECHANISMS AB Acute exposure to trimethyltin (TMT) causes neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus, amygdala, pyriform cortex, and neocortex [Am. J. Pathol. 97 (1979) 59]. Despite extensive efforts elucidating neuropathological changes and behavioral deficits following TMT exposure, only a limited amount of work has examined the molecular signaling mechanisms that lead to these changes. The present paper demonstrates that TMT impairs neurite outgrowth and cell viability in an in vitro model of neuronal development. The decrease in cell viability is paralleled by a decrease in cell body size, an increase in DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-9, and cleavage of the caspase substrate poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). These results suggest that TMT induces apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase activity, p38 stress-responsive protein kinase activity, or oxidative stress prevented TMT-induced cell death. This work provides the first evidence for a TMT-initiated apoptotic pathway requiring oxidative stress, caspase activation, and p38 protein kinase activity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, OAQPS ESD REAG, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill Program Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Jenkins, SM (reprint author), US EPA, OAQPS ESD REAG, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div, C404-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 60 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD FEB 28 PY 2004 VL 147 IS 1 BP 63 EP 72 DI 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.023 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 766MQ UT WOS:000188380500007 PM 14700529 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, G Hattis, D Russ, A Sonawane, B AF Ginsberg, G Hattis, D Russ, A Sonawane, B TI Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of caffeine and theophylline in neonates and adults: Implications for assessing children's risks from environmental agents SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES LA English DT Review ID HUMAN LIVER-MICROSOMES; CARDIAC-OUTPUT MEASUREMENTS; DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; ACID HEPATIC FATALITIES; HUMAN CYTOCHROMES P-450; PREMATURE-INFANTS; IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING AB Children's risks can differ from those in adults for numerous reasons, one being differences in the pharmacokinetic handling of chemicals. Immature metabolism and a variety of other factors in neonates can affect chemical disposition and clearance. These factors can be incorporated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that simulate the fate of environmental toxicants in both children and adults. PBPK models are most informative when supported by empirical data, but typically pediatric pharmacokinetic data for toxicants are not available. In contrast, pharmacokinetic data in children are readily available for therapeutic drugs. The current analysis utilizes data for caffeine and theophylline, closely related xanthines that are both cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A2 substrates, in developing PBPK models for neonates and adults. Model development involved scale-up of in vitro metabolic parameters to whole liver and adjusting metabolic function for the ontological pattern of CYP1A2 and other CYPs. Model runs were able to simulate the large differences in half-life and clearance between neonates and adults. Further, the models were able to reproduce the faster metabolic clearance of theophylline relative to caffeine in neonates. This differential between xanthines was found to be due primarily to an extra metabolic pathway available to theophylline, back-methylation to caffeine, that is not available to caffeine itself. This pathway is not observed in adults exemplifying the importance of secondary or novel routes of metabolism in the immature liver. Greater CYP2E1 metabolism of theophylline relative to caffeine in neonates also occurs. Neonatal PBPK models developed for these drugs may be adapted to other CYP1A2 substrates (e.g., arylamine toxicants). A stepwise approach for modeling environmental toxicants in children is proposed. C1 Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Clark Univ, Ctr Technol Environm & Dev, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ginsberg, G (reprint author), Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, POB 340308,Mail Stop 11CHA, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. EM gary.ginsberg@po.state.ct.us NR 117 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health Part A PD FEB 27 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 4 BP 297 EP 329 DI 10.1080/15287390490273550 PG 33 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 803MR UT WOS:000220235700003 PM 14713563 ER PT J AU Edwards, LC Freeman, HS Claxton, LD AF Edwards, LC Freeman, HS Claxton, LD TI Developing azo and formazan dyes based on environmental considerations: Salmonella mutagenicity SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; metal-complex; formazan dye ID RIVER WATER; BACTERIAL MUTAGENICITY; INDUSTRIAL-WASTES; PAULO STATE; TYPHIMURIUM; JAPAN; IDENTIFICATION; GENOTOXICITY; EFFLUENTS; TESTS AB In previous papers, the synthesis and chemical properties of iron-complexed azo and formazan dyes were reported. It was shown that in certain cases iron could be substituted for the traditionally used metals such as chromium and cobalt, without having an adverse effect on dye stability. While these results suggested that the iron analogs were potential replacements for the commercially used chromium and cobalt prototypes, characterization of potentially adverse environmental effects of the new dyes was deemed an essential step in their further development. The present paper provides results from using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay to determine the mutagenicity of some important commercial metal complexed dyes, their unmetallized forms, and the corresponding iron-complexed analogs. The study compared the mutagenic properties of six unmetallized azo dyes, six commercial cobalt- or chromium-complexed azo dyes, six iron-complexed azo dyes, six unmetallized formazan dyes, and six iron-complexed formazan dyes. The results of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of the unmetallized dye precursors plays a role in determining the mutagenicity of the iron-complexes. For the monoazo dye containing a nitro group, metal complex formation using iron or chromium decreased or removed mutagenicity in TA 100; however, little reduction in mutagenicity was noted in TA98. For the formazan dye containing a nitro group, metal-complex formation using iron increased mutagenicity. Results varied for metal-complexes of azo and formazan dyes without nitro groups, but in general, the metal-complexed dyes based on mutagenic ligands were also mutagenic, while those dyes based on nonmutagenic ligands were nonmutagenic. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Text, Dept Text Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Freeman, HS (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Text, Dept Text Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM harold_freeman@ncsu.edu OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 39 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD FEB 26 PY 2004 VL 546 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 28 DI 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.10.002 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 772JL UT WOS:000188838800003 PM 14757189 ER PT J AU Lee, WJ Hoppin, JA Blair, A Lubin, JH Dosemeci, M Sandler, DP Alavanja, MCR AF Lee, WJ Hoppin, JA Blair, A Lubin, JH Dosemeci, M Sandler, DP Alavanja, MCR TI Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to alachlor in the Agricultural Health Study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agriculture; cohort studies; herbicides; leukemia; multiple myeloma; neoplasms; occupational exposure; pesticides ID LONG-EVANS RAT; PROSTATE-CANCER; RISK-FACTORS; MANUFACTURING WORKERS; IOWA; FARMERS; MEN; MINNESOTA; EXPOSURES; MORTALITY AB The authors evaluated the incidence of cancer among pesticide applicators with exposure to alachlor in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. A total of 49,980 pesticide applicators are included in this analysis; 26,510 applicators (53%) reported use of alachlor on the enrollment questionnaire. Detailed pesticide exposure and other information were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire completed at the time of enrollment (1993-1997). Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the exposure-response relations between alachlor and cancer incidence controlled for the effects of potential confounding factors. A total of 1,466 incident malignant neoplasms were diagnosed during the study period, 1993-2000. Among alachlor-exposed applicators, the authors found a significant increasing trend for incidence of all lymphohematopoietic cancers associated with lifetime exposure-days (p for trend = 0.02) and intensity-weighted exposure-days (p for trend = 0.03) to alachlor. The risks of leukemia (rate ratio = 2.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.74,10.9) and multiple myeloma (rate ratio = 5.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.70, 45.7) were increased among applicators in the highest alachlor exposure category. Our findings suggest a possible association between alachlor application and incidence of lymphohematopoietic cancers among applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. C1 NCI, Occupat & Environm Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Rockville, MD USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NCI, Biostat Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Rockville, MD USA. RP Alavanja, MCR (reprint author), NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, 6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 8000, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM alavanjm@mail.nih.gov OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 NR 34 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 159 IS 4 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1093/aje/kwh040 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 774GQ UT WOS:000188971800007 PM 14769641 ER PT J AU Wade, TJ Sandhu, SK Levy, D Lee, S LeChevallier, MW Katz, L Colford, JM AF Wade, TJ Sandhu, SK Levy, D Lee, S LeChevallier, MW Katz, L Colford, JM TI Did a severe flood in the midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE communicable diseases; diarrhea; gastrointestinal tract; natural disasters; water ID DRINKING-WATER; CONSUMPTION; ILLNESS AB Severe flooding occurred in the midwestern United States in 2001. Since November 2000, coincidentally, data on gastrointestinal symptoms had been collected for a drinking water intervention study in a community along the Mississippi River that was affected by the flood. After the flood had subsided, the authors asked these subjects (n = 1, 110) about their contact with floodwater. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether rates of gastrointestinal illness were elevated during the flood and whether contact with floodwater was associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal illness. An increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms during the flood was observed (incidence rate ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.58), and this effect was pronounced among persons with potential sensitivity to infectious gastrointestinal illness. Tap water consumption was not related to gastrointestinal symptoms before, during, or after the flood. An association between gastrointestinal symptoms and contact with floodwater was also observed, and this effect was pronounced in children. This appears to be the first report of an increase in endemic gastrointestinal symptoms in a longitudinal cohort prospectively observed during a flood. These findings suggest that severe climatic events can result in an increase in the endemic incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the United States. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Div Human Studies, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Water, Voorhees, NJ USA. Scott Cty Hlth Dept, Davenport, IA USA. RP Colford, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 140 Warren Hall,MC 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jcolford@socrates.berkeley.edu FU ODCDC CDC HHS [U50/CCU916961-01] NR 25 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 159 IS 4 BP 398 EP 405 DI 10.1093/aje/kwh050 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 774GQ UT WOS:000188971800010 PM 14769644 ER PT J AU Fang, X Stefan, HG Eaton, JG McCormick, JH Alam, SR AF Fang, X Stefan, HG Eaton, JG McCormick, JH Alam, SR TI Simulation of thermal/dissolved oxygen habitat for fishes in lakes under different climate scenarios - Part 1. Cool-water fish in the contiguous US SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE climate effects; dissolved oxygen; dynamic model; fish; habitat; lakes; lake model; water temperature; USA ID DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; TEMPERATURE SIMULATION; THERMAL HABITAT; STRIPED BASS; MODEL; QUALITY; VALIDATION; ICE; WINTERKILL; RISK AB Fish habitat is strongly constrained by water temperature and available dissolved oxygen (DO). Thermal/DO habitat for cool-waterfish in small lakes was therefore determined from simulated daily water temperature and DO profiles. Twenty-seven types of lakes were simulated with past (1961-1979) climate conditions observed at 209 weather stations in the contiguous USA as input, and with a 2xCO(2) climate scenario that is projected to occur at the same locations. The output of the Canadian Climate Centre General Circulation Model (CCC GCM) was used to determine the climate data increments for a doubling of atmospheric CO2. A verified, process-oriented, unsteady and one-dimensional (vertical) lake water quality model (MINLAKE96) was used for the year-round temperature and DO simulations, which were run in a continuous mode over a 19-year simulation period. Water temperature and DO criteria for survival and good-growth of cool-water fish were provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Cool-water fish in this study comprise seven species, northern pike, white sucker, black crappie, white crappie, yellow perch, sauger, and walleye. Nine fish habitat parameters were developed to quantify thermal habitat of cool-water fish and were extracted for the 27 lake types at 209 locations of the contiguous US. Fish habitat parameters were found to depend more strongly on lake geometry (surface area and maximum depth) and less on trophic state. Winterkill which occurs in eutrophic and mesotrophic, shallow lakes of the north-central and northeastern states of the contiguous US under present climate conditions, is projected to disappear under the 2xCO(2) climate scenario due to a shortening of the ice cover period. Climate warming is projected to increase the good-growth period of cool-water fish by up to 137 days in lakes in the north-central and northeastern states and to decrease it by up to 103 days in lakes at several south-central and southeastern states of the contiguous US. Due to climate warming, the good-growth period, the good-growth habitat areas and the good-growth habitat volumes of cool-water fish are projected to increase by 20, 10, and 8% from the past values, respectively, in medium-depth lakes of the contiguous US. Climate warming is projected to reduce the number of locations, where lakes have suitable cool-water fish habitat, by up to 62 out of 209 (30%). Average reductions are 56, 42, and 7 locations (27, 20, and 3%) for shallow (4 m), medium-depth (13 m), and deep (24 m) lakes, respectively. Summerkill under the projected 2xCO(2) CCC climate scenario is a projected significant negative impact on cool-water fish in southern lakes of the contiguous US, where suitable habitat existed under past conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Stefan, HG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. EM fangxu@hal.lamar.edu; stefa001@umn.edu NR 54 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 172 IS 1 BP 13 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00282-5 PG 25 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776PD UT WOS:000189124200002 ER PT J AU Fang, X Stefan, HG Eaton, JG McCormick, JH Alam, SR AF Fang, X Stefan, HG Eaton, JG McCormick, JH Alam, SR TI Simulation of thermal/dissolved oxygen habitat for fishes in lakes under different climate scenarios - Part 2. Cold-water fish in the contiguous US SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE climate effects; dissolved oxygen; dynamic model; fish; fish habitat; lakes; lake model; water temperature; USA AB Fish habitat is strongly constrained by water temperature and available dissolved oxygen (DO). Thermal/dissolved oxygen habitat for cold-waterfish in small lakes was therefore determined from simulated daily water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. Twenty-seven types of lakes were simulated with past (1961-1979) climate conditions observed at 209 weather stations in the USA, and with a 2xCO(2) climate scenario that is projected to occur at the same locations. The output of the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) General Circulation Model for a doubling of atmospheric CO2 was used to determine the climate data increments for a doubling of atmospheric CO2. The methodology was described in Part 1 of this paper. Highlights of the results are as follows: winterkill that occurred due to dissolved oxygen deficiency in eutrophic and mesotrophic, shallow lakes of the north-central and northeastern US under past climate conditions, is projected to be replaced by summerkill due to elevated water temperatures in mesotrophic lakes, or by suitable fish habitat in eutrophic lakes under the 2xCO(2) climate scenario. Shallow lakes at 205 of 209 locations investigated are projected to experience summerkill of cold-water fish under the projected 2xCO(2) climate scenario. Climate warming is also projected to reduce by up to 38% of the past values the length of the good-growth period and the good-growth area/volume for cold-water fish in lakes at most locations in the contiguous US. Average reductions in the number of locations where lakes presently have suitable year-round cold-water fish habitat are 28, 90, and 65 locations for shallow, medium-depth, and deep lakes, respectively. Loss of fish habitat during the summer period (summerkill) under the projected 2xCO(2) climate scenario is a significant negative impact of climate warming on cold-water fish in lakes of the contiguous US. Geographic regions in which lakes cannot support cold-water fish are projected to extend significantly further north under a 2xCO(2) climate scenario. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Stefan, HG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. EM xing.fang@lamar.edu; stefa001@umn.edu NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 172 IS 1 BP 39 EP 54 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00285-0 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776PD UT WOS:000189124200003 ER PT J AU Fang, X Stefan, HG Eaton, JG McCormick, JH Alam, SR AF Fang, X Stefan, HG Eaton, JG McCormick, JH Alam, SR TI Simulation of thermal/dissolved oxygen habitat for fishes in lakes under different climate scenarios - Part 3. Warm-water fish in the contiguous US SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE climate effects; dissolved oxygen; dynamic model; fish; habitat; lakes; lake model; water temperature; USA AB Fish habitat is strongly constrained by water temperature and dissolved oxygen. Thermal/dissolved oxygen habitat for warm-water fish in small lakes was therefore determined from simulated daily water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. Twenty-seven types of lakes were simulated with past (1961-1979) climate conditions observed at 209 weather stations in the contiguous USA as input, and with a 2xCO(2) climate scenario that is projected to occur at the same locations. The output of the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) General Circulation Model was used to determine the climate data increments for a doubling of atmospheric CO2. The methodology was described in Part I of this paper. The simulation results project the absence of summerkill of warm-water fish in any lake and at any location of the contiguous US under both climate scenarios. Summerkill would occur due to elevated water temperatures or dissolved oxygen deficiency. Under the 2xCO(2) climate scenario, the good-growth period is projected to extend from about 75 days at northern latitudes to an entire year (365 days) at southern latitudes. Climate warming to the 2xCO(2) climate scenario is projected to have several enhancing effects on warm-water fish habitat in lakes of the contiguous US: (1) Winterkill which occurs in eutrophic and mesotrophic, shallow lakes of the north-central and northeastern US under present climate conditions, is projected to disappear. (2) The good-growth period is projected to be lengthened on average by 30-40 days in lakes at all locations investigated, more in deeper than in shallow lakes and more in northern than in southern latitudes. (3) The highest increase of habitat measured in terms of bottom areas or volumes is projected to be over 200% and to occur at northern latitudes. In several southeastern states good-growth habitat areas and volumes are projected to decrease by up to 30% from the past values, which is the only detrimental impact of climate warming on warm-water fish habitat found in this study. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Lamar Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Beaumont, TX 77710 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Stefan, HG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. EM fangxu@hal.lamar.edu; stefa001@umn.edu NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 172 IS 1 BP 55 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00286-2 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776PD UT WOS:000189124200004 ER PT J AU Vinturella, AE Burgess, RM Coull, BA Thompson, KM Shine, JP AF Vinturella, AE Burgess, RM Coull, BA Thompson, KM Shine, JP TI Use of passive samplers to mimic uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by benthic polychaetes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; NEW-BEDFORD HARBOR; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; WATER; POLYETHYLENE; BIOCONCENTRATION; MASSACHUSETTS; FLUORANTHENE; METABOLISM AB Experiments were conducted to test whether passive samplers made of low-density polyethylene (polyethylene devices, or PEDs) can estimate the extent of uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by benthic polychaetes (Nereis virens) in contaminated marine sediments. For a variety of PAHs, PEN reached 90% equilibrium with sediment PAHs in 60 days or less. Using 60-day sediment bioaccumulation tests, we have demonstrated a significant relationship between PAH concentrations in the polychaetes and the PEDs (R-2 = 0.67, p = 0.002), with the PEDs taking up less PAHs than the polychaetes. Because of this relationship, PEDs can potentially be used in a regulatory context to simulate uptake of bioavailable PAHs in contaminated marine sediments. The PED PAH concentrations were also used to calculate porewater PAH concentrations that allowed for the estimation of a linear free-energy relationship between the lipid-water distribution coefficient (K-lip) and the octanol-water distribution coefficient (K-ow) for PAH uptake in marine polychaetes (R-2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001). C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Vinturella, AE (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, 1440 Canal St,Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. EM avinture@tulane.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5 P42 ES05947, ES00002] NR 32 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 1154 EP 1160 DI 10.1021/es034706f PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 774RC UT WOS:000188996600032 PM 14998031 ER PT J AU Qian, SS Schulman, A Koplos, J Kotros, A Kellar, P AF Qian, SS Schulman, A Koplos, J Kotros, A Kellar, P TI A hierarchical modeling approach for estimating national distributions of chemicals in public drinking water systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY DATA; DETECTION LIMITS; PARAMETERS AB Water quality studies often include the analytical challenge of incorporating censored data and quantifying error of estimation. Many analytical methods exist for estimating distribution parameters when censored data are present. This paper presents a Bayesian-based hierarchical model for estimating the national distribution of the mean concentrations of chemicals occurring in U.S. public drinking water systems using fluoride and thallium as examples. The data used are Safe Drinking Water Act compliance monitoring data (with a significant proportion of left-censored data). The model, which assumes log-normality, was evaluated using simulated data sets generated from a series of Weibull distributions to illustrate the robustness of the model. The hierarchical model is easily implemented using the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation method. In addition, the Bayesian method is able to quantify the uncertainty in the estimated cumulative density function. The estimated fluoride and thallium national distributions are presented. Results from this study can be used to develop prior distributions for future U.S. drinking water regulatory studies of contaminant occurrence. C1 Cadmus Grp Inc, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 USA. US EPA, Off Enforcement & Compliance Assurance, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Cadmus Grp Inc, Watertown, MA 02472 USA. RP Qian, SS (reprint author), Cadmus Grp Inc, 6330 Quadrangle Dr,Suite 180, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 USA. EM sqian@cadmusgroup.com RI Qian, Song/A-3163-2008; Qian, Song/I-6544-2012 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 1176 EP 1182 DI 10.1021/es020686q PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 774RC UT WOS:000188996600035 PM 14998034 ER PT J AU Rayner, JL Wood, C Fenton, SE AF Rayner, JL Wood, C Fenton, SE TI Exposure parameters necessary for delayed puberty and mammary gland development in Long-Evans rats exposed in utero to atrazine SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR, 2003 CL Lake city, UT SP Soc Toxicol DE atrazine; aromatase; epidermal growth factor; mammary development; mammary gland; vaginal opening; Long-Evans; puberty ID GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; FISCHER-344 RATS; THYROID-FUNCTION; OVARIAN-FUNCTION; KNOCKOUT MICE; WISTAR RATS; BREAST; DIFFERENTIATION; AROMATASE AB Our studies suggested that prenatal exposure to the herbicide atrazine (ATR) could delay vaginal opening (VO) and mammary development in the offspring of Long-Evans (LE) rats. To evaluate ATR exposure parameters required for pubertal delays, including mammary gland development, we used cross-fostering to determine if effects were strictly dam-mediated (via milk) or a direct effect (transplacental) on the pups. Timed-pregnant LE rats (N= 20/treatment group) were gavaged on gestational days (GD) 15-19 with 100 mg ATR/kg body weight (BW) or vehicle (controls, C). On PND1, half of all litters were cross-fostered, creating four treatment groups: C-C, ATR-C, C-ATR, and ATR-ATR (dam-milk source, respectively). A significant delay in VO and increase in VO BW was seen only in the litters receiving milk from ATR-exposed dams. However, mammary glands of female offspring (two per dam) in all groups exposed to ATR (ATR-C, C-ATR, and ATR-ATR) displayed significant delays in epithelial development. These changes were detected as early as PND4 and stunted development was evident through PND40. Further, at all developmental stages examined, offspring in the ATR-ATR group exhibited the least developed glands. These delays in pubertal endpoints do not appear to be related to body weight or endocrine hormone concentrations. Our data suggest that the delay in VO of ATR-exposed offspring (C-ATR lactationally, ATR-ATR lactationally and in utero) is mediated via the dam [milk], whereas brief direct exposure to ATR in utero can cause delays in mammary gland development. Our data suggest that milk-derived factors (growth factors or hormones), in addition to transplacental exposure during mammary bud outgrowth, may be involved in ATR mode of action on delayed mammary gland development. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Fenton, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM fenton.suzanne@epa.gov NR 42 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 195 IS 1 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.005 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 780KG UT WOS:000189379400003 PM 14962502 ER PT J AU Trachsel, D Tschudi, P Portier, CJ Kuhn, M Thormann, W Scholtysik, G Mevissen, M AF Trachsel, D Tschudi, P Portier, CJ Kuhn, M Thormann, W Scholtysik, G Mevissen, M TI Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of amiodarone in plasma of ponies after single intravenous administration SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pharmacokinetics; amiodarone; single intravenous administration ID REFRACTORY ATRIAL-FIBRILLATION; PIG VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES; ORAL AMIODARONE; SINUS RHYTHM; HEALTHY DOGS; HORSES; CONVERSION; QUINIDINE; EFFICACY; SERUM AB Atrial fibrillation is a well-known heart disease in horses. The common therapy consists of administration of quinidine. More potent antiarrhythmic drugs have become available for human therapy and the use of these as alternatives to quinidine for equine antiarrhythmic therapy is a matter of interest. Amiodarone (AMD) is used in human medicine for treatment of many arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation. Its disposition in horses has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of single intravenous doses of amiodarone (5 and 7 mg/kg) on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) of healthy minishetland ponies during the first 2 days after drug administration and to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) using amiodarone and desethylamiodarone (DAMD) plasma levels that were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As expected for a K+-channel-blocker, the main effect on the measured ECG could be seen on the ventricular complex, as the QT interval and the T wave showed statistically significant alterations. The doses investigated were well tolerated clinically. Results from the pharmacokinetic model were found to compare well with literature data of rats, dogs, and humans. It showed a rapid distribution in the tissue, beginning with the rapidly perfused tissue, like the heart, followed by slowly perfused tissues, and finally an accumulation in fat. The half-life for total elimination was calculated to be 16.3 days with 99% eliminated by 97 days. The model predicts that approximately 96% of amiodarone is eliminated as desethylamiodarone in mine, 2% eliminated as desethylamiodarone in bile, and 2% as other metabolites. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bern, Dept Vet Pharmacol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Bern, Dept Vet Clin Med, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Bern, Dept Clin Pharmacol, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. RP Mevissen, M (reprint author), Univ Bern, Dept Vet Pharmacol, Laenggassstr 124, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. EM meike.mevissen@vpi.unibe.ch RI Portier, Christopher/A-3160-2010; Trachsel, Dagmar/A-3097-2016 OI Portier, Christopher/0000-0002-0954-0279; Trachsel, Dagmar/0000-0001-5103-8402 NR 68 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 195 IS 1 BP 113 EP 125 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.009 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 780KG UT WOS:000189379400012 PM 14962511 ER PT J AU Walker, N Kim, AH AF Walker, N Kim, AH TI Response to letter to the editor SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; RATS C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Walker, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Toxicol Program, Room D454A,Rall Bldg 101,111 Alexander Dr,POB 122, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM walker3@niehs.nih.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 195 IS 1 BP 127 EP 128 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.004 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 780KG UT WOS:000189379400014 ER PT J AU George, SE Wolf, DC Brooks, LR Bailey, KC Hooth, MJ Nelson, GM AF George, SE Wolf, DC Brooks, LR Bailey, KC Hooth, MJ Nelson, GM TI Changes in cecal microbial metabolism of rats induced by individual and a mixture of drinking water disinfection by-products SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE water; disinfection; mixture; colon; bacterial metabolism ID EVANS EKER RATS; INTESTINAL MICROFLORA; FISCHER-344 RATS; 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE GENOTOXICITY; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; AZO DYES; GUT; LACTOBACILLUS; POTENTIATION; PRETREATMENT AB Disinfection of drinking water has been one of the greatest public health successes. Numerous halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) occur and chronic ingestion has been associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer in human populations. Because the intestinal microbiota can bioactivate xenobiotics, studies have been performed to examine the effects of individual DBPs on intestinal microbial metabolism. No studies have been conducted on a defined mixture of DBPs to determine if there is an enhancement of response to a mixture. Ten-week-old male Long-Evans rats were treated in their drinking water for 17 weeks with 0.4 g/l potassium bromate, 1.8 g/l chloroform, 0.7 g/l bromodichloromethane (BDCM), 0.07 g/l 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), or a mixture of the four chemicals or distilled water. Cecal nitroreductase (NR), azoreductase (AR), dechlorinase (DC), beta-glucuronidase (GLR), beta-galactosidase (GAL), and beta-glucosidase (GLU) were assayed. No change in GLU or GLR activity was detected after treatment. BDCM treatment reduced DC and GAL activities and elevated NR and AR activity. GAL, AR, and NR activities were significantly different after treatment with bromate, chloroform, BDCM, and MX, but not the mixture. DC activity after chloroform-, MX-, or BDCM-treatment was significantly below control levels. The present study shows that changes in intestinal microbial metabolism do occur after treatment with individual and a mixture of DBPs but the changes were not additive in the mixture group. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC USA. Dept Energy, Washington, DC USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wolf, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Off Res & Dev, MD-B143-06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wolf.doug@epa.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 204 IS 1 BP 15 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.09.019 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 774JG UT WOS:000188975900003 PM 14744530 ER PT J AU Kulkarni, P Dutari, G Biswas, P Haught, R AF Kulkarni, P Dutari, G Biswas, P Haught, R TI Gravity settling characteristics of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in aqueous suspension using in situ static light scattering SO COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium parvum; gravity settling; velocity distribution; laser light scattering ID COLLOIDAL PARTICLES; VISCOUS FLOW; SEDIMENTATION; WATER; DISPERSION; SYSTEMS; SPHERES AB Gravity settling velocity measurements are reported for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in aqueous suspensions. A non-intrusive technique using laser light scattering was developed to measure in situ settling velocity of particles. Settling experiments were performed on the C. parvum suspended in particle free de-ionized (PFDI) water at a low volume fraction of 3.4 x 10(-4). The oocysts were found to have a log-normal distribution of settling velocities with a mean of 0.029 mum s(-1) (geometric standard deviation, sigma(g) = 2.81). The mean velocities were considerably smaller compared to previously reported values by Medema et al. [Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (11) (1998) 4460-4466] and could possibly be due to variation in oocysts density. Experiments on suspensions with varying ionic strength of the medium showed no marked effect on the settling velocity. These results have implications in transport modeling of C parvum oocysts in filtration beds and other environmental systems. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Washington Univ, Environm Sci & Engn Program, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Environm Engn & Sci Div, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Biswas, P (reprint author), Washington Univ, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Campus Box 1180, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM Pratim.Biswas@seas.wustl.edu NR 22 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-7757 J9 COLLOID SURFACE A JI Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 233 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2003.10.010 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 801JF UT WOS:000220091500001 ER PT J AU Weetall, HH Rogers, KR AF Weetall, HH Rogers, KR TI Preparation and characterization of molecularly imprinted electropolymerized carbon electrodes SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4-D; electropolymerization; fluorescein; rhodamine; electrochemical detection ID BUILDING FLUORESCENT SENSORS; ELECTROCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION; O-PHENYLENEDIAMINE; POLYANILINE FILMS; CHEMICAL SENSORS; POLYMERS; MEDIA; GENERATION; ANILINE; ASSAY AB Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) selective for fluorescein, rhodamine or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were electropolymerized onto graphite electrodes using an aqueous solution equimolar in resorsinol/ortho-phenylenediamine and in the presence of the template molecule. For the dyes, the MIP-coated electrodes showed higher affinity for their template molecule than for a non-template dye. The 2,4-D-MIP-coated electrode showed a concentration dependent response for 2,4-D as compared to the polymer-coated electrode prepared in the absence of template molecule. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM rogers.kim@epa.gov NR 30 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD FEB 6 PY 2004 VL 62 IS 2 BP 329 EP 335 DI 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.07.014 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 762DP UT WOS:000187955900015 PM 18969299 ER PT J AU Wilson, VS Lambright, C Furr, J Ostby, J Wood, C Held, G Gray, LE AF Wilson, VS Lambright, C Furr, J Ostby, J Wood, C Held, G Gray, LE TI Phthalate ester-induced gubernacular lesions are associated with reduced insl3 gene expression in the fetal rat testis SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE phthalate; DEHP; antiandrogen; insl3; gubernacular ligament; fetal Leydig cell ID REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; INDUCED CRYPTORCHIDISM; DI(N-BUTYL) PHTHALATE; IN-VITRO; MUTATIONS; EXPOSURE; RELAXIN; DESCENT; TESTOSTERONE AB Targeted inactivation of the insulin-like hormone 3 (insl3) gene in male mice results in altered gubernacular development, disrupted testis decent, and cryptorchidism. Cryptorchidism is a fairly common human malformation, being displayed in about three males per 100 at birth, but only a small percentage can be linked directly to genetic defects. The phthalate esters (PEs) are high production volume, ubiquitous environmental chemicals, some of which when administered during sexual differentiation, induce male rat reproductive tract malformations including gubernacular agenesis. We hypothesized that phthalate-induced gubernacular lesions likely result from an inhibition of ins13 gene expression. Three phthalates, di-n-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) were administered orally to the dam on gestation day 14 through 18 (GD14-18) and the fetal testes examined on GD18 for effects on steroid hormone production and insl3 gene expression. Compared to chemicals like vinclozolin, linuron, and prochloraz that act as AR antagonists and/or inhibit fetal Leydig cell testosterone production, only the three phthalates significantly reduced both ex vivo testosterone production and insl3 gene expression when quantified by real-time rtPCR. These results provide the first demonstration of PE-induced alteration of ins13 mRNA in the fetal male rat testis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wilson, VS (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, ORD, MD-72, 2525 Highway 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wilson.vickie@epa.gov OI Wilson, Vickie/0000-0003-1661-8481 NR 30 TC 182 Z9 192 U1 5 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD FEB 2 PY 2004 VL 146 IS 3 BP 207 EP 215 DI 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.012 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 764UX UT WOS:000188225400002 PM 14687758 ER PT J AU Brown, DM Donaldson, K Borm, PJ Schins, RP Dehnhardt, M Gilmour, P Jimenez, LA Stone, V AF Brown, DM Donaldson, K Borm, PJ Schins, RP Dehnhardt, M Gilmour, P Jimenez, LA Stone, V TI Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-alpha cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reactive oxygen species; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; NF-KAPPA-B; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CARBON-BLACK; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES; TRANSITION-METALS; IN-VITRO AB Ultrafine (Uf) particles are a component of particulate air pollution suggested to be responsible for the health effects associated with elevations of this pollutant. We have previously suggested that Uf particles, through the induction of oxidative stress, may induce inflammation in the lung, thus exacerbating preexisting illness in susceptible individuals. Alveolar macrophages are considered to play a key role in particle-mediated inflammation and lung disease. The effect of Uf particles on rat alveolar macrophages and human blood monocytes was investigated with reference to the roles of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). TNF-alpha protein release, intracellular calcium concentration, TNF-alpha mRNA expression, and transcription factor activation were studied as end points after treatment of rat alveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes. The calcium channel blocker verapamil, the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, the calmodulin inhibitor W-7, and the antioxidants Trolox and Nacystelin (NAL) were included in combination with Uf particles. Verapamil reduced intracellular calcium concentration in rat alveolar macrophages on stimulation with Uf particles. This effect was also apparent with transcription factor AP-1 activation. All antagonists and antioxidants reduced Uf-stimulated nuclear localization of the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB in human monocytes. Verapamil, BAPTA-AM, and NAL reduced Uf-stimulated TNF-alpha protein release, whereas only verapamil reduced Uf-stimulated mRNA expression in rat alveolar macrophages. In human monocytes, verapamil, Trolox, BAPTA-AM, and W-7 reduced Uf-stimulated TNF-alpha protein release. These findings suggest that Uf particles may exert proinflammatory effects by modulating intracellular calcium concentrations, activation of transcription factors, and cytokine production through a ROS-mediated mechanism. C1 Napier Univ, Sch Life Sci, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Edinburgh, ELEGI Lab, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Inst Umweltmed Forsch, Particle Res Core, Dusseldorf, Germany. US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Brown, DM (reprint author), Napier Univ, Sch Life Sci, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, Midlothian, Scotland. NR 56 TC 176 Z9 189 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 286 IS 2 BP L344 EP L353 DI 10.1152/ajplung.00139.2003 PG 10 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 761ER UT WOS:000187888200015 PM 14555462 ER PT J AU Hays, MD Ryan, DK Pennell, S AF Hays, MD Ryan, DK Pennell, S TI A modified multisite stern-volmer equation for the determination of conditional stability constants and ligand concentrations of soil fulvic acid with metal ions SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING MEASUREMENTS; ALUMINUM(III) COMPLEXATION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ORGANIC-MATTER; BINDING-SITE; COPPER; MODEL; SPECTROMETRY; SPECTRA; RIVER AB In this work, we modify the multisite Stern-Volmer (MSV) equation for fitting fluorescence titration curves. Under the condition of a static quenching mechanism, the MSV postulates an underlying 1:1 fulvic acid (FA)/copper coordination ratio at multisites. Approximates of six fitting parameters characterize the stability constants (K-1 and K-2) of FA ligands with Cu2+, micromolar ligand site concentrations (C-L1 and C-L2), the unquenched, steady and the state fractional fluorescence contributions (f(x)) residual fluorescence intensity (I-RES). Prior to its application to actual FA titration data, the MSV function is simulated, and its predictive ability is confirmed by titrating a mixture of model fluorophores, glycyl-L-tryptophan and L-tryptophan with Cu2+ at pH 6. Molecular fluorescence measurements of FA are acquired at a fixed spectral position (lambda(ex) = 335 nm; lambda(em) = 450 nm), and FA is titrated with copper in triplicate at three pH values-5, 6, and 7. An objective analysis of log K, and K2 values supports several site organization schemes, including (i) subtle, cooperative interaction, (ii) interfering molecular conformations, and (iii) aggregate forms. Site densities (C-L1 and C-L2) are consistent across varied pH. The f(1) is indicative of a pH-induced spectral shift of a fluorophore and convincingly associates with a transect in the AA = 25 synchronous fluorescence spectrum and with the preexponential terms describing the time-dependent fluorescence decay. The MSV and its parent one-site version are equivalent for data fitting but are only simple approximations of a FA ligand system with more complex molecular fundamentals. C1 Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Chem, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Math, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. RP Hays, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 109 alexander Dr,MD E343-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM hays.michael@epa.gov RI Hays, Michael/E-6801-2013 OI Hays, Michael/0000-0002-4029-8660 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 76 IS 3 BP 848 EP 854 DI 10.1021/ac0344135 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 772CW UT WOS:000188823900051 PM 14750884 ER PT J AU Hiatt, MH Pia, JH AF Hiatt, MH Pia, JH TI Screening processed milk for volatile organic compounds using vacuum distillation/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GC-MS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHEMICALS; FUGACITY; FOODS AB An adaptation is presented of method 8261-from the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846)-to analyze milk for an expanded list of volatile organic compounds is presented. The milk matrix exhibits a strong affinity for organic compounds and the surrogate based matrix normalization described in method 8261 provided accurate results. This method had the sensitivity necessary to detect volatile organic analytes at or below maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) set by EPA for drinking water. In a survey of milk samples available in Las Vegas, Nevada, 32 of 88 targeted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected. Many of the detected VOCs have not previously been reported and a rationale for their presence in milk is presented. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Pia, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM pia.stephen@epa.gov NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 46 IS 2 BP 189 EP 196 DI 10.1007/s00244-003-2308-2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 772NK UT WOS:000188848000006 PM 15106669 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF AF McDonnell, WF TI Use of submaximal inhalation and spirometry to assess the effects of ozone exposure SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE air pollution; airway obstruction; lung function; maximal expiratory flow-volume curves; ozone; partial flow-volume curves ID EXPIRATORY FLOW; PULMONARY; HUMANS; LUNG; RESISTANCE AB Spirometric measures of airway obstruction are strongly influenced by the neurally mediated reduction in total lung capacity that accompanies ozone exposure. This study was conducted to evaluate a method for quantifying the effects of performing spirometry from a reduced inspiratory position on measures of airway obstruction, and to apply the method to published ozone-response data. Nineteen healthy, nonsmoking adults, 18-30 yr of age, each performed 17 forced expiratory maneuvers from inspiratory volumes that ranged from functional residual capacity to total lung capacity. In general, measures of airway obstruction were related strongly to total expired volume, and approximately 80% of the ozone-induced decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) resulted from the reduction in forced vital capacity. Results indicated that, for young, healthy, nonsmoking adults, spirometric values from maneuvers conducted from reduced inspiratory positions can be predicted accurately and precisely in the unexposed state, allowing interpretation of measures of ozone-induced airway obstruction. C1 US EPA, Human Sci Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), 1207 Hillview Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. EM McDonnell.William@epa.gov NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD FEB PY 2004 VL 59 IS 2 BP 76 EP 83 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 949GJ UT WOS:000230772800003 PM 16075901 ER PT J AU Southworth, GR Lindberg, SE Zhang, H Anscombe, FR AF Southworth, GR Lindberg, SE Zhang, H Anscombe, FR TI Fugitive mercury emissions from a chlor-alkali factory: sources and fluxes to the atmosphere SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric emissions monitoring; mercury fluxes; chlor-alkali; mercury sources ID GASEOUS MERCURY; CHAMBER MEASUREMENT; EXCHANGE; SOILS; VAPOR; FOREST; PLANT; SIMULATION; SPECIATION; COMPLEX AB During winter 2000, a multi-organization research team assessed fugitive (non-stack) mercury air emissions at a chlor-alkali factory in the US using a variety of sophisticated mercury vapor analyzers to assess fugitive air emissions of mercury. The team obtained mercury data over a 9-day period from inside the factory, with the first known concurrent awareness of manufacturing operations. Emissions were measured from the roof vent, the open-sided basement below the production cells, and from surrounding soils and sealed waste ponds. Some emphasis was also placed on assessing the spatial distribution of Hg concentrations within an operating cell room. The team used real-time and near-real-time Hg analyzers including a Tekran 5-min integrated sampler modified for cell-room use, Lumex RA915 + and Jerome 431-X portable Hg analyzers, and a long-path integrating DOAS system for gaseous elemental Hg, coupled with an optical anemometer for measuring vent-averaged air flow rates. The integrated beam (DOAS) and point measurements of Hgdegrees compared favorably. One principal finding is that fugitive air emissions from the cell-room roof vent are episodic and vary with factory operating conditions (maintenance and minor operational perturbations). Therefore, air emissions are likely to vary widely among factories on a worldwide basis, in accordance with operating procedures followed at each. Properly positioned, real-time mercury vapor analyzers are potentially valuable tools to locate small-scale process leaks, and to estimate overall emissions from the cell-room building. A preliminary estimate of daily fugitive Hg emissions during this period (similar to 400-600 g d(-1)) indicated that the bulk of the atmospheric loss was emitted from the roof vent of the main production building. Sealed waste ponds were not important sources, emitting Hg at rates comparable to background soils. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Tennessee Technol Univ, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Southworth, GR (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm Sci Div, POB 2008,1505 MS 6036, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM southworthgr@ornl.gov NR 34 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 597 EP 611 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.057 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770BA UT WOS:000188702200008 ER PT J AU Landis, MS Keeler, GJ Al-Wali, KI Stevens, RK AF Landis, MS Keeler, GJ Al-Wali, KI Stevens, RK TI Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury emissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric dry deposition SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE RGM; dry deposition; mercury cell chlor-alkali ID MICHIGAN MASS-BALANCE; LAKE MICHIGAN; AMBIENT AIR; MODEL AB The emission of inorganic divalent reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant (MCCAP) cell building and the impact on near field (100km) dry deposition was investigated as part of a larger collaborative study between EPA, University of Michigan, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chlorine Institute, and Olin Corporation in February 2000. Measurements in the cell building roof vent showed that RGM constituted 2.1 +/- 0.7% (median +/- variance) of the concurrently measured elemental gaseous mercury (Hg-o). This relationship was used to calculate an estimated RGM emission rate from the cell building roof vent of 10.4 g day(-1). The percentage of RGM/ Hg-o at ambient monitoring sites 350 in (1.5%) and 800 in (1.3%) away while being impacted by cell building emissions suggests the rapid deposition of RGM species. The observed 2% relative emission of RGM/Hg-o was substantially lower than the 30% estimate utilized by EPA to model the impact of MCCAPs for the 1997 Mercury Report to Congress. However, the MCCAP was still found to present a significant impact on near field mercury atmospheric dry deposition. A Lagrangian transport and deposition modeling framework using only emissions from the MCCAP found the mean annualized dry deposition of mercury within a 10km radius of the facility contributed the annual equivalent of 4.6mug m(-2). For comparison, the total annual wet mercury deposition measured at the Savannah River National Mercury Deposition Network sampling site similar to 30 km away was 9.8 mug m(-2). Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Michigan, Air Qual Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Florida Dept Environm Protect Assignment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Landis, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 79TW Alexander Dr,MD-47, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM landis.matthew@epa.gov RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 13 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 613 EP 622 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.075 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770BA UT WOS:000188702200009 ER PT J AU Kinsey, JS Swift, J Bursey, J AF Kinsey, JS Swift, J Bursey, J TI Characterization of fugitive mercury emissions from the cell building at a US chlor-alkali plant SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury vapor; fugitive emissions; measurement methods; chlor-alkali plants; cell building AB In February 2000, an extensive measurement campaign was conducted of the fugitive (non-ducted) airborne elemental mercury (Hg-o) emissions from the cell building of a chlor-alkali plant located in the southeastern United States. The objectives of this study were to determine the total Hg-o mass flux from the cell building under a range of typical wintertime meteorological conditions as well as to perform an air flow balance for the building and compare various Hg monitoring methods under a variety of sampling conditions. To meet these objectives, Hg-o concentration and air velocity were monitored in the cell building roof vent over a 9-day period. In addition, tracer gas concentration and air velocity were also monitored during selected time periods in building side openings. The results of the study found an average Hg-o emission rate in the roof vent of 0.36g min(-1). Also, as determined from the tracer gas measurements, potential Hg-o transport from openings other than the roof vent was identified during one 24-h sampling period. Finally, the air flow balance performed for the building "closed" within 79-100% depending on which of three different calculation procedures was used, and the concentration of Hg-o determined with the long-path ultraviolet differential optical absorption spectrometer (UV-DOAS) compared favorably with similar measurements conducted using a hand-held electrical resistance analyzer. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Eastern Res Grp Inc, Morrisville, NC 27560 USA. RP Kinsey, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Mail Drop E343-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kinsey.john@epa.gov RI Kinsey, John/A-8335-2009 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 623 EP 631 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.058 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770BA UT WOS:000188702200010 ER PT J AU Kinsey, JS Anscombe, FR Lindberg, SE Southworth, GR AF Kinsey, JS Anscombe, FR Lindberg, SE Southworth, GR TI Characterization of the fugitive mercury emissions at a chlor-alkali plant: overall study design SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury vapor; atmospheric emissions; measurement methods; chlor-alkali plants; mercury speciation ID GASEOUS MERCURY; SOILS AB In February 2000, a detailed measurement campaign was conducted over a 9-day period within a mercury (Hg) cell chlor-alkali plant in the southeastern United States (US). The principal focus of this study was to determine the fugitive (non-ducted) airborne Hg emissions from the main production equipment located in the "cell building" during extended period operations, including maintenance events. Other Hg monitoring conducted in and around the plant also included surveys of process areas surrounding the cell building, measurement of Hg fluxes from soil and other exposed surfaces, and speciated Hg measurements of ambient air both "upwind" and "downwind" of the production area as well as the determination of Hg contained in output products and wastes. The study was a collaborative effort among scientists from the US Environmental Protection Agency, the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the University of Michigan. This paper provides a description of the facility, the rationale and design of the study, and an introduction to companion papers containing the observational data. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US Dept Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Kinsey, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Mail Drop E 343-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kinsey.john@epa.gov RI Kinsey, John/A-8335-2009 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 633 EP 641 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.059 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 770BA UT WOS:000188702200011 ER PT J AU Piasek, M Blanusa, M Kostial, K Laskey, JW AF Piasek, M Blanusa, M Kostial, K Laskey, JW TI Low iron diet and parenteral cadmium exposure in pregnant rats: the effects on trace elements and fetal viability SO BIOMETALS LA English DT Article DE cadmium; fetus; iron deficiency; liver; zinc ID INTESTINAL-ABSORPTION; ORAL CADMIUM; GROWING RATS; BODY IRON; ZINC; DEFICIENCY; METABOLISM; COPPER; METALLOTHIONEIN; RETENTION AB The effects of latent iron deficiency combined with parenteral subchronic or acute cadmium exposure during pregnancy on maternal and fetal tissue distribution of cadmium, iron and zinc, and on fetal viability were evaluated. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on semisynthetic test diets with either high iron (240 mg kg) or low iron (10 mg kg), and concomitantly exposed to 0, 3 or 5 mg cadmium (as anhydrous CdCl2) per kilogram body weight. Animals were exposed to cadmium from gestation day 1 through 19 by subcutaneously implanted mini pumps (Subchronic exposure) or on gestation day 15 by a single subcutaneous injection (Acute exposure). All rats were killed on gestation day 19. Blood samples, selected organs and fetuses were removed and prepared for element analyses by atomic absorption spectrometry. Low iron diet caused decreases in maternal body weight, maternal and fetal liver weights, placental weights and tissue iron concentrations. By cadmium exposure, both subchronic and acute, tissue cadmium concentrations were increased and the increase was dose-related, maternal liver and kidney zinc concentrations were increased, and fetal zinc concentration was decreased. Cadmium concentration in maternal liver was additionally increased by low iron diet. Acute cadmium exposure caused lower maternal body and organ weights, high fetal mortality, and decreased fetal weights of survivors. In conclusion, parenteral cadmium exposure during pregnancy causes perturbations in essential elements in maternal and fetal compartments. Acute cadmium exposure in the last trimester of gestation poses a risk for fetal viability especially when combined with low iron in maternal diet. C1 Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Mineral Metab Unit, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Piasek, M (reprint author), Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Mineral Metab Unit, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia. NR 65 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0966-0844 J9 BIOMETALS JI Biometals PD FEB PY 2004 VL 17 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1023/A:1024426931676 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 708QB UT WOS:000184578500001 PM 14977357 ER PT J AU Poole, GC Dunham, JB Keenan, DM Sauter, ST McCullough, DA Mebane, C Lockwood, JC Essig, DA Hicks, MP Sturdevant, DJ Materna, EJ Spalding, SA Risley, J Deppman, M AF Poole, GC Dunham, JB Keenan, DM Sauter, ST McCullough, DA Mebane, C Lockwood, JC Essig, DA Hicks, MP Sturdevant, DJ Materna, EJ Spalding, SA Risley, J Deppman, M TI The case for regime-based water quality standards SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water quality standards; regimes; ecosystem dynamics; watershed management ID RIVER; RESTORATION; PATTERNS; PERSPECTIVE AB Conventional water quality standards have been successful in reducing the concentration of toxic substances in US waters. However, conventional standards are based on simple thresholds and are therefore poorly structured to address human-caused imbalances in dynamic, natural water quality parameters, such as nutrients, sediment, and temperature. A more applicable type of water quality standard-a "regime standard"-would describe desirable distributions of conditions over space and time within a stream network. By mandating the protection and restoration of the aquatic ecosystem dynamics that are required to support beneficial uses in streams, well-designed regime standards would facilitate more effective strategies for management of natural water quality parameters. C1 US EPA, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Ecometr Inc, Tucker, GA 30084 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Oregon Habitat Branch, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. Oregon Dept Environm Qual, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US FWS, Portland, OR 97266 USA. US FWS, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. USGS, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Poole, GC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Tucker, GA 30084 USA. EM gpoole@eco-metrics.com RI Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; Mebane, Christopher/C-7188-2009; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Mebane, Christopher/0000-0002-9089-0267; Poole, Geoffrey/0000-0002-8458-0203 NR 25 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0155:TCFRWQ]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 772UW UT WOS:000188860900010 ER PT J AU Rogers, JM Setzer, RW Branch, S Chernoff, N AF Rogers, JM Setzer, RW Branch, S Chernoff, N TI Chemically induced supernumerary lumbar ribs in CD-1 mice: Size distribution and dose response SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART B-DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE supernumerary lumbar ribs; CD-1 mice; size distribution ID MATERNAL TOXICITY; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; FETAL MALFORMATIONS; SODIUM-SALICYLATE; RATS; MOUSE; INDUCTION; STRESS AB Supernumerary ribs (SNR) of differing sizes are commonly observed in rodent developmental toxicity studies, and the significance of treatment-related increases in SNR in standard studies has been contentious. We induced dose-related increases in SNR in fetal CD-1 mice by treating on gestation days 7-8 with benomyl (BEN; 0, 75,150 mg/kg/d), dinoseb (DIN; 0, 30, 50 mg/kg/d); 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME, 0, 75, 150 mg/kg/d), or valproic acid (VPA; 0, 125, 250 mg/kg/d). Incidences of SNR were 9.3-27.6% in controls and 19.3-84.4% in the high dosage groups. SNR length showed a bimodal distribution with peaks at 0.3-0.4 mm and 0.9-1.1 mm in both treated and control groups. Based on length distributions, we used an actual length of 0.6 mm to separate short (rudimentary) from long (extra) SNR. DIN, 2-ME, and VPA induced a dose-related increase of extra ribs, while the incidence of rudimentary ribs remained at control levels. There was no apparent correlation of the presence of either type of SNR in a fetus and the occurrence of other anomalies. These data support the idea that extra and rudimentary SNR may reflect separate developmental phenomena, and should be considered and reported separately in developmental toxicity studies for risk assessment. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Biostat Branch, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Rogers, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rogers.john@epa.gov RI Matthews Branch, Stacy/E-6200-2017 OI Matthews Branch, Stacy/0000-0002-1048-6097 NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-9733 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES B JI Birth Defects Res. Part B-Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 71 IS 1 BP 17 EP 25 DI 10.1002/bdrb.10055 PG 9 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 805PM UT WOS:000220378200002 PM 14991907 ER PT J AU Larsen, DP Kaufmann, PR Kincaid, TM Urquhart, NS AF Larsen, DP Kaufmann, PR Kincaid, TM Urquhart, NS TI Detecting persistent change in the habitat of salmon-bearing streams in the Pacific Northwest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WOODY DEBRIS; POWER ANALYSIS; ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS; HISTORICAL CHANGES; FOREST; PERSPECTIVE; WASHINGTON; MANAGEMENT; RESOURCES; DESIGNS AB In the northwestern United States, there is considerable interest in the recovery of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations listed as threatened or endangered. A critical component of any salmon recovery effort is the improvement of stream habitat that supports various life stages. Two factors in concert control our ability to detect consistent change in habitat conditions that could result from significant expenditures on habitat improvement: the magnitude of spatial and temporal variation and the design of the monitoring network. We summarize the important components of variation that affect trend detection and explain how well-designed networks of 30-50 sites monitored consistently over years can detect underlying changes of 1-2% per year in a variety of key habitat characteristics within 10-20 years, or sooner, if such trends are present. We emphasize the importance of the duration of surveys for trend detection sensitivity because the power to detect trends improves substantially with the passage of years. C1 US EPA, Dynamac Corp, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Larsen, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Dynamac Corp, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM larsen.phil@epa.gov NR 48 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 61 IS 2 BP 283 EP 291 DI 10.1139/F03-157 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 810MV UT WOS:000220709300014 ER PT J AU Petty, JD Huckins, JN Alvarez, DA Brumbaugh, WG Cranor, WL Gale, RW Rastall, AC Jones-Lepp, TL Leiker, TJ Rostad, CE Furlong, ET AF Petty, JD Huckins, JN Alvarez, DA Brumbaugh, WG Cranor, WL Gale, RW Rastall, AC Jones-Lepp, TL Leiker, TJ Rostad, CE Furlong, ET TI A holistic passive integrative sampling approach for assessing the presence and potential impacts of waterborne environmental contaminants SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE SPMD; POCIS; SLMD; hydrophobic contaminants; hydrophilic contaminants; metal contaminants; passive integrative sampling; time weighted average concentration; environmental quality assessment; wastewater ID SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES; LOWER MISSOURI RIVER; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; RESIDUES; SCREEN; SPMDS AB As an integral part of our continuing research in environmental quality assessment approaches, we have developed a variety of passive integrative sampling devices widely applicable for use in defining the presence and potential impacts of a broad array of contaminants. The semipermeable membrane device has gained widespread use for sampling hydrophobic chemicals from water and air, the polar organic chemical integrative sampler is applicable for sequestering waterborne hydrophilic organic chemicals, the stabilized liquid membrane device is used to integratively sample waterborne ionic metals, and the passive integrative mercury sampler is applicable for sampling vapor phase or dissolved neutral mercury species. This suite of integrative samplers forms the basis for a new passive sampling approach for assessing the presence and potential toxicological significance of a broad spectrum of environmental contaminants. In a proof-of-concept study, three of our four passive integrative samplers were used to assess the presence of a wide variety of contaminants in the waters of a constructed wetland, and to determine the effectiveness of the constructed wetland in removing contaminants. The wetland is used for final polishing of secondary-treatment municipal wastewater and the effluent is used as a source of water for a state wildlife area. Numerous contaminants, including organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphate pesticides, and pharmaceutical chemicals (e.g., ibuprofen, oxindole, etc.) were detected in the wastewater. Herein we summarize the results of the analysis of the field-deployed samplers and demonstrate the utility of this holistic approach. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Coll Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Univ Heidelberg, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. US EPA, ORD, NERL, ESD, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Petty, JD (reprint author), USGS, 373 McReynolds Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Furlong, Edward/C-3999-2011 OI Furlong, Edward/0000-0002-7305-4603 NR 28 TC 96 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 64 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 6 BP 695 EP 705 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.08.015 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759PA UT WOS:000187745000002 PM 14602102 ER PT J AU Graham, JL Striebich, R Patterson, CL Krishnan, ER Haught, RC AF Graham, JL Striebich, R Patterson, CL Krishnan, ER Haught, RC TI MTBE oxidation byproducts from the treatment of surface waters by ozonation and UV-ozonation SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE solid-phase microextraction; methyl tert-butyl ether; water analysis; SPME; GC-MS; UV; ozone; ozonation ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DEGRADATION; PEROXIDE; KINETICS AB In recent years, there has been considerable concern over the release of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive, into the aquifers used as potable water sources. MTBE readily dissolves in water and has entered the environment via gasoline spills and leaking storage tanks. In this paper, we investigate ozonation and UV-ozonation for treatment of MTBE in contaminated drinking water sources. We report the test protocol and results of using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to determine the level of MTBE and its oxidation byproducts in samples drawn from laboratory-scale ozone and UV-ozone reactors being evaluated at a US EPA research facility. Analysis of a prepared MTBE standard indicated a detection limit on the order of 0.1 mug l(-1) with a repeatability of +/-0.4%. Results show that the overall rate of removal of MTBE via UV-ozonation in a relatively turbid surface water (15 ntu) is twice that of ozonation alone. In addition, GC-MS analysis of decomposition products showed that tert-butyl formate (TBF), methyl acetate, butene, acetone, and acetaldehyde were produced by both processes. TBF and butene reach similar maximum yields from the two processes, but are more efficiently degraded by UV-ozonation treatment. This indicates that these treatment processes also degrade these byproducts. In contrast, the remaining byproducts (methyl acetate, acetone, and acetaldehyde) are formed at similar levels during treatment, but are not degraded once formed. These byproducts may be resistant to hydrogen abstraction by hydroxyl radical. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Shaw Environm Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45246 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Graham, JL (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Res Inst, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 7 BP 1011 EP 1016 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.017 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 760GG UT WOS:000187802800025 PM 14637359 ER PT J AU Scollon, EJ Carr, JA Cobb, GR AF Scollon, EJ Carr, JA Cobb, GR TI The effect of flight, fasting and p,p '-DDT on thyroid hormones and corticosterone in Gambel's white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE white-crowned sparrow; thyroxine; triiodothyronine; corticosterone; p,p '-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; flight; fasting; chromohelicase-DNA-binding (CHD) gene; wind tunnel ID ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES; TREADMILL EXERCISE; MIGRATORY FLIGHT; BIRDS; DDT; CHICKEN; PIGEONS; STRESS; CATECHOLAMINES; THYROTROPIN AB This study examined the effects of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), fasting and flight on thyroid hormones and corticosterone in Gambel's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli). Female sparrows were dosed daily with either 5 mg p,p'-DDT per kg body mass or corn oil vehicle over 3 days. On the fifth day the sparrows were divided into 3 groups: (1) unstressed - non-stressed control sparrows; (2) fasted - sparrows fasted for intervals ranging from 20 min to 9 h; or (3) flown - sparrows flown in a wind tunnel for intervals between 20 min and 2.5 h while fasting. Half the sparrows from each group received DDT (DDT-dosed sparrows) and the other half corn oil vehicle only (vehicle sparrows). Trunk blood plasma was analyzed for thyroxine, triiodothyronine and corticosterone using radioimmunoassay. In the flown group, corticosterone was elevated (DDT-dosed 35.52 ng/ml, P less than or equal to 0.05), and thyroxine was depressed (DDT-dosed 4.09 ng/ml, P less than or equal to 0.05; vehicle 4.33 ng/ml, P less than or equal to 0.05). Elevated corticosterone likely decreased thyroid hormone production through a negative feedback mechanism originating at the hypothalamus. Mean tiiodothyronine concentrations did not differ among any of the test groups. Relative to time fasted and flown, thyroxine decreased in flown birds dosed with DDT (P < 0.001) and triiodothyronine decreased in fasted birds dosed with DDT (P = 0.004). The increased rate of hormone diminution may be a result of the ability of DDT to induce microsomal enzyme production. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Scollon, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, MD 143-01,109 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM scollon.edward@epa.gov NR 47 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 137 IS 2 BP 179 EP 189 DI 10.1016/j.cca.2004.01.004 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 809LH UT WOS:000220637700009 PM 15050929 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ AF Gordon, CJ TI Effect of cage bedding on temperature regulation and metabolism of group-housed female mice SO COMPARATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES; BODY AB Mice are generally housed in groups in cages lined with an absorbent bedding material at ambient temperature (T-a) of 20 to 24degreesC, which is comfortable for humans, but cool for mice. Little is known about the effects of bedding on thermoregulation of group-housed mice. To determine whether bedding material affects thermoregulatory stability, core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) were monitored by use of radiotelemetry in female CD-1 mice housed in groups of four in a standard plastic cage at T-a of 23.5degreesC. Ten groups were tested using three types of bedding material: a deep layer of heat-treated wood shavings (DWS) that allowed mice to burrow, a thin layer of wood shavings (TWS) just covering the bottom of the cage floor, or a layer of beta chips (BC). Mice could not burrow in the TWS or BC. The T-c and MA were affected by bedding type and time of day. Mice housed with DWS maintained a significantly higher T-c (DeltaT(c) = 1.0degreesC) during the day, compared with that in mice housed with TWS and BC. During the night, T-c and MA were high in all groups and there was no effect of bedding type on T-c or MA. Effect of bedding on metabolic rate (MR) was estimated by measuring oxygen consumption for six hours in groups of four mice at T-a of 23.5degreesC. The T-c was significantly reduced in mice housed on the TWS and BC, but MR was unaffected by bedding type. There was a trend for higher MR in mice on BC. Compared with use of other bedding materials, housing mice on DWS and comparable materials provides an environment to burrow, thus reducing heat loss. The effects of bedding material on temperature regulation may affect rodent health and well being. Moreover, bedding will affect variability in toxicologic and pharmacologic studies whenever an endpoint is dependent on body temperature. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div, MD-75B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 1532-0820 J9 COMPARATIVE MED JI Comparative Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 780EA UT WOS:000189358000012 PM 15027620 ER PT J AU Kotani, M Kotani, T Ishizaka, A Fujishima, S Koh, H Tasaka, S Sawafuji, M Ikeda, E Moriyama, K Kotake, Y Morisaki, H Aikawa, N Ohashi, A Matsushima, K Huang, YCT Takeda, J AF Kotani, M Kotani, T Ishizaka, A Fujishima, S Koh, H Tasaka, S Sawafuji, M Ikeda, E Moriyama, K Kotake, Y Morisaki, H Aikawa, N Ohashi, A Matsushima, K Huang, YCT Takeda, J TI Neutrophil depletion attenuates interleukin-8 production in mild-overstretch ventilated normal rabbit lung SO CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE mechanical ventilation; acute lung injury; neutrophil; interleukin-8; vinblastine; cell interaction ID RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS-SYNDROME; HIGH TIDAL VOLUME; MECHANICAL VENTILATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PULMONARY-EDEMA; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; GENE-EXPRESSION; TNF-ALPHA; INJURY; CELLS AB Objective: Acute lung injury induced by lung overstretch is associated with neutrophil influx, but the pathogenic role of neutrophils in overstretch-induced lung injury remains unclear. Design: To assess the contribution of neutrophils, we compared the effects of noninjurious large tidal volume (V-T) ventilation on lungs in normal and neutrophil-depleted animals. Setting: Research animal laboratory. Subjects: Twenty-six male Japanese white rabbits. Interventions: Animals were mechanically ventilated for 4 hrs with one of the three following protocols: large V-T (20 mL/kg), small V-T (8 mL/kg), and large V-T (20 mL/kg) with neutrophil depletion achieved by a single dose of vinblastine injection (0.75. mg/kg) intravenously 4 days before the experiment. Measurements and Main Results: Large V-T ventilation produced alveolar neutrophil influx compared with low V-T (p = .002) without evidence of edema or increased epithelial permeability. The neutrophil influx was accompanied by increases in interleukin-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (p = .04). Immunohistochemistry of large V-T lungs showed increased interleukin-8 staining in bronchial epithelial cells, alveolar epithelium, alveolar macrophages, and smooth muscles of pulmonary vessels. Neutrophil depletion attenuated the interleukin-8 increase in the lung. Large V-T did not increase plasma interieukin-8 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. No expression of p-selectin or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was observed. Conclusions: Cyclic overstretching of normal rabbit lungs with noninjurious large V-T produced neutrophil influx and interleukin-8 increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Production of pulmonary interieukin-8 by lung overstretch might require the interaction between resident lung cells and migrated neutrophils. This study suggests that large V-T ventilation potentiates the predisposed, subclinical lung injury, such as nosocomial pneumonia or aspiration of gastric contents. C1 Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Tokyo 108, Japan. Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency & Crit Care Med, Tokyo 108, Japan. Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Tokyo 108, Japan. Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Tokyo 160, Japan. Tokyo Elect Power Co Hosp, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Med, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Hyg, Tokyo, Japan. Pharmacia Keio Res Lab, Keio, Japan. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kotani, M (reprint author), Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Tokyo 108, Japan. RI Morisaki, Hiroshi/J-5960-2013; Fujishima, Seitaro/G-6155-2011 OI Fujishima, Seitaro/0000-0001-8823-8440 NR 38 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0090-3493 J9 CRIT CARE MED JI Crit. Care Med. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 32 IS 2 BP 514 EP 519 DI 10.1097/01.CCM.0000110677.16968.E4 PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine SC General & Internal Medicine GA 774ME UT WOS:000188982600029 PM 14758172 ER PT J AU Tan, WY Zhang, LJ Chen, CW AF Tan, WY Zhang, LJ Chen, CW TI Stochastic modeling of carcinogenesis: State space models and estimation of parameters SO DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS-SERIES B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Mathematical Models of Cancer CY MAY 03-05, 2002 CL VANDERBILT UNIV, NASHVILLE, TN SP Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ingram Canc Ctr HO VANDERBILT UNIV DE multi-event model of carcinogenesis; multi-level Gibbs sampling method; MVK two-stage model; observation model; state space model (Kalman filter model); stochastic differential equations; stochastic system model ID COLORECTAL-CANCER; 2-MUTATION MODEL; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; MOUSE SKIN; TUMORS; TUMORIGENESIS; MOOLGAVKAR; MUTATIONS; FEATURES; KNUDSON AB In this paper we have developed a state space model for carcinogenesis. By using this state space model we have also developed statistical procedures to estimate the unknown parameters via multi-level Gibbs sampling method. We have applied this model and the methods to the British physician data on lung cancer with smoking. Our results indicate that the tobacco nicotine is an initiator. If t > 60 years old, then the tobacco nicotine is also a promoter. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Tan, WY (reprint author), Univ Memphis, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM waitan@memphis.edu NR 57 TC 2 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES PI SPRINGFIELD PA PO BOX 2604, SPRINGFIELD, MO 65801-2604 USA SN 1531-3492 J9 DISCRETE CONT DYN-B JI Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst.-Ser. B PD FEB PY 2004 VL 4 IS 1 BP 297 EP 322 PG 26 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 751MT UT WOS:000187071400020 ER PT J AU Raimondo, S Liebhold, AM Strazanac, JS Butler, L AF Raimondo, S Liebhold, AM Strazanac, JS Butler, L TI Population synchrony within and among Lepidoptera species in relation to weather, phylogeny, and larval phenology SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cross-correlation; interspecific synchrony; Lepidoptera; spatial synchrony; weather ID NOMADIC AVIAN PREDATORS; SPATIAL SYNCHRONY; ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SYNCHRONY; TRAP CATCHES; DYNAMICS; CYCLES; SCALE; DISPERSAL; FLUCTUATIONS AB 1. The population dynamics of native herbivore species in central Appalachian deciduous forests were studied by analysing patterns of synchrony among intra- and interspecific populations and weather. 2. Spatial synchrony of 10 Lepidoptera species and three weather variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation) from 12 sites was measured using cross-correlation functions relating levels of synchrony to the distance separating each set of populations. Based on both the pattern of synchrony and the region-wide cross-correlation coefficients, Lepidoptera species appear to be synchronised, at least in part, by local weather conditions. 3. Interspecific cross-correlations were calculated for all sympatric species pairs and trends in interspecific synchrony were related to phylogenetic relatedness, life-history timing, and weather. Interspecific synchrony was highest among species whose larvae were present during the same time of the season, but there was no relationship between interspecific synchrony and phylogenetic affinity. 4. Spatial synchrony of weather variables was significantly related to both species of some interspecific pairs, indicating weather as a potential mechanism involved in synchronising populations of different species. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Morgantown, WV USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Raimondo, S (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM raimondo.sandy@epa.gov RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 44 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 4 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6946 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 29 IS 1 BP 96 EP 105 DI 10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00579.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 771YD UT WOS:000188812900011 ER PT J AU Akingbemi, BT Sottas, CM Koulova, AI Klinefelter, GR Hardy, MP AF Akingbemi, BT Sottas, CM Koulova, AI Klinefelter, GR Hardy, MP TI Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol a is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-ALPHA; MALE REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; REGULATORY PROTEIN STAR; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; 3-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; ANDROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS; MESSENGER-RNAS; MATURE RAT; IN-VITRO AB Exposure of humans to bisphenol A (BPA), a monomer in polycarbonate plastics and a constituent of resins used in food packaging and dentistry, is significant. In this report exposure of rats to 2.4 mug/kg . d (a dose that approximates BPA levels in the environment) from postnatal d 21 - 35 suppressed serum LH (0.21 +/- 0.05 ng/ml; vs. control, 0.52 +/- 0.04; P < 0.01) and testosterone (T) levels (1.62 +/- 0.16 ng/ml; vs. control, 2.52 +/- 0.21; P < 0.05), in association with decreased LHbeta and increased estrogen receptor beta pituitary mRNA levels as measured by RT-PCR. Treatment of adult Leydig cells with 0.01 nM BPA decreased T biosynthesis by 25% as a result of decreased expression of the steroidogenic enzyme 17alpha-hydroxylase/17-20 lyase. BPA decreased serum 17beta-estradiol levels from 0.31 +/- 0.02 ng/ ml (control) to 0.22 +/- 0.02, 0.19 +/- 0.02, and 0.23 +/- 0.03 ng/ml in rats exposed to 2.4 mug, 10 mug, or 100 mg/kg . d BPA, respectively, from 21 - 35 d of age ( P < 0.05) due to its ability to inhibit Leydig cell aromatase activity. Exposures of pregnant and nursing dams, i.e. from gestation d 12 to postnatal d 21, decreased T levels in the testicular interstitial fluid from 420 +/- 34 ( control) to 261 +/- 22 ( P < 0.05) ng/ ml in adulthood, implying that the perinatal period is a sensitive window of exposure to BPA. As BPA has been measured in several human populations, further studies are warranted to assess the effects of BPA on male fertility. C1 Populat Council, Biomed Res Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hardy, MP (reprint author), Populat Council, Biomed Res Ctr, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. EM m-hardy@popcbr.rockefeller.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [U54 HD 13541]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 10233] NR 59 TC 249 Z9 264 U1 4 U2 26 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 USA SN 0013-7227 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 145 IS 2 BP 592 EP 603 DI 10.1210/en.2003-1174 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 765VE UT WOS:000188304400018 PM 14605012 ER PT J AU Li, ZW Carter, JD Dailey, LA Huang, YCT AF Li, ZW Carter, JD Dailey, LA Huang, YCT TI Vanadyl sulfate inhibits NO production via threonine phosphorylation of eNOS SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE boilermakers; protein kinase C; pulmonary hypertension; vanadium ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; FUEL-OIL ASH; BOILERMAKER CONSTRUCTION WORKERS; ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR; ENZYME KININASE-II; PROTEIN-KINASE; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; SHEAR-STRESS; AKT; ACTIVATION AB Exposure to excessive vanadium occurs in some occupations and with consumption of some dietary regimens for weight reduction and body building. Because vanadium is vasoactive, individuals exposed to excessive vanadium may develop adverse vascular effects. We have previously shown that vanadyl sulfate causes acute pulmonary vasoconstriction, which could be attributed in part to inhibition of nitric oxide production. In the present study we investigated whether NO inhibition was related to phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). VOSO4 produced dose-dependent constriction of pulmonary arteries in isolated perfused lungs and pulmonary arterial rings and a right shift of the acetylcholine-dependent vasorelaxation curve. VOSO4 inhibited constitutive as well as A23187-stimulated NO production. Constitutive NO inhibition was accompanied by increased Thr(495) (threonine at codon 495) phosphorylation of eNOS, which would inhibit eNOS activity. Thr(495) phosphorylation of eNOS and inhibition of NO were partially reversed by pretreatment with calphostin C, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. There were no changes in Ser(1177) (serine at codon 1177) or tyrosine phosphorylation of eNOS. These results indicate that VOSO4 induced acute pulmonary vasoconstriction that was mediated in part by the inhibition of endothelial NO production via PKC-dependent phosphorylation of Thr(495) of eNOS. Exposure to excessive vanadium may contribute to pulmonary vascular diseases. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Huang, YCT (reprint author), CB 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM huang.tony@epa.gov NR 48 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1289/ehp.6477 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800035 PM 14754574 ER PT J AU Daston, G Faustman, E Ginsberg, G Fenner-Crisp, P Olin, S Sonawane, B Bruckner, J Breslin, W AF Daston, G Faustman, E Ginsberg, G Fenner-Crisp, P Olin, S Sonawane, B Bruckner, J Breslin, W TI A framework for assessing risks to children from exposure to environmental agents SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children's health; developmental toxicity; framework; life stage; risk assessment; toxicodynamics; toxicokinetics ID IDENTIFY CRITICAL WINDOWS; LEAD-INDUCED IMMUNOTOXICITY; DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; UNCERTAINTY FACTORS; ANIMAL-MODELS; TEST BATTERY; CLARA CELLS; IN-VIVO; HEALTH; WORKSHOP AB In recent years there has been an increasing focus in environmental risk assessment on children as a potentially susceptible population. There also has been growing recognition of the need for a systematic approach for organizing, evaluating, and incorporating the available data on children's susceptibilities in risk assessments. In this article we present a conceptual framework for assessing risks to children from environmental exposures. The proposed framework builds on the problem formulation --> analysis --> risk characterization paradigm, identifying at each phase the questions and issues of particular importance for characterizing risks to the developing organism (from conception through organ maturation). The framework is presented and discussed from the complementary perspectives of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. C1 Int Life Sci Inst, Risk Sci Inst, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Pharm, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Eli Lilly & Co, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA. RP Olin, S (reprint author), Int Life Sci Inst, Risk Sci Inst, 1 Thomas Circle,9th Floor, Washington, DC 20005 USA. EM solin@ilsi.org OI Faustman, Elaine/0000-0002-3085-6403 NR 88 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 10 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP 238 EP 256 DI 10.1289/ehp.6182 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800041 PM 14754580 ER PT J AU Landrigan, PJ Kimmel, CA Correa, A Eskenazi, B AF Landrigan, PJ Kimmel, CA Correa, A Eskenazi, B TI Children's health and the environment: Public health issues and challenges for risk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE children's environmental health; developmental toxicology; risk assessment; safety factors; toxicity testing ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; BLOOD LEAD LEVELS; AMBIENT AIR-POLLUTION; INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME; WOOD-BURNING STOVES; INNER-CITY CHILDREN; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PARENTAL SMOKING AB Infants and children are not little adults. They are uniquely vulnerable to environmental toxicants. To protect infants and children against toxicants, the National Research Council in 1993 called for development of an approach to risk assessment that considers children's unique patterns of exposure and their special vulnerabilities to pesticides. Many aspects of that call were codified into federal law in the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. This report highlights the central elements needed for development of a child-protective approach to risk assessment: a) improved quantitative assessment of children's exposures at different life stages, from fetal life through adolescence, including acute and chronic exposures, exposures via multiple routes, and exposures to multiple agents; b) development of new approaches to toxicity testing of chemicals that can detect unanticipated and subtle outcomes and that evaluate experimental subjects over the entire life span from early exposure to natural death to replicate the human experience; C) development of new toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic models that account for the unique physiologic characteristics of infants and children; 4 development of new approaches to assessment of outcomes, functional, organ, cellular and Molecular, over the entire life span; these measures need to be incorporated into toxicity testing and into long-term prospective epidemiologic studies of children; and e) application of uncertainty and safety factors in risk assessment that specifically consider children's risks. Under FQPA, children are presumed more vulnerable to pesticides than adults unless evidence exists to the contrary. Uncertainty and safety factors that are protective of children must therefore be incorporated into risk assessment when data on developmental toxicity are lacking or when there is evidence of developmental toxicity. The adequate protection of children against toxic agents in the environment will require fundamental and far-reaching revisions of current approaches to toxicity testing and risk assessment. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Commun & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Landrigan, PJ (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Commun & Prevent Med, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl,Box 1057, New York, NY 10029 USA. EM phil.landrigan@mssm.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P01ES09584, P42ES07384] NR 155 TC 163 Z9 169 U1 1 U2 36 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1289/ehp.6115 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800042 PM 14754581 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, G Slikker, W Bruckner, J Sonawane, B AF Ginsberg, G Slikker, W Bruckner, J Sonawane, B TI Incorporating children's toxicokinetics into a risk framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE children; dosimetry; risk assessment; toxicokinetics ID PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED MODELS; BONE-SEEKING ELEMENTS; AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; HUMAN-LIVER; PLACENTAL-TRANSFER; RAT-LIVER; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS; CYTOCHROME-P450 ENZYMES; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT AB Children's responses to environmental toxicants will be affected by the way in which their systems absorb, distribute, metabolize, and excrete chemicals. These toxicokinetic factors vary during development, from in utero where maternal and placental processes play a large role, to the neonate in which emerging metabolism and clearance pathways are key determinants. Toxicokinetic differences between neonates and adults lead to the potential for internal dosimetry differences and increased or decreased risk, depending on the mechanisms for toxicity and clearance of a given chemical. This article raises a number of questions that need to be addressed when conducting a toxicokinetic analysis of in utero or childhood exposures. These questions are organized into a proposed framework for conducting the assessment that involves problem formulation (identification of early life stage toxicokinetic factors and chemical-specific factors that may raise questions/concerns for children); data analysis (development of analytic approach, construction of child/adult or child/animal dosimetry comparisons); and risk characterization (evaluation of how children's toxicokinetic analysis can be used to decrease uncertainties in the risk assessment). The proposed approach provides a range of analytical options, from qualitative to quantitative, for assessing children's dosimetry. Further, it provides background information on a variety of toxicokinetic factors that can vary as a function of developmental stage. For example, the ontology of metabolizing systems is described via reference to pediatric studies involving therapeutic drugs and evidence from in vitro enzyme studies. This type of resource information is intended to help the assessor begin to address the issues raised in this paper. C1 Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ginsberg, G (reprint author), Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, 410 Capitol Ave,Mail Stop 11CHA, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. EM gary.ginsberg@po.state.ct.us NR 156 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP 272 EP 283 DI 10.1289/ehp.6013 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800044 PM 14754583 ER PT J AU Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B AF Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B TI Overstating the consequences: Peipins et al.'s response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID EXPOSURE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Denver, CO USA. Montana Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Helena, MT USA. Lincoln Cty Dept Environm Hlth, Libby, MT USA. RP Peipins, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM mlewin@cdc.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP A84 EP A85 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800005 ER PT J AU Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B AF Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Kapil, V Middleton, D Miller, A Weis, C Spence, M Black, B TI Radiographic abnormalities: Response from Peipins et al. SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID VERMICULITE; EXPOSURE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Denver, CO USA. Montana Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Helena, MT USA. Lincoln Cty Dept Environm Hlth, Libby, MT USA. RP Peipins, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. EM mlewin@cdc.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 112 IS 2 BP A83 EP A83 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 776ZQ UT WOS:000189149800003 ER PT J AU Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Coulston, JW AF Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Coulston, JW TI A preliminary assessment of Montreal Process indicators of forest fragmentation for the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE fragmentation; land cover; Montreal Process; national assessment; spatial pattern ID PATTERNS AB As part of the U. S. 2003 National Report on Sustainable Forests, four metrics of forest fragmentation - patch size, edge amount, inter-patch distance, and patch contrast - were measured within 137 744 non-overlapping 5625 ha analysis units on land-cover maps derived from satellite imagery for the 48 conterminous States. The perimeter of a typical forest patch is about 100 m from the perimeter of its nearest neighbor, except when there is not much forest, in which case that distance is 200 to 300 m. A typical analysis unit has from 10 to 40% as much forest edge as it could possibly have, given the amount of forest present. Most analysis units contain a large number of patches that are less than one hectare in size, and about 10% contain one or more 2000 to 5000 ha patches. Forest often defines the background landscape, and patch contrast is generally either very high or very low in eastern regions and intermediate in western regions. Many research needs were identified by this experimental analysis of available data and metrics. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Riitters, KH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 257 EP 276 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009240.65355.92 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754VU UT WOS:000187353700014 PM 14969448 ER PT J AU Acheson, CM Zhou, Q Shan, YG Sayles, GD Kupferle, MJ AF Acheson, CM Zhou, Q Shan, YG Sayles, GD Kupferle, MJ TI Comparing the solid phase and saline extract Microtox (R) assays for two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Microtox (R); solid phase; saline extract; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; soil ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; VIBRIO-FISCHERI; TOXICITY TESTS; HARBOR; BIOREMEDIATION; PAHS AB The performance of remedial treatments is typically evaluated by measuring the concentration of specific chemicals. By adding toxicity bioassays to treatment evaluations, a fuller understanding of treatment performance is obtained. The solid phase Microtox(R) assay is a useful tool in characterizing the toxicity of contaminated soils and sediments. This study compares the performance of the solid phase and saline extract Microtox assays in two experiments using two soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The first experiment, conducted to refine the solid phase assay procedures, evaluated sample holding times, sample replication, and reference toxicant controls. The effective concentration reducing light emission by 50% (EC50) of four samples was measured with eight replicates of each sample. Samples were stored for as long as two weeks without showing substantial changes in toxicity. For future studies, three replicates of each sample are recommended because that degree of replication yielded a statistical power of more than 95% in most samples. Phenol was a reliable reference toxicant with a mean EC50 of 21.76 and a 95% confidence interval of 15.6 to 27.9 mg/L. In a second experiment, the solid phase Microtox assay was compared to saline extract Microtox assays with mixing times ranging from 5 min to 16 h. The solid phase assay was more sensitive yielding EC50s 7 to 50 times lower than the extract EC50s. In addition, the saline extract assays displayed results that varied for mixing times of less than 2 h. Based on these two experiments, the solid phase Microtox test has proved to be a useful assay for measuring the toxicity of PAH-contaminated soils. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Acheson, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM acheson.carolyn@epa.gov NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1897/02-618 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 767AH UT WOS:000188415800002 PM 14982368 ER PT J AU Dimitrov, S Koleva, Y Schultz, TW Walker, JD Mekenyan, O AF Dimitrov, S Koleva, Y Schultz, TW Walker, JD Mekenyan, O TI Interspecies quantitative structure-activity relationship model for aldehydes: Aquatic toxicity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic toxicology; aldehydes; fish; aquatic invertebrates ID UNSATURATED DIALDEHYDES; TETRAHYMENA-PYRIFORMIS; SOLUBILITY PROPERTIES; NONPOLAR NARCOTICS; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL MEDIA; VIBRIO-FISCHERI; LEUCISCUS-IDUS; FISH-TOXICITY; CHEMICALS AB The present study proposes a generic interspecies quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that can be used to predict the acute toxicity of aldehydes to most species of aquatic organisms. The model is based on the flow-through fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 50% lethal concentration (LC50) data combined with other selected fish acute toxicity data and on the static ciliate (Tetrahymena pyriformis) 50% inhibitory growth concentration (IGC50) data. The toxicity of Schiff-base acting aldehydes was defined using hydrophobicity, as the calculated log 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log K-ow), and reactivity, as the donor delocalizability for the aldehyde O-site (DO-atom). The fish model [log 1/LC50 = -2.503(+/-1.950) + 0.480(+/-0.052) log K-ow + 18.983(+/-6.573) DO-atom, n = 62, r(2) = 0.619, s(2) = 0.241, F = 48.0, Q(2) = 0.587] compares favorably with the ciliate model [log 1/IGC50 = -0.985(+/-1.309) + 0.530(+/-0.044) log K-ow + 11.369(+/-4.350) DO-atom = 81, r(2) = 0.65 1, s(2) = 0.147, F = 72.9, Q(2) = 0.626]. The fish and ciliate surfaces appear to be parallel, because they deviate significantly only by their intercepts. These observations lead to the development of a global QSAR for aldehyde aquatic toxicity [log E-1 = b(E)(Organism) + 0.505(+/-0.033) log K-ow + 14.315(+/-3.731) DO-atom = 143, r(2) = 0.698, s(2) = 0.187, s(Fish)(2) = 0.244, s(Ciliate)(2) = 0.149, F = 98, Q(2) = 0.681]. The general character of the model was validated using acute toxicity data for other aquatic species. The aldehydes global interspecies QSAR model could be used to predict the acute aquatic toxicity of untested aldehydes and to extrapolate the toxicity of aldehydes to other aquatic species. C1 Bourgas As Zlatarov Univ, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Dept Comparat Med, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. US EPA, TSCA Interagency Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dimitrov, S (reprint author), Bourgas As Zlatarov Univ, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. EM sdimitrov@btu.bg NR 75 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 15 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 463 EP 470 DI 10.1897/02-579 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 767AH UT WOS:000188415800029 PM 14982395 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Restoration ecology: the challenge of social values and expectations SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 2 IS 1 BP 45 EP 46 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825XJ UT WOS:000221791800023 ER PT J AU Puskin, JS James, AC Nelson, NS AF Puskin, JS James, AC Nelson, NS TI The Puskin observation on smoking as a confounder in ecologic correlations of cancer mortality rates with average county radon levels - Response to Cohen SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Letter ID LUNG-CANCER; RISK C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ACJ & Associates, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Puskin, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 86 IS 2 BP 204 EP 205 DI 10.1097/00004032-200402000-00014 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 766BV UT WOS:000188326300014 ER PT J AU Abernathy, CO Donohue, JM Cicmanec, J Poirier, KA AF Abernathy, CO Donohue, JM Cicmanec, J Poirier, KA TI Some comments on the selection of human intraspecies uncertainty factors SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Meeting on Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY NOV 14-15, 2002 CL Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med, Newark, NJ SP US EPA, CDC, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Evironm Hlth Directorate Hlth Canada, Merck & Co, Pfizer Incorp, TotalFina Elf, Gradient Corp, Novartis Pharnaceut, CYTEC Ind, ExxionMobil Biomed Corp, Schering-Plough Res Inst, Hoffmann-LaRoche Pharmacutical HO Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med DE reference dose; human uncertainty factor; essential trace elements; arsenic; benzoic acid; fluoride; manganese; molybdenum; nitrate; nitrite; selenium; silver and zinc ID RISK ASSESSMENT; HEALTH; ZINC AB The Reference Dose (RID) is used in the risk assessment of non-carcinogenic chemicals. It is derived by dividing a point of departure by the product of the uncertainty (UFs) and modifying factors (MFs). Separate UFs are used for different variables, e.g., intraspecies variation and, in general, each UF is an order of magnitude (10-fold). On the other hand, the MF is usually based on some known variable such as differences in absorption of a chemical from food and water and its default value is one. The USEPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) has 14 chemicals that have RfDs based on human studies. We examined those IRIS files to determine the rationale for setting human intraspecies uncertainty factors (UFH). The first consideration was that the chemical had an adequate peer-reviewed human database. Without such, it would not be possible to derive an RID based on human data. Ten of the 14 chemicals had an UFH of I or 3; four of these were essential trace elements (ETEs). The rationales for using less than a 10-fold UFH for the ETEs included; 1) nutritional data, 2) large human exposure groups, 3) minimal effect levels and/or 4) several studies with similar effect levels. For the other compounds, reasons included; 1) large human exposure groups, 2) a critical effect that was not adverse (cosmetic), 3) the most sensitive population was exposed, 4) the compound was on the FDA's "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) list, 5) database uncertainties and 6) less-than-lifetime exposure adjusted for 70 years exposure. It is important to understand the reasons for selecting a UFH of 1, or 3 as they will apply to future chemicals considered by the USEPA and other agencies. C1 US EPA, HECD 4304T, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Kendle Int Inc, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Abernathy, CO (reprint author), US EPA, HECD 4304T, Off Water, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM abernathy.charles@epa.gov NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.1080/10807030490280936 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805NY UT WOS:000220374200004 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC AF Lipscomb, JC TI Evaluating the relationship between variance in enzyme expression and toxicant concentration in health risk assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Meeting on Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY NOV 14-15, 2002 CL Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med, Newark, NJ SP US EPA, CDC, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Evironm Hlth Directorate Hlth Canada, Merck & Co, Pfizer Incorp, TotalFina Elf, Gradient Corp, Novartis Pharnaceut, CYTEC Ind, ExxionMobil Biomed Corp, Schering-Plough Res Inst, Hoffmann-LaRoche Pharmacutical HO Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med DE biotransformation; clearance; enzyme variance; pharmacokinetics; risk assessment; uncertainty factors; xenobiotics ID TRICHLOROETHYLENE METABOLISM; IN-VIVO; HUMANS; CYTOCHROME-P450; EXTRAPOLATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; INDUCTION; TOXICITY; FORMS; TRACT AB The replacement of default uncertainty factors with those based on chemical-specific data is a topic of interest to a growing number of government-based organizations and those in affiliated professional societies. The division of the uncertainty factors for animal-to-human extrapolation and human interindividual. variance (UFA and UFH, respectively) into their pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) components invites additional and specific considerations. Where data are available, or substantiated PK models have been developed, the animal-to-human chemical-specific differences have been quantified and utilized to replace the PK component of the uncertainty factor. The increasing degree to which the genome is being characterized has stimulated additional interest in describing the impact of genetic polymorphisms on susceptibility. Frequently, proteins for which the genes are being evaluated are the group of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. In-depth understanding of the genetic polymorphisms of genes coding for Aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucuronyl transferase and cytochrome P450 enzyme forms has been combined with information on the bioactivation or detoxication of environmental contaminants. The preliminary conclusion of some of these considerations is that alterations in enzyme content or enzyme activity result in a de facto alteration of risk. While this may be true of the "all-or-none" genetic alterations, the impact of more subtle changes in enzyme content and/or activity are more difficult to predict. The hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) is dependent upon an initial, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidative step. Variance of CYP2E1 content of human liver has been characterized from a bank of tissues from human organ donors and combined with data describing the in vitro Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters in order to extrapolate the metabolic capacity (and variance thereof) from in vitro to in vivo and assess its impact on PK through incorporation in a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. This presentation summarizes that work, and demonstrates and discusses why extremes of CYP2E1-mediated metabolic capacity in adult humans has virtually no impact on the PK metric most closely related to hepatotoxic injury from TCE exposure. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Lipscomb.john@epa.gov NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 39 EP 55 DI 10.1080/10807030490280945 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805NY UT WOS:000220374200005 ER PT J AU Schaub, S AF Schaub, S TI A risk assessment framework for waterborne pathogens and requirements for producing a complete protocol SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Meeting on Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY NOV 14-15, 2002 CL Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med, Newark, NJ SP US EPA, CDC, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Evironm Hlth Directorate Hlth Canada, Merck & Co, Pfizer Incorp, TotalFina Elf, Gradient Corp, Novartis Pharnaceut, CYTEC Ind, ExxionMobil Biomed Corp, Schering-Plough Res Inst, Hoffmann-LaRoche Pharmacutical HO Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med DE pathogen; risk assessment; water; research needs; framework; microbiology; USEPA AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Office of Water, is developing a risk assessment protocol for determining microbiological pathogen risks in water (drinking, recreational, waste waters, etc.). This effort has been conducted in collaboration with the International Life Sciences Institute. A microbiological risk assessment framework was prepared and has been peer reviewed in the open literature and vetted at the USEPA and other federal government risk assessment venues. Some goals in development of the Framework were to make it comprehensive, easy to understand and to use, since it is recognized that improvements to the framework structure and instructional material would facilitate its use. The USEPA's Office of Water wishes to develop improved tools, methods, and approaches for conducting the analysis phase for risk assessments and would like to evaluate its efficacy for a broad range of waterborne pathogens in water/wastewater media. Improved understanding of microbiological survival, infectivity, and virulence factors is needed, especially at the genomic and proteomic levels to accurately assess the occurrence and fate of pathogens in water and to predict what intrinsic factors allow pathogens to be invasive and virulent. Development of improved dose-response models (including animal models) for pathogen exposures focusing on the dynamic circumstances of immunity, secondary spread, and sensitive subpopulations, would be useful additions to the Framework. In the future, USEPA may consider establishing comprehensive pathogen risk assessment guidelines that all its program offices can use. C1 US EPA, Off Water, Hlth & Ecol Criteria Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schaub, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Hlth & Ecol Criteria Div, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM schaub.stephen@epa.gov NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 151 EP 158 DI 10.1080/10807030490281034 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805NY UT WOS:000220374200014 ER PT J AU Yue, S Pilon, P AF Yue, S Pilon, P TI A comparison of the power of the t test, Mann-Kendall and bootstrap tests for trend detection SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Article DE trend detection; Student's t test; Mann-Kendall test; bootstrap test; power of a test; P value; trend shape; statistical analysis ID QUALITY TIME-SERIES; WATER-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; RIVERS; LAKE; FLOW AB Monte Carlo simulation is applied to compare the power of the statistical tests: the parametric t test, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK), bootstrap-based slope (BS-slope), and bootstrap-based MK (BS-MK) tests to assess the significance of monotonic (linear and nonlinear) trends. Simulation results indicate that (a) the t test and the BS-slope test, which are slope-based tests, have the same power; (b) the MK and BS-based MK tests, which are rank-based tests, have the same power; (c) for normally-distributed data, the power of the slope-based tests is slightly higher than that of the rank-based tests; and (d) for non-normally distributed series such as time series with the Pearson type III (P3), Gumbel, extreme value type II (EV2), or Weibull distributions, the power of the rank-based tests is higher than that of the slope-based tests. The power of the tests is slightly sensitive to the shape of trend. Practical assessment of the significance of trends in the annual maximum daily flows of 30 Canadian pristine river basins demonstrates a similar tendency to that obtained in the simulation studies. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Meteorol Serv Canada Ontario Reg, MSD, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Yue, S (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM yue.sheng@epa.gov NR 45 TC 114 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 23 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O FRANCES WATKINS, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1 BP 21 EP 37 DI 10.1623/hysj.49.1.21.53996 PG 17 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 770XH UT WOS:000188756300003 ER PT J AU Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK AF Menetrez, MY Foarde, KK TI Emission exposure model for the transport of toxic mold SO INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biocontaminant; bioaerosol; chamber study; duct; emissions; microbial contamination ID PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM; INFANT AB Biocontaminants such as mold spores are capable of being released into the indoor air from the site of growth and being transported in a viable or non-viable form. Exposure to toxic mold and the mycotoxins contained in the spore and vegetative body have been shown to produce adverse health effects following inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. This paper presents the results of a study of the release of Stachybotrys chartarum spores from contaminated gypsum wallboard and of tests on the effects of environmental conditions on the release of viable and non-viable spores and fragments. The findings of S. chartarum spore emissions with low air velocity flow conditions were found to be directly proportional to airflow and indirectly proportional to relative humidity. These emission findings corroborate previous observations involving Penicillium and Aspergillus. The viability of S. chartarum spore emissions is also discussed with respect to culturable and commonly used field measurement techniques. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Menetrez, MY (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM menetrez.marc@epa.gov NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1420-326X J9 INDOOR BUILT ENVIRON JI Indoor Built Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1177/1420326x04041038 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 776RE UT WOS:000189129800008 ER PT J AU Alfaro, MF Putney, L Tarkington, BK Hatch, GE Hyde, DM Schelegle, ES AF Alfaro, MF Putney, L Tarkington, BK Hatch, GE Hyde, DM Schelegle, ES TI Effect of rapid shallow breathing on the distribution of O-18-labeled ozone reaction product in the respiratory tract of the rat SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GASEOUS-POLLUTANTS; ACUTE INHALATION; REGIONAL UPTAKE; C-FIBERS; LUNG; SENSITIVITY; HUMANS; INJURY; MODEL; DOGS AB We examined the effect of breathing pattern on ozone reaction product content within the respiratory tract. Thirty-four anesthetized, male Wistar rats were exposed to oxygen-18 (O-18)-labeled ozone at 1.0 ppm for 2 h using a dual-chamber, negative-pressure ventilation system. Frequency was set at 80 (n = 9), 120 (n = 7), 160 (n = 8), or 200 (n = 10) breaths per minute (bpm), while tidal volume (V-t) was set to provide a constant minute ventilation of 72.8 ml/min/100 g body weight. Airways sampled were from the midlevel trachea and the mainstem bronchi and parenchyma of the cranial and caudal right lobes. 180 content in each airway sample was quantified and normalized to surface area. Across frequencies, there was significantly greater (p < .05) O-18 content in the trachea and bronchi (conducting airway epithelium) compared to the parenchyma sampling sites. Tracheal O-18 content decreased between 80 and 160 bpm, but then underwent an increase at 200 bpm. In comparison, O-18 content gradually increased between 80 and 200 bpm at the right cranial and caudal bronchi sites. Right cranial parenchymal O-18 content decreased at 200 bpm compared to 80, 120, and 160 bpm. Right caudal parenchymal O-18 content was relatively constant over all breathing frequencies. We concluded that the development of rapid shallow breathing from 80 to 160 bpm results in a reduced deposition of O-3 in the trachea, while only mildly affecting to ozone deposition in parenchyma supplied by short and long airway paths. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Natl Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Schelegle, ES (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM esschelegle@ucdavis.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES006791] NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 16 IS 2 BP 77 EP 85 DI 10.1080/08958370490264852 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 778UP UT WOS:000189260000002 PM 15204780 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Jackson, E Whitford, WG AF Nash, MS Jackson, E Whitford, WG TI Effects of intense, short-duration grazing on microtopography in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE cattle; wind erosion; grazing; hoof-action; microtopography index; micromounds; microdepressions ID VEGETATION; WIND AB We studied the effect of three consecutive years of short duration (< 48 h per year), and intense grazing (20-40 yearling cows per hectare) on soil surface microtopography in a Chihuhuan Desert grassland. We also studied the effects of shrub removal plus grazing on microtopography. Microtopography was measured in 18 plots (treatments). Treatments were a combination of two factors: (1) three levels of grazing (winter-grazed, summer-grazed, and not grazed), and (2) two levels of habitat structure (shrubs-removed and shrubs-intact). Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) shrubs were removed from half of the plots (nine out of 18 plots). The average height of the micromounds, the average depths of intermound depressions, and the number of micromounds were significantly reduced on the grazed plots. Shrub removal had no significant effect on the height of the micromounds or the depth of the intermound depressions of ungrazed plots. There were significant differences in average micromound heights and intermound microdepression depths attributable to the season of grazing. Microtopography was significantly reduced on grazed plots from which shrubs were removed, compared to ungrazed plots, and grazed plots with shrubs present. Grass canopy reduction, and destruction of the micromound structure in a short duration, plus intense grazing results in erosion of micromounds and in-filling of intermound depressions. The loss of microtopography coupled with reduction in vegetation height and cover resulting from short-duration intense grazing by cattle exposed soils to an increased risk of soil erosion Destruction of the micromound/microdepression topography by cattle changes the spatial patterns of water infiltration, and may homogenize nutrients in desert grasslands. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Desert Res Inst, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Geog, MSC MAP, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM nash.maliha@epa.gov NR 19 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 56 IS 3 BP 383 EP 393 DI 10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00062-4 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 761CQ UT WOS:000187882600001 ER PT J AU Cooper, CA Lin, YS Gonzalez, M AF Cooper, CA Lin, YS Gonzalez, M TI Separation properties of surface modified silica supported liquid membranes for divalent metal removal/recovery SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE liquid membranes; divalent metal removal; concentration gradient ID WASTE-WATER; MICROFILTRATION MEMBRANES; ION-EXCHANGERS; MASS-TRANSFER; HEAVY-METALS; STABILITY; REMOVAL; TRANSPORT; COPPER; EXTRACTION AB The synthesis and separation properties of a mesoporous silica supported liquid membrane (SLM) were studied. The membranes consisted of a silica layer, from dip-coated colloidal silica, on an alpha-alumina support, modified with dichlorodimethyl silane (DCDMS) to add surface methyl groups to the silica layer. 2-Hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenome oxime (LIX-84) was entrapped within the pores of the silica due to hydrophobic interactions between the surface methyl groups and the long hydrocarbon chain from the LIX-84. The goal of synthesizing the membrane in this manner was to enhance the stability of SLMs. The membranes made after two-time dip-coating demonstrated good stability (no sign of LIX loss after 12 days) and uphill Cu2+ transport against the concentration gradient. Regardless of operating conditions, of the six metals studied (Ca, Cd. Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni), only Cu2+ showed any flux except for some experiments in which Ca2+ flux could be attributed to imperfections in the membrane. Cu2+ fluxes as high as 2.3 x 10(-10) mol/cm(2) S (with 40mmol/L (40ppm) Cu2+ feed) and permeability coefficients as high as 8.0 x 10(-4) cm/s were obtained for these mesoporous inorganic SLMs. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lin, YS (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM jlin@alpha.che.uc.edu RI Lin, Jerry/F-1235-2010 OI Lin, Jerry/0000-0001-5905-8336 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 229 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 25 DI 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.023 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 770EL UT WOS:000188710200002 ER PT J AU Leblond, JD Chapman, PJ AF Leblond, JD Chapman, PJ TI Sterols of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae): Is there a lipid biomarker? SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomarker; dinoflagellate; Dinophyceae; lipid; Pfiesteria; sterol ID HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; HUMAN HEALTH; KARENIA-BREVIS; FATTY-ACIDS; CRYPTHECODINIUM-COHNII; MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; GYMNODINIUM BREVE; CHESAPEAKE BAY AB Within U.S. waters, blooms of the dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, have been recorded on an almost regular basis in the Chesapeake Bay and surrounding mid-Atlantic regions for the last two decades. Despite the apparent significance of such blooms to the environment and human health and the attendant economic consequences, little work has addressed the physiology and biochemistry, particularly that of sterol composition, of P. piscicida. GC-MS characterization of trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of sterols from free sterol and sterol ester fractions was performed in an effort to determine whether P. piscicida produces unique sterols that may serve as potential biomarkers. This characterization revealed that like most dinoflagellates, the majority of sterols was present as free sterols. Furthermore, the profile of free sterols was found to resemble those of photosynthetic dinoflagellates, with the dominant compound being the previously reported dinoflagellate sterol, dinosterol. A number of other 4alpha-methyl-substituted sterols and steroidal ketones common to other dinoflagellates were also identified. No strong candidate(s) for a unique sterol biomarker was present. C1 Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Leblond, JD (reprint author), Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. EM jleblond@mtsu.edu NR 62 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 40 IS 1 BP 104 EP 111 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.02166.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 772WJ UT WOS:000188864700013 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, S Almquist, C Lee, TG Furuuchi, M Hedrick, E Biswas, P AF Rodriguez, S Almquist, C Lee, TG Furuuchi, M Hedrick, E Biswas, P TI A mechanistic model for mercury capture with in situ-generated titania particles: Role of water vapor SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; SORBENT PRECURSORS; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; ACTIVATED CARBONS; PHASE MERCURY; FLUE-GAS; COMBUSTION; SPECIATION; INJECTION AB A mechanistic model to predict the capture of gas-phase mercury (Hg) species using in situ-generated titania nanosize particles activated by UV irradiation is developed. The model is an extension of a recently reported model for photochemical reactions by Almquist and Biswas that accounts for the rates of electron-hole pair generation, the adsorption of the compound to be oxidized, and the adsorption of water vapor. The role of water vapor in the removal efficiency of Hg was investigated to evaluate the rates of Hg oxidation at different water vapor concentrations. As the water vapor concentration is increased, more hydroxy radical species are generated on the surface of the titania particle, increasing the number of active sites for the photooxidation and capture of Hg. At very high water vapor concentrations, competitive adsorption is expected to be important and reduce the number of sites available for photooxidation of Hg. The predictions of the developed phenomenological model agreed well with the measured Hg oxidation rates in this study and with the data on oxidation of organic compounds reported in the literature. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Environm Engn & Sci Div, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Paper Sci & Engn, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul, South Korea. Yonsei Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul, South Korea. Kanazawa Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH USA. Washington Univ, Environm Engn Sci, St Louis, MO USA. RP Biswas, P (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Environm Engn & Sci Div, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM pratim.biswas@seas.wustl.edu RI Lee, Tai Gyu/G-7962-2012 OI Lee, Tai Gyu/0000-0002-8900-1581 NR 45 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 149 EP 156 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 768MV UT WOS:000188547500003 PM 14977316 ER PT J AU Lunder, S Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA AF Lunder, S Woodruff, TJ Axelrad, DA TI An analysis of candidates for addition to the clean air act list of hazardous air pollutants SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TOXICS CONCENTRATIONS AB There are 188 air toxics listed as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the Clean Air Act (CAA), based on their potential to adversely impact public health. This paper presents several analyses performed to screen potential candidates for addition to the HAPs list. We analyzed 1086 HAPs and potential HAPs, including chemicals regulated by the state of California or with emissions reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). HAPs and potential HAPs were ranked by their emissions to air, and by toxicity-weighted (tox-wtd) emissions for cancer and noncancer, using emissions information from the TRI and toxicity information from state and federal agencies. Separate consideration was given for persistent, bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs), reproductive or developmental toxins, and chemicals under evaluation for regulation as toxic air contaminants in California.. Forty-four pollutants were identified as candidate HAPs based on three ranking analyses and whether they were a PBT or a reproductive or developmental toxin. Of these, nine qualified in two or three different rankings (ammonia [NH3], copper [Cu], Cu. compounds, nitric acid [HNO3], N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, sulfuric acid [H2SO4], vanadium M compounds, zinc [Zn], and Zn compounds). This analysis suggests further evaluation of several pollutants for possible addition to the CAA list of HAPs. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC USA. RP Woodruff, TJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM tracey@epa.gov NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 157 EP 171 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 768MV UT WOS:000188547500004 PM 14977317 ER PT J AU Lattin, PD Wigington, PJ Moser, TJ Peniston, BE Lindeman, DR Oetter, DR AF Lattin, PD Wigington, PJ Moser, TJ Peniston, BE Lindeman, DR Oetter, DR TI Influence of remote sensing imagery source on quantification of Riparian land coveraand use SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; land cover/land use; thematic mapper; aerial photography; riparian areas; streams; fish IBI; nitrate ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY; THEMATIC MAPPER; WATER-QUALITY; STREAMS; SCALE; FISH; VEGETATION; POLLUTION; FILTERS AB This paper compares approaches to quantifying land cover/land use (LCLU) in riparian corridors of 23 watersheds in Oregon's Willamette Valley using color infrared aerial photography (AP) and Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. For each imagery source, LCLU adjacent to stream networks were quantified across a range of lateral and longitudinal scales. Single-date AP data had higher LCLU class accuracies than the multi-date TM data, except for row crops. Correlations among LCLU classes for the two imagery sources increased with increased spatial extent. In general, LCLU proportions for AP and TM differed, but lateral/longitudinal patterns were similar. An aggregated vegetation class comprised of forest, shrub/scrub, and grass/forb was strongly associated with a fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) for both AP and TM data, although AP correlations were higher. Highest fish IBI correlations for both data sources were with the aggregated vegetation class close to the stream and for the longest longitudinal scales. The row crop class was strongly associated with stream nitrate for both data sources, although correlations for the TM data were higher. Stream nitrate correlations were strongest for the widest lateral and longest longitudinal scales. Overall, both single-date AP and multi-date TM imagery appear to have potential for use in estimating indicators of stream ecological condition. C1 US EPA, Dynam Corp, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Georgia Coll, Milledgeville, GA 31061 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Hist & Geog, Milledgeville, GA 31061 USA. RP Lattin, PD (reprint author), US EPA, Dynam Corp, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM lattin.peter@epa.gov NR 51 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 40 IS 1 BP 215 EP 227 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01020.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 808TG UT WOS:000220590800016 ER PT J AU Doherty, J Johnston, JM AF Doherty, J Johnston, JM TI Methodologies for calibration and predictive analysis of a watershed model SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Environm Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. US EPA, ORD, NERL, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Johnston, JM (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Environm Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM johnston.johnm@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 40 IS 1 BP 268 EP 268 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01027.x PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 808TG UT WOS:000220590800023 ER PT J AU Hartmann, KE Herring, AH Savitz, DA Baird, DD AF Hartmann, KE Herring, AH Savitz, DA Baird, DD TI Uterine fibroids and spontaneous abortion: A prospective study. SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR GYNECOLOGIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 51st Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Gynecologic-Investigation CY MAR 24-27, 2004 CL Houston, TX SP Soc Gynecol Investigat C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1071-5576 J9 J SOC GYNECOL INVEST JI J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 SU S MA 351 BP 191A EP 191A PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 802SZ UT WOS:000220184500349 ER PT J AU Hartmann, KE Herring, AH Savitz, DA Baird, DD AF Hartmann, KE Herring, AH Savitz, DA Baird, DD TI Predictors of the presence of uterine fibroids in the first trimester of pregnanacy: A prospective cohort study. SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR GYNECOLOGIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 51st Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Gynecologic-Investigation CY MAR 24-27, 2004 CL Houston, TX SP Soc Gynecol Investigat C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1071-5576 J9 J SOC GYNECOL INVEST JI J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 SU S MA 789 BP 340A EP 341A PG 2 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 802SZ UT WOS:000220184500786 ER PT J AU Hartmann, KE Herring, AH Savitz, DA Baird, DD AF Hartmann, KE Herring, AH Savitz, DA Baird, DD TI Defining the proportion of pregnant women with uterine fibroids in a non-clinical prospective cohort. SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR GYNECOLOGIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 51st Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Gynecologic-Investigation CY MAR 24-27, 2004 CL Houston, TX SP Soc Gynecol Investigat C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1071-5576 J9 J SOC GYNECOL INVEST JI J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 11 IS 2 SU S MA 790 BP 341A EP 341A PG 1 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 802SZ UT WOS:000220184500787 ER PT J AU Dugan, NR Williams, DJ AF Dugan, NR Williams, DJ TI Removal of Cryptosporidium by in-line filtration: effects of coagulant type, filter loading rate and temperature SO JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; direct filtration; solid phase cytometry ID BIOFILTRATION PERFORMANCE; CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT; GIARDIA; OOCYSTS; WATER AB Eight pilot-scale runs were performed to evaluate the impacts of coagulant type, filter loading rates and temperature on the removal of seeded Cryptosporidium oocysts by in-line filtration The. coagulant was either aluminum sulphate or ferric chloride, the filter loading rate was either 5 or 10 m/h and temperature was controlled at 20 or 4.5degreesC. Cryptosporidium samples were collected on an hourly basis during each run and analysed by solid phase cytometry. Depending on the operating conditions, observed average Cryptosporidium removals ranged from 1.0 log (std dev.=0.2 log) to >4.2 log (std dev. = 0.1 log). C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Dugan, NR (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM dugan.nicholas@epa.gov NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SUPPLY RES T JI J. Water Supply Res Technol.-Aqua PD FEB PY 2004 VL 53 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 800PQ UT WOS:000220040600001 ER PT J AU Gandhi, J Johnson, M Hedrick, J AF Gandhi, J Johnson, M Hedrick, J TI Determination of trace level perchlorate by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry SO LC GC NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article C1 Metrohm Peak Inc, Houston, TX 77034 USA. US EPA, Reg 6, Washington, DC USA. RP Gandhi, J (reprint author), Metrohm Peak Inc, 12521 Gulf Freeway, Houston, TX 77034 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1527-5949 J9 LC GC N AM JI LC GC N. AM. PD FEB PY 2004 SU S BP 36 EP 36 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 780NV UT WOS:000189388400019 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Sovocool, GW TI Identifying compounds despite chromatography limitations: Organophosphates in treated sewage SO LC GC NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PHARMACEUTICALS; IONS; IDENTIFICATION; ENVIRONMENT; POLLUTANTS; EFFLUENT; WATER AB Identifying compounds in complex mixtures can be difficult when coelution occurs, clean analyte mass spectra are unobtainable, or plausible library mass spectral matches cannot be found. The authors discuss a novel high resolution mass spectral technique - ion composition elucidation - that acquires data to determine the compositions of ions in mass spectra as the compounds are eluted into the mass spectrometer. This information often leads to the identification of compounds that otherwise would be neglected. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1527-5949 J9 LC GC N AM JI LC GC N. AM. PD FEB PY 2004 SU S BP 96 EP 103 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 780NV UT WOS:000189388400061 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Quarles, RL Dantin, DD Moore, JC AF Lewis, MA Quarles, RL Dantin, DD Moore, JC TI Evaluation of a Florida coastal golf complex as a local and watershed source of bioavailable contaminants SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE contaminants; coastal golf complex; bioconcentration; Florida ID AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; HEAVY-METALS; PERIPHYTON; SEDIMENT; QUALITY; BIOACCUMULATION; COURSES AB Contaminant fate in coastal areas impacted by golf course runoff is not well understood. This report summarizes trace metal, pesticide and PCB residues for colonized periphyton, Ruppia maritima (widgeon grass), Callinectes sapidus Rathbun (blue crabs) and Crassostrea virginica Gemlin (Eastern oyster) collected from areas adjacent to a Florida golf course complex which receive runoff containing reclaimed municipal wastewater. Concentrations of 19 chlorinated pesticides and 18 PCB congeners were usually below detection in the biota. In contrast, 8 trace metals were commonly detected although concentrations were not usually significantly different for biota collected from reference and non-reference coastal areas. Residue concentrations in decreasing order were typically: zinc, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, nickel, cadmium and mercury. Mean BCF values for the eight trace metals ranged between 160-57000 (periphyton), 79-11033 (R. maritima), 87-162625 (C virginica) and 12-9800 (C. sapidus). Most trace metal residues in periphyton colonized adjacent to the golf complex, were either similar to or significantly less than those reported for periphyton colonized in nearby coastal areas impacted by urban stormwater runoff and treated municipal and industrial wastewater discharges. Consequently, the recreational complex does not appear to be a major source of bioavailable contaminants locally nor in the immediate watershed based on results for the selected biota. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM lewis.michael@epa.gov NR 39 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 48 IS 3-4 BP 254 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00397-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 801NL UT WOS:000220102500018 PM 14972577 ER PT J AU Hobbie, EA Johnson, MG Rygiewicz, PT Tingey, DT Olszyk, DM AF Hobbie, EA Johnson, MG Rygiewicz, PT Tingey, DT Olszyk, DM TI Isotopic estimates of new carbon inputs into litter and soils in a four-year climate change experiment with Douglas-fir SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE elevated carbon dioxide; elevated temperature; global change; isotopic discrimination; mesocosms; soil carbon turnover; stable isotopes ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; C-13 NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; BELOW-GROUND CARBON; ZEA-MAYS L.; ORGANIC-MATTER; LEAF-AREA; TEMPERATURE; ROOTS; ENRICHMENT; STORAGE AB Because soil is a major reservoir of terrestrial carbon and a potential sink for atmospheric CO2, determining plant inputs to soil carbon is critical for understanding ecosystem carbon dynamics. We present a modified method to quantify the effects of global climate change on plant inputs of carbon to soil based on C-13:12C ratio (delta(13)C) analyses that accounts for isotopic fractionation between inputs and newly created soil carbon. In a four-year study, the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature were determined for reconstructed Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga mensiezii (Mirb.) Franco) ecosystems in which native soil of low nitrogen content was used. The d13C patterns in litter and mineral soil horizons were measured and compared to d13C patterns in live needles, fine roots, and coarse roots. From regression analyses, we calculated the isotopic enrichment in 13C of newly incorporated soil carbon relative to needle and root carbon at 4% and 2%, respectively. These enrichments must be considered when using shifts in soil d13C to calculate inputs of plant carbon into the soil, and are probably a major factor in the progressive enrichment in 13C with increasing depth in soil profiles. Relative to the total carbon in each layer, the proportion of new carbon from recent photosynthate in each soil layer was 13-15% in the A horizon, 7-9% in litter layers, and 4% in the B2 and C horizons. New carbon in the A horizon was estimated at 370 g C m(-2). Carbon concentrations and new carbon in A horizons were correlated (r(2) = 0.78, n = 12), but with a slope of 0.356, indicating that about 36% of net carbon accumulation in the A horizon was from inputs via roots, root exudates or mycorrhizal fungi and 64% of carbon was derived from surface litter decomposition. Under the nitrogen-limited growth conditions used in this study, neither elevated CO2 nor temperature affected soil carbon sequestration patterns. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hobbie, EA (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM erik.hobbie@unh.edu NR 41 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 7 U2 44 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2004 VL 259 IS 1-2 BP 331 EP 343 DI 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000020975.75850.ca PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 806AA UT WOS:000220405600032 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, O Nikolova, N Schmieder, P Veith, G AF Mekenyan, O Nikolova, N Schmieder, P Veith, G TI COREPA-M: A multi-dimensional formulation of COREPA SO QSAR & COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE QSAR; chemical screening; drug design; Bayesian chemistry ID HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; RECEPTOR LIGANDS; QSAR TECHNIQUES; BINDING; FLEXIBILITY; TOXICOLOGY; SYSTEM; DESIGN AB Recently, the COmmon REactivity PAttern (COREPA) approach was developed as a probabilistic classification method which was formalized specifically to advance mechanistic QSAR development by addressing the impact of molecular flexibility on stereoelectronic properties of chemicals. In the initial version of COREPA, the probability distributions for only one stereoelectronic parameter at a time were analyzed for the series of chemicals under analysis. To go beyond considering probability distributions of one parameter at a time requires the capability of analyzing a suite of parameters simultaneously for each chemical. This work creates that capability for a, multidimensional formulation of the COREPA which is expected to enhance the reliability of the method to discriminate complex patterns. Using probability distance measures such as Kullback-Leibler divergence and Hel-linger distance, the set of parameters are defined that best discriminate activity. The COREPA-M system automatically identifies the parameters that best discriminates chemicals in groups defined by comparable reactivity endpoints. A detailed Bayesian decision tree is then used for classifying untested chemicals with measures of "goodness of fit" criteria. COREPA-M is illustrated using the example of modelling binding affinity of chemicals at the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. C1 Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas, Bulgaria. Int QSAR Fdn Reducing Anim Testing, Duluth, MN USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Cent Lab Parallel Proc, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria. RP Mekenyan, O (reprint author), Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas, Bulgaria. RI Jeliazkova, Nina/D-2499-2010 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1611-020X J9 QSAR COMB SCI JI QSAR Comb. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 5 EP 18 DI 10.1002/qsar.200330853 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 800VG UT WOS:000220055200001 ER PT J AU Riley, WJ McKone, TE Hubal, EAC AF Riley, WJ McKone, TE Hubal, EAC TI Estimating contaminant dose for intermittent dermal contact: Model development, testing, and application SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE dermal exposure; intermittent exposures; pesticide exposure; surface contact ID PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS; HUMAN SKIN; CHEMICAL-EXPOSURE; ABSORPTION; PERMEABILITY; PERMEATION; WATER; SOIL AB Assessments of aggregate exposure to pesticides and other surface contamination in residential environments are often driven by assumptions about dermal contacts. Accurately predicting cumulative doses from realistic skin contact scenarios requires characterization of exposure scenarios, skin surface loading and unloading rates, and contaminant movement through the epidermis. In this article we (1) develop and test a finite-difference model of contaminant transport through the epidermis; (2) develop archetypal exposure scenarios based on behavioral data to estimate characteristic loading and unloading rates; and (3) quantify 24-hour accumulation below the epidermis by applying a Monte Carlo simulation of these archetypal exposure scenarios. The numerical model, called Transient Transport through the epiDERMis (TTDERM), allows us to account for variable exposure times and time between exposures, temporal and spatial variations in skin and compound properties, and uncertainty in model parameters. Using TTDERM we investigate the use of a macro-activity parameter (cumulative contact time) for predicting daily (24-hour) integrated uptake of pesticides during complex exposure scenarios. For characteristic child behaviors and hand loading and unloading rates, we find that a power law represents the relationship between cumulative contact time and cumulative mass transport through the skin. With almost no loss of reliability, this simple relationship can be used in place of the more complex micro-activity simulations that require activity data on one- to five-minute intervals. The methods developed in this study can be used to guide dermal exposure model refinements and exposure measurement study design. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Energy Environm Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. UC Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Riley, WJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Earth Sci, 90-1106,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Riley, William/D-3345-2015 OI Riley, William/0000-0002-4615-2304 NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 73 EP 85 DI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00413.x PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 779PH UT WOS:000189308900007 PM 15028002 ER PT J AU Dimitrov, S Kamenska, V Walker, JD Windle, W Purdy, R Lewis, M Mekenyan, O AF Dimitrov, S Kamenska, V Walker, JD Windle, W Purdy, R Lewis, M Mekenyan, O TI Predicting the biodegradation products of perfluorinated chemicals using CATABOL SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE perfluorinated chemicals; organofluorine compounds; PFOS; PFOA; biodegradation ID MINNESOTA BIOCATALYSIS/BIODEGRADATION DATABASE; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR LIGANDS; ALPHA BINDING-AFFINITY; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; NARCOTIC CHEMICALS; METABOLISM; RAT; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION AB Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) form a special category of organcifluorine compounds with particularly useful and unique properties. Their large use over the past decades increased the interest in the study of their environmental fate. Fluorocarbons may have direct or indirect environmental impact through the products of their decomposition in the environment. It is a common knowledge that biodegradation is restricted within non-perfluorinated part of molecules; however, a number of studies showed that defluorination can readily occur during biotransformation. To evaluate the fate of PFCs in the environment a set of principal transformations was developed and implemented in the simulator of microbial degradation using the catabolite software engine (CATABOL). The simulator was used to generate metabolic pathways for 171 perfluorinated substances on Canada's domestic substances list. It was found that although the extent of biodegradation of parent compounds could reach 60%, persistent metabolites could be formed in significant quantities. During the microbial degradation a trend was observed where PFCs are transformed to more bioaccumulative and more toxic products. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate were predicted to be the persistent biodegradation products of 17 and 27% of the perfluorinated sulphonic acid and carboxylic acid containing compounds, respectively. C1 Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, BU-8010 Burgas, Bulgaria. US EPA, TSCA Interagcy Testing Committee, Washington, DC USA. Environm Canada, Chem Evaluat Div, Existing Substances Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. Environm Canada, New Substances Branch, New Chem Evaluat Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Mekenyan, O (reprint author), Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Yakimov St 1, BU-8010 Burgas, Bulgaria. EM omekenya@btu.bg NR 66 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 30 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 69 EP 82 DI 10.1080/1062936032000169688 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 801SS UT WOS:000220116200006 PM 15113070 ER PT J AU Prah, J Ashley, D Blount, B Case, M Leavens, T Pleil, J Cardinali, F AF Prah, J Ashley, D Blount, B Case, M Leavens, T Pleil, J Cardinali, F TI Dermal, oral, and inhalation pharmacokinetics of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in human volunteers SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE); tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA); fuel oxygenates; dermal; oral; inhalation pharmacokinetics; oxyfuels ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN BLOOD; CYTOCHROMES P450; HUMAN EXPOSURE; METABOLISM; TOXICOKINETICS; ALCOHOL; BIOTRANSFORMATION; IDENTIFICATION; MICROSOMES AB Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive used to increase octane and reduce carbon monoxide emissions and ozone precursors, has contaminated drinking water and can lead to exposure by oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. To determine its dermal, oral, and inhalation kinetics, 14 volunteers were exposed to 51.3 mug/ml MTBE dermally in tap water for 1 h, drank 2.8 mg MTBE in 250 ml Gatorade(R), and inhaled 3.1 ppm. MTBE for 1 h. Blood and exhaled breath samples were then obtained. Blood MTBE peaked between 15 and 30 min following oral exposure, at the end of inhalation exposure, and similar to5 min after dermal exposure. Elimination by each route was described well by a three-compartment model (Rsq >0.9). The Akaike Information Criterion for the three-compartment model was smaller than the two-compartment model, supporting it over the two-compartment model. One metabolite, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), measured in blood slowly increased and plateaued, but it did not return to the pre-exposure baseline at the 24-h follow-up. TBA is very water-soluble and has a blood:air partition ratio of 462, reducing elimination by exhalation. Oral exposure resulted in a significantly greater MTBE metabolism into TBA than by other routes based on a greater blood TBA:MTBE AUC ratio, implying significant first-pass metabolism. The slower TBA elimination may make it a better biomarker of MTBE exposure, though one must consider the exposure route when estimating MTBE exposure from TBA because of first-pass metabolism. Most subjects had a baseline blood TBA of 1-3 ppb. Because TBA is found in consumer products and can be used as a fuel additive, it is not a definitive marker of MTBE exposure. These data provide the risk assessment process of pharmacokinetic information relevant to the media through which most exposures occur-air and drinking water. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Prah, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD 58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM prah.james@epa.gov OI Pleil, Joachim/0000-0001-8211-0796 NR 33 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 77 IS 2 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh009 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 774ML UT WOS:000188987000004 PM 14600279 ER PT J AU Nichols, JW Fitzsimmons, PN Whiteman, FW Dawson, TD Babeu, L Juenemann, J AF Nichols, JW Fitzsimmons, PN Whiteman, FW Dawson, TD Babeu, L Juenemann, J TI A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for dietary uptake of hydrophobic organic compounds by fish - I. Feeding studies with 2,2 ',5,5 '-tetrachlorobiphenyl SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE physiologically based model; fish; dietary uptake ID PISCIVOROUS BROWN TROUT; REGIONAL BLOOD-FLOW; ACID-INSOLUBLE ASH; RAINBOW-TROUT; GASTRIC EVACUATION; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; FOOD-CHAIN; CHEMICALS; BIOACCUMULATION; PHARMACOKINETICS AB A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was developed to describe dietary uptake of hydrophobic organic compounds by fish. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract was modeled using four compartments corresponding to the stomach, pyloric ceca, upper intestine, and lower intestine, and the lumenal volume of each compartment was allowed to change in time as a function of bulk flow down the GI tract and (for the pyloric ceca and upper intestine) nutrient uptake. The model was developed using data from rainbow trout that were fed a single meal of 60-day-old fathead minnows contaminated with [UL-C-14] 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl ([C-14] PCB 52). Chemical partitioning coefficients for the gut contents and tissues were adjusted to account for changes in chemical affinity associated with uptake of dietary lipid. Permeability constants for the absorbing gut segments were then fitted by modeling to measured [C-14] PCB 52 concentrations in gut contents and tissues. The model accurately describes observed patterns of gastric evacuation and bulk flow of digesta, the concentration time course for [C-14] PCB 52 in contents and tissues of the GI tract, and [C-14] PCB 52 distribution to other major tissues. Most of the [C-14] PCB 52 was taken up in the pyloric ceca and upper intestine during the period of peak lipid absorption. It is concluded, however, that a kinetic limitation acting along the entire length of the GI tract resulted in a chemical disequilibrium between feces and tissues of the lower intestine. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. AScI Corp, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM nichols.john@epa.gov NR 49 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 19 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 77 IS 2 BP 206 EP 218 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh033 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 774ML UT WOS:000188987000005 PM 14657515 ER PT J AU Nichols, JW Fitzsimmons, PN Whiteman, FW AF Nichols, JW Fitzsimmons, PN Whiteman, FW TI A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for dietary uptake of hydrophobic organic compounds by fish - II. Simulation of chronic exposure scenarios SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE physiologically based model; fish; dietary uptake ID RAINBOW-TROUT; CHEMICALS; ABSORPTION; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; BIOMAGNIFICATION; ELIMINATION; INTESTINE; GILLS; BIOCONCENTRATION AB A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for dietary uptake of hydrophobic organic compounds by fish was used to simulate dosing scenarios commonly encountered in experimental and field studies. Simulations were initially generated for the model compound [UL-C-14] 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl ([C-14] PCB 52). Steady-state exposures were simulated by calculating chemical concentrations in tissues of the predator corresponding to an equilibrium distribution between the fish and water (termed the bioconcentration or BCF residue data set). This residue data set was then varied in a proportional manner until whole-body chemical concentrations exhibited no net change for each set of exposure conditions. For [C-14] PCB 52, the proportional increase in BCF residues (termed the biomagnification factor or BMF) required to achieve steady state in a food-only exposure was 2.24, while in a combined food and water exposure the BMF was 3.11. Additional simulations for the food and water exposure scenario were obtained for a set of hypothetical organic compounds with increasing log K-OW values. Using gut permeability coefficients determined for [C-14] PCB 52, predicted BMFs increased with chemical log K-OW, achieving levels much higher than those reported in field sampling efforts. BMFs comparable to measured values were obtained by reducing permeability coefficients within each gut segment in a log K-OW-dependent manner. This predicted decrease in chemical permeability is consistent with earlier work, suggesting that dietary absorption of hydrophobic compounds by fish is controlled in part by factors that vary with chemical log K-OW. Relatively low rates of metabolism or growth were shown to have a substantial impact on steady-state biomagnification of chemical residues. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res ZLab, Off Res & Dev, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res ZLab, Off Res & Dev, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM nichols.john@epa.gov NR 32 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 20 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 77 IS 2 BP 219 EP 229 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh032 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 774ML UT WOS:000188987000006 PM 14657516 ER PT J AU Pepich, BV Domino, MM Dattilio, TA Fair, PS Munch, DJ AF Pepich, BV Domino, MM Dattilio, TA Fair, PS Munch, DJ TI Validating sample preservation techniques and holding times for the approved compliance monitoring methods for haloacetic acids under the US EPA's stage 1 D/DBP rule SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE disinfection byproducts; haloacetic acids; chloramines ID DRINKING-WATER; CHLORAMINATION AB Haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are formed during the disinfection of drinking waters with chlorine, are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts (D/DBP) Rule. Recently, three studies have been reported indicating that low concentrations of HAAs can also be formed during disinfection with chloramines. Methods currently approved for compliance monitoring under the Stage 1 Rule arrest the chlorine-mediated formation of HAAs by adding ammonium chloride, which forms chloramines. Studies were undertaken using an in-process water that favored the formation of HAAs with moderate total organic carbon concentration and high levels of chlorine to investigate the potential formation of HAAs under sample storage conditions. The ammonium chloride-quenched sample did form a small amount of HAAs, but total formation over a period equal to the 14-day sample storage time was less than 2 mug/l, whereas the unquenched samples increased 41 mug/l during the same period. Pour plate studies indicated that chlorinated drinking waters quenched with ammonium chloride are protected from microbial growth, which is an important additional advantage to this preservation scheme. The presence of a combined chlorine residual should prevent microbial degradation of HAAs in samples. These studies support the preservation protocols and the sample storage times promulgated for compliance monitoring under the Stage 1 D/DBP Rule. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Shaw Environm Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Pepich, BV (reprint author), Shaw Environm Inc, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. EM pepich.barry@epa.gov NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 895 EP 902 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.040 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 775WY UT WOS:000189084700006 PM 14769409 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME AF Gilbert, ME TI Alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity in area CA1 of adult hippocampus following developmental hypothyroidism SO DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE propylthiouracil; hippocampus; long-term potentiation; CA1; synaptic transmission; paired pulse facilitation; neuroplasticity; ex vivo; developmental ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; NEONATAL-RAT HIPPOCAMPUS; PROPYLTHIOURACIL-INDUCED HYPOTHYROIDISM; PAIRED-PULSE FACILITATION; THYROID-HORMONE; DENTATE GYRUS; DENDRITIC SPINES; PYRAMIDAL CELLS; SYNAPSES; BRAIN AB Transient reductions in thyroid hormone during critical periods of brain development can have devastating and irreversible effects on neurological function. The hippocampus is a brain region sensitive to thyroid hormones and is a necessary substrate for some forms of learning and memory. Subregions within the hippocampus display distinct ontogenetic profiles and have shown differential vulnerability to some indices of thyrotoxic insult. Synaptic function can be readily assessed in the hippocampus, yet little information exists on the consequences of early thyroid hormone insufficiency on the neurophysiological integrity of this structure. Previous work has examined the long-term consequences of perinatal hypothyroidism on neurophysiology of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. The current study reveals that alterations in synaptic function also exist in area CA], and some differences in the pattern of effects are evident between the two hippocampal subfields. Developing rats were transiently exposed to the thyrotoxicant, propylthiouracil (PTU; 0 or 15 ppm), through the drinking water of pregnant dams beginning on gestational day 18. This regimen markedly reduced circulating levels of thyroid hormones and stunted pup growth. PTU exposure was terminated on postnatal day (PN) 21 and electrophysiological assessments were conducted by recording field potentials in area CA1 of hippocampal slices derived from adult male offspring. Synaptic transmission, short-term, and long-term synaptic plasticity were assessed. Consistent with observations in the dentate gyros, somatic population spike amplitudes were reduced in assessments of baseline synaptic transmission of slices from PTU-exposed animals. No differences were identified in excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP). Short-term plasticity of the EPSP as indexed by paired pulse facilitation was markedly impaired by PTU exposure. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of the population spike was enhanced, consistent with findings in dentate gyrus, but no change in EPSP LTP was detected. Perturbations in synaptic function in the hippocampus of adult rats transiently exposed to a period of hormone insufficiency during the perinatal period are likely to contribute to cognitive deficits associated with developmental hypothyroidism. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-B105-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gilbert.mary@epa.gov NR 48 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-3806 J9 DEV BRAIN RES JI Dev. Brain Res. PD JAN 31 PY 2004 VL 148 IS 1 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.09.018 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences SC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 805OB UT WOS:000220374500002 ER PT J AU Champion, WL Lee, J Garrison, AW DiMarco, JC Matabe, A Prickett, KB AF Champion, WL Lee, J Garrison, AW DiMarco, JC Matabe, A Prickett, KB TI Liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane with application to small-scale preparative separation SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE enantiomer separation; chiral stationary phases, LC; elution order; organochlorine compounds; pesticides; endocrine disruptors; polychlorinated hydrocarbons; chlordane; heptachlor; heptachlor epoxide; alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; MODIFIED CYCLODEXTRINS; STATIONARY PHASES; RESOLUTION; AGROCHEMICALS; POLLUTANTS; O,P'-DDT; REVERSAL AB Analytical high-performance liquid chromatographic separations of the individual enantiomers of five polychlorinated compounds were obtained on polysaccharide stereoselective HPLC columns. The enantiomers of the pesticides trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane and heptachlor were separated on CHIRALCEL((R))OD using a hexane mobile phase. The enantiomers of the heptachlor metabolite, heptachlor epoxide, were separated on CHIRALPAK((R))AD using a methanol mobile phase. The enantiomers of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH), were separated on CHIRALCEL((R))OJ using a hexane/2-propanol mobile phase. Similar chromatographic conditions using preparative columns were used to isolate approximately 250 mg of each of the individual enantiomers. The purified individual enantiomers have been submitted for testing of their endocrine disruptor (ED) activity. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Chiral Technol Inc, Exton, PA 19341 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Champion, WL (reprint author), Rhodia Pharma Solut, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355 USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 1024 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 62 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.026 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 758LX UT WOS:000187636600007 PM 14753706 ER PT J AU Weiss, M Baret, F Smith, GJ Jonckheere, I Coppin, P AF Weiss, M Baret, F Smith, GJ Jonckheere, I Coppin, P TI Review of methods for in situ leaf area index (LAI) determination Part II. Estimation of LAI, errors and sampling SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Review DE leaf area index; gap fraction; clumping; leaf orientation; ground measurements; sampling scheme ID INCLINATION ANGLE DISTRIBUTION; HEMISPHERICAL PHOTOGRAPHY; DISCONTINUOUS CANOPIES; DIRECT SUNLIGHT; PLANT CANOPIES; BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES; VEGETATION CANOPIES; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; ASYMMETRIC CROWNS; GAP FREQUENCY AB The theoretical background of modeling the gap fraction and the leaf inclination distribution is presented and the different techniques used to derive leaf area index (LAI) and leaf inclination angle from gap fraction measurements are reviewed. Their associated assumptions and limitations are discussed, i.e., the clumping effect and the distinction between green and non-green elements within the canopy. Based on LAI measurements in various canopies (various crops and forests), sampling strategy is also discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOVELTIS, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. INRA, CSE, F-84914 Avignon, France. US EPA, New York, NY 10007 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Land Management, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RP Weiss, M (reprint author), INRA, CSE, Avignon, France. EM marie.weiss@avignon.inra.fr RI Coppin, Pol/A-5201-2013; Baret, Fred/C-4135-2011; OI Baret, Fred/0000-0002-7655-8997; Weiss, Marie/0000-0002-2341-667X NR 80 TC 348 Z9 380 U1 20 U2 140 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JAN 20 PY 2004 VL 121 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 53 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.08.001 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 764MK UT WOS:000188210500003 ER PT J AU Akingbemi, BT Ge, RS Klinefelter, GR Zirkin, BR Hardy, MP AF Akingbemi, BT Ge, RS Klinefelter, GR Zirkin, BR Hardy, MP TI Phthalate-induced Leydig cell hyperplasia is associated with multiple endocrine disturbances SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-ALPHA; DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; TRANSGENIC MICE; MALE RATS; IN-UTERO; GENE; EXPOSURE AB The possibility that exposures to environmental agents are associated with reproductive disorders in human populations has generated much public interest recently. Phthalate esters are used most commonly as plasticizers in the food and construction industry, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most abundant phthalate in the environment. Daily human exposure to DEHP in the U.S. is significant, and occupational and clinical exposures from DEHP-plasticized medical devices, e.g., blood bags, hemodialysis tubing, and nasogastric feeding tubes, increase body burden levels. We investigated the effects of chronic exposures to low environmentally relevant DEHP levels on testicular function. Our data show that prolonged exposures to this agent induced high levels of the gonadotropin luteinizing hormone and increased the serum concentrations of sex hormones [testosterone and 17beta-estradiol (E2)] by >50%. Increased proliferative activity in Leydig cells was evidenced by enhanced expression of cell cycle proteins, as determined by RT-PCR. The numbers of Leydig cells in the testis of DEHP-treated rats were 40-60% higher than in control rats, indicating induction of Leydig cell hyperplasia. DEHP-induced elevations in serum testosterone and E2 levels suggest the possibility of multiple crosstalks between androgen, estrogen, and steroid hormone receptors, whereas the presence of estrogen receptors in nonreproductive tissues, e.g., cardiovascular system and bones, implies that the increases in serum E2 levels have implications beyond reproduction, including systemic physiology. Analysis of the effects of phthalate exposures on gonadotropin and steroid hormone levels should form part of overall risk assessment in human populations. C1 Populat Council, Ctr Biomed Res, New York, NY 10021 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Div Reprod Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Hardy, MP (reprint author), Populat Council, Ctr Biomed Res, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. EM m-hardy@popcbr.rockefeller.edu FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 10233, R01 ES010233] NR 44 TC 190 Z9 202 U1 5 U2 22 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 20 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 3 BP 775 EP 780 DI 10.1073/pnas.0305977101 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 768VH UT WOS:000188555400017 PM 14715905 ER PT J AU Machemer, SD AF Machemer, SD TI Characterization of airborne and bulk particulate from iron and steel manufacturing facilities SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAPHITE; KISH; DIFFRACTOMETRY; SAMPLES AB Characterization of airborne and bulk particulate material from iron and steel manufacturing facilities, commonly referred to as kish, indicated graphite flakes and graphite flakes associated with spherical iron oxide particles were unique particle characteristics useful in identifying particle emissions from iron and steel manufacturing. Characterization of airborne particulate material collected in receptor areas was consistent with multiple atmospheric release events of kish particles from the local iron and steel facilities into neighboring residential areas. Kish particles deposited in nearby residential areas included an abundance of graphite flakes, tens of micrometers to millimeters in size, and spherical iron oxide particles, submicrometer to tens of micrometers in size. Bulk kish from local iron and steel facilities contained an abundance of similar particles. Approximately 60% of blast furnace kish by volume consisted of spherical iron oxide particles in the respirable size range. Basic oxygen furnace kish contained percent levels of strongly alkaline components such as calcium hydroxide. In addition, concentrations of respirable Mn in airborne particulate in residential areas and at local iron and steel facilities were approximately 1.6 and 53 times the inhalation reference concentration of 0.05 mug/m(3) for chronic inhalation exposure of Mn, respectively. Thus, airborne release of kish may pose potential respirable particulate, corrosive, or toxic hazards for human health and/or a corrosive hazard for property and the environment. C1 US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Machemer, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25227,Bldg 25, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM machemer.steve@epa.gov NR 18 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 381 EP 389 DI 10.1021/es020897v PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 763XB UT WOS:000188124800012 PM 14750711 ER PT J AU Simpson, JM Domingo, JWS Reasoner, DJ AF Simpson, JM Domingo, JWS Reasoner, DJ TI Assessment of equine fecal contamination: the search for alternative bacterial source-tracking targets SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 16S rDNA horse manure; Bacteroides; watershed; source tracking ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; FRESH-WATER BACTERIA; HUMAN FECES; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; GENE-SEQUENCES; DIVERSITY; BACTEROIDES; DNA AB 16S rDNA clone libraries were evaluated for detection of fecal source-identifying bacteria from a collapsed equine manure pile. Libraries were constructed using universal eubacterial primers and Bacteroides-Prevotella group-specific primers. Eubacterial sequences indicated that upstream and downstream water samples were predominantly beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria (35 and 19%, respectively), while the manure library consisted predominantly of Firmicutes (31%) and previously unidentified sequences (60%). Manure-specific eubacterial sequences were not detectable beyond 5 in downstream of the pile, suggesting either poor survival or high dilution rates. In contrast, Bacteroides and Prevotella sp. sequences were detected both in manure and downstream using group-specific primers. Novel sequences from Bacteroides and Prevotella analysis produced an equine-specific phylogenetic cluster as compared to previous data sets obtained for human and bovine samples. While these results suggest that some anaerobic fecal bacteria might be potential identifiers for use in source-tracking applications, a comprehensive examination of environmental sequences within these species should be performed before methods targeting these bacterial groups are applied to watersheds for development of microbial source-tracking protocols. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Domingo, JWS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS-387, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM santodomingo.jorge@epa.gov NR 40 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 47 IS 1 BP 65 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00250-2 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 768AJ UT WOS:000188505800007 PM 19712347 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Burczynski, ME Fornace, AJ Herrmann, PC Krawetz, SA Dix, DJ AF Rockett, JC Burczynski, ME Fornace, AJ Herrmann, PC Krawetz, SA Dix, DJ TI Surrogate tissue analysis: monitoring toxicant exposure and health status of inaccessible tissues through the analysis of accessible tissues and cells SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disease states; genomics; hair follicles; ionizing radiation; proteomics; peripheral blood lymphocytes; peripheral blood mononuclear cells; renal cell carcinoma; sperm; STA, surrogate tissue analysis; toxicity ID GENE-EXPRESSION SIGNATURES; IONIZING-RADIATION; PREDICT SURVIVAL; STRESS GENES; PROFILES; CANCER; BLOOD; DISEASE; IDENTIFICATION; MICROARRAY AB Genomics and proteomics have made it possible to define molecular physiology in exquisite detail, when tissues are accessible for sampling. However, many tissues are not accessible for human diagnostic evaluations or experimental studies, creating the need for surrogates that afford insight into exposures and effects in such tissues. Surrogate tissue analysis (STA) incorporating contemporary genomic and proteomic technologies may be useful in determining toxicant exposure and effect, or disease state, in target tissues at the pre- or early clinical stage. We present here a discussion of STA based on presentations given at the Society of Toxicology's 2003 annual meeting's "Innovations in Applied Toxicology" symposium. Speakers at the symposium (Box 1) discussed various potential applications of STA, including the use of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) as a source of genetic biomarkers to monitor radiation exposure; the use of gene expression analysis of PBLs and hair follicles as a means to monitor the impact of toxicants on inaccessible organs; the characterization of disease-associated gene signatures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients; the use of sperm RNA to determine genetic and environmental effects on sperm development in the testis; and the use of serum protein profiles to monitor the development and progression of various cancers. Also discussed are some of the challenges that must be overcome if the utility of STA is to be proven, and thus permit researchers to move this concept from the laboratory to the clinical environment. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Wyeth Ayerst Res, Discovery Med, Andover, MA 01810 USA. NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Wayne State Univ, Reprod Med Network, NICHD, Inst Comp Sci, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. RP Rockett, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rockett.john@epa.gov RI Fornace, Albert/A-7407-2008 OI Fornace, Albert/0000-0001-9695-085X FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD36512] NR 45 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 194 IS 2 BP 189 EP 199 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.09.005 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 777AV UT WOS:000189152600009 PM 14736499 ER PT J AU Geter, DR George, MH Moore, TM Kilburn, S Huggins-Clark, G DeAngelo, AB AF Geter, DR George, MH Moore, TM Kilburn, S Huggins-Clark, G DeAngelo, AB TI Vehicle and mode of administration effects on the induction of aberrant crypt foci in the colons of male F344/N rats exposed to bromodichloromethane SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 17-21, 2002 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Soc Toxicol ID DRINKING-WATER; DIETARY-FAT; BY-PRODUCTS; CANCER; RISK AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and tribromomethane given by corn oil gavage were previously found to induce neoplasia in the large intestine of rats. Our chronic bioassay of BDCM administered in drinking water failed to produce colon neoplasia in male F344/N rats. We recently reported that BDCM induces aberrant crypt foci (ACF), putative precursor lesions in the development of colon cancer, when included in the drinking water of male rats. To investigate whether ACF induced by BDCM could be promoted by corn oil (CO), male F344/N rats were exposed to 0.7 g BDCM/L in drinking water or 50 mg BDCM/kg body weight by oral gavage in CO. Animals exposed to drinking water, CO, or 15 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM) (ip) constituted the negative, vehicle, and positive controls. After 26 wk, colons were examined for ACF. A significant decrease in water consumption was observed in both the positive controls and BDCM-treated animals; however, no difference was noted in final body weight. The administration of CO to AOM-exposed animals produced a significant increase in total ACF when compared to AOM alone. BDCM produced a significant increase in ACF when compared to control, but no difference was noticed between BDCM exposure by oral CO gavage and control. Additionally, no difference was noted between BDCM exposure by drinking water and by oral CO gavage. This study demonstrates that the formation of ACF is independent of the route of BDCM exposure (drinking water vs. oral corn oil gavage), with both routes producing similar ACF values of 1.33 +/- 0.49 and 1.5 +/- 0.51 ACF/colon. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeAngelo, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, B143-07, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM deangelo.anthony@epa.gov NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JAN 9 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1080/15287390490253642 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 763HJ UT WOS:000188078700002 PM 14668109 ER PT J AU Ward, MDW Sailstad, DM Andrews, DL Boykin, EH Selgrade, MK AF Ward, MDW Sailstad, DM Andrews, DL Boykin, EH Selgrade, MK TI Ultraviolet radiation downregulates allergy in BALB/c mice SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; INTERLEUKIN-5; SUPPRESSION; MODULATION; CELLS; IL-5; TH1; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IRRADIATION AB The immunosuppressive effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are well known and the underlying mechanisms extensively studied. The suppression of Th1 appears to account for UVR suppression of contact hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and increased susceptibility to certain infections and tumor development. The underlying mechanisms suggest Th2-mediated responses associated with immediate-type hypersensitivity and allergic lung disease should be unchanged or possibly enhanced by UVR. The hypothesis that UVR exposure enhances allergic lung disease in BALB/c mice was tested. Effects of UVR on sensitization and elicitation of respiratory hypersensitivity were assessed using a fungal extract, Metarhizium anisopliae (MACA), as the allergen. BALB/c mice were sham or UVR (8 KJ/m(2)) exposed 3d before involuntary aspiration (1A) of MACA or vehicle. The mice received UVR exposures before the first and second of three lAs in the sensitization protocol and 3 d before the fourth IA in the elicitation protocol. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested before (d 21, sensitization/d 24, elicitation) and at 1 (d 22/d 28), 3 (d 24/d 29), and 7 (d 28/d 35) d following the last IA. UVR exposure prior to sensitization suppressed two hallmarks of allergic disease, immune-mediated inflammation (eosinophil influx) and total immunoglobulin (Ig)E compared to the sham-UVR controls. There were no differences attributable to UVR exposure in previously sensitized mice. These data suggest that UVR exposure prior to sensitization suppresses allergic responses but has no effect on the elicitation of allergic responses in previously sensitized individuals. Consequently, there is no evidence that exposure to UVR enhances the induction or expression of allergic lung disease. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ward, MDW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 109 TW Alexander Dr,Mail Stop B143-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM ward.marsha@epa.gov NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JAN 9 PY 2004 VL 67 IS 1 BP 73 EP 85 DI 10.1080/15287390490253679 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 763HJ UT WOS:000188078700005 PM 14668112 ER PT J AU Hornung, MW Jensen, KM Korte, JJ Kahl, MD Durhan, EJ Denny, JS Henry, TR Ankley, GT AF Hornung, MW Jensen, KM Korte, JJ Kahl, MD Durhan, EJ Denny, JS Henry, TR Ankley, GT TI Mechanistic basis for estrogenic effects in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) following exposure to the androgen 17 alpha-methyltestosterone: conversion of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone to 17 alpha-methylestradiol SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methyltestosterone; aromatase; endocrine disruption; fish; vitellogenin; estrogen receptor ID CROAKER MICROPOGONIAS-UNDULATUS; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-RHODURUS; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BINDING CHARACTERISTICS; OOCYTE MATURATION; OVARIAN FOLLICLES; ATLANTIC SALMON; MESSENGER-RNA; RAINBOW-TROUT; SEX-REVERSAL AB Exposure of adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to the androgen 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) produces both androgenic and estrogenic effects, manifested as nuptial tubercle formation in females, and vitellogenin production in males and females, respectively. The present study was conducted to determine if the unanticipated estrogenic effects are produced by conversion of NIT via aromatase activity to 17alpha-methylestradiol (ME2). Aromatase activity at the end of a 7-day waterborne NIT exposure (20, 200 mug/l) was significantly decreased in ovarian microsomes and brain homogenates from exposed fish, to about 30-50% of control activity. Although aromatase activity was decreased by 7 days, it is possible that the conversion of MT to ME2 occurred soon after initial exposure. In support of this, ME2 was detected in plasma samples of the fish following the 7-day exposure, confirming their ability convert the androgen MT to the estrogen ME2. The concentration of ME2 in plasma was within the range of plasma 17beta-estradiol (E2) found in control female fathead minnows (4-5 ng/ml). These results, in conjunction with competitive binding assays that indicate ME2 binds to the fathead minnow estrogen receptor with a relative binding affinity of 68.3% of E2, support the hypothesis that aromatization of MT to ME2 contributes to the estrogenic effects in fathead minnows following exposure to this androgen. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Hornung, MW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM homung.michael@epa.gov NR 38 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JAN 7 PY 2004 VL 66 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.06.004 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 761PJ UT WOS:000187916900002 PM 14687976 ER PT J AU Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Mairal, AP Baker, RW AF Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Mairal, AP Baker, RW TI Separation of vapor-phase alcohol/water mixtures via fractional condensation using a pilot-scale dephlegmator: Enhancement of the pervaporation process separation factor SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STATE BEHAVIOR; MEMBRANES; SIMULATION; WATER; RECOVERY AB In pervaporation, a liquid mixture contacts a membrane surface that preferentially permeates one of the liquid components as a vapor. Our approach to improving pervaporation performance is to replace the one-stage condenser traditionally used to condense the permeate with a fractionating condenser called a dephlegmator. For example, pervaporation of 5 wt % aqueous ethanol yields a vapor containing 35 wt % ethanol. The separation factor for the process is 10. Condensation of this vapor in a dephlegmator yields a vapor product stream containing 90% of the permeating ethanol at a concentration of 85 wt % ethanol. The net result of the combined pervaporation-dephlegmation process is to transform the 5 wt % ethanol feed into an 85 wt % ethanol condensed product. For the overall process, the separation factor increases 11-fold to 108. Pilot-scale parametric experiments were performed with a plate-fin heat exchanger operated as a dephlegmator. The process was modeled with commercial process simulation software; good agreement between the model and the pilot results was obtained. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Membrane Technol & Res Inc, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Vane.Leland@epa.gov NR 20 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JAN 7 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 173 EP 183 DI 10.1021/ie0305667 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 761XK UT WOS:000187940600019 ER PT S AU Vesper, SJ Vesper, MJ AF Vesper, SJ Vesper, MJ BE Straus, DC TI Possible role of fungal hemolysins in sick building syndrome SO ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 55 SE Advances in Applied Microbiology LA English DT Review ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI HEMOLYSIN; STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-TOXIN; RAT MAST-CELLS; MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM STRAINS; MUSHROOM FLAMMULINA-VELUTIPES; PERFUSED RABBIT LUNGS; ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS; PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; STREPTOLYSIN-O C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 WML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 96 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2164 BN 0-12-002657-0 J9 ADV APPL MICROBIOL JI Adv. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2004 VL 55 BP 191 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S0065-2164(04)55007-4 PG 23 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BBE56 UT WOS:000225130700007 PM 15350795 ER PT J AU Ondov, J Davidson, C Solomon, PA AF Ondov, J Davidson, C Solomon, PA TI Special issue of Aerosol Science and Technology for particulate matter: Atmospheric sciences, exposure, and the fourth colloquium on PM and human health - Preface SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Solomon, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM solomon.paul@epa.gov RI Ondov, John/B-6605-2009 NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 38 SU 2 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1080/02786820490519234 PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 886OO UT WOS:000226238400001 ER PT J AU Solomon, PA Allen, D AF Solomon, PA Allen, D TI Special issue of aerosol science and technology on findings from the fine particulate matter supersites program SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID TEXAS C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89052 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Solomon, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89052 USA. EM solomon.paul@epa.gov OI Pandis, Spyros/0000-0001-8085-9795 NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 38 SU 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1080/02786820390229138 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 825MH UT WOS:000221762100001 ER PT J AU Rice, J AF Rice, J TI Comparison of integrated filter and automated carbon aerosol measurements at research triangle park, North Carolina SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Particulate Matter - Atmospheric Sciences, Exposure and the Fourth Colloquium on PM and Human Health CY MAR 31-APR 04, 2003 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Amer Assoc Aerosol Res, Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Natl Sci Fdn, Amer Chem Council, Amer Petr Inst, EPRI, Ford Motor Co, Hlth Effects Inst, Int Soc Aerosols Med, Mid Atlantic Reg Air Management Assoc, NARSTO, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NY State Energy Res & Dev Author, S Coast Air Qual Management Dist, Southern Co, US DOE, Univ Calif Irvin Ctr Occupat & Enviornm Hlth ID ATTENUATION CROSS-SECTION; LOS-ANGELES BASIN; ELEMENTAL CARBON; PARTICULATE MATTER; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; EVAPORATIVE LOSSES; ORGANIC AEROSOL; AIR-QUALITY AB Carbon aerosol measurements front the Rupprecht & Patashnick Series 5400 carbon analyzer, the Magee Scientific AE-21 Aethalometer and a filter-based Andersen RAAS2.5-410 Chemical Speciation sampler with quartz filters analyzed by Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) were compared. The Series 5400 total carbon (TC) and organic carbon (OC) were moderately correlated (r = 0.64 and 0.67) with the RAAS TOT method and the elemental carbon (EC) was poorly correlated (r = 0.37). The 5400 underestimated the RAAS TC and OC by 64% and 78%, respectively. The underestimate is attributed in part to the positive OC artifact of the filter-based sampling method. Another difference between the 5400 measurements and the RAAS TOT is a correction for char. The lack of correction for any char that occurs in the 5400 could cause and underestimate of OC and an overestimate of EC. The 5400 overestimated RAAS EC by 89%. The Aethalometer black carbon (BC) was compared to the 5400 EC and the RAAS TOT EC measured. The Aethalometer BC correlated well (r = 0.86) with the RAAS EC, but the Aethalometer overestimated the RAAS EC by 30%. The 5400 EC was compared to Aethalometer BC both with and without a PM2.5 size selective inlet. The correlations were 0.92 (inlet) and 0.55 (no inlet). The 5400 overestimated the mean Aethalometer BC by 17% with the inlet and 39% without. The improvement in results may not be due to the addition of the PM, inlet, but instead may be due to a difference in the amount of char formed by the 5400. Factors contributing to the differences in these results are discussed. C1 US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rice, J (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Mail Code C339-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rice.joann@epa.gov NR 65 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 38 SU 2 BP 23 EP 36 DI 10.1080/027868290504072 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 886OO UT WOS:000226238400004 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS Cheng, YS AF Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS Cheng, YS TI Vaporizing microdroplet inhalation, transport, and deposition in a human upper airway model SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUEL-INDUCED IMMUNOTOXICITY; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; FLOW STRUCTURES; AEROSOL DEPOSITION; MASS-TRANSFER; SUBSTANCE-P; DROPLETS; PATTERNS; GROWTH; HEAT AB Evaluation of injuries from inhalation exposure to toxic fuel requires detailed knowledge of inhaled aerosol transport and deposition in human airways. Focusing on highly toxic, easily volatized JP-8 fuel droplets, the three-dimensional airflow, temperature distributions, and fluid-particle thermodynamics, i.e., droplet motion as well as evaporation, are simulated and analyzed for laminar as well as locally turbulent flow conditions. Specifically, using a commercial finite-volume software with user-supplied programs as a solver, the Euler-Lagrange approach for the fluid-particle thermodynamics is employed with: ( 1) a low Reynolds number k-omega model for laminar-to-turbulent airflow, and (2) a stochastic model for random fluctuations in the droplet trajectories with droplet evaporation. Presently, the respiratory system consists of two major segments of a simplified human cast replica, i.e., a representative oral airway from mouth to trachea ( Generation 0) and a symmetric four-generation upper bronchial tree model (G0 to G3). Experimentally validated computational fluid-particle thermodynamics results show that evaporation of JP-8 fuel droplets is greatly affecting deposition in the human airway. Specifically, droplet deposition fractions due to vaporization decrease with increasing ambient temperatures and decreasing inspiratory flow rates. It is also demonstrated that assuming idealized velocity profiles and particle distributions in or after the trachea may greatly overpredict particle deposition efficiencies in the upper bronchial tree. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Inhalat Drug Delivery Ctr, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM ck@eos.ncsu.edu RI Zhang, Zhe/B-3769-2012 NR 36 TC 26 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 EI 1521-7388 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 36 EP 49 DI 10.1080/02786820490247597 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 746YM UT WOS:000186776600002 ER PT J AU Kim, E Hopke, PK Larson, TV Maykut, NN Lewtas, J AF Kim, E Hopke, PK Larson, TV Maykut, NN Lewtas, J TI Factor analysis of Seattle fine particles SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; MULTILINEAR ENGINE; ATLANTA AEROSOL; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOURCE PROFILES; RECEPTOR MODEL; UNITED-STATES AB Ambient particulate matter less than or equal to2.5 mum in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) samples were collected at a centrally located urban monitoring site in Seattle, WA on Wednesdays and Saturdays using Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments ( IMPROVE) samplers. Particulate carbon was analyzed using the thermal optical reflectance method that divides carbon into four organic carbon (OC), pyrolyzed organic carbon (OP), and three elemental carbon (EC) fractions. A total of 384 samples that were analyzed for 36 species were collected between March 1996 and February 2000. These data were analyzed with the standard factor analysis model using the Multilinear Engine ( ME). Eleven sources were identified: sulfate-rich secondary aerosol (26%), diesel emissions (22%), wood smoke (16%), gasoline vehicle (10%), aged sea salt (8%), airborne soil (7%), nitrate-rich secondary aerosol (5%), sea salt (4%), oil combustion (3%), paper mill (2%), and ferrous metal processing (1%). The use of ME provided enhanced source separations, including the nitrate-rich aerosol source and two industrial sources that were not deduced in a previous PMF2 solution. Conditional probability functions using surface wind data and resolved source contributions aid in the identifications of local sources. Potential source contribution function analysis tentatively shows southern Washington State, along the Canadian border, and southwestern British Colombia, Canada as the possible source areas and pathways that give rise to the high contribution of the sulfate-rich secondary aerosol. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. Clarkson Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Potsdam, NY USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Puget Sound Clean Air Agcy, Seattle, WA USA. US EPA, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Port Orchard, WA USA. RP Hopke, PK (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. EM hopkepk@clarkson.edu RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011; Hopke, Philip/C-6020-2008 OI Hopke, Philip/0000-0003-2367-9661 NR 49 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 6 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 38 IS 7 BP 724 EP 738 DI 10.1080/02786820490490119 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 841TI UT WOS:000222954100008 ER PT J AU Weathers, W AF Weathers, W TI Comments on "Size distribution of organonitrates in ambient aerosol collected in Houston, Texas," Aerosol Science and Technology, 36 : 983-992 (2002) SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID TRANSFORM INFRARED-ANALYSIS; PHOTOOXIDATION AB A previous article in this journal reported the results of an FTIR analysis of the ambient aerosol collected during a field study in Houston, Texas during August and September of 2000. The emphasis of that article was on the organonitrates collected during the study. In the discussion of their research, the authors noted some discrepancies between the organonitrate absorbances observed in Houston compared to those seen in a previous study conducted in Los Angeles, California. They offer several explanations for the observed differences. In these comments, an alternative explanation is offered for these differences. C1 US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Weathers, W (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM weathers.walter@epa.gov NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 38 IS 8 BP 782 EP 786 DI 10.1080/02786820490465423 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 852FI UT WOS:000223740300003 ER PT J AU Linak, W Miller, C Wood, J Shinagawa, T Yoo, JI Santaianni, D King, C Wendt, J Seo, YC AF Linak, W Miller, C Wood, J Shinagawa, T Yoo, JI Santaianni, D King, C Wendt, J Seo, YC TI High temperature interactions between residual oil ash and dispersed kaolinite powders SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIRED POWER-PLANT; PULVERIZED-COAL COMBUSTION; FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS; FLY-ASH; AEROSOL FORMATION; MINERAL MATTER; TRACE-ELEMENTS; SIZE; MECHANISMS; METALS AB The potential use of sorbents to manage ultrafine ash aerosol emissions from residual oil combustion was investigated using a downfired 82 kW laboratory-scale refractory-lined combustor. The major constituents were vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). The overall ash content of residual oil is very low, resulting in total ash vaporization at 1725 K with appreciable vaporization occurring at temperatures as low as 1400 K. Therefore, the possibility of interactions between ash vapor and sorbent substrates exists. Kaolinite powder was injected at various locations in the combustor. Ash scavenging was determined from particle size distributions (PSDs) measured by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. Impactor samples and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses supported these data. Injection of kaolinite sorbent was able to capture up to 60% of all the ash in the residual fuel oil. However, captures of similar to 30% were more common when sorbent injection occurred downstream of the combustion zone, rather than with the combustion air into the main flame. Without sorbent addition, baseline measurements of the fly ash PSD and chemical composition indicate that under the practical combustion conditions examined here, essentially all of the metals contained in the residual oil form ultrafine particles (similar to 0.1 mu m diameter). Theoretical calculations showed that coagulation between the oil ash nuclei and the kaolinite sorbent could account for, at most, 17% of the metal capture which was always less than that measured. The data suggest that kaolinite powders reactively capture a portion of the vapor phase metals. Mechanisms and rates still remain to be quantified. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Durham, NC USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Tucson, AZ USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Yonsei Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Wonju, South Korea. RP Linak, W (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM linak.bill@epa.gov OI Wood, Joseph/0000-0001-6316-9418 NR 49 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 38 IS 9 BP 900 EP 913 DI 10.1080/027868290500805 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 852FN UT WOS:000223740800005 ER PT B AU Kang, DW Aneja, VP Mathur, R Ray, JD AF Kang, DW Aneja, VP Mathur, R Ray, JD BE Borrego, C Incecik, S TI Measurements and modeling of regional air quality in three southeast United States national parks SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XVI SE NATO - CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application CY MAY, 2003 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP NATO, CCMS ID NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; OZONE; MECHANISM; IMPACT; URBAN C1 US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kang, DW (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-48464-1 J9 NATO-CHAL M PY 2004 VL 16 BP 57 EP 65 PG 9 WC Mathematics, Applied; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Mathematics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ17 UT WOS:000222497200005 ER PT B AU Dupont, S Otte, TL Ching, J AF Dupont, S Otte, TL Ching, J BE Borrego, C Incecik, S TI Simulation at neighborhood scale with CMAQ SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XVI SE NATO - CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application CY MAY, 2003 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP NATO, CCMS ID PARAMETERIZATION; MODELS C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dupont, S (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-48464-1 J9 NATO-CHAL M PY 2004 VL 16 BP 441 EP 449 PG 9 WC Mathematics, Applied; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Mathematics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ17 UT WOS:000222497200040 ER PT B AU Kang, DW Eder, BK Schere, KL AF Kang, DW Eder, BK Schere, KL BE Borrego, C Incecik, S TI The evaluation of regional-scale air quality models - As part of NOAA's air Quality Forecasting Pilot Program SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XVI SE NATO - CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application CY MAY, 2003 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP NATO, CCMS ID MECHANISM C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kang, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-48464-1 J9 NATO-CHAL M PY 2004 VL 16 BP 463 EP 470 PG 8 WC Mathematics, Applied; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Mathematics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ17 UT WOS:000222497200042 ER PT B AU Gego, EL Hogrefe, C Porter, PS Irwin, JS Rao, ST AF Gego, EL Hogrefe, C Porter, PS Irwin, JS Rao, ST BE Borrego, C Incecik, S TI Comparison of the space-time signatures of air quality data from different monitoring networks SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XVI SE NATO - CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application CY MAY, 2003 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP NATO, CCMS AB Ambient air quality in the United States is measured by several regional air quality monitoring networks. Yet, differences in sampling protocol between the networks may not allow joint use of the data reported by different networks. In this study, we compare the space-time signatures of sulfate and nitrate fine particle mass concentrations reported by the Clean Air Status and Trend Network (CASTNet) and the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment Network (IMPROVE). First, a spectral decomposition technique was used to separate the low and high frequency variations in time series of pollutant concentrations at collocated IMPROVE and CASTNet sites. Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Varimax. orthogonal rotation, we determined the number of significant sulfate and nitrate modes of variation identifiable with both networks, and identify the mode of variation characterizing each monitoring site. In the case of sulfate, both networks allow identification of seven distinct modes of variation, each of which corresponds to a well-defined geographic area. PCA also suggests the existence of seven modes of variation for nitrate but, in contrast to sulfate, these modes of variations could not be linked to any unified geographic area. A combination of spectral decomposition and PCA reveals that the long-term fluctuations in sulfate at both networks are virtually identical - when they are averaged in homogeneous regions defined by PCA - between both networks. C1 US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rao, ST (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-48464-1 J9 NATO-CHAL M PY 2004 VL 16 BP 481 EP 490 PG 10 WC Mathematics, Applied; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Mathematics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BAJ17 UT WOS:000222497200044 ER PT J AU Keohavong, P Gao, WM Zheng, KC Mady, H Lan, Q Melhem, M Mumford, J AF Keohavong, P Gao, WM Zheng, KC Mady, H Lan, Q Melhem, M Mumford, J TI Detection of K-ras and p53 mutations in sputum samples of lung cancer patients using laser capture microdissection microscope and mutation analysis SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lung cancer; sputum; laser capture microdissection; K-ras and p53 mutations ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; ONCOGENE MUTATIONS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; CELL CARCINOMA; HIGH-FREQUENCY; ADENOCARCINOMA; TISSUES; DNA; AMPLIFICATION AB Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the K-ras oncogene have been frequently found in, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of lung cancer patients and other patients prior to presenting clinical symptoms of lung cancer, suggesting that they may provide useful biomarkers for early lung cancer diagnosis. However, the detection of these gene mutations in sputum and BAL samples has been complicated by the fact that they often occur in only a small fraction of epithelial cells among sputum cells and, in the case of p53 gene, at many codons. In this study, sputum cells were collected on a filter membrane by sputum cytocentrifugation and morphologically analyzed. Epithelial cells were selectively taken by using a laser capture microdissection microscope and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) for p53 mutations and by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for K-ras mutations. This method was used to analyze sputum of 15 Chinese women with lung cancer from Xuan Wei County, China and detected mutations in sputum of 7 (46.7%) patients, including 5 patients with p53 mutations, 1 patient with a K-ras mutation, and 1 patient with K-ras and p53 mutations. For comparison, only two of the mutations were detected by conventional methods. Therefore, the laser capture/mutation analysis method is sensitive and facilitates the detection of low-fraction mutations occurring throughout the p53 and K-ras genes in sputum of lung cancer patients. This method may be applicable to the analysis of epithelial cells from clinically normal sputum or BAL samples from individuals with a high risk for developing lung cancer. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA. Vet Adm Hlth Care Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Keohavong, P (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. OI Keohavong, Phouthone/0000-0001-7812-4925 NR 42 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 324 IS 1 BP 92 EP 99 DI 10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.030 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 757MR UT WOS:000187566500013 PM 14654050 ER PT J AU Weetall, HH Mishra, NN Mahfouz, A Rogers, KR AF Weetall, HH Mishra, NN Mahfouz, A Rogers, KR TI An approach for screening cholinesterase inhibitors in drinking water using an immobilized enzyme assay SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cholinesterase inhibitors; organophosphate insecticides; carbamate insecticides; screening assay ID COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; PESTICIDES; BIOSENSOR; SENSORS; SYSTEM; STABILIZATION; INSECTICIDES; ELECTRODES AB A simple, inexpensive, and sensitive method for detecting organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides is reported. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was immobilized to Porex(R) Lateral-Flo(TM) membrane material and remained active for several months at room temperature. The assay was sensitive to a number of OP and carbamate insecticides. Tap water and bottled water matrices showed no effect on the assay. The change in optical density could be determined using an optical plate reader or by visual examination compared to a control and blank. The detection limit for paraoxon by visual examination was 10 ppb. C1 US EPA, ORD, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, OST, OW, Washington, DC USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM rogers.kim@epa.gov NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 2004 VL 37 IS 7 BP 1297 EP 1305 DI 10.1081/AL-120035899 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 827WW UT WOS:000221935400003 ER PT J AU Niemi, GJ McDonald, ME AF Niemi, GJ McDonald, ME TI Application of ecological indicators SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS LA English DT Review DE assessment; condition; monitoring; responses; stressors ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; FISH COMMUNITIES; BIRD POPULATIONS; BOREAL FOREST; TREE SWALLOWS; GREAT-LAKES; INDEX; CONSERVATION AB Ecological indicators have widespread appeal to scientists, environmental managers, and the general public. Indicators have long been used to detect changes in nature, but the scientific maturation in indicator development primarily has occurred in the past 40 years. Currently, indicators are mainly used to assess the condition of the environment, as early-warning signals of ecological problems, and as barometers for trends in ecological resources. Use of ecological indicators requires clearly stated objectives; the recognition of spatial and temporal scales; assessments of statistical variability, precision, and accuracy; linkages with specific stressors; and coupling with economic and social indicators. Legislatively mandated use of ecological indicators occurs in many countries worldwide and is included in international accords. As scientific advancements and innovation in the development and use of ecological indicators continue through applications of molecular biology, computer technology such as geographic information systems, data management such as bioinformatics, and remote sensing, our ability to apply ecological indicators to detect signals of environmental change will be substantially enhanced. C1 Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. US EPA, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Reston, VA USA. RP Niemi, GJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. EM gniemi@d.umn.edu; McDonald.Michael@epa.gov NR 162 TC 332 Z9 369 U1 16 U2 219 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1543-592X J9 ANNU REV ECOL EVOL S JI Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. PY 2004 VL 35 BP 89 EP 111 DI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130132 PG 23 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 886QT UT WOS:000226244100004 ER PT B AU Fanara, A AF Fanara, A GP IEEE TI ENERGY STAR (R): A strategy to encourage improved efficiency of power supplies SO APEC 2004: NINETEENTH ANNUAL IEEE APPLIED POWER ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1-3 SE Annual IEEE Conference on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference CY FEB 22-26, 2004 CL Aachen, GERMANY SP IEEE, IEEE PELS, Power Sources Manufacturers Assoc, IEEE Ind Applicat Soc AB The paper will highlight the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) position on the opportunity to transform the North American market to demand more energy-efficient power supplies. EPA will outline an implementation strategy and timeline to achieve these market transformation goals. EPA plans to challenge the power supply industry to design, manufacture and market greater numbers of high efficiency power supplies. As a result, EPA believes that innovative, leading manufacturers will garner new business opportunities from selling efficient power supplies to product manufacturers and assemblers, who can then offer end products that incorporate efficient power supplies that will save consumers money and provide environmental benefits. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fanara, A (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW,6202J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8269-2 J9 APPL POWER ELECT CO PY 2004 BP 24 EP 30 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BY90U UT WOS:000189492400004 ER PT J AU Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE Heggem, D AF Jones-Lepp, TL Varner, KE Heggem, D TI Monitoring dibutyltin and triphenyltin in fresh waters and fish in the united states using micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS; POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE); BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS; DRINKING-WATER; SPECIATION; CELLS; PIPE; CONTAMINATION; PRODUCTS; CULTURES AB There is a growing body of evidence that toxic organotins are making their way into terrestrial and aquatic mammals including humans. In the United States, one possible route of environmental exposure to organotins (specifically dibutyltin and triphenyltin) is via fresh surface waters and fish taken from those waters. A unique methodology was used for quantitative and speciation of the organotins. This green-chemistry method combines two extraction techniques (solid-phase extraction for waters; hexane/tropolone extraction for fish) with mu-liquid chromatography-electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry ( mu-LC-ES/ITMS) as the detection method. A small survey looking for organotins in fresh surface waters across the United States, and fish from those waters, was conducted. Various concentrations of dibutyltin and triphenyltin were detected in fresh water, ranging from nondetect to 2 ppb, and nondetect to 6 ppb, respectively. In fish dibutyltin and triphenyltin were detected from nondetect to 200 ppb, and nondetect to 400 ppb, respectively. C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci,Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Jones-Lepp, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. OI Heggem, Daniel/0000-0001-9238-3368 NR 37 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 46 IS 1 BP 90 EP 95 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 759WR UT WOS:000187774600011 PM 15029873 ER PT J AU Patonay, T Levai, A Riman, E Varma, RS AF Patonay, T Levai, A Riman, E Varma, RS TI Microwave-induced, solvent-free transformations of benzoheteracyclanones by HTIB (Koser's reagent) SO ARKIVOC LA English DT Article DE chromanones; 2,3-dihydro-4-quinolones; hypervalent iodine reagent; microwave irradiation; thiochromanones; tosyloxylation ID HYPERVALENT IODINE OXIDATION; P-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID; ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; HETEROCYCLIC-COMPOUNDS; ALPHA-TOSYLOXYLATION; SUPPORTED REAGENTS; ISOFLAVONES; FLAVANONES; ROUTE; REARRANGEMENT AB The microwave-activated reactions of [hydroxy( tosyloxy) iodo] benzene (HTIB) with various chromanones, thiochromanones and dihydroquinolones under solvent-free conditions have been studied. In addition to the common dehydrogenation reaction, 2,3-migration also has been observed in the case of flavanone and 2,2-disubstituted chromanones. 3-Tosyloxychromanones were isolated from the reaction of chromanone and 2-methylchromanone for the first time. Substrates with nucleophilic heteroatoms such as thiochromanones and 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4-quinolone reacted by electrophilic attack of the heteroatom. C1 Univ Debrecen, Dept Organ Chem, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Patonay, T (reprint author), Univ Debrecen, Dept Organ Chem, POB 20, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary. EM tpatonay@tigris.klte.hu NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ARKAT USA INC PI GAINESVILLE PA C/O ALAN R KATRITZKY, UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT CHEMISTRY, PO BOX 117200, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA J9 ARKIVOC JI Arkivoc PY 2004 BP 183 EP 195 PN 7 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 857XO UT WOS:000224153300015 ER PT J AU Graney, JR Landis, MS Norris, GA AF Graney, JR Landis, MS Norris, GA TI Concentrations and solubility of metals from indoor and personal exposure PM2.5 samples SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE metals; indoor air; solubility; particulate matter ID MATTER EPIDEMIOLOGY-EXPOSURE; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES; OXIDANT GENERATION; TRACE-ELEMENTS; AIR-POLLUTION; BALTIMORE; OUTDOOR; PARTICLES AB An assessment of trace metal quantification capabilities for indoor (123 +/- 53 mug; mean +/- standard deviation of particle mass) and personal exposure (PE) (32 +/- 12 mug) PM2.5 samples from Baltimore, MD was undertaken as part of an EPA study investigating health effects associated with particulate matter. This study included determination of total PM2.5 metal concentrations by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and instrumental neutron activation analysis, as well as method development to quantify amounts of water and acid-extractable metals from PM2.5 using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analytical uncertainties, filter blank contributions, and sample preparation were all found to significantly impact quantification limits. The ICP-MS leaching procedure resulted in partial extraction of metals from the PM2.5. Most of the extractable components of the metals were in a water-soluble form suggesting a high potential for bioavailability of elements from respiratory exposure to PM2.5. A comparison Of PM2.5 trace metal concentrations from indoor air samples collected from a central indoor site versus concurrently collected PE samples indicates that resident activities result in exposure to higher concentrations of soluble trace metals. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Binghamton, Dept Geol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Graney, JR (reprint author), SUNY Binghamton, Dept Geol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. EM jgraney@binghamton.edu RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 28 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 237 EP 247 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.052 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 764MM UT WOS:000188210700007 ER PT J AU Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ Howard-Reed, C AF Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ Howard-Reed, C TI Effect of central fans and in-duct filters on deposition rates of ultrafine and fine particles in an occupied townhouse SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ultrafine particles; fine particles; deposition; filtration; air cleaner; field study ID AIR CLEANERS; INDOOR; OUTDOOR; PENETRATION; RESIDENCE; ROOM; FLOW AB Airborne particles are implicated in morbidity and mortality of certain high-risk subpopulations. Exposure to particles occurs mostly indoors, where a main removal mechanism is deposition to surfaces. Deposition can be affected by the use of forced-air circulation through ducts or by air filters. In this study, we calculate the deposition rates of particles in an occupied house due to forced-air circulation and the use of in-duct filters such as electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and fibrous mechanical filters (MECH). Deposition rates are calculated for 128 size categories ranging from 0.01 to 2.5 mum. More than 110 separate "events" (mostly cooking, candle burning, and pouring kitty litter) were used to calculate deposition rates for four conditions: fan off, fan on, MECH installed, ESP installed. For all cases, deposition rates varied in a "U"-shaped distribution with the minimum occurring near 0.1 mum, as predicted by theory. The use of the central fan with no filter or with a standard furnace filter increased deposition rates by amounts on the order of 0.1-0.5 h(-1). The MECH increased deposition rates by up to 2 h(-1) for ultrafine and fine particles but was ineffective for particles in the 0.1-0.5 mum range. The ESP increased deposition rates by 2-3 h(-1) and was effective for all sizes. However, the ESP lost efficiency after several weeks and needed regular cleaning to maintain its effectiveness. A reduction of particle levels by 50% or more could be achieved by use of the ESP when operating properly. Since the use of fans and filters reduces particle concentrations from both indoor and outdoor sources, it is more effective than the alternative approach of reducing ventilation by closing windows or insulating homes more tightly. For persons at risk, use of an air filter may be an effective method of reducing exposure to particles. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Reston, VA 20191 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, LA (reprint author), US EPA, 11568 Woodhollow Court, Reston, VA 20191 USA. EM wallace.lance@epa.gov RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009; Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010; Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 29 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 3 BP 405 EP 413 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.10.003 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 768PA UT WOS:000188550300006 ER PT J AU Shadwick, DS Sickles, JE AF Shadwick, DS Sickles, JE TI Sample size for seasonal mean concentration, deposition velocity and deposition: a resampling study SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE period mean; uncertainty; confidence statement; data completeness; CASTNET AB Methodologies are described to assign confidence statements to seasonal means of concentration (C), deposition velocity (V-d), and deposition categorized by species/parameters, sites, and seasons in the presence of missing data. Estimators of seasonal means with missing weekly data are determined using the means of the non-missing values as estimates of the missing data. An empirical relationship is established between the probability that a resampled mean lies within a defined percentage of the mean for individual full 13-week seasonal samples and the specific coefficient of variation (CV) categorized by species/parameter, site, season, and the number of valid samples. The concept of a specific critical CV is introduced as the least of the specific CVs for which a confidence statement fails for a prescribed uncertainty and confidence level. Specific critical CVs are estimated by resampling valid weekly data for full 13-week seasons and from simulations of weekly data. Using data from 47 eastern US CASTNET sites, two. approaches focusing on specific critical CVs are employed to examine the confidence statements for C, V-d, and deposition. The first evaluated confidence statements for individual seasonal means. The second approach evaluated the impacts of establishing minimum sample sizes on confidence statements for C and V-d. In both cases, confidence statements for V-d have lower uncertainty and higher confidence than for C. Confidence statements for deposition reflect the influence of C more strongly than V-d. When the two approaches are contrasted, confidence statements with the same level of confidence had lower uncertainty using the first approach where individual seasonal means were evaluated. An example of a confidence statement using the first approach is that when data are missing but greater than or equal to7 of the 13 weeks of seasonal data are present, for each CASTNET species, except the more variable NO3-, seasonal means of C and deposition are within +/- 35% of the true value at least 90% of the time. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Sickles, JE (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM sickles.joseph@epa.gov NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 3 BP 477 EP 489 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.062 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 768PA UT WOS:000188550300013 ER PT B AU Beck, FP Clark, PJ Ford, RG Fisher, AW AF Beck, F. P. Clark, P. J. Ford, R. G. Fisher, A. W. GP Australasian Inst Mining & Metallurgy TI The use of direct push methods for delineating spatial and temporal variability in groundwater investigations SO Bac-Min 2004 Conference, Proceedings SE AUSTRALASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY PUBLICATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Bac-Min 2004 Conference CY NOV 08-10, 2004 CL Bendigo, AUSTRALIA SP Sci Appl Int Corp, Pintall Syst Inc, Newmont, RIO TINTO, Aminya Lab, AKER KVAERNER ID MONITORING WELLS; SEDIMENTS; FATE AB Site characterisation of subsurface contaminant transport is often hampered by a lack of knowledge of site heterogeneity and temporal variations in hydrogeochemistry. The use of a regional-scale data compilation derived from satellite imaging is discussed with respect to directing design of site characterisation to monitor the fate of a Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) plume in Nevada. Evaluation of the drainage basin contributing to the groundwater flux into the study site was used to re-assess the site conceptual model and re-direct the characterisation effort. The use of highly resolved measurements of subsurface hydrogeochemistry in space and time were employed to identify the predominant biogeochemical processes controlling arsenic transport during discharge of groundwater into a pond at a site in Massachusetts. Direct-push conductivity measurements coupled with vertically-resolved sampling within the pond and adjoining aquifer demonstrated spatial and temporal variations in dissolved arsenic within groundwater and the pond water column and sediment pore water. Spatial variability was observed over the scale of centimetres to metres, and temporal variations were observed over the scales of days (following storm events) to seasons. Microbially-driven redox processes maintained anoxic conditions in groundwater and at the sediment-water interface (iron and sulfate reduction) and exerted both a direct and indirect influence on arsenic solution speciation and partitioning to surface water sediments. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Beck, FP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALASIAN INST MINING & METALLURGY PI PARKVILLE VICTORIA PA CLUNIES ROSS HOUSE 191 ROYAL PARADE, PARKVILLE VICTORIA, 3052, AUSTRALIA BN 1-920806-20-2 J9 AUSTRALAS I MIN MET PY 2004 VL 2004 IS 6 BP 73 EP 78 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BEO10 UT WOS:000238389100011 ER EF