FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Tausz, M Olszyk, DM Monschein, S Tingey, DT AF Tausz, M Olszyk, DM Monschein, S Tingey, DT TI Combined effects of CO2 and O-3 on antioxidative and photoprotective defense systems in needles of ponderosa pine SO BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE air pollution; ascorbate; glutathione; oxidative stress; pigments; Pinus ponderosa; xanthophyll ID FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGERS; NORWAY SPRUCE TREES; OZONE EXPOSURE; ELEVATED CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ASCORBIC-ACID; ENHANCED OZONE; DROUGHT STRESS; PICEA-ABIES; PIGMENTS AB Ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings were exposed to near ambient or elevated CO2 ( average concentrations during the last growing season 446 versus 699 mumol mol(-1)), combined with low or elevated O-3 for three seasons. Ozone exposure during the last growing season ( accumulated dose above threshold 0.06 mumol mol(-1)) was 0.05 versus 26.13 mumol mol(-1) h. Needles of the youngest age class were harvested after the dormancy period. Ozone exposure decreased needle contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and ascorbate, and resulted in a more oxidized total ascorbate and a more de-epoxidized xanthophyll cycle pool irrespective of the CO2 level. Trees under elevated CO2 had a more oxidized glutathione pool and lower chlorophyll a content. Contents of glutathione, tocopherol, and carotenoids were not affected by the CO2 or O-3 treatments. There were no interactive effects between elevated CO2 and elevated O-3 on any of the parameters measured. The results suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration does not compensate for ozone stress by increasing antioxidative capacity in ponderosa pine. C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Forest & Ecosyst Sci, Creswick, Vic 3363, Australia. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Pflanzenwissensch, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP Tausz, M (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Forest & Ecosyst Sci, Water St, Creswick, Vic 3363, Australia. EM michael.tausz@uni-graz.at RI Tausz, Michael /C-1990-2013 OI Tausz, Michael /0000-0001-8205-8561 NR 41 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-3134 J9 BIOL PLANTARUM JI Biol. Plant. PY 2004 VL 48 IS 4 BP 543 EP 548 DI 10.1023/B:BIOP.0000047150.82053.e9 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 868JT UT WOS:000224910600011 ER PT J AU Bao, WJ Schmid, JE Goetz, A Ren, HZ Dix, DJ AF Bao, WJ Schmid, JE Goetz, A Ren, HZ Dix, DJ TI A database for tracking reproductive toxicogenomic data. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 79 BP 111 EP 111 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400139 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Furr, J Lambright, C Ostby, J AF Gray, LE Furr, J Lambright, C Ostby, J TI Chronic exposure to diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) delays puberty and reduces androgen-dependent tissue weights in the male rat. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, Endocrinol Branch,Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 88 BP 113 EP 113 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400148 ER PT J AU Tully, DB Bao, WJ Barone, S Best, DS Blystone, CR Murrell, RN Narotsky, MG Ren, HZ Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Strader, LF White, LD Wolf, DC Wood, CR Dix, DJ AF Tully, DB Bao, WJ Barone, S Best, DS Blystone, CR Murrell, RN Narotsky, MG Ren, HZ Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Strader, LF White, LD Wolf, DC Wood, CR Dix, DJ TI Gene expression profiling in testis, brain, and liver of rats to identify common effects of conazole fungicides SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 98 BP 115 EP 115 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400158 ER PT J AU Blystone, CR Dix, DJ Rockett, JC AF Blystone, CR Dix, DJ Rockett, JC TI In vitro conazole exposure inhibits testosterone production in the adult and neonatal rat testis through the inhibition of CYP17 activity. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 315 BP 165 EP 165 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400375 ER PT J AU Narotsky, MG Best, DS Cooper, RL AF Narotsky, MG Best, DS Cooper, RL TI Effects of amitraz on pregnancy maintenance and development in the rat SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 US EPA, ORD NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 319 BP 166 EP 166 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400379 ER PT J AU Noriega, NC Furr, J Lambright, C Wilson, VS Gray, LE AF Noriega, NC Furr, J Lambright, C Wilson, VS Gray, LE TI Peripubertal DEHP exposure inhibits androgen sensitive tissue development and delays puberty in male Sprague-Dawley rats. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 NHEERL, EPA, MD 72, RTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 320 BP 166 EP 166 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400380 ER PT J AU Wilson, VS Lambright, C Furr, J Bobseine, K Wood, C Held, G Gray, LE AF Wilson, VS Lambright, C Furr, J Bobseine, K Wood, C Held, G Gray, LE TI DEHP (di-N-ethylhexyl phthalate), when administered during sexual differentiation, induces dose-dependent decreases in fetal testis gene expression and steroid synthesis. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 322 BP 166 EP 167 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400382 ER PT J AU Thompson, KE Bao, WJ Perreault, SD Ren, HZ Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Strader, LF Dix, DJ AF Thompson, KE Bao, WJ Perreault, SD Ren, HZ Rockett, JC Schmid, JE Strader, LF Dix, DJ TI RNA profiles of ejaculated human spermatozoa. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction CY AUG 01-04, 2004 CL Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA SP Soc Study Reprod HO Univ British Columbia C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2004 SI SI MA 715 BP 257 EP 257 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 840HJ UT WOS:000222848400774 ER PT J AU Robertson, GP Broome, JC Chornesky, EA Frankenberger, JR Johnson, P Lipson, M Miranowski, JA Owens, ED Pimentel, D Thrupp, LA AF Robertson, GP Broome, JC Chornesky, EA Frankenberger, JR Johnson, P Lipson, M Miranowski, JA Owens, ED Pimentel, D Thrupp, LA TI Rethinking the vision for environmental research in US agriculture SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE agriculture; environmental policy; research strategies; social science; systems approach ID ECOSYSTEM; DIVERSITY AB Environmental research in agriculture is today largely reactive, focused on problems at small scales and conducted within narrow disciplinary boundaries. This approach has worked to abate a number of environmental problems created by agriculture, but it has not provided effective solutions for many of the most recalcitrant ones. Furthermore, the approach fails to position agriculture to deliver new environmental benefits that the public and policymakers increasingly demand. A new vision is needed for environmental research in agriculture-one that is anticipatory; promotes long-term, systems-level research at multiple scales; better incorporates important interactions between the biophysical and social sciences; and provides for the proper evaluation of deployed solutions. Achieving this vision will require major changes in funding strategies, in institutional reward structures, and in policies that presently inhibit collaborations across disciplinary and institutional boundaries. It is, nevertheless, time to act. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. Michigan State Univ, Wk Kellogg Biol Stn, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sustainable Agr Res & Educ Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Oneota Slopes Farm, Decorah, IA 52101 USA. Organ Farming Res Fdn, Santa Cruz, CA 95061 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Monsanto Co, Chesterfield, MO 63198 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Robertson, GP (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA. EM Robertson@kbs.msu.edu RI Robertson, G/H-3885-2011 OI Robertson, G/0000-0001-9771-9895 NR 21 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JAN PY 2004 VL 54 IS 1 BP 61 EP 65 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0061:RTVFER]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 762EQ UT WOS:000187958800012 ER PT J AU Scialli, AR Buelke-Sam, JL Chambers, CD Friedman, JM Kimmel, CA Polifka, JE Tassinari, MS AF Scialli, AR Buelke-Sam, JL Chambers, CD Friedman, JM Kimmel, CA Polifka, JE Tassinari, MS TI Communicating risks during pregnancy: A workshop on the use of data from animal developmental toxicity studies in pregnancy labels for drugs SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLASSIFICATION; TERATOGENICITY; SYSTEM C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Washington, DC 20007 USA. Toxicol Serv Inc, Greenfield, IN USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Family & Prevent Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC, Canada. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Groton, CT USA. RP Scialli, AR (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA. EM sciallia@gunet.georgetown.edu NR 19 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-0752 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES A JI Birth Defects Res. Part A-Clin. Mol. Teratol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 7 EP 12 DI 10.1002/bdra.10150 PG 6 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 769FW UT WOS:000188616700002 PM 14745889 ER PT J AU Longo, M Brama, M Marino, M Bernardini, S Korach, KS Wetsel, WC Scandurra, R Faraggiana, T Spera, G Baron, R Teti, A Migliaccio, S AF Longo, M Brama, M Marino, M Bernardini, S Korach, KS Wetsel, WC Scandurra, R Faraggiana, T Spera, G Baron, R Teti, A Migliaccio, S TI Interaction of estrogen receptor a with protein kinase C alpha and c-Src in osteoblasts during differentiation SO BONE LA English DT Article DE osteoblast; differentiation; estrogen receptor alpha; PKC; c-Src ID EPIDERMAL-GROWTH-FACTOR; PHORBOL ESTER; SIGNALING PATHWAYS; DOWN-REGULATION; BREAST-CANCER; MCF-7 CELLS; BETA-II; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION; ISOENZYMES AB In cultured osteoblasts, protein kinase C (PKC) activity increases and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) binding capacity decreases upon confluence. We investigated potential interactions between ERalpha and PKC isoforms and their confluence-induced modulations in clonal ROS. SMER#14 cells and primary osteoblasts. In sub-confluent ROS.SMER#14 cells, which express an exogenous plus small amounts of the endogenous ERalpha gene, the receptor appeared as two main bands of approximate to 66 and approximate to 46 kDa. In over-confluent, more differentiated cells, the cytosolic approximate to 66 kDa ERa appeared decreased and the approximate to 46 kDa variant increased. Enhanced expression and/or membrane translocation of PKCalpha and PKCepsilon, but not PKCzeta, was evidenced at over-confluence, along with transient increases in expression and kinase activity of c-Src, accompanied by membrane translocation of the kinase-activated enzyme. In contrast, negligible membrane translocation of PKCa and/or activated c-Src was observed in parental ROS 17/2.8 cells, which express low levels of full-length ERalpha. PKCa from over-confluent cells phosphorylated p60(c-Src) in vitro, suggesting functional interaction between the two kinases. ERalpha co-immunoprecipitated c-Src and PKCalpha, mostly in its cleaved form (PKMalpha). An analogous interaction was observed in primary osteoblasts. However, in these cells, much more PKCalpha/ PKMa was ERalpha-co-immunoprecipitated at over-confluence, a condition in which the shorter, approximate to 46 kDa ERalpha variant is increased. This interaction was enhanced by estradiol treatment or PKC down-regulation, but was unaffected by c-Src inhibition. These data highlight direct PKCalpha-c-Src-ERalpha interactions, which may be crucial in the modulation of estrogen responsiveness and the differentiation process in osteoblasts. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Univ Aquila, Dept Expt Med, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Histol & Med Embryol, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Roma 3, Dept Biol, Rome, Italy. Ist Dermopat Immacolata, Rome, Italy. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci Med Endocrinol & Cell B, Durham, NC 27705 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Biochem, Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Expt Med, Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Med Physiopathol, Rome, Italy. Yale Univ, Dept Orthopaed & Cell Biol, New Haven, CT USA. RP Migliaccio, S (reprint author), Univ Aquila, Dept Expt Med, Via Vetoio Coppito 2, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. EM silvia.migliaccio@uniroma1.it FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD36015]; Telethon [E.0831] NR 49 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 8756-3282 J9 BONE JI Bone PD JAN PY 2004 VL 34 IS 1 BP 100 EP 111 DI 10.1016/j.bone.2003.09.007 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 772UX UT WOS:000188861100010 PM 14751567 ER PT B AU Kaiser, SE AF Kaiser, SE BE Donati, A Rossi, C Brebbia, CA TI The United States Brownfields Program SO BROWNFIELD SITES II : ASSESSMENT, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Prevention, Assessment, Rehabilitation and Development of Brownfield Sites CY JUN 14-16, 2004 CL Siena, ITALY SP Wessex Inst Technol, Univ Siena, Univ Orleans, Ctr Brownfield Initiat DE brownfields; assessment; cleanup; redevelopment; revitalization; liability; United States; funding AB In just ten years, the cleanup and reuse of brownfields in the United States has grown from a single pilot project into an award-winning national movement that has changed the way people think about contaminated land. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Brownfields Program provides the technical and financial assistance that undergirds the brownfields effort in the United States. Passage of federal brownfields legislation in 2002 expanded the Brownfields Program and created new opportunities for addressing brownfields issues. This paper describes the U.S. EPA Brownfields Program and the tools and approaches that the Brownfields Progam uses to help local efforts to revitalize brownfields. C1 US EPA, Off Brownfields Cleanup & Redev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kaiser, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Brownfields Cleanup & Redev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-719-1 PY 2004 BP 271 EP 280 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BBN76 UT WOS:000226303300027 ER PT J AU Guo, Z Jetter, JJ McBrian, JA AF Guo, Z Jetter, JJ McBrian, JA TI Rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from incense SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; RISK-FACTORS; LUNG-CANCER; SMOKE; CHINESE; STICKS C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Guo, Z (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Mail Drop E305-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 72 IS 1 BP 186 EP 193 DI 10.1007/s00128-003-0258-z PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 763QQ UT WOS:000188112300026 PM 15058672 ER PT J AU Alberg, AJ Daudt, A Huang, HY Hoffman, SC Comstock, GW Helzlsouer, KJ Strickland, PT Bell, DA AF Alberg, AJ Daudt, A Huang, HY Hoffman, SC Comstock, GW Helzlsouer, KJ Strickland, PT Bell, DA TI N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotypes, cigarette smoking, and the risk of breast cancer SO CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; neoplasms; epidemiology; N-acetyltransferase 2; cigarette smoking; acetylation ID DNA-ADDUCTS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS; HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; ACETYLATOR GENOTYPE; ASSOCIATION; WOMEN; CARCINOGENESIS; POPULATION; INCREASE; TISSUE AB N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are important catalytic enzymes that metabolize carcinogenic arylamines. NAT2 genotype might modify the role of cigarette smoking, a source of arylamine exposure, in breast cancer. We conducted a nested case-control study to investigate the association between NAT2 genotype, smoking and breast cancer risk among women (I 10 cases, 113 matched controls) from the CLUE II cohort in Washington County, MD. Compared to women with the slow acetylator genotype, the main effects odds ratios (OR) for NAT2 were 1.4 for the intermediate acetylator genotype (95% confidence limits (CL) 0.7, 2.7) and 3.6 for the homozygous rapid acetylator genotype (95% CL 1.1, 11.4) (P for trend = 0.05). Smoking was associated in the direction of increased breast cancer risk in slow acetylators (e.g., >15 pack-years versus never smokers OR 2.0; 95% CL 0.7, 5.8) but not in rapid acetylators. These associations were not statistically significant in the total study population, but a statistically significant interaction between smoking and NAT2 acetylator status was present in postmenopausal women. The main effect of NAT2 in the direction of increased risk suggests that exposures to NAT2-activated carcinogens other than cigarette smoke may be important in this study population. The results for smoking were consistent with an inactivation role for NAT2 in breast cancer. (C) 2004 International Society for Preventive Oncology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Bloombreg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Alberg, AJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Room E6132B,615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM aalberg@jhsph.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA62988, CA73790, U01 CA86308]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL21670]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06052, P30 ES03819] NR 26 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0361-090X J9 CANCER DETECT PREV JI Cancer Detect. Prev. PY 2004 VL 28 IS 3 BP 187 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.cdp.2004.04.001 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 839GZ UT WOS:000222773100004 PM 15225898 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI A critical assessment of elemental mercury air/water exchange parameters SO CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY LA English DT Article DE mercury; air water exchange; aqueous diffusivity; Schmidt number ID AIR-SEA INTERFACE; GAS-EXCHANGE; WIND-SPEED; WATER; SURFACES; OCEAN; RATES; LAKES; VOLATILIZATION; EVERGLADES AB Although evasion of elemental mercury from aquatic systems can significantly deplete net mercury accumulation resulting from atmospheric deposition, the current ability to model elemental mercury air/water exchange is limited by uncertainties in our understanding of all gaseous air/water exchange phenomena in addition to limitations unique to this element. A critical review of the technical literature is performed; a new estimate for the diffusivity of elemental mercury in water is obtained; a Setschenow coefficient for elemental mercury is published; and a normalized version of the Cole and Caraco (1998) low to intermediate windspeed air/water gaseous exchange model is developed. Findings from the study include: (1) some previously published estimates of elemental mercury diffusivity in water are likely too high by as much as a factor of four; (2) some published Schmidt number estimates are likely too low (by a similar factor); (3) some previously published elemental mercury air/water exchange estimates are likely too high; (4) overall water side environmental mass transfer coefficients for elemental mercury likely lie within the range 0.006 to 0.45 m/h; (5) there are both experimental and theoretical justifications for using a non-isothermal Henry's Law Constant in environmental systems over typical diel time periods; and (6) more complex non-isothermal Henry's Law Constants may be required to model air/water gaseous exchange in hydrothermal and/or industrial systems. C1 ORD NERL ERD, US Environm Protect Agcy, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Loux, NT (reprint author), ORD NERL ERD, US Environm Protect Agcy, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 61 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-2299 J9 CHEM SPEC BIOAVAILAB JI Chem. Speciation Bioavail. PY 2004 VL 16 IS 4 BP 127 EP 138 DI 10.3184/095422904782775018 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 886AA UT WOS:000226197300001 ER PT J AU Rushneck, DR Beliveau, A Fowler, B Hamilton, C Hoover, D Kaye, K Berg, M Smith, T Telliard, WA Roman, H Ruder, E Ryan, L AF Rushneck, DR Beliveau, A Fowler, B Hamilton, C Hoover, D Kaye, K Berg, M Smith, T Telliard, WA Roman, H Ruder, E Ryan, L TI Concentrations of dioxin-like PCB congeners in unweathered Aroclors by HRGC/HRMS using EPA method 1668A SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PCB; polychlorinated biphenyl; Aroclor; high resolution mass spectrometry ID MULTIDIMENSIONAL GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; COPLANAR POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; DIFFERENT HRGC COLUMNS; 2 LOTS; MIXTURES; DISTRIBUTIONS; HUMANS AB We have determined the congener compositions of nine commercial Aroclor products of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to the sub-part-per-million level using high-resolution gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry according to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 1668A. These Aroclor composition data should allow improved characterization and risk assessment of PCB contamination at hazardous waste sites, particularly for dioxin-like PCB congeners. By combining the data on the concentrations of each dioxin-like congener with its World Health Organization toxicity equivalency factor, we have established dioxin toxic equivalent concentrations for each pure Aroclor product. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Interface Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. US EPA, N Chelmsford, MA 01863 USA. Axys Analyt, Sidney, BC V8L 3S8, Canada. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ind Econ Inc, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. RP Rushneck, DR (reprint author), Interface Inc, POB 297, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 20 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 2004 VL 54 IS 1 BP 79 EP 87 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00664-7 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759NU UT WOS:000187744400009 PM 14559260 ER PT J AU Anitole-Misleh, KG Brown, KM AF Anitole-Misleh, KG Brown, KM TI Developmental regulation of catecholamine levels during sea urchin embryo morphogenesis SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sea urchin embryo; morphogenesis; catecholamine synthesis and metabolism ID DOPAMINE-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS; ADENYLATE-CYCLASE; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; 2ND MESSENGERS; CHICK-EMBRYO; NEUROTRANSMITTERS; EXPRESSION; RECEPTORS; CELLS AB Results of a number of pharmacological studies suggest that catecholamines play a regulatory role in cleavage, morphogenesis and cell differentiation during early animal embryonic development. Few studies, however, have actually assayed for levels of catecholamines in these early embryos by methods that are both sensitive and specific. In this investigation the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine and their precursor, dopa and metabolites were determined in eight different embryonic stages of the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus from hatched blastula to late pluteus larva, using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Levels of each of the catecholamines exhibited unique developmental profiles and are consistent with a role for epinephrine in blastula and early gastrula embryos and for norepinephrine in gastrulation. Changes in levels of catecholamine precursor and metabolites suggest a changing pattern of synthetic and metabolic enzyme activity, which can, for the most part, explain the fluctuations in catecholamine levels during development from blastula to the pluteus larva stage. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Brown, KM (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 332 Lisner Hall,2023 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM kmb@gwu.edu NR 53 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 137 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.09.001 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 763DM UT WOS:000188059200004 PM 14720589 ER PT J AU Porter, SK Scheckel, KG Impellitteri, CA Ryan, JA AF Porter, SK Scheckel, KG Impellitteri, CA Ryan, JA TI Toxic metals in the environment: Thermodynamic considerations for possible immobilization strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE equilibrium; precipitation; soil; solubility; remediation; modeling ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; ARSENIC SPECIATION; HEAVY-METALS; PHOSPHORIC-ACID; DRINKING-WATER; LEAD; HEALTH; HYDROXYAPATITE; STABILITY; IRON AB The contamination of soils by toxic metals is a widespread, serious problem that demands immediate action either by removal or immobilization, which is defined as a process which puts the metal into a chemical form, probably as a mineral, which will be inert and highly insoluble under conditions that will exist in the soil. If metals are to be immobilized, this might be achieved by the addition of sufficient amounts of the anion or anions which can form the inert mineral. A serious complication arises from the fact that all soils have several other cations that can and do react with the anions. This paper is a review of the equilibrium-state chemistry for the possible immobilizations of four metals: lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury. The anions which might precipitate these metals include: oxide, hydroxide, chloride, sulfate, sulfide, phosphates, molybdate, and carbonate. The metal ions which can interfere with these precipitation reactions are calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and manganese. All of the probable combinations are reviewed, and possible immobilization strategies are evaluated from the point of view of thermodynamic stability using free energies of formation scattered throughout the literature. The systems are examined from the point of view of the phase rule and stoichiometric consideration over the 2-12 pH range. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Natl Council Aging, Washington, DC USA. RP Scheckel, KG (reprint author), US EPA, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. EM Scheckel.Kirk@epa.gov RI Scheckel, Kirk/C-3082-2009 OI Scheckel, Kirk/0000-0001-9326-9241 NR 69 TC 100 Z9 113 U1 18 U2 119 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 34 IS 6 BP 495 EP 604 DI 10.1080/10643380490492412 PG 110 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 867SJ UT WOS:000224862200001 ER PT J AU Vijayalaxmi Kligerman, AD Prihoda, TJ Ullrich, SE AF Vijayalaxmi Kligerman, AD Prihoda, TJ Ullrich, SE TI Cytogenetic studies in mice treated with the jet fuels, Jet-A and JP-8 SO CYTOGENETIC AND GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Chromosome Aberrations CY SEP 10-13, 2003 CL Univ Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, GERMANY HO Univ Duisburg-Essen ID AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL; DERMAL APPLICATION; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; GENOTOXIC CHANGES; DNA-DAMAGE; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; BENZENE; BLOOD; INHALATION AB The genotoxic potential of the jet fuels, Jet-A and JP-8, were examined in mice treated on the skin with a single dose of 240 mg/mouse. Peripheral blood smears were prepared at the start of the experiment (t = 0), and at 24, 48 and 72 h following treatment with jet fuels. Femoral bone marrow smears were made when all animals were sacrificed at 72 It. In both tissues, the extent of genotoxicity was determined from the incidence of micronuclei (MN) in polychromatic erythrocytes. The frequency of MN in the peripheral blood of mice treated with Jet-A and JP-8 increased over time and reached statistical significance at 72 h, as compared with concurrent control animals. The incidence of MN was also higher in bone marrow cells of mice exposed to Jet-A and JP-8 as compared with controls. Thus, at the dose tested, a small but significant genotoxic effect of jet fuels was observed in the blood and bone marrow cells of mice treated on the skin. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Vijayalaxmi (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. EM vijay@uthscsa.edu NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1424-8581 J9 CYTOGENET GENOME RES JI Cytogenet. Genome Res. PY 2004 VL 104 IS 1-4 BP 371 EP 375 DI 10.1159/000077518 PG 5 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 835XX UT WOS:000222519900060 ER PT S AU Kreizenbeck, RA AF Kreizenbeck, RA BE Mahutova, K Barich, JJ Kreizenbeck, RA TI Environmental aspects of managing of natural resource assets within the military sector SO DEFENSE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EFFECTIVE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Effective Scientific Communication Related to Recent Environmental Protection Challenges and Activities in the Military Sector CY APR 22-26, 2003 CL Bratislava, SLOVAKIA SP NATO C1 US EPA, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-2082-1 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2004 VL 39 BP 15 EP 19 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BAM69 UT WOS:000222852100002 ER PT S AU Barich, JJ Mahutova, K AF Barich, JJ Mahutova, K BE Mahutova, K Barich, JJ Kreizenbeck, RA TI Environmental management systems, reliability management, and vulnerability assessments: Potential within contemporary security settings SO DEFENSE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EFFECTIVE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Effective Scientific Communication Related to Recent Environmental Protection Challenges and Activities in the Military Sector CY APR 22-26, 2003 CL Bratislava, SLOVAKIA SP NATO C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-2082-1 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2004 VL 39 BP 103 EP 110 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BAM69 UT WOS:000222852100012 ER PT J AU Tornero-Velez, R Ross, MK Granville, C Laskey, J Jones, JP DeMarini, DM Evans, MV AF Tornero-Velez, R Ross, MK Granville, C Laskey, J Jones, JP DeMarini, DM Evans, MV TI Metabolism and mutagenicity of source water contaminants 1,3-dichloropropane and 2,2-dichloropropane SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID MAMMALIAN GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE; VINYL-CHLORIDE; S-TRANSFERASES; CONJUGATION; ACTIVATION; RAT; OXIDATION; BINDING AB Cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation and glutathione (GSH)-dependent conjugation are the primary routes of metabolism of haloalkanes. Using rat liver microsomes and cytosol, we investigated the metabolism of two halopropanes found on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contaminant Candidate List, 1,3-dichloropropane (1,3-DCP) and 2,2-dichloropropane (2,2-DCP). An automated headspace technique using gas chromatography was developed to determine rates of metabolism. Additional dihaloalkanes (1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,4-dichlorobutane, 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dibromopropane, 1,4-dibromobutane) were evaluated to assess structure-activity relationships. In general, brominated dihaloalkanes were eliminated from rat cytosol faster than chlorinated dihaloalkanes, reflecting the expected halide order of reactivity (Br > Cl). Furthermore, the rate of GSH conjugation was proportional to alpha,omega-haloalkane chain length. The clearance of 1,3-DCP via the GSH conjugation pathway (1.6 x 10(-4) l/h/mg cytosol protein) was minor relative to the P450 pathway (2.8 x 10(-2) l/h/mg microsomal protein). In contrast, we did not observe metabolism of 2,2-DCP via the GSH-dependent conjugation pathway and observed only a minor level of clearance via the P450 pathway (7 x 10(-4) l/h/mg microsomal protein). Neither compound was mutagenic in various strains of Salmonella, including those containing GSTT1-1, indicating that GSTT1-1 does not metabolize 1,3-DCP or 2,2-DCP to mutagens. Analysis of the reaction products of 1,3-DCP and GSH in cytosol by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed significant production of S-(3-chloropropyl) glutathione conjugate, indicating that the conjugate half-mustard does not rearrange to form a sulfonium ion, as typically occurs with vicinal dihaloalkanes. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Natl Caucus & Ctr Black Aged Inc, Senior Environm Employment Program, Washington, DC USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Tornero-Velez, R (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD E205-01,109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-009122, F32ES11111-01] NR 48 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 32 IS 1 BP 123 EP 131 DI 10.1124/dmd.32.1.123 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 760RJ UT WOS:000187847900017 PM 14709629 ER PT J AU Cao, Y Larsen, DP White, D AF Cao, Y Larsen, DP White, D TI Estimating regional species richness using a limited number of survey units SO ECOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE autosimilarity; biodiversity; estimators; Jaccard coefficient; regional scale; sampling effort; species richness; underestimation ID CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS; NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATORS; ANIMAL COMMUNITIES; ROBUST ESTIMATION; BIRD COMMUNITIES; POPULATION-SIZE; DIVERSITY; HETEROGENEITY; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS AB The accurate and precise estimation of species richness at large spatial scales using a limited number of survey units is of great significance for ecology and biodiversity conservation. We used the distribution data of native fish and resident breeding bird species compiled for two geographic regions in the U.S.A. to evaluate five established (Jackknife-1 and -2, Chao-2, ICE, and Bootstrap methods) and two new (CY-1 and -2) estimators. Both new estimators are based on relationships between species richness per subsample and the mean Jaccard coefficient across multiple pairs of subsamples, but they differ in the way the relationships are fit. The four regional faunas (two regions x two taxonomic groups) exhibited distinct species-occurrence distributions and a range of spatial heterogeneity. Re-sampling techniques were used to generate subsamples of five sizes (0.61-11.5% of a whole region) for examining the effect of sampling effort. With the total number of species recorded in each region taken as the regional richness, CY-1 and -2 were least biased at low sampling effort and CY-2 and Jackknife-2 were least biased at higher sampling effort. The differences in performance could be partially attributed to whether an estimator relied on the number (e.g., Jackknife-1) or the proportion of singletons (CY-1 and -2) for extrapolation. The estimation of fish species richness was more biased and less precise than that of bird species richness. This difference was closely related to how species-occurrence probability varied among species in a fauna (i.e., species-occurrence probability distribution). The estimators tested, particularly CY-2 and Jackknife-2, are useful in estimating regional total species richness; however, more robust methods are needed, which should take the form of species-occurrence probability distributions into account. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM YongCao@cc.usu.edu NR 71 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1195-6860 EI 2376-7626 J9 ECOSCIENCE JI Ecoscience PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 23 EP 35 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 808FU UT WOS:000220555800004 ER PT J AU Keohavong, P Lan, Q Gao, WM Zheng, KC Mady, H Melhem, M Mumford, JL AF Keohavong, P Lan, Q Gao, WM Zheng, KC Mady, H Melhem, M Mumford, JL TI Detection of p53 and K-ras mutations in sputum of nonsmoking women exposed to smoky coal combustion emissions in Xuan Wei County, China SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY OCT 02-06, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 MA 91 BP 209 EP 209 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 852MF UT WOS:000223758700096 ER PT J AU Umbuzeiro, G Freeman, HS Warren, SH de Oliveira, DP Sakagami, M Terao, Y Watanabe, T Claxton, LD AF Umbuzeiro, G Freeman, HS Warren, SH de Oliveira, DP Sakagami, M Terao, Y Watanabe, T Claxton, LD TI AZO dyes are major contributors to the mutagenic activity detected in the Cristais River waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY OCT 02-06, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 CETESB, Sao Paulo, Brazil. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. Kyoto Pharmaceut Univ, Kyoto 607, Japan. SABESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Oliveira, Danielle/C-4754-2012; Umbuzeiro, Gisela/H-4603-2011 OI Umbuzeiro, Gisela/0000-0002-8623-5200 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 MA 182 BP 233 EP 233 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 852MF UT WOS:000223758700191 ER PT J AU Wagner, ED Hsu, KM Simmons, JE Plewa, MJ AF Wagner, ED Hsu, KM Simmons, JE Plewa, MJ TI The influence of mixing ratio on in vitro cytotoxicity of drinking water disinfection by-product mixtures SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY OCT 02-06, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 MA 189 BP 235 EP 235 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 852MF UT WOS:000223758700199 ER PT J AU Ward, WO Porwollik, S Warren, SH McClelland, M DeMarini, DM AF Ward, WO Porwollik, S Warren, SH McClelland, M DeMarini, DM TI Mutational and transcriptional response of salmonella to MX: Correlation of mutational dose response to changes in gene expression SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY OCT 02-06, 2004 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Environm Mutagen Soc C1 US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div B143 06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RI McClelland, Michael/A-8583-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 3 MA 194 BP 236 EP 236 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 852MF UT WOS:000223758700204 ER PT J AU Witt, KL Tice, RR Wolfe, GW Bishop, JB AF Witt, KL Tice, RR Wolfe, GW Bishop, JB TI Genetic damage detected in CD-1 mouse pups exposed perinatally to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine or dideoxyinosine via maternal dosing, nursing, and direct gavage: II. Effects of the individual agents compared to combination treatment SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE HIV; nucleoside analogues; AZT; chromosome damage; transplacental exposures; micronuclei ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PERSISTENT MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION; HIV-INFECTED WOMEN; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT; INFANT TRANSMISSION; UNINFECTED INFANTS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; PREVENTION; CHILDREN AB We previously reported extraordinary increases in micronucleated erythrocytes in CD-1 mouse pups exposed to 3'-aziclo-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddl; 50/250, 75/375, 150/750 mg/kg/day AZT/ddl) by gavage throughout gestation and lactation, followed by direct pup dosing beginning postnatal day (PND) 4 (Bishop et al. [2004]: Environ Mal Mutagen 43: 3-9). That study was conducted to explore the potential for genetic damage in newborns exposed perinatally to antiretrovirals in order to reduce maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1 Because dramatic increases in frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes were seen in exposed pups, additional studies were conducted to clarify the relative contribution of each drug to the observed damage. Pregnant CD-1 mice were administered AZT (50, 75, 150 mg/kg/day) or ddl (250, 375, 750 mg/kg/day) by gavage twice daily in equal fractions beginning prior to mating and continuing throughout gestation and lactation. Direct pup dosing (same regimens) began on PND 4. Peripheral blood erythrocytes of male pups were screened for micronuclei on PNDs 1, 4, 8, and 21. Significant increases in micronucleated erythrocytes were observed in pups and dams exposed to AZT at all doses and sampling times. The highest micronucleus levels were observed in pups on PND 8 after the initiation of direct dosing. In contrast, effects seen in pups and dams treated with ddl were minimal. These results demonstrate that AZT, a component of many anti-HIV combination therapies, induces chromosomal damage in perinatally exposed neonatal mice. Comparison of micronucleated cell frequencies induced by AZT alone or in combination with ddl suggests that ddl potentiates AZT-induced chromosomal damage following direct exposure. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Integrated Syst Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Gene Log Labs, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Witt, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NIH, MD EC-32,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM witt@niehs.nih.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-35514, N01-ES-1-75412, N01-ES-05455, N01-ES-75409] NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 44 IS 4 BP 321 EP 328 DI 10.1002/em.20048 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 867LY UT WOS:000224845300008 PM 15476197 ER PT J AU Peters, U Sinha, R Bell, DA Rothman, N Grant, DJ Watson, MA Kulldorff, M Brooks, LR Warren, SH DeMarini, DM AF Peters, U Sinha, R Bell, DA Rothman, N Grant, DJ Watson, MA Kulldorff, M Brooks, LR Warren, SH DeMarini, DM TI Urinary mutagenesis and fried red meat intake: Influence of cooking temperature, phenotype, and genotype of metabolizing enzymes in a controlled feeding study SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Impact of the Environment on Colon Cancer CY MAY 14-16, 2003 CL MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA DE fried red meat; urinary mutagenicity; heterocyclic amines; genotype; phenotype ID HETEROCYCLIC AMINE CONTENT; ARYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; GROUND-BEEF; AROMATIC-AMINES; COLORECTAL ADENOMAS; CYTOCHROME P4501A2; GILBERTS-SYNDROME; VARYING DEGREES; HAMBURGER MEAL; BACON MEALS AB Meat cooked at high temperatures contains potential carcinogenic compounds, such as heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Samples from a 2-week controlled feeding study were used to examine the relationship between the intake of mutagenicity from meat fried at different temperatures and the levels of mutagenicity subsequently detected in urine, as well as the influence of the genotype of drug metabolizing enzymes on urinary mutagenicity. Sixty subjects consumed ground beef patties fried at low temperature (100degreesC) for 1 week, followed by ground beef patties fried at high temperature (250degreesC) the second week. Mutagenicity in the meat was assayed in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 (+S9), and urinary mutagenicity was determined using Salmonella YG1024 (+ S9). Genotypes for NAT1, NAT2, GSTM1, and UGT1A1 were analyzed using blood samples from the subjects. Meat fried at 100degreesC was not mutagenic, whereas meat hied at 250degreesC was mutagenic (1023 rev/g). Unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed urine samples were 22 x and 131 X more mutagenic, respectively, when subjects consumed red meat fried at 250degreesC compared with red meat fried at 100degreesC. We found that hydrolyzed urine was similar to8X more mutagenic than unhydrolyzed urine, likely due to the deconjugation of mutagens from glucuronide. The intake of meat cooked at high temperature correlated with the mutagenicity of unhydrolyzed urine (r = 0.32, P = 0.01) and hydrolyzed urine (r = 0.34, P = 0.008). Mutagenicity in unhydrolyzed urine was not influenced by NAT1, NAT2, or GSTM1 genotypes. However, a UGT1A1*28 polymorphism that reduced UGT1A1 expression and conjugation modified the effect of intake of meat cooked at high temperature on mutagenicity of unhydrolyzed urine (P for interaction = 0.04). These mutagenicity data were also compared with previously determined levels of HCAs (measured as MelQx, DiMelQx, and PhIP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the meat, levels of HCAs in the urine, and CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotypes. The levels of mutagenicity in the meat fried at low and high temperatures correlated with levels of HCAs, but not levels of PAHs, in the meat. Also, levels of mutagenicity in unhydrolyzed urine correlated with levels of MelQx in unhydrolyzed urine (r = 0.36; P = 0.01), and the levels of mutagenicity of hydrolyzed urine correlated with levels of MelQx (r = 0.34; P 0.01) and PhlP (r = 0.43; P = 0.001) of hydrolyzed urine. Mutagenicity in unhydrolyzed urine was not influenced by either the CYP1A2 or NAT2 phenotype. The data from this study indicate that urinary mutagenicity correlates with mutagenic exposure from cooked meat and can potentially be used as a marker in etiological studies on cancer. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Connecticut, Sch Med, Farmington, CT USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Peters, U (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIH, 6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 3024, Rockville, MD 20892 USA. EM petersu@mail.nih.gov RI Kulldorff, Martin/H-4282-2011; Sinha, Rashmi/G-7446-2015; OI Sinha, Rashmi/0000-0002-2466-7462; Kulldorff, Martin/0000-0002-5284-2993 NR 47 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2004 VL 43 IS 1 BP 53 EP 74 DI 10.1002/em.10205 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 772JD UT WOS:000188838100007 PM 14743346 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Stewart, ES AF Lemieux, PM Stewart, ES TI A pilot-scale study of the precursors leading to the formation of mixed bromo-chloro dioxins and Furans SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Annual Meeting of the International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies CY MAY 13-17, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE incineration; bromine; chlorine; dioxins; PICs ID ENHANCED FORMATION AB Experiments were performed in a pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator simulator, where a mixture of chlorinated and brominated surrogate waste was burned in the presence of injected flyash from a coal-fired utility boiler. Measurements were made of semivolatile products of incomplete combustion (PICs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs), and mixed bromo-chloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PXDDs/Fs). A statistical analysis of the data has been performed so that variability in the PCDDs/Fs can be accounted for by variation in the semivolatile PICs, particularly the chlorobenzenes (CBz) and chlorophenols (CPh). In addition, a statistical analysis was performed to investigate the variability of the PXDDs/Fs as a function of the concentrations of the semivolatile chlorinated, brominated, and mixed bromo-chloro organics. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, 109 TW Alexander Dr E305-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lemieux.paul@epa.gov NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 DI 10.1089/109287504322746695 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766YZ UT WOS:000188412500002 ER PT J AU Ghorishi, SB Jozewicz, WS Gullett, BK AF Ghorishi, SB Jozewicz, WS Gullett, BK TI Advantage of Illinois coal for FGD removal of mercury SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Annual Meeting of the International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies CY MAY 13-17, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE mercury control; mercury oxidation; Illinois coal; packed-bed oxidation; in-flight oxidation ID GASES AB An investigation was conducted to characterize and modify mercury speciation in Illinois coal combustion flue gas so that a mercury control strategy can be implemented in, conventional flue gas desulfurization (FGD) units. Mercury is readily volatilized during coal combustion and leaves the high-temperature zone as gas-phase elemental mercury (Hg-0). As the flue gas is cooled, a portion of the Hg-0 is converted, primarily to mercuric chloride (HgCl2), in the presence of catalytically active surfaces. Unlike Hg-0, HgCl2 is highly soluble in water and has a high affinity for alkaline sorbents; it can, therefore, be easily removed in wet scrubbers and spray dryers (FGD units). This study specifically examined the effect of injection of Illinois coal combustion residues (ICCRs) on the conversion of Hg-0 to HgCl2 in coal combustion flue gases. Tests were conducted in two tasks. Task I studied Hg-0 oxidation using a fixed-bed, bench-scale reactor in a simulated Illinois coal combustion environment. Various types of ICCRs were examined to determine active residues in the oxidation of Hg-0. A scrubber sludge and two bottom ash samples were determined to be active Hg-0 catalysts. The most active ICCR (a bottom ash sample) was chosen for Task II. Task 11 was performed in two subtasks. In Subtask 1, the active bottom ash sample was injected in a pilot-scale combustor while burning natural gas doped with appropriate amounts of Hg-0, hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Injection of this bottom ash sample did not contribute to the background gas-phase oxidation of Hg-0, indicating that in-flight oxidation of Hg-0 in the pilot-scale combustor may be mass transfer limited. In Subtask 11, a representative Illinois coal was combusted in the pilot-scale combustor. As with most bituminous coals, the combustion flue gas of this coal was dominated by oxidized forms of mercury. Additional Hg-0 was doped into this flue gas, and significant oxidation of Hg-0 was observed. It was determined that the fly ash generated from combustion of this coal is very active in oxidation of Hg-0. Additional pilot-scale tests were performed to investigate the activity of the Illinois coal fly ash. It was determined that packed-bed flow modes, such as those observed in baghouses, are required to catalytically oxidize Hg-0 using this Illinois coal fly ash. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div E305 01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghorishi, SB (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, 4915 Prospectus Dr, Durham, NC 27713 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.1089/109287504322746721 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766YZ UT WOS:000188412500005 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS Staskal, DF AF Birnbaum, LS Staskal, DF TI Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern? SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE BFRs; brominated flame retardants; HBCD; hexabromocyclododecane; PBDE; polybrominated diphenyl ether; TBBPA; tetrabromobisphenol A ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; HUMAN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; TETRABROMOBISPHENOL-A; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; 2,2',4,4',5-PENTABROMODIPHENYL ETHER; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; IN-VITRO; 2,2',4,4'-TETRABROMODIPHENYL ETHER AB Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire-related injury and property damage. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of BFRs in the environment and in human biota. The widespread production and use of BFRs; strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment, wildlife, and people; and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the,,importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of BFRs. In this article, we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps. Overall, the toxicology database is very limited; the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting. Available data, however, raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PKB,Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Staskal, DF (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PKB,Off Res & Dev, MD B143-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM staskal.daniele@epa.gov NR 115 TC 865 Z9 924 U1 33 U2 352 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1289/ehp.6559 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500033 PM 14698924 ER PT J AU Payne-Sturges, DC Schwab, M Buckley, TJ AF Payne-Sturges, DC Schwab, M Buckley, TJ TI Closing the research loop: A risk-based approach for communicating results of air pollution exposure studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE personal exposure monitoring; risk communication; urban communities; volatile organic compounds ID PUBLIC-HEALTH IMPLICATIONS; COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; OUTDOOR CONCENTRATIONS; PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH; UNITED-STATES; NEW-YORK; CALIFORNIA; POLLUTANTS; TOXICS AB Communities have long been concerned about the environmental health and environmental quality of their neighborhoods. Community-based exposure assessments have the potential to be an effective way to address these concerns. The success of such studies depends critically on the effective translation and communication of study results back to the study participants and the community. In this article we describe the communication approach applied as part of the South Baltimore Community Exposure Study. Specifically, in conjunction with collecting measurements, we asked the community to define questions they wanted answered and the way in which they wanted to receive study results. To meet their needs, we applied the risk assessment framework. The approach we developed helped residents interpret exposure assessment measurements and gave them the raw materials to effect change in their community. The risk-based approach to presenting participant and community results provides the means to move beyond traditional reporting of concentration values in three important ways. First, risk takes into consideration toxicity, thereby enabling a dialogue about community health concerns. Second, risk provides a common denominator so that exposure and risk can be compared and priorities identified. Third, exposure and risk can be summed, thereby meeting the community's need for information regarding cumulative exposure. This approach may be a useful model for other researchers conducting exposure assessments in response to community concerns. C1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Payne-Sturges, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Off Policy Econ & Innovat, Ariel Rios Bldg,MC 1809T,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM payne-sturges.devon@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES 03819] NR 34 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 DI 10.1289/ehp.6354 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500036 PM 14698927 ER PT J AU Buck, GM Lynch, CD Stanford, JB Sweeney, AM Schieve, LA Rockett, JC Selevan, SG Schrader, SM AF Buck, GM Lynch, CD Stanford, JB Sweeney, AM Schieve, LA Rockett, JC Selevan, SG Schrader, SM TI Prospective pregnancy study designs for assessing reproductive and developmental toxicants SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE design; development; fetal; preconception; pregnancy; prospective; reproduction; toxicity ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; BIRTH CERTIFICATE DATA; TIMING INTERCOURSE; HUMAN-FERTILITY; SEMINAL PLASMA; UNITED-STATES; OVULATION; WOMEN; EXPOSURE; COUPLES AB The determinants of successful human reproduction and development may act as early as periconceptionally, underscoring the need to capture exposures during these critical windows when assessing potential toxicants. To identify such toxicants, couples must be studied longitudinally prior to conception without regard to a couple's ability to ascertain a clinically recognized pregnancy. We examined the utility and feasibility of prospective pregnancy study designs by conducting a systematic review of the literature to summarize relevant information regarding the planning, implementation, and success of previously published prospective pregnancy studies. Information concerning design elements and participation was abstracted from 15 eligible studies (from a total of 20 identified studies) using a standardized form. The primary author of each study was contacted to review our summary of their work and obtain missing information. Our findings confirm the ability to recruit women/couples from diverse populations using a variety of recruitment strategies. Among the studies we reviewed, 4-97% of eligible individuals were successfully contacted, with enrollment rates ranging from 42 to 100%. Length of follow-up varied from 3 to 12 months. A high percentage of women provided urine (57-98%) and blood (86-91%) specimens and most male partners (94-100%) provided semen samples. These data support the feasibility of this design. C1 NICHD, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Family Prevent Med, Hlth Res Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Texas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Rural Publ Hlth, Bryan, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Gamete & Early Embryo Res Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Reprod Hlth Assessment Sect, Div Appl Res & Technol, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Buck, GM (reprint author), NICHD, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, DHHS, 6100 Execut Blvd,Rm 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM gb156i@nih.gov RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Buck Louis, Germaine/0000-0002-1774-4490 NR 77 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 79 EP 86 DI 10.1289/ehp.6262 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500044 PM 14698935 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Buck, GM Lynch, CD Perreault, SD AF Rockett, JC Buck, GM Lynch, CD Perreault, SD TI The value of home-based collection of biospecimens in reproductive epidemiology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE biospecimen; blood; breast milk; buccal cells; hair; home collection; nail; reproduction; saliva; semen; tissue collection; urine ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; HUMAN HAIR-FOLLICLES; SAMPLE COLLECTION; FILTER-PAPER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; GREENHOUSE WORKERS; PESTICIDE EXPOSURE; URINE SAMPLES; BIRTH-DEFECTS AB Detection, quantification, and prognosis of environmental exposures in humans has been vastly enhanced by the ability of epidemiologists to collect biospecimens for toxicologic or other laboratory evaluation. Ease of collection and level of invasiveness are commonly cited reasons why study participants fail to provide biospecimens for research purposes. The use of methodologies for the collection of biospecimens in the home offers promise for improving the validity of health effects linked to environmental exposures while maximizing the number and type of specimens capable of being collected in a timely and cost-effective manner. In this review we examine biospecimens (urine and blood) that have been successfully collected from the home environment. Related issues such as storage and transportation will also be examined as well as promising new approaches for collecting less frequently studied biospecimens (including hair follicles, breast milk, semen, and others). Such biospecimens are useful in the monitoring of reproductive development and function. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NICHHD, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Rockville, MD USA. RP Rockett, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rockett.john@epa.gov OI Buck Louis, Germaine/0000-0002-1774-4490 NR 125 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 94 EP 104 DI 10.1289/ehp.6264 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500046 PM 14698937 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Lynch, CD Buck, GM AF Rockett, JC Lynch, CD Buck, GM TI Biomarkers for assessing reproductive development and health: Part 1 - Pubertal develonment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biomarker; development; human; longitudinal cohort study; puberty ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS; MULLERIAN-INHIBITING SUBSTANCE; ADOLESCENT SELF-ASSESSMENT; ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PREPUBERTAL BOYS; SERUM INHIBIN; PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY AB The proposed National Children's Study has helped raise awareness of the issues related to children's health and the importance of monitoring die growth and development of children from preconception through adulthood. Many genetic predispositions can adversely impact the normal development process, and various environmental exposures have been linked to adverse reproductive health in rodent models and a small number of accidental human exposures. To monitor reproductive health and identify adverse effects at the earliest possible juncture, investigators must develop a network of biomarkers covering all stages and aspects of reproductive development and function. Biomarkers are biological indicators that can be measured repeatedly and are informative on one or more aspects of biological development or friction. They can range from the anatomical level down to the molecular level and may provide information on the nature of an exposure, the effect of an exposure, or the susceptibility of individuals or populations to the toxic effects of an exposure. In theory, biomarkers can be used to monitor a wide variety of conditions and responses ranging from abnormal development to early indicators of late-onset disease. The main stumbling block with this theory has been finding appropriate biomarkers for particular conditions and exposures. Such biomarkers must be easily accessible, robust, and sensitive. Ideally, they will be expressed across a large section of the population, and can be monitored quickly, easily, conveniently, and with minimal cost. In this review, we discuss some of the current and emerging biomarkers of human pubertal development. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Dic, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev,Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NICHHD, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Rockville, MD USA. RP Rockett, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Dic, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev,Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rockett.john@epa.gov NR 93 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 105 EP 112 DI 10.1289/ehp.6265 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 761NH UT WOS:000187914500047 PM 14698938 ER PT S AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET BE Hall, WL Robarge, WP TI Assessment of perchlorate in fertilizers SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FERTILIZER ON SOIL AND WATER SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposim on Environmental Impact of Fertilizer on Soil and Water held at the 222nd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26-30, 2001 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Chem Soc ID IDENTIFICATION; PLANTS; ION AB Perchlorate has been positively detected only in those materialsknown to be derived from Chilean caliche, which constitute less than 0.2% of U.S. fertilizer application. The data obtained in the preponderance of investigations suggest that fertilizers do not contribute to environmental perchlorate contamination other than in the case of natural saltpeters or their derivatives. Consequently, fertilizers cannot be viewed as major contributors of perchlorate to the environment. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3811-1 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2004 VL 872 BP 16 EP 31 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BY64D UT WOS:000189428000002 ER PT S AU Davenport, TE AF Davenport, TE BE Hall, WL Robarge, WP TI Working together to make the US environmental protection agency nonpoint source program effective and efficient SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FERTILIZER ON SOIL AND WATER SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposim on Environmental Impact of Fertilizer on Soil and Water held at the 222nd National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 26-30, 2001 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Chem Soc AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and State water quality agencies are placing increasing emphasis on addressing the problems caused by nonpoint source pollution, which is now the leading cause of water pollution in the United States. The most significant nonpoint source pollutants are nutrients and sediments. The primary sources of nutrients are point sources associated with municipal wastewater discharges and nonpoint source discharges from agricultural activities. The primary agricultural sources of nutrients which can contribute to nonpoint source pollution are animal manure and commercial fertilizer. EPA, either directly or through State agencies, implements several programs under the Clean Water Act that attempt to address this issue, including the development of water quality standards for nutrients; implementation of State nonpoint source programs; point source regulations for concentrated animal feeding operations; and the development and implementation of plans to address "TMDLs"-total maximum daily loads designed to assure that water quality standards are not violated. C1 US EPA, Water Div, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP US EPA, Water Div, 77 W Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3811-1 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2004 VL 872 BP 244 EP 254 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BY64D UT WOS:000189428000018 ER PT J AU Omernik, JM AF Omernik, JM TI Perspectives on the nature and definition of ecological regions SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecoregions; ecological regions; ecology; ecosystems; ecosystem management; regionalization; environment ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; WATER-QUALITY; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ECOREGIONS; INTEGRITY; FRAMEWORK; SCIENCE AB Among environmental managers, recognition of the importance of integrating management activities across agencies and programs that have different responsibilities for the same geographic areas has created an awareness of the need for a common hierarchical framework of ecological regions (ecoregions) to implement the strategy. Responding to this need in the United States, nine federal agencies have signed a memorandum of understanding on the subject of developing a common framework of ecoregions. However, considerable disagreement over how to define ecoregions and confusion over the strengths and limitations of existing frameworks stand in the way of achieving this goal. This paper presents some perspectives on the nature and definition of ecoregions related to this confusion and provides a brief overview of the weight of evidence approach to mapping ecoregions, using an example initiated by the US Environmental Protection Agency. To effectively implement ecosystem assessment, management, and research at local, regional, and national levels, research is needed to increase our understanding of ecoregions. We must find ways to illustrate the nature of ecoregion boundaries and the variability of characteristics within ecoregions as they relate to management issues. Research must also be conducted on comparing existing frameworks and developing indices of ecological integrity to effectively evaluate their usefulness. C1 US EPA, US Geol Survey, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Omernik, JM (reprint author), US EPA, US Geol Survey, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM omernik.james@epa.gov NR 58 TC 58 Z9 157 U1 6 U2 45 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PY 2004 VL 34 SU 1 BP S27 EP S38 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-5197-2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 915VU UT WOS:000228340200003 PM 16044553 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL AF Stoddard, JL TI Use of ecological regions in aquatic assessments of ecological condition SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecoregions; ecological condition; reference condition; bioassessment ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; STREAMS; FRAMEWORK; INDEX; LAKES AB Ecological regions are areas of similar climate, landform, soil, potential natural vegetation, hydrology, or other ecologically relevant variables. The makeup of aquatic biological assemblages (e.g., fish, macroinvertebrates, algae, riparian birds, etc.) varies dramatically over the landscape, as do the environmental stresses that affect the condition of those assemblages. Ecoregions delineate areas where similar assemblages are likely to occur and, therefore, where similar expectations can be established. For this reason, ecological regions have proven to be an important tool for use in the process of ecological assessment. This article describes four examples of the use of ecological regions in important aspects of environmental monitoring and assessment: (1) design of monitoring networks; (2) estimating expected conditions (criteria development); (3) reporting of results; (4) setting priorities for future monitoring and restoration. By delineating geographic areas with similar characteristics, ecological regions provide a framework for developing relevant indicators, setting expectations through the use of regional reference sites, establishing ecoregion-specific criteria and/or standards, presenting results, focusing models based on relationships between landscape and surface water metrics, and setting regional priorities for management and restoration. The Environmental Protection Agency and many state environmental departments currently use ecoregions to aid the development of environmental criteria, to illustrate current environmental condition, and to guide efforts to maintain and restore physical, chemical and biological integrity in lakes, streams, and rivers. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM stoddard.john@epa.gov OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 37 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PY 2004 VL 34 SU 1 BP S61 EP S70 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-0193-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 915VU UT WOS:000228340200005 PM 15696302 ER PT J AU Frick, WE AF Frick, WE TI Visual plumes mixing zone modeling software SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Marine Environmental Modeling Seminar (IMEMS) CY OCT, 2001 CL New Orleans, LA DE plumes; outfalls; density stratification; bacteria; dilution; mathematical models AB The US Environmental Protection Agency has a history of developing plume models and providing technical assistance. The Visual Plumes model (VP) is a recent addition to the public-domain models available on the EPA Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) web page. The Windows-based VP adapts, modifies, and enhances the earlier DOS-based PLUMES with a new interface, models, and capabilities. VP is a public platform for mixing zone models designed to encourage the continued improvement of plume theory and models by facilitating verification and inter-model comparison. Some examples are presented to illustrate VP's new capabilities. One demonstrates its ability, for reasonably one-dimensional estuaries, to estimate background concentrations due to tidal re-circulation of previously contaminated receiving water. This capability depends on the optional linkage to time-series input files that enables VP to simulate mixing zone and far-field parameters for long periods. Also described are the new bacterial decay models used to estimate depth changes in first-order decay rates based on environmental stressors, including solar insolation, salinity, and temperature. The nascent density phenomenon is briefly described as it is potentially important to Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil exploration discharges. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, ORD, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Frick, WE (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, ORD, NERL, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM frick.walter@epa.gov NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 7-8 BP 645 EP 654 DI 10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.08.018 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817ZM UT WOS:000221215400004 ER PT J AU Ryan, JA Scheckel, KG Berti, WR Brown, SL Casteel, SW Chaney, RL Hallfrisch, J Doolan, M Grevatt, P Maddaloni, M Mosby, D AF Ryan, JA Scheckel, KG Berti, WR Brown, SL Casteel, SW Chaney, RL Hallfrisch, J Doolan, M Grevatt, P Maddaloni, M Mosby, D TI Reducing children's risk from lead in soil SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SOIL; BLOOD LEAD; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; HYDROXYAPATITE; BIOAVAILABILITY; IMMOBILIZATION; PHOSPHORUS; CHLOROPYROMORPHITE; CADMIUM; HUMANS C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. DuPont Co Inc, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Missouri, Vet Med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Ryan, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. RI Scheckel, Kirk/C-3082-2009 OI Scheckel, Kirk/0000-0001-9326-9241 NR 49 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 18A EP 24A DI 10.1021/es040337r PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759YE UT WOS:000187781800013 PM 14740710 ER PT J AU Plewa, MJ Wagner, ED Jazwierska, P Richardson, SD Chen, PH McKague, AB AF Plewa, MJ Wagner, ED Jazwierska, P Richardson, SD Chen, PH McKague, AB TI Halonitromethane drinking water disinfection byproducts: Chemical characterization and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; CHLOROPICRIN; IDENTIFICATION; MUTAGENICITY; CHLORINATION; BROMIDE; ASSAYS; VIVO AB Halonitromethanes are drinking water disinfection byproducts that have recently received a high priority for health effects research from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Our purpose was to identify and synthesize where necessary the mixed halonitromethanes and to determine the chronic cytotoxicity and the acute genotoxicity of these agents in mammalian cells. The halonitromethanes included bromonitromethane (BNM), dibromonitromethane (DBNM), tribromonitromethane (TBNM), bromochloronitromethane (BCNM), dibromochloronitromethane (DBCNM), bromodichloronitromethane (BDCNM), chloronitromethane (CNM), dichloronitromethane (DCNM), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). Low- and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the mixed chloro-bromo nitromethanes in finished drinking waters, and analytical standards that were not commercially available were synthesized (BDCNM, DBCNM, TBNM, CNM, DCNM, BCNM). The rank order of their chronic cytotoxicity (72 h exposure) to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was DBNM > DBCNM > BNM > TBNM > BDCNM > BCNM > DCNM > CNM > TCNM. The rank order to induce genomic DNA damage in CHO cells was DBNM > BDCNM > TBNM > TCNM > BNM > DBCNM > BCNM > DCNM > CNM. The brominated nitromethanes were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues. This research demonstrated the integration of the procedures for the analytical chemistry and analytical biology when working with limited amounts of sample. The halonitromethanes are potent mammalian cell cytotoxins and genotoxins and may pose a hazard to the public health and the environment. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. CanSyn Chem Corp, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada. RP Plewa, MJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 39 TC 231 Z9 253 U1 11 U2 111 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1021/es030477l PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 759YE UT WOS:000187781800022 PM 14740718 ER PT J AU Filali-Meknassi, Y Auriol, M Tyagi, RD Surampalli, RY AF Filali-Meknassi, Y Auriol, M Tyagi, RD Surampalli, RY TI Treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor: Simulation vs experimental studies. SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SBR; ASM2d; carbon; nitrogen; phosphorus; slaughterhouse wastewater; wastewater treatment ID BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL; CARBON SOURCE ADDITION; SLUDGE MODEL NO-2; NITRIFICATION DENITRIFICATION; NUTRIENT REMOVAL; PRECIPITATION; BIOMASS AB In wastewater treatment, the objective of process optimization is primarily to obtain a good treatment efficiency of a specific pollutant. The operational objective of increased productivity has also to be met. This includes a sufficient reduction in the duration of a batch process through batch scheduling. The aim of this paper is thus to find the best cycles for simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (CNP) removal from slaughterhouse wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using GPS-X(R) software and ASM2d model. Simulations with different aeration strategies, residence time, sludge age and feed strategies were carried out to determine the best system performance. The simulation results showed best performance with a system comprised of two equal feeds operated at 48 h hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 20 d solids retention time (SRT). Simulation also showed that addition of metal salts was necessary to reduce the level of phosphorus (P) to meet the requirement (P<1 mg l(-1)). The addition of acetate was also necessary to complete the denitrification process. The simulated results were compared against the experimental results obtained from laboratory SBR. The simulated results of COD, nitrates/ nitrites and ammonia removal were very close to the experimental results. A diference of 2-4% between the simulated COD and the experimental COD was observed and that could be attributed to the error in evaluation of the inert COD. For ammonia removal, the simulated (99.9%) and experimental (93-100%) results were practically identical. However, a notable difference in o-PO4 concentration was observed (38% removal by simulation against 78% removal through experiments). After metallic salts addition, P removal efficiency was 98% or 1% less than that observed through experimental results. C1 Univ Quebec, INRS ETE, Quebec City, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. RP Tyagi, RD (reprint author), Univ Quebec, INRS ETE, 2700 Rue Einstein, Quebec City, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 7 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON W4 1BN, ENGLAND SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 25 IS 1 BP 23 EP 38 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 801YJ UT WOS:000220130900004 PM 15027647 ER PT S AU Smith, RL Gonzalez, MA AF Smith, RL Gonzalez, MA BE BarbosaPovoa, AP Matos, H TI Methods for evaluating the sustainability of green processes SO EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-AIDED PROCESS ENGINEERING - 14 SE COMPUTER-AIDED CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE-14) CY MAY 16-19, 2004 CL Lisbon, PORTUGAL DE sustainability; green chemistry; green engineering; GREENSCOPE AB A methodology, called GREENSCOPE (Gauging Reaction Effectiveness for the ENvironmental Sustainability of Chemistries with a multi-Objective Process Evaluator), is under development at the U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development to directly compare the sustainability of processes that employ various chemistries or technologies. Evaluations using the method answer two questions: is an alternative green (i.e.. does it have a lower environmental burden) and is it sustainable? For evaluating sustainability, methods are being developed in four areas, called the four E's: Efficiency, Environment, Energy and Economics. This paper represents the first descriptions of the evaluation methods for GREENSCOPE. including an example for the oxidation of toluene. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-7946 BN 0-444-51694-8 J9 COMP AID CH PY 2004 VL 18 BP 1135 EP 1140 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BBL83 UT WOS:000226030600176 ER PT J AU Carraway, MS Suliman, H Ghio, A Piantadosi, C AF Carraway, MS Suliman, H Ghio, A Piantadosi, C TI Respiration deficient endothelial cells limit cellular iron uptake and oxidative stress SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 11th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Biology-and-Medicine CY NOV 17-21, 2004 CL St Thomas, VI SP Soc Free Rad Biol & Med C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27706 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2004 VL 37 SU 1 BP S20 EP S20 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 875YK UT WOS:000225458900040 ER PT B AU Blackman, J Kantamaneni, R AF Blackman, J Kantamaneni, R BE Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK Vassiliou, P TI EPA's SF6 emission reduction partnership: Maximizing the benefits of SF6 emission reductions for electric utilities SO GASEOUS DIELECTRICS X LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics CY MAR 29-APR 02, 2004 CL Natl Tech Univ Athens, Athens, GREECE SP Acad Athens, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Public Power Corporat Greece, ABB Switzerland Ltd, Siemens PTD, High Voltage Div, USAF, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Tokyo Elect Power Co, Kansai Elect Power Co, Chubu Elect Power Co, TMT& D Corporat, Japan AE Power Syst Corporat, IEEE Dielect & Elect Insulat Soc HO Natl Tech Univ Athens C1 US EPA, Climate Protect Partnerships Div, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Blackman, J (reprint author), US EPA, Climate Protect Partnerships Div, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23298-2 PY 2004 BP 457 EP 462 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BBL71 UT WOS:000226029200059 ER PT J AU Duan, Y Qian, YR Wang, CY Wang, ZP Zhang, XB Zhang, H Wu, BX Zheng, GD AF Duan, Y Qian, YR Wang, CY Wang, ZP Zhang, XB Zhang, H Wu, BX Zheng, GD TI Abundant non-hydrocarbons in crude oils from the western Qaidam Basin, northwest China SO GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE non-hydrocarbon; polar organic compound; fatty acid; alkanol; fatty acid glycerol monoester; crude oil ID SINKING PARTICULATE MATERIAL; NORMAL FATTY ACIDS; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; SOURCE ROCKS; PETROLEUM SYSTEMS; ALCOHOL COMPOUNDS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; MARACAIBO BASIN AB The non-hydrocarbon fraction of immature-low maturity crude oils from the western Qaidam Basin which were formed in the source beds deposited in highly saline and strongly reducing environments were analyzed by GC-MS to determine their compositions. Abundant fatty acids, alkanols, fatty acid glycerol monoesters, and stenols were identified. Geochemical analyses suggested that these compounds were largely originated from the oil source rocks. The linear compounds consist primarily of the short-chain homologues (C-10-C-20). The C-27-C-29 sterols detected were dominated by C-27 stenols. The molecular characteristics suggest that algae and bacteria were the major source organism. The presence of abundant fatty acid glycerol monoesters suggests that the biological lipids, particularly bacterial phospholipids were important contributors to the formation of the crude oils studied. The existence of abundant unsaturated linear compounds, stenols and high CPI values of linear non-hydrocarbon compounds is consistent with the low maturity of these crude oils. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Geol, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, BEAD, Analyt Chem Branch, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Syst Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan. RP Duan, Y (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Geol, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. EM duany@ns.lzb.ac.cn NR 58 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOCHEMICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 358-5 YAMABUKI-CHO, SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO, 162-0801, JAPAN SN 0016-7002 EI 1880-5973 J9 GEOCHEM J JI Geochem. J. PY 2004 VL 38 IS 5 BP 461 EP 471 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 878II UT WOS:000225639800007 ER PT J AU Atekwana, EA Werkema, DD Duris, JW Rossbach, S Atekwana, EA Sauck, WA Cassidy, DP Means, J Legall, FD AF Atekwana, EA Werkema, DD Duris, JW Rossbach, S Atekwana, EA Sauck, WA Cassidy, DP Means, J Legall, FD TI In-situ apparent conductivity measurements and microbial population distribution at a hydrocarbon-contaminated site SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PROBABLE-NUMBER PROCEDURE; GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION; ORGANIC-ACIDS; GROUND-WATER; CRUDE-OIL; PLUME; SPILL AB We investigated the bulk electrical conductivity and microbial population distribution in sediments at a site contaminated with light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL). The bulk conductivity was measured using in-situ vertical resistivity probes; the most probable number method was used to characterize the spatial distribution of aerobic heterotrophic and oil-degrading microbial populations. The purpose of this study was to assess if high conductivity observed at aged LNAPL-impacted sites may be related to microbial degradation of LNAPL. The results show higher bulk conductivity coincident with LNAPL-impacted zones, in contrast to geoelectrical models that predict lower conductivity in such zones. The highest bulk conductivity was observed to be associated with zones impacted by residual and free LNAPL. Data from bacteria enumeration from sediments close to the resistivity probes show that oil-degrading microbes make up a larger percentage (5-55%) of the heterotrophic microbial community at depths coincident with the higher conductivity compared to similar to5% at the uncontaminated location. The coincidence of a higher percentage of oil-degrading microbial populations in zones of higher bulk conductivity suggests that the higher conductivity in these zones may result from increased fluid conductivity related to microbial degradation of LNAPL, consistent with geochemical studies that suggest that intrinsic biodegradation is occurring at the site. The findings from this study point to the fact that biogeochemical processes accompanying biodegradation of contaminants can potentially alter geoelectrical properties of the subsurface impacted media. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Geol & Geophys, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, ESD,CMB, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Geol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Geosci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. Univ Laval, Dept Geol & Genie Geol, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Chem, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. RP Atekwana, EA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Geol & Geophys, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM atekwana@umr.edu; werkema.d@epamail.epa.gov; jwduris@usgs.gov; silvia.rossbach@wmich.edu; eatekwan@inpui.edu; bill.sauck@wmich.edu; daniel.cassidy@ggl.ulaval.ca; jay.means@wmich.edu; f.legall@worldnet.att.net OI Duris, Joseph/0000-0002-8669-8109; atekwana, eliot/0000-0002-4934-650X; Sauck, William/0000-0003-2911-3044 NR 38 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1 BP 56 EP 63 DI 10.1190/1.1649375 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 773QX UT WOS:000188935200005 ER PT J AU Ellefsen, KJ Abraham, JD Wright, DL Mazzella, AT AF Ellefsen, KJ Abraham, JD Wright, DL Mazzella, AT TI Numerical study of electromagnetic waves generated by a prototype dielectric logging tool SO GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION; BOREHOLE; RADAR; SOIL; ROCK AB To understand the electromagnetic waves generated by a prototype dielectric logging tool, a numerical study was conducted using both the finite-difference, time-domain method and a frequency-wavenumber method. When the propagation velocity in the borehole was greater than that in the formation (e.g., an air-filled borehole in the unsaturated zone), only a guided wave propagated along the borehole. As the frequency decreased, both the phase and the group velocities of the guided wave asymptotically approached the phase velocity of a plane wave in the formation. The guided wave radiated electromagnetic energy into the formation, causing its amplitude to decrease. When the propagation velocity in the borehole was less than that in the formation (e.g., a water-filled borehole in the saturated zone), both a refracted wave and a guided wave propagated along the borehole. The velocity of the refracted wave equaled the phase velocity of a plane wave in the formation, and the refracted wave preceded the guided wave. As the frequency decreased, both the phase and the group velocities of the guided wave asymptotically approached the phase velocity of a plane wave in the formation. The guided wave did not radiate electromagnetic energy into the formation. To analyze traces recorded by the prototype tool during laboratory tests, they were compared to traces calculated with the finite-difference method. The first parts of both the recorded and the calculated traces were similar, indicating that guided and refracted waves indeed propagated along the prototype tool. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Ellefsen, KJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 964,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM ellefsen@usgs.gov; jdabrahs@usgs.gov; dwright@usgs.gov; mazzella.aldo@epa.gov NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS PI TULSA PA 8801 S YALE ST, TULSA, OK 74137 USA SN 0016-8033 J9 GEOPHYSICS JI Geophysics PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 69 IS 1 BP 64 EP 77 DI 10.1190/1.1649376 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 773QX UT WOS:000188935200006 ER PT S AU Lu, NZ Cidlowski, JA AF Lu, NZ Cidlowski, JA BE Kino, T Charmandari, E Chrousos, GP TI The origin and functions of multiple human glucocorticoid receptor isoforms SO GLUCOCORTICOID ACTION: BASIC AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Basic and Clinical Implications of Glucocorticoid Action CY JUN 17-18, 2003 CL Bethesda, MD SP NIH, NICHHD, NIH, Off Rare Dis, Takeda Pharmaceut N Amer DE glucocorticoid receptor isoforms; alternative splicing; phosphorylation; ubiquitination; receptor mobility ID HORMONE-BINDING DOMAIN; KAPPA-B-ALPHA; HELA S3 CELLS; UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY; HUMAN PROGESTERONE-RECEPTOR; HUMAN ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; MOUSE LYMPHOMA-CELLS; BETA-ISOFORM; DNA-BINDING; LIVING CELLS AB Glucocorticoid hormones are necessary for life and are essential in all aspects of human health and disease. The actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which binds glucocorticoid hormones and regulates gene expression, cell signaling, and homeostasis. Decades of research have focused on the mechanisms of action of one isoform of GR, GRalpha. However, in recent years, increasing numbers of human GR (hGR) isoforms have been reported. Evidence obtained from this and other laboratories indicates that multiple hGR isoforms are generated from one single hGR gene via mutations and/or polymorphisms, transcript alternative splicing, and alternative translation initiation. Each hGR protein, in turn, is subject to a variety of posttranslational modifications, and the nature and degree of posttranslational modification affect receptor function. We summarize here the processes that generate and modify various hGR isoforms with a focus on those that impact the ability of hGR to regulate target genes. We speculate that unique receptor compositions and relative receptor proportions within a cell determine the specific response to glucocorticoids. Unchecked expression of some isoforms, for example hGRbeta, has been implicated in various diseases. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Signal Transduct Mol Endocrinol Grp, Dept Hlth & Human, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Cidlowski, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Signal Transduct Mol Endocrinol Grp, Dept Hlth & Human, NIH, 111 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM cidlowski@niehs.nih.gov NR 166 TC 113 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 8 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-557-5 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2004 VL 1024 BP 102 EP 123 DI 10.1196/annals.1321.008 PG 22 WC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BAN61 UT WOS:000222981400007 PM 15265776 ER PT J AU Kumar, D Sekhar, KVGC Dhillon, H Rao, VS Varma, RS AF Kumar, D Sekhar, KVGC Dhillon, H Rao, VS Varma, RS TI An expeditious synthesis of 1-aryl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines under solvent-free conditions using iodobenzene diacetate SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HYPERVALENT IODINE; HETEROCYCLES; ROUTE; OXIDATION AB A solvent-free and expeditious synthesis of 1-aryl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines is described that utilizes a relatively benign non-metallic oxidant, iodobenzene diacetate. C1 Birla Inst Technol & Sci, Dept Chem, Pilani, Rajasthan, India. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rao, VS (reprint author), Birla Inst Technol & Sci, Dept Chem, Pilani, Rajasthan, India. EM Varma.Rajender@epa.gov NR 16 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3 BP 156 EP 157 DI 10.1039/b315031c PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 800AR UT WOS:000220001800007 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E TI Selective oxidation of alcohols by molecular oxygen over a Pd/MgO catalyst in the absence of any additives SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AEROBIC OXIDATION; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST; ALDEHYDES; EFFICIENT; KETONES; COMPLEX; HYDROXYAPATITE; NITRATES; PEROXIDE; DIOXYGEN AB Selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl products using molecular oxygen is achieved over a simple and easily recyclable 1% Pd/MgO impregnated heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of trifluorotoluene. A variety of activated and non-activated alcohols are effectively oxidized without the use of any additives under relatively mild reaction conditions. Other supported Pd catalysts such as Pd/Hydrotalcite (HT), Pd/Al2O3, Pd/SiO2 and Pd/Zeolite-beta are also studied for comparison. Pd/HT also shows a comparable oxidation activity to Pd/MgO whereas other supported catalysts were not found to be active for this reaction under the conditions studied. A mechanism of the reaction is also outlined. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, MS-443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 36 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 31 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.1039/b316414b PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 800AR UT WOS:000220001800009 ER PT J AU Ju, YH Varma, RS AF Ju, YH Varma, RS TI Aqueous N-alkylation of amines using alkyl halides: direct generation of tertiary amines under microwave irradiation SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ARYL HALIDES; AMINATION; CHEMISTRY; CATALYSIS; MEDIA AB Direct formation of tertiary amines via N-alkylation of amines by alkyl halides occurs in aqueous media under microwave irradiation. This greener alternative is also a useful and powerful method to construct C - N bond without using any transition metal catalysts. C1 US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Varma.Rajender@epa.gov NR 24 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 19 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 4 BP 219 EP 221 DI 10.1039/b401620c PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 812OC UT WOS:000220847800009 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS TI Hydrodechlorination of chlorinated benzenes in a continuous microwave reactor SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BIMETALLIC CATALYSTS; ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; SUPPORTED REAGENTS; CHLOROBENZENE; IRRADIATION; HYDRODEHALOGENATION; PALLADIUM; DECHLORINATION; HYDROGENOLYSIS; DECOMPOSITION AB An expeditious hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzenes is observed over 0.5% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst by conducting the reaction under microwave irradiation conditions. Even though the loss of active metal surface area is substantial and identical in both microwave and conventional heating reactions, the higher rate and sustainability of the microwave reaction may be due to the selective and rapid absorption of microwaves by the polar chlorinated substrates that facilitates their relatively easy removal from the catalyst surface. It is also speculated that the rate of desorption of the products ( especially the poisonous HCl) is more critical in sustaining the catalyst activity. The experiments also reveal a significant reduction in power consumption under the microwave reaction than the reaction conducted using conventional heating. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, MS 443,26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Sahle-Demessie.Endalkachew@epa.gov NR 35 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 6 BP 295 EP 298 DI 10.1039/b403366c PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 833BS UT WOS:000222312000007 ER PT J AU Garrison, W AF Garrison, W TI On the issue of enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides: a green chemistry opportunity SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT News Item ID DEGRADATION; SOILS C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Garrison, W (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM garrison.wayne@epa.gov NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 12 BP G77 EP G78 DI 10.1039/b414799p PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 872PW UT WOS:000225220700001 ER PT B AU Kruger, J Grover, K Schreifels, J AF Kruger, J Grover, K Schreifels, J GP oecd TI Building institutions to address air pollution in developing countries: The cap and trade approach SO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS TRADING AND PROJECT-BASED MECHANISMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Global Forum on Sustainable Development - Emissions Trading CY MAR 17-18, 2003 CL OECD, Paris, FRANCE HO OECD C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-10576-X PY 2004 BP 91 EP 102 PG 12 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA BBG42 UT WOS:000225433100006 ER PT J AU Plumb, RH Pearson, G AF Plumb, RH Pearson, G TI Fingerprint analysis can determine origin of environmental contaminants SO HAZARDOUS WASTE CONSULTANT LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Plumb, RH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. EM pearson.gareth@epa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASPEN LAW & BUSINESS DIV ASPEN PUBLISHERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 1185 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10036 USA SN 0738-0232 J9 HAZARDOUS WASTE CONS JI Hazard. Waste Consult. PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5 BP A1 EP A3 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA 862GN UT WOS:000224478700001 ER PT S AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Wolf, C Lambright, C Wilson, V Noriega, N AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Wolf, C Lambright, C Wilson, V Noriega, N BE Baskin, LS TI Toxicant-induced hypospadias in the male rat SO HYPOSPADIAS AND GENITAL DEVELOPMENT SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Hypospadias and Genital Development Symposium CY APR 25-MAY 26, 2002 CL Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA SP Amer Urol Assoc, UCSF Dept Urol HO Univ Calif San Francisco ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; BEHAVIORAL SEX-DIFFERENTIATION; ANDROGEN-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ALTERS REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; FUNGICIDE PROCHLORAZ; 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIANDROGENS AB Disclaimer. The research described in this article has been reviewed by the National Health Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, RTD,Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, RTD,Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epa.gov OI Noriega, Nigel/0000-0002-1365-8683 NR 87 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-48177-4 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2004 VL 545 BP 217 EP 241 PG 25 WC Andrology; Developmental Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Developmental Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BAA81 UT WOS:000221378200013 PM 15086030 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Wilson, V Noriega, N Lambright, C Furr, J Stoker, TE Laws, SC Goldman, J Cooper, RL Foster, PMD AF Gray, LE Wilson, V Noriega, N Lambright, C Furr, J Stoker, TE Laws, SC Goldman, J Cooper, RL Foster, PMD TI Use of the laboratory rat as a model in endocrine disruptor screening and testing SO ILAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE androgens; antiandrogens; endocrine disruption; estrogens ID STEROID-BIOSYNTHESIS INHIBITORS; MALE REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; ANDROGEN-DEPENDENT TISSUES; DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; UTEROTROPHIC BIOASSAY; OECD PROGRAM; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIANDROGENS AB The screening and testing program the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is Currently developing to detect endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is described. EDCs have been shown to alter the following activities: hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) function; estrogen, androgen , and thyroid hormone synthesis; and androgen and estrogen receptor-mediated effects in mammals and other animals. The value and limitations of mammalian in vivo assays are described that involve the use of the laboratory rat, the EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee species of choice. The discussion includes the evaluation of high-priority chemicals positive in the Tier I Screening (T1S) battery, and of subsequent testing, in the Tier 2 (T2) battery, with additional short-term screening assays proposed for use in T1.5 to eliminate any uncertainty about TIS results. Descriptions include the in vivo uterotropic assay, which detects estrogens and antiestrogens the pubertal female assay, which assesses steroidogenesis, antithyroid activity, antiestrogenicity, and HPG function: and the Hershberger assay, which detects the weight of androgen-dependent tissues in castrate-immature-male rats (antiandrogens). Of the several alternative mammalian in vivo assays proposed, a short-term pubertal male rat assay appears most promising for inclusion in T1 or T1.5. An additional in utero-lactational screening protocol is being evaluated. but appears to be better Suited for T1.5 or T2 due to the size, complexity, and duration of the assay. The adult intact male assay, also proposed as an alternative for T1, attempts to identify EDCs in a hormonal battery, but has limited value as a screen due to lack of sensitivity and specificity. For Tier 2 testing, the number of endocrine-sensitive endpoints and offspring (F1) examined in multi-generational tests must be thoughtfully expanded for EDCs on a mode-of-action-specific basis, with consideration given to tailoring T2 based on the results of T1S. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 66 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU INST LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH, NATL RES COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, N W, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 1084-2020 J9 ILAR J JI ILAR J. PY 2004 VL 45 IS 4 BP 425 EP 437 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 862GZ UT WOS:000224480300005 PM 15454681 ER PT J AU Touart, LW AF Touart, LW TI Factors considered in using birds for evaluating endocrine-disrupting chemicals SO ILAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE avian models; development; endocrine disruptors; growth; reproduction; testing; toxicants ID COTURNIX-COTURNIX-JAPONICA; DIETARY METHYL PARATHION; JAPANESE-QUAIL; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; REPRODUCTION; TESTOSTERONE; MATURATION; BEHAVIOR; EGG AB Documented effects on fish and wildlife populations, coupled with evidence from human poisonings, epidemiology, and experimental toxicology, led to the formation of the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program within the US Environmental Protection Agency. The main objectives of the program are to validate and implement the screens and tests that have been proposed for evaluating possible endocrine-disrupting activity of chemicals. An avian two-generation test is one of the recommended higher tier tests currently undergoing prevalidation. The advantages and disadvantages of the two species of quail considered as candidates, the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), are described as well as the basis for final selection of the Japanese quail. Among the numerous considerations necessary for ultimately optimizing a two-generation test method using birds, the following key factors are discussed: the number of birds used in the test, when to begin exposure of the P generation, selection and exposure of the F1 generation, and endpoints. C1 US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Touart, LW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci Coordinat & Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU INST LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH, NATL RES COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, N W, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 1084-2020 J9 ILAR J JI ILAR J. PY 2004 VL 45 IS 4 BP 462 EP 468 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 862GZ UT WOS:000224480300009 PM 15454685 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Johnson, RD AF Ankley, GT Johnson, RD TI Small fish models for identifying and assessing the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals SO ILAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE comparative endocrinology; development; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; fathead minnow; medaka; reproduction; test methods; zebrafish ID MEDAKA ORYZIAS-LATIPES; ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; DEVELOPMENTAL ESTROGENIC EXPOSURE; SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS; EARLY-LIFE-STAGES; FATHEAD MINNOW; IN-VIVO; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; VITELLOGENIN INDUCTION AB Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), particularly those that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of vertebrates, have become a focus of regulatory screening and testing throughout the world. Small fish species, principally the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), are used as model organisms for several of these testing pro-rams. Fish are appropriate models for testing EDCs, not only from the perspective of existing ecological impacts, but also in terms of species extrapolation. Specifically, there is a significant degree of conservation of basic aspects of the HPG axis across vertebrates, which provides a technically robust basis for using results from fish tests to predict likely modes/mechanisms of action of potential EDCs in other vertebrates. Different experimental designs/endpoints for, partial- and full-life cycle tests with fish that enable a consideration of a broad range of EDCs are described. Examples of results with specific chemicals in tests with the fathead minnow, medaka. and zebrafish are presented and discussed in terms of sensitivity and specificity for different classes of EDCs. C1 Natl Hlth & Environm Effects, Res Lab, US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), Natl Hlth & Environm Effects, Res Lab, US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN USA. NR 96 TC 121 Z9 126 U1 8 U2 41 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1084-2020 EI 1930-6180 J9 ILAR J JI ILAR J. PY 2004 VL 45 IS 4 BP 469 EP 483 PG 15 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 862GZ UT WOS:000224480300010 PM 15454686 ER PT J AU Herbert, JS Eckerman, CO Goldstein, RF Stanton, ME AF Herbert, JS Eckerman, CO Goldstein, RF Stanton, ME TI Contrasts in infant classical eyeblink conditioning as a function of premature birth SO INFANCY LA English DT Article ID FULL-TERM INFANTS; EYELID RESPONSE; HEAD GROWTH; CEREBELLAR LESIONS; WEIGHT INFANTS; DELAY; ATTENTION; ONTOGENY; PRETERM; TRACE AB The impact of premature birth on associative learning was evaluated using simple delay eyeblink conditioning in which a tone conditional stimulus was paired with an air puff unconditional stimulus. Fourteen preterm (28-31 weeks gestation) and 11 full-term infants completed at least 3 conditioning sessions, I week apart, at 5 months of age (corrected age). Preterm and full-term groups demonstrated associative learning, as confirmed by comparison with an unpaired control group. Preterm infants, however, exhibited more variability in their learning rates. The majority of full-term infants and half the preterm infants exhibited rapid acquisition and gradual extinction of conditional responding. A greater proportion of preterm than full-term infants failed to acquire conditional responding within 2 training sessions. Differences in associative learning rates were not the result of differences in arousal or attentional processes. Diversity in acquisition rates exposed an increased risk for disrupted infant learning due to premature birth. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Psychol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Neonatal Med, Durham, NC 27706 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Herbert, JS (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England. EM j.s.herbert@sheffield.ac.uk OI Herbert, Jane/0000-0002-8762-4531 NR 38 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1525-0008 J9 INFANCY JI Infancy PY 2004 VL 5 IS 3 BP 367 EP 383 DI 10.1207/s15327078in0503_7 PG 17 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 843BK UT WOS:000223050000007 ER PT J AU Gilmour, PS Schladweiler, MC Richards, JH Ledbetter, AD Kodavanti, UP AF Gilmour, PS Schladweiler, MC Richards, JH Ledbetter, AD Kodavanti, UP TI Hypertensive rats are susceptible to TLR4-mediated signaling following exposure to combustion source particulate matter SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; OIL FLY-ASH; NF-KAPPA-B; AIR-POLLUTION; PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES; BACTERIAL-ENDOTOXIN; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PULMONARY AB Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been shown to play a role in cell signaling that results in neutrophilic inflammation in response to lipopolysaccharide and respiratory syncytial virus infection. TLR4 also interacts with CD14, which upon complex formation triggers TLR4-associated signaling pathways to produce a proinflammatory response. This mechanism results in the activation of NF-kappaB and subsequent inflammatory gene induction. In order to determine the effect of combustion source particle matter (PM), rich in zinc and nickel but with negligible endotoxin, on a possible activation of TLR4-mediated cell signaling and inflammation, we intratracheally (IT) instilled 3.3 mg/kg of PM into 12-w-old healthy male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and susceptible spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Inflammation, inflammatory-mediator gene expression, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein and LDH, TLR4 and CD14 protein, and NF-kappaB activation in the lung were determined after 24 h. Dose-response data (0.0, 0.83, 3.33, and 8.3 mg/kg PM) for BALF LDH were obtained as a marker of lung cell injury in SH rats. BALF neutrophils, but not macrophages, were significantly increased in the PM-exposed WKY and SH rats. SH rats showed a greater PMN increase than WKY rats. Similarly, BALF protein and LDH levels were also increased following PM exposure but to a significantly greater extent in SH rats. Plasma fibrinogen was increased only in SH rats exposed to PM. The increased inflammation seen in PM-exposed SH rats was accompanied by a significant increase in TLR4 protein in the lung tissue, which was primarily localized in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. CD14 was also increased by PM exposure in both SH and WKY rats but was significantly greater in the SH rats. These increases were associated with greater translocation of NF-kappaB in the lungs of SH rather than WKY rats. This was accompanied by increased macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-2 mRNA expression at 24 h of exposure. These data suggest that the increased inflammation in the lungs of PM-exposed SH rats compared to WKY rats is accompanied by an increase in TLR4-mediated cell signaling. Thus, one of the mechanisms for greater susceptibility of SH rats to PM exposure may involve an increased activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilmour, PS (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gilmour.peter@epa.gov NR 43 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2004 VL 16 SU 1 BP 5 EP 18 DI 10.1080/08958370490442827 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 837CQ UT WOS:000222605700002 PM 15204789 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Huang, YCT AF Ghio, AJ Huang, YCT TI Exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs): A review SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; FINE PARTICLES; LOS-ANGELES; PULMONARY INFLAMMATION; INHALATION; HEALTHY; VASOCONSTRICTION; BRONCHITIS; VOLUNTEERS; COMPONENTS AB Epidemiologic studies support a participation of fine particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of 0.1 to 2.5 mum in the effects of air pollution particles on human health. The ambient fine particle concentrator is a recently developed technology that can enrich the mass of ambient fine particles in real time with little modification. The advantages of concentrators are that the particles produced are "real world" and they allow exposure at pertinent masses. Limitations include variability in both particle mass and composition and some uncertainty over the best statistical approach to analyze the data. Cumulative evidence provided by the body of initial investigation shows that exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) can be accomplished safely in both humans and animals. Human investigation using the CAPS has shown acute lung inflammation and changes in both blood indices and heart rate variability. Animal studies support a potential pulmonary inflammation, blood changes, alterations of specific cardiac endpoints, and an increased susceptibility of specific models. These studies have helped establish the causal relationship between find particle exposure and adverse health effects in the lung and cardiovascular system. In addition, it appears that specific components in CAPS may differentially affect these tissues. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Off Res & Dev, Clin Res Branch, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Off Res & Dev, Clin Res Branch, Campus Box 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM ghio.andy@epa.gov NR 30 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 16 IS 1 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1080/08958370490258390 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 764ZD UT WOS:000188240300006 PM 14744665 ER PT J AU Gong, H Linn, WS Terrell, SL Anderson, KR Clark, KW Sioutas, C Cascio, WE Alexis, N Devlin, RB AF Gong, H Linn, WS Terrell, SL Anderson, KR Clark, KW Sioutas, C Cascio, WE Alexis, N Devlin, RB TI Exposures of elderly volunteers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to concentrated ambient fine particulate pollution SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; AIR-POLLUTION; LOS-ANGELES; HEALTH; PARTICLES; INHALATION; ARRHYTHMIAS; SYSTEM AB The elderly and individuals who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) may be sensitive to particulate matter ( PM) air pollution. We evaluated short-term health responses of 13 elderly volunteers with COPD and 6 age-matched healthy adults to controlled exposures of ambient PM pollution in suburban Los Angeles. Using a Harvard particle concentrator and a whole-body chamber, we exposed each person on separate occasions to approximately 200 mug/m(3) concentrated ambient particles ( CAP) less than 2.5 mum in diameter and to filtered air ( FA). Each exposure lasted 2 h with intermittent mild exercise. We found no significant effects of CAP on symptoms, spirometry, or induced sputum. A significant negative effect of CAP on arterial oxygenation ( measured by pulse oximetry) immediately postexposure was more pronounced in healthy subjects. Peripheral blood basophils increased after CAP in healthy but not in COPD subjects. In both groups, red cell counts increased slightly 1 day after exposure to FA but not to CAP. Preexposure ectopic heartbeats were infrequent in healthy subjects, but increased modestly during/after CAP exposure relative to FA. Ectopic beats were more frequent in COPD subjects, but decreased modestly during/after CAP relative to FA. Heart-rate variability over multihour intervals was lower after CAP than after FA in healthy elderly subjects but not in COPD subjects. Thus, in this initial small-scale study of older volunteers experimentally exposed to ambient PM, some acute cardiopulmonary responses were consistent with effects reported from epidemiologic studies. Unexpectedly, individuals with COPD appeared less susceptible than healthy elderly individuals. Further investigation of older adults is warranted to understand the pathophysiology and public health significance of these findings. C1 Los Amigos Res & Educ Inst, Downey, CA USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Los Amigos Res, Downey, CA USA. Univ So Calif, Sch Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gong, H (reprint author), Rancho Los Amigos Natl Rehabil Ctr, Environm Hlth Serv, MSB 51,7601 E Imperial Highway, Downey, CA 90242 USA. EM hgong@ladhs.org FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1P01 ES09581-01, 5P30 ES07048-06] NR 30 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2004 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 731 EP 744 DI 10.1080/08958370490499906 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 850GD UT WOS:000223598300001 PM 16036744 ER PT J AU Kang, D Aneja, VP Das, M Seila, R AF Kang, D Aneja, VP Das, M Seila, R TI Measurements of air-surface exchange rates of volatile organic compounds SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE air-surface exchange; biogenic VOCs; hydrocarbons; maize; soybean; VOCs; VOC fluxes ID HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; UNITED-STATES; FOREST; FLUXES; ATMOSPHERE; METHANOL; MODEL AB Vertical gradients of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured over a maize field and a soybean field in 1995 and 1996, respectively, in the Lower Coastal Plains of North Carolina. The measurements over the maize field were conducted in its early growth period, during May 1995, and the measurements over the soybean field were conducted in its middle and later growth periods during July through August 1996 at the same location. These measurements were combined with micrometeorological flux measurements to determine emission flux measurements for various VOCs. This measurement programme was part of project NOVA (Natural emissions of Oxidant precursors: Validation of techniques and Assessment) to estimate the flux of VOCs. Methanol was identified as the major biogenic compound for both years with the average flux of 3450 +/- 1456 mug/m(2)/hr over maize and 3079 +/- 2766 mug/m(2)/hr over soybean. Acetone is another compound that was identified as a biogenic compound for both years with the average flux of 425 +/- 223 mug/m(2)/hr over maize and 2701 +/- 1710 mug/m(2)/hr over soybean. In addition to biogenic compounds, a large number of aromatic compounds, including styrene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, were also identified as emissions from the ground over the soybean field. C1 US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Kang, D (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kang.daiwen@epa.gov NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 9 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5 BP 547 EP 562 DI 10.1504/IJEP.2004.005909 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 888MT UT WOS:000226379400002 ER PT J AU Curran, MA AF Curran, MA TI Connecting the international LCA community - Selected papers from the InLCA/LCM 2003 Conference - September 23-25, 2003 in Seaftle/WA, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Curran, MA (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 466, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM curran.maryann@epa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0948-3349 J9 INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS JI Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. PY 2004 VL 9 IS 6 BP 343 EP 343 DI 10.1007/BF02979074 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 864BB UT WOS:000224606600001 ER PT J AU Fricke, MW Creed, PA Parks, AN Shoemaker, JA Schwegel, CA Creed, JT AF Fricke, MW Creed, PA Parks, AN Shoemaker, JA Schwegel, CA Creed, JT TI Extraction and detection of a new arsine sulfide containing arsenosugar in molluscs by IC-ICP-MS and IC-ESI-MS/MS SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ARSENIC SPECIATION; CHEMICAL-STABILITY; CHROMATOGRAPHY; INGESTION; FISH AB Using IC- ICP- MS and IC- ESI- MS/ MS, an unknown arsenical compound in molluscs has been identified as a new arsine sulfide containing analog of a known arsenosugar and is referred to as As( 498). This species has been observed in four separate shellfish species following a mild methanol - water extraction. As( 498) is unstable, especially in acid, and converts to the arsine oxide containing arsenosugar As( 482) over time. Chromatographic retention of As( 498) was observed on an anion exchanger ION- 120 column but the species did not elute as a well defined peak from a PRP- X100. Mass spectrometric analysis of As( 498) at pH 9.0 produced an [ M - H](-) species at a mass to charge of 497 in the negative- ion mode. A synthetic standard of As( 498) was made by bubbling hydrogen sulfide into a stock solution of arsenosugar As( 482). The retention time and ESI- MS/ MS data were identical for the synthetic standard of As( 498) and the unknown arsenical in shellfish extracts. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM creed.jack@epa.gov RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1454 EP 1459 DI 10.1039/b408416k PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 868DR UT WOS:000224894800006 ER PT J AU Devesa, V Del Razo, LM Adair, B Drobna, Z Waters, SB Hughes, MF Styblo, M Thomas, DJ AF Devesa, V Del Razo, LM Adair, B Drobna, Z Waters, SB Hughes, MF Styblo, M Thomas, DJ TI Comprehensive analysis of arsenic metabolites by pH-specific hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID TRIVALENT METHYLATED ARSENICALS; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; HUMAN URINE; MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID; TRIMETHYLARSINE OXIDE; SPECIATION ANALYSIS; SOLVENT-EXTRACTION; HAMSTER; RATS; EXCRETION AB In a variety of biological systems, inorganic arsenic ( iAs) is metabolized to yield methylated arsenicals that contain arsenic in + 5 or +3 oxidation states. Atomic absorption spectrometry ( AAS) coupled with a pH- specific generation of arsines has been used for selective analysis of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic, mono-, and dimethylated arsenicals in biological matrices. We have optimized this method to permit simultaneous detection and quantification of all relevant metabolites of iAs, including trimethylarsine oxide ( TMAs (V) O). The optimization includes increasing the density of the chromatographic adsorbent used for cold- trapping of generated arsines and modi. cation of the temperature gradient for release of arsines from the cold trap. These modifications improve the boiling- point separation of arsine, methylarsine, dimethylarsine, and trimethylarsine before the detection by AAS. Arsines from trivalent arsenicals and from TMAs (V) O are selectively generated at pH 6. At pH 1, arsines are generated from both tri- and pentavalent arsenicals. Thus, the optimized technique permits analysis of arsenite ( iAs (III)), arsenate ( iAs (V)), monomethylarsonic acid ( MAs (V)), monomethylarsonous acid ( MAs (III)), dimethylarsinic acid ( DMAs (V)), dimethylarsinous acid ( DMAs (III)), and TMAs (V) O. The detection limits range from 0.14 ng As ( for TMAs O-V) to 0.40 ng As ( for iAs (V)). Calibration curves are linear over the concentration range of 0.5 - 100 ng As. Recoveries vary between 85 and 124%. The precision of the method in various biological matrices ranges from 1.0 to 14.5%. Using the optimized technique, both trivalent and pentavalent methylated and dimethylated arsenicals, but not TMAs (V) O, have been detected in cultured primary human hepatocytes exposed to iAs (III). In contrast, TMAs (V) O was detected as the final product of in vitro methylation of iAs (III) by rat As (III)- methyltransferase, cyt19. TMAs (V) O was also detected in the urine of mice treated with MAs (V) or DMAs (V). Thus, the optimized method improves the efficiency of arsenic speciation analysis in biological matrices, providing a more comprehensive picture of the role of metabolism in the disposition and action of iAs. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Polytech Inst, Ctr Res Adv Studies, Dept Toxicol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Styblo, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM styblo@med.unc.edu RI Devesa, Vicenta/I-2102-2012 OI Devesa, Vicenta/0000-0002-1988-2985 NR 39 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 11 BP 1460 EP 1467 DI 10.1039/b407388f PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 868DR UT WOS:000224894800007 ER PT J AU Soderberg, D AF Soderberg, D TI Pesticides and other chemical contaminants SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESIDUES; EXTRACTION; INJECTION; HERBICIDES; BIOSENSOR; SAMPLES AB One new topic needs to be added to this refereeship this year. This topic is Pesticides in Foods Using Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate. Method 2002.05: The topic, Determination of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in Crops, has been declared an Official Final Action Method (Inside Laboratory Management, May/June 2003). In the same issue of Inside Laboratory Management, Method 998.01, Synthetic Pyrethroids, was also declared Official Final Action. The topics Determination of Residues of Triazines and their Chloro-Metabolites in Raw Agricultural Commodities and Dioxins by GC/MS remain vacant. C1 US EPA, OPP, HED, RRB3, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Soderberg, D (reprint author), US EPA, OPP, HED, RRB3, Rm 821D,Crystal Mall II,7509C,Ariel Rios Bldg,120, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM soderberg.david@epamail.epa.gov NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 291 EP 295 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 805KA UT WOS:000220364000048 PM 15084112 ER PT J AU Tomasino, SF AF Tomasino, SF TI Efficacy testing of disinfectants SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, OPP Microbiol Lab, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Tomasino, SF (reprint author), US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, OPP Microbiol Lab, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. EM Tomasino.Stephen@epa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 87 IS 1 BP 302 EP 303 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 805KA UT WOS:000220364000050 ER PT J AU Sen, K Rodgers, M AF Sen, K Rodgers, M TI Distribution of six virulence factors in Aeromonas species isolated from US drinking water utilities: a PCR identification SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aeromonas; drinking water; polymerase chain reaction; virulence factors ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; AEROLYSIN GENE; CYTOTONIC ENTEROTOXIN; EXTRACELLULAR LIPASE; MESOPHILIC AEROMONAS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COLONIZATION FACTOR; HEMOLYSIN GENE; FRESH-WATER; HYDROPHILA AB Aims: To examine whether Aeromonas bacteria isolated from municipally treated water had virulence factor genes. Methods and Results: A polymerase chain reaction-based genetic characterization determined the presence of six virulence factors genes, elastase (ahyB), lipase (pla/lip/lipH3/alp-1) flagella A and B (flaA and flaB), the enterotoxins, act, alt and ast, in these isolates. New primer sets were designed for all the target genes, except for act. The genes were present in 88% (ahyB), 88% (lip), 59% (fla), 43% (alt), 70% (act) and 30% (ast) of the strains, respectively. Of the 205 isolates tested only one isolate had all the virulence genes. There was a variety of combinations of virulence factors within different strains of the same species. However, a dominant strain having the same set of virulence factors, was usually isolated from any given tap in different rounds of sampling from a single tap. Conclusions: These results show that Aeromonas bacteria found in drinking water possess a wide variety of virulence-related genes and suggest the importance of examining as many isolates as possible in order to better understand the health risk these bacteria may present. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study presents a rapid method for characterizing the virulence factors of Aeromonas bacteria and suggests that municipally treated drinking water is a source of potentially pathogenic Aeromonas bacteria. C1 US EPA, Tech Support Ctr, Off Water, MLS 140, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sen, K (reprint author), US EPA, Tech Support Ctr, Off Water, MLS 140, 26W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM sen.keya@epa.gov NR 64 TC 85 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2004 VL 97 IS 5 BP 1077 EP 1086 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02398.x PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 861EN UT WOS:000224399000024 PM 15479425 ER PT J AU Williams, MM Domingo, JWS Meckes, MC Kelty, CA Rochon, HS AF Williams, MM Domingo, JWS Meckes, MC Kelty, CA Rochon, HS TI Phylogenetic diversity of drinking water bacteria in a distribution system simulator SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpha-proteobacteria; 16S rDNA; chlorine; drinking water; monochloramine ID POTABLE WATER; BIOFILMS; CHLORINE; AMPLIFICATION; DISINFECTION; COMMUNITIES; ENUMERATION; COLIFORMS; CELLS AB Aims: To characterize the composition of microbial populations in a distribution system simulator (DSS) by direct sequence analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries. Methods and Results: Bacterial populations were examined in chlorinated distribution water and chloraminated DSS feed and discharge water. Bacterial strains isolated from DSS discharge water on R2A medium were identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The majority of the bacteria identified were alpha-proteobacteria, ranging from approx. 34% in the DSS discharge water to 94% of the DSS isolates. Species richness estimators Chaol and ACE (abundance-based coverage estimators) indicated that the chlorinated distribution water sample was representative of the total population diversity, while the chloraminated DSS feed water sample was dominated by Hyphomicrobium sp. sequences. The DSS discharge water contained the greatest diversity of alpha-, beta-, gamma-proteobacteria, with 36% of the sequences being operational taxonomic units (OTUs, sequences with >97.0% homology). Conclusions: This work demonstrated the dominance of alpha-proteobacteria in distribution system water under two different disinfectant residuals. The shift from chlorine to monochloramine residual may have played a role in bacterial population dynamics. Significance and Impact of the Study: Accurate identification of bacteria present in treated drinking water is needed in order to better determine the risk of regrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms within distribution systems. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, ESWRD, MCCB, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Domingo, JWS (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, ESWRD, MCCB, W 26 Dr,Martin Luther King,MS-387, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM santodomingo.jorge@epa.gov NR 43 TC 124 Z9 132 U1 3 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PY 2004 VL 96 IS 5 BP 954 EP 964 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02229.x PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 819QF UT WOS:000221329000007 PM 15078511 ER PT J AU Kleindienst, TE Conver, TS McIver, CD Edney, EO AF Kleindienst, TE Conver, TS McIver, CD Edney, EO TI Determination of secondary organic aerosol products from the photooxidation of toluene and their implications in ambient PM2.5 SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE secondary organic aerosol; polyketones; toluene oxidation products; photooxidation; chamber experiments ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NOX; 1,3,5-TRIMETHYLBENZENE; DISTRIBUTIONS; OXIDATION; MIXTURES; YIELDS; OH AB A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the secondary organic aerosol products from photooxidation of the aromatic hydrocarbon toluene. The laboratory experiments consisted of irradiating toluene/propylene/NOx/air mixtures in a smog chamber operated in the dynamic mode and collecting submicron secondary organic aerosol samples through a sampling train that consisted of an XAD denuder and a Zefluor(TM) filter. Oxidation products in the filter extracts were treated using O-(2,3,4,5,6,-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) to derivatize carbonyl groups followed by treatment with N, O-Bis( trimethylsilyl)-acetamide (BSTFA) to derivatize OH groups. The derivatized products were detected with a positive chemical ionization (CI) gas chromatography ion trap mass spectroscopy (GC-ITMS) system. The results of the GC-ITMS analyses were consistent with the previous studies that demonstrated the formation of multi-functional oxygenates. Denuder results showed that many of these same compounds were present in the gas, as well as, the particle phase. Moreover, evidence was found for a series of multifunctional acids produced as higher order oxidation products of the toluene/NOx system. Products having nearly the same mass spectrum were also found in the ambient environment using identical analytical techniques. These products having multiple acid and alcoholic-OH moieties have substantially lower volatility than previously reported SOA products of the toluene photooxidation and might serve as an indicator for aromatic oxidation in the ambient atmosphere. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kleindienst, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM kleindienst.tad@epa.gov NR 21 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 44 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7764 J9 J ATMOS CHEM JI J. Atmos. Chem. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 47 IS 1 BP 79 EP 100 DI 10.1023/B:JOCH.0000012305.94498.28 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 764NF UT WOS:000188212400004 ER PT J AU Reddy, EP Varma, RS AF Reddy, EP Varma, RS TI Preparation, characterization, and activity of Al2O3-supported V2O5 catalysts SO JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS LA English DT Article DE vanadia; activated Al2O3; XRD; FTIR; TPR; O-2 chemisorption; selective oxidation; ethylbenzene; acetophenone ID TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED REDUCTION; SUPPORTED-VANADIA CATALYSTS; OXIDE MONOLAYER CATALYSTS; OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION; OXYGEN-CHEMISORPTION; MOLYBDENA CATALYSTS; ALUMINA CATALYSTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SURFACE-AREA; SILICA AB A series of activated alumina-supported vanadium oxide catalysts with various V2O5 loadings ranging from 5 to 25 wt% have been prepared by wet impregnation technique. A combination of various physicochemical techniques such as BET surface area, oxygen chemisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to characterize the chemical environment of vanadium on the alumina surface. Oxygen uptakes were measured at 370 degreesC with prereduction at the same temperature, which appears to yield better numerical values of dispersion and oxygen atom site densities. XRD and FTIR results suggest that vanadium oxide exists in a highly dispersed state below 15 wt% V2O5 loading and in the microcrystalline phase above this loading level. TPR profiles of V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts exhibit only a single peak at low temperature up to 15 wt% V2O5. It is suggested that the low-temperature reduction peak is due to the reduction of surface vanadia, which has been ascribed to the tetrahedral coordination geometry of the V ions. TPR Of V2O5/Al2O3 at higher vanadia loadings exhibited three peaks at reduction temperatures, indicating that bulk-like vanadia species are present for these catalysts only at higher vanadia loadings, with V ions in an octahedral coordination. The TPR profiles Of V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts indicate that at loadings lower than 15% vanadia forms isolated surface vanadia species, while two-dimensional structure and V2O5 crystallites become prevalent in highly loaded (>15% V2O5) systems. Liquid-phase oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone has been employed as a chemical probe reaction to examine the catalytic activity. Ethylbenzene oxidation results reveal that 15% V2O5/Al2O3 is more active than higher vanadia loading catalysts. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Proc Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 47 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 29 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9517 J9 J CATAL JI J. Catal. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 221 IS 1 BP 93 EP 101 DI 10.1016/j.jcat.2003.07.011 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 757KC UT WOS:000187560700011 ER PT J AU Smith, RL Mata, TM Young, DM Cabezas, H Costa, CAV AF Smith, RL Mata, TM Young, DM Cabezas, H Costa, CAV TI Designing environmentally friendly chemical processes with fugitive and open emissions SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th PRES Conference on Advances in Cleaner Production Technologies CY MAY 20-24, 2001 CL FLORENCE, ITALY DE fugitive; leaks; WAR; waste reduction algorithm AB Fugitive or open emissions can dominate the potential environmental impacts of a chemical process. In this work the design and simulation calculations of a process provide an opportunity to visualize relationships between economic potentials and potential environmental impacts. The analysis of the economic and environmental effects of process alternatives are completed quickly and easily using order-of-magnitude costing techniques and the Waste Reduction algorithm for environmental evaluation. In the example studied, the hydrodealkylation of toluene, both the economic and environmental results point towards the alternative of recycling diphenyl to extinction, which is a form of pollution prevention by source reduction. As open emissions are eliminated, the importance of fugitive emissions is shown to increase. Finally, results show where economic optimum and minimal environmental impact designs occur, and therefore one can see tradeoffs between these designs. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Porto, Lab Proc Environm & Energy Engn, Fac Engn, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Mata, Teresa/I-4364-2013; OI Mata, Teresa/0000-0001-8696-8925; costa, carlos/0000-0003-3136-9049 NR 9 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0959-6526 J9 J CLEAN PROD JI J. Clean Prod. PY 2004 VL 12 IS 2 BP 125 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00187-7 PG 5 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 741DC UT WOS:000186442600004 ER PT J AU Gallup, J Marcotte, B AF Gallup, J Marcotte, B TI An assessment of the design and effectiveness of the Environmental Pollution Prevention Project (EP3) SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE pollution prevention; cleaner production; EP3 centers; capacity building; USAID AB The USAID Environmental Pollution Prevention Project (EP3) established pollution prevention (P2) programs in nine countries in Latin America, Asia, and North Africa. EP3 provided technical assistance, training and policy development to build sustainable pollution prevention programs for the transfer of industrial P2 know-how, equipment and environmental management expertise. Among the most important lessons learned during EP3 were: (1) working with groups of plants, small and large, instead of one plant at a time led to higher rates of P2 adoption and implementation; (2) providing comprehensive solutions that included no-cost/low cost process efficiency measures, P2 and pollution control equipment/new technology, environmental management systerns/ISO 14000 certification, and access to finance institutions met industry's needs better than providing assistance in only one limited area; and (3) integrating technical assistance with policy initiatives and training improved the chances of long-term sustainability. Although, the programme was successful in creating a cadre of pollution prevention professionals and working with a number of plants, it failed to extend its message throughout the industrial sector with its retail approach and failed to develop close ties with governments and NGOs. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, SBIR Program, ORD, NCER, Washington, DC 20460 USA. PA Consulting Grp, Washington, DC 20006 USA. RP Gallup, J (reprint author), US EPA, SBIR Program, ORD, NCER, 8722R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0959-6526 J9 J CLEAN PROD JI J. Clean Prod. PY 2004 VL 12 IS 3 BP 215 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0959-6526(03)00097-0 PG 11 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 747DJ UT WOS:000186789700005 ER PT J AU Wincele, DE Wrenn, BA Venosa, AD AF Wincele, DE Wrenn, BA Venosa, AD TI Sedimentation of oil-mineral aggregates for remediation of vegetable oil spills SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE sedimentation; oil spills; aggregates; biodegradation ID HYDROCARBONS; PARTICLES; DEGRADATION AB A response alternative for floating vegetable oil spills based on sedimentation of negatively buoyant. oil-Mineral aggregates followed by anaerobic biodegradation in the sediments is under investigation. Sedimentation of floating canola oil by interaction with montmorillonite was demonstrated, and the oil-binding capacity of wet and dry clay was determined. Only two of the four factors that were investigated produced statistically significant effects on the sedimentation of floating oil: Clay was required for oil sedimentation to occur, and high mixing energy during the initial contact between oil and clay reduced the amount of oil that could be transported to the sediment compartment. The addition of ferric chloride as a coagulant and the mixing energy imparted during the flocculation period did not significantly affect the extent to which oil was transported to the sediment compartment. The maximum oil-binding capacity of dry high-surface-area (220-270 m(2)/g) clay was about three times higher than for wet clay (I g oil/g dry clay versus 0.3 g oil/g wet clay). The oil-binding capacity of low-surface-area (20-40 m(2)/g) clay was less affected by prior interaction with water (0.7 g oil/g dry clay versus 0.6 g oil/g wet clay), but it was much less effective in promoting sedimentation of floating oil. The differences between the oil sedimentation abilities of these two types of clay suggest that the success of this remedial alternative requires a clear understanding of the nature of the oil-mineral interactions. C1 ERM Inc, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Program, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wincele, DE (reprint author), ERM Inc, 620 Bercut Dr, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2004 VL 130 IS 1 BP 50 EP 58 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:1(50) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 760AD UT WOS:000187787300007 ER PT J AU Lemieux, P Stewart, E Realff, M Mulholland, JA AF Lemieux, P Stewart, E Realff, M Mulholland, JA TI Emissions study of co-firing waste carpet in a rotary kiln SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE waste carpet; rotary kiln; NO emissions AB Post-consumer carpet represents a high volume, high energy content waste stream. As a fuel for co-firing in cement kilns, waste carpet, like waste tires, has potential advantages. Technological challenges to be addressed include assessing potential emissions, in particular NO emissions (from nylon fiber carpets), and optimizing the carpet feed system. This paper addresses the former. Results of pilot-scale rotary kiln experiments demonstrate the potential for using post-consumer waste carpet as a fuel in cement kilns. Continuous feeding of shredded carpet fiber and ground carpet backing, at rates of up to 30% of total energy input, resulted in combustion without transient puffs and with almost no increase in CO and other products of incomplete combustion as compared to kiln firing natural gas only. NO emissions increased with carpet waste co-firing due to the nitrogen content of nylon fiber. In these experiments with shredded fiber and finely ground backing, carpet nitrogen conversion to NO ranged from 3 to 8%. Conversion increased with enhanced mixing of the carpet material and air during combustion. Carpet preparation and feeding method are controlling factors in fuel N conversion. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Lemieux, P (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 109 TW Alexander Dr,Mail Code E305-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lemieux.paul@epa.gov NR 9 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 70 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.10.002 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771PV UT WOS:000188796000003 PM 15125542 ER PT J AU Osemwengie, LI Gerstenberger, SL AF Osemwengie, LI Gerstenberger, SL TI Levels of synthetic musk compounds in municipal wastewater for potential estimation of biota exposure in receiving waters SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AMINO METABOLITES; FRESH-WATER; SEWAGE SLUDGES; NITRO MUSKS; TAMA RIVER; XYLENE; ENVIRONMENT AB We analyzed water samples from the confluence of three municipal sewage treatment effluent streams, surface water, and whole carp (Cyprinus carpio) for synthetic musks for a period of 7-12 months. The lipid content of each fish was determined and compared with the concentration of musks in the whole fish tissue. Enhanced methods were used for water sampling and musk extraction. The data presented here provide insight as to the relationship between concentrations of synthetic musks in the municipal effluent and associated biota. This study confirmed the presence of polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage effluent, Lake Mead water, and carp. The concentrations were found to be considerably lower than previous studies conducted in other countries. This study also provides data for polycyclic and nitro musk compounds, as well as some of the nitro musk metabolites in sewage treatment plant effluent, lake water, and carp. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Osemwengie, LI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM Osemwengie.Lantis@epa.gov NR 24 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 6 BP 533 EP 539 DI 10.1039/b400514g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825HJ UT WOS:000221746600007 PM 15173905 ER PT J AU Meklin, T Haugland, RA Reponen, T Varma, M Lummus, Z Bernstein, D Wymer, LJ Vesper, SJ AF Meklin, T Haugland, RA Reponen, T Varma, M Lummus, Z Bernstein, D Wymer, LJ Vesper, SJ TI Quantitative PCR analysis of house dust can reveal abnormal mold conditions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID STACHYBOTRYS-CHARTARUM CONIDIA; REAL-TIME; PRODUCTS; FUNGI AB Indoor mold concentrations were measured in the dust of moldy homes (MH) and reference homes ( RH) by quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays for 82 species or related groups of species (assay groups). About 70% of the species and groups were never or only rarely detected. The ratios ( MH geometric mean : RH geometric mean) for 6 commonly detected species ( Aspergillus ochraceus, A. penicillioides, A. unguis, A. versicolor, Eurotium group, and Cladosporium sphaerospermum) were >1 (Group I). Logistic regression analysis of the sum of the logs of the concentrations of Group I species resulted in a 95% probability for separating MH from RH. These results suggest that it may be possible to evaluate whether a home has an abnormal mold condition by quantifying a limited number of mold species in a dust sample. Also, four common species of Aspergillus were quantified by standard culturing procedures and their concentrations compared to QPCR results. Culturing underestimated the concentrations of these four species by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to QPCR. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Internal Med, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM haugland.rich@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES11170, R01 ES011170, R01 ES011170-02] NR 15 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 18 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 7 BP 615 EP 620 DI 10.1039/b400250d PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 834DA UT WOS:000222390600006 PM 15237292 ER PT J AU Cole, ML Valiela, I Kroeger, KD Tomasky, GL Cebrian, J Wigand, C McKinney, RA Grady, SP da Silva, MHC AF Cole, ML Valiela, I Kroeger, KD Tomasky, GL Cebrian, J Wigand, C McKinney, RA Grady, SP da Silva, MHC TI Assessment of a delta N-15 isotopic method to indicate anthropogenic eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; STABLE ISOTOPES; GROUNDWATER NITRATE; COASTAL WATERSHEDS; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; CHESAPEAKE BAY; MARINE; ESTUARIES; RATIOS; PHYTOPLANKTON AB Increased anthropogenic delivery of nutrients to water bodies, both freshwater and estuarine, has caused detrimental changes in habitat, food web structure, and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen-stable isotopes may be suitable indicators of such increased nutrient delivery. In this study, we looked at the differences in response of macrophyte WIN values to anthropogenic N across different taxonomic groups and geographic regions to test a stable isotopic method for detecting anthropogenic impacts. Macrophyte delta(15)N values increased with wastewater input and water-column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration. When macrophytes were divided into macroalgae and plants, they responded similarly to increases in wastewater N, although macroalgae was a more reliable indicator of both wastewater inputs and water-column DIN concentrations. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) delta(15)N increased uniformly with wastewater inputs across a geographic range. We used the relationship derived between S. alterniflora and relative wastewater load to predict wastewater loads in locations lacking quantitative land use data. The predictions matched well with known qualitative information, proving the use of a stable isotopic method for predicting wastewater input. C1 Save Bay, Providence, RI 02908 USA. Boston Univ, Marine Biol Lab, Marine Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Dauphin Isl Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Oceanog, Butanta, SP, Brazil. RP Cole, ML (reprint author), Save Bay, 434 Smith St, Providence, RI 02908 USA. EM mcole@savebay.org NR 47 TC 151 Z9 160 U1 6 U2 65 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 124 EP 132 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 767WP UT WOS:000188497100014 PM 14964366 ER PT J AU Chiu, A Beaubier, J Chiu, J Chan, L Gerstenberger, S AF Chiu, A Beaubier, J Chiu, J Chan, L Gerstenberger, S TI Epidemiologic studies of PCB congener profiles in north American fish consuming populations SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART C-ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE epidemiology; PCBs; ortho congeners; congener profiles; food chains; bioaccumulation; biomagnification; Arctic; native North Americans; Inuits; fish consumption; ecotoxicity ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; GREAT-LAKES FISH; FOOD-CHAINS; POLAR BEAR; BLOOD; POLLUTANTS; EXPOSURE; BIOACCUMULATION; CONTAMINANTS; ACCUMULATION AB Long range atmospheric and stream transport and oceanic currents drive the ecologic process of PCB deposition in the abiotic environment. In contrast short range transport via bioaccumulation-biomagnification up the food chain determines PCB congener profiles and concentrations and their adverse effects in biological organisms. Two research approaches to congeners, with potential to associate specific adverse human health effects with PCB concentrations in indigenous small populations, are summarized in this study. The field epidemiologic approach includes giving questionnaires to target population groups in conjunction with sampling for PCBs (and selected persistent organic pollutants and metals), in foods purchased or hunted and collected by Inuit peoples. Direct determination of contaminant levels in food sources and among individuals in selected comparative subpopulations is also presented. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Sci Support Branch, Off Prevent Pesticides & Toxic Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. McGill Univ, Ctr Indigenous Peoples Nutr & Environm, NSERC No Res, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Chiu, A (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM Chiu.Arthur@epa.gov RI Chan, Laurie /C-4055-2014 NR 57 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1059-0501 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL C JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. C-Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 13 EP 36 DI 10.1081/GNC-120038004 PG 24 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 832MA UT WOS:000222270400002 PM 15845220 ER PT J AU Lai, DY AF Lai, DY TI Rodent carcinogenicity of peroxisome proliferators and issues on human relevance SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART C-ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE peroxisome proliferators; PPAR alpha; hepatocarcinogenesis; human relevance ID ACTIVATED RECEPTORS PPARS; LOWER SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; MORTALITY FOLLOW-UP; PRIMARY-PREVENTION; SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; COOPERATIVE TRIAL; SYRIAN-HAMSTER; GUINEA-PIG; MALE-RATS AB A variety of substances such as hypolipidemic drugs, phthalate ester plasticizers, pesticides, and industrial solvents have been shown to increase the size and number of peroxisomes in rats and mice. They are grouped under the generic term peroxisome proliferators (PP) because of their unique property of inducing peroxisome proliferation. There are marked species differences in response to PP. Rats and mice are most sensitive, and banisters show an intermediate response while guinea pigs, monkeys, and humans appear to be relatively insensitive or non-responsive at dose levels that produce a marked response in rodents. Out of over 100 PP identified to date, about 30 have been adequately tested and shown to be carcinogenic, inducing tumors (primarily in the liver) upon chronic administration to rats and/or mice; hence, chemicals which induce the proliferation of peroxisomes have formed a unique class of chemical carcinogens. It is now well documented that activation of the "peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha" (PPARalpha) is involved in PP-induced liver growth and carcinogenesis in rodents. PPARalpha is also present in human cells; however, the levels reported are about 10% of those found in the liver of rodents. The human relevance of rodent tumors induced by PP has been the subject of debate over the last decade. Review of the existing evidence on PPAR-alpha agonists by a recent International Life Science Institute (ILSI) workgroup following a human relevance mode of action (MOA) framework has concluded that despite the presence of similar pathways in humans, it is unlikely that the proposed MOA for rodent tumors is plausible in humans, taking into account kinetic and dynamic factors. The data, however, did not permit a definitive conclusion that the animal MOA is not plausible in humans. While these agents appear unlikely to be hepatocarcinogens in humans at expected levels of human exposure, it remains uncertain to some experts in the field whether there is no possibility of carcinogenic potential under any circumstance of PP exposure, and if the potential human carcinogenicity of these chemicals can be summarily ignored. A number of remaining issues on human relevance of rodent tumors induced by PP are discussed. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lai, DY (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM lai.david@epa.gov NR 61 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1059-0501 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL C JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. C-Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 37 EP 55 DI 10.1081/GNC-120038005 PG 19 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 832MA UT WOS:000222270400003 PM 15845221 ER PT J AU Graham, SE McCurdy, T AF Graham, SE McCurdy, T TI Developing meaningful cohorts for human exposure models SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activity data; cohorts; exposure modeling; cross-sectional; outdoor time; indoor time; motor vehicle time ID POPULATION EXPOSURE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; POLLUTANTS AB This paper summarizes numerous statistical analyses focused on the US Environmental Protection Agency's Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD), used by many exposure modelers as the basis for data on what people do and where they spend their time. In doing so, modelers tend to divide the total population being analyzed into "cohorts", to reduce extraneous interindividual variability by focusing on people with common characteristics. Age and gender are typically used as the primary cohort-defining attributes, but more complex exposure models also use weather, day-of-the-week, and employment attributes for this purpose. We analyzed all of these attributes and others to determine if statistically significant differences exist among them to warrant their being used to define distinct cohort groups. We focused our attention mostly on the relationship between cohort attributes and the time spent outdoors, indoors, and in motor vehicles. Our results indicate that besides age and gender, other important attributes for defining cohorts are the physical activity level of individuals, weather factors such as daily maximum temperature in combination with months of the year, and combined weekday/weekend with employment status. Less important are precipitation and ethnic data. While statistically significant, the collective set of attributes does not explain a large amount of variance in outdoor, indoor, or in-vehicle locational decisions. Based on other research, parameters such as lifestyle and life stages that are absent from CHAD might have reduced the amount of unexplained variance. At this time, we recommend that exposure modelers use age and gender as "first-order" attributes to define cohorts followed by physical activity level, daily maximum temperature or other suitable weather parameters, and day type possibly beyond a simple weekday/weekend classification. C1 US EPA, Exposure Modeling Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Graham, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Exposure Modeling Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E205-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM graham.stephen@epa.gov NR 37 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 23 EP 43 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500293 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 764UF UT WOS:000188223900002 PM 14726943 ER PT J AU Ashlin, J Davis, R Dalecky, S Grasso, R LaPlant, L Morales, O Nelson, J White, M Whitt, SA AF Ashlin, J Davis, R Dalecky, S Grasso, R LaPlant, L Morales, O Nelson, J White, M Whitt, SA TI Regulations.gov federal regulatory portal SO JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION LA English DT Article DE regulations; rules; rulemaking; e-rulemaking; President's Management Agenda (PMA); e-Government initiative; online rulemaking initiative; federal register AB The Regulations.gov Online Rulemaking Project is 1 of the 24 e-Government Initiatives on the President's Management Agenda (PMA), which was announced by the White House in 2001. The Regulations.gov Web site is the central electronic rulemaking portal for the federal government. Through a single Web site, citizens can search, view, and comment on hundreds of federal regulations from approximately 160 federal agencies. Regulations.gov is the result of a collaborative effort by a number of federal agencies. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Environm Informat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Off Fed Register, Tech Serv Unit, US Natl Archives & Records Adm, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Off Elect Informat Disseminat Serv, US Govt Printing Off, Washington, DC 20401 USA. Off Human Resources & Informat Technol, US Natl Archives & Records Adm, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Morales, O (reprint author), US EPA, Off Environm Informat, 1200 Penn Ave,MC 2822V, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM morales.oscar@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-0237 J9 J GOV INFORM JI J. Gov. Inf. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 DI 10.1016/j.jgi.2004.07.001 PG 6 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 867UT UT WOS:000224868700006 ER PT J AU Sierszen, ME Morrice, JA Moffett, MF West, CW AF Sierszen, ME Morrice, JA Moffett, MF West, CW TI Benthic versus planktonic foundations of three Lake Superior coastal wetland food webs SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; food webs; stable isotopes ID STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES; SALT-MARSH ESTUARIES; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; PERIPHYTIC ALGAE; ANIMALS; FLOW; PHYTOPLANKTON; MACROPHYTES; DELTA-N-15; DETRITUS AB The structure of aquatic food webs can provide information on system function, trophic dynamics and, potentially, responses to anthropogenic stressors. Stable isotope analyses in a Lake Superior coastal wetland (Allouez Bay, WI, USA) revealed that the food web was based upon carbon fixed by phytoplankton. We report analyses of two Lake Superior coastal wetland food webs not based upon plankton, indicating that Allouez Bay is not the prototype. In Lost Creek and West Fish Creek wetlands (WI, USA), upper trophic levels appear to be supported by benthic, rather than planktonic, food web pathways. Also, zooplankton in Lost Creek and West Fish Creek wetlands are enriched in C-13 relative to periphyton, rather than C-13-depleted as reported in most other systems. This appears to be a consequence of zooplankton feeding on detrital seston that is C-13-enriched relative to phytoplankton. We suggest possible causes for the observed differences in food web structure among these wetlands, including hydrologic differences among the systems, and responses to nutrient enrichment among the dominant forms of primary producers, similar to those described in lakes. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Sierszen, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM sierszen.michael@epa.gov NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 29 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 31 EP 43 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812SF UT WOS:000220858500004 ER PT J AU Morrice, JA Kelly, JR Trebitz, AS Cotter, AM Knuth, ML AF Morrice, JA Kelly, JR Trebitz, AS Cotter, AM Knuth, ML TI Temporal dynamics of nutrients (N and P) and hydrology in a Lake Superior coastal wetland SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coastal wetlands; nutrients; retention; hydrology ID GREAT-LAKES; WATER; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; TRACERS; ESTUARY; OCEAN; BAY AB Coastal wetlands on Lake Superior are hydrologically complex ecosystems situated at the interface of upland catchments and the oligotrophic lake. Little is known about nutrient dynamics within coastal wetlands or their role in modifying or contributing to nutrient fluxes from watersheds to Lake Superior. We conducted an intensive study of Lost Creek Wetland (LCW) near Cornucopia, Wl, with the objective of determining influences of temporal variability in hydrology on dynamics and retention of N and P. We measured hydrologic inputs and distributions of inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus within LCW under hydrologic conditions ranging from summer base flow to spring snow melt. Our study confirms that the interrelationship between hydrologic connections to take and tributary and seasonal variations in hydrology can regulate internal nutrient dynamics of coastal wetlands. The strength of hydrologic linkage of LCW to Lake Superior and tributary varied greatly among seasons, resulting in shifts in the relative importance of these nutrient sources and influencing spatial distribution of nutrients within the wetland. Ratios of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the wetland were consistently low (< 16) indicating a potential for nitrogen limitation. Retention of inorganic nitrogen ranged from 11% to 94% and was positively related to hydraulic residence time which ranged from 1 day during snow melt to 26 days in summer. Retention of total and soluble reactive phosphorus was generally lower than retention of inorganic nitrogen and was not related to hydraulic residence time. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Morrice, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM morrice.john@epa.gov NR 48 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 82 EP 96 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500007 ER PT J AU Kerfoot, WC Harting, SL Jeong, J Robbins, JA Rossmann, R AF Kerfoot, WC Harting, SL Jeong, J Robbins, JA Rossmann, R TI Local, regional, and global implications of elemental mercury in metal (copper, silver, gold, and zinc) ores: Insights from Lake Superior sediments SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediments; Lake Superior; mining; trace mercury; base metal ores; copper smelting; gold; silver; copper; mercurian sphalerite; mercury release; mercury inventories ID GREAT-LAKES; TRACE-METALS; MASS FLUX; CONTAMINATION; ONTARIO; DEPOSITION; NORTH; DIAGENESIS; NEARSHORE; PROFILES AB Anthropogenic inventories for copper (229 89 ug/cm(2), N = 30), and mercury (470 307 ng/cm(2), N = 25) in Lake Superior sediments are much greater than inventories in remote lakes (Cu 50 +/- 31 ug/cm(2), Hg 64 +/- 34 ng/cm(2), N = 16) that receive inputs largely from long-distance atmospheric sources. Whereas the absolute concentration o mercury in Lake Superior sediments is not high (80-110 ng/g), enrichment ratios along coastal margins indicate industrial sources. An example of previously unreported mining-related inputs comes from native copper mining on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Around the peninsula, sediment inventories for mercury, silver, and copper are highly correlated and can be traced back to shoreline tailing piles, smelters, and parent ores. Elemental mercury occurs as a natural amalgam or solid solution substitution in native metal (copper, silver, gold) deposits and associated gangue minerals (e.g., sphalerite, ZnS) mu g/g or higher concentrations. Native copper stamp mills discharged more than 364 million metric tons of "stamp sand" tailings, whereas copper smelters refined five million metric tons of copper, liberating together at least 42 metric tons of mercury. Release of trace mercury from Lake Superior mining deserves regional attention as preliminary estimates resemble EPA Region #9 patterns and could help explain the 4-7fold sediment inventory discrepancies. We show that the Keweenaw situation is not unique geographically, as mineral-bound trace mercury is commonplace in U.S. and Canadian Greenstone Belts and of worldwide occurrence in precious (gold, silver) and massive base metal (copper, zinc) ore deposits. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Superior Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Kerfoot, WC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Superior Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM wkerfoot@mtu.edu NR 72 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 18 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 162 EP 184 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500012 ER PT J AU Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML AF Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML TI The deep chlorophyll maximum in Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; nutrient status; phosphorus; Cyclotella ID WATER SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; MICHIGAN PHYTOPLANKTON; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; PACIFIC OCEAN; DYNAMICS; ZOOPLANKTON; CYCLOTELLA; PHOSPHORUS; SINKING AB Summer surveys conducted on Lake Superior from 1996-2001 indicated that a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is a common feature of the offshore waters. The DCM was usually observed in the upper hypolimnion between 23 and 35 m, a region lacking a pronounced density gradient. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the DCM were typically 1.5-2.5 (median = 2.0) times epilinmetic concentrations, although these were associated with minimal or no increases in particulate organic carbon concentrations. Seston carbon:phosphorus ratios were consistently lower in the DCM than in the epilimnion, indicating increased phosphorus content of DCM phytoplankton. This could have resulted from either improved nutrient conditions or light limitation at depth. A phosphorus-rich phytoplankton community at depth could serve as a resource for the large, deep-living calanoid copepods that constitute the majority of summer zooplankton biomass. The phytoplankton communities at the level of the DCM were taxonomically distinguishable from those in the epilimnion, with the most notable difference being a relative reduction in the abundance of Cyclotella species in the DCM. C1 Dyncorp, Sci & Engn Grp, Chicago, IL 60660 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Barbiero, RP (reprint author), Dyncorp, Sci & Engn Grp, 1359 W Elmdale Ave,Suite 2, Chicago, IL 60660 USA. EM gloeotri@sbcglobal.net NR 54 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 256 EP 268 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500018 ER PT J AU Tanner, DK Brazner, JC Brady, VJ Regal, RR AF Tanner, DK Brazner, JC Brady, VJ Regal, RR TI Habitat associations of larval fish in a lake superior coastal wetland SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes coastal wetland; larval fish; habitat; tow-sled; St. Louis/Allouez Bay; Lake Superior ID RUFFE GYMNOCEPHALUS-CERNUUS; STABLE-ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES; FOOD-WEB; MICHIGAN; ASSEMBLAGES; VEGETATION; ABUNDANCE; ONTARIO; MARSH; HURON AB Information on the habitat associations of larval fishes in Great Lakes coastal wetlands (GLCW) is necessary to assist fisheries managers in the protection and management of critical habitats. Coastal wetlands serve as spawning grounds, nurseries, and forage areas for many important Great Lakes fish species. To determine the distribution of larval fish in coastal wetlands with regard to location and vegetation characteristics, we used a larval tow-sled to sample four macrohabitat types (sand-spit, inner and outer marsh, and river) across sparse, moderate, and dense vegetation densities (microhabitat) in Allouez Bay wetland near Lake Superior's western end. We captured 4,806 larval fish representing 16 species between May and August 1996. Allouez Bay is typical of other GLCW in species number and composition. The three most abundant species were spottail shiner (59% of the total catch), yellow perch (20% of total catch), and white sucker (10% of total catch). Significantly more fish and fish species (repeated-measures ANOVA) (p < 0.05) were caught at the sand-spit relative to the outer or inner marsh macrohabitats. Nearly all of the cyprinids and centrarchids were caught at the sand-spit habitat primarily in dense vegetation, while the majority of white suckers and trout-perch were caught in the river in sparse or moderate vegetation. Our study provides evidence for species-specific macrohabitat and microhabitat associations of larval fish in coastal wetlands. We suggest these associations are largely determined by adult spawning requirements and life-history strategies. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effect Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Math Sci, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Tanner, DK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effect Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM tanner.danny@epa.gov NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 21 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 3 BP 349 EP 359 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 862BB UT WOS:000224463400001 ER PT J AU Scharold, JV Lozano, SJ Corry, TD AF Scharold, JV Lozano, SJ Corry, TD TI Status of the amphipod Diporeia spp. in Lake Superior, 1994-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; benthic macro-inertebrates; amphipods; Diporeia; ecological status ID SLIMY SCULPINS; FOOD-WEB; MICHIGAN; ONTARIO; POPULATIONS; REGION; TROUT; ECOLOGY; BURBOT; WATERS AB The amphipod Diporeia spp. is the dominant component of the Great Lakes benthic macroinvertebrate fauna, and plays an important role in the ecosystem. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 (GLWQA) calls for the use of Diporeia as an indicator of ecological condition, with a goal of 220 to 320/m(2) at depths less than 100 m, and 30-160/m(2) at greater depths. To ascertain the status of Diporeia in Lake Superior, a probability-based survey of 27 sites representing the U.S. nearshore (10 to 110 m) waters of Lake Superior was conducted in 1994, and again in 2000. During 1995 to 1998, ten nearshore non-depositional sites and five sites in major depositional basins in the western half of the lake were revisited yearly to examine variability of Diporeia abundance. In 1994, nearshore Diporeia abundance ranged from 550 to 5500/m(2), and the entire nearshore area met or exceeded the GLWQA ecosystem objective. In 2000, abundance ranged from less than 10 to 2,800/m(2), and 11% of the nearshore area did not meet the GLWQA objective. The area that did not meet the GLWQA objective was located in the eastern half of the lake. Examination of yearly abundance data in the western half of Lake Superior did not reveal a significant trend at nearshore or offshore sites. Although Diporeia abundance in the eastern half of the lake was lower in 2000 than 1994, the severe declines in Diporeia populations that have been observed in the lower Great Lakes are not evident in Lake Superior. Abundances of Diporeia observed in the present study are higher than those reported in the 1970s by a factor of seven. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Scharold, JV (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM scharold.jill@epa.gov NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 360 EP 368 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500025 ER PT J AU Johnson, TB Hoff, MH Trebitz, AS Bronte, CR Corry, TD Kitchell, JF Lozano, SJ Mason, DM Scharold, JV Schram, ST Schreiner, DR AF Johnson, TB Hoff, MH Trebitz, AS Bronte, CR Corry, TD Kitchell, JF Lozano, SJ Mason, DM Scharold, JV Schram, ST Schreiner, DR TI Spatial patterns in assemblage structures of pelagic forage fish and zooplankton in western Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; zooplankton; lake herring; rainbow smelt; deepwater cisco; abundance; biomass ID CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; HETEROGENEITY; PREDATION; COMMUNITY; PLANKTON AB We assessed abundance, size, and species composition of forage fish and zooplankton communities of western Lake Superior during August 1996 and July 1997. Data were analyzed for three ecoregions (Duluth-Superior, Apostle Islands, and the open lake) differing in bathymetry and linmological and biological patterns. Zooplankton abundance was three times higher in the Duluth-Superior and Apostle Islands regions than in the open lake due to the large numbers of rotifers. Copepods were far more abundant than Cladocera in all ecoregions. Mean zooplankton size was larger in the open lake due to dominance by large calanoid copepods although size of individual taxa was similar among ecoregions. Forage fish abundance and biomass was highest in the Apostle Islands region and lowest in the open lake ecoregion. Lake herring (Coregonus artedi), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and deepwater ciscoes (Coregonus spp.) comprised over 90% of the abundance and biomass of fishes caught in midwater trawls and recorded with hydroacoustics. Growth and condition of fish was good, suggesting they were not resource limited. Fish and zooplankton assemblages differed among the three ecoregions of western Lake Superior, due to a combination of physical and linmological factors related to bathymetry and landscape position. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Lake Superior Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Lake Superior Area Fisheries Program, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Johnson, TB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, 680 N Pk St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM tim.johnson@mnr.gov.on.ca OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243 NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 395 EP 406 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500028 ER PT J AU Johnson, TB Brown, WP Corry, TD Hoff, MH Scharold, JV Trebitz, AS AF Johnson, TB Brown, WP Corry, TD Hoff, MH Scharold, JV Trebitz, AS TI Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) diets in western Lake Superior SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; lake herring; rainbow smelt; diet; zooplankton ID FISH; FOOD; ZOOPLANKTON; SUPPORT AB We describe the diets of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in western Lake Superior during the summers of 1996 and 1997. Both species consumed predominantly (> 71 % by number) zooplankton, showing a preference for larger taxa. Diet overlap between the two species was low (Schoener's index = 0.42). Mysis was most important in rainbow smelt diets, whereas Diaptomus sicilis was most important in lake herring diets. Rainbow smelt selected larger taxa, and larger individuals within a taxon when compared to take herring, although rainbow smelt tended to be smallerfish. Fish diets have changed relative to previous studies and may be reflecting changes in the zooplankton community. Continued changes in the fish and zooplankton community will alter predatorprey and energetic pathways, ultimately affecting growth and production of the ecosystem. C1 Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Lake Erie Fisheries Stn, Wheatley, ON N0P 2P0, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Geol Survey, Lake Superior Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Johnson, TB (reprint author), Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Lake Erie Fisheries Stn, RR 2,320 Milo Rd, Wheatley, ON N0P 2P0, Canada. EM tim.johnson@mnr.gov.on.ca NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 SU 1 BP 407 EP 413 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 911GV UT WOS:000227991500029 ER PT J AU Brazner, JC Campana, SE Tanner, DK Schram, ST AF Brazner, JC Campana, SE Tanner, DK Schram, ST TI Reconstructing habitat use and wetland nursery origin of yellow perch from Lake Superior using otolith elemental analysis SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE elemental fingerprints; yellow perch; Perca flavescens; otolith; sagittae; lapilli; Great Lakes coastal wetlands; Lake Superior; nursery areas; habitat use ID MIXED-STOCK ANALYSIS; RIVER STRIPED BASS; FISH OTOLITHS; COASTAL WETLANDS; HUDSON RIVER; ARAGONITIC OTOLITHS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; ANGUILLA-JAPONICA; JAPANESE EEL; GREAT-LAKES AB The use of otolith elemental composition as a natural tag has emerged as a powerful tool for managing and understanding the ecology of marine fish populations. The approach remains relatively untested in fresh waters, so we examined its utility for reconstructing habitat use and wetland nursery origin in Lake Superior. We analyzed the otolith margin of adult yellow perch, Perca flavescens, as an indicator of recently occupied habitat, and the juvenile region of the otolith core as an indicator of nursery area. To characterize elemental fingerprints, all otolith samples were analyzed for Ca and 13 minor and trace elements using mass spectrometry. We found differences in the otolith concentrations of several elements between yellow perch inhabiting coastal wetlands and those inhabiting the adjacent nearshore waters of Chequamegon Bay. The most striking difference was the high concentration of Sr in the sagittal margins of wetland-caught fish relative to those captured in the bay. Based on differences in otolith Sr concentrations alone, fish from bay and wetland habitats could be distinguished with 100% accuracy. We also found that elemental fingerprints derived from otolith cores of adult yellow perch were similar among fish captured from wetlands adjacent to Chequamegon Bay but quite distinct for one site outside of the bay, suggesting these fish came from a separate population from those in Chequamegon Bay. Overall, these results encourage us that elemental fingerprinting techniques will be useful for estimating the relative importance of different coastal wetland habitats to wetland-dependent species in the Great Lakes. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bayfield, WI 54814 USA. RP Brazner, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM brazner.john@epa.gov RI Campana, Steven/C-3420-2013 OI Campana, Steven/0000-0001-8802-3976 NR 50 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 4 BP 492 EP 507 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 896RU UT WOS:000226952000003 ER PT J AU Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML AF Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML TI Long-term dreissenid impacts on water clarity in Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Dreissena; Secchi depth; turbidity; chlorophyll ID ZEBRA MUSSEL; GREAT-LAKES; POLYMORPHA; PHYTOPLANKTON; RESUSPENSION; DISPERSAL; SEDIMENTS AB Since shortly after their introduction, dreissenid mussels have been thought to have improved water clarity in Lake Erie, particularly in the western basin. However, long-term monitoring (1982-2004) has found no evidence of persistent, basin-wide increases in water clarity in either the western or the central basin of Lake Erie since the Dreissena invasion. In fact, spring water clarity in both of those basins has exhibited statistically significant declines in the post-dreissenid period. In contrast, chlorophyll a levels in the western basin have declined by about 50% since the Dreissena invasion during both spring and summer. The discrepancy in the responses of water clarity and chlorophyll a is probably a consequence of both the large sediment loads entering the western basin and resuspension of unassimilated non-algal particulates. In the eastern basin, spring transparency has increased substantially and turbidity has decreased since Dreissena colonization, in spite of the much greater depth of this basin. This is probably due to higher mussel densities and the lack of major sources of turbidity in that basin. Summer turbidity, has also decreased markedly in the eastern basin, although thermal stratification during this period would probably preclude direct filtration effects. Instead, we hypothesize that reductions in whiting events due to calcium uptake by dreissenids have contributed to the summer decreases in turbidity, seen in the eastern basin. C1 CSC, Chicago, IL 60660 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Barbiero, RP (reprint author), CSC, 1359 W Elmdale Ave,Suite 2, Chicago, IL 60660 USA. EM gloeotri@sisna.com NR 26 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 23 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 4 BP 557 EP 565 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 896RU UT WOS:000226952000009 ER PT J AU Fujita, Y Motoyama, T Li, T Miyazaki, A Yokoi, T Tsuda, Y Ambo, A Sasaki, Y Bryant, SD Lazarus, LH Okada, Y AF Fujita, Y. Motoyama, T. Li, T. Miyazaki, A. Yokoi, T. Tsuda, Y. Ambo, A. Sasaki, Y. Bryant, S. D. Lazarus, L. H. Okada, Y. TI THE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF DMT-NH-X ON OPIOID RECEPTOR AFFINITY SO JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Fujita, Y.; Li, T.; Yokoi, T.; Tsuda, Y.; Okada, Y.] Kobe Gakuin Univ, Grad Sch Food & Med Sci, Kobe, Hyogo 65121, Japan. [Motoyama, T.; Miyazaki, A.; Yokoi, T.; Tsuda, Y.; Okada, Y.] Kobe Gakuin Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. [Yokoi, T.; Tsuda, Y.; Okada, Y.] Kobe Gakuin Univ, High Technol Res Ctr, Kobe, Hyogo 65121, Japan. [Ambo, A.; Sasaki, Y.] Tohoku Pharmaceut Univ, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. [Bryant, S. D.; Lazarus, L. H.] Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, LCBRA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1075-2617 J9 J PEPT SCI JI J. Pept. Sci. PY 2004 VL 10 BP 244 EP 244 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA V05MV UT WOS:000207131001365 ER PT J AU Golub, MS Doherty, JD AF Golub, MS Doherty, JD TI Triphenyltin as a potential human endocrine disruptor SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS; ILYANASSA-OBSOLETA; MUD SNAIL; IN-VITRO; RATS; ACETATE; TRIBUTYLTIN; CHLORIDE; TOXICITY; HYDROXIDE AB Organotin compounds have been implicated as reproductive toxicants and endocrine disruptors primarily through studies in aquatic organisms, with little information available in mammals. Among the organotins, aryltins have been less studied than alkyltins. Extensive data is available on mammalian developmental and reproductive toxicity of one aryltin compound, triphenyltin (TPT), from toxicity studies conducted in connection with the registration of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) as a pesticide and supporting publications from the open literature. Indications of adverse functional and morphological effects on the reproductive tract of rats were reported in a dose range of 1.4-20 mg/kg/d. Gonadal histopathology (both ovaries and testes) and infertility were affected at the higher doses, while reproductive-tract cancer, smaller litter sizes, and reproductive organ weights were affected at the lower end of the dose range. In vitro studies indicate that TPT can directly activate androgen receptor-mediated transcription and inhibit enzymes that are involved in steroid hormone metabolism. These data suggest that the aryltin TPT can be active as a reproductive toxicant in mammals and may be a human endocrine disruptor. C1 Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Sacramento, CA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Golub, MS (reprint author), CalEPA, OEHHA, RCHAS, POB 4010, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA. EM mgolub@oehha.ca.gov NR 70 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 4 BP 281 EP 295 DI 10.1080/10937400490452705 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 818BD UT WOS:000221219700002 PM 15205045 ER PT J AU Chernoff, N Rogers, JM AF Chernoff, N Rogers, JM TI Supernumerary ribs in developmental toxicity bioassays and in human populations: Incidence and biological significance SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; CERVICAL RIBS; MATERNAL TOXICITY; RETINOIC ACID; CD-1 MOUSE; AXIAL SKELETAL; DOSE-RESPONSE; HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS; VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS; CONGENITAL-ANOMALIES AB Supernumerary or accessory ribs (SNR), either lumbar (LR) or cervical (CR), are a common finding in standard developmental toxicology bioassays. The biological significance of these anomalies within the regulatory arena has been problematic and the subject of some debate. In rodents, the spontaneous incidence of SNR is species and strain related and ranges from <1% to >30%. Compound-induced LR are induced by a wide variety of chemical and physical agents when pregnant animals are exposed during specific gestational periods. A significant portion of the agent-induced LR may be due to maternal factors, as it has been shown that stress alone will induce LR in rodents. SNR are not isolated phenomena and signify basic alterations in the architecture of the axial skeleton. LR are associated with longer ribs, increased numbers of vertebrosternal ribs, and the presence of extra presacral vertebrae ("anteriorization"). CR are associated with reduced numbers of vertebrosternal ribs ("posteriorization"). It is evident that SNR are not a single anomaly, but consist of two unrelated structures: an extra rib that has a cartilaginous segment at the distal end, and an ossification site that lacks cartilage. These have a bimodal size distribution, with the population of extra ribs being significantly longer than the ossification sites, and 0.6 mm can be used as an approximate length for distinguishing the two populations in mice. Extra ribs are permanent structures in contrast to ossification sites that disappear postnatally, probably becoming part of the lateral transverse vertebral processes. SNR are also found in humans although, in contrast to laboratory species, CR are more commonly noted. SNR are associated with adverse heath effects, and CR with inducing thoracic outlet disease characterized by diminished blood flow and altered position of the ganglia and nerve roots in the area of the C7-T1 vertebrae. LR are associated with lower back pain and L4-5 degeneration. The incidence of CR is greatly reduced in adult humans as compared to fetuses, and it has been hypothesized that fetal "SNR" may be largely composed of ossification sites that disappear postnatally. The mechanisms involved in the formation of extra ribs are not understood at this time, although the fact that the early sensitive periods for their initiation during embryogenesis is coupled with the associated changes in the axial skeleton argues for their induction being due to fundamental changes in gene expression. The sum of the experimental evidence supports the idea of SNR being composed of two different structures: extra ribs that are permanent dysmorphological structures that may be induced by xenobiotics and/or maternal stress, and ossification sites that may be transient variations in the formation of the lateral processes of the vertebrae. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chernoff, N (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM chernoff.neil@epa.gov NR 83 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PY 2004 VL 7 IS 6 BP 437 EP 449 DI 10.1080/10937400490512447 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 859PJ UT WOS:000224280100002 PM 15586878 ER PT B AU Shuster, WD Zhang, Y Bonta, J Thurston, H Warnemuende, E AF Shuster, WD Zhang, Y Bonta, J Thurston, H Warnemuende, E BE Huang, G Pereira, LS TI Comprehensive research and impacts of management of imperviousness on watershed hydrology SO Land and Water Management: Decision Tools and Practices, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Environment and Water CY OCT 11-14, 2004 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Agr niv, Natl Ctr Efficient Irrigat Engn & Technol Res, CIGR Sect I Land & Water Engn DE hydrologic cycle; impervious surface; urbanization; stormwater management; best management practice; in-situ assessment; economic incentive ID URBANIZATION; URBAN; FLOW; DISTURBANCE; RUNOFF; FLOODS; SYSTEM AB Impervious surface is one of the primary agents of hydrologic change in urbanizing watersheds., However, the impact of impervious surfaces on hydrologic cycles and terrestrial ecological regimes are not well understood, hampering effective management of these impacts. We have identified two areas of research focus, the first is in-situ assessment of the alteration of hydrologic cycle in response to urbanization, and the second is a systemic, low-cost participatory approach to managing storm water runoff at the watershed scale. The United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) - National Risk Management Research Laboratory(NRMRL) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) -Agricultural Research Service(ARS) have initiated a pilot program to study the impacts of different extents and geometries of simulated impervious surface on experimental watersheds located at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio( USA). As a complement to the experimental investigation of fundamental processes in urban hydrology, we explore distributed stormwater management practices that may mitigate the deleterious impacts of stormwater flows in a previously developed 150 hectare residential neighborhood where impervious surface impacts are typically left unmitigated. Here, we use an urban watershed as a pilot study to determine whether parcel-level Best Management Practices( BMPs; e. g., rain gardens) can be implemented throughout the residential areas, and on the basis of an economic incentive program, which itself centers on trading detention responsibility among parcel holders to achieve a preset watershed-level cap on runoff. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Rick Management Res Lab, Sustainable environm Branch ML498, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Shuster, WD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Rick Management Res Lab, Sustainable environm Branch ML498, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 10 PU CHINA AGRICULTURAL UNIV PI BEIJING PA YUANMINGYUAN XILU 2, HAIDIAN DISTRICT, BEIJING, 100094, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-109-09448-0 PY 2004 BP 527 EP 535 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BCI33 UT WOS:000229506800074 ER PT J AU Lawler, JJ O'Connor, RJ Hunsaker, CT Jones, KB Loveland, TR White, D AF Lawler, JJ O'Connor, RJ Hunsaker, CT Jones, KB Loveland, TR White, D TI The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: a comparison of two land-cover classifications SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bird species richness; Blackcapped Chickadee; classification; House Wren; land-cover; landscape pattern; Ovenbird; Pine Siskin; predictive modeling; Red-eyed Vireo; Savannah Sparrow; USA ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; BIRD SPECIES-DIVERSITY; CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; SPATIAL SCALE; HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS; LANDSCAPE PATTERN; BREEDING BIRDS; RICHNESS; SELECTION; ECOLOGY AB Quantifying patterns is a key element of landscape analysis. One aspect of this quantification of particular importance to landscape ecologists is the classification of continuous variables to produce categorical variables such as land-cover type or elevation stratum. Although landscape ecologists are fully aware of the importance of spatial resolution in ecological investigations, the potential importance of the resolution of classifications has received little attention. Here we demonstrate the effects of using two different land-cover classifications to predict avian species richness and the occurrences of six individual species across the conterminous United States. We compared models built with a data set based on 14 coarsely resolved land-cover variables to models built with a data set based on 160 finely resolved land-cover variables. In general, comparable models built with the two data sets fit the data to similar degrees, but often produced strikingly different predictions in various parts of the country. By comparing the predictions made by pairs of models, we determined in which regions of the US predictions were most sensitive to differences in land-cover classification. In general, these sensitive areas were different for four of the individual species and for predictions of species richness, indicating that alternate classifications will have different effects in the analyses of different ecological phenomena and that these effects will likely vary geographically. Our results lead us to emphasize the importance of the resolution to which continuous variables are classified in the design of ecological studies. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Maine, Margaret Chase Smith Ctr Publ Policy, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Lawler, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM lawler.joshua@epa.gov NR 64 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PY 2004 VL 19 IS 5 BP 515 EP 530 PG 16 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 841OY UT WOS:000222941500005 ER PT J AU Stabenau, ER Zepp, RG Bartels, E Zika, RG AF Stabenau, ER Zepp, RG Bartels, E Zika, RG TI Role of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum as a source of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in coastal south Florida SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Thalassia testudinum; seagrass; CDOM production; coastal ocean color; South Florida; UVR; photobleaching; mass spectra ID APPARENT QUANTUM YIELD; NATURAL-WATERS; ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENT; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DOMINATED LAGOON; B RADIATION; UV-B; MARINE; FLUORESCENCE AB Seagrasses play a variety of important ecological roles in coastal ecosystems. Here we present evidence that seagrass detritus from the widespread species Thalassia testudinum is an important source of ocean color and a UV-protective substance in a low latitude coastal shelf region of the United States. The production and light-induced degradation of chromophoric (sunlight-absorbing) dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from T testudinum was examined under field and controlled laboratory conditions to obtain data that could be used to estimate the contribution of seagrass-derived CDOM to the coastal pool. The laboratory studies measured the temperature dependence and photodegradation of the spectral (UV-visible, fluorescence) and molecular mass properties of CDOM produced during the degradation of T testudinum detritus, The rate of CDOM production is temperature-dependent with rates doubling when temperature increases from 21.4 to 32.6degreesC. The magnitude of this increase is close to the widely observed Q(10) factor for microbial decomposition, indicating that the CDOM production was likely microbially mediated. The absorption coefficients and fluorescence of CDOM from T testudinum decreased on exposure to solar UV radiation (UVR) and the wavelength dependence was determined for this photobleaching process. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Trop Res Lab, Mote Marine Lab, Summerland Key, FL 33042 USA. RP Zepp, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM zepp.richard@epa.gov OI Stabenau, Erik/0000-0002-6574-9317 NR 63 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 282 BP 59 EP 72 DI 10.3354/meps282059 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 880LS UT WOS:000225791900005 ER PT J AU Griffen, BD DeWitt, TH Langdon, C AF Griffen, BD DeWitt, TH Langdon, C TI Particle removal rates by the mud shrimp Upogebia pugettensis, its burrow, and a commensal clam: effects on estuarine phytoplankton abundance SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE suspension feeding; burrowing shrimp; Upogebia pugettensis; Cryptomya californica; Yaquina ID SUSPENSION-FEEDING BIVALVES; CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS THUNBERG; YAQUINA ESTUARY; FILTRATION-RATE; WATER COLUMN; THALASSINIDEA; EFFICIENCY; RETENTION; DECAPODA; FEEDERS AB The burrowing shrimp Upogebia pugettensis is an abundant intertidal invertebrate of Pacific Northwest, USA bays and estuaries where it lives commensally with the bivalve Cryptomya californica. Suspension-feeding activities by the shrimp and by its commensal clam, as well as particle settlement within the burrow, represent 3 different components that could remove phytoplankton from water drawn into shrimp burrows. These 3 components together comprise what we call the 'U pugettensis shrimp-burrow complex'. In laboratory experiments, we measured particle removal by each of these components. Our results indicated that U. pugettensis itself is responsible for filtering the majority of phytoplankton removed by the U. pugettensis shrimp-burrow complex at phytoplankton concentrations of 0.12 mg C l(-1), with filtration by C. californica becoming increasingly important at phytoplankton concentrations of 0.48 mg C l(-1). Particle settlement in the burrow and adhesion to the burrow wall may also be responsible for removal of substantial proportions of phytoplankton. Using results from both laboratory and field experiments, we developed a population filtration model to examine the potential impacts of U. pugettensis shrimp-burrow complexes on phytoplankton in the Yaquina estuary, Newport, Oregon, USA. We showed that U. pugettensis shrimp-burrow complexes in this estuary may be capable of daily filtering the entire body of overlying water. We also examined the potential for food competition between U. pugettensis and other suspension feeders that are found in shrimp habitats, represented in this study by the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Comparison of retention efficiencies of shrimp and oysters indicated that they are both capable of utilizing phytoplankton-sized particles with similar efficiencies and, therefore, may compete for food when phytoplankton abundance is growth-limiting. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, Durham, NH 03878 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coastal Oregon Marine Expt Stn, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Dept Fish & Wildlife, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Griffen, BD (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, 46 Coll Rd, Durham, NH 03878 USA. EM bgriffen@cisunix.unh.edu NR 57 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2004 VL 269 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.3354/meps269223 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 815RT UT WOS:000221060100020 ER PT J AU Budde, WL AF Budde, WL TI Analytical mass spectrometry of herbicides SO MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE herbicide; chemical structure; mass spectrometry; electron ionization; electrospray; atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; gas chromatography; reversed-phase liquid chromatography; capillary electrophoresis ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PRESSURE CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRILLION LEVEL DETERMINATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; IMIDAZOLINONE HERBICIDES; SURFACE-WATER; AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID; MULTIRESIDUE DETERMINATION; SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDES AB Herbicides are chemical substances that are applied to agricultural soils, gardens, lawns, or plants to destroy or to prevent the growth of undesirable vegetation. The herbicides included in this review are generally synthetic organic compounds that are ingredients in commercial herbicide products that were designated active during late 2002 in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's database of registered and canceled pesticide products. The compounds are organized into 21 categories according to their general chemical structures or a common structural group. The herbicides in each category are discussed in terms of their structures, their database electron ionization mass spectra, and their amenability to separation and measurement with gas chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. Ionization techniques that are considered here are mainly electron ionization, electrospray, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Sixty-six references are provided to herbicide reviews, and to the recent herbicide analytical chemistry and mass spectrometry research literature. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin L King,Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 62 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 16 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0277-7037 J9 MASS SPECTROM REV JI Mass Spectrom. Rev. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1002/mas.10070 PG 24 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 756HA UT WOS:000187458700001 PM 14625889 ER PT J AU Badr, MZ Birnbaum, LS AF Badr, MZ Birnbaum, LS TI Enhanced potential for oxidative stress in livers of senescent rats by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist perfluorooctanoic acid SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE liver; rats; PPAR agonists ID HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS; BETA-OXIDATION; HUMAN-DISEASE; FREE-RADICALS; NAFENOPIN; HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INVOLVEMENT; WY-14,643; INCREASE AB Aging sensitizes the liver to the hepatocarcinogenic effect of PPARalpha agonists via unknown mechanisms. This study was designed to investigate age-dependent, hepatic effects of the non-metabolizable PPARalpha agonist perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on the delicate balance between activities of pathways involved in H2O2 production and elimination. Male Fischer-344 rats, ranging in age from juvenile (4 weeks old), post puberty (10 weeks old), mature adulthood (20 weeks old), middle age (50 weeks old), to senescence (100 weeks old), were treated intragastrically with either 150 mg PFOA/kg in 0.5 ml corn oil, or with corn oil alone. Animals were sacrificed at predetermined time-points ranging from 0-28 days post PFOA or oil administration. Hepatic peroxisomal beta-oxidizing activities were significantly elevated (four- to six-fold) in all age groups by PFOA. While levels declined to near basal values within 3-7 days in 4 and 10, they remained elevated for an additional week in 20-, 50- and 100-week-old rats. However, catalase activity was significantly lower in senescent livers compared with all other groups. In conclusion, aging does not appear to hinder the capacity of the liver to produce excess H2O2 through peroxisomal beta-oxidation upon exposure to PPAR agonists. However, the reduced ability of the senescent liver to recover from PFOA-induced potential increase in H2O2 production, coupled with the apparent diminished capacity of this liver to decompose H2O2, enhances the potential for hepatic oxidative damage in aged animals. This may explain the enhanced susceptibility of the senescent liver to the hepatocarcinogenic effect of PPAR agonists. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Badr, MZ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, 2411 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. EM badrm@umkc.edu NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing Dev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 125 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1016/j.mad.2003.10.006 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 768DU UT WOS:000188514100008 PM 14706239 ER PT J AU Shi, XL Castranova, V Vallyathan, V Sonawane, B AF Shi, XL Castranova, V Vallyathan, V Sonawane, B TI Untitled - Preface SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Shi, XL (reprint author), NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Shi, Xianglin/B-8588-2012 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 255 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000007426.67784.91 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 751LP UT WOS:000187068800001 ER PT J AU Chiu, A Katz, AJ Beaubier, J Chiu, N Shi, XL AF Chiu, A Katz, AJ Beaubier, J Chiu, N Shi, XL TI Genetic and cellular mechanisms in chromium and nickel carcinogenesis considering epidemiologic findings SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and carcinogenesis CY SEP 08-11, 2002 CL MORGANTOWN, VIRGINIA DE chromium; nickel; industrial carcinogens; oncogenes; lung cancer; valency states; physiologic mechanisms; epidemiology; electron spin resonance; drosophila; somatic recombination; wing spot assay ID CHROMIUM(VI)-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE; ELECTRON-PARAMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; HYDROXYL RADICAL GENERATION; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; LOW-FREQUENCY EPR; WHOLE LIVE MICE; WING SPOT-TEST; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SOMATIC-MUTATION AB Genetic and environmental interactions determine cancer risks but some cancer incidence is primarily a result of inherited genetic deficits alone. Most cancers have an occupational, viral, nutritional, behavioral or iatrogenic etiology. Cancer can sometimes be controlled through broad public health interventions including industrial hygiene and engineering controls. Chromium and nickel are two human carcinogens associated with industrial exposures where public health measures apparently work. Carcinogenic mechanisms of these metals are examined by electron-spin-resonance-spectroscopy and somatic-mutation-and-recombination in Drosophila melanogaster in this report. Both metals primarily affect initiation processes in cancer development suggesting important theoretical approaches to prevention and followup. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Normal, IL 61761 USA. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chiu, A (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, RF8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Shi, Xianglin/B-8588-2012 NR 106 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 255 IS 1-2 BP 181 EP 194 DI 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000007274.25052.82 PG 14 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 751LP UT WOS:000187068800021 PM 14971659 ER PT J AU Hunt, CR Dix, DJ Sharma, GG Pandita, RK Gupta, A Funk, M Pandita, TK AF Hunt, CR Dix, DJ Sharma, GG Pandita, RK Gupta, A Funk, M Pandita, TK TI Genomic instability and enhanced radiosensitivity in Hsp70.1-and Hsp70.3-deficient mice SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; NORMAL HUMAN-CELLS; TELOMERASE ACTIVITY; IONIZING-RADIATION; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; LIFE-SPAN; POSTCONFLUENCE INHIBITION; CATALYTIC SUBUNIT; END ASSOCIATIONS; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR AB Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved among all organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In mice, the HSP genes Hsp70.1 and Hsp70.3 are induced by both endogenous and exogenous stressors, such as heat and toxicants. In order to determine whether such proteins specifically influence genomic instability, mice deficient for Hsp70.1 and Hsp70.3 (Hsp70.1/3(-/-) mice) were generated by gene targeting. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) prepared from Hsp70.1/3 (-/-) mice did not synthesize Hsp70.1 or Hsp70.3 after heat-induced stress. While the Hsp70.1/3(-/-) mutant mice were fertile, their cells displayed genomic instability that was enhanced by heat treatment. Cells from Hsp70.1/3(-/-) mice also display a higher frequency of chromosome end-to-end associations than do control Hsp70.1/3(+/+) cells. To determine whether observed genomic instability was related to defective chromosome repair, Hsp70.1/3(-/-) and Hsp70.1/3(+/+) fibroblasts were treated with ionizing radiation (IR) alone or heat and IR. Exposure to IR led to more residual chromosome aberrations, radioresistant DNA synthesis (a hallmark of genomic instability), increased cell killing, and enhanced IR-induced oncogenic transformation in Hsp70.1/3(-/-) cells. Heat treatment prior to IR exposure enhanced cell killing, S-phase-specific chromosome damage, and the frequency of transformants in Hsp70.1/3(-/-) cells in comparison to Hsp70.1/3(+/+) cells. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate for the first time that Hsp70.1 and Hsp70.3 have an,essential role in maintaining genomic stability under stress conditions. C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pandita, TK (reprint author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, 4511 Forest Pk St, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. EM pandita@radonc.wustl.edu FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS 34746, R01 NS034746] NR 53 TC 147 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0270-7306 J9 MOL CELL BIOL JI Mol. Cell. Biol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 24 IS 2 BP 899 EP 911 DI 10.1128/MCB.24.2.899-911.2004 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 764MT UT WOS:000188211200037 PM 14701760 ER PT J AU Srinivas, G Annab, LA Gopinath, G Banerji, A Srinivas, P AF Srinivas, G Annab, LA Gopinath, G Banerji, A Srinivas, P TI Antisense blocking of BRCA1 enhances sensitivity to plumbagin but not tamoxifen in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE ovarian cancer; BRCA1; plumbagin; tamoxifen; apoptosis ID APOPTOSIS-INDUCING FACTOR; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR ACTIVITY; SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE BRCA1; GROWTH IN-VITRO; BREAST-CANCER; DNA-DAMAGE; INHIBITION; EXPRESSION; EMODIN; DEATH AB Previous studies have shown that reduction in BRCA1 mRNA and protein can result in increased proliferation of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, suggesting that BRCA1 may normally act as a growth inhibitor in these cells. Also, there are other reports that suggest that wild-type BRCA1 protein may repress estrogen receptor (ER) function either directly or indirectly. However, response to antiestrogen drugs in BRCA1-blocked ER-positive ovarian cancer cells has not been reported, and this served as the rationale for this study. We analyzed the effect of tamoxifen, emodin, and plumbagin in BRCA1-blocked ER-positive BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. For all three drugs, BRCA1-blocked cells were more sensitive than the corresponding control cells as assessed by MTT assay; however, only plumbagin showed a statistically significant difference in mean viability (P<0.05). All three drugs induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (&UDelta;&UPsi;(m)), nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and morphological changes, as observed after 6 h of drug treatment, suggesting apoptosis induction in both BRCA1-blocked and control cells. However, apoptosis induction was greater in BRCA1-blocked cells, the efficacy being in the order of plumbagin > tamoxifen > emodin. The dose of plumbagin needed to kill 50% was 5 muM in the control cells and 2.68 muM for the BRCA1-blocked cells, indicating that the latter was about twofold more sensitive to plumbagin than the wild-type cells. This throws light on the fact that plumbagin may have chemotherapeutic potential as an anticancer agent in BRCA1-mutated ovarian cancer patients. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Rajiv Gandhi Ctr Biotechnol, Div Canc Biol, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Calicut, Dept Biotechnol, Calicut 673635, Kerala, India. Reg Res Lab, Phytochem Res Unit, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. RP Srinivas, P (reprint author), Rajiv Gandhi Ctr Biotechnol, Div Canc Biol, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India. RI TVM, NIIST/E-5132-2012 OI TVM, NIIST/0000-0002-5814-466X NR 59 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-1987 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 DI 10.1002/mc.10164 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA 762JQ UT WOS:000187968800003 PM 14694444 ER PT S AU Hornung, MW Flynn, KM Johnson, RD Cook, PM Nichols, JW AF Hornung, MW Flynn, KM Johnson, RD Cook, PM Nichols, JW BE Periasamy, A TI Use of multiphoton laser scanning microscopy to image benzo[a]pyrene and metabolites in fish eggs SO MULTIPHOTON MICROSCOPY IN THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences IV CY JAN 25-27, 2004 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, Bio-Rad Lab Inc, Carl Zeiss Inc, Chroma Technol Corp, Coherent Inc, Nikon Inc, Omega Opt Inc, Spectra-Phys Inc DE multiphoton; imaging; benzo[a]pyrene; metabolites; tissue distribution; fish; polyaromatic hydrocarbons AB Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) is a promising tool to study the tissue distribution of environmental chemical contaminants during fish early life stages. One such chemical for which this is possible is benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that absorbs strongly at UV wavelengths and fluoresces following multiphoton excitation. BaP is enzymatically converted to hydroxylated metabolites, which are further modified to more polar conjugates. To determine whether fluorsecent signal from parent compound and metabolites could be differentiated by MPLSM, multiphoton excitation spectra were determined from 730-880 nm using a tunable Ti:Sapphire laser. BaP-3-hydroxy (BaP-3-OH) was the most fluorescent and the two conjugated metabolites, BaP-3-sulfate and BaP-3-glucuronide, exhibited fluorescence intensity intermediate between BaP and BaP-3-OH. For example, at 760 rim. the fluorescence of conjugated metabolites was four-fold greater, while BaP-3-OH exhibited 16-fold greater fluorescent intensity than BaP. At wavelengths longer than 830 nm there was no excitation of BaP above background. Spectral differences at the longer wavelengths were used to detect the presence of the primary metabolite BaP-3-OH in the presence of parent or conjugated metabolites in fish egg homogenates. Thus, multiphoton excitation spectral characteristics can provide a means to follow the tissue distribution of parent and metabolite in developing fish. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Hornung, MW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5231-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5323 BP 400 EP 407 DI 10.1117/12.529321 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Microscopy; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Microscopy; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BAN20 UT WOS:000222940200046 ER PT J AU Levin, ED Brunssen, S Wolfe, GW Harry, GJ AF Levin, ED Brunssen, S Wolfe, GW Harry, GJ TI Neurobehavioral assessment of mice after developmental AZT exposure SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE azidothymidine; AZT; prenatal; learning; mice ID RADIAL-ARM MAZE; ALPHA-4-BETA-2 NICOTINIC RECEPTORS; LONG RETENTION INTERVALS; ANTI-HIV DRUGS; WORKING-MEMORY; SPATIAL MEMORY; ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT; AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR; HIPPOCAMPAL ALPHA-7; PRENATAL EXPOSURE AB Azidothymidine (AZT) is administered to pregnant women with HIV to prevent the spread of infection to their fetuses. Since gestation is a period of critical neurodevelopment, it is important to determine the risk AZT exposure may pose to neurobehavioral function of the offspring. The current study focused on teratological risks of developmental AZT exposure to neurocognitive function. Male and female Swiss mice were administered AZT or vehicle (0, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day po given twice daily in equal amounts for 32 weeks before and during gestation). Adult male and female offspring (n = 10/sex/treatment group) underwent neurobehavioral testing focused on determining learning and memory capabilities in the radial-arm maze. AZT exposure did not cause significant deficits during radial-arm maze acquisition. No impairment was seen in asymptotic levels of choice accuracy indicative of working memory function. Attempts to unmask subtle learning impairments following developmental AZT by the introduction of behavioral challenges such as reduction of motivational state (food restriction either 4-6 h or 22-24 h) or imposition of intrasession delays of 1.5 min to 2.5 h were unsuccessful. With a 4-week intersession delay, a significant AZT Treatment X Delay effect was seen with a significantly greater decline seen in the controls as compared to the 100 mg/kg/day AZT group. Locomotor activity on the radial-arm maze was significantly affected by AZT treatment (100 mg/kg/day) during the acquisition phase, but not during the other test phases. No behavioral alterations were seen related to stress as measured by the elevated plus maze. Vestibulomotor functioning on the balance beam remained unaltered. Using an extended dosing regimen including dosing of both sires and dams, as well as placing a greater demand on reproductive system performance with three continuous breedings, this study detected only subtle neurobehavioral impairments in mice after prenatal AZT exposure at clinically relevant doses. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. TherImmune Inc, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Levin, ED (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Box 3412, Durham, NC 27710 USA. EM edlevin@duke.edu NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1016/j.ntt.2003.10.001 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 803NG UT WOS:000220237200007 PM 15001215 ER PT J AU Samsam, TE Gadrinab, LG Bushnell, PJ AF Samsam, TE Gadrinab, LG Bushnell, PJ TI Toxicological evaluation of the staircase test for assessing fine motor movements SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE staircase test; skilled reaching; harmaline; methyl scopolamine; scopolamine; 2,4-dithiobiuret ID RATS; SCOPOLAMINE; TREMOR; PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIOR; MONKEY; MODEL; LIMB AB A variety of tests have been developed to study neurotoxicant-related changes in motor function. However, despite recent advances, there remains a need for simple and specific tests of fine motor movements. Accordingly, we chose to evaluate whether a method developed for measuring changes in skilled movements following motor pathway lesions in rodents would provide a sensitive, specific, and economical approach to assessing fine motor control in the toxicology laboratory. We measured skilled paw reaching using the "staircase test" developed by Montoya et al. [Prog. Brain Res. 82 (1990) 459], in which a rat retrieves food pellets by reaching down from a central platform to a series of descending steps on either side, grasping the pellets in its forepaw, and lifting them to its mouth. Staircase boxes were scaled for the body weights of young adult male (350 g) and female (250 g) Long-Evans rats. Studies were conducted using harmaline, a tremorigen; scopolamine; methyl scopolamine; and 2,4-dithiobiuret (DTB), a compound that causes muscle weakness by interfering with cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Harmaline (0, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) reduced pellet retrieval only at a dose that also caused visible tremor. Both scopolamine (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) and methyl scopolamine (0, 0.104, 0.312, and 1.04 mg/kg) impaired pellet retrieval; scopolamine was more effective than methyl scopolamine. DTB (5 daily doses of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/kg) had no effect on retrieval, even when causing visible signs of weakness. These data cast doubt on the utility of this method for detecting and quantifying subtle chemical-induced changes in motor function in rats. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bushnell.philip@epa.gov NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 EI 1872-9738 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 26 IS 1 BP 113 EP 120 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(03)00093-X PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 803NG UT WOS:000220237200012 PM 15001220 ER PT J AU Campbell, DE AF Campbell, DE TI Evaluation and emergy analysis of the Cobscook Bay ecosystem SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Review ID MAINE; COMMUNITIES; FISHES; FOOD; PRODUCTIVITY; BIOMASS; MARINE; FUNDY AB A naturally eutrophic, estuarine ecosystem with many unique features has developed in Cobscook Bay over the past four thousand years under the influence of six meter tides and rich flows of nitrogen from the deep waters of the Gulf of Maine. In this paper, measurements of primary production and water column properties made in the Bay from 1995 to 1996 and information from past studies are used to construct an energy systems model of the Bay's ecosystem and to evaluate the annual flows of energy and matter coursing through this network. The properties of this ecosystem network were analyzed in terms of the solar emjoules (emergy) required to support primary and secondary production. In Cobscook Bay there is an extraordinary convergence of emergy, 7.4E+12 sej m(-2), from renewable sources. This level of emergy is one of the highest natural empower densities that we have found. Eighty-four percent of this emergy is from the tides and wave action. Transformities calculated in this analysis show that emergy is being used, most effectively, to support populations of large brown alga, i.e., Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, and Laminaria longicruris, and the diverse community of benthic organisms that thrive in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zone along the shore. Phytoplankton production is less efficient apparently due to light limitation, but phytoplankton and resuspended benthic microalgae support highly productive beds of filter feeders. Empower density in Cobscook Bay is similar to that required elsewhere for intensive fish culture; therefore, aquaculture may be a good human use of the rich convergence of natural emergy found there. The nitrogen entering Cobscook Bay from salmon culture is 19% of the net annual flux of new nitrogen entering from the coastal waters. The Bay's great resource wealth supports economic activities such as salmon culture and commercial dragging for scallops and urchins that, in turn, alter the concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediments locally in the Bay and may cause increased sedimentation and changing benthic communities in the Bay as a whole. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Campbell, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM campbell.dan@epamail.epa.gov NR 123 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 5 U2 14 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2004 VL 11 SI 2 BP 355 EP 424 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2004)11[355:EAEAOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 70 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 954CS UT WOS:000231132300017 ER PT J AU Larsen, PF Campbell, DE AF Larsen, PF Campbell, DE TI Ecosystem modeling in Cobscook Bay, Maine: A summary, perspective, and look forward SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB In the mid-1990s, an interdisciplinary, multi-institutional team of scientists was assembled to address basic issues concerning biological productivity and the unique co-occurrence of many unusual ecological features in Cobscook Bay, ME. Cobscook Bay is a geologically complex, macrotidal system located on the international border at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy. The strategy adopted by the scientific team was to synthesize the known information on Cobscook Bay, focus new field research on information needs related to basic forcing functions and biological primary productivity, and organize the information in an energy systems model to evaluate the flows of energy and materials through the ecosystem and relate them to the inflows of physical energy using the accounting quantity, emergy. As a consequence of this process, diverse new and existing data have been combined and analyzed, leading to new ways of thinking about the functioning of Cobscook Bay and macrotidal estuaries. The principal finding is that an extraordinary convergence of natural energies creates ideal conditions for supporting the development of ecological organization found in few, if any, other estuarine systems. In this contribution, we review the finding of the component research exercises, discuss their integration into an energy systems model and emergy analysis, and suggest a number of fruitful avenues for future research. C1 Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, W Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, POB 475, W Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. EM plarsen@bigelow.org NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 EI 1938-5307 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2004 VL 11 SI 2 BP 425 EP 438 DI 10.1656/1092-6194(2004)11[425:EMICBM]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 954CS UT WOS:000231132300018 ER PT J AU Dunson, DB Baird, DD Colombo, B AF Dunson, DB Baird, DD Colombo, B TI Increased infertility with age in men and women SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; CUMULATIVE PREGNANCY CURVES; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; FECUNDABILITY; STERILITY; BIRTH; FERTILITY; OVULATION; PROBABILITY; POPULATION AB OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effects of aging on the percentage of outwardly healthy couples who are sterile (completely unable to conceive without assisted reproduction) or infertile (unable to conceive within a year of unprotected intercourse) METHODS: A prospective fecundability study was conducted in a sample of 782 couples recruited from 7 European centers for natural family planning. Women aged 18-40 years were eligible. Daily intercourse records were used to adjust for timing and frequency of intercourse when estimating the per-menstrual-cycle probability of conception. The number of menstrual cycles required to conceive a clinical pregnancy and the probability of sterility and infertility were derived from the estimated fecundability distributions for men and women of different ages. RESULTS: Sterility was estimated at about 1%; this percent did not change with age. ne percentage infertility was estimated at 8% for women aged 19-26 years, 13-14% for women aged 27-34 years and 18% for women aged 35-39 years. Starting in the late 30s, male age was an important factor, with the percentage failing to conceive within 12 cycles increasing from an estimated 18-28% between ages 35 and 40 years. The estimated percentage of infertile couples that would be able to conceive after an additional 12 cycles of trying varied from 43-63% depending on age. CONCLUSION: Increased infertility in older couples is attributable primarily to declines in fertility rates rather than to absolute sterility. Many infertile couples will conceive if they try for an additional year. (C) 2004 byTbc American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Padua, Dept Stat, I-35100 Padua, Italy. RP Dunson, DB (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, MD A3-03,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM dunson1@niehs.nih.gov OI Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 NR 37 TC 148 Z9 157 U1 1 U2 22 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 103 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1097/01.AOG.0000100153.24061.45 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 875IJ UT WOS:000225413400010 PM 14704244 ER PT J AU Day, JW Ko, JY Rybczyk, J Sabins, D Bean, R Berthelot, G Brantley, C Cardoch, L Conner, W Day, JN Englande, AJ Feagley, S Hyfield, E Lane, R Lindsey, J Mistich, J Reyes, E Twilley, R AF Day, JW Ko, JY Rybczyk, J Sabins, D Bean, R Berthelot, G Brantley, C Cardoch, L Conner, W Day, JN Englande, AJ Feagley, S Hyfield, E Lane, R Lindsey, J Mistich, J Reyes, E Twilley, R TI The use of wetlands in the Mississippi Delta for wastewater assimilation: a review SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review ID FORESTED WETLAND; LOUISIANA; ACCRETION; QUALITY; MARSH; SEDIMENT; EFFLUENT; DIEBACK; SYSTEMS; RATES AB The use of wetlands for treatment of wastewaters has a number of important ecological and economic benefits. Adding nutrient rich treated wastewater effluent to selected coastal wetlands results in the following benefits: (1) improved effluent water quality; (2) increased accretion rates to help offset subsidence: (3) increased productivity of vegetation; and (4) financial and energy savings of capital not invested in conventional tertiary treatment systems. We present as case studies results from several wetlands that are receiving secondarily treated wastewater in coastal Louisiana. At one site where sedimentation accumulation was measured, rates of accretion increased significantly after wastewater application began in the treatment site (from 7.8 to 11.4 mm yr(-1)) and approached the estimated rate of regional relative sea level rise (RSLR) (12.0 mm yr(-1)). No corresponding increase was observed in an adjacent control site. This suggests that the application of nutrient-rich wastewater can help coastal wetlands survive sea level rise. In the same site, surface water nutrient reduction, from the effluent inflow to outflow (1600m), ranged from 100% for nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) to 66% for total phosphorus (P). At a second site, a forested wetland that has been receiving wastewater effluent for 50 years, N and P were both reduced by more than 90%. Nutrient reduction is due to three main pathways: burial, denitrification and plant uptake. Dendrochronological analysis at the second site revealed that stem growth increased significantly in the treatment site after wastewater applications began, and was significantly greater than an adjacent control site. Similar increases in productivity have been measured in a number of wetland treatment sites. Economic analyses comparing conventional and wetland systems indicate savings range from $500,000 to $2.6 million. In addition there are substantial energy savings. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Coast & Environm, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Coast & Environm, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Western Washington Univ, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. Louisiana Dept Environm Qual, Baton Rouge, LA USA. USA, Corps Engineers, New Orleans Dist, New Orleans, LA USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clemson Univ, Georgetown, SC USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. Dept Publ Works, Mandeville, LA USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. RP Day, JW (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Coast & Environm, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM johnday@lsu.edu RI Reyes, Enrique/G-3561-2010 OI Reyes, Enrique/0000-0002-7486-1474 NR 60 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2004 VL 47 IS 11-12 BP 671 EP 691 DI 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.12.007 PG 21 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 906DV UT WOS:000227621600007 ER PT J AU Cook, WM Anderson, RM Schweiger, EW AF Cook, WM Anderson, RM Schweiger, EW TI Is the matrix really inhospitable? Vole runway distribution in an experimentally fragmented landscape SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID SPACE-USE RESPONSES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SMALL MAMMALS; MICROTUS-OECONOMUS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SPECIES RICHNESS; MEADOW VOLES; PATCH SIZE; OLD-FIELD; RODENTS AB Habitat fragmentation is a common feature of modern landscapes, with significant impacts on the population densities of and space use by animals. A frequent model system for studying these effects is that of voles (Microtus spp.) and other rodents in experimentally fragmented grasslands. Design of these study sites is motivated by landscape theory, and often assumes that the matrix between discrete experimental habitat patches is inhospitable to focal species. Our census of M. ochrogaster runways in an experimentally fragmented landscape in eastern Kansas indicates that voles make substantial use of the mowed matrix, and that such use increases with degree of habitat fragmentation. Census season (winter, summer) was also an important predictor of observed runway distributions. Our results suggest that voles may have home ranges that include multiple small fragments and also the intervening matrix, leading to overestimates of population density. While the assumption that the matrix is inhospitable in experimentally fragmented habitats may be justified in many cases, studies using the model system of Microtus spp. or ecologically similar rodents in grasslands should incorporate methods that account for use of the matrix. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Kansas Nat Hist Museum, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Biodivers Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Cook, WM (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, POB 873211, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM wcook@asu.edu NR 66 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JAN PY 2004 VL 104 IS 1 BP 5 EP 14 DI 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12761.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 762FY UT WOS:000187962200001 ER PT J AU Blundell, AG AF Blundell, AG TI A review of the CITES listing of big-leaf mahogany SO ORYX LA English DT Review DE chain-of-custody; CITES Appendix II; illegal logging; Latin America; mahogany; Swietenia macrophylla; tropical dry forest ID SWIETENIA-MACROPHYLLA KING; EASTERN AMAZONIA; CHIMANES FOREST; MANAGEMENT; IMPACTS; CONSERVATION; ECOLOGY; SCIENCE; BOLIVIA; FIRE AB Big-leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) is the premier timber species of Latin America. A lack of law enforcement allows widespread illegal logging, and its unsustainable harvest depletes local stocks, necessitating a shift in sources of supply. To better control this exploitation, parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) recently elected to list mahogany on Appendix II. This listing requires exporting countries to verify that each shipment was legally acquired and its harvest was non-detrimental to the survival of mahogany. The CITES listing poses considerable challenges: 1) there is no precedent, as mahogany is the first commonly traded timber species listed on Appendix 11, and 2) given current, unsustainable logging practices, CITES regulations will be difficult to implement. This paper synthesizes information on the conservation and management of mahogany that informed the listing decision, and provides recommendations for implementation, including timber tracking to ensure legality. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20010 USA. RP Blundell, AG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, 3426 16th St NW 308, Washington, DC 20010 USA. EM art.blundell@alum.dartmouth.org NR 45 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0030-6053 J9 ORYX JI Oryx PD JAN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 1 BP 84 EP 90 DI 10.1017/S0030605304000134 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 804FC UT WOS:000220283600015 ER PT S AU Gorham, R Kanchi, S Cowart, B Chari, R Goel, V Sachdeva, Y AF Gorham, R Kanchi, S Cowart, B Chari, R Goel, V Sachdeva, Y GP TRB TI Trade-offs between time, cost, and uncertainty by commuters in hyderabad, India - Stated preference survey assessment SO PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN 11-15, 2004 CL Washington, DC SP Transportat Res Board, US Dept Transportat, US Bur Transportat Stat, US Fed Aviat Adm, US Fed Highway Adm, US Fed Motor Carrier Safety Adm, US Fed Railroad Adm, US FedTransit Adm, US Natl Highway Traff Safety Adm, US Res& Special Programs Adm, NASA, USA Corps Engineers, US Coast Guard, US DOE, US EPA AB In developing countries, air quality assessments that include the transportation sector have tended to focus predominantly on assessing technological solutions to problems associated with vehicle pollutant emissions, energy consumption, and greenhouse gases. This focus can be justified on the basis of the favorable cost-effectiveness, political acceptance, and ease of quantifying technological measures-at least in the short term-but unfortunately it often leads to the exclusion of demand-oriented measures. Further, air quality and pollution policy analysts often use assumptions of exogenously determined travel demand patterns, implicitly excluding many opportunities to look at policies oriented toward travel demand as an air pollution control strategy. The air quality impacts of policy measures to influence vehicle kilometers traveled and mode shares, such as bus rapid transit, are investigated. The approach involves developing coefficients with a stated preference (SP) survey that could be used to test policies with a conventional four-step urban transportation model. The main purpose of the SP survey in this study was to examine traveler trade-offs among time, cost, and reliability (measured as uncertainty in vehicle departure time). Some different methods of measuring reliability were tested during the pilot phase of the survey, as were the actual range of parameter values to be tested. Models were estimated using traveler cohorts based on levels of vehicle ownership. In comparing vehicle owners (cars and two-wheelers) with nonowners, owners were found to be substantially more sensitive to time and reliability while nonowners were more sensitive to price. All groups showed notable sensitivity to reliability. Policy implications of these results are discussed, with a notable conclusion being that demand-oriented measures appear to be a fruitful area for further investigation as air pollution control strategies, even when technological measures show strong effectiveness. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ICF Consulting, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. ICF Consulting, London WC1H 9BB, England. Natl Inst Technol Warangal, Warangal 506004, Andhra Pradesh, India. RITES Consulting Inc, Haryana 122001, India. RP Gorham, R (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave,Mailstop 6406J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-09472-0 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2004 IS 1878 BP 158 EP 163 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BBR04 UT WOS:000227335200019 ER PT B AU Jinsmaa, Y Okada, Y Tsuda, Y Sasaki, Y Ambo, A Bryant, SA Lazarus, LH AF Jinsmaa, Yunden Okada, Yoshio Tsuda, Yuko Sasaki, Yusuke Ambo, Akihio Bryant, Sharon A. Lazarus, Lawrence H. BE Chorev, M Sawyer, TK TI Potent antinociceptive activity by a novel opioid, 3-(3'-dmt-aminopropyl)-6-(4'-dmt-aminobutyl)-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone SO Peptide Revolution: Genomics, Proteomics & Therapeutics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th American Peptide Symposium CY JUL 19-23, 2003 CL BOSTON, MA ID RECEPTOR-BINDING ACTIVITY; PYRAZINONE RING; PEPTIDES; MIMETICS; DMT C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Jinsmaa, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA BN 0-9715560-1-6 PY 2004 BP 669 EP 670 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BEQ46 UT WOS:000238911100281 ER PT J AU Streicher, JJ Culverhouse, WC Dulberg, MS Fornaro, RJ AF Streicher, JJ Culverhouse, WC Dulberg, MS Fornaro, RJ TI Modeling the anatomical distribution of sunlight SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASAL-CELL CARCINOMA; CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT-MELANOMA; SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; WESTERN CANADA MELANOMA; SKIN-CANCER; PERSONAL DOSIMETRY; SUN EXPOSURE; UV-RADIATION; BODY SITES; RISK AB One of the major technical challenges in calculating solar irradiance on the human form has been the complexity of the surface geometry (i.e. the surface-normal vis-a-vis the incident radiation). Over 80% of skin cancers occur on the face, head, neck and back of the hands. The quantification, as well as the mapping of the anatomical distribution of solar radiation on the human form, is essential if we are to study the etiology of skin cancers or cataracts or immune system suppression. Using advances in computer graphics, including high-resolution three-dimensional mathematical representations of the human form, the calculation of irradiance has been attained to subcentimeter precision. Lighting detail included partitioning of direct beam and diffuse skylight, shadowing effects and gradations of model surface illumination depending on model surface geometry and incident light angle. With the incorporation of ray-tracing and irradiance algorithms, the results are not only realistic renderings but also accurate representations of the distribution of light on the subject model. The calculation of light illumination at various receptor points across the anatomy provides information about differential radiant exposure as a function of subject posture, orientation relative to the sun and sun elevation. The integration of a geodesic sun-tracking model into the lighting module enabled simulation of specific sun exposure scenarios, with instantaneous irradiance, as well as the cumulative radiant exposure, calculated for a given latitude, date, time of day and duration. Illustration of instantaneous irradiance or cumulative radiant exposure is achieved using a false-color rendering-mapping light intensity to color-creating irradiance or exposure isopleths. This approach may find application in the determination of the reduction in exposure that one achieves by wearing a hat, shirt or sunglasses. More fundamentally, such an analysis tool could provide improved estimates, of scenario-speciflc dose (i.e. absorbed radiant exposure) needed to develop doser-response functions for sunlight-induced disease. C1 NOAA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Streicher, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Attn Streicher,Mail Drop E243-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM streicher.jolin@epa.gov NR 46 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 79 IS 1 BP 40 EP 47 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb09855.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 765GZ UT WOS:000188259900006 PM 14974714 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Lutes, CC Santoianni, DA AF Lemieux, PM Lutes, CC Santoianni, DA TI Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review SO PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE uncontrolled combustion; open burning; HAPS; air toxics; emissions ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; KUWAITI OIL FIRES; MOLECULAR TRACERS; LANDFILL FIRES; AEROSOLS; WASTE; IDENTIFICATION; COMBUSTION; PARTICLE AB Emissions from open burning, on a mass pollutant per mass fuel (emission factor) basis, are greater than those from well-controlled combustion sources. Some types of open burning (e.g. biomass) are large sources on a global scale in comparison to other broad classes of sources (e.g. mobile and industrial sources). A detailed literature search was performed to collect and collate available data reporting emissions of organic air toxics from open burning sources. The sources that were included in this paper are: Accidental Fires, Agricultural Burning of Crop Residue, Agricultural Plastic Film, Animal Carcasses, Automobile Shredder Fluff Fires, Camp Fires, Car-Boat-Train (the vehicle not cargo) Fires, Construction Debris Fires, Copper Wire Reclamation, Crude Oil and Oil Spill Fires, Electronics Waste, Fiberglass, Fireworks, Grain Silo Fires, Household Waste, Land Clearing Debris (biomass), Landfills/Dumps, Prescribed Burning and Savanna/Forest Fires, Structural Fires, Tire Fires, and Yard Waste Fires. Availability of data varied according to the source and the class of air toxics of interest. Volatile organic compound (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) data were available for many of the sources. Non-PAH semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) data were available for several sources. Carbonyl and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) data were available for only a few sources. There were several known sources for which no emissions data were available at all. It is desirable that emissions from those sources be tested so that the relative degree of hazard they pose can be assessed. Several observations were made including: Biomass open burning sources typically emitted less VOCs than open burning sources with anthropogenic fuels on a mass emitted per mass burned basis, particularly those where polymers were concerned. Biomass open burning sources typically emitted less SVOCs and PAHs than anthropogenic sources on a mass emitted per mass burned basis. Burning pools of crude oil and diesel fuel produced significant amounts of PAHs relative to other types of open burning. PAH emissions were highest when combustion of polymers was taking place. Based on very limited data, biomass open burning sources typically produced higher levels of carbonyls than anthropogenic sources on a mass emitted per mass burned basis, probably due to oxygenated structures resulting from thermal decomposition of cellulose. It must be noted that local burn conditions could significantly change these relative levels. Based on very limited data, PCDD/F and other persistent bioaccumulative toxic (PBT) emissions varied greatly from source to source and exhibited significant variations within source categories. This high degree of variation is likely due to a combination of factors, including fuel composition, fuel heating value, bulk density, oxygen transport, and combustion conditions. This highlights the importance of having acceptable test data for PCDD/F and PBT emissions from open burning so that contributions of sources to the overall PCDD/F and PBT emissions inventory can be better quantified. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS G&M, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 109 TW Alexander Dr,Mail Code E305-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM lemieux.paul@epa.gov NR 93 TC 168 Z9 177 U1 14 U2 189 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-1285 J9 PROG ENERG COMBUST JI Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 1 EP 32 DI 10.1016/j.pecs.2003.08.001 PG 32 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 759MK UT WOS:000187741300001 ER PT J AU Mamantov, A AF Mamantov, Andrew TI The 2-norbornyl cation is not a single minimum energy system SO PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM LA English DT Article DE QSARs; norbornyl cation C-1 hypercoordination; sigma aromaticity; electron transfer AB Simple and dual variable linear regression equations are presented which can estimate the sensitivity constants p for the solvolysis reactions of hundreds of bicyclic and tricyclic compounds. These are the first QSARs which utilize dihedral angles to estimate/predict p constants. These QSARs and other analyses herein support the new theory that the bridgehead hydrogen bond orbital assists the displacement of the exo leaving group in the solvolyses of 2-norbornyl derivatives. Alternative interpretions of the H-1 NMR and 1 3 C NMR spectra indicate that C, is hypercoordinated rather than C-6. Consequently, in normal hydroxylic solvents the 2-norbornyl cation is not symmetrical, does not require C-C a-bond bridging and is not a single minimum energy system, i.e. it is a pair of rapidly equilibrating cations, eq 1, structure 2b. At <=-158 degrees C, the 2-norbornyl cation is proposed to be an H-C-l-H sigma-bond delocalized resonance hybrid structure 16/16'. Hypotheses are presented which suggest that the norbornane system can be viewed as a saturated counterpart of a conjugated pi system, e.g. benzene. This new delocalization and bond concept, sigma aromaticity, can also help to explain the preferential "exo" reactions of norbornane and norbornene systems, the unusual stability of the 2-norbornyl cation, and perhaps provide new insight concerning the ubiquitousness of six-membered rings. Sigma aromaticity may also help account for the greater efficiency of singlet energy transfer between chromophores when the molecular spacer group is rigid rather than flexible, and electron transfer in DNA. C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Off Pesticides & Toxic Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mamantov, A (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy, Off Pesticides & Toxic Subst, 1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM mamantov.andy@epa.gov NR 140 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SCIENCE REVIEWS PI ST ALBANS PA PO BOX 314, ST ALBANS AL1 4ZG, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 1468-6783 J9 PROG REACT KINET MEC JI Prog. React. Kinet. Mech. PY 2004 VL 29 IS 4 BP 243 EP 288 PG 46 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA V43QN UT WOS:000202949700001 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Karickhoff, SW Carreira, LA Shrestha, BP AF Hilal, SH Karickhoff, SW Carreira, LA Shrestha, BP TI Estimation of carboxylic acid ester hydrolysis rate constants SO QSAR & COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chemical reactivity; hydrolysis rate constant; carboxylic acid ester; SPARC; SAR ID SUBSTITUTED METHYL BENZOATES; ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TRIFLUOROACETATES; REACTIVITY; SECONDARY; KINETICS; SOLVENT; POINT; ALKYL AB SPARC chemical reactivity models were extended to calculate hydrolysis rate constants for carboxylic acid esters from molecular structure. The energy differences between the initial state and the transition state for a molecule of interest are factored into internal and external mechanistic perturbation components. The internal perturbations quantify the interactions of the appended perturber (P) with the reaction center (C). These internal perturbations are factored into SPARC's mechanistic components of electrostatic and resonance effects. External perturbations quantify the solute-solvent interactions and are factored into H-bonding, field stabilization and steric effects. These models have been tested using 1471 measured hydrolysis rate constants in water and mixed-solvent systems at different temperatures. The aggregate RMS deviation of the calculated versus observed values was 0.374 M(-1)s(-1); close to the intralaboratory experimental error. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Chem, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hilal, SH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM hilal.said@epa.gov NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 5 U2 16 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1611-020X J9 QSAR COMB SCI JI QSAR Comb. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 22 IS 9-10 BP 917 EP 925 DI 10.1002/qsar.200330836 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 772ZG UT WOS:000188872800001 ER PT B AU Iiames, JS Pilant, AN Lewis, TE AF Iiames, JS Pilant, AN Lewis, TE BE Lunetta, RS Lyon, JG TI In situ estimates of forest LAI for MODIS data validation SO REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ACCURACY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Remote Sensing and GIS Accuracy Assessment CY DEC 11-13, 2001 CL Las Vegas, NV SP US EPA, Off Res & Dev ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SIZE ANALYSIS THEORY; ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITS; ARCHITECTURE; VARIABILITY; PHOTOGRAPHY; CANOPIES; PRODUCT; BIOMASS C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Iiames, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E243-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-443-X PY 2004 BP 41 EP 57 DI 10.1201/9780203497586.ch4 PG 17 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BAW11 UT WOS:000223862600004 ER PT B AU Lopez, RD Edmonds, CM Neale, AC Slonecker, T Jones, KB Heggem, DT Lyon, JG Jaworski, E Garofalo, D Williams, D AF Lopez, RD Edmonds, CM Neale, AC Slonecker, T Jones, KB Heggem, DT Lyon, JG Jaworski, E Garofalo, D Williams, D BE Lunetta, RS Lyon, JG TI Accuracy assessments of airborne hyperspectral data for mapping opportunistic plant species in freshwater coastal wetlands SO REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ACCURACY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Remote Sensing and GIS Accuracy Assessment CY DEC 11-13, 2001 CL Las Vegas, NV SP US EPA, Off Res & Dev ID MID-ATLANTIC REGION; UNITED-STATES C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Lopez, RD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. OI Heggem, Daniel/0000-0001-9238-3368 NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-443-X PY 2004 BP 253 EP 267 DI 10.1201/9780203497586.ch18 PG 15 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BAW11 UT WOS:000223862600018 ER PT B AU Jarnagin, ST Jennings, DB Ebert, DW AF Jarnagin, ST Jennings, DB Ebert, DW BE Lunetta, RS Lyon, JG TI A technique for assessing the accuracy of subpixel impervious surface estimates derived from Landsat TM imagery SO REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ACCURACY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Remote Sensing and GIS Accuracy Assessment CY DEC 11-13, 2001 CL Las Vegas, NV SP US EPA, Off Res & Dev C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Reston, VA USA. RP Jarnagin, ST (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Reston, VA USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-443-X PY 2004 BP 269 EP 280 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BAW11 UT WOS:000223862600019 ER PT S AU Rush, AC Dougherty, JJ Engel-Cox, JA AF Rush, AC Dougherty, JJ Engel-Cox, JA BE Chu, A Szykman, J TI Correlating seasonal averaged in-situ monitoring of fine PM with satellite remote sensing data using geographic information system (GIS) SO REMOTE SENSING IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROL SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing in Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring and Control CY AUG 02, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE ID AIR-QUALITY; MODIS; AEROSOL; DUST; LAND AB Satellite remote sensing data are another source of information to study air quality, supplementing the in situ monitoring networks. Satellite data have primarily been used to study specific events that affect air quality, such as wildfires, biomass burning, dust storms, and volcanoes. In this exploratory analysis we have used the monthly averaged aerosol optical depth (AOD) product of the MODIS sensor data from the Terra satellite platform to study fine particulate matter throughout the contiguous U.S. While most of the previous quantitative work has focused on hourly correlations between in situ monitors and satellite AOD data, we have attempted to quantify monthly, seasonal, and annual correlations. Our analysis of 2001 monthly data found that correlations do exist, but not throughout the entire study period or area. The best correlations were seen in the northeast and industrial Midwest during the summer months. C1 US EPA, OAQPS, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rush, AC (reprint author), US EPA, OAQPS, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5485-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2004 VL 5547 BP 91 EP 102 DI 10.1117/12.560241 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing GA BBC30 UT WOS:000224729400010 ER PT J AU Pospelova, V Chmura, GL Walker, HA AF Pospelova, V Chmura, GL Walker, HA TI Environmental factors influencing the spatial distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in shallow lagoons of southern New England (USA) SO REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Middle Latitude Dinoflagellates and Their Cysts CY APR 29-MAY 02, 2002 CL NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA DE dinoflagellate cysts; estuaries; nutrients; Waquoit Bay; temperature; salinity ID NORTHERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; SEA-SURFACE CONDITIONS; COASTAL LAGOONS; LATE QUATERNARY; ADJACENT SEAS; RHODE-ISLAND; SEDIMENTS; AUSTRALIA; MORPHOLOGY; ESTUARIES AB Surface sediment samples from 24 sites within eleven back-barrier lagoons of Rhode Island and Massachusetts (USA) contain abundant (200-6000 cysts cm(-3)) and diverse (up to 40 taxa) dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. The lowest cyst concentrations and diversity are observed in lagoons with low salinity ( < 10). The pattern of spatial distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in these shallow estuarine environments is described. We assessed the relationship between the available multi-year water quality data and the composition of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages using canonical correspondence analysis. Temperature and salinity are found to be the primary abiotic factors influencing cyst distribution in the coastal lagoons. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, Ctr Climate & Global Change Res, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Petch 168,POB 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. EM vpospe@uirc.ca NR 49 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0034-6667 EI 1879-0615 J9 REV PALAEOBOT PALYNO JI Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology PD JAN PY 2004 VL 128 IS 1-2 BP 7 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0034-6667(03)00110-6 PG 28 WC Plant Sciences; Paleontology SC Plant Sciences; Paleontology GA 758UV UT WOS:000187669500002 ER PT J AU Nwachuku, N Gerba, CP AF Nwachuku, N Gerba, CP TI Health effects of Acanthamoeba spp. and its potential for waterborne transmission SO REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 180 SE REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID FREE-LIVING AMEBAS; ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; CONTACT-LENS WEARERS; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; MICROBIAL KERATITIS; MEXICO-CITY; GENUS ACANTHAMOEBA; SWIMMING POOLS; SOIL AMEBAS; BACTERIAL ENDOSYMBIONTS C1 US EPA, Off water, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Nwachuku, N (reprint author), US EPA, Off water, Off Sci & Technol, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Mc 4304T, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 177 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0179-5953 J9 REV ENVIRON CONTAM T PY 2004 VL 180 BP 93 EP 131 DI 10.1007/0-387-21729-0_2 PG 39 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BX65T UT WOS:000186006300002 PM 14561077 ER PT S AU Atencio, KM AF Atencio, KM BE Brebbia, CA TI The Sioux Falls brownfields project: analysis of project issues and tools used SO RISK ANALYSIS IV SE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Computer Simulation in Risk Analysis and Hazard Mitigation CY SEP 27-29, 2004 CL Rhodes, GREECE DE brownfields; Sioix Falls; project management; issues; tools; EPA AB This paper will summarize the Sioux Falls Brownfields Project that was awarded by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1997. It will provide a background to the project along with the issues and the tools that were used by the project team in order for the project to move forward. The emphasis of the paper will be about the lessons that were learned which will assist other communities that are found in rural areas that don't have the experience that is typically found in more populated areas. Some of the issues that will be discussed include access issues; sites with existing operations; unknown cleanup standards; and the City's potential liability. This project has been a learning experience for all of the stakeholders and will eventually result in the success of a new park and creation of a commercial/retail redevelopment area. The downtown has slowly emerged from distress. Once the final milestone is completed, it will be a significant step in revitalizing the rest of the downtown area of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. This project will be used as a model for other smaller communities located in areas that are considered to be rural because of population size. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Atencio, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1470-6326 BN 1-85312-736-1 J9 MANAG INFORMAT SYST PY 2004 VL 9 BP 455 EP 462 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BBN81 UT WOS:000226374700040 ER PT J AU Peng, M Vane, LM Liu, SX AF Peng, M Vane, LM Liu, SX TI Numerical simulation of concentration polarization in a pervaporation module SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mass transfer coefficient; model; pervaporation; concentration polarization; CFD ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS; SEPARATION; MIXTURES; RECOVERY; WATER; VOCS AB A mathematical model was developed to describe mass transfer in a slit flow channel formed by a thin supported membrane at the bottom and an impermeable stainless steel block at the top in a lab-scale flat sheet pervaporation membrane module. Boundary layer theory was employed to obtain the mass transfer equations governing mass transport in the liquid boundary layer and in the membrane matrix. Equations of the model were solved numerically with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. The extent of concentration polarization and its impact upon permeation flux rate under different conditions were examined. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Food Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Liu, SX (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Food Sci, 65 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM liu@aesop.rutgers.edu NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1239 EP 1257 DI 10.1081/SS-120030480 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 817SC UT WOS:000221196200002 ER PT J AU Su, CM Suarez, DL AF Su, CM Suarez, DL TI Boron release from weathering of illites, serpentine, shales, and illitic/palygorskitic soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID IRON-RICH MONTMORILLONITE; CHEMICAL DIFFERENCES; DESORPTION; EXCHANGE; REGENERATION; TEMPERATURE; DISSOLUTION; RECLAMATION; POLYMORPHS; ADSORPTION AB Despite extensive research on B adsorption and release from soils, mineral sources of B within natively high B soils remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to identify source minerals contributing to the continued B release after extraction of soluble B and to estimate B release rate from weathering of B-containing minerals and soils. Two specimen illites (Morris and Fithian), two shales (Salt Creek and Moreno Gulch), a fresh and a weathered serpentine (antigorite) from the Coastal Range of California, a Traver silt loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive thermic Natric Haploxeralfs) and a Twisselman clay loam [fine, mixed (calcareous), superactive thermic Typic Torriorthents] both containing illite and palygorskite were successively extracted 7 to 26 times following each 12-h equilibration in 0.1 and 0-01 M CaCl2 solution until the supernatant solutions contained less than the detection limit of 0.001 mmol B L-1. Subsequently, the <2-μm and 2- to 20-μm size fractions were separated and reacted in deionized water at pH 5, 7, and 9 adjusted with HCI and NaOH. The total B of the separated fractions ranged from 5.1 to 28 mmol B kg(-1) and the surface areas from 5.7 to 126 m(2) g(-1). Boron release rates decreased with time and increasing pH. Average B release rates from 150 to 180 d ranged from 0.005 fmol m(-2) s(-1) for Salt Creek shale (2-20 μm) to 0.342 fmol m(-2) s(-1) for Traver silt (<2 mum) at pH 5, 0.004 fmol m(-2) s(-1) for Salt Creek shale (2-20 mum) to 0.060 fmol m(-2) s(-1) for Traver silt (<2 μm) at pH 7, and 0.002 fmol m(-2) s(-1) for weathered serpentine (2-20 μm) to 0.044 fmol m(-2) s(-1) for Traver silt (<2 mum) at pH 9. Nonstoichiometric dissolution was found for all materials at all pH levels. Illite, chlorite, and palygorskite were identified in the clay and silt fractions of the soils. Boron release from the two soils was accompanied with high Mg release into the solution, suggesting palygorskite as a major source for B. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM su.chunming@epa.gov NR 39 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 68 IS 1 BP 96 EP 105 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 767WV UT WOS:000188497600013 ER PT J AU Rashleigh, B AF Rashleigh, B TI Fish assemblage groups in the upper Tennessee River basin SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION STATUS; UNITED-STATES; DIVERSITY; ECOREGIONS; PATTERNS; COMMUNITIES; VIRGINIA; STREAMS; OREGON; SYSTEM AB A hierarchical clustering technique was used to classify sites in the upper Tennessee River basin based on relative abundance of fish species. Five site groups were identified. These groups differed mainly by the occurrence of minnow and darter species. Drainage area and ecoregion were the primary factors explaining the differences among groups; elevation and human influence 14 were of secondary importance. The Blue Ridge site group had the most distinct fish assemblage, large-river sites supported the highest species richness. and the upper Ridge and Valley sites contained the highest percentages of environmentally sensitive species. These results can provide a regional framework for management and conservation activities. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Rashleigh, B (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM rashleigh.brenda@epa.gov NR 45 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2004 VL 3 IS 4 BP 621 EP 636 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2004)003[0621:FAGITU]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 888FB UT WOS:000226358500005 ER PT B AU Cabezas, H Pawlowski, CW Mayer, AL Hoagland, NT AF Cabezas, H Pawlowski, CW Mayer, AL Hoagland, NT BE Sikdar, SK Glavic, P Jain, R TI Sustainability: Ecological, social, economic, technological, and systems perspectives SO TECHNOLOGICAL CHOICES FOR SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Technological Choices for Sustainability CY OCT 13-17, 2002 CL Maribor, SLOVENIA SP NATO ID ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; EXTERNALITIES; RESILIENCE; STABILITY; DIVERSITY; HOTSPOTS; BIOLOGY AB Sustainability is generally associated with a definition by the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: "... development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future..." However, there is no mathematical theory embodying these concepts, although one would be immensely valuable in humanity's efforts to manage the environment. The concept of sustainability applies to integrated systems comprising humans and the rest of nature; the structures and operation of the human component (society, economy, law, etc.) must be such that they reinforce the persistence of the structures and operation of the natural component (ecosystem trophic linkages, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, etc.). One of the challenges of sustainability research lies in linking measures of ecosystem functioning to the structure and operation of the associated social system. We review the nature of this complex system including its ecological, social, economic, and technological aspects, and propose an approach to assessing sustainability based on Information Theory that bridges the natural and human systems. These principles are then illustrated using a model system with an ecological food web linked to a rudimentary social system. This work is part of the efforts of a larger multidisciplinary group at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Sustainable Environm Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-21131-4 PY 2004 BP 37 EP 64 PG 28 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BAQ85 UT WOS:000223224800003 ER PT J AU Dreher, KL AF Dreher, KL TI Health and environmental impact of nanotechnology: Toxicological assessment of manufactured nanoparticles SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material AB The articles highlighted in this issue are "Pulmonary Toxicity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Mice 7 and 90 Days after Intratracheal Instillation" by Chiu-Wing Lam, John T. James, Richard McCluskey, and Robert L. Hunter (pp. 126-134) and "Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Rats" by D. B. Warheit, B. R. Laurence, K. L. Reed, D. H. Roach, G. A. M. Reynolds, and T. R. Webb (pp. 117-125). C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MC B143-01,109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Dreher.Kevin@epa.gov NR 11 TC 204 Z9 224 U1 1 U2 44 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 77 IS 1 BP 3 EP 5 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh041 PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 762NJ UT WOS:000187988800003 PM 14756123 ER PT J AU Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Narotsky, MG AF Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Narotsky, MG TI Serum hormone characterization and exogeneous hormone rescue of bromodichloromethane-induced pregnancy loss in the F344 rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bromodichloromethane; disinfection by-product; pregnancy loss; progesterone; luteinizing hormone; hormonal pregnancy rescue ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN SECRETION; DRINKING-WATER; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; TRIHALOMETHANE LEVELS; BIRTH-DEFECTS; OUTCOMES; CHLORINATION AB Previously, we demonstrated that bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a drinking water disinfection by-product, causes pregnancy loss in F344 rats when given on gestational days (GD) 6-10, encompassing the luteinizing hormone (LH)-dependent period of pregnancy (GD 7-10). Pregnancy loss, i.e., full-litter resorption, was associated with reduced serum progesterone levels; however, we were unable to identify an effect on serum LH. Here, we reevaluated serum LH levels using the more sensitive technique, DELFIA(R). We further sought to better define the temporal pattern of endocrine disruption caused by BDCM during pregnancy with more frequent sampling. Lastly, we attempted to prevent BDCM-induced pregnancy loss using exogenous progesterone or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), an LH-agonist. BDCM, in 10% Alkamuls(R), was dosed at 75 mg/kg/day by gavage to F344 rats on GD 6-10 (plug day = GD 0). BDCM-induced pregnancy loss was associated with marked reductions in serum progesterone and LH on GD 10. The decrease in serum LH consistently preceded the decrease in progesterone. In the hormone replacement studies, BDCM and progesterone were administered on GD 6-10, hCG on GD 8-10. BDCM was delivered at 100 mg/kg/day, progesterone at 10 mg/kg twice daily, and hCG at 0.5 IU/0.2 ml/rat. Both progesterone and hCG prevented BDCM-induced pregnancy loss. Thus, BDCM-induced pregnancy loss was associated with marked GD-10 reductions in serum LH and corresponding decreases in progesterone. Furthermore, coadministration of an LH agonist prevented pregnancy loss, supporting the hypothesis that BDCM-induced pregnancy loss in the rat occurs via an LH-mediated mode of action. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Narotsky, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Mail Drop 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM narotsky.michael@epa.gov NR 39 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 77 IS 1 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh017 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 762NJ UT WOS:000187988800013 PM 14657523 ER PT J AU Barone, S Moser, VC AF Barone, S Moser, VC TI Untitled SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Letter DE monocrotaline; liver; rat; apoptosis; caspase 3; BNIP3; hypoxia; oncosis C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Barone, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 77 IS 1 BP 183 EP 183 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfh036 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 762NJ UT WOS:000187988800023 PM 14704375 ER PT J AU Andrewes, P Kitchin, KT Wallace, K AF Andrewes, P Kitchin, KT Wallace, K TI Plasmid DNA damage caused by stibine and trimethylstibine SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antimony; L-cysteine; DNA nicking; genotoxicity; glutathione; reactive oxygen species; stibine; trimethylstibine; trimethylantimony dichloride; trimethylarsine ID METHYLATED TRIVALENT ARSENICALS; TRIMETHYLARSINE OXIDE; ANTIMONY; SPECIATION; INDUCTION; LANDFILL; GAS; DIMETHYLARSINE; GLUTATHIONE; TOXICOLOGY AB Antimony is classified as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" and there is also sufficient evidence for antimony carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Stibine is a volatile inorganic antimony compound to which humans can be exposed in occupational settings (e.g., lead-acid battery charging). Because it is highly toxic, stibine is considered a significant health risk; however, its genotoxicity has received little attention. For the work reported here, stibine was generated by sodium borohydride reduction of potassium antimony tartrate. Trimethylstibine is a volatile organometallic antimony compound found commonly in landfill and sewage fermentation gases at concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 100 mug/m(3). Trimethylstibine is generally considered to pose little environmental or health risk. In the work reported here, trimethylstibine was generated by reduction of trimethylantimony dichloride using either sodium borohydride or the thiol compounds, dithioerythritol (DTE), L-CySleinc, and glutathione. Here we report the evaluation of the in vitro genotoxicities of five antimony compounds-potassium antimony tartrate, stibine, potassium hexahydroxyantimonate, trimethyl antimony dichloride, and trimethylstibine-using a plasmid DNA-nicking assay. Of these five antimony compounds, only stibine and trimethylstibine were genotoxic (significant nicking to pBR 322 plasmid DNA). We found stibine and trimethylstibine to be about equipotent with trimethylarsine using this plasmid DNA-nicking assay. Reaction of trimethylantimony dichloride with either glutathione or L-cysteine to produce DNA-damaging trimethylstibine was observed with a trimethylantimony dichloride concentration as low as 50 muM and L-cysteine or glutathione concentrations as low as 500 and 200 muM, respectively, for a 24 It incubation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM kitchin.kirk@epa.gov NR 35 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN 1 PY 2004 VL 194 IS 1 BP 41 EP 48 DI 10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.012 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 777AR UT WOS:000189152200005 PM 14728978 ER PT J AU Machemer, SD Hosick, TJ AF Machemer, SD Hosick, TJ TI Determination of soil lead variability in residential soil for remediation decision making SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE lead; remediation; soil; variability ID SHORT-RANGE VARIABILITY; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; CONTAMINATED SOIL AB Eighty soil cores were collected from a residential area adjacent to an automobile battery manufacturing facility to determine the level and variability of lead concentrations in the soil. Results of ICP-MS on HNO3 digestions showed lead concentrations in the residential soil as high as 2760 mg kg(-1). High variability of lead concentrations of two to three times over short distances, less than a meter, indicated the necessity of remediating the entire soil area based on a clean-up level of 400 mg kg(-1). To delineate areas of soil requiring no remediation at a high level of confidence would have required a more extensive soil sampling survey. High lead concentrations in the residential soil to a depth of approximately 15 cm indicated remediation of residential soil to at least this depth may be necessary. Overall, the high variability of lead concentrations in the residential soil was consistent with a soil having been disturbed by residential activity and illustrated the difficulty in using a single sample per residential yard for making correct remediation decisions. C1 US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. RP Machemer, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 151 IS 1-4 BP 305 EP 322 DI 10.1023/B:WATE.0000009911.72997.fc PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 756ZT UT WOS:000187516200019 ER PT J AU Mehan, GT AF Mehan, GT TI Better monitoring for better water management SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 76 IS 1 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 800FD UT WOS:000220013400001 PM 15068005 ER PT J AU Sedran, MA Pruden, A Wilson, GJ Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Sedran, MA Pruden, A Wilson, GJ Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether and BTEX at varying hydraulic retention times SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE volatile organics; biodegradation; hydraulic retention time ID ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; MTBE; COMETABOLISM; DEGRADATION; CULTURES; BACTERIA; KINETICS; ETBE; TAME AB The feasibility of biologically degrading methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-contaminated groundwater is dependent on the ability to degrade MTBE and its byproducts in the presence of other gasoline contaminants. This study investigates a mixed culture degrading both MTBE and benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (BTEX) in a continuous-flow reactor with a biomass retention system (porous pot) at varying hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The reactor degraded both MTBE and BTEX simultaneously to less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's drinking water standards and recommendations at an HRT of 3.76 days. Methyl tert-butyl ether was degraded from 75 mg/L to less than 1 mug/L and each BTEX compound was degraded from 17 mg/L to less than 1 mug/L. Effluent concentrations of MTBE and BTEX increased as the HRT was decreased from 3.76 to 0.52 days, but remained lower than drinking water limits. The highest MTBE effluent concentration was at 0.52 days and continued to average less than 10 mug/L. Although tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) is commonly sited as a degradation byproduct of MTBE, it remained lower than 1 mug/L throughout all reactor operation periods. The MTBE and BTEX observed yield coefficients for the reactor ranged from 0.11 to 0.16 mg biomass/mg MTBE and BTEX, with the rate increasing with increased HRT. Degradation rates from the reactor were compared to results from batch studies with the same culture on MTBE and TBA alone and in the presence of BTEX. Results of batch studies showed that BTEX was not required for this culture to degrade MTBE. The presence of BTEX only had an effect on the rate of MTBE degradation at the highest concentration, while BTEX significantly delayed the degradation of TBA at all concentrations. Batch studies also showed that the rate of degradation of TBA was higher with and without BTEX than the rate of degradation of MTBE, explaining the lack of high levels of TBA in the reactor. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 701 ERC ML 0071, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM makram.suidan@uc.edu RI Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 29 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 11 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 76 IS 1 BP 47 EP 55 DI 10.2175/106143004X141573 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 800FD UT WOS:000220013400007 PM 15058464 ER PT J AU Selvakumar, A Borst, M Boner, M Mallon, P AF Selvakumar, A Borst, M Boner, M Mallon, P TI Effects of sample holding time on concentrations of microorganisms in water samples SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE holding time; stormwater; sanitary wastewater; indicator organisms; pathogens; watershed ID STORAGE AB This research investigated the effects of extending the holding time of samples for microbial analysis beyond the standard of 24 hours for purposes such as watershed characterization. Experiments were conducted with both sanitary wastewater and stormwater samples. The refrigerated samples (4 degreesC) were held for up to 9 days before being analyzed for two pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and five indicator organisms (total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, enterococcus, and Escherichia coli) by membrane filtration. The concentrations (as colony-forming units per 100 mL) were normalized by log(10) transformation and used in subsequent statistical analysis testing for significant differences. ne results suggested that the concentrations of microorganisms in water samples analyzed on days 1 and 2 did not vary significantly in 8 of 13 analyses. The results of a field study concluded that the concentration of fecal coliform did not change significantly between 7 hours holding time and greater than 24 hours holding time for fecal coliform. C1 US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch MS104, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. Wet Weather Engn & Technol Co LLC, Roswell, GA USA. RP Selvakumar, A (reprint author), US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch MS104, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. EM selvakumar.-ariamalar@epa.gov NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 76 IS 1 BP 67 EP 72 DI 10.2175/106143004X141591 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 800FD UT WOS:000220013400009 PM 15058466 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M AF Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M TI Effects of pollution on marine organisms SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID JESSICA OIL-SPILL; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL BIOACCUMULATION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEAL HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; CRABS CANCER-MAGISTER; SETO INLAND SEA; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; SEDIMENT TOXICITY; HEAVY-OIL; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, Seattle, WA USA. Exponent Environm Grp, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. EM DJReish@aol.com NR 108 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 15 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 EI 1554-7531 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 2004 VL 76 IS 6 BP 2443 EP 2490 DI 10.2175/106143004X145876 PG 48 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 905DM UT WOS:000227547900035 ER PT J AU Walker, JD Knaebel, D Mayo, K Tunkel, J Gray, DA AF Walker, JD Knaebel, D Mayo, K Tunkel, J Gray, DA TI Use of QSARs to promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources. 1. Screening industrial chemicals and pesticides, direct food additives, indirect food additives and pharmaceuticals for biodegradation, bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity potential SO WATER QUALITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CANADA LA English DT Article DE QSARs; monitoring; chemical testing; saving resources ID PARTITION-COEFFICIENT; SUBSTANCES; FISH; PREDICTION; ECOSAR; FATE AB Monitoring studies are expensive to conduct. To promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) are proposed as methods to identify chemicals that could be found in, and cause adverse effects to, organisms in water, sediment and soil from the Great Lakes basin. QSARs were used to predict the biodegradation, bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity potential of 2697 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 1146, direct food additives, 967 indirect food additives and 282 pharmaceuticals that could be released to the Great Lakes basin. the QSARs identified 47 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 20 direct food additives, 13 indirect food additives and 7 pharmaceuticals with bioconcentration, or aquatic toxicity potential or potential to not biodegrade readily. Most of these chemicals were predicted to partition to sediments. Using QSARs to identify chemicals with potential to persist, bioconcentrate or partition to sediments will promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources by allowing researchers to focus their analytical techniques on measuring chemicals predicted to persist in water or soil, bioconcentrate in fish or partition to sediments so that the effects of these chemicals can be assessed on indigenous organisms. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Toxic, Toxic Substances Control Act, Interagcy Testing Committee, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, Ctr Environm Sci, Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. RP Walker, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Toxic, Toxic Substances Control Act, Interagcy Testing Committee, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM walker.johnd@epa.gov NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU CANADIAN ASSOC WATER QUALITY PI GLOUCESTER PA C/O DR H R EISENHAUER, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOL CENTRE, 3439 RIVER ROAD SOUTH, GLOUCESTER, ONTARIO K1A 0H3, CANADA SN 1201-3080 J9 WATER QUAL RES J CAN JI Water Qual. Res. J. Canada PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 35 EP 39 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 778YB UT WOS:000189268000005 ER PT J AU Walker, JD Dimitrova, N Dimitrov, S Mekenyan, O Plewak, D AF Walker, JD Dimitrova, N Dimitrov, S Mekenyan, O Plewak, D TI Use of QSARs to promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources. 2. Screening chemicals for hydrolysis half-lives, Henry's Law constants, ultimate biodegradation potential, modes of toxic action and bioavailability SO WATER QUALITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CANADA LA English DT Article DE QSARs; monitoring; chemical testing; saving resources ID RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; FISH; BIOCONCENTRATION; NARCOTICS AB To promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs). are proposed as methods to identify chemicals that could be found in, and cause adverse effects to, organisms in water, sedi-: ment and soil from the Great Lakes basin. QSARs were used to evaluate the hydrolysis half-lives, Henry's Law constants, ultimate biodegradation potential in water, modes of toxic action and bioavailability of 47 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 20 direct food additives, 13 indirect food additives, and 7 pharmaceuticals that were previously predicted to partition to sediment and to have bioconcentration or aquatic toxicity potential or potential to not biodegrade readily in sediment (Walker et al. 2004). Using these QSARs Will promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources by allowing researchers to focus their analytical techniques on measuring chemicals that are not likely to hydrolyze, volatilize or biodegrade rapidly to carbon dioxide, but are likely to have specific modes of toxic action and be bioavailable. C1 US EPA, Toxic Substances Control Act, Interagcy Testing Committee, Off Pollut Prevent & Toxics, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, BU-8010 Burgas, Bulgaria. Syracuse Res Corp, Ctr Environm Sci, Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. RP Walker, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Toxic Substances Control Act, Interagcy Testing Committee, Off Pollut Prevent & Toxics, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM walker.johnd@epa.gov NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 9 PU CANADIAN ASSOC WATER QUALITY PI GLOUCESTER PA C/O DR H R EISENHAUER, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOL CENTRE, 3439 RIVER ROAD SOUTH, GLOUCESTER, ONTARIO K1A 0H3, CANADA SN 1201-3080 J9 WATER QUAL RES J CAN JI Water Qual. Res. J. Canada PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 40 EP 49 PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 778YB UT WOS:000189268000006 ER PT J AU Qian, SS Donnelly, M Schmelling, DC Messner, M Linden, KG Cotton, C AF Qian, SS Donnelly, M Schmelling, DC Messner, M Linden, KG Cotton, C TI Ultraviolet light inactivation of protozoa in drinking water: a Bayesian meta-analysis SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bayes factor; Bayesian statistics; BIC; hierarchical models; censored data ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM OOCYSTS; GIARDIA-LAMBLIA CYSTS; MEDIUM-PRESSURE; MURIS CYSTS; UV-LIGHT; RADIATION AB To assess the dose of UV light needed to achieve specified levels of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts inactivation in drinking water, a Bayesian meta-analysis is used to analyze experimental data from several studies. Of the 20 studies identified by an extensive data collection effort, 14 (five reported experiments on Giardia and nine on Cryptosporidium) were selected for analysis based on a set of criteria. A substantial amount of the log inactivation data are reported as greater than a given inactivation level (i.e., censored data). The Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach used in this study not only properly addresses the common concerns in a meta-analysis but also provides a robust method for incorporating censored data. Different statistical models will result in different estimates of the UV doses needed to achieve a specific inactivation level. The Bayesian approach allows us to present the uncertainty in terms of risk, which is better suited for supporting US EPA in developing regulations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cadmus Grp Inc, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 USA. Cadmus Grp Inc, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Malcolm Pirnie, Tucson, AZ 85701 USA. RP Qian, SS (reprint author), Cadmus Grp Inc, 6330 Quadrangle Dr,Suite 180, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 USA. EM sqian@cadmusgroup.com RI Qian, Song/A-3163-2008; Qian, Song/I-6544-2012; OI Linden, Karl G./0000-0003-4301-7227 NR 39 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 38 IS 2 BP 317 EP 326 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.007 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 763EL UT WOS:000188061900007 PM 14675643 ER PT J AU Sobsey, MD Yates, MV Hsu, FC Lovelace, G Battigelli, D Margolin, A Pillai, SD Nwachuku, N AF Sobsey, MD Yates, MV Hsu, FC Lovelace, G Battigelli, D Margolin, A Pillai, SD Nwachuku, N TI Development and evaluation of methods to detect coliphages in large volumes of water SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Health Related Water Microbiology CY SEP 14-19, 2003 CL Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Water Assoc DE coliphage; detection; methods; recovery; water ID DRINKING-WATER; BACTERIOPHAGE AB New and improved methods have been developed to detect somatic and male-specific coliphages in large volumes of water by single agar layer (SAL), enrichment and membrane filter methods. Somatic coliphages were detected efficiently on E coli hosts C and CN 13, male-specific coliphages were detected more efficiently on E.coli F-amp than on Salmonella typhimurium WG49 and both types of coliphages were detected simultaneously on E coli C3000. For water volumes of up to 100 ml, the SAL method was efficient and reliable. For water volumes of < 1 L and as many as 10 multiple 1 L volumes, the enrichment method was efficient in detecting very low numbers of coliphages. Membrane filter methods, in which coliphages were adsorbed to and eluted from filters, also were relatively efficient, but they were less efficient than SAL and enrichment methods and were considered to be more cumbersome. For filter adsorption-elution methods, coliphage recoveries were most efficient for cellulose ester filters, less efficient for electropositive 1 MDS filters and least efficient for a direct membrane filter method. Overall, the enrichment method was preferred because of its ability to easily and rapidly detect low levels of coliphages in large sample volumes by either presence-absence or most probable number quantification. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Microbiol, Durham, NC USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Sobsey, MD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM Mark_Sobsey@unc.edu NR 7 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 845QG UT WOS:000223258800035 PM 15318511 ER PT J AU Brar, SK Verma, M Tyagi, RD Valero, JR Surampalli, RY Banerji, SK AF Brar, SK Verma, M Tyagi, RD Valero, JR Surampalli, RY Banerji, SK TI Development of sludge based stable aqueous Bacillus thuringiensis formulations SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE adjuvants; Bacillus thuringiensis; biopesticide; entomotoxicity; formulations; wastewater sludges ID WASTE-WATER SLUDGE; BIOPESTICIDES AB This study focuses on development of aqueous flowable (suspension) formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticides from wastewater sludge. Different inerts like sorbitol, sodium monophosphate, sodium metabisulphite, sorbic acid, propionic acid, Tween-80, Triton X-100 and glycerol were tested for formulations. Five different formulations for non-hydrolyzed (NH) secondary sludges were tried and the best combination selected on the basis of various physical parameters like viscosity, particle size, suspendibility, entomotoxicity, and microbiological purity tests. F5 formulations (for secondary sludge) comprising sorbitol, sodium monophosphate and sodium metabisulphite gave better physical and biological characteristics with a small effect on entomotoxicity and spore concentration after 120 days at pH 6, 6.5 and temperatures 40 and 50degreesC and viscosity change at 40 and 50degreesC. The formulations were more stable at pH 4.0 to 5.0 and temperatures 4 to 30degreesC whereas at pH 6.0 and 6.5 and temperatures 40 and 50degreesC, there was degeneration of the product. Lower proteolytic activity and physical factors like ionic strength and surface group changes at pH 6 and 6.5 were responsible for the instability of the formulation. C1 Univ Quebec, ETE, INRS, St Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. US EPA, Kansas City, KS 66117 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Brar, SK (reprint author), Univ Quebec, ETE, INRS, 2700 Rue Einstein, St Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. EM tyagi@inrs-ete.uquebec.ca NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2004 VL 50 IS 9 BP 229 EP 236 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 880MV UT WOS:000225794800030 PM 15581017 ER PT J AU Johnson, B Balserak, P Beaulieu, S Cuthbertson, B Stewart, R Truesdale, R Whitmore, R Young, J AF Johnson, B Balserak, P Beaulieu, S Cuthbertson, B Stewart, R Truesdale, R Whitmore, R Young, J TI Industrial surface impoundments: environmental settings, release and exposure potential and risk characterization SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE surface impoundment; wastewater; waste management; contaminant release; exposure; risk ID REMEDIATION; SCALE; WATER AB This paper presents the results of a national scale evaluation of the environmental impact of surface impoundments that contain non-hazardous wastewaters. In the 1990s, it was found that approximately 18 000 surface impoundments existed in the US for treating, storing or disposing of non-hazardous wastewater. In this study, the focus was on the subset of 11900 impoundments that contain at least one of 256 chemicals of interest or high or low pH wastewater. Questionnaires were sent to facilities chosen in a two-phase nationally representative random sample. The nature, extent and use of surface impoundments across manufacturing industries were characterized using the information collected in the survey. Also, the chemical composition of impounded wastewaters; the potential for chemical releases to the environment from the impoundments; and the risk from these releases were assessed. It is estimated that only approximately 5-6% of facilities with impoundments have the potential to pose risks to human health, although approximately 19-46% of facilities with impoundments release chemicals of concern to the environment. The information in this study should help environmental managers evaluate and avoid those risk factors that have the potential to result in environmental harm, particularly when present in combination. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Econ Methods & Risk Anal Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RTI Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Reston, VA 20190 USA. RP Johnson, B (reprint author), US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Econ Methods & Risk Anal Div, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM johnson.barnes@epa.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD DEC 30 PY 2003 VL 317 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00360-7 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 765HP UT WOS:000188261300001 PM 14630409 ER PT J AU Madden, MC Dailey, LA Stonehuerner, JG Harris, DB AF Madden, MC Dailey, LA Stonehuerner, JG Harris, DB TI Responses of cultured human airway epithelial cells treated with diesel exhaust extracts will vary with the engine load SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID OIL FLY-ASH; IN-VITRO; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ASTHMATIC SUBJECTS; DAILY MORTALITY; INDUCED RELEASE; EXPOSURE; PARTICLES; POLLUTION AB Epidemiologic evidence suggests that increased morbidity and mortality are associated with the concentrations of ambient air particulate matter (PM). Many sources contribute to the particulate fraction of ambient pollution, including diesel exhaust particulates (DEP). Diesel exhaust also contributes gas-phase pollutants to the atmosphere, and gaseous copollutants may influence the toxicity of PM. The composition of diesel exhaust varies greatly depending on the engine load conditions as well as other factors. To determine whether different diesel exhaust composition can affect lung cell responses, the effects of diesel exhaust extracts derived from different engine loads were examined on normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) in vitro. Diesel exhaust was collected into chilled impingers containing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Cultured NHBE cells were treated with 0 to 500 mug/well of extract from similar to0% engine load (termed low load or LL) or extract from similar to75% engine load (termed high load or HL) for 24 h. The HL extract was cytotoxic at 500 mug compared to controls as measured by Cr-51 release. Production of the neutrophil chemotaxin interleukin 8 (IL-8) was decreased 4.7-fold in cells treated with 500 mug LL extract, whereas cells treated with 500 mug HL extract showed a 2.4-fold increase in IL-8 release. Production of the inflammatory and immune system mediator prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) was increased up to 2.5-fold in cells treated with HL extract, but unchanged with other treatments. Melittin stimulation of cells showed that the LL extract had an inhibitory effect on PGE2 release at 500 mug. Differences in carbonyl content of the extracts were found by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (HPLC/MS), with the HL extract having more intermediate size carbonyls (i.e., with six to nine carbons). The data suggest that the response of NHBE cells to treatment with diesel exhaust will vary depending on the constituent components of the exhaust. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Human Studies Facil, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, ORD Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Madden, MC (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd,MD 58B, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD DEC 26 PY 2003 VL 66 IS 24 BP 2281 EP 2297 DI 10.1080/15287390390244292 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 754GT UT WOS:000187308300001 PM 14686339 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E TI Hydrogenation of 4-oxoisophorone over a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst under supercritical CO2 medium SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-PHASE HYDROGENATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION; ALPHA,BETA-UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MALEIC-ANHYDRIDE; CINNAMALDEHYDE; COMPLEXES; FLUIDS; N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE AB Hydrogenation of 4-oxoisophorone has been studied over a 1% Pd/Al2O3 impregnated catalyst in supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) medium at different reaction conditions. The effect of temperature, pressure, and reaction medium on the conversion and product selectivity is discussed. Phase behavior studies have also been carried out to determine the conditions at which a supercritical phase is formed as a function of various experimental parameters as well as the miscibility behavior of different reactant mixtures. A comparison of the sc-CO2 medium reaction with the conventional liquid-phase hydrogenation in organic solvents as well as CO2-organic cosolvents has also been made. The reaction rates in sc-CO2 medium are found to be comparable to that in commonly employed organic solvents. Selectivities different from liquid-phase reactions are observed under supercritical conditions. Catalyst deactivation is found to be much lower in sc-CO2 medium when compared to that in the organic solvent medium. The reaction mechanism leading to different products is discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 52 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD DEC 24 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 26 BP 6688 EP 6696 DI 10.1021/ie030571a PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 755ZY UT WOS:000187442400003 ER PT J AU Chiu, WA Fan, XH Ostriker, JP AF Chiu, WA Fan, XH Ostriker, JP TI Combining Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar data on reionization constrains cosmological parameters and star formation efficiency SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmic microwave background; cosmology : theory; galaxies : formation; intergalactic medium; quasars : general ID LY-ALPHA FOREST; ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM; CLUSTER MASS FUNCTION; LYMAN-BREAK GALAXIES; WMAP OBSERVATIONS; INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE; STELLAR SOURCES; UNIVERSE; EVOLUTION AB We present constraints on cosmological and star formation parameters based on combining observations from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and high-redshift quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We use a semianalytic model for reionization that takes into account a number of important physical processes both within collapsing halos (e.g., H-2 cooling) and in the intergalactic medium (e.g., H-2 cooling, Compton cooling, and photoionization heating). We find that the Gunn-Peterson absorption data provide tight constraints on the power spectrum at small scales in a manner analogous to that derived from the cluster mass function. Assuming that the efficiency of producing UV photons per baryon is constant, the constraint takes on the form sigma(8)Omega(0)(0.5) approximate to 0.33 in a flat, Lambda-dominated universe with h = 0.72, n = 0.99, and Omega(b)(h2) = 0.024. However, the calculated optical depth to electron scattering of tau(es) similar to 0.06 is well below the value found by WMAP of 0.17 +/- (0.04 similar to 0.07). Since the WMAP constraints on tau(es) are somewhat degenerate with the value of the spectral index n, we then permit the primordial spectral index n to. oat and consider the 1 sigma WMAP-only determination of Omega(0)h(2) = 0.14 +/- 0.02 (implying Omega(0) = 0.27 +/- 0.04), while normalizing the power spectrum using WMAP. In addition, we allow the UV efficiency to be greater in the past. Combining the WMAP constraints with the quasar transmission data, our analysis then favors a model with tau(es) = 0.11(-0.03)(+0.02)(Omega(0)/0.27)(-0.57), a WMAP normalization of sigma(8) = 0.83(-0.0)(+0.03) (Omega(0)/0.27)(-0.53) (all at 95% confidence) and an effective UV efficiency that was at least similar to10 times greater at z >> 6. The implied UV efficiency is not unreasonable for stars, spanning the range from 10(-5.5) to 10(-4). These results indicate that the quasar and WMAP observations are consistent. If future observations confirm an optical depth to electron scattering tau(es) similar to 0.1, then it would appear that no more "exotic" sources of UV photons, such as miniquasars or active galactic nuclei, are necessary. However, unless one considers more radical sources of UV photons or alternative forms for the power spectrum of density fluctuations, one cannot achieve a value of tau(es) greater than or similar to 0.17 without violating some combination of constraints from quasar transmission data from z = 4 to 6 and WMAP measurements at large scales. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. RP Chiu, WA (reprint author), US EPA, 808 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 36 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 20 PY 2003 VL 599 IS 2 BP 759 EP 772 DI 10.1086/379318 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 756DX UT WOS:000187451500004 ER PT J AU Guedes, SD Vitorino, R Tomer, K Domingues, MRM Correia, AJF Amado, F Domingues, P AF Guedes, SD Vitorino, R Tomer, K Domingues, MRM Correia, AJF Amado, F Domingues, P TI Drosophila melanogaster larval hemolymph protein mapping SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; proteomics; Drosophila; hemolymph larvae; MALDI-TOF/TOF ID ASSISTED-LASER-DESORPTION/IONIZATION; ANTIMICROBIAL HOST-DEFENSE; MOSQUITO IMMUNE-RESPONSES; INNATE IMMUNITY; FLIGHT-MUSCLE; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; IDENTIFICATION; GENE; THIOREDOXIN AB With the completion of the genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster the importance of constructing a proteome map is to be considered. Therefore, with the application of recent advances in proteomic analysis approaches, a protein map of D. melanogaster larvae hemolymph proteins was obtained using 2-DE in the range of pH 3-10. After Coomassie colloidal detection of 289 spots, a total of 105 were excised from the gel and digested with trypsin. Identification was done based on a combination of MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and MS/MS spectra. The 99 proteins identified using this approach include a large number of metabolic enzymes, translational apparatus components, and structural proteins. Among these we emphasize the identification of proteins with molecular chaperone properties (heat shock proteins and PPIases) and protein spots involved in defense responses such as antioxidant and immunological defense mechanisms (thioredoxin, prophenoloxidase, and serine proteases), as well as in signal transduction pathways. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Aveiro, Dept Chem, P-3800 Aveiro, Portugal. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, DHHS, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Domingues, P (reprint author), Univ Aveiro, Dept Chem, P-3800 Aveiro, Portugal. EM pedrom@dq.ua.pt RI Tomer, Kenneth/E-8018-2013; Domingues, Pedro/E-5202-2010; Vitorino, Rui/G-7356-2014; Domingues, Rosario/K-7444-2014; Amado, Francisco/M-5337-2015; OI Domingues, Pedro/0000-0002-8060-7675; Vitorino, Rui/0000-0003-3636-5805; Domingues, Rosario/0000-0001-5357-3601; Amado, Francisco/0000-0001-8256-1749; Guedes, Sofia de Morais/0000-0001-9556-3639 NR 40 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X EI 1090-2104 J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD DEC 19 PY 2003 VL 312 IS 3 BP 545 EP 554 DI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.156 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 750WK UT WOS:000187021300003 PM 14680800 ER PT J AU Litten, S McChesney, DJ Hamilton, MC Fowler, B AF Litten, S McChesney, DJ Hamilton, MC Fowler, B TI Destruction of the World Trade Center and PCBs, PBDEs, PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and chlorinated biphenylenes in water, sediment, and sewage sludge SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; POLYBROMINATED DIBENZODIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED DIOXINS; TRANSFORMER; PYROLYSIS; EXPOSURE; FIRES; PCDFS AB Ash-laden runoff samples collected near Ground Zero soon after the September 11,2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) and subsequent fire demonstrate the release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and tetra- and pentachlorinated biphenylenes (PCBPs) from the incident. Relative abundances of PCDD/F congeners in the runoff water and post-disaster lower Manhattan dust samples were different from those seen in pre-disaster NYC combined sewer outfall (CSO) samples. The WTC-related samples showed a greater relative abundance of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF than usually seen in CSOs, sludges, and treated wastewaters. This congener may be associated with certain types of incineration. Comparison of sediment and water samples collected in the lower Hudson River before and shortly after September 11, 2001 (9/11) showed no changes in PCB or PCDD/F concentrations or homologue profiles determined down to the parts per quadrillion range. Comparisons of ambient water samples collected post-9/11 with archived samples suggest that the WTC disaster did not significantly impact ambient concentrations of the target chemicals. Ambient concentrations of PBDD/Fs in New York Harbor are similar to those of PCDD/Fs, suggesting that these contaminants deserve increased scrutiny with respect to toxicity, sources, and fate in the environment. C1 New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY 12233 USA. US EPA, Edison, NJ USA. Axys Analyt Serv, Sidney, BC, Canada. RP Litten, S (reprint author), New York State Dept Environm Conservat, 625 Broadway,4th Floor, Albany, NY 12233 USA. NR 24 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 7 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 24 BP 5502 EP 5510 DI 10.1021/es034480g PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 753UB UT WOS:000187248000005 PM 14717157 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Ghorishi, SB AF Chang, JCS Ghorishi, SB TI Simulation and evaluation of elemental mercury concentration increase in flue gas across a wet scrubber SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Experimental data from a laboratory-scale wet scrubber simulator confirmed that oxidized mercury, Hg2+, can be reduced by aqueous S(IV) (sulfite and/or bisulfite) species and results in elemental mercury (Hg-0) emissions under typical wet FGD scrubber conditions. The S(IV)-induced Hg2+ reduction and Hg-0 emission mechanism can be described by a model which assumes that only a fraction of the Hg2+ can be reduced, and the rate-controlling step of the overall process is a first-order reaction involving the Hg-S(IV) complexes. Experimental data and model simulations predict that the Hg2+ in the flue gas can cause rapid increase of Hg-0 concentration in the flue gas across a FGD scrubber. Forced oxidation can enhance Hg2+ reduction and Hg-0 emission by decreasing the S(N) concentration in the scrubbing liquor. The model predictions also indicate that flue gas Hg-0 increase across a wet FGD scrubber can be reduced by decreasing the pH, increasing S(IV) concentration, and lowering the temperature. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut & Prevent Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS G&M Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut & Prevent Control Div, E305-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 76 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 24 BP 5763 EP 5766 DI 10.1021/es034352s PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 753UB UT WOS:000187248000040 PM 14717192 ER PT J AU Tick, GR Lourenso, F Wood, AL Brusseau, ML AF Tick, GR Lourenso, F Wood, AL Brusseau, ML TI Pilot-scale demonstration of cyclodextrin as a solubility-enhancement agent for remediation of a tetrachloroethene-contaminated aquifer SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYPROPYL-BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN; ORGANIC LIQUID CONTAMINATION; POROUS-MEDIA; FIELD-SCALE; REMOVAL; BIODEGRADATION; TRANSPORT; BEHAVIOR; TESTS AB The limitations associated with conventional pump and treat technology have generated interest in using enhanced in-situ flushing as an alternative for remediating source zones contaminated with immiscible liquid. This research investigates the effectiveness of cyclodextrin as a solubility-enhancement agent to enhance the removal of tetrachloroethene (PCE) from a physically isolated section of an aquifer. An important component of this project was the implementation of reagent recovery and reuse. This field experiment presented the rare opportunity, under strict regulatory guidance, to inject PCE into the surficial aquifer cell created with two sets of sheet piles driven into an underlying clay unit. The well-controlled conditions specific to this experiment allowed quantification of mass balances, which is problematic for many contaminated field sites. The fact that mass balances can be obtained provides the ability to determine remediation effectiveness with unusual accuracy for a field project. The saturated zone within the test cell was flushed with a 15 wt % cyclodextrin solution. The cyclodextrin solution increased the aqueous concentration of PCE in the extraction-well effluent to as much as 22 times the concentrations obtained during the water flush conducted prior to the complexing sugar flush (CSF). The seven pore-volume CSF removed the equivalent of approximately 33 L of PCE from the subsurface. This equates to 48% of the total initial mass, based on the volume of PCE present prior to the CSF (68.6 L). Conversely, the seven pore-volume water flush conducted prior to the CSF removed the equivalent of 2.7 L of PCE. The use of cyclodextrin as a flushing agent, especially in a recycling configuration, appears to hold promise for successful remediation of chlorinated-solvent-contaminated source zones. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Brusseau, ML (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Shantz Bldg,Room 429, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 24 BP 5829 EP 5834 DI 10.1021/es030417f PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 753UB UT WOS:000187248000050 PM 14717202 ER PT J AU Sallstad, DM Ward, MDW Boykin, EH Selgrade, MK AF Sallstad, DM Ward, MDW Boykin, EH Selgrade, MK TI A murine model for low molecular weight chemicals: differentiation of respiratory sensitizers (TMA) from contact sensitizers (DNFB) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE low molecular weight (LMW) chemicals; contact hypersensitivity (CH); respiratory hypersensitivity (RH); murine models; 2.4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB); trimellitic anhydride (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride, TMA); occupational asthma ID LYMPH-NODE ASSAY; INHALED TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE; GUINEA-PIGS; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE; ANTIBODY-PRODUCTION; PHTHALIC-ANHYDRIDE; ICCVAM EVALUATION; AIRWAY RESPONSES; TOPICAL EXPOSURE AB Exposure to low molecular weight (LMW) chemicals contributes to both dermal and respiratory sensitization and is an important occupational health problem. Our goal was to establish an in vivo murine model for hazard identification of LMW chemicals that have the potential to induce respiratory hypersensitivity (RH). We used a dermal sensitization protocol followed by a respiratory challenge with the evaluation of endpoints typically associated with RH in human disease. Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was used as a prototype respiratory sensitizer and was compared to the dermal sensitizer; 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), along with vehicle controls. BALB/c mice were dermally sensitized using two exposure protocols. Mice in both protocols were dermally exposed on experimental days; D - 18 and D - 17 (abdomen), and D - 13 (ear). On D 0 mice received an intratracheal (IT) challenge. The mice in Protocol 2 were abdominally exposed twice with the addition of exposures on D -25 and D -24. Results indicate that mice required the additional dermal sensitization and the IT challenge (Protocol 2) to significantly elevate total IgE in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additional responses suggestive of RH were seen following Protocol 2, including increases in BALF cell numbers and neutrophils post IT with TMA (but not DNFB). These data suggest that the dermal sensitization and IT challenge followed by evaluation of serum antibodies and lung parameters are a reasonable and logistically feasible approach towards the development of a model for RH responses to LMW chemicals. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sallstad, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mail Code B143-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 72 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 15 PY 2003 VL 194 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S030-483X(03)00338-X PG 15 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 750TE UT WOS:000187013500012 ER PT J AU Dick, CAJ Singh, P Daniels, M Evansky, P Becker, S Gilmour, MI AF Dick, CAJ Singh, P Daniels, M Evansky, P Becker, S Gilmour, MI TI Murine pulmonary inflammatory responses following instillation of size-fractionated ambient particulate matter SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; OXIDANT RADICAL GENERATION; ULTRAFINE CARBON-BLACK; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; FLY-ASH; INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; POLLUTION PARTICLE AB The mechanisms for increased cardiopulmonary disease in individuals exposed to particulate air pollution are associated with fine and ultrafine particles that have a high oxidative potential. Particulate matter (PM) from Research Triangle Park (NC) was collected and separated into 3 different size fractions: coarse (CO; >3.5 mum), fine (FI; 1.7-3.5 mum), and fine/ultrafine (FU, <1.7 μm) using impaction and electrostatic precipitation. Particle chemistry indicated the presence of sulfates, zinc, iron, and copper in all fractions. CD1 mice were intratracheally instilled with 70, 50, or 100 μg of each fraction. After 18 h, the lungs were lavaged and assayed for signs of inflammation. All particles produced increases in neutrophil number, and this was highest in the high-dose FU group. Biochemical analysis revealed no change in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and increased albumin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were only seen with the high-dose Fl particles. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were increased over control levels after treatment with 100 μg of all 3 particle sizes. To determine whether oxidative stress may contribute to these effects, antioxidant levels in the lung were boosted by an intraperitoneal (ip) injection with dimethylthiourea (DMTU). This treatment resulted in a twofold increase in the total antioxidant capacity of the lung and decreased the PM-induced cytokine and neutrophil influx up to 50%. The data indicate that on an equal mass basis, ambient particles of these three size ranges produce pulmonary inflammation, and that increasing the antioxidant capacity of the lung reduces particle-induced cytokine and cellular responses. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD DEC 12 PY 2003 VL 66 IS 23 BP 2193 EP 2207 DI 10.1080/15287390390241231 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 750PL UT WOS:000187004900002 PM 14669776 ER PT J AU Waalkes, MP AF Waalkes, Michael P. TI Cadmium carcinogenesis SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Review DE Cadmium; Carcinogenesis; Humans; Rodents; Mechanisms AB Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable environmental and occupational concern. Cadmium compounds are classified as human carcinogens by several regulatory agencies. The most convincing data that cadmium is carcinogenic in humans comes from studies indicating occupational cadmium exposure is associated with lung cancer. Cadmium exposure has also been linked to human prostate and renal cancer, although this linkage is weaker than for lung cancer. Other target sites of cadmium carcinogenesis in humans, such as liver, pancreas and stomach, are considered equivocal. In animals, cadmium effectively induces cancers at multiple sites and by various routes. Cadmium inhalation in rats induces pulmonary adenocarcinomas, in accord with its role in human lung cancer. Cadmium can induce tumors and/or preneoplastic lesions within the rat prostate after ingestion or injection. At relatively high doses, cadmium induces benign testicular tumors in rats, but these appear to be due to early toxic lesions and loss of testicular function, rather than from a specific carcinogenic effect of cadmium. Like many other metals, cadmium salts will induce mesenchymal tumors at the site of subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injections, but the human relevance of these is dubious. Other targets of cadmium in rodents include the liver, adrenal, pancreas, pituitary, and hematopoietic system. With the exception of testicular tumors in rodents, the mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis are poorly defined. Cadmium can cause any number of molecular lesions that would be relevant to oncogenesis in various cellular model systems. Most studies indicate cadmium is poorly mutagenic and probably acts through indirect or epigenetic mechanisms, potentially including aberrant activation of oncogenes and suppression of apoptosis. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Inorgan Carcinogenesis Sect, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, NCI, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27706 USA. RP Waalkes, MP (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Inorgan Carcinogenesis Sect, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, NCI, 111 Alexander Dr,POB 12233,Mail Drop F0-09, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27706 USA. EM waalkes@niehs.nih.gov NR 77 TC 457 Z9 499 U1 5 U2 68 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 10 PY 2003 VL 533 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 107 EP 120 DI 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.011 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA V18WB UT WOS:000208033800006 PM 14643415 ER PT J AU Gielazyn, ML Ringwood, AH Piegorsch, WW Stancyk, SE AF Gielazyn, ML Ringwood, AH Piegorsch, WW Stancyk, SE TI Detection of oxidative DNA damage in isolated marine bivalve hemocytes using the comet assay and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE comet assay; Fpg; DNA damage; hydrogen peroxide; marine bivalves ID OYSTERS CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; MYTILUS-EDULIS L.; IN-VIVO; STRAND BREAKS; BASE DAMAGE; CELLS; MUSSEL; GALLOPROVINCIALIS; CONTAMINANTS; GLUTATHIONE AB Organisms in polluted areas can be exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals; however, exposure to genotoxic contaminants can be particularly devastating. DNA damage can lead to necrosis, apoptosis, or heritable mutations, and therefore has the potential to impact populations as well as individuals. Single cell gel electrophoresis (the comet assay) is a simple and sensitive technique used to examine DNA damage in single cells. The lesion-specific DNA repair enzyme formanimidine glycoslyase (Fpg) can be used in conjunction with the comet assay to detect 8-oxoguanine and other damaged bases, which are products of oxidative damage. Fpg was used to detect oxidative DNA damage in experiments where isolated oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) hemocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Standard enzyme buffers used with Fpg and the comet assay produced unacceptably high amounts of DNA damage in the marine bivalve hemocytes used in this study necessitating a modification of existing methods. A sodium chloride based reaction buffer was successfully used. Oxidative DNA damage can be detected in isolated oyster and clam hemocytes using Fpg and the comet assay when the sodium chloride reaction buffer and protocols outlined here are employed. The use of DNA repair enzymes, such as Fpg, in conjunction with the comet assay expands the usefulness and sensitivity of this assay, and provides important insights into the mechanisms of DNA damage. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Carolina, Marine Sci Program, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Stat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Gielazyn, ML (reprint author), US EPA, NOAA, 61 Forsyth St,11th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. EM michel.gielazyn@noaa.gov OI Piegorsch, Walter/0000-0003-2725-5604 NR 31 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD DEC 9 PY 2003 VL 542 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 22 DI 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.07.010 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 754NK UT WOS:000187323100002 PM 14644349 ER PT J AU Stolz, U Velez, S Wood, KV Wood, M Feder, JL AF Stolz, U Velez, S Wood, KV Wood, M Feder, JL TI Darwinian natural selection for orange bioluminescent color in a Jamaican click beetle SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION; POSITIVE SELECTION; FIREFLY LIGHT; EVOLUTION; LUCIFERASE; SENSITIVITY; COLEOPTERA; DROSOPHILA; CLONING; PROGRAM AB The Jamaican click beetle Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) is unique among all bioluminescent organisms in displaying a striking light color polymorphism [Biggley, W. H., Lloyd, J. E. & Seliger, H. H. (1967) J. Gen. Physiol. 50, 1681-1692]. Beetles on the island vary in the color of their ventral light organs from yellow-green to orange and their dorsal organs from green to yellow-green. The genetic basis for the color variation involves specific amino acid substitutions in the enzyme luciferase. Here, we show that dorsal and ventral light color in P. plagiophthalamus are under separate genetic control, we resolve the allelic basis for color variation, and, through analyses of luciferase sequence variation, we demonstrate that natural selection has produced a long-term adaptive trend for longer wavelength (more orange) ventral light on Jamaica. Our results constitute a novel example connecting the selective fixation of specific nucleotides in nature to their precisely determined phenotypic effects. We also present evidence suggesting that a recently derived ventral orange luciferase allele on the island has deterministically increased in frequency. Thus, the current luciferase polymorphism for P. plagiophthalamus appears to be mirroring the long-term anagenic trend on Jamaica, revealing a possible ongoing adaptive color transition in progress. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sci Ctr, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Promega Corp, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Feder, JL (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sci Ctr, Dept Biol Sci, POB 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RI Velez, Sebastian/B-4348-2008 NR 28 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 441 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 9 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 25 BP 14955 EP 14959 DI 10.1073/pnas.2432563100 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 753JA UT WOS:000187227200064 PM 14623957 ER PT J AU Cairns, MA Olmsted, I Granados, J Argaez, J AF Cairns, MA Olmsted, I Granados, J Argaez, J TI Composition and aboveground tree biomass of a dry semi-evergreen forest on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aboveground biomass; allometric regression equations; semi-evergreen tropical dry forest; Yucatan Peninsula; forest composition; carbon dynamics ID GLOBAL CARBON-CYCLE; TROPICAL FORESTS AB Forest biomass estimates are used to help quantify pools and flux of greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2-C) from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere associated with land-use and land cover changes. Such estimates based on direct measurements are quite limited for tropical dry forests. The goal of this study was to assess the species composition and biomass density in an intact Mexican forest representative of the tropical dry forest biome. We then compared our measured biomass with biomass estimates computed with a published model in current use. A total of 72 species were found in a 0.5 ha stand with a basal area of 31.3 m(2) ha(-1). The dominant species, in terms of biomass, were Brosimum alicastrum Sw., Manilkara zapota (L.) Royen, Luehea speciosa Wildl., Pouteria unilocularis (Donn. Sm.) Baehni, Trichilia minutiflora Standl., and Spondias mombin Linn. Tree heights ranged up to 30 m and dbh to 82.1 cm. Species-specific biomass regression models were developed for the six most common species of large (>10 cm dbh) trees and for the nine most common species of small (<10 cm dbh) trees from the destructive harvest of 698 trees. Mass of large trees (n = 195) were used to derive the regression model Y = exp{-2.173 + 0.868 ln((DTH)-T-2) + 0.0939/2}, where Y is the total dry weight (kg), D the dbh (cm), and TH the total height (m). Total above ground tree biomass was estimated to be 225 Mg ha(-1), and was dominated (85%) by the biomass of the large trees. The actual biomass of each of the 195 large trees was compared to individual tree biomass calculated with a published regression model [Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests. A primer. FAO Forestry Paper 134. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1997] that is based on measurements of 29 trees. We found that the published model underestimated biomass of these trees by 31% (37.6 versus 54.4 Mg). Calculated biomass was less than measured biomass for 29 of 33 species. The current study points to the value of site-specific assessment of above ground biomass and may contribute to more accurate estimates of dry tropical forest biomass densities currently used to estimate greenhouse gas flux from land management activity. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Ctr Invest Cient Yucatan, Dept Recursos Nat, Yucatan 97310, Mexico. RP Cairns, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 20 TC 58 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 5 PY 2003 VL 186 IS 1-3 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00229-9 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 748NN UT WOS:000186868100010 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Nozik-Grayck, E Turi, J Jaspers, I Mercatante, DR Kole, R Piantadosi, CA AF Ghio, AJ Nozik-Grayck, E Turi, J Jaspers, I Mercatante, DR Kole, R Piantadosi, CA TI Superoxide-dependent iron uptake a new role for anion exchange protein 2 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSFERRIN-BOUND IRON; LOWER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; RAT-LIVER; CELLS; TRANSPORT; REDUCTION; OXYGEN; LUNG; FERRIREDUCTASE AB Lung cells import iron across the plasma membrane as ferrous (Fe2+) ion by incompletely understood mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells import non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) using superoxide-dependent ferri-reductase activity involving anion exchange protein 2 (AE2) and extracellular bicarbonate (HCO3-). HBE cells that constitutively express AE2 mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and AE2 protein by Western analysis avidly transported NTBI after exposure to either Fe2+ or Fe3+, but reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ was first required. The ability of HBE cells to reduce Fe3+ and transport Fe2+ was inhibited by active extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD). Similarly, H BE cells that overexpress Cu,Zn SOD after adenoviral infection with AdSOD1 showed diminished iron uptake. The role of AE2 in iron uptake was indicated by three lines of evidence: (i) lack of both iron reduction and iron transport in bicarbonate-free buffer at controlled pH, (ii) failure of HBE cells treated with stilbene AE inhibitors to reduce Fe3+ or transport iron, and (iii) inhibition of iron uptake in HBE cells by inhibition of AE2 protein expression with antisense oligonucleotides. We thus disclose a novel ferri-reductase mechanism of NTBI uptake by human lung cells that employs superoxide exchange for HCO3- by AE2 protein in the plasma membrane. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Piantadosi, CA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, POB 3315, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 29 IS 6 BP 653 EP 660 DI 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0070OC PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 752PB UT WOS:000187175400001 PM 12791678 ER PT J AU White, EM Vaughan, PP Zepp, RG AF White, EM Vaughan, PP Zepp, RG TI Role of the photo-Fenton reaction in the production of hydroxyl radicals and photobleaching of colored dissolved organic matter in a coastal river of the southeastern United States SO AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Fenton reaction; colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM); hydroxyl radical; photochemistry ID FLUORESCAMINE-DERIVATIZED NITROXIDE; APPARENT QUANTUM YIELD; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; NATURAL-WATERS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SURFACE WATERS; PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENT; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Photochemical reactions involving colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in natural waters are important determinants of nutrient cycling, trace gas production and control of light penetration into the water column. In this study the role of the hydroxyl radical ((.)OH) in CDOM photodegradation was explored as well as the contribution of photo-Fenton chemistry to (.)OH formation. Photochemically produced (.)OH was observed under aerobic and dioxygen-depleted conditions in highly colored, acidic natural water samples obtained from a freshwater reach of the Satilla River, a river in the southeastern United States. Net aerobic (.)OH formation along with the production of hydrogen peroxide and Fe(II) provided evidence of photo-Fenton produced (.)OH. A reduction in (.)OH production in the presence of iron chelators further suggests the importance of iron and the photo-Fenton reaction in this water. Apparent quantum yield values for the photochemical production of (.)OH were determined from 300-320 nm. In addition, the relationship between (.)OH photoproduction and effects of irradiation on the optical properties of CDOM was examined. Changes in the light absorption and fluorescence properties of water samples from the Satilla River and other natural waters were compared to (.)OH production rates. The ability of constituents of Satilla River water, principally the dissolved organic matter, to scavenge (.)OH was also considered. Results indicate that the photo-Fenton reaction accounts for more than 70% of total photochemical (.)OH production in Satilla River water. Given the significant levels of (.)OH produced in this water, it is possible that (.)OH influences CDOM photobleaching. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Zepp, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM zepp.richard@epamail.epa.gov NR 74 TC 84 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 32 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 1015-1621 J9 AQUAT SCI JI Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 65 IS 4 BP 402 EP 414 DI 10.1007/s00027-003-0675-4 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 754DJ UT WOS:000187287200009 ER PT J AU Pfister, SL Spitzbarth, N Zeldin, DC Lafite, P Mansuy, D Campbell, WB AF Pfister, SL Spitzbarth, N Zeldin, DC Lafite, P Mansuy, D Campbell, WB TI Rabbit aorta converts 15-HPETE to trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids: potential role of cytochrome P450 SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cytochrome P450; lipoxygenase; arachidonic acid; rabbit aorta; endothelium ID HYDROPEROXIDE GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SULFAPHENAZOLE DERIVATIVES; EPOXYEICOSATRIENOIC ACIDS; DEPENDENT RELAXATIONS; CORONARY-ARTERIES; ACTIVE-SITES; FATTY-ACIDS; METABOLISM AB Previous work showed that rabbit aorta metabolizes arachidonic acid via 15-lipoxygenase to 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE), which undergoes an enzymatic rearrangement to 11-hydroxy-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11-H-14,15-EETA) and 15-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (15-H-11,12-EETA). Hydrolysis of the epoxy group results in the formation of 11, 14,15- and 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (THETAs). Endothelial cells have several heme-containing enzymes including cytochromes P450 (CYP), nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) synthase that catalyze the rearrangement of 15-HPETE to HEETAs. Incubation of arachidonic acid and 15-lipoxygenase, or 15-HPETE with rabbit aortic microsomes or rat liver microsomes, a rich source of CYP, resulted in the formation of a product that comigrated with THETAs and HEETAs on HPLC. Immunoblot analysis showed the presence of CYP2C8 and CYP2J2 in aortic tissue and when CYP2J2 or CYP2C8 was incubated with arachidonic acid and 15-lipoxygenase, the major products were 11,12,15- and 11,14,15-THETAs. Incubation of purified hematin, CYP2C11, eNOS or PG12 synthase enzymes with arachidonic acid and 15-lipoxygenase produced a different pattern of metabolites from rabbit aortic microsomes. Clotrimazole, a non-specific CYP inhibitor, and ebastine and terfenadone, specific CYP2J2 inhibitors, blocked the ability of aortic microsomes to produce THETAs while specific inhibitors of PG12 synthase, eNOS or CYP2C8/2C9 had no effect on THETA production. We suggest that a CYP, possibly CYP2J2, may function as the hydroperoxide isomerase converting 15-HPETE to HEETAs in rabbit vascular tissue. Further hydrolysis of the epoxy group of the HEETAs results in the formation of 11, 12,15- and 11, 14,15-THETAs. The HEETAs and THETAs are both vasodilators and may function as important regulators of vascular tone. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Pulm Pathobiol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Paris 05, CNRS, UMR 8601, Chim & Biochim Pharmacol & Toxicol Lab, F-75270 Paris 06, France. RP Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. EM wbcamp@mcw.edu RI Lafite, Pierre/F-6806-2011 OI Lafite, Pierre/0000-0003-1637-4966 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-37981] NR 46 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0003-9861 EI 1096-0384 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 420 IS 1 BP 142 EP 152 DI 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.026 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 748EL UT WOS:000186849500016 PM 14622984 ER PT J AU Howard-Reed, C Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ AF Howard-Reed, C Wallace, LA Emmerich, SJ TI Effect of ventilation systems and air filters on decay rates of particles produced by indoor sources in an occupied townhouse SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fine particles; coarse particles; deposition; filtration; residential indoor air quality ID DEPOSITION; PENETRATION; OUTDOOR; RESIDENCE; CLEANERS; EXPOSURE; ROOM; FINE AB Several studies have shown the importance of particle losses in real homes due to deposition and filtration; however, none have quantitatively shown the impact of using a central forced air fan and in-duct filter on particle loss rates. In an attempt to provide such data, we measured the deposition of particles ranging from 0.3 to 10 mum in an occupied townhouse and also in an unoccupied test house. Experiments were run with three different sources (cooking with a gas stove, citronella candle, pouring kitty litter), with the central heating and air conditioning (HAC) fan on or off, and with two different types of in-duct filters (electrostatic precipitator and ordinary furnace filter). Particle size, HAC fan operation, and the electrostatic precipitator had significant effects on particle loss rates. The standard furnace filter had no effect. Surprisingly, the type of source (combustion vs. mechanical generation) and the type of furnishings (fully furnished including carpet vs. largely unfurnished including mostly bare floor) also had no measurable effect on the deposition rates of particles of comparable size. With the HAC fan off, average deposition rates varied from 0.3 h(-1) for the smallest particle range (0.3-0.5 mum) to 5.2 h(-1) for particles greater than 10 mum. Operation of the central HAC fan approximately doubled these rates for particles < 5 mum, and increased rates by 2 h(-1) for the larger particles. An in-duct electrostatic precipitator increased the loss rates compared to the fan-off condition by factors of 5-10 for particles < 2.5 mum, and by a factor of 3 for 2.5-5.0 mum particles. In practical terms, use of the central fan alone could reduce indoor particle concentrations by 25-50%, and use of an in-duct ESP could reduce particle concentrations by 55-85% compared to fan-off conditions. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US EPA, Reston, VA 20191 USA. RP Howard-Reed, C (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009; Emmerich, Steven/F-4661-2010; Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 21 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 38 BP 5295 EP 5306 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.012 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 743YW UT WOS:000186602000001 ER PT J AU Williams, R Suggs, J Rea, A Leovic, K Vette, A Croghan, C Sheldon, L Rodes, C Thornburg, J Ejire, A Herbst, M Sanders, W AF Williams, R Suggs, J Rea, A Leovic, K Vette, A Croghan, C Sheldon, L Rodes, C Thornburg, J Ejire, A Herbst, M Sanders, W TI The Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study: PM mass concentration relationships SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ambient air monitoring; personal exposure monitoring; susceptible subpopulations ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; AIR-POLLUTION; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGY-EXPOSURE; DAILY MORTALITY; OUTDOOR CONCENTRATIONS; DATA QUALITY; INDOOR; BALTIMORE; PARTICLES AB The US Environmental Protection Agency has recently performed the Research Triangle Park Particulate Matter Panel Study. This was a 1-year investigation of PM and related co-pollutants involving participants living within the RTP area of North Carolina. Primary goals were to characterize the relationships between ambient and residential PM measures to those obtained from personal exposure monitoring and estimate ambient source contributions to personal and indoor mass concentrations. A total of 38 participants living in 37 homes were involved in personal, residential indoor, residential outdoor and ambient PM2.5 exposure monitoring. Participants were 30 non-smoking hypertensive African-Americans living in a low-moderate SES neighborhood (SE Raleigh, NC) and a cohort of eight individuals having implanted cardiac defibrillators (Chapel Hill, NC). Residential and ambient monitoring of PM10 and PM10-2.5 (coarse by differential) was also performed. The volunteers were monitored for seven consecutive days during each of four seasons (summer 2000, fall 2000, winter 2001, spring 2001). Individual PM2.5 personal exposure concentrations ranged from 4 to 218 mug m(-3) during the study. The highest personal exposures were determined to be the result of passive environmental tobacco exposures. Subsequently, similar to7% of the total number of personal exposure trials were excluded to minimize this pollutant's effect upon the overall analysis. Results indicated that a pooled data set (seasons, cohorts, residences, participants) was appropriate for investigation of the basic mass concentration relationships. Daily personal PM2.5 mass concentrations were typically higher than their associated residential or ambient measurements (mean personal = 23.0, indoor = 19. 1, outdoor = 19.3, ambient = 19.2 mug m-3). Mean personal PM2.5 exposures were observed to be only moderately correlated to ambient PM2.5 concentrations (r = 0.39). Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Shaw Univ, Raleigh, NC 27601 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Williams, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-E205-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Vette, Alan/A-7330-2012 OI Vette, Alan/0000-0001-6749-1252 NR 36 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 8 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 38 BP 5349 EP 5363 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.019 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 743YW UT WOS:000186602000006 ER PT J AU Williams, R Suggs, J Rea, A Sheldon, L Rodes, C Thornburg, J AF Williams, R Suggs, J Rea, A Sheldon, L Rodes, C Thornburg, J TI The Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study: modeling ambient source contribution to personal and residential PM mass concentrations SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE source contribution; infiltration factor; particle penetration ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY-EXPOSURE; AIR-POLLUTION; OUTDOOR CONCENTRATIONS; INDOOR; PARTICLES; DISTRIBUTIONS; PENETRATION; POPULATIONS AB The Research Triangle Park (RTP) Particulate Matter (PM) Panel Study represented a 1-year investigation of personal, residential and ambient PM mass concentrations across distances as large as 70 km in central North Carolina. One of the primary goals of this effort was to estimate ambient PM2.5 contributions to personal and indoor residential PM mass concentrations. Analyses indicated that data from the two distinct non-smoking subject populations totaling 38 individuals and 37 residences could be pooled. This resulted in nearly 800 data points for each variable. A total of 55 measurements believed to have been potentially influenced by personal or residential exposure to passive environmental tobacco smoke were not included in the analysis database. Variables to be examined included C-ig (concentration of indoor generated PM), E-ig (personal exposure to indoor generated PM), F-inf (ambient PM infiltration factor), and F-pex (personal exposure to PM of ambient origin factor). Daily air exchange rates (AER) were measured and statistical modeling to derive estimates of particle penetration (P) and particle deposition (k) factors was performed. Seasonality, cohort grouping, participant or combinations of these variables were determined not to be significant influences in estimating group infiltration factors. The mean (+/-std) mixed model slope estimates were AER=0.72 +/- 0.63, P = 0.72 +/- 0.2 1, k = 0.42 +/- 0.19, and F-inf 0.45 +/- 0.21. These variables were then used in a number of mixed effects models having varying features of single, random or fixed intercepts and/or slopes to determine the most appropriate means of estimating ambient source contributions to personal and residential settings. A mixed model slope for F-pex ( SE) was 0.47 +/- 0.07 using the model with the highest degree of fit. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Williams, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-E205-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 5 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 38 BP 5365 EP 5378 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.010 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 743YW UT WOS:000186602000007 ER PT J AU Stout, DM Mason, MA AF Stout, DM Mason, MA TI The distribution of chlorpyrifos following a crack and crevice type application in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality Research House SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; translocation; pesticide; residential exposure; crack and crevice application ID AEROSOL PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS; POTENTIAL DERMAL TRANSFER; RESIDENTIAL SURFACES; INTERIM-REPORT; FOGGER USE; EXPOSURE; BROADCAST; BEHAVIOR; RESIDUES; CHILDREN AB A study was conducted in the US EPA Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Research House to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of chlorpyrifos following a professional crack and crevice application in the kitchen. Following the application, measurements were made in the kitchen, den and master bedroom over 21 days. Airborne concentrations were collected using both polyurethane foam (PUF) and the OSHA versatile sampler composed of XAD and PUF media located in tandem. Measured airborne concentrations were similar for the two samplers and were higher in the three rooms following the application. The highest measured concentrations were reached during the initial 24-h following application; concentrations subsequently declined over the 21-day study period to levels slightly above background. Spatial and temporal distributions onto surfaces were measured using 10-cm(2) rayon deposition coupons located on the floor. Sections were cut from existing carpet to determine the total extractable residues. Chlorpyrifos was measured from all matrixes in the kitchen, den and bedroom and the data shows the transport of airborne residues from the point of application to remote locations in the house. The findings are compared and discussed relative to another study conducted in which total release aerosols containing chlorpyrifos were activated in the IAQ research house and the resulting distributions evaluated. For both studies dose estimates were constructed for the exposure pathways using the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Estimation Model for pesticides. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has been mandated to examine children's exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides. This research specifically reduces uncertainties associated with estimating children's potential exposures to residentially applied pesticides and provides inputs to further evaluate and validate residential exposure models which might be used to reduce exposures and perform risk assessments. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Exposure Measurement Anal Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Indoor Environm Management Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stout, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Exposure Measurement Anal Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 37 IS 39-40 BP 5539 EP 5549 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.030 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753EK UT WOS:000187219000010 ER PT J AU Herbert, JS Eckerman, CO Stanton, ME AF Herbert, JS Eckerman, CO Stanton, ME TI The ontogeny of human learning in delay, long-delay, and trace eyeblink conditioning SO BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; EYELID RESPONSES; INTERSTIMULUS-INTERVAL; HIPPOCAMPAL-LESIONS; CEREBELLAR LESIONS; RABBITS; ACQUISITION; AGE; RETENTION; SYSTEMS AB The ontogeny of associative learning in delay (750-ms conditional stimulus [CS], 650-ms interstimulus interval [ISI]), long-delay (1,350-ms CS, 1,250-ms ISI), and trace (750-ms CS, 500-ms trace interval, 1,250-ms ISI) eyeblink conditioning was examined in 5-month-old human infants and adults. Infants and adults showed different acquisition rates but reached equivalent asymptotes of conditional responses (CRs) in standard delay conditioning. In long-delay and trace conditions, infants exhibited less robust conditioning than adults and minimal ability to appropriately time CRs. During infancy, the ISI, rather than the conditioning procedure, predicted rate and effectiveness of CRs. These findings suggest that higher order cognitive abilities begin emerging early in development. Across ontogeny, however, there are changes in the limits and parameters that support associative learning. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England. Duke Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Psychol, Newark, DE 19716 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Herbert, JS (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England. OI Herbert, Jane/0000-0002-8762-4531 FU NICHD NIH HHS [P01-HD35466] NR 65 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 27 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0735-7044 J9 BEHAV NEUROSCI JI Behav. Neurosci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 117 IS 6 BP 1196 EP 1210 DI 10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.196 PG 15 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 755KP UT WOS:000187402300008 PM 14674840 ER PT J AU Tabak, HH Scharp, R Burckle, J Kawahara, FK Govind, R AF Tabak, HH Scharp, R Burckle, J Kawahara, FK Govind, R TI Advances in biotreatment of acid mine drainage and biorecovery of metals: 1. Metal precipitation for recovery and recycle SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE acid mine drainage biotreatment; sulfate reducing bacteria; biological sulfate conversion; biorecovery and recycle of metals; sequential selective metal precipitation and purification process ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; HEAVY-METALS; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS; MIXED CULTURES; CARBON SOURCE; REDUCTION; ENERGY; GAS; BIOSORPTION AB Acid mine drainage (AMD), an acidic metal-bearing wastewater, poses a severe pollution problem attributed to post mining activities. The metals usually encountered in AMD and considered of concern for risk assessment are arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead, manganese, zinc, copper and sulfate. The pollution generated by abandoned mining activities in the area of Butte, Montana has resulted in the designation of the Silver Bow Creek-Butte Area as the largest Superfund (National Priorities List) site in the U. S. This paper reports the results of bench-scale studies conducted to develop a resource recovery based remediation process for the clean up of the Berkeley Pit. The process utilizes selective, sequential precipitation (SSP) of metals as hydroxides and sulfides, such as copper, zinc, aluminum, iron and manganese, from the Berkeley Pit AMD for their removal from the water in a form suitable for additional processing into marketable precipitates and pigments. The metal biorecovery and recycle process is based on complete separation of the biological sulfate reduction step and the metal precipitation step. Hydrogen sulfide produced in the SRB bioreactor systems is used in the precipitation step to form insoluble metal sulfides. The average metal recoveries using the SSP process were as follows: aluminum (as hydroxide) 99.8%, cadmium (as sulfide) 99.7%, cobalt (as sulfide) 99.1% copper (as sulfide) 99.8%, ferrous iron (sulfide) 97.1%, manganese (as sulfide) 87.4%, nickel (as sulfide) 47.8%, and zinc (as sulfide) 100%. The average precipitate purity for metals, copper sulfide, ferric hydroxide, zinc sulfide, aluminum hydroxide and manganese sulfide were: 92.4, 81.5, 97.8, 95.6, 92.1 and 75.0%, respectively. The final produced water contained only calcium and magnesium and both sulfate and sulfide concentrations were below usable water limits. Water quality of this agriculturally usable water met the EPA's gold standard criterion. C1 US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 79 Z9 89 U1 6 U2 83 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PD DEC PY 2003 VL 14 IS 6 BP 423 EP 436 DI 10.1023/A:1027332902740 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 740NP UT WOS:000186408700007 PM 14669873 ER PT J AU Tabak, HH Govind, R AF Tabak, HH Govind, R TI Advances in biotreatment of acid mine drainage and biorecovery of metals: 2. Membrane bioreactor system for sulfate reduction SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE acid mine drainage biotreatment; biofilms; biokinetics of sulfate reduction; growth yields; hollow fiber membranes; hydrogen consumption; membrane bioreactor system; microbial sulfate reduction; sulfate conversion rates; sulfate reducing bacteria ID REDUCING BACTERIA; DESULFOVIBRIO-VULGARIS; THERMOPHILIC SULFATE; INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS; BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL; MIXED CULTURE; ENERGY-SOURCE; FATTY-ACIDS; SP-NOV; HYDROGEN AB Several biotreatmemt techniques for sulfate conversion by the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) have been proposed in the past, however few of them have been practically applied to treat sulfate containing acid mine drainage (AMD). This research deals with development of an innovative polypropylene hollow fiber membrane bioreactor system for the treatment of acid mine water from the Berkeley Pit, Butte, MT, using hydrogen consuming SRB biofilms. The advantages of using the membrane bioreactor over the conventional tall liquid phase sparged gas bioreactor systems are: large microporous membrane surface to the liquid phase; formation of hydrogen sulfide outside the membrane, preventing the mixing with the pressurized hydrogen gas inside the membrane; no requirement of gas recycle compressor; membrane surface is suitable for immobilization of active SRB, resulting in the formation of biofilms, thus preventing washout problems associated with suspended culture reactors; and lower operating costs in membrane bioreactors, eliminating gas recompression and gas recycle costs. Information is provided on sulfate reduction rate studies and on biokinetic tests with suspended SRB in anaerobic digester sludge and sediment master culture reactors and with SRB biofilms in bench-scale SRB membrane bioreactors. Biokinetic parameters have been determined using biokinetic models for the master culture and membrane bioreactor systems. Data are presented on the effect of acid mine water sulfate loading at 25, 50, 75 and 100 ml/min in scale-up SRB membrane units, under varied temperatures (25, 35 and 40degreesC) to determine and optimize sulfate conversions for an effective AMD biotreatment. Pilot-scale studies have generated data on the effect of flow rates of acid mine water (MGD) and varied inlet sulfate concentrations in the influents on the resultant outlet sulfate concentration in the effluents and on the number of SRB membrane modules needed for the desired sulfate conversion in those systems. The pilot-scale data indicate that the SRB membrane bioreactors systems can be applied toward field-scale biotreatment of AMD and for recovery of high purity metals and an agriculturally usable water. C1 US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 53 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 5 U2 36 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PD DEC PY 2003 VL 14 IS 6 BP 437 EP 452 DI 10.1023/A:1027332918844 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 740NP UT WOS:000186408700008 PM 14669874 ER PT J AU Etterson, MA AF Etterson, MA TI Conspecific attraction in loggerhead shrikes: implications for habitat conservation and reintroduction SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Lanius ludovicianus; conspecific attraction; territorial aggregation; information hypothesis; habitat fragmentation; captive breeding; reintroduction ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; LANIUS-LUDOVICIANUS; SELECTION; POPULATION; BIRDS; COLONIALITY; FLYCATCHER; ABUNDANCE; DISPERSAL; BEHAVIOR AB The loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus, is a declining songbird that forms breeding aggregations. Despite such reports from several populations, only one statistical analysis of loggerhead shrike territory distribution has been published to date. I use a spatio-temporal simulation technique to test for deviations from randomness in the spatial distribution of point data that takes into account date of nest establishment. I apply this model to data on the distribution of shrike nests in Comanche County, Oklahoma, USA, collected over the 1998 and 1999 breeding seasons. When the data are considered without regard to date of nest-establishment, the results are equivocal; nests are significantly aggregated in 1999, but not 1998. However, when order of nest establishment is taken into account, later nests are significantly more likely to be closer than expected to conspecifics in both years. This is true even when the distribution of simple resources, such as suitable nest-trees, is included in the model. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that loggerhead shrikes 'prospect' for suitable habitat using the distribution of breeding conspecifics. This aspect of loggerhead shrike breeding ecology should be considered for both habitat conservation and captive breeding and reintroduction programs for this species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Conservat Biol Grad Program, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Etterson, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 114 IS 2 BP 199 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00024-7 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 720MK UT WOS:000185264400005 ER PT J AU Glaser, JA Matten, SR AF Glaser, JA Matten, SR TI Sustainability of insect resistance management strategies for transgenic Bt corn SO BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES LA English DT Review DE plant-incorporated protectants; transgenic crops; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bt corm ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXIN; GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED CROPS; ENVIRONMENTALLY SELECTIVE CONTROL; DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; INTEGRATED PEST-MANAGEMENT; MALATHION FLOUR GRANULES; BORER LEPIDOPTERA; F-2 SCREEN; INDIRECT REDUCTION; SEED MIXTURES AB Increasing interest in the responsible management of technology in the industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy has been met thorough the development of broadly applicable tools to assess the "sustainability" of new technologies. An arena ripe for application of such analysis is the deployment of transgenic crops. The new transgenic pesticidal or plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) crops have seen widespread application in the United States based on the features of higher yield, lower applications of insecticides, and control of mycotoxin content. However, open rejection of these new crops in Europe and in other countries has been a surprising message and has limited their worldwide acceptance. The US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has worked on the development and analysis of insect resistance management (IRM) strategies and has mandated specific IRM requirements for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops since 1995 under the Food, Fungicide, Insecticide, and Rodenticide Act. Improvement of data quality and sustainability of IRM strategies have been targeted in an ongoing partnership between the USEPA Office of Research and Development and the Office of Pesticide Programs that will further enhance the agency's ability to develop sustainable insect resistance management strategies for transgenic field corn (Bt corn) producing B. thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Biopesticides & Pollut Prevent Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Glaser, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, 26 W King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM glaser.john@epa.gov NR 119 TC 42 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0734-9750 J9 BIOTECHNOL ADV JI Biotechnol. Adv. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 69 DI 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.016 PG 25 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 763CG UT WOS:000188053400007 PM 14623043 ER PT J AU Grasty, RC Grey, BE Lau, CS Rogers, JM AF Grasty, RC Grey, BE Lau, CS Rogers, JM TI Prenatal window of susceptibility to perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced neonatal mortality in the Sprague-Dawley rat SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART B-DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOS; critical period; neonatal mortality ID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-I; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION; LUNG DEVELOPMENT; BINDING-PROTEIN; MARINE MAMMALS; FETAL-RAT; SURFACTANT; EXPRESSION; EXPOSURE AB The critical period for increased neonatal mortality induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure was evaluated in the rat. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by oral gavage with 25 mg/kg/d PFOS/K+ on four consecutive days (gestation days (GD) 2-5, 6-9, 10-13, 14-17, or 17-20) or with 0, 25, or 50 mg/kg/d PFOS/K+ on GD 19-20. Controls received vehicle (10 ml/kg 0.5% Tween-20) on these days. Maternal weight gain was reduced in treated animals during dosing, as were food and water consumption. Following a 4-day treatment, litter size at birth was unaffected while pup weight was similarly reduced in the three earliest PFOS groups. All PFOS groups experienced decreases in survival while controls remained near 100%. Neonatal survival decreased in groups dosed later during gestation, approaching 100% with dosing on GD 17-20. Most deaths occurred before postnatal day (PND) 4, with the majority in the first 24 hours. Maternal serum PFOS levels on GD 21 were higher in groups exhibiting higher mortality. Following a 2-day treatment, PFOS groups experienced significant pup mortality by PND 1. Neonatal mortality continued through PND 5, when survival was 98, 66, and 3% for the 0, 25, and 50 mg/kg groups, respectively. Pup weight was reduced in treated groups with surviving litters. Gross dissection and histological examination of lungs revealed differences in maturation between control and treated animals on PND 0. We conclude that exposure to PFOS late in gestation is sufficient to induce 100% pup mortality and that inhibition of lung maturation may be involved. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. RP Grasty, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Mail Drop 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM grasty.rayetta@epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ES07126]; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM08581] NR 34 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 17 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-9733 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES B JI Birth Defects Res. Part B-Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 6 BP 465 EP 471 DI 10.1002/bdrb.10046 PG 7 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 760YA UT WOS:000187861800003 PM 14745980 ER PT J AU Schmitt, E Parcellier, A Gurbuxani, S Cande, C Hammann, A Morales, MC Hunt, CR Dix, DJ Kroemer, RT Giordanetto, F Jaattela, M Penninger, JM Pance, A Kroemer, G Garrido, C AF Schmitt, E Parcellier, A Gurbuxani, S Cande, C Hammann, A Morales, MC Hunt, CR Dix, DJ Kroemer, RT Giordanetto, F Jaattela, M Penninger, JM Pance, A Kroemer, G Garrido, C TI Chemosensitization by a non-apoptogenic heat shock protein 70-binding apoptosis-inducing factor mutant SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; CYTOCHROME-C; MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL; SELECTIVE DEPLETION; NUCLEAR APOPTOSIS; PROCASPASE-9; PATHWAYS; COMPLEX; BINDING; AIF AB Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) inhibits apoptosis and thereby increases the survival of cells exposed to a wide range of lethal stimuli. HSP70 has also been shown to increase the tumorigenicity of cancer cells in rodent models. The protective function of this chaperone involves interaction and neutralization of the caspase activator apoptotic protease activation factor-1 and the mitochondrial flavoprotein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). In this work, we determined by deletional mutagenesis that a domain of AIF comprised between amino acids 150 and 228 is engaged in a molecular interaction with the substrate-binding domain of HSP70. Computer calculations favored this conclusion. On the basis of this information, we constructed an AIF-derived protein, which is cytosolic, noncytotoxic, yet maintains its capacity to interact with HSP70. This protein, designated ADD70, sensitized different human cancer cells to apoptosis induced by a variety of death stimuli by its capacity to interact with HSP70 and,therefore to sequester HSP70. Thus, its chemosensitizing effect was lost in cells in which inducible HSP70 genes had been deleted. These data delineate a novel strategy for the selective neutralization of HSP70. C1 Fac Med & Pharm, INSERM, U517, F-21033 Dijon, France. Inst Gustave Roussy, CNRS, UMR 1599, Villejuif, France. Univ London Queen Mary Coll, Dept Chem, London E1 4NS, England. Pharmacia, Modl Modeling & Design, Nerviano, Italy. Danish Canc Soc, Inst canc Biol, Apoptosis Lab, Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Med Biophys & Immunol, Toronto, ON, Canada. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div MD72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1QW, England. RP Garrido, C (reprint author), Fac Med & Pharm, INSERM, U517, 7 Blvd Jeanne Darc, F-21033 Dijon, France. RI Kroemer, Guido/B-4263-2013; Penninger, Josef/I-6860-2013 OI Penninger, Josef/0000-0002-8194-3777 NR 44 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 63 IS 23 BP 8233 EP 8240 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 756DQ UT WOS:000187450900026 PM 14678980 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Bekele, SF Pillai, UR AF Sahle-Demessie, E Bekele, SF Pillai, UR TI Residence time distribution of fluids in stirred annular photoreactor SO CATALYSIS TODAY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Institute-of-Chemical-Engineers CY 2002 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Inst Chem Engn DE residence time distribution; fluids; photoreactor; numerical simulation ID PHOTOCATALYSIS AB When gases flow through an annular photoreactor at constant rate, some of the gas spends more or less than the average residence time in the reactor. This spread of residence time can have an important effect on the performance of the reactor. This study tested how the residence time distribution (RTD) in an annular photoreactor with a magnetic stirrer at the bottom, is affected by the flow rate, different stirring rates and reactor length-to-diameter ratios. Pulse response studies with UV-Vis measurements were used to measure RTD curves, and a dimensionless parameter L/[N(D-0 - D-i)] was used as a measure of the approach to plug flow. Numerical method was used to develop a model base on second-order discritization and a convergence criteria of 10(-4) for all variables as laminar flow. Effects of reactor mixers in an annular photoreactor were simulated using a finite volume method (Fluent). Steady state solutions were obtained by imposing boundary conditions of inlet velocity of the required flow rate, inside and outside surface of the cylinder specified a wall boundary condition and outflow boundary conditions adapted at the outlet boundary. A virtual fan having specific radial and axial flow velocities introduced at the inlet of the reactor to initiate swirl motion. Grids for the above simulations are generated using Gambit. Qualitative comparisons of the numerical results with experimental results showed that the use of axial or mixed flow stirrer could improve the flow profile narrowing the RTD curve, creating high Reynolds numbers and avoiding back mixing. The information would be useful to design and scale-up gas flow photoreactor that behave like stirred tanks in series or approach plug flow system. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Western Ontario, Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Lab, London, ON, Canada. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, 26 W Marton Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5861 J9 CATAL TODAY JI Catal. Today PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 72 DI 10.1016/j.cattod.2003.08.009 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 759VN UT WOS:000187757700007 ER PT J AU Richard, AM Williams, CR Burch, JM AF Richard, AM Williams, CR Burch, JM TI Standardization and structural annotation of public toxicity databases: Improving SAR capabilities and linkage to 'omics data. SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NC Cent Univ, EPA, Student COOP, Durham, NC USA. EM richard.ann@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 16 IS 12 MA 23 BP 1666 EP 1666 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 755AM UT WOS:000187365700044 ER PT J AU Wade, TG Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Jones, KB AF Wade, TG Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Jones, KB TI Distribution and causes of global forest fragmentation SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL AMAZONIA; UNITED-STATES; DEFORESTATION; CLIMATE; SCALES; CARBON AB Because human land uses tend to expand over time, forests that share a high proportion of their borders with anthropogenic uses are at higher risk of further degradation than forests that share a high proportion of their borders with non-forest, natural land cover (e.g., wetland). Using 1-km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite-based land cover, we present a method to separate forest fragmentation into natural and anthropogenic components, and report results for all inhabited continents summarized by World Wildlife Fund biomes. Globally, over half of the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome and nearly one quarter of the tropical rainforest biome have been fragmented or removed by humans, as opposed to only 4% of the boreal forest. Overall, Europe had the most human-caused fragmentation and South America the least. This method may allow for improved risk assessments and better targeting for protection and remediation by identifying areas with high amounts of human-caused fragmentation. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wade, TG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 31 TC 110 Z9 123 U1 6 U2 47 PU RESILIENCE ALLIANCE PI WOLFVILLE PA ACADIA UNIV, BIOLOGY DEPT, WOLFVILLE, NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 1195-5449 J9 CONSERV ECOL JI Conserv. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 7 IS 2 AR 7 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 779NY UT WOS:000189307800003 ER PT J AU Trenham, PC Koenig, WD Mossman, MJ Stark, SL Jagger, LA AF Trenham, PC Koenig, WD Mossman, MJ Stark, SL Jagger, LA TI Regional dynamics of wetland-breeding frogs and toads: Turnover and synchrony SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE anuran; autocorrelation; frog; metapopulation; monitoring; rainfall synchrony; spatial synchrony; toad; turnover; wetland; Wisconsin ID SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA-CALIFORNIENSE; RANA-SYLVATICA; WOOD FROG; SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION; POPULATION SYNCHRONY; AGE STRUCTURE; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION; SPECIES RICHNESS; LIFE-HISTORY AB We used data from a statewide frog monitoring network to investigate population turnover and synchrony in eight wetland-breeding species. We found that subpopulations at many sites turn over frequently, with breeding choruses absent or undetectable in most years. Frequencies of detection across sites were significantly associated with the density of wetland patches (all species) and the areal extent of several terrestrial land cover categories (seven species) within 1 km. Intraspecific population fluctuations were statistically synchronized between survey sites separated by up to 50-100 km, but synchrony was not strong. Anuran abundances were significantly correlated with rainfall 1-4 years earlier, indicating that rainfall influences population fluctuations. However, population synchrony was much weaker than rainfall synchrony. Managers attempting to maintain amphibian populations regionally should focus on maintaining landscapes with high densities of wetlands and sufficient upland habitat resources. The dynamic nature of amphibian populations at individual wetlands is well known, and our results suggest that species distributions at the landscape level are similarly dynamic. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Calif, Hastings Nat Hist reservat, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 USA. RP Trenham, PC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Koenig, Walter/A-5509-2009; OI Koenig, Walter/0000-0001-6207-1427 NR 61 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 6 U2 32 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1522 EP 1532 DI 10.1890/02-5206 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 758DC UT WOS:000187616400004 ER PT J AU Lawler, JJ White, D Master, LL AF Lawler, JJ White, D Master, LL TI Integrating representation and vulnerability: Two approaches for prioritizing areas for conservation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic factors; biodiversity; conservation planning; irreplaceability; optimization; reserve selection; site ranking; species composition; threats; vulnerability ID RESERVE SELECTION ALGORITHMS; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; UNITED-STATES; NETWORKS; THREATS; IRREPLACEABILITY; BIODIVERSITY; CONNECTIVITY; GEOGRAPHY; DESIGN AB Reserves protect biodiversity by ameliorating the threats to the persistence of populations. Methods for efficient, systematic reserve selection have generally been designed to maximize the protection of biodiversity while minimizing the costs of reserves. These techniques have not directly addressed the factors threatening species at specific sites By incorporating measures of site vulnerability into reserve selection procedures, conservation planners can prioritize sites based on both representing biodiversity and the immediacy of factors threatening it. Here we develop two complementary approaches for identifying areas for conservation based on species composition and potential threats facing the species. These approaches build on two established methods of systematic reserve selection. The first approach involves mapping irreplaceability (a statistic derived from reserve selection theory that measures the potential importance of a site for protecting all species) and the degree to which the area is vulnerable to threats from three basic anthropogenic factors (the percentages of a site devoted to agriculture, to urban and suburban development, and to open mines). We classified areas with respect to both irreplaceability and the three indicators of vulnerability, producing a continuous ranking of all sites based on these factors. Our second approach was to incorporate site vulnerability into a reserve selection algorithm. This approach allowed us to locate those sets of sites that protected all species and were most likely to be threatened by human activities. These two analyses can provide regional-scale guidance for conservation in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, and them demonstrate two potential tools for solving complex conservation-planning problems. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council Associateship Program, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NatureServe, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lawler, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council Associateship Program, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 52 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 15 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1762 EP 1772 DI 10.1890/02-5337 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 758DC UT WOS:000187616400020 ER PT J AU Carroll, C Noss, RE Paquet, PC Schumaker, NH AF Carroll, C Noss, RE Paquet, PC Schumaker, NH TI Use of population viability analysis and reserve selection algorithms in regional conservation plans SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE carnivores; conservation planning; focal species; population viability analysis; regional conservation plans; reserve selection; Rocky Mountains ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; GRIZZLY BEARS; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; IRREPLACEABILITY; VULNERABILITY; CONNECTIVITY; RESTORATION; CARNIVORES; EXTINCTION; LANDSCAPES AB Current reserve selection algorithms have difficulty evaluating connectivity and other factors necessary to conserve wide-ranging species in developing landscapes. Conversely, population viability analyses may incorporate detailed demographic data, but often lack sufficient spatial detail or are limited to too few taxa to be relevant to regional conservation plans. We developed a regional conservation plan for mammalian carnivores in the Rocky Mountain region using both a reserve selection algorithm (SITES) and, a spatially explicit population model (PATCH). The spatially explicit population model informed reserve selection and network design by producing data on the locations of population sources, the degree of threat to those areas from landscape change, the existence of thresholds to population viability as the size of the reserve network increased, and the effect of linkage areas on population persistence. A 15% regional decline in carrying capacity for large carnivores was predicted within 25 years if no addition to protected areas occurred. Increasing the percentage of the region in reserves from the current 17.2% to 36.4% would result in a 1-4% increase over current carrying capacity, despite the effects of landscape change. The population model identified linkage areas that were not chosen by the reserve selection algorithm, but whose protection strongly affected population viability. A reserve network based on carnivore conservation goals incidentally protected 76% of ecosystem types, but was poor at capturing localized rare species. Although it is unlikely that planning for focal species requirements alone will capture all facets of biodiversity, when used in combination with other planning foci, it may help to forestall the effects of loss of connectivity on a larger group of threatened species and ecosystems. A better integration of current reserve selection tools and spatial simulation models should produce reserve designs that are simultaneously biologically realistic and taxonomically inclusive. C1 Klamath Ctr Conservat Res, Orleans, CA 95556 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Univ Calgary, Fac Environm Design, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Carroll, C (reprint author), Klamath Ctr Conservat Res, Orleans, CA 95556 USA. NR 52 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1773 EP 1789 DI 10.1890/02-5195 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 758DC UT WOS:000187616400021 ER PT J AU Compton, JE Church, MR Larned, ST Hogsett, WE AF Compton, JE Church, MR Larned, ST Hogsett, WE TI Nitrogen export from forested watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range: The role of N(2)-fixing red alder SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE nitogen leaching; nitrogen fixation; red alder; nitrate; streams; Oregon Coast Range; nitrogen saturation; dissolved organic nitrogen; cation leaching ID DOUGLAS-FIR; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; OLYMPIC PENINSULA; RIPARIAN FOREST; NATIONAL-PARK; ALNUS-RUBRA; NEW-YORK; NUTRIENT; SOIL AB Variations in plant community composition across the landscape can influence nutrient retention and loss at the watershed scale. A striking example of plant species importance is the influence of N(2)-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra) on nutrient cycling in the forests of the Pacific Northwest. To understand the influence of red alder on watershed nutrient export, we studied the chemistry of 26 small watershed streams within the Salmon River basin of the Oregon Coast Range. Nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were positively related to broadleaf cover (dominated by red alder: 94% of basal area), particularly when near-coastal sites were excluded (r(2) = 0.65 and 0.68 for nitrate-N and DON, respectively). Nitrate and DON concentrations were more strongly related to broadleaf cover within entire watersheds than broadleaf cover within the riparian area alone, which indicates that leaching from upland alder stands plays an important role in watershed nitrogen (N) export. Nitrate dominated over DON in hydrologic export (92% of total dissolved N), and nitrate and DON concentrations were strongly correlated. Annual N export was highly variable among watersheds (2.4-30.8 kg N ha(-1) y(-1)), described by a multiple linear regression combining broadleaf and mixed broad-leaf-conifer cover (r(2) = 0.74). Base cation concentrations were positively related to nitrate concentrations, which suggests that nitrate leaching increases cation losses. Our findings provide evidence for strong control of ecosystem function by a single plant species, where leaching from N saturated red alder stands is a major control on N export from these coastal watersheds. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, River Ecosyst Grp, Christchurch, New Zealand. RP Compton, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM compton.jana@epa.gov NR 75 TC 146 Z9 148 U1 9 U2 61 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD DEC PY 2003 VL 6 IS 8 BP 773 EP 785 DI 10.1007/s10021-002-0207-4 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754GV UT WOS:000187308500006 ER PT J AU Miracle, AL Toth, GP Lattier, DL AF Miracle, AL Toth, GP Lattier, DL TI The path from molecular indicators of exposure to describing dynamic biological systems in an aquatic organism: Microarrays and the fathead minnow SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genomics; microarrays; Pimephales; predictive toxicology ID PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; REAL-TIME; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; QUANTITATIVE PCR; RT-PCR; ARRAY; TOXICOLOGY; PROFILES; LARVAE AB The extent to which humans and wildlife are exposed to toxicants is an important focus of environmental research. This work has been directed toward the development of molecular indicators diagnostic for exposure to various stressors in freshwater fish. Research includes the discovery of genes, indicative of environmental exposure, in the Agency's long-established aquatic toxicological organism, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Novel cDNAs and coding sequences will be used in DNA microarray analyses for pattern identification of stressor-specific, differentially up- and down-regulated genes. The methods currently used to discover genes in this organism, for which few annotated nucleic acid sequences exist, are cDNA subtraction libraries, differential display, exploiting PCR primers for known genes of other members of the family Cyprinidae and use of degenerate PCR primers designed from regions of moderate protein homology. Single or multiple genes noted as being differentially expressed in microarray analyses will then be used in separate studies to measure bioavailable stressors in the laboratory and field. These analyses will be accomplished by quantitative RT-PCR. Moving from analysis of single gene exposures to the global state of the transcriptome offers possibilities that those genes identified by DNA microarray analyses might be critical components of dynamic biological systems and networks, wherein chemical stressors exert toxic effects through various modes of action. Additionally, the ability to discriminate bioavailability of stressors in complex environmental mixtures, and correlation with adverse effects downstream from these early molecular events, presents challenging new ground to be broken in the area of risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Mol Ecol Res Branch, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lattier, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Mol Ecol Res Branch, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 12 IS 6 BP 457 EP 462 DI 10.1023/B:ECTX.0000003030.67752.04 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 742MG UT WOS:000186521000003 PM 14680324 ER PT J AU Wessels, D Barr, DB Mendola, P AF Wessels, D Barr, DB Mendola, P TI Use of biomarkers to indicate exposure of children to organophosphate pesticides: Implications for a longitudinal study of children's environmental health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; blood; children; exposure; meconium; organophosphate; pesticides; study design; urine ID CENTRAL WASHINGTON-STATE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ERYTHROCYTE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY; POTENTIAL BIOMARKER; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PREGNANT-WOMEN; INFANTS HAIR; HUMAN-BLOOD AB Because of their history of widespread use in the United States and unknown long-term health effects, organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are being considered as a chemical class of interest in planning for the National Children's Study, a longitudinal study of children's environmental health. The availability and appropriate use of biomarkers to determine absorbed doses of environmental chemicals such as ON are critical issues. Biomarkers of OP exposure are typically measured in blood and urine; however, postpartum meconium has been shown to be a promising matrix for assessing cumulative in utero exposure to the fetus, and studies are currently in progress to determine the utility of using saliva and amniotic fluid as matrices. In this article, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the currently available OP exposure monitoring methods (cholinesterase inhibition in blood, pesticides in blood, metabolites in urine and alternative matrices); study design issues for a large, long-term study of children's environmental health; and current research and future research needs. Because OPs are rapidly metabolized and excreted, the utility of one-time spot measurements of OP biomarkers is questionable unless background exposure levels are relatively stable over time or a specific time frame of interest for the study is identified and samples are collected accordingly. Biomarkers of OP exposure can be a valuable tool in epidemiology of children's environmental health, as long as they are applied and interpreted appropriately. C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Mendola, P (reprint author), 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 NR 70 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 25 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 111 IS 16 BP 1939 EP 1946 DI 10.1289/ehp.6179 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 751BY UT WOS:000187034000042 PM 14644670 ER PT J AU Schreinemachers, DM AF Schreinemachers, DM TI "Birth malformations and other adverse perinatal outcomes": Schreinemachers' response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div,Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Schreinemachers, DM (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div,Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 111 IS 16 BP A869 EP A870 DI 10.1289/ehp.111-a869b PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 751BY UT WOS:000187034000004 ER PT J AU Sikdar, SK AF Sikdar, SK TI Journey towards sustainable development: A role for chemical engineers SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB Since the publication of the report entitled, Our Common Future, under the auspices of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as the Brundtland Commission, it has been generally acknowledged that the increasing use of non-renewable resources to support an increasing population has created an unsustainable situation. Should this rate of use be maintained, two dire consequences will follow: first, the future generations will be unable to maintain a high standard of living, and second, developing countries will have less of an opportunity to bring their living standards to a level comparable to that of the affluent West. The practice of chemical engineering, perhaps more than any other technical discipline, involves the use of natural material and energy resources for the production of value-added articles and services of commerce. It is critically important that chemists and chemical engineers incorporate the ideas of sustainability into process and product design, manufacturing, and value chain management for the purpose of minimizing resource utilization and adverse environmental impact. This paper deals with the ideas of sustainability, and what chemists and chemical engineers can do to prevent the consequences of unsustainable resource utilization. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sikdar, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM sikdar.subhas@epa.gov NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 227 EP 232 DI 10.1002/ep.670220409 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771XN UT WOS:000188811500003 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, MA Smith, RL AF Gonzalez, MA Smith, RL TI A methodology to evaluate process sustainability SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID GREEN CHEMISTRY; IONIC LIQUIDS; CATALYSIS; PRINCIPLES; HYDROCARBONS; METRICS AB Chemical and engineering research over the past several years has seen a dramatic increase in activity in the area of green chemistry. As these developments continue, it is reasonable that some of these chemistries or technologies have the potential to be implemented on the plant scale. With this in mind, a new green technology will most certainly have a potential impact on the sustainability of a process. It should also be noted that although a "green" technology may appear environmentally friendly, there currently is no all-inclusive methodology for assessing the actual sustainability of the chemical reaction or process. In order to assess a process, a set of sustainability indicators, or metrics, are required. Research within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has laid the foundation for an indicator model, GREENSCOPE (Gauging Reaction Effectiveness for the ENvironmental Sustainability of Chemistries with a multi-Objective Process Evaluator), that evaluates a particular reaction or process for sustainability in the following areas: Environment, Energy, Efficiency, and Economics. These four Es provide a quantitative definition of process sustainability, and allow for a direct comparison between two similar processes with differing reaction chemistries or process technologies. These aspects of sustainable chemical research will also be of importance as bench processes are scaled up to sustainable industrial processes. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Gonzalez, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM gonzalez.michael@epa.gov NR 33 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 269 EP 276 DI 10.1002/ep.670220415 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771XN UT WOS:000188811500008 ER PT J AU Curran, MA AF Curran, MA TI Do bio-based products move us toward sustainability? A look at three USEPA case studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB The movement to buy "environmentally-friendly" products was recently reinvigorated by the signing of the 2002 Farm Act that requires all federal agencies to give preference to products made, in whole or significant part, from bio-based material. This paper addresses the reality behind widely held beliefs regarding "green" issues, and shows bow complex it can be to choose among alternative products. Examples are presented in which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) used different approaches, all based on life cycle assessment (LCA), to evaluate the environmental trade-offs of bio-based alternatives. These examples incorporate various combinations of life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). The first example presents results of a USEPA Office of Research & Development (ORD) project called the Framework for Responsible Environmental Decision-Making (FRED). The FRED framework uses a set of impact categories in an LCIA. Motor oil, wall insulation, and asphalt coating alternatives were all studied using FRED. The second example is a pilot study in the USEPA's Environmentally Preferable Purchasing program. Using a mix of LCI and LCIA, transformer oil and bard surface cleaner alternatives were evaluated. Finally, the paper presents preliminary LCI results of another ORD effort comparing fuel additives ethanol and MTBE. These examples demonstrate that the move to bio-based products is not an across-the-board "win" for the environment. While LCAs cannot, at this time, provide a definitive answer as to the prefer-ability of bio-based products, it is the best tool to identify environmental trade-offs, thereby providing additional information to support decision-making. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Curran, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 466,Box 2476V, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM curran.maryann@epa.gov OI Curran, Mary Ann/0000-0001-8565-9928 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 277 EP 292 DI 10.1002/ep.670220416 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771XN UT WOS:000188811500009 ER PT J AU Curran, MA James, SC AF Curran, MA James, SC TI Sustainability and the life cycle concept: International and interdisciplinary perspectives SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Curran, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 466, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM curran.maryann@epa.gov; james.steve@epa.gov OI Curran, Mary Ann/0000-0001-8565-9928 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP D15 EP D16 DI 10.1002/ep.670220408 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 771XN UT WOS:000188811500002 ER PT J AU McDonough, W Braungart, M Anastas, PT Zimmerman, JB AF McDonough, W Braungart, M Anastas, PT Zimmerman, JB TI Applying the principles of green engineering to cradle-to-cradle design SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. White House, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC USA. McDonough & Braungart Design Chem, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Zimmerman, JB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Zimmerman, Julie/K-9572-2013; Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 31 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 68 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 23 BP 434A EP 441A DI 10.1021/es0326322 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 751BZ UT WOS:000187034100015 PM 14700308 ER PT J AU Shonnard, DR Allen, DT Nguyen, N Austin, SW Hesketh, R AF Shonnard, DR Allen, DT Nguyen, N Austin, SW Hesketh, R TI Green engineering education through a US EPA/Academia Collaboration SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESIGN AB The need to use resources efficiently and reduce environmental impacts of industrial products and processes is becoming increasingly important in engineering design; therefore, green engineering principles are gaining prominence within engineering education. This paper describes a general framework for incorporating green engineering design principles into engineering curricula, with specific examples for chemical engineering. The framework for teaching green engineering discussed in this paper mirrors the 12 Principles of Green Engineering proposed by Anastas and Zimmerman especially in methods for estimating the hazardous nature of chemicals, strategies for pollution prevention, and approaches leading to efficient energy and material utilization. The key elements in green engineering education, which enlarge the "box" for engineering design, are environmental literacy, environmentally conscious design, and beyond-the-plant boundary considerations. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Rowan Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. RP Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM drshonna@mtu.edu NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 23 BP 5453 EP 5462 DI 10.1021/es0344415 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 751BZ UT WOS:000187034100039 PM 14700332 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ Kunde, TR Muller, TB Craun, GF Katz, LM Hibbard, AJ Calderon, RL AF Frost, FJ Kunde, TR Muller, TB Craun, GF Katz, LM Hibbard, AJ Calderon, RL TI Serological responses to Cryptosporidium antigens among users of surface- vs. ground-water sources SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID COAST-GUARD CUTTER; FOLLOW-UP; INFECTION; ANTIBODY; OUTBREAKS; DISEASE AB Cryptosporidium oocysts are commonly detected in surface-derived drinking water. However, the public health significance of these findings is unclear. This study compared serological responses to two Cryptosporidium antigen groups for blood donors and college students using chlorinated and filtered river water vs. ground-water sources. The surface water received agricultural and domestic sewage discharges upstream. Participants from the surface-water city had a higher relative prevalence (RP) of a serological response to the 15/17-kDa antigen group (72.3 vs. 52.4%, RP = 1.36, P < 0.001) and to the 27-kDa antigen group (82.6 vs. 72.5%, RP = 1.14, P < 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that the people with a shorter duration of residence or drinking bottled water also had a lower seropositivity for each marker. Use of private wells was associated with a higher prevalence of response to the 15/17-kDa markers. Seroconversion to the 15/17-kDa antigen group was more common in the residents of the city using surface water. These findings are consistent with an increased risk of Cryptosporidium infection for users of surface-derived drinking water compared with users of municipal ground-water-derived drinking water. Users of private well water may also have an increased risk of infection. C1 Lovelace Clin Fdn, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mississippi Valley Reg Blood Ctr, Davenport, IA USA. Amer Red Cross, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), Lovelace Clin Fdn, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 131 IS 3 BP 1131 EP 1138 DI 10.1017/S0950268803001341 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 774QX UT WOS:000188995600015 PM 14959781 ER PT J AU Wigand, C McKinney, RA Charpentier, MA Chintala, MM Thursby, GB AF Wigand, C McKinney, RA Charpentier, MA Chintala, MM Thursby, GB TI Relationships of nitrogen loadings, residential development, and physical characteristics with plant structure in new England salt marshes SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; GROUNDWATER NITRATE; VEGETATION; ESTUARIES; ZONATION; COMPETITION; SIGNATURES; WATERSHEDS; DOMINANCE AB We examined the vascular plant species richness and the extent, density, and height of Spartina species of ten Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (United States) fringe salt marshes which had a wide range of residential land development and N-loadings associated with their watersheds. Significant inverse relationships of tall S. alterniflora with species richness and with the extent and density of S. patens and short S. alterniflora were observed. Extent and density of S. patens and extent of short S. alterniflora were positively and significantly related with plant species richness. Marsh elevation and area did not significantly correlate with plant structure. Flood tide height significantly and inversely correlated with S. patens, but did not significantly relate to S. alterniflora or plant species richness. Marsh width significantly and positively correlated with plant species richness and S. patens and inversely correlated with tall S. alterniflora. Significant inverse relationships were observed for N-load, % residential development, and slope with S. patens, short S. alterniflora, and species richness, and significant positive relationships with tall S. alterniflora. The marsh slope and width were significantly correlated with N-load and residential development that made it difficult to determine to what extent anthropogenic stressors were contributing to the variation in the plant structure among the marshes. At five marshes with similar slopes, there were significant inverse relationships of N-load with S. patens (density and extent) and a positive relationship with tall S. alterniflora (extent). Although there were no significant relationships of, slope with the plant metrics among the five sites, other physical factors, such as the flood tide height and marsh width, significantly correlated with the extent and density of Spartina species. Significant relationships of N-load with plant structure (albeit confounded by the effect of the physical characteristics) support the hypothesis of competitive displacement of dominant marsh plants under elevated nitrogen. It is likely that the varying plant structure in New England marshes is a response to a combination of natural factors and multiple anthropogenic stressors (e.g., eutrophication and sea level rise). C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OAO Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Wigand, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM wigand.cathleen@epa.gov NR 45 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2003 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1494 EP 1504 DI 10.1007/BF02803658 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 770RT UT WOS:000188745200011 ER PT J AU Talley, DM North, EW Juhl, AR Timothy, DA Conde, D deBrouwer, JFC Brown, CA Campbell, LM Garstecki, T Hall, CJ Meysman, FJR Nemerson, DM Souza, PW Wood, RJ AF Talley, DM North, EW Juhl, AR Timothy, DA Conde, D deBrouwer, JFC Brown, CA Campbell, LM Garstecki, T Hall, CJ Meysman, FJR Nemerson, DM Souza, PW Wood, RJ TI Research challenges at the land-sea interface SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEMS C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Environm Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Fisheries Oceans Canada Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Univ Uruguay, Fac Sci, Limnol Sect, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay. Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands. US EPA, Pacific Coast Ecol Branch, WED, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Environm Canada, CCIW, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Natl Aquarium, Conservat Dept, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Fed Univ Para, Dept Geol, BR-66075 Belem, Para, Brazil. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM dmtalley@ucdavis.edu RI North, Elizabeth/F-9355-2013; Souza-Filho, Pedro Walfir/J-4958-2012; Meysman, Filip/C-9585-2009; OI Souza-Filho, Pedro Walfir/0000-0003-0252-808X; Meysman, Filip/0000-0001-5334-7655; Juhl, Andrew/0000-0002-1575-3756 NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 EI 1096-0015 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 58 IS 4 BP 699 EP 702 DI 10.1016/j.ecss.2003.08.010 PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 753TY UT WOS:000187247700001 ER PT J AU Jugessur, A Lie, RT Wilcox, AJ Murray, JC Taylor, JA Saugstad, OD Vindenes, HA Abyholm, FE AF Jugessur, A Lie, RT Wilcox, AJ Murray, JC Taylor, JA Saugstad, OD Vindenes, HA Abyholm, FE TI Cleft palate, transforming growth factor alpha gene variants, and maternal exposures: Assessing gene-environment interactions in case-parent triads SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE birth defects; folic acid; multivitamins; genetic epidemiology; case-parent triad; log-linear model; gene-gene interaction; gene-environment interaction ID OROFACIAL CLEFTS; ORAL CLEFTS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; OFFSPRING GENES; CANDIDATE GENES; LIP; POPULATION; GENOTYPE; INFANTS; DESIGN AB We have previously reported a threefold risk of cleft palate only (CPO) among children homozygous for the less common allele A2 at the TaqI marker site of the transforming growth factor alpha gene (TGFA) (Jugessur et al. [2003a] Genet. Epidemiol. 24:230-239). Here we assess possible interaction between the child's TGFA TaqI A2A2 genotype and maternal cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, use of multivitamins and folic acid. This was done by comparing the strength of genetic associations between strata of exposed and unexposed case-parent triads. We also looked for possible gene-gene interaction with the polymorphic variant C677T of the folic acid-metabolizing gene MTHFR. We analyzed a total of 88 complete CPO triads selected from a population-based study of orofacial clefts in Norway (May 1996-1998). No evidence of interaction was observed with either smoking or alcohol use. The risk associated with two copies of the A2 allele at TGFA TaqI was strong among children whose mothers did not use folic acid (relative risk=4.5,95% confidence interval=1.3-15.7), and was only marginal among children whose mothers reported using folic acid (RR=1.4, 95% CI=0.2-12.7). Although the interaction between the child's genotypes at TGFA TaqI and MTHFR-C677T was not statistically significant, the effect of the TGFA TaqI A2A2 genotype appeared to be stronger among children with either one or two copies of the T-allele at C677T (RR=4.0,95% CI=1.1-13.9) compared to children homozygous for the C-allele (RR=1.7,95% CI=0.2-15.7). In conclusion, we find little evidence of interaction between the child's genotypes at TGFA TaqI and various exposures for cleft palate, with the possible exception of folic acid intake. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Haukeland Univ Hosp, Ctr Med Genet & Mol Med, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. Univ Bergen, Sect Med Stat & Med Birth Registry Norway, Bergen, Norway. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Durham, NC USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Natl Hosp Norway, Dept Pediat Res, Oslo, Norway. Haukeland Univ Hosp, Dept Plast Surg, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. Natl Hosp Norway, Dept Plast Surg, Oslo, Norway. RP Jugessur, A (reprint author), Haukeland Univ Hosp, Ctr Med Genet & Mol Med, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311; taylor, jack/0000-0001-5303-6398 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11948, DE08559] NR 28 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 25 IS 4 BP 367 EP 374 DI 10.1002/gepi.10268 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 748KQ UT WOS:000186861400009 PM 14639706 ER PT J AU Kelly, S Delehanty, R AF Kelly, S Delehanty, R TI Underground injection control program: Managing septic systems that are class v wells SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Prevent Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kelly, S (reprint author), US EPA, Prevent Branch, 4606M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 46 EP 47 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00781.x PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 647TX UT WOS:000181111100004 ER PT J AU Khan, FA Puls, RW AF Khan, FA Puls, RW TI In situ abiotic detoxification and immobilization of hexavalent chromium SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Detailed site characterization data from the former electroplating shop at the U.S. Coast Guard Air Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina, suggested that the elevated Cr(VI) in the capillary fringe area had contaminated the ground water at the site. Most of the mobile Cr(VI) is present in the capillary fringe zone of the aquifer under an oxidizing environment. Current literature suggests that the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) through in situ redox manipulation in the presence of a reductant is an innovative technique for remediating chromate-contaminated sediments and ground water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sodium dithionite in creating a reductive environment to remediate Cr(VI) present in soil. Sodium dithionite, a strong reductant, was injected into a small area of the vadose zone where elevated Cr(VI) was identified. Several striking changes observed in the target zone during the post-injection monitoring periods include a significant decrease in Eh(SHE), as much as similar to700 mV, absence of dissolved oxygen for 48 weeks, and the increase of Fe(II) concentrations. Results indicated that the in situ remedial treatment of Cr(VI) in the capillary fringe area was effective and consequently the concentration of Cr(VI) in ground water dropped below the MCLG level. This research demonstrated the effectiveness of in situ abiotic remediation by reducing Cr(VI) concentrations, mobility, and toxicity in soils and ground water within a short period of time. Therefore, sodium dithionite would be a feasible and cost-effective option for a full-scale remedial approach for the contaminated site at the U.S. Coast Guard Facility. C1 US EPA, Environm Fate & Effects Div, Off Pesticides Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Khan, FA (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Fate & Effects Div, Off Pesticides Program, Ariel Rios Bldg,MC 7507C,120 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2003 VL 23 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00785.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 647TX UT WOS:000181111100008 ER PT J AU Shebell, P Faller, S Monetti, M Bronson, F Hagenauer, R Jarrell, CL Keefer, D Moos, JR Panzarino, N Reiman, RT Sparks, BJ Thisell, M AF Shebell, P Faller, S Monetti, M Bronson, F Hagenauer, R Jarrell, CL Keefer, D Moos, JR Panzarino, N Reiman, RT Sparks, BJ Thisell, M TI An in situ gamma-ray spectrometry intercomparison SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE spectrometry, gamma; calibration; radiation; environmental; soil ID CALIBRATION; DETECTOR; SOIL AB This paper provides the results of an in situ gamma-ray spectrometry intercomparison that was held from 18-21 October 1999, in Grand Junction, CO. This intercomparison was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy's Environmental Measurements Laboratory and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. It featured measurements of a background location and the Walker Field Calibration Pads. In this paper, the in situ gamma-ray measurements of the background location were compared to soil samples, and the in situ measurements of the Walker Field Calibration Pads were compared to corrected reference values. The results showed that 84% of the in situ gamma-ray measurements of Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 at the background location fell within 20% of the soil sample mean. Similarly, in situ gamma-ray measurements of the Walker Field Calibration Pads showed that 77% of the in situ concentrations fell within 20% of the corrected reference values. C1 US Dept Homeland Secur, Environm Measurements Lab, New York, NY 10014 USA. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Canberra Ind, Meridan, CT 06450 USA. Perkin Elmer Instruments, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Sci & Ecol Corp, Berkeley, MO 63134 USA. USA, Corps Engn, Berkeley, MO 63134 USA. Duke Engn & Serv, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Berkeley, MO 63134 USA. RP Shebell, P (reprint author), US Dept Homeland Secur, Environm Measurements Lab, 201 Varick St,5th Floor, New York, NY 10014 USA. EM peter.shebell@eml.doe.gov NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 85 IS 6 BP 662 EP 677 DI 10.1097/00004032-200312000-00012 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 744HB UT WOS:000186621000009 PM 14626318 ER PT J AU Marin, CM Guvanasen, V Saleem, ZA AF Marin, CM Guvanasen, V Saleem, ZA TI The 3MRA risk assessment framework - A flexible approach for performing multimedia, multipathway, and multireceptor risk assessments under uncertainty SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE multimedia risk assessment; multi-stage Monte-Carlo methodology; separation of uncertainty and variability; quantified uncertainty; protective concentration limits ID VARIABILITY; MODELS; SIMULATION; VALIDATION; MEPAS AB A flexible framework for conducting nationwide multimedia, multipathway and multireceptor risk assessments (3MRA) under uncertainty was developed to estimate protective chemical concentration limits in a source area. The framework consists of two components: risk assessment and uncertainty analysis. The risk component utilizes linked source, fate/transport, exposure and risk assessment models to estimate the risk exposures for the receptors of concern. Both human and ecological receptors are included in the risk assessment framework. The flexibility of the framework is based on its ability to address problems varying in spatial scales from site-specific to regional and even national levels; and its ability to accommodate varying types of source, fate/transport, exposure and risk assessment models. The uncertainty component of the 3MRA framework is based on a two-stage Monte Carlo methodology. It allows the calculation of uncertainty in risk estimates, and the incorporation of the effects of uncertainty on the determination of regulatory concentration limits as a function of variability and uncertainty in input data, as well as potential errors in fate and transport and risk and exposure models. The framework can be adapted to handle a wide range of multimedia risk assessment problems. Two examples are presented to illustrate its use, and to demonstrate how regulatory decisions can be structured to incorporate the uncertainty in risk estimates. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ambiotec Grp Inc, Brownsville, TX USA. HydroGeoLog Inc, Herndon, VA USA. RP Saleem, ZA (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Stop 5307W,1200 Penn Ave SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 9 IS 7 BP 1655 EP 1677 DI 10.1080/10807030390260353 PG 23 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 758VX UT WOS:000187673100010 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Hall, A Bassett, MA Cascio, WE Devlin, RB AF Ghio, AJ Hall, A Bassett, MA Cascio, WE Devlin, RB TI Exposure to concentrated ambient air particles alters hematologic indices in humans SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; HEALTHY-HUMAN VOLUNTEERS; PARTICULATE MATTER; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; CATALYZED OXIDATION; IN-VITRO; POLLUTION; BLOOD; INFLAMMATION AB Descriptions of changes in hematological indices have contested the premise that the biological effects of suspended particulate matter ( PM) are restricted to the lung. Employing approximately 40 hematologic parameters reflecting blood cells, chemistries, mediators, and coagulation factors, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to concentrated ambient air particles (CAPs) can be associated with changes in hematologic indices in normal humans. Twenty healthy young volunteers were exposed to either filtered air (n = 5) or CAPs (n = 15) with a mean PM mass of 120.5 +/- 14.0 mug/m(3) and a range from 15.0 - 357.6 mug/m(3). Hematologic indices were measured. Changes in all parameters are expressed as the absolute value either immediately after or 24 h after exposure. Differences between responses of those individuals exposed to filtered air and CAPs were tested using the T-test of independent means. If significant differences between the two groups were suggested by the T-test ( p <.10), the relationship was further evaluated employing linear regression techniques. Regression analysis verified significant linear relationships between particle mass the individual was exposed to and ( 1) decrements in WBC count 24 h later, ( 2) decreases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration 24 h later, and ( 3) elevations in fibrinogen levels 24 h later. There were no changes in either inflammatory mediators in the blood or indices of coagulation/fibrinolysis other than fibrinogen. We conclude that exposure of healthy volunteers to CAPs can be associated with decreases of both white blood cell ( WBC) count and LDH and increased concentrations of fibrinogen in the blood. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 103 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 15 IS 14 BP 1465 EP 1478 DI 10.1080/08958370390249111 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 751EF UT WOS:000187039300004 PM 14648359 ER PT J AU McKenney, CL AF McKenney, CL TI The influence of insect juvenile hormone agonists on metamorphosis and reproduction in estuarine crustaceans SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 US EPA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 894 EP 894 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200367 ER PT J AU Raimondo, S McKenney, CL AF Raimondo, S McKenney, CL TI Population-level response of the mysid, Americamysis bahia, to varying thiobencarb concentrations based on age-structured population models SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 894 EP 894 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200369 ER PT J AU Tuberty, SR McKenney, CL AF Tuberty, SR McKenney, CL TI Ecdysone responses of two estuarine crustaceans exposed through complete larval development to juvenile hormone agonist insecticides SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Appalachian State Univ, Boone, NC 28608 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 894 EP 894 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200368 ER PT J AU Noriega, NC Ostby, J Lambright, C Wilson, VS Gray, LE AF Noriega, NC Ostby, J Lambright, C Wilson, VS Gray, LE TI The fungicide Prochloraz: In vitro androgen antagonism, parturition delays, and male reproductive malformations in rats. SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1007 EP 1007 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200816 ER PT J AU Parsons, JL Hellgren, EC Pruett, P Rosas, C Leslie, DM Jorgensen, EE AF Parsons, JL Hellgren, EC Pruett, P Rosas, C Leslie, DM Jorgensen, EE TI Comparative digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and fiber in southern plains small mammals SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Soc Integrative Comparative Biol C1 Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK USA. US EPA, Stillwater, OK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1041 EP 1041 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 831ZI UT WOS:000222235200954 ER PT J AU Van de Water, PK Keever, T Main, CE Levetin, E AF Van de Water, PK Keever, T Main, CE Levetin, E TI An assessment of predictive forecasting of Juniperus ashei pollen movement in the Southern Great Plains, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Juniperus ashei; pollen; forecasting; Great Plains, USA; wind trajectories ID LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT; MOUNTAIN CEDAR POLLEN; BOUNDARY-LAYER; TRAJECTORIES; MODEL; TULSA AB Juniperus ashei pollen, a significant aeroallergen, has been recorded during December and January in Tulsa, Oklahoma, over the past 20 years. The nearest upwind source for this pollen is populations growing in southern Oklahoma and central Texas, at distances of 200 km and 600 km respectively. Long-distance dispersal of J. ashei pollen into the Tulsa area shows a strong correlation with the trajectories of wind blowing across southern populations before traveling north towards eastern Oklahoma. The strong tie between climatic conditions and the occurrence of this aeroallergen within the Tulsa, Oklahoma, atmosphere provided a unique opportunity to forecast the dispersal, entrainment, and downwind deposition of this significant aeroallergen. Forecasts of long-distance J. ashei pollen dispersal began during the winter of 1998/1999. Each forecast uses defined climatic parameters to signal pollination at each source site. Coupled to these estimates of pollen release, forecast weather conditions and modeled wind trajectories are used to determine the threat of dispersal to downwind communities. The accuracy of these forecasts was determined by comparing the forecast 'threat' to aerobiological records for the same period collected in the 'Tulsa region'. Analysis of the two seasons revealed only a single occurrence of 'high' or 'very high' pollen concentrations in Tulsa not directly linked to 'moderate' or 'severe' forecast threats from the southern source areas. C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Tulsa, Fac Biol Sci, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Van de Water, PK (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0020-7128 J9 INT J BIOMETEOROL JI Int. J. Biometeorol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 48 IS 2 BP 74 EP 82 DI 10.1007/s00484-003-0184-0 PG 9 WC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology SC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology GA 752UU UT WOS:000187186200004 PM 12820053 ER PT J AU Weiss, WJ Bouwer, EJ Ball, WP O'Melia, CR Arora, H Speth, TF AF Weiss, WJ Bouwer, EJ Ball, WP O'Melia, CR Arora, H Speth, TF TI Comparing RBF with bench-scale conventional treatment for precursor reduction SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; ENHANCED COAGULATION; RIVERBANK FILTRATION; BANK FILTRATION; DRINKING-WATER; DBP PRECURSORS; REMOVAL; BROMIDE; NOM; BIODEGRADATION AB Reduction of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors upon riverbank filtration (RBF) at three drinking water utilities in the midwestern United States was compared with reductions obtained using a bench-scale conventional treatment train on the corresponding riverwaters. The riverwaters were subjected to a treatment train consisting of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and ozonation. RBF performed as well as or better than the bench-scale conventional treatment with respect to DBP precursor removal. Total and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were reduced by 20 to 50% after bench-scale treatment, compared with reductions between 30 and 70% after subsurface travel to the closer wells at the three sites. Reductions in precursor material for a variety of DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloral hydrate, and chloropicrin) after bench-scale treatment were generally in the range of 40 to 80%, whereas reductions after RBF ranged from 50 to 100%. After RBF and bench-scale treatment, a shift was observed from the chlorinated to the more-brominated DBP species, with the shift more pronounced for the bank-filtered waters. This shift was likely attributable to the increase in the ratio of bromide to dissolved organic carbon. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Weiss, WJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Ball, William/A-3285-2010 OI Ball, William/0000-0001-5217-8108 NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 95 IS 12 BP 67 EP 80 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 757MQ UT WOS:000187566400018 ER PT J AU Pleim, JE Xiu, AJ AF Pleim, JE Xiu, AJ TI Development of a land surface model. Part II: Data assimilation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOIL-MOISTURE ANALYSIS; AREA MESOSCALE MODEL; LOW-LEVEL PARAMETERS; SEQUENTIAL ASSIMILATION; IMPLEMENTATION; SENSITIVITY; SCHEME AB Part I described a land surface model, its implementation in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), and some model evaluation results. Part II describes the indirect soil moisture data assimilation scheme. As described in Part I, the land surface model includes explicit soil moisture, which is based on the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) model, and three pathways for evaporation: soil evaporation, evaporation from the wet canopy, and vegetative transpiration. The data assimilation scheme presented here also follows similar work on data assimilation for ISBA and uses model biases of the 2-m air temperature and humidity against observed analyses to nudge soil moisture. An important difference from the ISBA schemes is that the nudging strengths are computed from model parameters such as solar radiation, temperature, leaf area, vegetation coverage, and aerodynamic resistance rather than from statistically derived functions. The rationale is that nudging soil moisture according to model biases in air temperature and humidity should depend on the degree of coupling across the land atmosphere interface. Thus, nudging strengths are designed to reflect the potential for the surface and root-zone soil moisture to affect near-surface air temperature and humidity. Model test cases are used to examine relationships between the nudging strengths and modeled physical parameters and then to demonstrate the effects of the nudging scheme on model results. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. MCNC, N Carolina Supercomp Ctr, Environm Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pleim, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Mail Drop E243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 26 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 42 IS 12 BP 1811 EP 1822 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1811:DOALSM>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749FJ UT WOS:000186908300008 ER PT J AU Rashleigh, B AF Rashleigh, B TI Application of AQUATOX, a process-based model for ecological assessment, to Contentnea Creek in North Carolina SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN STREAMS; HABITAT; RIVER AB The aquatic ecosystem simulation model AQUATOX was parameterized and applied to Contentnea Creek in the coastal plain of North Carolina to determine the response of fish to moderate levels of physical and chemical habitat alterations. Biomass of four fish groups was most sensitive to changes in temperature and detritus, but showed little sensitivity to changes in nutrients, sediment, pH, or dissolved oxygen. The model appears useful for assessment of stream ecosystem response to certain types of stressors: its utility should be determined further by model applications in other study areas and ecoregions. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Rashleigh, B (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 20 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 4 BP 515 EP 522 DI 10.1080/02705060.2003.9663992 PG 8 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 744NW UT WOS:000186639400002 ER PT J AU Ware, MW Wymer, L Lindquist, HDA Schaefer, FW AF Ware, MW Wymer, L Lindquist, HDA Schaefer, FW TI Evaluation of an alternative IMS dissociation procedure for use with Method 1622: detection of Cryptosporidium in water SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; cytometry; DAPI; IMS; Method 1623; oocyst ID OOCYSTS; SAMPLES; IDENTIFICATION; OUTBREAK AB U.S.EPA Methods 1622 and 1623 are used to detect and quantify Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. The protocol consists of filtration, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), staining with a fluorescent antibody, and microscopic analysis. Microscopic analysis includes detection by fluorescent antibody and confirmation by the demonstration of 1-4 sporozoites or nuclei after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenyl indole dihydrochloride (DAPI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new IMS dissociation, a 10-min incubation at 80 degreesC. Heat dissociation improved the average oocyst recovery from 41% to 71% in seeded reagent water, and from 10% to 51% in seeded river samples. The average DAPI confirmation rate improved from 49% to 93% in reagent water, and from 48% to 73% in river samples. This modification improved both oocyst recovery and confirmation. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ware, MW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD DEC PY 2003 VL 55 IS 3 BP 575 EP 583 DI 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.06.001 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 747UP UT WOS:000186823500004 PM 14607401 ER PT J AU Palacios, KC Ferraro, SP AF Palacios, KC Ferraro, SP TI Green crab (Carcinus maenas linnaeus) consumption rates on and prey preferences among four bivalve prey species SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Rebuilding Techniques for Abalone in British Columbia CY JAN 14-16, 2003 CL NANAIMO, CANADA DE Carcinus maenas; consumption rates; Cryptomya californica; Macoma nasuta; Ostrea conchaphila; prey preference; Venerupis philippinarum ID CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS RATHBUN; SHORE CRAB; SIZE-SELECTION; BLUE CRABS; PREDATION; CALIFORNIA; BAY; WASHINGTON; MERCENARIA; BEHAVIOR AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine green crab, Carcinus maenas, consumption rates on and prey preferences among four bivalve species: Olympia oysters (Ostrea conchaphila Carpenter), Japanese littleneck clams (Venerupis philippinarum A. Adams and Reeve), bent-nosed macoma clams (Macoma nasuta Conrad), and California softshell clams (Cryptomya californica Conrad) of different sizes. The bivalve size classes tested ranged in length from 10-14 mm to 33-37 mm. Consumption rate and prey preference experiments were conducted by allowing one starved (48 h) green crab (55-75 mm carapace width) to feed ad libitum on bivalve prey for 16 h. All tests were conducted in 38-L aquaria containing sand substrate 13 cm deep. A total of either 60 or 30 individuals of each prey species were offered without replacement in each test. Mean green crab consumption rates varied depending upon the prey species and size class. For bivalve prey of similar size, Olympia oysters were consumed at a higher rate than bent-nosed macoma clams and Japanese littleneck clams, while Olympia oysters and California softshell clams were consumed at about the same rate. Green crabs preferred Olympia oysters to both bent-nosed macoma clams and Japanese littleneck clams by ratios ranging from 2:1 to 28:1, depending upon the prey size. Small California softshell clams were preferred to small bent-nosed macoma clams by a ratio of 8:1. The mean total biomass of Olympia oysters and bent-nosed macoma clams eaten was 2.31 g (.) d(-1). Our results show that green crabs are capable of consuming large quantities of all four bivalve species tested, and that on bare sand substrate Olympia oysters are at greater risk of green crab predation than bent-nosed macoma clams and Japanese littleneck clams, and California softshell clams are at greater risk than bent-nosed macoma clams. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Environm Protect Agcy, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ferraro, SP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 Ocean Admin Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 19 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 865 EP 871 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 766GD UT WOS:000188365100040 ER PT J AU Ringold, PL Van Sickle, J Rasar, K Schacher, J AF Ringold, PL Van Sickle, J Rasar, K Schacher, J TI Use of hemispheric imagery for estimating stream solar exposure SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE solar exposure; instrumentation; meteorology/climatology; densiometer; hemispheric imagery; stream assessment ID FOREST LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS; PHOTON FLUX-DENSITY; MID-ATLANTIC REGION; BOREAL FORESTS; CANOPY COVER; RAIN-FOREST; PHOTOGRAPHY; FILM; AVAILABILITY; INDICATORS AB Solar exposure profoundly affects stream processes and species composition. Despite this, prominent stream monitoring protocols focus on canopy closure (obstruction of the sky as a whole) rather than on measures of solar exposure or shading. We identify a candidate set of solar exposure metrics that can be derived from hemispheric images. These metrics enable a more mechanistic evaluation of solar exposure than can be achieved with canopy closure metrics. Data collected from 31 stream reaches in eastern Oregon enable us to quantify and compare metrics of solar exposure from hemispheric images and a metric of canopy closure with a concave densiometer. Repeatability of hemispheric metrics is generally as good as or better than the densiometer closure metric, and variation in the analysis of hemispheric images attributable to differences between analysts is negligibly small. Metrics from the hemispheric images and the densiometer are typically strongly correlated, at the scale of an individual observation and for 150 m stream reaches, but not always in a linear fashion. We quantify the character of the uncertainty in the relationship between the densiometer and the hemispheric metrics. Hemispheric imagery produces repeatable metrics representing an important ecological attribute; thus those researching the effects of solar exposure on stream ecosystems should consider the use of hemispheric imagery. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Ringold, PL (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM ringold.paul@epa.gov NR 48 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1373 EP 1384 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04424.x PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 765BL UT WOS:000188247200004 ER PT J AU McMahon, G Bales, JD Coles, JF Giddings, EMP Zappia, H AF McMahon, G Bales, JD Coles, JF Giddings, EMP Zappia, H TI Use of stage data to characterize hydrologic conditions in an urbanizing environment SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE hydrologic variability; watershed management; surface water hydrology; urban water management; stream ecology ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; RIVER HEALTH; VARIABILITY; STREAMS; PREDICTABILITY; INDICATORS; WATER; BIOTA AB This paper presents the results of a study on the use of continuous stage data to describe the relation between urban development and three aspects of hydrologic condition that are thought to influence stream ecosystems - overall stage variability, stream flashiness, and the duration of extreme-stage conditions. This relation is examined using data from more than 70 watersheds in three contrasting environmental settings - the humid Northeast (the metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, area); the very humid Southeast (the metropolitan Birmingham, Alabama, area); and the semiarid West (the metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah, area). Results from the Birmingham and Boston studies provide evidence linking increased urbanization with stream flashiness. Fragmentation of developed land cover patches appears to ameliorate the effects of urbanization on overall variability and flashiness. There was less success in relating urbanization and streamflow conditions in the Salt Lake City study. A related investigation of six North Carolina sites with long term discharge and stage data indicated that hydrologic condition metrics developed using continuous stage data are comparable to flow based metrics, particularly for stream flashiness measures. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27608 USA. US EPA, Boston, MA 02114 USA. US Geol Survey, Montgomery, AL 36116 USA. RP McMahon, G (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27608 USA. EM gmcmahon@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1529 EP 1546 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04437.x PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 765BL UT WOS:000188247200017 ER PT J AU Doherty, J Johnston, JM AF Doherty, J Johnston, JM TI Reply to discussion by Carl W. Chen "Methodologies for calibration and predictive analysis of a watershed model" SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Environm Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. US EPA, ORD, NERL, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Doherty, J (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Environm Engn, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM johnston.johnm@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1563 EP 1564 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04440.x PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 765BL UT WOS:000188247200020 ER PT J AU Ator, SW Olsen, AR Pitchford, AM Denver, JM AF Ator, SW Olsen, AR Pitchford, AM Denver, JM TI Application of a Multipurpose Unequal Probability Stream Survey in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain (vol 39, pg 873, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Correction C1 US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Geol Survey, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 19901, Japan. RP Ator, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8987 Yellow Brick Rd, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. EM swator@usgs.gov NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1566 EP 1566 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 765BL UT WOS:000188247200022 ER PT J AU Johnson, BR Cross, WF Wallace, JB AF Johnson, BR Cross, WF Wallace, JB TI Long-term resource limitation reduces insect detritivore growth in a headwater stream SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE benthos; Chironomidae; detritus; functional groups; litter exclusion; macroinvertebrate; midge; mortality; organic matter; Peltoperlidae; stonefly ID CHIRONOMIDAE DIPTERA; LIFE HISTORIES; LEAF-LITTER; ECOSYSTEM; COMMUNITY; MACROINVERTEBRATES AB We measured larval growth rates of 2 dominant stream detritivore groups to assess the mechanism underlying declines in invertebrate production following exclusion of terrestrial litter inputs to a forested headwater stream. Larval Tallaperla spp. (Plecoptera:Peltoperlidae) were chosen as representative shredders and non-Tanypodinae Chironomidae (Diptera) were selected as representative collector-gatherers. Larval growth rates were measured in the treatment stream and, in 2 undisturbed reference streams using in situ growth chambers. Estimates of daily growth rates were derived from change in mean length of larvae over incubation periods. Initial larval length was a significant predictor of growth in each stream for both taxonomic groups (r(2) = 0.43-0.72, p < 0.05). Comparison of significant regression lines showed that size, specific growth of both Tallaperla spp. and chironomids was significantly reduced in the litter exclusion stream (ANCOVA, p < 0.05). Lower chironomid growth rates in the treatment stream than in the control streams indicate that production estimates based on the instantaneous growth method are actually lower than previously reported for the site. Mortality of Tallaperla spp. was also significantly higher in the treatment stream than in control streams (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Reduced growth of these representative taxa apparently results from reduced quantity of organic matter food resources. These results show that reduced growth is partially responsible for observed declines in detritivore production in the litter-exclusion stream. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Johnson, BR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 4 BP 565 EP 574 DI 10.2307/1468353 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 748AT UT WOS:000186839900007 ER PT J AU Glezer, V Juraev, O Richardson, S AF Glezer, V Juraev, O Richardson, S TI Tribromopyrrole - Its appearance in the environment SO KHIMIYA GETEROTSIKLICHESKIKH SOEDINENII LA English DT Letter ID STRONG MUTAGEN 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE; CHLORINATION; DRINKING; WATERS C1 Minist Hlth Israel, Natl Publ Hlth Lab, Tel Aviv, Israel. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Glezer, V (reprint author), Minist Hlth Israel, Natl Publ Hlth Lab, 69 Ben Zvi Rd, Tel Aviv, Israel. EM victor.glezer@phlta.health.gov.il; olga.juraev@phtal.health.gov.il; Richardson.Susan@epamail.epa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU KHIMIYA GETEROTSIKLICHESKIKH SOEDINENIYA PI RIGA LV PA LATVIAN INST ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 21 AIZKRAUKLES STR, RIGA LV 1006, LATVIA SN 0132-6244 J9 KHIM GETEROTSIKL+ JI Khim. Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedin. PD DEC PY 2003 IS 12 BP 1870 EP 1872 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 767JM UT WOS:000188436500015 ER PT J AU Wright, H AF Wright, H TI A wake for the living. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, AWBERC Lib, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wright, H (reprint author), US EPA, AWBERC Lib, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 128 IS 20 BP 125 EP 125 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 754YQ UT WOS:000187361400137 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME AF Gilbert, ME TI Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls alters excitatory synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity in the hippocampus of the adult rat SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dentate gyrus; short-term plasticity; paired pulse depression; paired pulse facilitation; A1254; polychlorinated biphenyls; PCB; in vivo; developmental; hippocampus ID GYRUS IN-VIVO; PAIRED-PULSE DEPRESSION; GABA-MEDIATED INHIBITION; DENTATE GYRUS; PCB MIXTURE; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; DISCRIMINATION-REVERSAL; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; ANESTHETIZED RATS AB Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with cognitive deficits in humans and laboratory animals. Previous work has demonstrated a reduced capacity to support long-term potentiation (LTP) in animals exposed to a PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254) via the dam in utero and throughout the preweaning period [Brain Res. 850; 1999:87-95; Toxicol. Sci. 57,-2000:102-11]. Assessment of normalized input/output (I/O) functions collected prior to LTP induction failed to reveal consistent differences in baseline synaptic transmission between control and PCB-exposed groups. The present study was designed to systematically evaluate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission using a more extensive I/O analysis and paired pulse functions to assess short-term plasticity. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were administered either corn oil (control) or 6 mg/kg per day of A 1254 by gavage from gestational day (GD) 6 until pups were weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21. In adult male offspring (5-11 months of age), field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus under urethane anesthesia. Detailed I/O functions were assessed by averaging the responses evoked in the dentate gyrus to stimulus pulses delivered to the perforant path in an extensive ascending intensity series. Population spike (PS) and postsynaptic potential (PSP) amplitudes recorded in the dentate gyrus were significantly enhanced in PCB-exposed animals relative to controls at midrange intensities. No group differences were observed in EPSP slope amplitudes. Short-term plasticity was assessed by delivering pairs of stimulus pulses at interpulse intervals (IPIs) ranging from 10 to 70 ms. In the dentate gyrus this range of intervals activates both inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms leading to a pattern of depression at brief intervals (<30 ms)followed by facilitation as the interval between pulses is extended. Paired pulse depression was decreased at an intermediate IPI (30 ms) with submaximal stimulus intensities. These data augment previous work demonstrating persistent changes in hippocampal plasticity as a result of exposure to PCBs during development. Furthermore, as increases in field potential amplitudes were observed, these findings support previous conclusions that A 1254-induced LTP deficits are not readily attributable to reductions in synaptic excitability. Thus, in addition to impairment in use-dependent synaptic plasticity reported previously, the present report reveals that basic components of information processing within the hippocampus are permanently altered as a result of perinatal exposure to PCBs. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div B105 05, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div B105 05, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 50 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 6 BP 851 EP 860 DI 10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00073-1 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 751NV UT WOS:000187074600010 PM 14637380 ER PT J AU Lipp, CC Andersen, CP AF Lipp, CC Andersen, CP TI Role of carbohydrate supply in white and brown root respiration of ponderosa pine SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE root respiration; root excision; light response; ponderosa pine (Pinus poderosa) ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS; DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS; FINE-ROOT; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; SOIL RESPIRATION; CO2 CONCENTRATION; DIURNAL CHANGES; AGAVE-DESERTI; GROWTH-RATE; ION UPTAKE AB Respiration of intact ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) fine roots (<2.5 mm) was measured to determine the role of recently fixed carbohydrate in maintaining root metabolism of growing white (WR) and recently suberized brown roots (BR). The CO(2) efflux and O(2) uptake of individual roots were followed continuously over 24 h after carbohydrate supply was altered by exposing shoots to light/dark treatments and by root excision. In situ respiration of individual WR and BR averaged 86.0+/-2.6 and 21.1+/-1.5 mol CO(2) g(-1) h(-1), respectively. Growth respiration was estimated to be approximately two-thirds the rate of WR respiration. Attached WR and BR respiration did not decline significantly over 24 h under continuous light. The WR respiration significantly decreased during a dark period. All roots maintained relatively constant respiration rates for at least 6 h after excision. Respiratory quotient (RQ; CO(2):O(2)) was not different between attached (0.84+/-0.014) and detached (0.85+/-0.017) roots. CO(2) environment of the cuvette did not influence WR or BR respiration. The WR appear to be more sensitive to supply of current photosynthate than BR. Shoot light environment needs to be considered when measuring root and soil CO(2) efflux. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM andersen.christian@epa.gov NR 67 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 160 IS 3 BP 523 EP 531 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00914.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 743FN UT WOS:000186561900010 ER PT J AU Singer, PC Arlotta, C Snider-Sajdak, N Miltner, R AF Singer, PC Arlotta, C Snider-Sajdak, N Miltner, R TI Effectiveness of pre- and intermediate ozonation on the enhanced coagulation of disinfection by-product precursors in drinking water SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; pre-ozonation; intermediate ozonation; enhanced coagulation; trihalomethanes; haloacetic acids; disinfection by-products; UV absorbance ID ORGANIC HALIDE PRECURSORS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; REMOVAL; OZONE; NOM; PREOZONATION; CHLORINATION; MATTER AB This study evaluated the impact of pre- and intermediate ozonation coupled with enhanced coagulation in controlling halogenated disinfection by-product formation in, drinking water. Raw waters from utilities representing each of the nine elements of the enhanced coagulation matrix presented in Table I were examined. All testing was completed using bench-scale, batch experimental procedures. The various waters were analyzed for turbidity, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance, trihalomethane formation potential, and haloacetic acid formation potential before and after ozonation. The results indicated that formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids following enhanced coagulation decreased with both pre- and intermediate ozonation applications relative to the decreases observed by enhanced coagulation alone. The amount of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids formed were lower for the waters that were pre-ozonated and then coagulated compared to those that were coagulated first and then ozonated. This comparison must be tempered by the fact that the settled waters treated by intermediate ozonation were not subjected to subsequent biofiltration which is commonly used in water treatment practice to remove additional DBP precursors. Strong correlations between disinfection by-product formation potentials and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm were observed for enhanced coagulation with and without pre- and intermediate ozonation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Black & Veatch Consulting Engineers, Detroit, MI 48226 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Singer, PC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 25 IS 6 BP 453 EP 471 DI 10.1080/01919510390481775 PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 809XQ UT WOS:000220669800001 ER PT J AU Tabacova, S Little, R Tsong, Y Vega, A Kimmel, CA AF Tabacova, S Little, R Tsong, Y Vega, A Kimmel, CA TI Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal enalapril antihypertensive treatment SO PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Article DE anti-hypertensive drugs; ACE inhibitors; enalapril maternal exposure; adverse pregnancy outcomes; oligohydramnios; congenital abnormalities; neonatal renal failure ID CONVERTING ENZYME-INHIBITORS; NEONATAL RENAL-FAILURE; ACE-INHIBITORS; INDUCED HYPERTENSION; RISK-FACTORS; FETAL; PREECLAMPSIA; GROWTH; FETOPATHY; DISTRESS AB Background Adverse pregnancy outcomes following the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, including enalapril, have been reported in descriptive studies. However, no analytical studies on the relationship between the adverse outcomes and enalapril gestational exposures are available. Objectives To explore the association between enalapril exposure and adverse outcomes in pregnancy, taking into account other possible risk factors. Methods We analyzed a series of all usable cases reported to the FDA between 1986 and 2000 in which enalapril was a suspect drug for the observed adverse outcomes (N = 110). Parameters of exposure and reported outcomes as well as information on potentially confounding variables were systematically abstracted from this series by a single physician. Because exposure to ACE inhibitors after the first trimester of pregnancy had been associated with adverse outcomes in the existing literature, we divided the cases into those exposed in the first trimester only (considered as the baseline group) and cases exposed beyond or after this time. Frequency of reported adverse outcomes in the second group was compared with those in the baseline group; odds ratios were computed, taking account of potentially confounding variables by logistic regression where appropriate. Results Exposure to enalapril after the first trimester of pregnancy was strongly associated with oligohydramnios and specific adverse outcomes thought to be secondary to reduced amniotic fluid volume (limb deformities, cranial ossification deficits, lung hypoplasia), as well as with neonatal renal failure. The relationship did not change after taking numerous potential confounders into account, including duration of exposure, concomitant drug use, maternal age, concurrent disease, neonatal gender, and gestational age at birth. Such a pattern of abnormalities is considered to be a consequence of the effect of ACE inhibition on fetal renal function that develops after the first trimester. Conclusion The specificity and temporality of the observed adverse manifestations suggest a causal relationship to enalapril exposure. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Rockville, MD USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assesment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Tabacova, S (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Dndp,Hfd-120,5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 42 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1053-8569 J9 PHARMACOEPIDEM DR S JI Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 12 IS 8 BP 633 EP 646 DI 10.1002/pds.796 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 757GH UT WOS:000187554300001 PM 14762979 ER PT J AU Wade, TG Wickham, JD Nash, MS Neale, AC Riitters, KH Jones, KB AF Wade, TG Wickham, JD Nash, MS Neale, AC Riitters, KH Jones, KB TI A comparison of vector and raster GIS methods for calculating landscape metrics used in environmental assessments SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; MID-ATLANTIC REGION; INFORMATION-SYSTEM; HABITAT EFFECTIVENESS; RIPARIAN FOREST; COVER; CONVERSION; NUTRIENT; QUALITY; ERROR AB GIS-based measurements that combine native raster and native vector data ore commonly used in environmental assessments. Most of these measurements can be calculated using either raster or vector data formats and processing methods. Raster processes are more commonly used because they can be significantly faster computationally than vector, but error is introduced in converting vector data to raster. This conversion error has been widely studied and quantified, but the impact on environmental assessment results has not been investigated. We examined four Gis-based measurements commonly used in environmental assessments for approximately 1000 watersheds in the state of Maryland and Washington, D.C. Each metric was calculated using vector and raster methods, and estimated values were compared using a paired t-test, Spearman rank correlation, and cluster analyses. Paired t-tests were used to determine the statistical significance of quantitative differences between methods, and Spearman rank correlation and cluster analyses were used to evaluate the impact of the differences on environmental assessments. Paired t-test results indicated significant quantitative differences between methods for three of the four metrics. However, Spearman ranks and cluster analyses indicated that the quantitative differences would not affect environmental assessment results. Spearman rank correlations between vector and raster values were greater than 0.98 for all comparisons. Cluster analyses resulted in identical assignment for 88 percent to over 98 percent of watersheds analyzed among vector and various raster methods. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wade, TG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, E243-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM wade.timothy@epa.gov; wickbam.james@epa.gov; nash.inaliha@epa.gov; neale.anne@epa.gov; kriitters@fs.fed.us; jones.bruce@epa.gov NR 41 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 69 IS 12 BP 1399 EP 1405 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RL UT WOS:000221194500010 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Teuschler, LK Swartout, J Popken, D Cox, T Kedderis, GL AF Lipscomb, JC Teuschler, LK Swartout, J Popken, D Cox, T Kedderis, GL TI The impact of cytochrome P450 2E1-dependent metabolic variance on a risk-relevant pharmacokinetic outcome in humans SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Risk-Analysis CY 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Soc Risk Anal DE cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1); interindividual differences; physiologically-based pharmacokinetic; modeling; risk assessment; trichloroethylene bioactivation; uncertainty factors ID HUMAN-LIVER; IN-VITRO; TRICHLOROETHYLENE METABOLISM; HEPATIC MICROSOMES; VIVO; BIOTRANSFORMATION; RATS; EXTRAPOLATION; HEPATOCYTES; PREDICTION AB Risk assessments include assumptions about sensitive subpopulations, such as the fraction of the general population that is sensitive and the extent that biochemical or physiological attributes influence sensitivity. Uncertainty factors (UF) account for both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) components, allowing the inclusion of risk-relevant information to replace default assumptions about PK and PD variance (uncertainty). Large numbers of human organ donor samples and recent advances in methods to extrapolate in vitro enzyme expression and activity data to the intact human enable the investigation of the impact of PK variability on human susceptibility. The hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) is mediated by acid metabolites formed by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) oxidation, and differences in the CYP2E1 expression are hypothesized to affect susceptibility to TCE's liver injury. This study was designed specifically to examine the contribution of statistically quantified variance in enzyme content and activity on the risk of hepatotoxic injury among adult humans. We combined data sets describing (1) the microsomal protein content of human liver, (2) the CYP2E1 content of human liver microsomal protein, and (3) the in vitro V-max for TCE oxidation by humans. The 5th and 95th percentiles of the resulting distribution (TCE oxidized per minute per gram liver) differed by approximately sixfold. These values were converted to mg TCE oxidized/h/kg body mass and incorporated in a human PBPK model. Simulations of 8-hour inhalation exposure to 50 ppm and oral exposure to 5 g TCE/L in 2 L drinking water showed that the amount of TCE oxidized in the liver differs by 2% or less under extreme values of CYP2E1 expression and activity (here, selected as the 5th and 95th percentiles of the resulting distribution). This indicates that differences in enzyme expression and TCE oxidation among the central 90% of the adult human population account for approximately 2% of the difference in production of the risk-relevant PK outcome for TCE-mediated liver injury. Integration of in vitro metabolism information into physiological models may reduce the uncertainties associated with risk contributions of differences in enzyme expression and the UF that represent PK variability. C1 US EPA, ORD, NCEA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Cox Assoc, Denver, CO USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NCEA, 26 W ML King Dr,MD 190, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 43 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1221 EP 1238 DI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2003.00397.x PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 757AY UT WOS:000187527700010 PM 14641897 ER PT J AU Middaugh, LD Dow-Edwards, D Li, AA Sandler, JD Seed, J Sheets, LP Shuey, DL Slikker, W Weisenburger, WP Wise, LD Selwyn, MR AF Middaugh, LD Dow-Edwards, D Li, AA Sandler, JD Seed, J Sheets, LP Shuey, DL Slikker, W Weisenburger, WP Wise, LD Selwyn, MR TI Neurobehavioral assessment: A survey of use and value in safety assessment studies SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE developmental toxicology; neurobehavioral toxicology; F1 generation assessment; perinatal drug exposure ID COLLABORATIVE BEHAVIORAL TERATOLOGY; CHARACTERIZE DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT; TESTING PROCEDURES; IDENTIFY; RATS; ALCOHOL; DESIGN; PERIOD; ISSUES AB This report describes the results of a survey designed to evaluate the contribution of F-1 neurobehavioral testing to hazard identification and characterization in safety assessment studies. (To review the details of the distributed survey, please see the supplementary data for this article on the journal's Web site.) The survey provided information about studies completed in industrial laboratories in the United States, Europe, and Japan since 1990 on 174 compounds. The types of compounds included were pharmaceutical (81% agricultural (7%), industrial (M), or were undefined (10%). Information collected included the intended use of the test agent, general study design and methodology, the types and characteristics of F-1 behavioral evaluations, and the frequency with which agents affected neurobehavioral parameters in comparison to other F-0 and F-1 generation parameters, F-1 general toxicology parameters such as mortality, pre- and postweaning body weight, and food intake were assessed in most studies and were affected more frequently than other parameters by the test agents. F-1 behavioral parameters were assessed less consistently across studies, and were less frequently affected by the agents tested. Although affected by agents less often than general toxicology parameters, F-1 behavioral parameters along with other parameters defined the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) in 17/113 (15%) of studies and solely defined the NOEL in 3/113 (2.6%) of studies. Thus, F-1 behavioral parameters sometimes improved on the standard toxicological measures of hazard identification. While not detecting agent effects as readily as some measures, the F-1 behavioral parameters provide information about agent effects on specialized functions of developing offspring not provided by other standard measures of toxicity. The survey results emphasize the need for further research into the methods of behavioral assessment as well as the mechanisms underlying the neurobehavioral alterations. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. SUNY Brooklyn, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Exponent Inc, San Francisco, CA 94114 USA. Hlth & Environm Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington, DC 20005 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Endo Pharmaceut Inc, Chadds Ford, PA 19317 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Neurotoxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Pfizer Inc, Div Cent Res, Drug Safety Evaluat, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA 19486 USA. PAREXEL Int, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Middaugh, LD (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 76 IS 2 BP 250 EP 261 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg211 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 752NF UT WOS:000187173500002 PM 12915715 ER PT J AU Rooney, AA Matulka, RA Luebke, RW AF Rooney, AA Matulka, RA Luebke, RW TI Developmental atrazine exposure suppresses immune function in male, but not female Sprague-Dawley rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE atrazine; developmental immunotoxicity; prolactin; thyroid hormones; rats; pesticides ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; INDUCED PROLACTIN-RELEASE; PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT; THYROID-FUNCTION; WISTAR RATS; MICE; SYSTEM; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; GROUNDWATER; HERBICIDES AB Each year, 75 million pounds of the broadleaf herbicide atrazine (ATR) are applied to crops in the United States. Despite limited solubility, ATR is common in ground and surface water, making it of regulatory concern. ATR suppresses the immunomodulatory hormones prolactin (PRL) and the thyroid hormones (THs), with developmental exposure to ATR permanently disrupting PRL regulation. We hypothesized that ATR may cause developmental immunotoxicity through its disruption of PRL or THs. To test this hypothesis, pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to 35-mg ATR/kg/d from gestational day (GD) 10 through postnatal day (PND) 23. Separate groups were exposed to bromocryptine (BCR) at 0.2 mg/kg/2X/day to induce hypoprolactinernia or to propylthiouracil (PTU) at 2 mg/kg/day to induce hypothyroidism. After the offspring reached immunologic maturity (at least 7 weeks old), the following immune functions were evaluated: natural killer (NK) cell function; delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses; phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages; and antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). ATR decreased the primary antibody and DTH responses in male offspring only. Neither PTU nor BCR caused immunosuppression. in any measured variable, although PTU increased phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages. These results demonstrate that developmental exposure to ATR produced gender-specific changes in immune function in adult rats and suggest that immune changes associated with ATR are not mediated through the suppression of PRL or THs. C1 US EPA, Div Expt Toxicol, Immunotoxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Rooney, AA (reprint author), US EPA, Div Expt Toxicol, Immunotoxicol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, B 143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 76 IS 2 BP 366 EP 375 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg250 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 752NF UT WOS:000187173500014 PM 14514952 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD Lin, TM Rasmussen, NT Albrecht, RM Schmid, JE Peterson, RE AF Abbott, BD Lin, TM Rasmussen, NT Albrecht, RM Schmid, JE Peterson, RE TI Lack of expression of EGF and TGF-alpha in the fetal mouse alters formation of prostatic epithelial buds and influences the response to TCDD SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 17-21, 2002 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP Soc Toxicol DE prostatic bud; TCDD; urogenital sinus; prostate development ID GROWTH-FACTOR-ALPHA; SEMINAL-VESICLE DEVELOPMENT; RAT VENTRAL PROSTATE; IN-UTERO; UROGENITAL SINUS; FACTOR RECEPTOR; BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; C57BL/6 MICE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD AB In utero, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure causes abnormal ventral, dorsolateral, and anterior prostate development in C57BL/6J mice. Androgens, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, and growth factor expression all have roles in initiating and regulating development and growth of the prostate. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), both of which bind the EGF receptor (EGFR), are expressed in human and rodent developing prostate. This study examines the influence of null expression of EGF and/or TGF-alpha on prostatic bud development and on the ability of TCDD to inhibit prostatic budding. Growth factor knockout (-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed either to vehicle or to TCDD (0, 0.2, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, or 150 mug/kg) on gestation day (GD) 12. The number of anterior, dorsal, and lateral prostatic buds (ADLB) and ventral buds (VB) were counted on GD 17.5. Control WT and EGF (-/-) fetuses had similar numbers of ADLB and VB. In control TGF-alpha (-/-) fetuses, the number of ADLBs was higher relative to the C57BL/6J. Control EGF + TGF-alpha (-/-) had poor bud outgrowth, especially in the ADL region. TCDD induced a dose-related decrease in bud formation in all strains with the formation of VBs being more sensitive than ADLBs. The severity of the response depended on growth factor expression, with the most severe effects on VBs in the EGF (-/-) and on ADLBs in the EGF + TGF-alpha (-/-) fetuses. TGF-alpha (-/-) and C57BL/6J fetuses responded to TCDD similarly. In conclusion, EGF and TGF-alpha expression are important for the formation of ADLBs and VBs, and expression of EGF and TGF-alpha affects the ability of TCDD to inhibit prostatic bud formation in a region-specific manner. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Environm Toxicol Ctr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, 2525 E Highway 54,NHEERL Bldg Room 1425, Durham, NC 27713 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES01332, P30 ES09090] NR 50 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 76 IS 2 BP 427 EP 436 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg238 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 752NF UT WOS:000187173500021 PM 14514962 ER PT J AU Plitnick, LM Loveless, SE Ladics, GS Holsapple, MP Smialowicz, RJ Woolhiser, MR Anderson, PK Smith, C Selgrade, MJK AF Plitnick, LM Loveless, SE Ladics, GS Holsapple, MP Smialowicz, RJ Woolhiser, MR Anderson, PK Smith, C Selgrade, MJK TI Identifying airway sensitizers: cytokine mRNA profiles induced by various anhydrides SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE respiratory sensitizers; ribonuclease protection assay; cytokines; Th1 and Th2 cells; hypersensitivity ID LYMPH-NODE ASSAY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT CHEMICALS; ALLERGIC CONTACT URTICARIA; ACID ANHYDRIDES; HEXAHYDROPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; MOUSE STRAINS; RISK-FACTORS; MICE; EXPOSURE AB Exposure to low molecular weight (LMW) chemicals in the workplace has been linked to a variety of respiratory effects. Within the LMW chemicals, one of the major classes involved in these effects are the acid anhydrides. The immunological basis of respiratory hypersensitivity involves CD4+ cells. By virtue of their induction of cytokines typical of CD4+ T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells-interleukin (IL)-4, 10, and 13-respiratory sensitizers may be identified and differentiated from contact sensitizers which induce Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma). Our previous work suggested that the ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) was useful in identifying the respiratory sensitizer, trimellitic anhydride (TMA), based on quantitative differences in Th2 cytokine mRNA as compared to the contact sensitizer dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Therefore, the purpose of the studies described in this report was to expand the chemicals tested in the RPA. To this end, four acid anhydrides with known respiratory sensitization potential, TMA, maleic anhydride (MA), phthalic anhydride (PA) and hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA), were tested. Although previously determined to induce immunologically equivalent responses in a local lymph node assay (LLNA), the initial dose chosen (2.5%) failed to induce Th2 cytokine mRNA expression. To determine if the lack of cytokine expression was related to dose, LLNAs were conducted at higher doses for each of the anhydrides. The highest doses evaluated (four- to six-fold higher than those used in the initial RPA) gave equivalent proliferative responses for the various anhydrides and were used for subsequent RPA testing. At these higher doses, significant increases in Th2 versus Th1 cytokine mRNA were observed for all anhydrides tested. These results suggest that the RPA has the potential to serve as a screen for the detection of LMW airway sensitizing chemicals. However, the basis for selecting immunologically equivalent doses may require some modification. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Haskell Lab, Newark, DE 19714 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. RP Selgrade, MJK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 1 PY 2003 VL 193 IS 3 BP 191 EP 201 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00264-6 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 745DP UT WOS:000186674100001 PM 14599759 ER PT J AU Bauer, CR Kellogg, CH Bridgham, SD Lamberti, GA AF Bauer, CR Kellogg, CH Bridgham, SD Lamberti, GA TI Mycorrhizal colonization across hydrologic gradients in restored and reference freshwater wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; mycorrhizae; freshwater wetlands; restoration; plant-fungal interaction ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE; PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; SALT-MARSH; FUNGI; VEGETATION; DIVERSITY; ROOTS; CONNECTICUT AB Arbuscular mycorrhizae, which are plant root-fungal symbioses, are common associates of vascular plants. Such relationships, however, are thought to be rare in wetland plant roots, although several recent studies suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizae may be important in wetland ecosystems. Our objectives were to determine (1) the level of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of plant roots in three freshwater marshes and (2) the effect of restoration status, hydrologic zone, and plant species identity on mycorrhizal colonization. We quantified the percentage of plant roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi in one reference and two restored freshwater marshes in northern Indiana, USA during summer 1999. Roots were collected from soil cores taken around dominant plant species present in each of three hydrologic zones and then stained for microscopic examination of mycorrhizal colonization. Mycorrhizae were present in each wetland, in all hydrologic zones and in all sampled plants, including Carex and Scirpus species previously thought to be non-mycorrhizal. Both restored and reference wetlands had moderate levels of mycorrhizal colonization, but no clear trends in colonization were seen with hydrologic zone, which has been hypothesized to regulate the formation of mycorrhizae in wetlands. Mycorrhizal colonization levels in the roots of individual species ranged from 3 to 90% and were particularly large in members of the Poaceae (grass) family. Our results suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizae may be widely distributed across plant species and hydrologic zones in both restored and reference freshwater marshes. Thus, future research should examine the functional role of mycorrhizal fungi in freshwater wetlands. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Bauer, CR (reprint author), US EPA, Region 5,WQ-16J,77 W Jackson St, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. EM bauer.candicer@epa.gov NR 49 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 7 U2 25 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 961 EP 968 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0961:MCAHGI]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 766BU UT WOS:000188326200024 ER PT J AU Diamond, GL Thayer, WC Choudhury, H AF Diamond, GL Thayer, WC Choudhury, H TI Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling of risks of kidney toxicity from exposure to cadmium: Estimates of dietary risks in the US population SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RETINOL-BINDING-PROTEIN; ENVIRONMENTAL CADMIUM; RENAL DYSFUNCTION; URINARY CADMIUM; POLLUTED AREA; TUBULAR DYSFUNCTION; GENERAL-POPULATION; BODY BURDEN AB An analysis of epidemiological studies of associations between exposure to cadmium and kidney toxicity was conducted. Dose-response functions relating low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteinuria to various indices of cadmium dose (dietary cadmium intake, urinary cadmium excretion, or tissue cadmium burden) were obtained from 15 studies of diverse exposures (occupational, general environmental, environmental contamination). Estimates of the dose corresponding to probabilities of LMW proteinuria of 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 were transformed from the reported dose units into corresponding estimates of target organ dose (mug Cd/g renal cortex, RC by simulation using a pharmacokinetics (PK) model. The median RC associated with a 0.1 probability (RC10M) of LMW proteinuria was predicted to be 153 mug Cd/g cortex (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84-263). The lower confidence limit on the RC10M (RC10L, 84 mug/g cortex) was predicted to be attained with a constant chronic intake of 1 mug/kg/d in females or 2.2 mug/kg/d in males. The RC10L was 2.5-5 times higher than the median RCs predicted to result from dietary cadmium intake in U.S. nonsmokers (mug Cd/g cortex: 33, females; 77, males) and 1.6-3 times higher than the corresponding 95th percentile RCs (53, females; 27, males). Additional exposure from smoking cigarettes (approximately 20 cigarettes/d, 3 mug Cd inhaled/d) was predicted to increase the median RC (mug/g cortex) by approximately 45-70% (48, females; 29, males); however, predicted 95th percentile RCS for smokers (66, females; 38, males) were lower than the RC10L. These results indicate that, for most of the U.S. population, dietary-derived risks are likely to be negligible, in the absence of exposures from other sources. C1 Syracuse Res Corp, Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Diamond, GL (reprint author), Syracuse Res Corp, 301 Plainfield Rd,Suite 350, Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. NR 86 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV 28 PY 2003 VL 66 IS 22 BP 2141 EP 2164 DI 10.1080/15287390390227589 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 743HE UT WOS:000186565700004 PM 14710597 ER PT J AU Brenner, DJ Doll, R Goodhead, DT Hall, EJ Land, CE Little, JB Lubin, JH Preston, DL Preston, RJ Puskin, JS Ron, E Sachs, RK Samet, JM Setlow, RB Zaider, M AF Brenner, DJ Doll, R Goodhead, DT Hall, EJ Land, CE Little, JB Lubin, JH Preston, DL Preston, RJ Puskin, JS Ron, E Sachs, RK Samet, JM Setlow, RB Zaider, M TI Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS; BREAST-CANCER; ADAPTIVE RESPONSE; 2ND MALIGNANCIES; CHILDHOOD-CANCER; X-RAYS; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE; CELLS; RATES AB High doses of ionizing radiation clearly produce deleterious consequences in humans, including, but not exclusively, cancer induction. At very low radiation doses the situation is much less clear, but the risks of low-dose radiation are of societal importance in relation to issues as varied as screening tests for cancer, the future of nuclear power, occupational radiation exposure, frequent-flyer risks, manned space exploration, and radiological terrorism. We review the difficulties involved in quantifying the risks of low-dose radiation and address two specific questions. First, what is the lowest dose of x- or gamma-radiation for which good evidence exists of increased cancer risks in humans? The epidemiological data suggest that it is approximate to10-50 mSv for an acute exposure and approximate to50-100 mSv for a protracted exposure. Second, what is the most appropriate way to extrapolate such cancer risk estimates to still lower doses? Given that it is supported by experimentally grounded, quantifiable, biophysical arguments, a linear extrapolation of cancer risks from intermediate to very low doses currently appears to be the most appropriate methodology. This linearity assumption is not necessarily the most conservative approach, and it is likely that it will result in an underestimate of some radiation-induced cancer risks and an overestimate of others. C1 Columbia Univ, Ctr Radiol Res, New York, NY 10032 USA. Radcliffe Infirm, Clin Trial Serv Unit, Oxford OX2 6ME, England. MRC, Radiat & Genome Stabil Unit, Didcot OX11 0RD, Oxon, England. NCI, Radiat Epidemiol Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Radiobiol Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NCI, Biostat Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Radiat Effects Res Fdn, Hiroshima 7320815, Japan. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Math, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med Phys, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Brenner, DJ (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Radiol Res, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. OI Zaider, Marco/0000-0002-5113-7862 NR 64 TC 770 Z9 804 U1 14 U2 73 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 25 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 24 BP 13761 EP 13766 DI 10.1073/pnas.2235592100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 747KN UT WOS:000186803800007 PM 14610281 ER PT J AU Gardner, OS Dewar, BJ Earp, HS Samet, JM Graves, LM AF Gardner, OS Dewar, BJ Earp, HS Samet, JM Graves, LM TI Dependence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling on epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID N-TERMINAL KINASE; IMPROVED INSULIN-SENSITIVITY; RICH TYROSINE KINASE-2; ANGIOTENSIN-II; EGF RECEPTOR; PPAR-GAMMA; C-SRC; COUPLED RECEPTORS; REGULATED KINASE; MEDIATED PHOSPHORYLATION AB Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that function as ligand-activated transcription factors regulating lipid metabolism and homeostasis. In addition to their ability to regulate PPAR-mediated gene transcription, PPARalpha and gamma ligands have recently been shown to induce activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which in turn phosphorylate PPARs, thereby affecting transcriptional activity. However, the mechanism for PPAR ligand-dependent MAPK activation is unclear. In the current study, we demonstrate that various PPARalpha (nafenopin) and gamma (ciglitazone and troglitazone) agonists rapidly induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and/or p38 phosphorylation in rat liver epithelial cells (GN4). The selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors, PD153035 and ZD1839 (Iressa), abolished PPARalpha and gamma agonist-dependent Erk activation. Consistent with this, PPAR agonists increased tyrosine autophosphorylation of the EGFR as well as phosphorylation at a putative Src-specific site, Tyr(845). Experiments with the Src inhibitor, PP2, and the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine revealed critical roles for Src and reactive oxygen species as upstream mediators of EGFR transactivation in response to PPAR ligands. Moreover, PPARalpha and gamma ligands increased Src autophosphorylation as well as kinase activity. EGFR phosphorylation, in turn, led to Ras-dependent Erk activation. In contrast, p38 activation by PPARalpha and gamma ligands occurred independently of Src, oxidative stress, the EGFR, and Ras. Interestingly, PPARalpha and gamma agonists caused rapid activation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase or Pyk2; Pyk2 as well as p38 phosphorylation was reduced by intracellular Ca2+ chelation without an observable effect on EGFR and Erk activation, suggesting a possible role for Pyk2 as an upstream activator of p38. In summary, PPARalpha and gamma ligands activate two distinct signaling cascades in GN4 cells leading to MAPK activation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth Effects & Environm Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Graves, LM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 81503]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 04325] NR 66 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 21 PY 2003 VL 278 IS 47 BP 46261 EP 46269 DI 10.1074/jbc.M307827200 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 743JV UT WOS:000186569400009 PM 12966092 ER PT J AU Li, LH Zhang, JW Niu, C Ye, L Huang, HY He, X Tong, WG Ross, J Haug, J Johnson, T Feng, JQ Harris, SE Wiedemann, LM Mishina, Y AF Li, LH Zhang, JW Niu, C Ye, L Huang, HY He, X Tong, WG Ross, J Haug, J Johnson, T Feng, JQ Harris, SE Wiedemann, LM Mishina, Y TI Identification of the hematopoietic stem cell niche. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 45th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Hematology CY DEC 06-09, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Hematol C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Dent, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA. Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 16 PY 2003 VL 102 IS 11 MA 51 BP 18A EP 18A PN 1 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 742UP UT WOS:000186536700052 ER PT J AU David, GL Romieu, I Sienra-Monge, JJ Collins, WJ Ramirez-Aguilar, M del Rio-Navarro, BE Reyes-Ruiz, NI Morris, RW Marzec, JM London, SJ AF David, GL Romieu, I Sienra-Monge, JJ Collins, WJ Ramirez-Aguilar, M del Rio-Navarro, BE Reyes-Ruiz, NI Morris, RW Marzec, JM London, SJ TI Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reduced: Quinone oxidoreductase and glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphisms and childhood asthma SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE case-parent triad; oxidative stress; environmental tobacco smoke; GSTMI; NQO1 ID DIESEL-EXHAUST PARTICLES; PURIFIED NAD(P)H-QUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE; INDUCED LUNG INJURY; CASE-PARENT TRIADS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; DT-DIAPHORASE; ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION; AIR-POLLUTION; OZONE; CHILDREN AB Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reduced:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 are phase 11 enzymes important in response to oxidative stress, such as occurs during exposure to ozone. We examined the relationship between functionally significant polymorphisms in NQO1 (Prol187Ser) and GSTM1 (homozygous deletion) and asthma risk in children with high lifetime exposure to ozone. We enrolled children with asthma from the allergy referral clinic at a public pediatric hospital in Mexico City, together with their parents. We assayed for the Pro187Ser polymorphism in NQO1 using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and for the presence of GSTM1 by polymerase chain reaction among 218 case-parent triads. We did not find strong evidence of an association between NQO1 genotype alone and asthma risk. However, among subjects with homozygous deletion of GSTM1, carriers of a serine allele were at significantly reduced risk of asthma compared with Pro/Pro homozygotes (relative risk = 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.8). The p value for difference in relative risk for NQO1 by GSTM1 genotype = 0.013. These data are consistent with a protective effect of the NQO1 Ser allele in this population of GSTM1-null children with high ozone exposure. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Intramural Res, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Hosp Infantil Mexico Frederico Gomez, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP David, GL (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Intramural Res, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, POB 12233,D2-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015; OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284; London, Stephanie/0000-0003-4911-5290 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Z01 ES 49019] NR 57 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 168 IS 10 BP 1199 EP 1204 DI 10.1164/rccm.200305-684OC PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 743FP UT WOS:000186562000014 PM 12969868 ER PT J AU Maykut, NN Lewtas, J Kim, E Larson, TV AF Maykut, NN Lewtas, J Kim, E Larson, TV TI Source apportionment of PM2.5 at an urban IMPROVE site in Seattle, Washington SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; PARTICULATE MATTER; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RECEPTOR MODELS; UNITED-STATES; AIR-QUALITY; ARTIFACTS AB The multivariate receptor models Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Unmix were used along with the EPA's Chemical Mass Balance model to deduce the sources of PM2.5 at a centrally located urban site in Seattle, WA. A total of 289 filter samples were obtained with an IMPROVE sampler from 1996 through 1999 and were analyzed for 31 particulate elements including temperature-resolved fractions of the particulate organic and elemental carbon. All three receptor models predicted that the major sources of PM2.5 were vegetative burning (including wood stoves), mobile sources, and secondary particle formation with lesser contributions from resuspended soil and sea spray. The PMF and Unmix models were able to resolve a fuel oil combustion source as well as distinguish between diesel emissions and other mobile sources. In addition, the average source contribution estimates via PMF and Unmix agreed well with an existing emissions inventory. Using the temperature-resolved organic and elemental carbon fractions provided in the IMPROVE protocol, rather than the total organic and elemental carbon, allowed the Unmix model to separate diesel from other mobile sources. The PMF model was able to do this without the additional carbon species, relying on selected trace elements to distinguish the various combustion sources. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Puget Sound Clean Air Agcy, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. US EPA, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. RP Larson, TV (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 44 TC 162 Z9 164 U1 11 U2 102 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 22 BP 5135 EP 5142 DI 10.1021/es030370y PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743YN UT WOS:000186601300008 PM 14655699 ER PT J AU Moudgal, CJ Venkatapathy, R Choudhury, H Bruce, RM Lipscomb, JC AF Moudgal, CJ Venkatapathy, R Choudhury, H Bruce, RM Lipscomb, JC TI Application of QSTRs in the selection of a surrogate toxicity value for a chemical of concern SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TYPHIMURIUM; METABOLISM AB As part of the EPA's mission to protect the environment, chemicals of concern (CoCs) at Superfund or other hazardous waste sites are cleaned up based on their potential toxicity to humans and the surrounding ecosystem. Oftentimes, there is a lack of experimental toxicity data to assess the health effects for a CoC in the literature. This research describes a method using Quantitative Structure Toxicity Relationships (QSTRs) for identifying a surrogate chemical for any given CoC. The toxicity data of the surrogate chemical can then be used to rank hazardous waste-site chemicals prior to cleanup decisions. A commercial QSTR model, TOPKAT, was used to establish structural and descriptor similarity between the CoC and the compounds in the QSTR model database using the Oral Rat Chronic LOAEL model. All database chemicals within a similarity distance of less than or equal to0.200 from the CoC are considered as potential surrogates. If the CoC fails to satisfy model considerations for the LOAEL model, no surrogate is suggested. Potential surrogates that have toxicity data on Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST), or National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) provisional toxicity value list become candidate surrogates. If more than one candidate surrogate is identified, the chemical with the most conservative RfD is suggested as the surrogate. The procedure was applied to determine an appropriate surrogate for dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP), a metabolite of chlorobenzilate, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and dicofol. Forty-seven potential surrogates were identified that were within the similarity distance of less than or equal to0.200, of which only five chemicals had an RfD on IRIS, HEAST, or on the NCEA provisional toxicity value list. Among the five potential surrogates, chlorobenzilate with an RfD of 2 x 10(-2) mg/kg-day was chosen as a surrogate for DCBP as it had the most conservative toxicity value. This compared well with surrogate selection using available metabolic information for DCBP and its metabolites or parent compounds in the literature and the provisional toxicity value of 3 x 10(-2) mg/kg-day that NCEA developed using a subchronic study. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Moudgal, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 22 BP 5228 EP 5235 DI 10.1021/es034201p PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743YN UT WOS:000186601300021 PM 14655712 ER PT J AU Towner, RA Qian, SY Kadiiska, MB Mason, RP AF Towner, RA Qian, SY Kadiiska, MB Mason, RP TI In vivo identification of aflatoxin-induced free radicals in rat bile SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin-B1; aflatoxin-M1; spin trapping; hydroxyl radicals; lipid radicals; desferoxamine mesylate; SKF525A; gadolinium chloride; HPLC-ESR; free radicals ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; NONPARENCHYMAL CELLS; SPIN-RESONANCE; KUPFFER CELLS; FATTY-ACIDS; HUMAN LIVER; GREEN TEA; B-1; CYTOCHROME-P-450 AB Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent hepatocarcinogen. We have recently detected [via electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy] free radicals in vivo in rat bile following AFB1 metabolism using the spin trapping [alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butyl nitrone (4-POBN)] technique. The aim of the present study was to identify the trapped free radical intermediates from the in vivo hepatic metabolism of AFB1. Rats were treated simultaneously with AFB1 (3 mg/kg i.p.) and the spin trapping agent 4-POBN (1 g/kg i.p.), and bile was collected over a period of I h at 20 min intervals. On-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ESR was used to identify an arachidonic acid-derived radical adduct of 4-POBN in rat bile, and a methyl adduct of 4-POBN from the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with carbon-13-labeled dimethyl sulfoxide (13 C-DMSO). The effect of metabolic inhibitors, such as desferoxamine mesylate (DFO), an iron chelator, 2-dimethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate hydrochloride (SKF) 525A, a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, and gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a Kupffer cell inactivator, on in vivo aflatoxin-induced free radical formation were also studied. It was found that there was a significant decrease in radical formation as a result of DFO, SKF525A and GdCl3 inhibition. Trapped 4-POBN radical adducts were also detected in rat bile following the in vivo metabolism of aflatoxin-M1, one of the hydroxylated metabolites of AFB1. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. C1 Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Magnet Resonance Imaging Facil, Free Rad Biol & Aging Res Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Pharmacol & Chem, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Towner, RA (reprint author), Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Magnet Resonance Imaging Facil, Free Rad Biol & Aging Res Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA. NR 51 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1330 EP 1340 DI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.002 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 743UQ UT WOS:000186592300017 PM 14607532 ER PT J AU Mayer, AL Cameron, GN AF Mayer, AL Cameron, GN TI Consideration of grain and extent in landscape studies of terrestrial vertebrate ecology SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Review DE birds; extent; grain; landscape ecology; landscape studies; mammals; scale; scale choice; terrestrial vertebrates ID PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; NEOTROPICAL MIGRATORY BIRDS; BOX-IRONBARK ECOSYSTEM; DRY FOREST LANDSCAPES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SPECIES RICHNESS; SEMINATURAL PASTURES; CONSERVATION VALUE AB The choice of scale (both grain and extent) of a research project can directly affect the results of the project itself, and the comparability of those results to similar research. This paper reviews 149 self-described landscape studies published between 1987 and 2001. From each paper, data for several variables were gathered that we proposed may influence the choice of scale. These variables included the taxa the research considered, the characteristics of the landscape of interest, the species response variables measured, the type of methodology employed by the study, the habitat type(s) surveyed, and the technique(s) used to create habitat maps. Our results demonstrated that only 61% of the papers identified both the grain and extent at which the research was conducted. Taxonomic group, landscape characteristics, and study type all appeared to influence both the choice of grain and extent for the study. Wide variation (standard deviation) in grain and extent among studies suggests that researchers either used some factor not considered here to select scale, or made decisions of the scale on pragmatic grounds, rather than on the appropriateness of the scale to the variables. Finally, 24 of the 149 studies reviewed researched the same combination of categories of the six variables that we considered, yet only for one combination was the grain and extent used within the same order of magnitude. This review highlights the need for more structured choice of scale in landscape studies, and in particular the need for more standardized size of grain and extent for greater comparability among studies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Mayer, AL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NRMRL, STD,SEB, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 498, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. OI Mayer, Audrey/0000-0003-3278-1182 NR 180 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 65 IS 4 BP 201 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00057-4 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA 735GJ UT WOS:000186104000003 ER PT J AU Meeker, GP Bern, AM Brownfield, IK Lowers, HA Sutley, SJ Hoefen, TM Vance, JS AF Meeker, GP Bern, AM Brownfield, IK Lowers, HA Sutley, SJ Hoefen, TM Vance, JS TI The composition and morphology of amphiboles from the Rainy Creek complex, near Libby, Montana SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; ASBESTOS; NOMENCLATURE; ROCKS AB Thirty samples of amphibole-rich rock from the largest mined vermiculite deposit in the world in the Rainy Creek alkaline-ultramafic complex near Libby, Montana, were collected and analyzed. The amphibole-rich rock is the suspected cause of an abnormally high number of asbestos-related diseases reported in the residents of Libby, and in former mine and mill workers. The amphibole-rich samples were analyzed to determine composition and morphology of both fibrous and non-fibrous amphiboles. Sampling was carried out across the accessible portions of the deposit to obtain as complete a representation of the distribution of amphibole types as possible. The range of amphibole compositions, determined from electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, indicates the presence of winchite, richterite, tremolite, and magnesioriebeckite. The amphiboles from Vermiculite Mountain show nearly complete solid solution between these end-member compositions. Magnesio-arfvedsonite and edenite may also be present in low abundance. An evaluation of the textural characteristics of the amphiboles shows the material to include a complete range of morphologies from prismatic crystals to asbestiform fibers. The morphology of the majority of the material is intermediate between these two varieties. All of the amphiboles, with the possible exception of magnesioriebeckite, can occur in fibrous or asbestiform habit. The Vermiculite Mountain amphiboles, even when originally present as massive material, can produce abundant, extremely fine fibers by gentle abrasion or crushing. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Microbeam Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80204 USA. RP Meeker, GP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Microbeam Lab, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM gmeeker@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 135 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 11 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 88 IS 11-12 BP 1955 EP 1969 PN 2 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 747VB UT WOS:000186824600014 ER PT J AU Li, XL Wu, JM Carter, RH Edberg, JC Su, KH Cooper, GS Kimberly, RP AF Li, XL Wu, JM Carter, RH Edberg, JC Su, KH Cooper, GS Kimberly, RP TI A novel polymorphism in the Fc gamma receptor IIB (CD32B) transmembrane region alters receptor signaling SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMIC-LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; CD19 CYTOPLASMIC TYROSINES; B-CELL; DEFICIENT MICE; AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASE; REVISED CRITERIA; DENDRITIC CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES-B; RIIB; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Objective. The low-affinity receptor Fcgamma receptor IIb (FcgammaRIIIb), with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in the cytoplasmic domain, down-regulates humoral immune responses and modulates the risk of autoimmunity in animal models. The transmembrane domain of FcgammaRIIb may also contribute to receptor signaling. Therefore, we investigated the biologic significance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the coding region. Methods. Discovery of SNPs in FCGR2B was performed by direct cycle sequencing of complementary DNA samples derived by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. To assess the biologic significance of the nonsynonymous transmembrane SNP, we studied 3 functions influenced by the FcgammaRIIb transmembrane domain: tyrosine dephosphorylation of CD19, inhibition of B cell receptor (BCR)-induced calcium response, and modulation of BCR- or anti-Fas-induced apoptosis. Results. The nonsynonymous C-to-T transition in the first cytoplasmic exon, originally reported in the Raji cell line, was not found in either the African-American or the Caucasian population, but a nonsynonymous T-to-C transition at nucleotide 775 in exon 4 of FCGR2B, which changes isoleucine to threonine at residue 187 in the transmembrane domain, was significantly more common in African Americans. Using the FcgammaRIIb-negative mouse B cell line IIA1.6, we expressed both allelic forms as both full-length and truncated cytoplasmic domain constructs. The FCGR2B-187T allele mediated a higher level of CD19 dephosphorylation (P = 0.029) and a greater degree of inhibition of the calcium response (P = 0.003) when co-engaged with BCR than did FCGR2B-187I, independent of the presence of the ITIM. In contrast, FcgammaRIIb modulation of BCR-induced and anti-Fas antibody-induced cell death rates were similar in IIA1.6 cells expressing either the 1871 or the 187T allelic form. Conclusion. The differential activity of FCGR2B alleles suggests a novel mechanism of FcgammaRIIb regulation that may influence the risk of autoimmune disease. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Div Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Kimberly, RP (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Div Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, 429 THT,1900 Univ Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR-00032]; NIAMS NIH HHS [P50-AR-45231, R01-AR-42476, P01-AR-49084] NR 53 TC 125 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 11 BP 3242 EP 3252 DI 10.1002/art.11313 PG 11 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 741GV UT WOS:000186451100033 PM 14613290 ER PT J AU Gullett, B Touati, A AF Gullett, B Touati, A TI PCDD/F emissions from burning wheat and rice field residue SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE agricultural field burning; polychlorinated dibenzodioxin; polychlorinated dibenzofuran; emission factors; wheat stubble; rice stubble ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; HARVEST; WASTE; GRASS AB This paper presents the first known values for emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from combustion of agricultural field biomass. Wheat and rice straw stubble collected from two western US states were tested in a field burn simulation to determine emission factors. The resulting emission factor was approximately 0.5 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg burned for both sources. When coupled with published agricultural data on crop residue burning, about 1 g TEQ/year can be expected from wheat and rice straw residue burning, making this an apparently minor source of PCDDs/Fs in the United States. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, B (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, E-305-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 37 IS 35 BP 4893 EP 4899 DI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.011 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 735DW UT WOS:000186098000005 ER PT J AU Peters, U DeMarini, DM Sinha, R Brooks, LR Warren, SH Chatterjee, N Rothman, N AF Peters, U DeMarini, DM Sinha, R Brooks, LR Warren, SH Chatterjee, N Rothman, N TI Urinary mutagenicity and colorectal adenoma risk SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; DNA-ADDUCTS AB We investigated urinary mutagenicity and colorectal adenoma risk in a clinic-based, case-control study of currently nonsmoking cases (n = 143) and controls (n 156). Urinary organics were extracted by C18/methanol from 12-h overnight urine samples, and mutagenicity was determined in Salmonella YG1024 +S9 (Ames test). Adenoma risk was 2.4-fold higher in subjects in the highest versus the lowest quintile of urinary mutagenicity (95% confidence interval = 1.1-5.1). Combining urinary mutagenicity with intake of meat-derived mutagenicity (from our earlier analysis) resulted in a 5.6-fold increase in adenoma risk (95% confidence interval = 2.2-13.9, comparing the highest with the lowest quintile). In our study population, diet may have contributed to mutagenic exposure, which was positively associated with colorectal adenoma risk. C1 NCI, Nutrit Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH,DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Peters, U (reprint author), NCI, Nutrit Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH,DHHS, 6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 3024, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Sinha, Rashmi/G-7446-2015 OI Sinha, Rashmi/0000-0002-2466-7462 NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 12 IS 11 BP 1253 EP 1256 PG 4 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 750NB UT WOS:000187001700021 PM 14652290 ER PT J AU Zhang, TC Schmitt, MT Mumford, JL AF Zhang, TC Schmitt, MT Mumford, JL TI Effects of arsenic on telomerase and telomeres in relation to cell proliferation and apoptosis in human keratinocytes and leukemia cells in vitro SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-MECHANISMS; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; TRIOXIDE AS2O3; DNA-DAMAGE; INHIBITION; CANCER; TRANSFORMATION; INSTABILITY; ACCUMULATION; PROTEIN AB Telomeres are critical in maintaining chromosome and genomic stability. Arsenic, a human carcinogen as well as an anticancer agent, is known for its clastogenicity. To better understand molecular mechanisms of arsenic actions, we investigated arsenite effects on telomere and telomerase and determined cell growth and apoptosis in HL-60 and HaCaT cells in vitro. Low concentrations (0.1-1 muM in HaCaT and 0.1-0.5 muM in HL-60) of arsenite increased telomerase activity, maintained or elongated telomere length, and promoted cellular proliferation. High concentrations (>1-40 muM) of arsenite decreased telomerase activity, telomere length and induced apoptosis. Results from the studies comparing cell lines with and without telomerase activity suggested that telomerase was involved in arsenic-induced apoptosis. The spin trap agent, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) was effective in protecting the arsenite-induced telomere attrition and apoptosis, suggesting that reactive oxygen species may play an important role in the shortening of telomeres and apoptosis induced by arsenic. These findings suggest the carcinogenic effects of arsenic may be partly attributed to increase in telomerase activity leading to promotion of cell proliferation and its anticancer effects by exerting oxidative stress and leading to telomeric DNA attrition and apoptosis. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CNR, Washington, DC 20007 USA. RP Mumford, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 69 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD NOV PY 2003 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1811 EP 1817 DI 10.1093/carcin/bgg141 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 741FT UT WOS:000186448600013 PM 12919960 ER PT J AU Wilkin, RT McNeil, MS AF Wilkin, RT McNeil, MS TI Laboratory evaluation of zero-valent iron to treat water impacted by acid mine drainage SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE zero-valent iron; groundwater remediation; permeable reactive barrier; acid mine drainage ID PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS; LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE; ZEROVALENT IRON; HEAVY-METALS; GREEN RUST; REMOVAL; GROUNDWATER; KINETICS; REMEDIATION; OXIDATION AB This study examines the applicability and limitations of granular zero-valent iron for the treatment of water impacted by mine wastes. Rates of acid-neutralization and of metal (Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, Hg, Al, and Mn) and metalloid (As) uptake were determined in batch systems using simulated mine drainage (initial pH 2.3-4.5; total dissolved solids 14000-16000 mg l(-1)). Metal removal from solution and acid-neutralization occurred simultaneously and were most rapid during the initial 24 h of reaction. Reaction half-lives ranged from 1.50 +/- 0.09 h for Al to 8.15 +/- 0.36 h for Zn. Geochemical model results indicate that metal removal is most effective in solutions that are highly undersaturated with respect to pure-metal hydroxides suggesting that adsorption is the initial and most rapid metal uptake mechanism. Continued adsorption onto or co-precipitation with iron corrosion products are secondary metal uptake processes. Sulfate green rust was identified as the primary iron corrosion product, which is shown to be the result of elevated [SO42-]/[HCO3-] ratios in solution. Reversibility studies indicate that zero-valent iron will retain metals after shifts in redox states are imposed, but that remobilization of metals may occur after the acid-neutralization capacity of the material is exhausted. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Wilkin, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Lab, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 39 TC 107 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 7 BP 715 EP 725 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)000512-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 730EC UT WOS:000185815400003 PM 13129511 ER PT J AU Tilton, SC Foran, CM Benson, WH AF Tilton, SC Foran, CM Benson, WH TI Effects of cadmium on the reproductive axis of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; medaka; endocrine; reproduction; teleost; steroid; development; vitellogenin ID SERUM VITELLOGENIN LEVELS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; EXPOSURE; TROUT; ENDOCRINE; WATER; EGGS; GOLDFISH; TOXICITY; TELEOST AB Cadmium (Cd) is a ubquitous element and a significant inorganic pollutant that has previously been found to bioaccumulate in reproductive organs of fish and disrupt important endocrine processes, especially those involved in synthesis, release and metabolism of hormones. Clearly, there is potential for reproductive effects in fish populations exposed to Cd, however, few studies have investigated the non-lethal consequences of Cd in fish. To this extent, adult male and female Japanese medaka were exposed to 0-10 ppb Cd for 7 weeks. Reproductive endpoints, were monitored during weeks 6 and 7 of exposure and compared to physiological responses along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, including plasma vitellogenin (VTG), hepatic estrogen receptor (ER), plasma steroids, gonadal-somatic indices (GSI), and gonadal steroid release. There were no observed effects on VTG and ER by long-term Cd exposure. However, gonadal steroid release was significantly decreased in males and females at all exposure concentrations and female plasma estradiol levels were significantly altered at concentrations higher than 5 ppb Cd. Overall, responses along the HPG axis were more sensitive to Cd exposure than the reproductive and developmental endpoints, which were not affected in this study, indicating that higher level impairment in fish might be relatively protected. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, Environm Toxicol Res Program, University, MS 38677 USA. Oregon State Univ, Environm & Mol Toxicol Dept, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Biol, Morgantown, WV 25606 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Res Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Foran, CM (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, Environm Toxicol Res Program, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 43 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 136 IS 3 BP 265 EP 276 DI 10.1016/j.cca.2003.09.009 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 753VK UT WOS:000187251100009 PM 14659460 ER PT J AU Schecter, A Pavuk, M Papke, O Ryan, JJ Birnbaum, L Rosen, R AF Schecter, A Pavuk, M Papke, O Ryan, JJ Birnbaum, L Rosen, R TI Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US mothers' milk SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE brominated diphenyl ethers; brominated flame retardants; human milk; nursing mothers ID BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; THYROID-HORMONE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; 2,2',4,4',5-PENTABROMODIPHENYL ETHER; BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; EXPOSURE; BLOOD; MICE; RATS AB No previous reports exist on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in human milk from individual U.S. mothers. This article on PBDEs is an extension of our previous studies on concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other chlorinated organic compounds in human milk in a number of countries. PBDE commercial products are used as flame retardants in flexible polyurethane foam (penta-BDE), in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins (octa-BDE), and in high-impact polystyrene resins (deca-BDE). Their use is permitted in the United States but is banned in some European countries because of presumed toxicity, demonstrated persistence, and bioaccumulation. Different commercial products can be found in various consumer products such as television sets, computers, computer monitors and printers, carpets, and upholstery. Analyses of human levels of these compounds suggest low but rising levels in European human milk, which may have peaked, at least in Sweden, in the late 1990s. Very few data exist on levels of PBDEs in humans in the United States, and none from milk from individual nursing mothers. To address this issue, we analyzed 47 individual milk samples from nursing mothers, 20-41 years of age, from a milk bank in Austin, Texas, and a community women's health clinic in Dallas, Texas. Up to 13 PBDE congeners were measured. The concentrations of the sum of PBDE congeners varied from 6.2 to 419 ng/g (or parts per billion) lipid, with a median of 34 ng/g and a mean of 73.9 ng/g lipid. The PBDE levels in breast milk from Texas were similar to levels found in U.S. blood and adipose tissue lipid from California and Indiana and are 10-100 times greater than human tissue levels in Europe. Their detection in breast milk raises concern for potential toxicity to nursing infants, given the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of some of the PBDE congeners. These results indicate a need for more detailed investigation of the levels of PBDE in people and food, as well as determining if animal fat in food is the major route of exposure of the general U.S. population. Other routes of intake may also be significant. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. ERGO Res, Hamburg, Germany. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. US EPA, Environm Toxicol Res Labs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. RP Schecter, A (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, Dallas Reg Campus,5323 Harry Hines Blvd,V8-112, Dallas, TX 75390 USA. EM arnold.schecter@utsouthwestern.edu NR 87 TC 335 Z9 352 U1 12 U2 81 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 111 IS 14 BP 1723 EP 1729 DI 10.1289/ehp.6466 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 741GD UT WOS:000186449600024 PM 14594622 ER PT J AU Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Miller, A Middleton, D Weis, C Spence, M Black, B Kapil, V AF Peipins, LA Lewin, M Campolucci, S Lybarger, JA Miller, A Middleton, D Weis, C Spence, M Black, B Kapil, V TI Radiographic abnormalities and exposure to asbestos-contaminated vermiculite in the community of Libby, Montana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE asbestos-related disease; medical screening; pleural plaques; radiographic opacities; radiography; tremolite-actinolite; vermiculite ID TREMOLITE ACTINOLITE; MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; MINERS; MORTALITY; MORBIDITY; POPULATION; CONTACTS; WORKERS; PLAQUES AB Mining, handling, processing, and personal or commercial use of asbestos-contaminated vermiculite have led to widespread contamination of the Libby, Montana, area. We initiated a medical testing program in response to reports of respiratory illness in the community. The purpose of this analysis was to identify and quantify asbestos-related radiographic abnormalities among persons exposed to vermiculite in Libby and to examine associations between these outcomes and participants' self-reported exposures. A cross-sectional interview and medical testing were conducted in Libby from July through November 2000 and from July through September 2001. A total of 7,307 persons who had lived, worked, or played in Libby for at least 6 months before 31 December 1990 completed the interview. Of those, 6,668 participants greater than or equal to 18 years of age received chest radiographs to assess the prevalence of pleural and interstitial abnormalities. We observed pleural abnormalities in 17.8% of participants and interstitial abnormalities in < 1% of participants undergoing chest radiography. We examined 29 occupational, recreational, household, and other exposure pathways in the analysis. The prevalence of pleural abnormalities increased with increasing number of exposure pathways, ranging from 6.7% for those who reported no apparent exposures to 34.6% for those who reported &GE; 12 pathways. The factors most strongly associated with pleural abnormalities were being a former W.R. Grace worker, being older, having been a household contact of a W.R. Grace worker, and being a male. In addition to being a former W.R. Grace worker, environmental exposures and other nonoccupational risk factors were also important predictors of asbestos-related radiographic abnormalities. C1 ATSDR, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO USA. Montana Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Helena, MT USA. Lincoln Cty Dept Environm Hlth, Libby, MT USA. RP Lewin, M (reprint author), ATSDR, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 25 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 111 IS 14 BP 1753 EP 1759 DI 10.1289/ehp.6346 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 741GD UT WOS:000186449600029 PM 14594627 ER PT J AU Foley, GJ Georgopoulos, PG Lioy, PJ AF Foley, GJ Georgopoulos, PG Lioy, PJ TI Accountability within new ozone standards SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB With Congress requiring government programs to be more accountable, the U.S. EPA has pledged that the National Ambient Air Quality Standards program will "reduce or eliminate a contamint" so that the air becomes increasingly safer to breathe. But how does the agency translate this goal into real measures of performance? Gary Foley of EPA's National Exposure Research Laboratory and Panos G. Georgopoulos and Paul J. Lioy with RWJ Medical School and Rutgers University address this problem using the example of the new 8-hour ozone standard. C1 US EPA, NERL, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EOHSI, Piscataway, NJ USA. RP Foley, GJ (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 21 BP 392A EP + DI 10.1021/es032605b PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 739HN UT WOS:000186339200020 PM 14620803 ER PT J AU Choi, JH Valentine, RL AF Choi, JH Valentine, RL TI N-nitrosodimethylamine formation hy free-chlorine-enhanced nitrosation of dimethylamine SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYPOCHLOROUS ACID; CHEMISTRY; NITRITE; WATER; NDMA; PRODUCT AB The formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by the nitrosation of dimethylamine (DMA) is greatly enhanced by the presence of free chlorine (HOCI). The effect of HOCI appears at first to be contrary because HOCI rapidly oxidizes nitrite and hence should reduce NDMA formation from a mechanism involving classical nitrosation. The enhanced nitrosation by the presence of HOCI is, however, consistent with a mechanism that involves the formation of a highly reactive nitrosating intermediate such as dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) formed during the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. This mechanism is quite unlike another recently proposed NDMA formation pathway involving the rate-limiting oxidation of DMA directly by monochloramine. NDMA formation by the proposed HOCI-enhanced nitrosation pathway is inhibited by the presence of ammonia and occurs very quickly, only during the short period during which nitrite oxidation occurs. The general importance of this NDMA formation mechanism in actual drinking water appears to be limited by the amount of DMA and nitrite typically present. The mechanism described here, however, suggests the potential involvement of other nitrogen redox reactions that may produce reactive intermediates leading to the indirect and incidental formation of NDMA in the presence of appropriate organic nitrogen precursor. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Valentine, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 19 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 50 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 21 BP 4871 EP 4876 DI 10.1021/es034020n PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 739HN UT WOS:000186339200029 PM 14620812 ER PT J AU Lin, ZX Wilson, JT Fine, DD AF Lin, ZX Wilson, JT Fine, DD TI Avoiding hydrolysis of fuel ether oxygenates during static headspace analysis SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; MTBE; SPECTROMETRY; GASOLINE; WATER; GC AB The determination of fuel ether oxygenates in groundwater was found to be problematic when samples are preserved at pH < 2 and then analyzed using heated headspace sampling. Acid catalyzed the hydrolysis of tert-amyl methyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, and methyl tert-butyl ether during headspace sampling when aqueous samples were heated at 80 degreesC, a typical temperature used for heated headspace sampling. Hydrochloric acid at pH 2 did not cause hydrolysis of oxygenate ethers in samples stored for 28 d at 4 degreesC. When trisodium phosphate was used to preserve the sample or to adjust the pH of samples preserved with acid before headspace sampling, the recovery of spiked ethers was excellent. The heated headspace method was also applicable for the determination of other fuel oxygenates including ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), tert-amyl alcohol (TAA), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone, and monoaromatic compounds found in gasoline including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes. The method detection limits range from 0.1 to 0.2 mug/L for the ethers and aromatics. For alcohols and acetone, the method detection limits were 0.8 mug/L for TBA, 18 mug/L for ethanol, 1.2 mug/L for TAA, 5.5 mug/L for IPA, and 3.3 mug/L for acetone. The heated headspace method yielded accurate results for ether oxygenates in samples containing a wide range of gasoline concentrations (2500-100 000 mug/L). C1 Shaw Environm & Infrastruct Inc, Ada, OK 74821 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ground Water & Ecosyst Restorat Div, Ada, OK 74821 USA. RP Fine, DD (reprint author), Shaw Environm & Infrastruct Inc, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74821 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 21 BP 4994 EP 5000 DI 10.1021/es030375v PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 739HN UT WOS:000186339200046 PM 14620829 ER PT J AU Mravik, SC Sillan, RK Wood, AL Sewell, GW AF Mravik, SC Sillan, RK Wood, AL Sewell, GW TI Field evaluation of the solvent extraction residual biotreatment technology SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC ENRICHMENT CULTURE; NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS; IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION; UNIFORM-FLOW FIELDS; STATE MASS-TRANSFER; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; CHLORINATED SOLVENTS; AQUIFER MICROCOSMS; VINYL-CHLORIDE; ELECTRON-DONOR AB The Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment (SERB) technology was evaluated at a former dry cleaner site in Jacksonville, FL, where an area of tetra chloroethylene (PCE) contamination was identified. The SERB technology is a treatment train approach for complete site restoration, which combines an active in situ dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) removal technology, cosolvent extraction, with a passive enhanced in situ bioremediation technology, reductive dechlorination. During the in situ cosolvent extraction test, approximately 34 kL of 95% ethanol/5% water (v:v) was flushed through the contaminated zone, which removed approximately 60% of the estimated PCE mass. Approximately 2.72 kL of ethanol was left in the subsurface, which provided electron donor for enhancement of biological processes in the source zone and downgradient areas. Guarterly groundwater monitoring for over 3 yr showed decreasing concentrations of PCE in the source zone from initial values of 4-350 muM to less than 150 muM during the last sampling event. Initially there was little to no daughter product formation in the source zone, but after 3 yr, measured concentrations were 242 muM for cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DICE), 13 muM for vinyl chloride, and 0.43 muM for ethene. In conjunction with the production of dissolved methane and hydrogen and the removal of sulfate, these measurements indicate that in situ biotransformations were enhanced in areas exposed to the residual ethanol. First-order rate constants calculated from concentration data for individual wells ranged from -0.63 to -2.14 yr(-1) for PCE removal and from 0.88 to 2.39 yr(-1) for cis-DCE formation. First-order rate constants based on the change in total mass estimated from contour plots of the groundwater concentration data were 0.75 yr(-1) for cis-DICE, -0.50 yr(-1) for PCE, and -0.33 yr(-1) for ethanol. Although these attenuation rate constants include additional processes, such as sorption, dispersion, and advection, they provide an indication of the overall system dynamics. Evaluation of the groundwater data from the former dry cleaner site showed that cosolvent flushing systems can be designed and utilized to aid in the enhancement of biodegradation processes at DNAPL sites. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ground Water & Ecosyst Restorat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. LFR Levine Fricke, Tallahassee, FL 32308 USA. E Cent Univ, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Mravik, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ground Water & Ecosyst Restorat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 53 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 21 BP 5040 EP 5049 DI 10.1021/es034039q PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 739HN UT WOS:000186339200053 PM 14620836 ER PT J AU Augspurger, T Keller, AE Black, MC Cope, WG Dwyer, FJ AF Augspurger, T Keller, AE Black, MC Cope, WG Dwyer, FJ TI Water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) from ammonia exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ammonia; Unionidae; freshwater mussels; water quality criteria ID ACUTE TOXICITY; ANODONTA-IMBECILIS; BIVALVIA; RIVER AB Ammonia toxicity data for freshwater mussels (Unionidae). a significantly imperiled taxa. were used to derive estimates of concentrations that would not likely be harmful in acute and chronic exposures and to assess the protectiveness of Current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) water quality criteria to this family of organisms. Thirty acute (24-96-h) median lethal concentrations (LC50s), covering 10 species in eight unionid genera, were used to calculate genus mean acute values (GMAVs) ranging from 2.56 to 8.97 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8. Freshwater mussels are at the sensitive end of the range when added to the GMAVs from the database used to derive the U.S. EPA criteria maximum concentration (CMC). We derived two estimates of acute exposure water quality guidance for the protection of freshwater mussels (CMCFM) by a recalculation of the CMC after adding freshwater Mussel GMAVs to the U.S. EPA data set. The CMC(FM)s of 1.75 and 2.50 mg/ L total ammonia as N at pH 8 average 60% less than the U.S. EPA CMC of 5.62 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8 for application when salmonids are present. These values average about 75% less than the CMC for application when salmonids are absent. No chronic ammonia exposure data existed for unionids. Thus, we applied a range of estimated acute:chronic ratios to the acute toxicity data set, expanded with the freshwater mussel GMAVs, to estimate continuous ammonia concentrations that may be protective of freshwater mussels. These estimates ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8, about 20 to 75% less than the U.S. EPA criteria continuous concentration (CCC) Of 1.24 mg/L total ammonia as N at pH 8 and 25 degreesC. The current numeric criteria for ammonia may not be protective of mussels, more than half of whose nearly 300 species are in decline in North America. While the CMCFM and CCCFM are not equivalent to revised U.S. EPA criteria. they are offered as interim guidance for the protection of freshwater mussels. C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. US EPA, Water Management Div, Jacksonville, FL 32207 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Augspurger, T (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 33726, Raleigh, NC 27636 USA. EM tom_augspurger@fws.gov RI Black, Marsha /B-6449-2013 NR 27 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 7 U2 35 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2569 EP 2575 DI 10.1897/02-339 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500007 PM 14587894 ER PT J AU Diamond, SA Milroy, NJ Mattson, VR Heinis, LJ Mount, DR AF Diamond, SA Milroy, NJ Mattson, VR Heinis, LJ Mount, DR TI Photoactivated toxicity in amphipods collected from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sites SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; phototoxicity; amphipods; risk assessment ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; FRESH-WATER MUSSEL; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; PHOTOTOXICITY; SEDIMENTS; EXPOSURE; PHOTOINHIBITION; ATTENUATION; IRRADIANCE AB The risk of photoactivated PAH toxicity in contaminated aquatic systems has not been well characterized. To document risk, amphipods (Gammarus spp.) were collected from two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sites in the lower St. Louis River and Duluth Harbor, USA (Hog Island and USX) as well as a reference site (Chipmunk Cove) and were exposed in two separate, replicate tests to controlled intensities of solar radiation for 3 d. Contaminated site organisms died significantly faster compared to control site organisms. In all tests, mortality was strongly related to ultraviolet-A (UV-A; 320-400 nm) dose. Ultraviolet-B (280-320 nm) radiation did not increase mortality. To compare susceptibility among populations, regressions of arcsine-transformed, proportionate mortality versus UV dose were completed for each, and the slopes were statistically compared. Response slopes for the two contaminated site populations were both significantly greater than the reference site population (p = 0.0001 for test 1; p = 0.0002 for test 2). These results indicate that organisms residing in PAH-contaminated environments can accumulate PAH concentrations sufficient to be at risk for photoactivated toxicity. Although amphipods are not typically at risk of PAH-photoactivated toxicity because they are largely protected from exposure to sunlight, they are representative surrogates for species that may be similarly protected at some life stages (and thus able to accumulate significant PAH tissue concentrations) but not at others. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commiss, Odanah, WI 54861 USA. RP Diamond, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2752 EP 2760 DI 10.1897/02-640 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500031 PM 14587918 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP Cook, PM Mount, DR AF Burkhard, LP Cook, PM Mount, DR TI The relationship of bioaccumulative chemicals in water and sediment to residues in fish: A visualization approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation factor; biota-sediment accumulation factor sediment/water concentration quotient sediment/water disequilibrium ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; AQUATIC FOOD-WEBS; LAKE-ONTARIO; GREAT-LAKES; MODEL; FIELD; QUANTIFICATION; FUGACITY; MATTER; CARBON AB A visualization approach is developed and presented for depicting and interpreting bioaccumulation relationships and data (i.e., bioaccumulation factors [BAFs], biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs], and chemical residues in fish) using water-sediment chemical concentration XY plots. The approach is based on five basic parameters that affect bioaccumulation of nonionic organic chemicals: The distribution of chemical between sediment and water, the hydrophobicity of the compound (expressed as the n-octanol/water partition coefficient, K-ow), the relationship of food chains to water and sediment, the length of the food chains, and the degree to which the chemical is metabolized. The visualization approach using water-sediment XY plots captures and visually presents the existing bioaccumulation knowledge in a form that is readily understandable from chemical, biological, and ecological aspects and, therefore, useful in the assessment, communication, and management of risk for persistent bioaccumulative toxicants. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Burkhard, LP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2822 EP 2830 DI 10.1897/02-485 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500040 PM 14587927 ER PT J AU Fenster, L Waller, K Windham, G Henneman, T Anderson, M Mendola, P Overstreet, JW Swan, SH AF Fenster, L Waller, K Windham, G Henneman, T Anderson, M Mendola, P Overstreet, JW Swan, SH TI Trihalomethane levels in home tap water and semen quality SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trihalomethanes; drinking water; disinfection byproducts; semen; sperm motion; sperm morphology ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; DIBROMOACETIC ACID; SPERM MORPHOLOGY; RATS; FERTILITY; BLOOD; SPERMATOTOXICITY; SALMONELLA; POPULATION AB Background: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are byproducts of drinking water chlorination whose effects on semen quality have not been previously studied in humans. Methods: We examined the relationship of THMs to semen quality in 157 healthy men from couples without known risk factors for infertility. Total THM (TTHM) levels were assigned based on water utility measurements taken during the 90 days preceding semen collection. We analyzed continuous semen parameters in relation to total and individual THMs, adjusting for potential confounders by using repeated measures analyses. Results: TTHM level was not associated with decrements in semen quality. Percent normal morphology decreased and percent head defects increased at higher levels of an ingestion metric (TTHM multiplied by cold home tap water consumption). At the highest level of the ingestion metric (>160 mug/L X glasses/day, which is equivalent to >2 glasses/day of water containing 80 mug/L) we observed a difference of -7.1 (95% confidence interval = -12.7 to -1.6) for percent morphologically normal sperm compared with the lowest level (less than or equal to 40 mug/L X glasses/day). Of the individual THMs, bromodichloromethane exposure was inversely related to linearity (a motility parameter); we observed a small decrease (beta = -0.09, SE 0.04) for every unit increase in bromodichloromethane. Conclusion: Although our study had a limited exposure assessment and a selective sample, our results suggest the need for further study of the effects of THMs on semen quality. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Environm & Occupat Dis Control, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. Sequoia Fdn, La Jolla, CA USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Hlth & Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Family & Community Med, Columbia, MO USA. RP Fenster, L (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Environm & Occupat Dis Control, 1515 Clay St,Suite 1700, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 NR 37 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 14 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 2003 VL 14 IS 6 BP 650 EP 658 DI 10.1097/01.ede.0000077980.52967.01 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 736FG UT WOS:000186160300004 PM 14569179 ER PT J AU Hidaka, K Kanematsu, T Caffrey, JJ Takeuchi, H Shears, SB Hirata, M AF Hidaka, K Kanematsu, T Caffrey, JJ Takeuchi, H Shears, SB Hirata, M TI The importance to chondrocyte differentiation of changes in expression of the multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase SO EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chondrocyte; ATDC5; inositol phosphates; MIPP/Minpp; endochondral bone formation ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; KINASE; 3,4,5,6-TETRAKISPHOSPHATE; HEXAKISPHOSPHATE; 3-PHOSPHATASE; HYPERTROPHY; CARTILAGE; CALCIUM; MINPP1 AB It is important to both physiological and pathological osteogenesis to understand the significance of changes in gene expression in growth-plate chondrocytes that transit between the proliferative and hypertrophic states. MINPP is one such gene of interest. The Minpp protein dephosphorylates highly phosphorylated inositol signaling molecules InsP(5) and InsP(6). We show here that the ATDC5 chondrocyte progenitor cell line can recapitulate developmentally specific changes in MINPP expression previously only seen in longitudinal bone growth plates-both an initial 2-3-fold increase and a subsequent decrease back to initial levels during transition to hypertrophy. The increase in MINPP expression was accompanied by a 40% decrease in InsP(6) levels in ATDC5 cells. However, InSP5 levels were not modified. Furthermore, throughout the hypertrophic phase, during which MINPP expression decreased, there were no alterations in InSP5 and InsP(6) levels. We also created an ATDC5 line that stably overexpressed Minpp at 2-fold higher levels than in wild-type cells. This had no significant effect upon cellular levels of InSP5 and InSP6. Thus, substantial changes in MINPP expression can occur without a net effect upon InsP(5) and InsP(6) turnover in vivo. On the other hand, Minpp-overexpressing cells showed impaired chondrogenesis. We noted that the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity was inversely correlated with the expression of MINPP. The ATDC5 cells that overexpress Minpp failed to show an insulin-dependent increase in alkaline phosphatase levels, which presumably affects phosphate balance [J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 33995], and may be the reason cellular differentiation was impaired. In any case, we conclude that Minpp is important to chondrocyte differentiation, but in a manner that is, surprisingly, independent of inositol polyphosphate turnover. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Phosphoinositide Sect, Inositide Signaling Grp, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Kyushu Univ, Fac Dent Sci, Lab Mol & Cellular Biochem, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Stn Collaborat Res, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan. RP Hidaka, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Phosphoinositide Sect, Inositide Signaling Grp, NIH, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4827 J9 EXP CELL RES JI Exp. Cell Res. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 2 BP 254 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00337-9 PG 11 WC Oncology; Cell Biology SC Oncology; Cell Biology GA 735UG UT WOS:000186132500008 PM 14567985 ER PT J AU Walters, DM Leigh, DS Freeman, MC Freeman, BJ Pringle, CM AF Walters, DM Leigh, DS Freeman, MC Freeman, BJ Pringle, CM TI Geomorphology and fish assemblages in a Piedmont river basin, USA SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE assemblage structure; environmental gradients; Etowah River; Process Domains Concept; stream fishes ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; STREAM FISHES; PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS; HABITAT GRADIENTS; CONTINUUM CONCEPT; PATCH DYNAMICS; NATURAL RIVERS; COMMUNITIES; PATTERNS AB 1. We investigated linkages between fishes and fluvial geomorphology in 31 wadeable streams in the Etowah River basin in northern Georgia, U.S.A. Streams were stratified into three catchment sizes of approximately 15, 50 and 100 km(2), and fishes and geomorphology were sampled at the reach scale (i.e. 20-40 times stream width). 2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) identified 85% of the among-site variation in fish assemblage structure and identified strong patterns in species composition across sites. Assemblages shifted from domination by centrarchids, and other pool species that spawn in fine sediments and have generalised food preferences, to darter-cyprinid-redhorse sucker complexes that inhabit riffles and runs, feed primarily on invertebrates, and spawn on coarser stream beds. 3. Richness and density were correlated with basin area, a measure of stream size, but species composition was best predicted (i.e. |r| between 0.60-0.82) by reach-level geomorphic variables (stream slope, bed texture, bed mobility and tractive force) that were unrelated to stream size. Stream slope was the dominant factor controlling stream habitat. Low slope streams had smaller bed particles, more fines in riffles, lower tractive force and greater bed mobility compared with high slope streams. 4. Our results contrast with the 'River Continuum Concept' which argues that stream assemblages vary predictably along stream size gradients. Our findings support the 'Process Domains Concept', which argues that local-scale geomorphic processes determine the stream habitat and disturbance regimes that influence stream communities. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Museum Nat Hist, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Walters, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Branch, 26 Martin Luther King,MS-642, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012; Walters, David/I-4914-2012 NR 75 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 5 U2 44 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1950 EP 1970 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01137.x PG 21 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 735MN UT WOS:000186119300003 ER PT J AU Roberts, ES Richards, JH Jaskot, R Dreher, KL AF Roberts, ES Richards, JH Jaskot, R Dreher, KL TI Oxidative stress mediates air pollution particle-induced acute lung injury and molecular pathology SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OIL FLY-ASH; RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; REACTIVE OXYGEN; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; PROTEIN-KINASES; AMBIENT AIR AB Insight into the mechanism(s) by which ambient air particulate matter (PM) mediates adverse health effects is needed to provide biological plausibility to epidemiological studies demonstrating associations between PM exposure and increased morbidity and mortality. Although in vitro PM studies provide an understanding of mechanisms by which PM affects pulmonary cells, it is difficult to extrapolate from in vitro to in vivo mechanisms of PM-induced lung injury. We examined in vivo mechanisms of lung injury generated by oil combustion particles. Rats were pretreated with dimethylthiourea (DMTU) before intratracheal instillation of residual oil fly ash (ROFA). Animals were examined by bronchoalveolar lavage for biomarkers of lung injury, and lung tissues were examined by immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular approaches to identify ROFA-induced alterations in intracellular signaling pathways and proinflammatory gene expression. Significant increases in pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity, activation of ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and increases in mRNA levels encoding macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, MCP-1 and matrilysin were observed. DMTU pretreatment inhibited ROFA-induced pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity, ERK MAPK activation, and cytokine gene expression. Our findings provide coherence with in vitro PM mechanistic information, allow direct in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, and demonstrate a critical role for oxidative stress in ROFA-induced lung injury and associated molecular pathology. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Mol Biomed Sci, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD-B143-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 15 IS 13 BP 1327 EP 1346 DI 10.1080/08958370390241795 PG 20 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 735LV UT WOS:000186116300005 PM 14569496 ER PT J AU Brock, WJ Rodricks, JV Rulis, A Dellarco, VL Gray, GM Lane, RW AF Brock, WJ Rodricks, JV Rulis, A Dellarco, VL Gray, GM Lane, RW TI Food safety: Risk assessment methodology and decision-making criteria SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Toxicology CY NOV 10-13, 2002 CL HERSHEY, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Coll Toxicol DE ADI; food safety; pesticides; risk assessment AB As our scientific technology grows, risk assessment methods become more complex and, therefore, open to greater scientific debate. Risk assessment has always been a part of the regulatory notification and approval process for foods. However, the methodologies applied to risk assessment and decision- making have become diverse, dependent on a number of features, including the areas of the world in which one operates, the need to use cumulative risk assessment for pesticides and other ingredients or alternative risk assessment considerations for evaluating nontraditional or bioengineered foods. Diverse institutional structures within a single federal regulatory authority may tend to lead to diversity in risk outcomes that creates policy decisions that complicate and confuse the risk management process. On top of this challenge, decisions become more complicated by the need to examine beneficial factors of foods rather than the adverse effects of foods and food additives. Foods are a complex mixture of ingredients. Regulatory groups recognize the need to use new approaches for evaluating the safety and risks associated with foods and food additives, and to do so in a timely manner. The United States Food and Drug Administration ( US FDA) in its need to ensure standards of " reasonable certainty of no harm" continues to explore alternative means to be responsive to petitioners as well as continue to examine scientifically validated means, e. g., quantitative structure- activity relationship ( QSAR), and computer- assisted programs, within the approval process to assist in the evaluation of risks. Another means to improve the risk management process would include the cumulative risk assessment of pesticides that will, no doubt, be the beginning of more intensive efforts to understand cumulative exposures and the inherent risks from multiple pathways of exposure. The passage of the Food Quality Protection Act ( FQPA) resulted in developing additional risk assessment methodologies and approaches to assess the potential for multiple exposures and risks. Addressing the international criteria used in decision- making related to foods safety assessment has resulted in acceptable intake values for food ingredients for carcinogens and noncarcinogens that, in general, tend to be more stringent in the United States compared to Europe. Clearly, the need for harmonization of risk assessment criteria and the impact of the decision process on regulatory approvals and safety assessment is a future need for the continued assurances of food safety. The topics presented in this paper are based on a symposium held in November 2002 at the annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology. C1 ENVIRON Inst Hlth Sci, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Risk Anal, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Unilever Bestfoods, Englewood Cliffs, NJ USA. RP Brock, WJ (reprint author), ENVIRON Inst Hlth Sci, 4350 N Fairfax Dr,Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 22 IS 6 BP 435 EP 451 DI 10.1080/10915810390251438 PG 17 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 754PQ UT WOS:000187326800005 PM 14680991 ER PT J AU Young, KE Robbins, WA Xun, L Elashoff, D Rothmann, SA Perreault, SD AF Young, KE Robbins, WA Xun, L Elashoff, D Rothmann, SA Perreault, SD TI Evaluation of chromosome breakage and DNA integrity in sperm: An investigation of remote semen collection conditions SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE snap-freezing; sperm-FISH; TUNEL; neutral comet assay ID GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS ASSAY; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; COMET ASSAY; HEALTHY-MEN; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; 1CEN-1Q12 REGION; INDIVIDUAL CELLS; GERM-CELLS; DAMAGE AB Collection of ejaculated semen at a remote site (outside of the laboratory) would facilitate participation rates and geographic diversity in reproductive epidemiology studies. Our study addressed concerns that remote collection and overnight mail return might induce chromosome/DNA damage. We collected semen from 10 healthy men. Part of each sample was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and the rest held at 22 +/- VC for 24 hours in a transport container (simulating ambient temperature during overnight return) then snap frozen. DNA breakage and fragmentation were measured using tandem-label sperm-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL), and neutral comet assay. Tandem-label sperm-FISH and TUNEL detected no statistically significant difference between sperm fresh frozen (FF) and those frozen after 24 hours (F24). The mean frequency of chromosome breakage per 10000 cells scored in sperm-FISH for FF and F24 was 10.5 +/- 1.3 breaks and 11.2 +/- 1.1 breaks, respectively (P = .69, Student's t test). The mean frequency of TUNEL-positive cells per 2000 cells scored in FF and F24 was 136 +/- 29 and 213 +/- 28 cells, respectively, which approached but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07, Student's t test). The neutral comet assay detected a statistically significant difference in DNA strand breakage between the 2 groups (percentage of DNA in the tail P = 0.037; tail moment P = 0.006; and tail length P = 0.033, all Student's t test). The mean frequency of damage denoted by tail length in mum per 100 cells scored in FF and F24 was 175.0 +/- 15.5 and 152.2 +/- 17.6 mum, respectively. Tandem-label sperm-FISH, TUNEL, and neutral comet assay are useful analytical techniques for laboratory-based studies of human sperm genomic integrity; however, for field studies incorporating the nonrefrigerated return of semen after 24 hours, only chromosome breakage at a level that can be detected using tandem-label sperm-FISH was unaffected. TUNEL and neutral comet assay need further study before they are used in specimens collected at remote sites and transported to a central laboratory. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Mol Toxicol Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biostat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Fertil Solut Inc, Cleveland, OH USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Robbins, WA (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Mol Toxicol Program, Room 5-254 Factor Bldg,Mail Code 956919, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 6 BP 853 EP 861 PG 9 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 740LJ UT WOS:000186403600014 PM 14581511 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Immanants and immanantal polynomials of chemical graphs SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HEXAGONAL SYSTEMS; PERMANENTAL POLYNOMIALS; ADJACENCY MATRICES; FULLERENES; HYDROCARBONS; ALGORITHM; SET AB The much-studied determinant and characteristic polynomial and the less well-known permanent and permanental polynomial are special cases of a large class of objects, the immanants and immanantal polynomials. These have received some attention in the mathematical literature, but very little has appeared on their applications to chemical graphs. The present study focuses on these and also generalizes the acyclic or matching polynomial to an equally large class of acyclic immanantal polynomials, generalizes the Sachs theorem to immanantal polynomials, and sets forth relationships between the immanants and other graph properties, namely, Kekule structure count, number of Hamiltonian cycles, Clar covering polynomial, and Hosoya sextet polynomial. C1 US EPA, Risk Assessment Div, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Risk Assessment Div, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 7403M,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1942 EP 1946 DI 10.1021/ci0300238 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 748DK UT WOS:000186848700028 PM 14632444 ER PT J AU Gray, WB Shadbegian, RJ AF Gray, WB Shadbegian, RJ TI Plant vintage, technology, and environmental regulation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE pollution abatement costs; environmental regulation; productivity; pulp and paper industry ID POLLUTION-CONTROL; PANEL-DATA; PRODUCTIVITY; EMISSIONS; OUTPUTS; COST AB We use data on productivity and pollution abatement costs at individual pulp and paper mills to test whether the impact of environmental regulation on productivity differs by plant vintage and technology. Plants with higher pollution abatement costs have significantly lower productivity levels. This relationship differs greatly based on a plant's technology, with productivity at integrated mills being greatly affected by abatement costs, while the impact at non-integrated mills is negligible. Plant vintage does not seem to matter, with older and newer plants showing similar impacts. Reported abatement costs appear to substantially understate the true costs of abatement. Accounting for the impact of technology differences makes some difference in the estimated overall impact of environmental regulation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Clark Univ, Dept Econ, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. Natl Bur Econ Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gray, WB (reprint author), Clark Univ, Dept Econ, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. NR 25 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 384 EP 402 DI 10.1016/S0095-0696(03)00031-7 PG 19 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 739MD UT WOS:000186349700002 ER PT J AU Fuhrmann, M Lasat, M Ebbs, S Cornish, J Kochian, L AF Fuhrmann, M Lasat, M Ebbs, S Cornish, J Kochian, L TI Uptake and release of cesium-137 by five plant species as influenced by soil amendments in field experiments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RADIOCESIUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL; PHYTOREMEDIATION; MECHANISMS; SPINACH; CS-137 AB Phytoextraction field experiments were conducted on soil contaminated with 0.39 to 8.7 Bq/g of Cs-137 to determine the capacity of five plant species to accumulate Cs-137 and the effects of three soil treatments on uptake. The plants tested were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L. var. aureus); a mixture of redroot pigweed and spreading pigweed (A. graecizans L.); purple amaranth (A. cruteus L.) x Powell's amaranth (A. powellii S. Watson), referred to here as the amaranth hybrid; Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]; and cabbage (Brassica oteracea L. var. capitata). For control plants, the concentration ratios (CR) of Cs-137 were greatest for redroot pigweed and the amaranth hybrid, with average CR values of 1.0 +/- 0.24 and 0.95 +/- 0.14, respectively. The lowest value was for Indian mustard at 0.36 +/- 0.10. The soil treatments included (i) application of NH4NO3 solution to the soil after plants had matured, (ii) addition of composted manure to increase organic matter content of the soil, (iii) combination of the manure and ammonium solution treatments, and (iv) controls. The ammonium solution gave little overall increase in accumulation of Cs-137. The use of composted manure also had little influence, but the combination of the composted manure with application of ammonium solutions had a distinctly negative effect on plant uptake of Cs-137. On average the fraction of Cs-137 taken up from the soil was reduced by 57.4 +/- 1.2% compared with controls. This was the result of release of competing ions, primarily Ca, from the manure and was observed across all five plant species tested. The application of ammonium solution took place in the last two weeks before harvest. The reduction of plant Cs-137 content, by addition of the ammonium solution, as it interacted with the manure, indicates that substantial quantities (CS)-C-137 can be released from the shoots of plants as a result of sudden changes in soil solution chemistry. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res 8722R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. MSE Technol Applicat, Butte, MT 59702 USA. USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Fuhrmann, M (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, POB 5000, Upton, NY 11973 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Ebbs, Stephen/0000-0003-4042-9234 NR 26 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2272 EP 2279 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 743MC UT WOS:000186574700036 PM 14674551 ER PT J AU Rohrer, CA Hieber, TE Melnyk, LJ Berry, MR AF Rohrer, CA Hieber, TE Melnyk, LJ Berry, MR TI Transfer efficiencies of pesticides from household flooring surfaces to foods SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dietary exposure; pesticides; children; surface transfer; transfer efficiency; contact duration; contact force ID DIETARY EXPOSURE; POTENTIAL EXPOSURE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; CHLORPYRIFOS; VALLEY; DUST; RISK AB The transfer of pesticides from household surfaces to foods was measured to determine the degree of excess dietary exposure that occurs when children's foods contact contaminated surfaces prior to being eaten. Three household flooring surfaces (ceramic tile, hardwood, and carpet) were contaminated with an aqueous emulsion of commercially available pesticides (diazinon, heptachlor, malathion, chlorpyrifos, isofenphos, and cis- and trans-permethrin) frequently found in residential environments. A surface wipe method, as typically used in residential exposure studies, was used to measure the pesticides available on the surfaces as a basis for calculating transfer efficiency to the foods. Three foods (apple, bologna, and cheese) routinely handled by children before eating were placed on the contaminated surfaces and transfers of pesticides were measured after 10 min contact. Other contact durations (1 and 60 min) and applying additional contact force (1500 g) to the foods were evaluated for their impact on transferred pesticides. More pesticides transferred to the foods from the hard surfaces, that is, ceramic tile and hardwood flooring, than from carpet. Mean transfer efficiencies for all pesticides to the three foods ranged from 24% to 40% from ceramic tile and 15% to 29% from hardwood, as compared to mostly non-detectable transfers from carpet. Contact duration and applied force notably increased pesticide transfer. The mean transfer efficiency for the seven pesticides increased from around 1% at 1 min to 55-83% when contact duration was increased to 60 min for the three foods contacting hardwood flooring. Mean transfer efficiency for 10-min contact increased from 15% to 70% when a 1500 g force was applied to bologna placed on hardwood flooring. Contamination of food occurs from contact with pesticide-laden surfaces, thus increasing the potential for excess dietary exposure of children. C1 US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Council Ageing, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Berry, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 13 IS 6 BP 454 EP 464 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500300 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 741JC UT WOS:000186454100005 PM 14603346 ER PT J AU Pellizzari, ED Smith, DJ Clayton, CA Quackenboss, JJ AF Pellizzari, ED Smith, DJ Clayton, CA Quackenboss, JJ TI Assessment of data quality for the NHEXAS - Part II: Minnesota children's pesticide exposure study (MNCPES) SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NHEXAS; MNCEPS; data quality; sampling completion statistics; detection limits; percent measurable data; precision; accuracy; pesticides; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; environmental and biological media ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; METABOLITES; RESIDENTS; TEAM AB The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES) of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) was conducted in Minnesota to evaluate children's pesticide exposure. This study complements and extends the populations and chemicals included in the NHEXAS Region V study. One of the goals of the study was to test protocols for acquiring exposure measurements and developing databases for use in exposure models and assessments. Analysis of the data quality is one element in assessing the performance of the collection and analysis protocols used in this study. Data quality information must also be available to investigators to guide analysis of the study data. During the planning phase of MNCPES, quality assurance (QA) goals were established for precision, accuracy, and quanti. cation limits. The data quality was assessed against these goals. The assessment is complex. First, data are not available for all analytes and media sampled. In addition, several laboratories were responsible for the analysis of the collected samples. Each laboratory provided data according to their standard operating procedures (SOPs) and protocols. Detection limits were authenticated for each analyte in each sample type. The approach used to calculate detection limits varied across the different analytical methods. The analytical methods for pesticides in air, food, hand rinses, dust wipe and urine were sufficiently sensitive and met the QA goals, with very few exceptions. This was also true for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and food. The analytical methods for drinking water and beverages had very low detection limits; however, there were very little measurable data for these samples. The collection and analysis methods for pesticides in surface press samples and soil, and for PAHs in dust wipes were not sufficiently sensitive. Accuracy was assessed primarily as recovery from field controls. The results were good for pesticides and PAHs in air (75-125% recovery). Recovery was lower (<75%) for pesticides in drinking water and beverages. The recovery of pesticides from hand rinses met QA goals (75-100%), but surface press samples showed lower recovery (50-70%). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) did not confirm the presence of atrazine and other pesticides in hand rinse and surface press samples that had been detected by GC-ECD, but instead GC-MS confirmed background interferences. Assessment of the precision of sample collection and analysis is based on the percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) between the results for duplicate samples. Data are available only for pesticides and PAHs in air. Precision was good (<20% RSD) for analytes with measurable data. There were a few analytes with %RSD >20%, but the number of data pairs was very small in these cases. Precision for instrumental analysis of food sample extracts was excellent, with the median %RSD <20 for all measurable pesticides. The median %RSD for the analysis of replicate aliquots of food from the same sample composite was considerably higher, indicating the potential for inhomogeneity of food homogenates. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Pellizzari, ED (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 13 IS 6 BP 465 EP 479 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500315 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 741JC UT WOS:000186454100006 PM 14603347 ER PT J AU Clark, JE Parsons, JL Hellgren, EC Jorgensen, EE Leslie, DM AF Clark, JE Parsons, JL Hellgren, EC Jorgensen, EE Leslie, DM TI Nitrogen concentration of stomach contents as an index of dietary nitrogen for Sigmodon hispidus SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE dietary nitrogen; dietary quality; hispid cotton rat; index; natural forages; nitrogen; Sigmodon hispidus; stomach contents ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; FECAL INDEXES; DIGESTIBILITY; QUALITY; MAMMALS; HERBIVORES; RUMINANTS; HABITATS; PROTEIN; FORESTS AB We examined the reliability of using nitrogen concentration of stomach contents from hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) as an index of dietary nitrogen. Stomach contents of hispid cotton rats fed pelleted diets varying in nitrogen concentration were analyzed for stomach nitrogen. Regression analysis revealed a positive linear relationship between stomach and dietary nitrogen, but the relationship was not 1 : 1. Thus, inverse estimation of the regression equation can be used to adjust for a lack of a 1 : 1 ratio to obtain more reliable and accurate estimates of diet quality. Although we expected this relationship to be robust in its application to field studies, the pelleted diet model consistently underestimated dietary nitrogen during model evaluation experiments with natural forages. We conclude that the applicability of using nitrogen concentration of the stomach contents of cotton rats as an index to dietary nitrogen is dependent on the level of accuracy and precision required in estimating nitrogen concentration of foods consumed. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Clark, JE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, 274 Ellington Plant Sci Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. OI Hellgren, Eric/0000-0002-3870-472X NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 84 IS 4 BP 1399 EP 1409 DI 10.1644/BRG-105 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 749JP UT WOS:000186916800021 ER PT J AU Larsen, RI AF Larsen, RI TI Response from author SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Larsen, RI (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11 BP 1300 EP 1300 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 738NK UT WOS:000186294600003 ER PT J AU Larsen, RI AF Larsen, RI TI An air quality data analysis system for interrelating effects, standards, and needed source reductions: Part 13 - Applying the EPA proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment to a set of asbestos lung cancer mortality data SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE AB The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA-90) list 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) for which "safe" ambient concentrations are to be determined. The primary purpose of this paper is to develop two mathematical models, lognormal and logarithmic, that effectively express excess lung cancer mortality as a function of asbestos concentration for an example set of data and also to suggest using these two models for additional HAPs. The secondary purpose of this paper is to calculate a "safe" asbestos concentration by first assuming a default linear extrapolation (to one excess death per million people, as specified for carcinogenic HAPs). The resulting "safe" concentration is an impossible-to-achieve 1/1000 of present background asbestos concentrations. A letter to the editor and a response in this Journal issue use additional asbestos data that suggest that the "safe" concentration should be about 730 times higher than first calculated here and that a default nonlinear extrapolation should be used instead, with the "safe" concentration proportional to the desired mortality level raised to the 0.39 power. These results suggest that the most important problem in setting a "safe" concentration for each carcinogenic HAP is to determine the correct nonlinear extrapolation to use for each HAP. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Exposure Modeling Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Larsen, RI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Exposure Modeling Res Branch, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, MD-E205-02,109 T W Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11 BP 1326 EP 1339 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 738NK UT WOS:000186294600007 PM 14649752 ER PT J AU Henschel, DB Fortmann, RC Roache, NF Liu, XY AF Henschel, DB Fortmann, RC Roache, NF Liu, XY TI Potential for reducing indoor styrene exposure from copied paper through use of low-emitting toners SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; EMISSIONS AB Tests were conducted using 53-L dynamic chambers to determine airborne styrene emission rates over time from freshly copied paper. Copies were produced on a single photocopier using two toners manufactured for this copier but having different styrene contents. The resulting emission models were used to predict whether indoor styrene concentrations resulting from copied paper in a typical office might be significantly reduced by use of a low-emitting toner for a given copier. The styrene emissions were best represented by either a 3rd-order decay model or by a power law model having an exponent between 0.3 and 0.5 (R-2 = 0.94-0.99). The two toners resulted in copied paper having significantly different styrene emissions (p < 0.01), with unit mass emissions over 1000 hr being nine times greater with the higher-emitting toner. But copied paper is predicted to produce peak indoor styrene concentrations in a typical office no more than 1% of the World Health Organization health-based guideline. Thus, for the toners considered here, indoor styrene exposures from copied paper appear to be too limited to provide incentive for switching to the lower-emitting toner. The ability to generalize these conclusions is limited by the fact that only one copier and two toners could be tested. C1 US EPA, Natl Homeland Secur Res Ctr, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Arcadis Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Henschel, DB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Homeland Secur Res Ctr, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, E305-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11 BP 1347 EP 1354 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 738NK UT WOS:000186294600009 PM 14649754 ER PT J AU Snoeyink, VL Schock, MR Sarin, P Wang, LL Chen, ASC Harmon, SM AF Snoeyink, VL Schock, MR Sarin, P Wang, LL Chen, ASC Harmon, SM TI Aluminium-containing scales in water distribution systems: Prevalence and composition SO JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Review DE aluminium; aluminium scales; distribution systems; lead pipe scales ID DRINKING-WATER; HYDROXYALUMINOSILICATE FORMATION; POTABLE WATERS; HEAVY-METALS; SOLUBILITY; PHOSPHATE; CORROSION; SILICA AB Aluminium (Al) deposits in distribution systems can have important detrimental effects on tap water quality because they can increase turbidity and interfere with disinfection, and they can increase energy loss during water transport. Disruption of the scales could cause the release of associated trace metals. However, there is also the possibility that they have a protective effect on pipe surfaces and thereby reduce metal ion release, assisting with treatment optimization for regulatory compliance. However, relatively little is known about this effect and the composition of these deposits, so little reliable guidance can be given on impacts of treatment changes forced by current and anticipated regulations. in this paper, we summarize what is known about these scales and the sources of the aluminium. We also present new data on the elemental composition of scales found in selected systems in the USA and discuss implications for future study design and important areas of future research that is needed. C1 Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, WSWRD, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Snoeyink, VL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, 205 N Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 63 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 10 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SUPPLY RES T JI J. Water Supply Res Technol.-Aqua PD NOV PY 2003 VL 52 IS 7 BP 455 EP 474 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 755GX UT WOS:000187396100001 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Sovocool, GW TI Identifying compounds despite chromatography limitations: Organophosphates in treated sewage SO LC GC NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PHARMACEUTICALS; IONS; IDENTIFICATION; ENVIRONMENT; POLLUTANTS; EFFLUENT; WATER AB Identifying compounds in complex mixtures can be difficult when coelution occurs, clean analyte mass spectra are unobtainable, or plausible library mass spectral matches cannot be found. The authors discuss a novel high resolution mass spectral technique - ion composition elucidation - that acquires data to determine the compositions of ions in mass spectra as the compounds are eluted into the mass spectrometer. This information often leads to the identification of compounds that otherwise would be neglected. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1527-5949 J9 LC GC N AM JI LC GC N. AM. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1062 EP + PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 739PY UT WOS:000186356700005 ER PT J AU Au, WW Ribeiro, LR Waters, MD AF Au, WW Ribeiro, LR Waters, MD TI The Fourth International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Texas, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med, Program Post Grad Pathol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Au, WW (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 544 IS 2-3 BP 89 EP 91 DI 10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.09.004 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 754VR UT WOS:000187353400002 ER PT J AU Trudell, SA Rygiewicz, PT Edmonds, RL AF Trudell, SA Rygiewicz, PT Edmonds, RL TI Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope abundances support the myco-heterotrophic nature and host-specificity of certain achlorophyllous plants SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; N-15; C-11; myco-heterotrophic plants; achlorophyllous plants; Monotropoideae; Corallorhiza; ectomycorrhiza ID XYLEM-TAPPING MISTLETOES; MONOTROPA-HYPOPITYS L; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; SARCODES-SANGUINEA; N-15 ABUNDANCE; FOOD-WEB; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL; RATIOS; C-13; DELTA-N-15 AB Over 400 species of achlorophyllous vascular plants are thought to obtain all C from symbiotic fungi. Consequently, they are termed 'myco-heterotrophic.' However, direct evidence of myco-heterotrophy in these plants is limited. During an investigation of the patterns of N and C stable isotopes of various ecosystem pools in two old-growth conifer forests, we sampled six species of mycoheterotrophic achlorophyllous plants to determine the ability of stable isotope ratios to provide evidence of myco-heterotrophy and host-specificity within these symbioses. Dual-isotope signatures of the myco-heterotrophic plants differed from those of all other pools. They were most similar to the signatures of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and least like those of green plants. delta(15)N values of the myco-heterotrophic plants correlated strongly and positively with those of putative mycobionts. Used in conjunction with other techniques, N and C stable isotope ratios can be used to demonstrate myco-heterotrophy and host-specificity in these plants when other ecosystem pools are well characterized. They also appear promising for estimating the degree of heterotrophy in photosynthetic, partially myco-heterotrophic plants. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Div Ecosyst Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Edmonds, RL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Div Ecosyst Sci, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 66 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 7 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 160 IS 2 BP 391 EP 401 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00876.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 739BH UT WOS:000186322000012 ER PT J AU Ekman, DR Lorenz, WW Przybyla, AE Wolfe, NL Dean, JFD AF Ekman, DR Lorenz, WW Przybyla, AE Wolfe, NL Dean, JFD TI SAGE analysis of transcriptome responses in Arabidopsis roots exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION; SERIAL ANALYSIS; VACUOLAR MEMBRANE; ABC TRANSPORTERS; TNT METABOLISM; PLANTS; THALIANA; EXPLOSIVES; HERBICIDE; YEAST AB Serial analysis of gene expression was used to profile transcript levels in Arabidopsis roots and assess their responses to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposure. SAGE libraries representing control and TNT-exposed seedling root transcripts were constructed, and each was sequenced to a depth of roughly 32,000 tags. More than 19,000 unique tags were identified overall. The second most highly induced tag (27-fold increase) represented a glutathione S-transferase. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, as well as an ABC transporter and a probable nitroreductase, were highly induced by TNT exposure. Analyses also revealed an oxidative stress response upon TNT exposure. Although some increases were anticipated in light of current models for xenobiotic metabolism in plants, evidence for unsuspected conjugation pathways was also noted. Identifying transcriptome-level responses to TNT exposure will better define the metabolic pathways plants use to detoxify this xenobiotic compound, which should help improve phytoremediation strategies directed at TNT and other nitroaromatic compounds. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Environm Protect Agcy, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Dean, JFD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM jeffdean@uga.edu RI Dean, Jeffrey/G-2184-2010 OI Dean, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1208-1023 NR 46 TC 66 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 3 BP 1397 EP 1406 DI 10.1104/pp.103.028019 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 744QX UT WOS:000186644600044 PM 14551330 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Foster, PMD AF Gray, LE Foster, PMD TI Significance of experimental studies for assessing adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Implications of Endocrine Active Substances for Humans and Wildlife CY NOV 17-21, 2002 CL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN ID RAT UTEROTROPHIC BIOASSAY; ALTERS SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; MALE REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; ANDROGEN-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; DI(N-BUTYL) PHTHALATE; DOSE-RESPONSE; OECD PROGRAM; CELL-LINE AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is developing an endocrine disruptor screening and testing program to detect chemicals that alter hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) function, estrogen, androgen, and thyroid (EAT) hormone synthesis or metabolism and induce androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptor-mediated effects in mammals and other animals. The utility of this approach is based upon the knowledge that mechanisms of endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) action are highly conserved at the cellular and molecular levels among vertebrates. Some EDC mechanisms also are shared with invertebrates. High-priority chemicals would be evaluated in a Tier 1 screening (T1S) battery, and chemicals that are positive in T1S would then be tested in Tier 2 (T2). T1S includes in vitro ER and AR receptor binding and/or gene expression, an assessment of steroidogenesis and mammalian (rat) and nonmammalian (fish) in vivo assays. In vivo, the uterotropic assay detects estrogens and antiestrogens, while steroidogenesis, antithyroid activity, antiestrogenicity, and HPG function are assessed in a pubertal female assay. Antiandrogens are detected in the Hershberger assay (weight of androgen-dependent tissues in castrate-immature-male rats). Fish and amphibian assays are also being developed to identify EDCs. Several alternative mammalian in vivo assays have been proposed. Of these, a short-term pubertal male rat assay appears most promising. T1S is designed to be sensitive to EAT activities, but many of the effects detected at the screening level would not be considered adverse, the dosage levels may be high, and the route of administration used may not be the most relevant. However, issues of adversity, dose response, and route(s) of exposure would be resolved in the testing phase. In addition to using an enhanced multigenerational test for Tier 2, an in utero-lactational screening protocol is also being evaluated by the USEPA for use in T2 or T1S. For T2, the numbers of endocrine-sensitive endpoints and offspring (F1) examined in multigenerational tests need to be expanded for EDCs in a thoughtful manner, based in part upon the results of T1S. In addition, for some chemicals histological examination of 10 adult F1 per sex in only the control and high-dose groups provides inadequate statistical power to detect low-dose lesions induced during development. In these cases, we propose that all the offspring be examined after puberty for gross and histological reproductive abnormalities. Since EDCs, like the phthalates and AR-antagonists, produce characteristic profiles, or syndromes, of adverse effects, data need to be reported in a manner that clearly identifies the proportion of animals displaying one or more of the abnormalities in a syndrome. Consideration should be given to tailoring T2, based on the results of T1S, to assure that all of the effects in such chemically induced developmental syndromes are included in the study. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Endocrinol Branch, 2525 Highway 54,MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epa.gov NR 60 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 75 IS 11-12 BP 2125 EP 2141 DI 10.1351/pac200375112125 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 764YG UT WOS:000188233800037 ER PT J AU Setzer, RW Kimmel, CA AF Setzer, RW Kimmel, CA TI Use of NOAEL, benchmark dose, and other models for human risk assessment of hormonally active substances SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Implications of Endocrine Active Substances for Humans and Wildlife CY NOV 17-21, 2002 CL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN ID ADVERSE EFFECT LEVELS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; RFD AB The benchmark dose (BMD) is the dose of a substance that is expected to result in a prespecified level of effect, the benchmark response level or BMR. It is a general approach to characterizing dose response, applicable to any toxicant and endpoint. A BMD is conceptually superior to a "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for this purpose because of being less determined by experimental design, because it is a precisely defined entity, and because its precision can be estimated. Since a BMD is a single number, just as an NOAEL, it is tempting to use the BMD as a straightforward replacement for the NOAEL in the assessment process for calculating allowable daily intakes. However, the level of toxic response at an NOAEL is unknown, while that at a BMD is well defined. Use of the BMD approach potentially adds consistency and objectivity to the process of deriving reference values (RfDs, RfCs, or ADIs) for setting regulatory levels. To take advantage of this, BMRs need to be selected in a consistent way across studies and endpoints. This paper discusses some issues affecting the selection of BMRs, and presents an example of a BMD calculated for the effects of peripubertal exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div,Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Setzer, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div,Pharmacokinet Branch, MD B143-01 109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM setzer.woodrow@epa.gov OI Setzer, Rhyne/0000-0002-6709-9186 NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 75 IS 11-12 BP 2151 EP 2158 DI 10.1351/pac200375112151 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 764YG UT WOS:000188233800039 ER PT J AU Barton, HA AF Barton, HA TI Endocrine active substances and dose response for individuals and populations SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Implications of Endocrine Active Substances for Humans and Wildlife CY NOV 17-21, 2002 CL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN ID MULTICOMPARTMENT GEOMETRIC MODEL; DEPENDENT SEX DETERMINATION; NONCANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; MECHANISTIC MODEL; GENE-EXPRESSION; LIVER; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; TEMPERATURE; DISRUPTORS; INDUCTION AB Dose-response characteristics for endocrine disruption have been major focuses in efforts to understand potential impacts on human and ecological health. Issues include assumptions of thresholds for developmental effects, effects at low doses with nonmonotonic (e.g., "U-shaped") behaviors, population vs. individual responses, and background exposures (e.g., dietary phytoestrogens). Dose-response analysis presents a challenge because it is multidisciplinary, involving biologists and mathematicians. Statistical analyses can be valuable for evaluating issues such as the reproducibility of data as illustrated for contradictory findings on low-dose effects. Mechanistically based modeling provides insights into how perturbations of biological systems by endocrine active substances can create different dose-response behaviors. These analyses have demonstrated that higher order behaviors resulting from the interaction of component parts may appear highly nonlinear, thresholded, low-dose linear, or nonmonotonic, or exhibit hysteresis. Some effects need to be evaluated as population impacts. For example, alterations in male:female ratio may be important at the population level even though not adverse for the individual. Descriptions of the contributions of background exposures to dose-response behaviors are essential. The challenge for improving dose-response analyses is to better understand how system characteristics create different dose-response behaviors. Such generalizations could then provide useful guidance for developing risk assessment approaches. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Barton, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, B143-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM habarton@alum.mit.edu NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 75 IS 11-12 BP 2159 EP 2166 DI 10.1351/pac200375112159 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 764YG UT WOS:000188233800040 ER PT J AU Schmieder, P Mekenyan, O Bradbury, S Veith, G AF Schmieder, P Mekenyan, O Bradbury, S Veith, G TI QSAR prioritization of chemical inventories for endocrine disruptor testing SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Implications of Endocrine Active Substances for Humans and Wildlife CY NOV 17-21, 2002 CL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN ID HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR LIGANDS; ALPHA BINDING-AFFINITY; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; FATHEAD MINNOW; FLEXIBILITY; TOXICITY; CONFORMATIONS; TOXICOLOGY AB Binding affinity between chemicals and the estrogen receptor (ER) serves as an indicator of the potential to cause endocrine disruption through this receptor-mediated endocrine pathway. Estimating ER-binding affinity is, therefore, one strategic approach to reducing the costs of screening chemicals for potential risks of endocrine disruption. While measuring ER binding with in vitro assays may be the first choice in prioritizing chemicals for additional in vitro or in vivo estrogenicity testing, the time and costs associated with screening thousands of chemicals is prohibitive. Recent advances in 3D modeling of the reactivity of flexible structures make in silico methods for estimating ER binding possible. One technique, the common reactivity pattern (COREPA) approach, was applied to development of reactivity patterns for ER relative binding affinity based on global nucleophilicity, interatomic distances between nucleophilic sites, and local electron donor capability of the nucleophilic sites. The reactivity patterns provided descriptor profiles for order-of-magnitude RBA ranges of training set chemicals. An exploratory expert system was subsequently developed to predict RBA and rank chemicals with respect to potential estrogenicity. A strategy is presented for extending initial exploratory 3D QSAR models beyond current training sets to increase applicability to more diverse structures in large chemical inventories. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Environm Fate & Effects Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schmieder, P (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 75 IS 11-12 BP 2389 EP 2396 DI 10.1351/pac200375112389 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 764YG UT WOS:000188233800058 ER PT J AU Hamernik, K AF Hamernik, K TI General process for the risk assessment of pesticides that interact with or affect the endocrine system SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Implications of Endocrine Active Substances for Humans and Wildlife CY NOV 17-21, 2002 CL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide Programs evaluates human health risk associated with exposure to pesticide chemicals. Chemical hazard and exposure assessment are components of the risk assessment process. For the risk assessment of single chemical conventional-type pesticides, there may be multiple exposure scenarios depending on the use pattern. Examples include acute and chronic dietary, and short-, intermediate-, and long-term occupational/residential exposures. For hazard assessment, available toxicity data and a weight-of the-evidence approach are used in the process of selecting appropriate toxicity endpoints for relevant exposure scenarios. The pesticide registration process requires that certain types of supporting toxicity data be submitted by the registrant depending in part on the chemical use pattern (e.g., food use). Types of toxicity data that might be submitted and used in hazard assessment include acute, subchronic, chronic, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, metabolism, reproduction, developmental, neurotoxicity, and mechanistic studies. There may be data from multiple exposure routes (e.g., oral, dermal, inhalation) and from the scientific literature to consider. Dose-response information is also taken into account. In endpoint selection for a chemical, endocrine system-related effect(s) and dose-response relationship(s) are assessed in context of other types of effects, toxicities, and dose-response relationships noted. Endocrine system-related endpoints may include frank effects (e.g., endocrine organ hyperplasia or cancer) or precursor events (blood hormone level elevations). Endocrine system-related endpoints are generally treated like other cancer or non-cancer toxicity endpoints (e.g., hepatic cancer, neurotoxicity) in the risk assessment process. For chemicals with evidence of endocrine system interaction(s), an endocrine system-related effect may or may not be the most sensitive or relevant endpoint for a particular risk assessment exposure scenario. Some chemical examples will be presented. In the final risk assessment, hazard assessment information is integrated with exposure information. The assessment may be adjusted, at some point, for uncertainties in hazard or exposure data. An aggregate risk assessment, in which multiple sources or routes of exposure are considered, is typically performed for occupational and residential exposure scenarios. A cumulative risk assessment may be considered for groups of chemicals with a common mechanism of toxicity. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hamernik, K (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, 1200 Penn Ave NW 7509C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 75 IS 11-12 BP 2531 EP 2534 DI 10.1351/pac200375112531 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 764YG UT WOS:000188233800078 ER PT J AU Chen, JG Douglas, GC Thirkill, TL Lohstroh, PN Bielmeier, SR Narotsky, MG Best, DS Harrison, RA Natarajan, K Pegram, RA Overstreet, JW Lasley, BL AF Chen, JG Douglas, GC Thirkill, TL Lohstroh, PN Bielmeier, SR Narotsky, MG Best, DS Harrison, RA Natarajan, K Pegram, RA Overstreet, JW Lasley, BL TI Effect of bromodichloromethane on chorionic gonadotrophin secretion by human placental trophoblast cultures SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bioactivity; chlorination; trihalomethanes; pregnancy ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; EARLY FETAL LOSS; HORMONE RECEPTOR GENE; PUBLIC WATER-SUPPLIES; DRINKING-WATER; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; BETA-SUBUNIT; TRIHALOMETHANE LEVELS; SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; GNRH ANTAGONIST AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a trihalomethane found in drinking water as a by-product of disinfection processes. BDCM is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in rodents and has been reported to cause strain-specific full-litter resorption in F344 rats during the luteinizing hormone-dependent phase of pregnancy. In humans, epidemiological studies suggest an association between exposure to BDCM in drinking water and increased risk of spontaneous abortion. To begin to address the mechanism(s) of BDCM-induced spontaneous abortion, we hypothesized that BDCM targets the placenta. Primary cultures of human term trophoblast cells were used as an in vitro model to test this hypothesis. Trophoblasts were allowed to differentiate into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast-like colonies, after which they were incubated for 24 h with different concentrations of BDCM (20 nM to 2 mM). Culture media were collected and assayed for immunoreactive and bioactive chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Cultures exposed to BDCM showed a dose-dependent decrease in the secretion of immunoreactive CG as well as bioactive CG. The lowest effective BDCM concentration was 20 nM, approximately 35-times higher than the maximum concentration reported in human blood (0.57 nM). Trophoblast morphology and viability were similar in controls and cultures exposed to BDCM. We conclude that BDCM perturbs CG secretion by differentiated trophoblasts in vitro. This suggests that the placenta is a likely target of BDCM toxicity in the human and that this could be related to the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with BDCM. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Hlth & Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lasley, BL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Hlth & Environm, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05707, ES06198, P42ES04699] NR 61 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 76 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg225 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 736BF UT WOS:000186149900007 PM 12970577 ER PT J AU Boyes, WK Bercegeay, M Ali, JS Krantz, T McGee, J Evans, M Raymer, JH Bushnell, PJ Simmons, JE AF Boyes, WK Bercegeay, M Ali, JS Krantz, T McGee, J Evans, M Raymer, JH Bushnell, PJ Simmons, JE TI Dose-based duration adjustments for the effects of inhaled trichloroethylene on rat visual function SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Haber's rule; physiologically based pharmacokinetic model; visual evoked potentials; neurotoxicity; organic solvents ID SENSORY-EVOKED-POTENTIALS; LATERAL GENICULATE-NUCLEUS; FREQUENCY HEARING-LOSS; MICROELECTRONICS WORKERS; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; CONTRAST-SENSITIVITY; HABERS RULE; Y-CELLS; X-CELLS; EXPOSURE AB Risk assessments often must consider exposures that vary over time or for which the exposure duration of concern differs from the available data, and a variety of extrapolation procedures have been devised accordingly. The present experiments explore the relationship(s) between exposure concentration (C) and time (t) to investigate procedures for assessing the risks of short-term solvent exposures. The first hypothesis tested was that the product of C x t would produce a constant health effect (Haber's rule). The second hypothesis tested was that exposure conditions produce effects in proportion to the tissue concentrations created. Awake, adult, male Long-Evans (LE) rats were exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor in a head-only exposure chamber while pattern onset/offset visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded. Exposure conditions were designed to provide C x t products of 0 ppm/h (0 ppm for 4 h) or 4000 ppm/h created through four exposure scenarios: 1000 ppm for 4 h; 2000 ppm for 2 h; 3000 ppm for 1.3 h; or 4000 ppm for 1h (n = 9-10/concentration). The amplitude of the VEP frequency double component (F2) was decreased significantly by exposure; this decrease was related to C but not to t or to the C x t product, indicating that Haber's rule did not hold. The mean amplitude (+/- SEM in muV) of the F2 component in the control and treatment groups measured 4.4 +/- 0.5 (0 ppm/4 h), 3.1 +/- 0.5 (1000 ppm/4 h), 3.1 +/- 0.4 (2000 ppm/2 h), 2.3 +/- 0.3 (3000 ppm/1.3 h), and 1.9 +/- 0.4 (4000 ppm/1 h). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to estimate the concentrations of TCE in the brain achieved during each exposure condition. The F2 amplitude of the VEP decreased monotonically as a function of the estimated peak brain concentration but was not related to the area under the curve (AUC) of the brain TCE concentration. In comparison to estimates from the PBPK model, extrapolations based on Haber's rule yielded approximately a 6-fold error in estimated exposure duration when extrapolating across only a 4-fold change in exposure concentration. These results indicate that the use of a linear form of Haber's rule will not predict accurately the risks of acute exposure to TCE, nor will an estimate of AUC of brain TCE. However, an estimate of the brain TCE concentration at the time of VEP testing predicted the effects of TCE across exposure concentrations and durations. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Boyes, WK (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, MD B105-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 52 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 76 IS 1 BP 121 EP 130 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg213 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 736BF UT WOS:000186149900012 PM 12915717 ER PT J AU Laws, SC Ferrell, JM Stoker, TE Cooper, RL AF Laws, SC Ferrell, JM Stoker, TE Cooper, RL TI Pubertal development in female Wistar rats following exposure to propazine and atrazine biotransformation by-products, diamino-S-chlorotriazine and hydroxyatrazine SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE atrazine; propazine; metabolites; female; pubertal development; reproductive toxicology ID THYROID-FUNCTION; SEXUAL-MATURATION; OVARIAN-FUNCTION; IN-VITRO; METABOLITES; DEGRADATION; HERBICIDES; PROTOCOL; SOIL AB We showed previously that the chlorotriazine herbicide, atrazine (ATR), delays the onset of pubertal development in female rats. ATR and its biotransformation by-products are present in soil and groundwater. Since current maximum contaminant levels are set only for ATR, it is important to determine whether these by-products can also alter pubertal development and possibly pose a cumulative exposure hazard. We evaluated the effects of two ATR by-products, diamino-s-chlorotriazine (DACT) and hydroxyatrazine (OH-ATR), and a structurally similar chlorotriazine, propazine (PRO), on female pubertal development. Rats were gavaged from postnatal days (PNDs) 22 through PND 41 with DACT (16.7, 33.8, 67.5, 135 mg/kg), OH-ATR (22.8, 45.7, 91.5, 183 mg/kg), or PRO (13, 26.7, 53, 106.7, 213 mg/kg). The dose range for each chemical was selected as the molar equivalent of ATR (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg). The females were monitored daily for vaginal opening (VO) and killed on PND 41. DACT, a by-product of ATR that occurs in the environment and is also the primary chlorinated metabolite of ATR in animal tissue, delayed VO by 3.2, 4.8, and 7.6 days compared to the controls (33.1 +/- 0.4 (SE) days of age) following exposure to 33.8, 67.5, and 135 mg/kg, respectively. The no effect level (NOEL) for DACT (16.7 mg/kg) was identical to the equimolar NOEL for ATR (25 mg/kg). Although the body weight (BW) on PND 41 was reduced by the high dose of DACT (8.4% reduction), this reduction did not exceed the criteria for selecting the maximum tolerated dose (e.g., a dose that causes >10% decrease in BW at necropsy). None of the lower doses of DACT caused a significant difference in BW gain. Additionally, 33.8, 67.5, and 135 mg/kg of DACT significantly increased the BW on the day of VO. PRO (107 or 213 mg/kg) delayed VO by 4 days but did not alter the BW on PND 41. While no significant delays in pubertal development were observed in two separate dose-response studies with doses ranging up to 183 mg/kg (OH-ATR), a minor but statistically significant delay in the onset of puberty in a pilot study using OH-ATR raises the possibility that an effect might occur following exposure to higher doses. However, it is clear from these data that OH-ATR has a much lower potency when compared with equimolar doses of DACT and PRO. Together, these data demonstrate that PRO and DACT can delay the onset of puberty in the female rat at doses equimolar to ATR and provide the scientific basis for the use of additivity in the upcoming risk assessments. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Endocrinol Branch, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Laws, SC (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Endocrinol Branch, Off Res & Dev, MD-72,Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 76 IS 1 BP 190 EP 200 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg223 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 736BF UT WOS:000186149900019 PM 12970575 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Disinfection by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE NDMA; BUTYL ETHER MTBE; STRONG MUTAGEN 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE; MASS SPECTROMETRY/MASS SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS; ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS; AQUEOUS SAMPLES; DOSE-RESPONSE AB Although drinking-water disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been studied for the last 30 years, significant, new concerns have arisen. These concerns include adverse reproductive and developmental effects recently observed in human populations, concerns that the types of cancer observed in laboratory animals (for regulated DBPs) do not correlate with the cancers observed in human populations (indicating that other DBPs may be important), and concerns arising from human-exposure studies that show that other routes besides ingestion (i.e., inhalation and dermal adsorption) are also significant sources of DBP exposures. In addition, many drinking-water utilities are changing their primary disinfectant from chlorine to alternative disinfectants (e.g., ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines), which generally reduce regulated trihalomethane and haloacetic acid levels, but can increase the levels of other potentially toxicologically important DBPs. For example, results of a new US Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study (discussed in this review) demonstrated that bromo-trihalonitromethanes, iodo-trihalomethanes, dihaloaldehydes, MX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone), and brominated forms of MX were formed at higher levels when alternative disinfectants were used to treat drinking water. Specific DBPs of emerging toxicological interest include brominated and iodinated compounds-including bromonitromethanes, iodo-trihalomethanes, iodo-acids, and brominated forms of MX-as well as nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In addition to concerns about DBPs, there are also new concerns about the presence of pharmaceuticals, organotins, methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), perchlorate, and algal toxins in drinking water. This article will discuss these drinking-water contaminants of emerging concern and the analytical methods currently being used for their determination. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 102 TC 308 Z9 346 U1 21 U2 300 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 10 BP 666 EP 684 DI 10.1016/S0165-9936(03)01003-3 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 760PZ UT WOS:000187844000014 ER PT J AU Sivaganesan, M Rice, EW Marinas, BJ AF Sivaganesan, M Rice, EW Marinas, BJ TI A Bayesian method of estimating kinetic parameters for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide and ozone SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE inactivation; lag phase; MCMC method; posterior distribution; prior distribution; rate constant ID BUBBLE-DIFFUSER CONTACTOR; SEQUENTIAL INACTIVATION; PHOSPHATE BUFFER; CT EQUATION; MONOCHLORAMINE; MODEL AB The main objective of this paper is to use Bayesian methods to estimate the kinetic parameters for the inactivation kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide or ozone which are characterized by the delayed Chick-Watson model, i.e., a lag phase or shoulder followed by pseudo-first-order rate of inactivation. As the length of the lag phase (CTlag) is not known, Bayesian statistics provides a more accurate approach than traditional statistical methods to fitting the delayed Chick-Watson kinetics. Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is used to estimate CTlag and first-order rate constant values. This method is also used to estimate the minimum CT requirement (with safety factor) for 99% inactivation of C parvum oocysts. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Microbial Contaminants Control Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sivaganesan, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 37 IS 18 BP 4533 EP 4543 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00412-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 730CT UT WOS:000185812200024 PM 14511724 ER PT J AU Faulkner, BR Lyon, WG Khan, FA Chattopadhyay, S AF Faulkner, BR Lyon, WG Khan, FA Chattopadhyay, S TI Modeling leaching of viruses by the Monte Carlo method SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE virus attenuation; marginal quality waters; water reuse; septic system leachate; ground water rule ID UNSATURATED POROUS-MEDIA; WATER-SOLID INTERFACE; TRANSPORT; SOILS; INACTIVATION; GROUNDWATER; SORPTION AB A predictive screening model was developed for fate and transport of viruses in the unsaturated zone by applying the final value theorem of Laplace transformation to previously developed governing equations. A database of input parameters allowed Monte Carlo analysis with the model. The resulting kernel densities of predicted attenuation during percolation indicated very small, but finite probabilities of failure for all homogeneous USDA classified soils to attenuate reovirus 3 by 99.99% in one-half meter of gravity drainage. The logarithm of saturated hydraulic conductivity and water to air-water interface mass transfer coefficient affected virus fate and transport about 3 times more than any other parameter, including the logarithm of inactivation rate of suspended viruses. Model results suggest extreme infiltration events may play a predominant role in leaching of viruses in soils, since such events could impact hydraulic conductivity. The air-water interface also appears to play a predominating role in virus transport and fate. Although predictive modeling may provide insight into actual attenuation of viruses, hydrogeologic sensitivity assessments for the unsaturated zone should include a sampling program. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Environm Restorat Dept, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Faulkner, BR (reprint author), US EPA, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 37 IS 19 BP 4719 EP 4729 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00419-6 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 737TE UT WOS:000186247200020 PM 14568059 ER PT J AU Fine, DD Breidenbach, GP Price, TL Hutchins, SR AF Fine, DD Breidenbach, GP Price, TL Hutchins, SR TI Quantitation of estrogens in ground water and swine lagoon samples using solid-phase extraction, pentafluorobenzyl/trimethylsilyl derivatizations and gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE water analysis; environmental analysis; derivatization; GC; isotopic dilution; estrogens; endocrine disruptors ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS; SURFACE-WATER; RIVER WATER; WASTE-WATER; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; SUPPRESSION AB A method was developed for the confirmed identification and quantitation of 17beta-estradiol, estrone, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol and l6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol (estriol) in ground water and swine lagoon samples. Centrifuged and filtered samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE), and extracts were derivatized using pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBR) and N-trimethylsilylimidazole (TMSI). Analysis was done using negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Deuterated analogs of each of the estrogens were used as isotope dilution standards (IDS) and were added to the samples before extraction. A limit of quantitation of 1 ng/l in ground water was obtained using 500 ml of ground water sample, 1.0 ml of extract volume and the lowest calibration standard of 0.5 pg/mul. For a 25 ml swine lagoon sample, the limit of quantitation was 40 ng/l. The average recovery of the four estrogens spiked into 500 ml of distilled water and ground water samples (n = 16) at 2 ng/l was 103% (S.D. 14%). For 25 ml of swine lagoon samples spiked at 500, 1000 and 10,000 ng/l, the average recovery for the four estrogens was 103% (S.D. 15%). The method detection limits (MDLs) of the four estrogens spiked at 2 ng/l in a 500 ml of ground water sample ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 ng/l. In swine lagoon samples from three different types of swine operations, estrone was found at levels up to 25,000 ng/l, followed by estriol and estradiol up to levels at 10,000 and 3000 ng/l, respectively. It was found that pretreatment of swine lagoon samples with formaldehyde was necessary to prevent conversion of estradiol to estrone. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Shaw Environm & Infrastructure, Ada, OK 74821 USA. ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74821 USA. MCAAP, McAlester, OK 74501 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ground Water & Ecosyst Restorat Div, Ada, OK 74821 USA. RP Fine, DD (reprint author), Shaw Environm & Infrastructure, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74821 USA. NR 35 TC 98 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 1017 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 185 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.021 PG 19 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 730XZ UT WOS:000185856600017 PM 14584702 ER PT J AU Das, PC McElroy, WK Cooper, RL AF Das, PC McElroy, WK Cooper, RL TI Potential mechanisms responsible for chlorotriazine-induced alterations in catecholamines in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 24-29, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Toxicol DE chlorotriazines; PC12 cells; dopamine; norepinephrine; cellular mechanism ID TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE GENE; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; TREATED FEMALE RATS; CYCLIC-AMP; NOREPINEPHRINE BIOSYNTHESIS; BETA-HYDROXYLASE; OVARIAN-FUNCTION; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; METAL-IONS; ATRAZINE AB Chlorottiazines interact with undifferentiated PC 12 cells in vitro to modulate catecholamine synthesis and release, but the mechanism(s) responsible for this effect had not been determined. In this study we evaluated the effect of atrazine, simazine and cyanazine on the protein expression of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of dopamine [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] and norepinephrine [dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH)]. We also examined the possible intracellular pathway associated with chlorotriazine-induced changes in catecholamine synthesis and release. Incubating PC12 cells in the presence of 100 muM atrazine and simazine decreased intracellular dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) concentration and NE release, and the protein expression of TH (similar to 20%) and DpH ( similar to 50 and 25%, respectively) after 12-24 h exposure. In contrast, cyanazine (100 muM) stimulated intracellular and released NE concentration, and the protein expression of TH ( similar to 20%) and DbetaH ( similar to 225%) after 12-36 h exposure. Simultaneous exposure to the essential TH co-factors (iron and tetrahydrobiopterine) was ineffective in altering cellular DA. Agents known to enhance TH and D H transcription, phosphorylation or activity (e.g., 8-bromo cAMP, forskolin or dexamethasone) reversed the inhibitory effects of atrazine and simazine on the NE. Again, in contrast to atrazine and simazine, cyanazine attenuated catecholamine-depleting effect of alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMpT) on NE. Both DA and NE synthesis can be altered by the chlorotriazines and suggest these occur via an alteration of the synthetic enzymes TH and DbetaH. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev,Endocrinol Branch,Reprod Toxicol Di, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Das, PC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev,Endocrinol Branch,Reprod Toxicol Di, MD B105-04, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 58 TC 21 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 73 IS 24 BP 3123 EP 3138 DI 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.05.002 PG 16 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 733RL UT WOS:000186014400006 PM 14550852 ER PT J AU Fuentes, M AF Fuentes, M TI Statistical assessment of geographic areas of compliance with air quality standards SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Bayesian inference; Clean Air Act; Matern covariance; nonstationarity; kriging; spatial statistics ID CONVERGENCE; MODEL; DEPOSITION AB [1] A statistical method is developed to classify geographical regions according to the air quality standards for criteria pollutants. A geographic location is designated by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency as an area of nonattainment when it does not meet the air quality standard for one of the criteria pollutants. A statistical model for air pollution is presented. This model is used to interpolate ground measurements of pollution levels at locations where there are no air quality monitors with the objective of determining the geographic areas of nonattainment. The approach presented here for interpolation takes into account that spatial patterns of air pollutants change with location. Estimates of probabilities of nonattainment are also provided, and they are used to classify the nonattainment areas by degree of severity. The approach is applied using available data from 513 sites throughout the eastern USA where ground-level ozone is measured hourly. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27595 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Fuentes, M (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Box 8203,Patterson Hall 210 C, Raleigh, NC 27595 USA. EM fuentes@stat.ncsu.edu NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 9002 DI 10.1029/2003JD003672 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740HH UT WOS:000186396600001 ER PT J AU Seubert, JM Gabel, SA Yang, BC Murphy, E Zeldin, DC AF Seubert, JM Gabel, SA Yang, BC Murphy, E Zeldin, DC TI Enhanced postischemic functional recovery in CYP2J2 Transgenic hearts involves mitochondrial K-ATP channels SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 76th Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association CY NOV 07-12, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS 17 SU S MA 428 BP 91 EP 92 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 739RQ UT WOS:000186360600489 ER PT J AU Smith, RL Kolenikov, S Cox, LH AF Smith, RL Kolenikov, S Cox, LH TI Spatiotemporal modeling of PM2.5 data with missing values SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; EPA standards; time series; spatial statistics; geostatistics AB [1] We propose a method of analyzing spatiotemporal data by decomposition into deterministic nonparametric functions of time and space, linear functions of other covariates, and a random component that is spatially, though not temporally, correlated. The resulting model is used for spatial interpolation and especially for estimation of a spatially dependent temporal average. The results are applied to part of the PM2.5 network established by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, covering three southeastern U. S. states. A novel feature of the analysis is a variant of the expectation-maximization algorithm to account for missing data. The results show, among other things, that a substantial part of the region is in violation of the proposed long-term average standard for PM2.5. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Stat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Geophys Stat Project, Boulder, CO USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Stat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM rls@email.unc.edu; skolenik@email.unc.edu; lgc9@cdc.gov NR 18 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D24 AR 9004 DI 10.1029/2002JD002914 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 736XU UT WOS:000186199200001 ER PT J AU Betowski, LD Enlow, M AF Betowski, LD Enlow, M TI A high-level calculation of the proton affinity of diborane SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE ab initio methods; diborane; proton affinity ID SET MODEL CHEMISTRY; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-PHASE BASICITIES; BORON HYDRIDES; MOLECULES; ATOMS AB The experimental proton affinity of diborane (B2H6) is based on an unstable species, B2H7+, which has been observed only at low temperatures. The present work calculates the proton affinity of diborane using the Gaussian-3 method and other high-level compound ab initio methods as a check of the experimental value. The present value of the proton affinity of diborane is thus reported at 147.7 kcal/mol, compared with the experimental value of 147 4 kcal/mol. However, the experimental value was found to be based on two values, each of which are presently held in error by 12 kcal/mol, but in opposite directions. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Betowski, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD OCT 24 PY 2003 VL 638 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(03)00582-7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 736FQ UT WOS:000186161100024 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP Endicott, DD Cook, PM Sappington, KG Winchester, EL AF Burkhard, LP Endicott, DD Cook, PM Sappington, KG Winchester, EL TI Evaluation of two methods for prediction of bioaccumulation factors SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; LAKE-ONTARIO AB Two methods for deriving bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in development of water quality criteria were evaluated using polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) data from the Hudson River and Green Bay ecosystems. One method predicts BAF(L)(fd) values (BAFs based upon concentrations of freely dissolved chemical in ambient water and in the lipid fraction of tissue) using field-measured biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs): greater than 90% of the predicted BAF(L)(fd) values were within a factor of 5 of their measured values for both ecosystems. The second method predicts BAF(L)(fd) values as the chemical's 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (K-ow) times a food chain multiplier: greater than 90% of the predicted BAF(L)(fd) values were Within a factor of 5 of their measured values for the Green Bay ecosystem and for three of the six sampling locations on the Hudson River. Poorer predictive ability with the K-ow method for the other three sampling locations was believed to be due to the existence of environmental conditions not representative of the longer term ecosystem conditions assumed for the method. BAF(L)(fd) and BAF(T)(t) values (BAFs based upon concentrations of total chemical in ambient water and in wet tissue) were compared. The within ecosystem and across ecosystems comparisons demonstrated a 2-5-fold decrease invariability (expressed as ratios of coefficients of variation, percentile ranges, and confidence ranges) for predicted BAF(L)(fd) values in comparison to BAF(T)(t) values. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Great Lakes Environm Ctr, Traverse City, MI 49686 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Social Policy, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Burkhard, LP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 20 BP 4626 EP 4634 DI 10.1021/es0303889 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735UM UT WOS:000186133000015 PM 14594371 ER PT J AU Sipura, J Lores, E Snyder, RA AF Sipura, J Lores, E Snyder, RA TI Effect of copepods on estuarine microbial plankton in short-term microcosms SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acartia tonsa; microbial plankton; grazing; recycling; trophic cascade ID CASCADING TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; ZOOPLANKTON FEEDING ECOLOGY; WHOLE-LAKE EXPERIMENTS; HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA; ORGANIC-CARBON; FOOD WEBS; PHYTOPLANKTON; GROWTH; PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB We examined the effects of copepod feeding on estuarine microbial plankton, including bacteria, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic and autotrophic nanoflagellates, microzooplankton and larger phytoplankton cells, to elucidate any short-term control or release phenomena. As an example of such potential effects, it was hypothesized that through omnivory Acartia tonsa would reduce both competitors (large phytoplankton) and predators (microzooplankton) of small autotrophic flagellates, allowing the latter to proliferate. Copepod addition and removal treatments were conducted in 241 containers in triplicate. As expected, the copepods significantly decreased both microzooplankton and large phytoplankton populations, and blooms of ciliates and diatoms (the dominant phytoplankton group) were apparent in the copepod removal treatment. Effects were qualitative (species composition changes) as well as quantitative. However, beyond this immediate impact, community level cascades in the microbial food web were not found, likely due to consumer recycling of resources and trophic level heterogeneity. Bacterioplankton responded positively to the addition of copepods, but negatively to the bloom of diatoms in the copepod removal treatment. These results suggest that the effects of copepods on the structure and function of estuarine microbial plankton communities may be more complex than simple linear effects would predict. C1 Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Sect Ecol, Turku 20014, Finland. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ W Florida, Dept Biol, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. RP Sipura, J (reprint author), Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Sect Ecol, Turku 20014, Finland. EM jaana.sipura@utu.fi NR 48 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 EI 1616-1564 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD OCT 14 PY 2003 VL 33 IS 2 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.3354/ame033181 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 738VK UT WOS:000186308400008 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Paczkowski, C AF Gilbert, ME Paczkowski, C TI Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in the developing rat impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus SO DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hypothyroidism; propylthiouracil; PTU; dentate gyrus; synaptic transmission; long-term potentiation; LTP; developmental; hippocampus ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; KINASE-C SUBSTRATE; THYROID-HORMONE; BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; PYRAMIDAL CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; EXPRESSION; RC3/NEUROGRANIN; NEUROGRANIN; RECEPTORS AB Reductions in thyroid hormone during critical periods of brain development can have devastating effects on neurological function that are permanent. Neurochemical, molecular and structural alterations in a variety of brain regions have been well documented, but little information is available on the consequences of developmental hypothyroidism on synaptic function. Developing rats were exposed to the thyrotoxicant, propylthiouracil (PTU: 0 or 15 ppm), through the drinking water of pregnant dams beginning on GD18 and extending throughout the lactational period. Male offspring were allowed to mature after termination of PTU exposure at weaning on PND21 and electrophyiological assessments of field potentials in the dentate gyrus were conducted under urethane anesthesia between 2 and 5 months of age. PTU dramatically reduced thyroid hormones on PND21 and produced deficits in body weight that persisted to adulthood. Synaptic transmission was impaired as evidenced by reductions in excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitudes at a range of stimulus intensities. Long-term potentiation of the EPSP slope was impaired at both modest and strong intensity trains, whereas a paradoxical increase in PS amplitude was observed in PTU-treated animals in response to high intensity trains. These data are the first to describe functional impairments in synaptic transmission and plasticity in situ as a result of PTU treatment and suggest that perturbations in synaptic function may contribute to learning deficits associated with developmental hypothyroidism. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ San Diego, Dept Neurosci, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-B105-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 47 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-3806 J9 DEV BRAIN RES JI Dev. Brain Res. PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 145 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0165-3806(03)00191-3 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences SC Developmental Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 733RG UT WOS:000186014000003 PM 14519490 ER PT J AU Eckel, WP Kind, T AF Eckel, WP Kind, T TI Use of boiling point-Lee retention index correlation for rapid review of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE Lee retention index; boiling points; correlation; gas chromatography; mass spectral library ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS AB Gas chromatographic (GC) retention indices are useful for reviewing mass spectral library searches for the tentative identification of organic compounds. If the known GC retention index (RI) of a compound that ranks high on the (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) GC-MS library search "hit list" matches the RI of the unknown, there is a strong presumption that a correct identification has been made. If the Lee retention index of the "hit list" compound is not known from published data, and cannot be estimated by RI-boiling point correlation, its boiling point (degreesC) may be directly compared to the unknown's Lee retention index. In general, an unknown compound with a particular RI will have a boiling point of RI - 10 (degreesC) to RI + 50 (degreesC). Some compound classes deviate predictably from this rule. Library matches for unknowns whose boiling points fall outside the RI - 10 to RI + 50 range may safely be rejected. Conversely, library matches whose boiling points fall within the range of RI - 10 to RI + 50 should be further considered as possibly correct identifications. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Environm Fate & Effects Div 7507C, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Chem Ecotoxicol, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. RP Eckel, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Environm Fate & Effects Div 7507C, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. EM eckel.william@epamail.epa.gov RI Kind, Tobias/A-7553-2010; OI Kind, Tobias/0000-0002-1908-4916 NR 24 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 EI 1873-4324 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 494 IS 1-2 BP 235 EP 243 DI 10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.003 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 729MJ UT WOS:000185777200026 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS TI Alternative routes for catalyst preparation: use of ultrasound and microwave irradiation for the preparation of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalyst and their activity for hydrocarbon oxidation SO APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Materials Discussion Meeting (MD5) CY SEP 22-25, 2002 CL MADRID, SPAIN DE VPO catalyst; ultrasound; microwave; oxidation; cycloalkanes; hydrogen peroxide; acetonitrile ID C-H BOND; MIXED OXIDES; ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS AB Vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) has been prepared using ultrasound and microwave irradiation methods and compared with the catalyst prepared by conventional method for both the phase composition and activity for hydrocarbon oxidation. It is found that ultrasound irradiation method generates a catalyst in a relatively shorter time of 6 h that has similar surface composition and comparable hydrocarbon oxidation activity with that prepared by conventional heating method. On the other hand, the VPO catalyst prepared via microwave activation method appears to have a different surface morphology when compared to the conventional and sonochemical preparations. All the catalysts, irrespective of their preparative origin or surface morphology display good activity for hydrocarbon oxidation using aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The selectivity of the products is dependent on the nature of the catalyst with a combination of (VO)(2)P2O7 (V4+) and VOPO4 (V5+) being ideal for high oxidative conversion. All the VPO catalysts, irrespective of the preparation method are found to be soluble in the reaction mixture forming a homogeneous solution. The catalysts can however be re-used after isolation from the reaction mixture by evaporation and drying. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, MS 443,26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-860X J9 APPL CATAL A-GEN JI Appl. Catal. A-Gen. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 252 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00370-3 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735XW UT WOS:000186140700001 ER PT J AU Kang, DW Aneja, VP Mathur, R Ray, JD AF Kang, DW Aneja, VP Mathur, R Ray, JD TI Nonmethane hydrocarbons and ozone in three rural southeast United States national parks: A model sensitivity analysis and comparison to measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds; ozone; measurements and modeling ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; RADICAL PROPAGATION EFFICIENCY; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MIDDLE TENNESSEE OZONE; ODD OXYGEN PRODUCTION; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; NORTH-CAROLINA; EMISSIONS; OXIDANTS AB [1] A detailed modeling analysis is conducted focusing on nonmethane hydrocarbons and ozone in three southeast United States national parks for a 15-day time period (14-29 July 1995) characterized by high O-3 surface concentrations. The three national parks are Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA), and Shenandoah National Park (SHEN), Big Meadows. A base emission scenario and eight variant predictions are analyzed, and predictions are compared with data observed at the three locations for the same time period. Model-predicted concentrations are higher than observed values for O-3 (with a cutoff of 40 ppbv) by 3.0% at GRSM, 19.1% at MACA, and 9.0% at SHEN (mean normalized bias error). They are very similar to observations for overall mean ozone concentrations at GRSM and SHEN. They generally agree (the same order of magnitude) with observed values for lumped paraffin compounds but are an order of magnitude lower for other species (isoprene, ethene, surrogate olefin, surrogate toluene, and surrogate xylene). Model sensitivity analyses here indicate that each location differs in terms of volatile organic compound (VOC) capacity to produce O-3, but a maximum VOC capacity point (MVCP) exists at all locations that changes the influence of VOCs on O-3 from net production to production suppression. Analysis of individual model processes shows that more than 50% of daytime O-3 concentrations at the high-elevation rural locations (GRSM and SHEN) are transported from other areas; local chemistry is the second largest O-3 contributor. At the low-elevation location (MACA), about 80% of daytime O-3 is produced by local chemistry and 20% is transported from other areas. Local emissions (67-95%) are predominantly responsible for VOCs at all locations, the rest coming from transport. Chemistry processes are responsible for about 50% removal of VOCs for all locations; less than 10% are lost to surface deposition and the rest are exported to other areas. Metrics, such as VOC potential for O-3 production (VPOP), which links the chemistry processes of both O-3 and VOCs and MVCP, are devised to measure the different characteristics of O-3 production and VOCs. The values of the defined metrics are mapped for the entire modeling domain. Implications of this model exercise in understanding O-3 production are analyzed and discussed. Even though this study was focused on three United States national parks, the research results and conclusions may be applicable to other or to similar rural environments in the southeast United States. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Serv, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kang, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Mail Drop E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM viney_aneja@ncsu.edu NR 53 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4604 DI 10.1029/2002JD003054 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 732ER UT WOS:000185928300004 ER PT J AU Muller, L Blakey, D Dearfield, KL Galloway, S Guzzie, P Hayashi, M Kasper, P Kirkland, D MacGregor, JT Parry, JM Schechtman, L Smith, A Tanaka, N Tweats, D Yamasaki, H AF Muller, L Blakey, D Dearfield, KL Galloway, S Guzzie, P Hayashi, M Kasper, P Kirkland, D MacGregor, JT Parry, JM Schechtman, L Smith, A Tanaka, N Tweats, D Yamasaki, H TI Strategy for genotoxicity testing and stratification of genotoxicity test results - report on initial activities of the IWGT Expert Group SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing CY JUN 28-29, 2002 CL PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND DE genotoxicity C1 Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. Hlth Canada, Safe Environm Programme, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA 19486 USA. Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Genet & Mutagenesis, Tokyo 158, Japan. Fed Inst Drugs & Med Devices, Bonn, Germany. Covance Labs Ltd, Harrogate, England. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Coll Swansea, Ctr Mol Genet & Toxicol, Swansea, W Glam, Wales. Hlth & Safety Execut, Bootle, Merseyside, England. Food & Drug Safety Ctr, Hatano Res Inst, Kanagawa, Japan. GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Herts, England. Kwansei Gakuin Univ, Sch Sci & Technol, Dept Biosci, Sanda, Japan. RP Muller, L (reprint author), Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD OCT 7 PY 2003 VL 540 IS 2 BP 177 EP 181 DI 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.07.007 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 733PX UT WOS:000186010800007 PM 14550501 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ McMahon, B Richelson, E Padnos, B Katz, L AF Gordon, CJ McMahon, B Richelson, E Padnos, B Katz, L TI Neurotensin analog NT77 induces regulated hypothermia in the rat SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE temperature regulation; ischemic disease; neuropeptide; behavioral thermoregulation ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION; AGONISTS AB The potential use of hypothermia as a therapeutic treatment for stroke and other pathological insults has prompted the search for drugs that can lower core temperature. Ideally, a drug is needed that reduces the set-point for control of core temperature (T-c) and thereby induces a regulated reduction in T-c. To this end, a neurotensin analog (NT77) that crosses the blood brain barrier and induces hypothermia was assessed for its effects on the set-point for temperature regulation in the Sprague-Dawley rat by measuring behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory responses. Following surgical implanation of radiotransmitters to monitor T-c, rats were placed in a temperature gradient and allowed to select from a range of ambient temperatures (T-a) while T-c was monitored by radiotelemetry. There was an abrupt decrease in selected T-a from 29 to 16 degreesC and a concomitant reduction in T-c from 37.4 to 34.0 degreesC 1 hr after IP injection of 5.0 mg/kg NT77. Selected T-a and T-c then recovered to control levels by 1.5 hr and 4 hr, respectively. Oxygen consumption (M) and heat loss (H) were measured in telemetered rats housed in a direct calorimeter maintained at a T-a of 23.5 degreesC. Injection of NT77 initially led to a reduction in M, little change in H, and marked decrease in T-c. H initially rose but decreased around the time of the maximal decrease in T-c. Overall, NT77 appears to induce a regulated hypothermic response because the decrease in T-c was preceded by a reduction in heat production, no change in heat loss, and preference for cold T-a's. Inducing a regulated hypothermic response with drugs such as NT77 may be an important therapy for ischemic disease and other insults. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mayo Clin, Sch Med, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Emergency Med, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Richelson, Elliott/A-9407-2012 NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD OCT 3 PY 2003 VL 73 IS 20 BP 2611 EP 2623 DI 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00663-5 PG 13 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 723KG UT WOS:000185431100009 PM 12967685 ER PT J AU Bass, CA Barat, RB Lemieux, PM AF Bass, CA Barat, RB Lemieux, PM TI Identification of an ideal reactor model in a secondary combustion chamber SO AICHE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INCINERATORS; EMISSIONS; FLOWS AB Tracer analysis was applied to a secondary combustion chamber of a, rotary kiln incinerator simulator to develop a computationally inexpensive networked ideal reactor model and allow for the later incorporation of detailed reaction mechanisms. Tracer data from sulfur dioxide tracer experiments were reconstructed using a least-squares approximation that eliminated the intrinsic response of the measurement device and produced a residence time distribution between various points of the combustor. A model was chosen based on the best fit to tracer data, and consistency with physical geometry and temperature measurements. The resulting model showed that the active path was I s shorter than the mean residence time calculated from the total volumetric flow. The analysis found that complete mixing between the kiln gas and burner stream occurs farther downstream than originally expected. Results underscore the importance of turbulent mixing in reactor design and suggest that different design criteria are needed to ensure complete combustion. C1 UTD Inc, Springfield, VA 22150 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bass, CA (reprint author), UTD Inc, Springfield, VA 22150 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0001-1541 J9 AICHE J JI AICHE J. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 49 IS 10 BP 2619 EP 2630 DI 10.1002/aic.690491015 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 731JF UT WOS:000185880000014 ER PT J AU Mottaleb, MA Abedin, MZ Islam, MS AF Mottaleb, MA Abedin, MZ Islam, MS TI Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in river water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography SO ANALYTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MICROEXTRACTION; SOIL AB A rapid and reproducible method is described that employs solid-phase extraction (SPE) using dichloromethane, followed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and cumene (BTEXC) from Buriganga River water of Bangladesh. The method was applied to detect BTEXC in a sample collected from the surface, or 5 cm depth of water. Two-hundred milliliters of n-hexane-pretreated and filtered water samples were applied directly to a C-18 SPE column. BTEXC were extracted with dichloromethane and the BTEX concentrations were obtained to be 0.1 to 0.37 mug ml(-1). The highest concentration of benzene was found as 0.37 mug ml(-1) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.2%; cumene was not detected. The factors influencing SPE e.g., adsorbent types, sample load volume, eluting solvent, headspace and temperatures, were investigated. A cartridge containing a C-18 adsorbent and using dichloromethane gave a better performance for the extraction of BTEXC from water. Average recoveries exceeding 90% could be achieved for cumene at 4degreesC with a 2.7% RSD. C1 Rajshahi Univ, Dept Chem, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. Shahjalal Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Technol & Polymer Sci, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh. RP Mottaleb, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Environ Chem Branch, Div Environm Sci, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RI Islam, Mohammad/E-5277-2013 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 14 PU JAPAN SOC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PI TOKYO PA 26-2 NISHIGOTANDA 1 CHOME SHINAGAWA-KU, TOKYO, 141, JAPAN SN 0910-6340 J9 ANAL SCI JI Anal. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1365 EP 1369 DI 10.2116/analsci.19.1365 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 735ZK UT WOS:000186144700004 PM 14596399 ER PT J AU Ness, RB Bondy, ML Branas, C Camargo, CA Rothenberg, R Samet, JM Sandler, DP Swanson, GM Strom, BL AF Ness, RB Bondy, ML Branas, C Camargo, CA Rothenberg, R Samet, JM Sandler, DP Swanson, GM Strom, BL TI Untitled SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID DISSENT; ADVICE C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Amer Coll Epidemiol Policy Comm, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Ness, RB (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 13 IS 9 BP 597 EP 598 DI 10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.09.001 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 737PM UT WOS:000186241000001 PM 14732297 ER PT J AU Pope, ML Bussen, M Feige, MA Shadix, L Gonder, S Rodgers, C Chambers, Y Pulz, J Miller, K Connell, K Standridge, J AF Pope, ML Bussen, M Feige, MA Shadix, L Gonder, S Rodgers, C Chambers, Y Pulz, J Miller, K Connell, K Standridge, J TI Assessment of the effects of holding time and temperature on Escherichia coli densities in surface water samples SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER AB Escherichia coli is a routinely used microbiological indicator of water quality. To determine whether holding time and storage conditions had an effect on E. coli densities in surface water, studies were conducted in three phases, encompassing 24 sites across the United States and four commonly used monitoring methods. During all three phases of the study, E. coli samples were analyzed at time 0 and at 8, 24, 30, and 48 h after sample collection. During phase 1, when 4degreesC samples were evaluated by Colilert or by placing a membrane onto mFC medium followed by transfer to nutrient agar containing 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (mFC/NA-MUG), three of four sites showed no significant differences throughout the 48-h study. During phase 2, five of seven sites showed no significant difference between time 0 and 24 h by membrane filtration (mFC/NA-MUG). When evaluated by the Colilert method, five of seven sites showed no significant difference in E. coli density between time 0 and 48 h. During phase 3, 8 of 13 sites showed no significant differences in E. coli densities between time 0 and the 48-h holding time, regardless of method. Based on the results of these studies, it appears that if samples are held below 10degreesC and are not allowed to freeze, most surface water E. coli samples analyzed by commonly used methods beyond 8 h after sample collection can generate E. coli data comparable to those generated within 8 h of sample collection. Notwithstanding this conclusion, E. coli samples collected from surface waters should always be analyzed as soon as possible. C1 DynCorp, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI 53718 USA. US EPA, Tech Support Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Environm Protect Agcy Headquarters, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Pope, ML (reprint author), DynCorp, 6101 Stevenson Ave, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. NR 10 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 69 IS 10 BP 6201 EP 6207 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.106201-6207.2003 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 731JV UT WOS:000185881300059 PM 14532081 ER PT J AU Maguire, KB Taylor, LO Gurmu, S AF Maguire, KB Taylor, LO Gurmu, S TI Do students behave like adults? Evidence from valuation experiments SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GOODS AB The use of convenience samples in experimental economics has long been the standard practice. However, little evidence exists regarding behavioural differences between students and adults in contingent valuation experiments using a payment mechanism other than a referendum vote. Evidence is provided that students do in fact behave in a manner similar to adults using an open-ended willingness to pay payment question. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Maguire, KB (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW,MC 1809T, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 4 PU ROUTLEDGE TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1350-4851 J9 APPL ECON LETT JI Appl. Econ. Lett. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 12 BP 753 EP 756 DI 10.1080/1350485032000138395 PG 4 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 741HR UT WOS:000186453100004 ER PT J AU Sierszen, ME McDonald, ME Jensen, DA AF Sierszen, ME McDonald, ME Jensen, DA TI Benthos as the basis for arctic lake food webs SO AQUATIC ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE food webs; oligotrophy; stable isotopes; trophic structure ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; INORGANIC NITROGEN UPTAKE; STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; TROPHIC STRUCTURE; CARBON ISOTOPES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PERIPHYTIC ALGAE; DEFICIENT LAKE; FISH COMMUNITY; SLIMY SCULPIN AB Plankton have traditionally been viewed as the basis for limnetic food webs, with zooplankton acting as a gateway for energy passing between phytoplanktonic primary producers and fish. Often, benthic production has been considered to be important primarily in shallow systems or as a subsidy to planktonic food web pathways. Stable isotope food web analyses of two arctic lakes (NE14 and I minus) in the Toolik Lake region of Alaska indicate that benthos are the primary source of carbon for adults of all species of benthic and pelagic fish present. We found no effect of turbidity, which may suppress benthic algae by shading, on food web structure. Even though Secchi transparency varied from 10.2 m in NE14 to 0.55 - 2.6 m in I minus, food webs in both lakes were based upon benthos, had four trophic levels, and culminated with omnivorous lake trout. We suggest that the importance of benthos in the food webs of these lakes is due to their extreme oligotrophy, resulting in planktonic resources that are insufficient for the support of planktivorous consumers. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Ecol Monitoring & Assessment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Minnesota SeaGrant, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Sierszen, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 55 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 32 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-2588 J9 AQUAT ECOL JI Aquat. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 4 BP 437 EP 445 DI 10.1023/B:AECO.0000007042.09767.dd PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 750NQ UT WOS:000187003000009 ER PT J AU Serbst, JR Burgess, RM Kuhn, A Edwards, PA Cantwell, MG Pelletier, MC Berry, WJ AF Serbst, JR Burgess, RM Kuhn, A Edwards, PA Cantwell, MG Pelletier, MC Berry, WJ TI Precision of dialysis (peeper) sampling of cadmium in marine sediment interstitial water SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; PORE-WATER; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; TOXICITY; BIOAVAILABILITY AB Isolating and analyzing interstitial water (IW) during sediment toxicity tests enables researchers to relate concentrations of contaminants to responses of organisms, particularly when IW is a primary route of exposure to bioavailable contaminants by benthic dwelling organisms. We evaluate here the precision of sampling IW with the dialysis or 'peeper' method using sediments spiked with five different concentrations of cadmium. This method is one of several that are commonly used for collecting IW. Seven consecutive ten-day toxicity tests were conducted on these sediments and IW samples were collected at the end of each of these tests. Prior to each test initiation and insertion of IW samplers, sediments were allowed to equilibrate for seven days under flow-through conditions with filtered seawater. At the end of each ten-day testing period, peepers were retrieved, and IW cadmium measured. Data sets were organized by treatment and test number. Coefficients of variation (CV) for the six replicates for each sediment and testing period and for each sediment across testing periods (42 replicates) was used as a measure of sampling precision. CVs ranged from 25 to 206% when individual testing periods were considered, but ranged from 39 to 104% when concentrations for all testing periods were combined. However, after removal of outliers using Dixon's Criteria, the CVs improved and ranged from 6 to 88%. These levels of variability are comparable to those reported by others. The variability shown is partially explained by artifacts associated with the dialysis procedure, primarily sample contamination. Further experiments were conducted that support our hypothesis that contamination of the peeper causes much of the variability observed. If method artifacts, especially contamination, are avoided the dialysis procedure can be a more effective means for sampling IW metal. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Rhode Island Dept Environm Management, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Serbst, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM serbst.jonathan@epa.gov OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 45 IS 3 BP 297 EP 305 DI 10.1007/s00244-003-0114-5 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 722HY UT WOS:000185370400002 PM 14674581 ER PT J AU Long, RW Eatough, NL Mangelson, NF Thompson, W Fiet, K Smith, S Smith, R Eatough, DJ Pope, CA Wilson, WE AF Long, RW Eatough, NL Mangelson, NF Thompson, W Fiet, K Smith, S Smith, R Eatough, DJ Pope, CA Wilson, WE TI The measurement of PM2.5, including semi-volatile components, in the EMPACT program: results from the Salt Lake City Study SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE semi-volatile PM2.5; PM2.5 organic material; TEOM; real-time PM2.5; denuder samplers ID DILUTE WOOD SMOKE; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; FINE PARTICLES; MUTAGENICITY; EMISSIONS; OZONE; MASS AB The Salt Lake City EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (EMPACT) project, initiated in October 1999, is designed to evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed real-time continuous monitor (RAMS) for total (non-volatile plus semi-volatile) PM2.5 mass and the health relevance Of PM2.5 measured by this method as compared to other measurements of PM2.5 parameters. Ammonium nitrate and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) are significant components of fine particles in many urban atmospheres. These components however, are not properly measured by current EPA accepted methods, such as the PM2.5 FRM, due to loss of semi-volatile material (SVM) from the filter during sampling. Continuous PM2.5 mass measurements are attempted using methods such as the R&P TEOM monitor. This method however, heats the sample to remove particle-bound water. This results in evaporation of significant amounts of semi-volatile material. Similarly, continuous carbonaceous material monitors are expected to lose semi-volatile organic material during sample collection. Continuous RAMS and collocated TEOM monitor data have been obtained at the EMPACT sampling site in Salt lake City, Utah during a 2-year period. Results obtained for the continuous determination of total PM2.5 mass with the RAMS have been validated by comparison with results obtained from collocated PC-BOSS diffusion denuder integrated samples at the EMPACT sampling site in Salt Lake City, Utah during three intensive sampling periods (winter 1999-2000, summer 2000, and winter 2000-2001). While the RAMS is shown to measure total PM2.5, including semi-volatile nitrate and organic material, commercially available semi-continuous TEOM and C monitors do not reliably measure these species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Econ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eatough, DJ (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 35 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 31 BP 4407 EP 4417 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00585-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 723LG UT WOS:000185433400009 ER PT J AU Hopke, PK Ramadan, Z Paatero, P Norris, GA Landis, MS Williams, RW Lewis, CW AF Hopke, PK Ramadan, Z Paatero, P Norris, GA Landis, MS Williams, RW Lewis, CW TI Receptor modeling of ambient and personal exposure samples: 1998 Baltimore particulate matter epidemiology-exposure study (vol 37, pg 3289, 2003) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Correction C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hopke, PK (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Box 5810, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014; Hopke, Philip/C-6020-2008 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X; Hopke, Philip/0000-0003-2367-9661 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 32 BP 4595 EP 4595 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00617-4 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727QP UT WOS:000185670200012 ER PT J AU Ebersole, JL Liss, WJ Frissell, CA AF Ebersole, JL Liss, WJ Frissell, CA TI Thermal heterogeneity, stream channel morphology, and salmonid abundance in northeastern Oregon streams SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CHINOOK SALMON; HYPORHEIC ZONE; FISH HABITAT; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; HEADWATER STREAMS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CARNATION-CREEK; EASTERN OREGON; BROWN TROUT AB Heterogeneity in stream water temperatures created by local influx of cooler subsurface waters into geomorphically complex stream channels was associated with increased abundance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in northeastern Oregon. The addition of cold water patch frequency and area as explanatory variables in salmonid habitat models indicated that doubling of cold water patch frequency was associated with increases in rainbow trout and chinook salmon abundances of 31% and 59%, respectively. Doubling of cold water patch area was associated with changes of 10% in rainbow trout abundance but was not associated with chinook abundance after accounting for other habitat factors. The physiognomy, distribution, and connectivity of cold water patches, important attributes determining the effectiveness of these habitats as thermal refuges for stream fishes, were associated with channel bedform and riparian features. Monitoring of thermal heterogeneity and salmonid populations in response to ongoing habitat restoration efforts will provide additional insights into causal relationships among these factors. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Pacific Rivers Council, Polson, MT 59860 USA. RP Ebersole, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 81 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 22 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 60 IS 10 BP 1266 EP 1280 DI 10.1139/F03-107 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 743LN UT WOS:000186573400008 ER PT J AU Gattie, DK McCutcheon, SC Smith, MC AF Gattie, DK McCutcheon, SC Smith, MC TI Ecological engineering: the state-of-the-field SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gattie, DK (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 5 BP 327 EP 330 DI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.09.004 PG 4 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 753RD UT WOS:000187243600001 ER PT J AU Gattie, DK Smith, MC Tollner, EW McCutcheon, SC AF Gattie, DK Smith, MC Tollner, EW McCutcheon, SC TI The emergence of ecological engineering as a discipline SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Annual Conference of the American-Ecological-Engineering-Society CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2001 CL UNIV GEORGIA, ATHENS, GEORGIA SP Amer Ecol Engn Soc HO UNIV GEORGIA DE discipline; emergence; criteria; framework; certification ID ECOSYSTEM; SYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; INTEGRITY; ENVIRONMENT; PRINCIPLES; POLLUTION; FRIEND; DESIGN; INDEX AB Pioneering efforts in ecological engineering (a precedent setting engineering and applied science discipline in which the self-engineering capabilities of ecosystems are managed for the benefit of the environment and humankind) research and practice have proven to be tremendous strides toward establishing a new engineering discipline with a science base in ecology. Case studies, demonstrations and applications pertaining to restoration, rehabilitation, conservation, sustainability, reconstruction, remediation and reclamation of ecosystems using ecological engineering techniques are numerous. This has brought the field to the current level where many scientists and engineers adequately support the concept of, and need for, ecological engineering, and generally agree that ecological engineering has been sufficiently defined. There is also general agreement that full emergence as an engineering discipline remains a difficult task. Certain general characteristics of existing engineering disciplines can guide the emergence of ecological engineering and thus are a vital context covered in this paper. From the context of engineering practice, three concepts are evident including: (1) establishment of formal foundations for ecological engineering research and development;, (2) development of core ecological engineering sciences and curricula; and (3) certification in ecological design. These elements are important components of a formal approach to develop ecological engineering as a principled, quantitative, recognized, practical, novel, and formal engineering discipline that coalesces past and future research and practice into cohesive underpinnings. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Gattie, DK (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 80 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 5 BP 409 EP 420 DI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.08.003 PG 12 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 753RD UT WOS:000187243600007 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Fischer, RA AF Sidle, WC Fischer, RA TI Detection of H-3 and Kr-85 in groundwater from arsenic-bearing crystalline bedrock of the Goose River basin, Maine SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tritium; krypton; groundwater age; arsenic; Maine ID WALDOBORO PLUTON COMPLEX; FLOW AB Presence of young groundwater (post-1950) in the Goose River basin is demonstrated with H-3 and Kr-85 analyses. A total of 96 wells and four springs were sampled quarterly from 1999 to 2001 to determine the extent of any recent recharge and to what depth hydraulic continuity existed in the groundwatershed (33.3 km(2)). Recharge groundwater is less than 50 years in about 31% (H-3) to 37% (Kr-85) of sampled wells and 75% of sampled springs. Young groundwater ages are recorded in wells up to 320 m in depth within fractured- and arsenic-bearing crystalline bedrock. Total arsenic greater than or equal to10 mug L-1 occurs significantly in drinking water with young groundwater flowing through the pumping well intervals. As-total occurs in 89% (Kr-85) to 93% (H-3) of all wells with post-1950 groundwater ages. Young groundwater recharge and elevated geogenic arsenic were discovered only in the anatectic granitoids and migmatized country rock of the southwestern part of the Goose River basin. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Isotope Hydrol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Groundwater Res Associates Inc, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Isotope Hydrol Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 44 IS 7 BP 781 EP 789 DI 10.1007/s00254-003-0826-x PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 735MW UT WOS:000186120000003 ER PT J AU Woofter, R Dechraoui, MYB Garthwaite, I Towers, NR Gordon, CJ Cordova, J Ramsdell, JS AF Woofter, R Dechraoui, MYB Garthwaite, I Towers, NR Gordon, CJ Cordova, J Ramsdell, JS TI Measurement of brevetoxin levels by radioimmunoassay of blood collection cards after acute, long-term, and low-dose exposure in mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood; brevetoxin; radioimmunoassay ID RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; NEW-ZEALAND; CHATTONELLA-MARINA; GREENSHELL MUSSELS; PERNA-CANALICULUS; TOXINS; ELIMINATION; NEUROTOXINS; ANTIBODIES; ORGANISM AB We developed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) using a sheep anti-brevetoxin antiserum to evaluate detection of brevetoxin on blood collection cards from mice treated with the brevetoxin congener PbTx-3. The RIA has high affinity for PbTx-3 [half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) SE = 1.2 +/- 0.2 nM; n = 10] and recognizes both type I and type 2 brevetoxins, but not ciguatoxin. Direct comparison of the RIA with a radiolabeled [H-3]-PbTx-3 receptor-binding assay (RBA) revealed excellent sensitivity, congener selectivity, and minimal interference from blood matrix. We first analyzed blood samples from an acute time course exposure, using a maximal nonlethal dose [180 mug/kg body weight (bw)] for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hr. Mean blood brevetoxin levels were 36 nM at 30 min and stayed above 20 nM during the 1-4 hr time points. We next analyzed blood brevetoxin levels after longer exposure (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 7 days). Mean blood brevetoxin levels were 26.0 nM at 0.5 days, decreased to 8.2 nM at 1.0 day, and maintained a significant level (p < 0.05) of 1.3 nM at day 2. We next determined the lowest measurable dose using increasing concentrations of PbTx-3 (10-300 mug/kg bw). Analysis of the blood samples at 60 min revealed a linear relationship between administered and internal doses (r(2) = 0.993). AN doses of brevetoxin administered were detectable at 1 hr, with significant levels found for the lowest administered dose of 10 mug/kg bw-a dose that was 10-fold lower than the lowest observable effect level. This RIA provides an optimal first-tier detection of brevetoxin from blood collection cards and, used in combination with the RBA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, should provide a complete panel of methods to biomonitor brevetoxin exposure. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program,Coastal Res Branch, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. AgRes Ruakura, Food Sci, Toxinol, Hamilton, New Zealand. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Fdn Ciencias Vida, Santiago, Chile. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program,Coastal Res Branch, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 111 IS 13 BP 1595 EP 1600 DI 10.1289/ehp.6166 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 732JU UT WOS:000185940800024 PM 14527838 ER PT J AU Sharbaugh, C Viet, SM Fraser, A McMaster, SB AF Sharbaugh, C Viet, SM Fraser, A McMaster, SB TI Comparable measures of cognitive function in human infants and laboratory animals to identify environmental health risks to children SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE attention; behavioral testing methodology; cognitive function; developmental neurotoxicology; environmental health; infant; intelligence; learning; memory; neurobehavior ID VISUAL RECOGNITION MEMORY; OPERANT TEST BATTERY; NOT-B TASK; 1ST YEAR; DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES; DELAYED NONMATCH; REACTION-TIME; TERM-MEMORY; FAGAN TEST AB The importance of including neurodevelopmental end points in environmental studies is dear. A validated measure of cognitive function in human infants that also has a homologous or parallel test in laboratory animal studies will provide a valuable approach for large-scale studies. Such a comparable test will allow researchers to observe the effect of environmental neurotoxicants in animals and relate those findings to humans. In this article, we present the results of a review of post-1990, peer-reviewed literature and current research examining measures of cognitive function that can be applied to both human infants (0-12 months old) and laboratory animals. We begin with a discussion of the definition of cognitive function and important considerations in cross-species research. We then describe identified comparable measures, providing a description of the test in human infants and animal subjects. Available information on test reliability, validity, and population norms, as well as test limitations and constraints, is also presented. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WESTAT Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP McMaster, SB (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM mcmaster.suzanne@epa.gov NR 108 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 111 IS 13 BP 1630 EP 1639 DI 10.1289/ehp.6205 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 732JU UT WOS:000185940800030 PM 14527843 ER PT J AU Brevard, TA Calvert, GM Blondell, JM Mehler, LN AF Brevard, TA Calvert, GM Blondell, JM Mehler, LN TI Acute occupational disinfectant-related illness among youth, 1993-1998 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE adolescence; disinfectants; halogens; hypochlorite; incidence; occupational diseases; phenols; poisoning; risk; youth ID TOXIC EXPOSURES; UNITED-STATES; INJURIES; WORKING; TEENS; SURVEILLANCE; WORKERS; HAZARDS; SAFETY AB Working youths face many safety and health risks. Among these risks are those posed by disinfectant exposures. In this study we describe acute occupational disinfectant-related illness among youth. Data on U.S. children younger than 18 years with acute occupational disinfectant-related illnesses between 1993 and 1998 were collected from the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System and from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. We analyzed data from persons with exposures who met the case definition for acute occupational disinfectant-related illness. The case definition required onset of new adverse health effects that were both temporally related to a disinfectant exposure and consistent with the known toxicology of the disinfectant. We calculated incidence rates of acute occupational disinfectant-related illness among youths 15-17 years old and incidence rate ratios to compare these rates with those of adults 25-44 years old. We found 307 children with disinfectant-related illnesses. The average annual incidence rate was 16.8/billion hours worked with a relative risk compared with adults of 4.14 (95% confidence interval, 3.66-4.68). Most illnesses were of mild severity (78%). There were no fatalities. Hypochlorites (e.g., bleach) were responsible for 45% of the illnesses. Among the 206 cases where the responsible disinfectant's U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity category was known, 80% were in category I (highest toxicity level). These findings suggest the need for greater efforts to prevent adolescent acute occupational disinfectant-related illness. This may require strengthening regulations and enforcement as well as increased educational efforts directed at employers, youths, parents, school officials, and physicians. Better mechanisms for reporting and tracking chemical illnesses among working adolescents are also needed. C1 CDCP, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US EPA, Div Hlth Effects, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Dept Pesticide Regulat, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Calvert, GM (reprint author), CDCP, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-21, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 111 IS 13 BP 1654 EP 1659 DI 10.1289/ehp.6157 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 732JU UT WOS:000185940800033 PM 14527846 ER PT J AU Rice, C Birnbaum, LS Cogliano, J Mahaffey, K Needham, L Rogan, WJ vom Saal, FS AF Rice, C Birnbaum, LS Cogliano, J Mahaffey, K Needham, L Rogan, WJ vom Saal, FS TI Exposure assessment for endocrine disruptors: Some considerations in the design of studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE developing child; endocrine disruptors; environmental epidemiology; exposure assessment ID VITELLOGENIN GENE-EXPRESSION; TURTLE SEX DETERMINATION; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL DES; REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; HUMAN SERUM; BINDING-PROTEINS; LEAD-EXPOSURE; UNITED-STATES AB In studies designed to evaluate exposure-response relationships in children's development from conception through puberty, multiple factors that affect the generation of meaningful exposure metrics must be considered. These factors include multiple routes of exposure; the timing, frequency, and duration of exposure; need for qualitative and quantitative data; sample collection and storage protocols; and the selection and documentation of analytic methods. The methods for exposure data collection and analysis must be sufficiently robust to accommodate the a priori hypotheses to be tested, as well as hypotheses generated from the data. A number of issues that must be considered in study design are summarized here. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Environm & Ind Hyg Div, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Quantitat Risk Methods Grp, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Exposure Assessment Coordinat & Policy Div, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Rice, C (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Environm & Ind Hyg Div, 316 Wherry Hall,POB 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. EM alerdilr@ucmail.uc.edu RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Rogan, Walter/I-6034-2012 OI Rogan, Walter/0000-0002-9302-0160 NR 96 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 111 IS 13 BP 1683 EP 1690 DI 10.1289/ehp.5798 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 732JU UT WOS:000185940800038 PM 14527851 ER PT J AU Longnecker, MP Bellinger, DC Crews, D Eskenazi, B Silbergeld, EK Woodruff, TJ Susser, ES AF Longnecker, MP Bellinger, DC Crews, D Eskenazi, B Silbergeld, EK Woodruff, TJ Susser, ES TI An approach to assessment of endocrine disruption in the National Children's Study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE chemical actions; child; cohort studies; endocrine disruption; environment; epidemiology; health ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; SERUM DIOXIN CONCENTRATIONS; EXPOSED IN-UTERO; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; BISPHENOL-A; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; THYROID-HORMONE; DUTCH CHILDREN; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AB In this article we consider the importance of assessing endocrine disruption in a large new cohort that has been proposed, the National Children's Study (NCS). We briefly review evidence that endocrine disruption is a potentially important hypothesis for human studies and weigh the need to assess endocrine disruption in the NCS. We note the salient features of earlier, similar cohort studies that serve as reference points for the design of the NCS. Finally, we discuss features of the NCS that would allow or enhance assessment of endocrine disruption, even if endocrine disruption were not a primary hypothesis motivating the study. At this time, the evidence supporting endocrine disruption in humans with background-level exposures is not strong. Thus, a compelling rationale for the NCS will probably need to be based on core hypotheses that focus on other issues. Nonetheless, if properly designed, the NCS could serve as an excellent resource for investigating future hypotheses regarding endocrine disruption. C1 NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Childrens Environm Hlth Res, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. Columbia Univ, Div Epidemiol, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY USA. RP Longnecker, MP (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIH, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM longnecker@niehs.nih.gov OI Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 NR 121 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 111 IS 13 BP 1691 EP 1697 DI 10.1289/ehp.5800 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 732JU UT WOS:000185940800039 PM 14527852 ER PT J AU Trebitz, AS Hill, BH McCormick, FH AF Trebitz, AS Hill, BH McCormick, FH TI Sensitivity of indices of biotic integrity to simulated fish assemblage changes SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE index of biotic integrity; fish assemblages; streams; trend monitoring ID STREAMS; COMMUNITIES; DEGRADATION; SCALE; LAKES AB Multimetric indices of biotic integrity (IBIs) are commonly used to assess condition of stream fish assemblages, but their ability to monitor trends within streams over time is largely unknown. We assessed the trend detection ability of two IBI formulations (one with traditional scoring and metrics, and one with nontraditional scoring and region-specific metrics) and of similarity and diversity indices using simulations that progressively altered the fish assemblages of 39 streams in the United States mid-Atlantic Highlands region. We also assessed responses to simulated 50% variability in fish abundances, as a measure of background "noise." Fish assemblage indices responded little to changes that affected all species proportionally despite substantial changes in total fish number. Assemblage indices responded better to scenarios that differentially affected fish species, either according to life history traits or by increasing dominance of already common species, but even these changes took some time to detect relative to background variability levels. Ordinations of stream fish assemblage data suggested that differences among sites were maintained even after substantial alterations of fish composition within sites. IBIs are designed to detect broad assemblage differences among sites while downplaying abundance changes and variability increases that were the first indications of within-site changes, and they appear more suited to detecting large departures from natural fish assemblages than for monitoring gradual changes such as those our simulations produced. Inferences about causes of assemblage changes should be made with caution because of correlations among species traits and interdependence among IBI component metrics. Site trend assessments should be made based on all available data rather than just by summary indices. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Trebitz, AS (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 47 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 499 EP 515 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-0061-y PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754GW UT WOS:000187308600009 PM 14986899 ER PT J AU Neilson, MA Painter, DS Warren, G Hites, RA Basu, I Weseloh, DVC Whittle, DM Christie, G Barbiero, R Tuchman, M Johansson, OE Nalepa, TF Edsall, TA Fleischer, G Bronte, C Smith, SB Baumann, PC AF Neilson, MA Painter, DS Warren, G Hites, RA Basu, I Weseloh, DVC Whittle, DM Christie, G Barbiero, R Tuchman, M Johansson, OE Nalepa, TF Edsall, TA Fleischer, G Bronte, C Smith, SB Baumann, PC TI Ecological monitoring for assessing the state of the nearshore and openwaters of the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE coordination; ecosystem; Great Lakes; indicators; monitoring ID FOOD-WEB; ERIE; CONTAMINANTS; DREISSENA; DYNAMICS; WATERS; CONGENERS; MICHIGAN AB The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement stipulates that the Governments of Canada and the United States are responsible for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem. Due to varying mandates and areas of expertise, monitoring to assess progress towards this objective is conducted by a multitude of Canadian and U. S. federal and provincial/state agencies, in cooperation with academia and regional authorities. This paper highlights selected long-term monitoring programs and discusses a number of documented ecological changes that indicate the present state of the open and nearshore waters of the Great Lakes. C1 Environm Canada, Environm Conservat Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA. Great Lakes Fishery Commiss, Saline, MI USA. Dyncorp, I & ET, Alexandria, VA USA. Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Burlington, ON, Canada. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ann Arbor, MI USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay, WI USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbus, OH USA. RP Neilson, MA (reprint author), Environm Canada, Environm Conservat Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 103 EP 117 DI 10.1023/A:1025500619900 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 717QL UT WOS:000185100800005 PM 14570412 ER PT J AU Shear, H Stadler-Salt, N Bertram, P Horvatin, P AF Shear, H Stadler-Salt, N Bertram, P Horvatin, P TI The development and implementation of indicators of ecosystem health in the Great Lakes basin SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID CHELYDRA-SERPENTINA-SERPENTINA; ONTARIO; CANADA; TRENDS; EGGS AB This paper describes a process for the selection of a suite of ecosystem health indicators for the Great Lakes, as called for in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The paper also presents some preliminary data on status and trends in ecosystem components based on those indicators. The indicator selection process was carried out by over 150 scientists and managers from both Canada and the USA, and involved the presentation of the proposed indicators at the State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences (SOLECs). An open period for comment followed the conferences where input from scientists involved in Great Lakes programs was received. The suite of indicators will, over time, present information in an understandable format that will allow for more informed management decisions. C1 Environm Canada, Off Reg Sci Advisor, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Environm Canada, Off Reg Sci Advisor, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Shear, H (reprint author), Environm Canada, Off Reg Sci Advisor, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NR 61 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 119 EP 152 DI 10.1023/A:1025504704879 PG 34 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 717QL UT WOS:000185100800006 PM 14570413 ER PT J AU Lepo, JE Cripe, CR Kavanaugh, JL Zhang, S Norton, GP AF Lepo, JE Cripe, CR Kavanaugh, JL Zhang, S Norton, GP TI The effect of amount of crude oil on extent of its biodegradation in open water- and sandy beach-laboratory simulations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oil spill; surrogate bioremediation treatments; microcosm modeling; marine oil spills ID SPILL BIOREMEDIATION; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENTS; SHORELINE; BAY AB We examined the biodegradation of varying amounts of artificially weathered Alaskan North Slope crude oil in laboratory microcosm test systems that use natural seawater and simulate spills in open water and on sandy beaches. The model bioremediation treatment consisted of periodic applications of marine bacteria, selected to degrade n-alkanes and a range of aromatic compounds, suspended in a salts solution that supplied inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous. Beach microcosms dosed with low and high oiling lost an average of 22.5% and 11.3% oil weight, respectively. Open-water microcosms dosed with high and low oiling lost 19.1% and 2.9% oil weight, respectively. Thus, the lower doses of oil were more efficiently degraded. The model bioremediation treatment also affected a greater number of selected analytical endpoints in the lower-oil-dose than higher-dose experiments and the former showed more substantial degradation of recalcitrant components. Above a certain threshold oil concentration, bioremediation did not effectively remove oil. Below this threshold the distinction between active bioremediation treatment and intrinsic biodegradation of the controls was less prominent; i.e., fewer of the oil components were statistically depleted by remediation treatment relative to controls. Furthermore, the oil-dose range over which bioremediation was realized in these systems occurred at very low oiling levels. Thus, under the environmental conditions simulated in these microcosms, the effectiveness of bioremediation peaked over a rather narrow low-dose oiling range. C1 Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lepo, JE (reprint author), Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 18 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON W4 1BN, ENGLAND SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 24 IS 10 BP 1291 EP 1302 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 756XC UT WOS:000187509600012 PM 14669810 ER PT J AU Denton, DL Fox, JF Fulk, FA AF Denton, DL Fox, JF Fulk, FA TI Enhancing toxicity test performance by using a statistical criterion SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxicity testing; statistical power; minimum significant difference; within-test variability AB Aquatic toxicity tests are laboratory experiments that measure the biological effect (e.g., growth, survival, reproduction) of effluents. receiving waters, or storm water on aquatic organisms. These toxicity tests must be performed using the best laboratory practices. and every effort must be made to enhance repeatability of the test method. We evaluated the generated reference toxicant test data for insurance of a level of quality assurance for tests over time within a laboratory and among laboratories. We recommend the reporting and evaluation of the percent minimum significant difference (PMSD) value for all toxicity test results. The minimum significant difference (MSD) represents the smallest difference between the control mean and a treatment mean that leads to the statistical rejection of the null hypothesis (i.e., no toxicity) at each concentration of the toxicity test dilution series. The MSD provides an indication of within-test variability, and smaller values of MSD are associated with increased power to detect a toxic effect. We recommend upper and lower PMSD bounds for each test method in order to minimize within-test variability and increase statistical power. To ensure that PMSD does not exceed an upper bound, testing laboratories may need to increase replication, decrease variability among replicates, or increase the control mean performance. C1 US EPA, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Denton, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 9, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 22 IS 10 BP 2323 EP 2328 DI 10.1897/02-384 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CW UT WOS:000185639700017 PM 14551995 ER PT J AU Pruell, RJ Taplin, BK Cicchelli, K AF Pruell, RJ Taplin, BK Cicchelli, K TI Stable isotope ratios in archived striped bass scales suggest changes in trophic structure SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotopes; Chesapeake Bay; food web; Narragansett Bay; scales; striped bass ID OMNIVOROUS GIZZARD SHAD; FOOD-WEB; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; MORONE-SAXATILIS; CARBON ISOTOPES; FRESH-WATER; GROWTH; FISH; FRACTIONATION; DELTA-C-13 AB Stable carbon isotope ratios were measured in archived striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), scales to identify changes in the feeding behaviour of this species over time. Striped bass tissue and scale samples were collected from Rhode Island coastal waters during 1996 and archived scale samples (1982-1997) were obtained from Chesapeake Bay. Known striped bass prey items were also collected from Chesapeake Bay and analysed for delta(13)C. A significant correlation was observed between carbon isotope ratios in striped bass scales and muscle tissue (r(2) = 0.52; P < 0.05). Carbon isotope ratios were enriched (less negative) in scales relative to muscle tissue by about 3parts per thousand. Carbon isotope ratios in archived striped bass scales from Chesapeake Bay increased significantly from -16.7 +/- 0.2parts per thousand in 1982 to -15.1 +/- 0.3parts per thousand in 1997. Benthic species, especially invertebrates, were isotopically enriched relative to pelagic fish species collected from the main-stem of Chesapeake Bay. Prey samples collected from riverine locations within Chesapeake Bay were isotopically depleted relative to those collected in the open portion of the Bay. The changes in the carbon isotope ratios of the striped bass scales could be related to changes in the relative proportions of pelagic and benthic food items in the diet of striped bass or to changes in the feeding locations of this species. In either case, there have been changes in the feeding behaviour and/or relationships of the striped bass between 1982 and 1997. Such changes may be related to changing ecological conditions within the estuary, which could influence the health of Chesapeake Bay striped bass. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Pruell, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 5 BP 329 EP 336 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00369.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 740ZY UT WOS:000186434400008 ER PT J AU Kochera, A Van Akkeren, B AF Kochera, A Van Akkeren, B TI Livable communities: Research results relevant to making communities livable for residents aging in place SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AARP, Washington, DC 20049 USA. US EPA, Aging Initiat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2003 VL 43 SI 1 BP 445 EP 446 PG 2 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 734VF UT WOS:000186078101222 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Dantin, DD Walker, CC Kurtz, JC Greene, RM AF Lewis, MA Dantin, DD Walker, CC Kurtz, JC Greene, RM TI Toxicity of clay flocculation of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, to estuarine invertebrates and fish SO HARMFUL ALGAE LA English DT Article DE clay; coagulant; flocculation; Karenia brevis; toxicity; fish; macroinvertebrates ID RED-TIDE; SEDIMENT QUALITY; MEVAGISSEY BAYS; CHINA CLAY; ST-AUSTELL; BINDING; REMOVAL AB The environmental effects of clay flocculation used to remove red tide dinoflagellate blooms from the water column are relatively unknown on benthic organisms. The primary objective of this study was to determine the laboratory-derived toxicities of clay flocculation of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, for four common estuarine test species. Phosphatic clay mixed with a coagulant (polyaluminum hydroxy chloride (PAC)) was not acutely or chronically toxic in most cases to infaunal amphipods (Leptocheirus plumulosus and Ampelisca abdita), grass shrimp embryos (Palaemonetes pugio) and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). K. brevis alone (density range = 3880-5060 cells ml(-1); brevetoxin (Btx) range = 19.8-140.7 mug l(-1)) was very toxic to C. variegatus and, to a lesser extent, L. plumulosus. The addition of clay-coagulant did not usually reduce this toxicity. The combination of clay, coagulant and K. brevis cells when settled over a natural sediment were usually as toxic to the benthic test species as K. brevis alone. This result suggests that clay flocculation of K. brevis blooms will neither increase, nor decrease toxicity to benthic organisms relative to that attributable to an untreated bloom. Validation of this conclusion, however, is required since it is based on laboratory-derived, single species toxicity data using media collected from a simulated red tide event. The determination of environmental effects on indigenous benthic biota in near-coastal areas during a natural red tide event, prior to and after treatment with clay flocculation, would provide the perspective needed for a more realistic hazard assessment of this possible control procedure. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM lewis.michael@epa.gov RI Greene, Richard/G-9685-2013 NR 45 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-9883 J9 HARMFUL ALGAE JI Harmful Algae PD OCT PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 235 EP 246 DI 10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00041-6 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 812UR UT WOS:000220864900001 ER PT J AU Farmer, DE Steed, AC Sobus, J Stetzenbach, K Lindley, K Hodge, VF AF Farmer, DE Steed, AC Sobus, J Stetzenbach, K Lindley, K Hodge, VF TI Rapid identification and analysis of airborne plutonium using a combination of alpha spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE air sampling; plutonium; spectroscopy, alpha; emergency planning ID LOW-LEVEL PLUTONIUM; SOIL; WATER AB Recent wildland fires near two U.S. nuclear facilities point to a need to rapidly identify the presence of airborne plutonium during incidents involving the potential release of radioactive materials. Laboratory turn-around times also need to be shortened for critical samples collected in the earliest stages of radiological emergencies. This note discusses preliminary investigations designed to address both these problems. The methods under review are same day high-resolution alpha spectroscopy to screen air filter samples for the presence of plutonium and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to perform sensitive plutonium analyses. Thus far, using modified alpha spectroscopy techniques, it has been possible to reliably identify the similar to5.2 MeV emission of Pu-239 on surrogate samples (air filters artificially spiked with plutonium after collection) even though the primary alpha-particle emissions of plutonium are, as expected, superimposed against a natural alpha radiation background dominated by short-lived radon and thoron progeny (similar to6-9 MeV). Several processing methods were tested to prepare samples for analysis and shorten laboratory turn-around time. The most promising technique was acid-leaching of air filter samples using a commercial open-vessel microwave digestion system. Samples prepared in this way were analyzed by both alpha spectroscopy (as a thin-layer iron hydroxide co-precipitate) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The detection levels achieved for Pu-239-approximately 1 mBq m(-3) for alpha spectroscopy screening, and, < 0.1 mBq m(-3) for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis-are consistent with derived emergency response levels based on EPA's Protective Action Guides, and samples can be evaluated in 36 to 72 h. Further, if samples can be returned to a fixed-laboratory and processed immediately, results from mass spectrometry could be available in as little as 24 h. When fully implemented, these techniques have the potential to provide useful information and improved operational flexibility to emergency planners and first-responders during radiological emergencies. C1 US EPA, Radiat & Indoor Environm Natl Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Nevada, Groundwater Chem Div, Harry Reid Ctr Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Farmer, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Radiat & Indoor Environm Natl Lab, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM farmer.dennis@epa.gov NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 85 IS 4 BP 457 EP 465 DI 10.1097/00004032-200310000-00009 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 721FJ UT WOS:000185306100009 PM 13678286 ER PT J AU Cormier, SM Norton, SB Suter, GW AF Cormier, SM Norton, SB Suter, GW TI The US Environmental Protection Agency's stressor identification guidance: A process for determining the probable causes of biological impairments SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE biological impairment; causality; stressor identification; ecoepidemiology AB The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has ongoing programs to encourage the evaluation of stream conditions based on biological indicators. Bioassessments reveal impairments but do not identify causes of impairments, a necessary step in the restoration of aquatic life. Furthermore, changes in biological condition are often caused by multiple stressors (chemical, physical, biological). To address this need, the USEPA has developed guidance to identify probable causes of biological impairments in aquatic ecosystems and to provide a structure for organizing the scientific evidence to make a credible case. The concepts and organizational structure of the process have potential applications to most ecoepidemiological investigations. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cormier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 9 IS 6 BP 1431 EP 1443 DI 10.1080/10807030390250930 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 757YF UT WOS:000187603800006 ER PT J AU Fairbrother, A AF Fairbrother, A TI Lines of evidence in wildlife risk assessments SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE weight-of-evidence; risk assessment tiers; sediment quality triad; risk management ID OF-EVIDENCE APPROACH; DIETARY EXPOSURE; ECOLOGICAL RISKS; SAGINAW BAY; BIRDS; MAMMALS; CARP; MINK AB Methods for assessing risk to wildlife from exposure to environmental contaminants remain highly uncertain as empirical data required for accurate estimates of exposure or determination of toxicity thresholds are lacking. Some practitioners have advocated an ecological approach (i.e., "top down") to wildlife assessments to account directly for the uncertainties inherent in aggregating direct toxicological effects to individuals when estimating population risk (i.e., "bottom up" techniques). This paper suggests a methodology for conducting wildlife risk assessments that incorporates both the "bottom up" and "top down" techniques by taking into account multiple lines of evidence that are gathered by proceeding through a tiered approach including: 1) concentration of chemicals in relation to levels reported to be harmful; 2) bioassays or toxicity studies to define dose-response relationships; and 3) field studies of population or community responses. A step wise process progressing through these three tiers is a cost-effective method for developing the necessary information. This method is analogous to standard epidemiological approaches. Incorporation of continued monitoring and directed field studies into risk management is suggested as a means to move forward with environmental management decisions in the face of the significant uncertainties that will continue to be associated with wildlife risk assessments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Fairbrother, A (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 34 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 9 IS 6 BP 1475 EP 1491 DI 10.1080/10807030390250958 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 757YF UT WOS:000187603800008 ER PT J AU Feng, JQ Huang, H Lu, Y Ye, L Xie, Y Tsutsui, TW Kunieda, T Castranio, T Scott, G Bonewald, LB Mishina, Y AF Feng, JQ Huang, H Lu, Y Ye, L Xie, Y Tsutsui, TW Kunieda, T Castranio, T Scott, G Bonewald, LB Mishina, Y TI The dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) is specifically expressed in mineralized, but not soft, tissues during development SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Dmp1 expression; bone; tooth; development; knockout mice ID COMPLEMENT-MEDIATED ATTACK; ACIDIC PHOSPHOPROTEIN; TARGETED DISRUPTION; BONE SIALOPROTEIN; DEFICIENT MICE; GENE; OSTEOPONTIN; LEADS; EVASION; BINDING AB Dentin Matrix Protein I (Dmp1) was originally identified from dentin. However, its expression and function in vivo are not clear. To clarify these two issues, we have generated mice carrying a truncated Dmp1 gene by using gene targeting to replace exon 6 with a lacZ gene. Northern blot analysis shows the expected 5.8-kb Dmp1-lacZ fusion transcript and loss of the wild-type 2.8-kb Dmp1 transcript, confirmed by a lack of immunostaining for the protein. Using heterozygous animals, we demonstrate that Dmp1 is specific for mineralized tissues. Not previously shown, Dmp1 is also expressed in pulp cells. Dmp1-deficient embryos and newborns display no apparent gross abnormal phenotype, although there are a modest expansion of the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone and a modest increase in the long bone diameter. This suggests that DMPI is not essential for early mouse skeletal or dental development. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Dent, Dept Oral Biol, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. Third Mil Med Univ, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Inst Surg Res, Daping Hosp, Chongqing, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Nat Sci & Technol, Okayama, Japan. RP Feng, JQ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Dent, Dept Oral Biol, 650 E 25th St, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE00455, DE13221, DE13480] NR 24 TC 133 Z9 138 U1 4 U2 9 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 82 IS 10 BP 776 EP 780 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 726PQ UT WOS:000185608500003 PM 14514755 ER PT J AU Bogazzi, F Raggi, F Ultimieri, F Russo, D Campomori, A McKinney, JD Pinchera, A Bartalena, L Martino, E AF Bogazzi, F Raggi, F Ultimieri, F Russo, D Campomori, A McKinney, JD Pinchera, A Bartalena, L Martino, E TI Effects of a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) on the transcriptional activity of thyroid hormone receptor SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE aroclor; thyroid hormone; thyroid hormone receptor; PCBs ID PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; THYROXINE TRANSPORT PROTEIN; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS; RAT-BRAIN; BINDING; LIVER; TRANSTHYRETIN; AMIODARONE; EXPRESSION AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants which may affect thyroid function. PCBs may reduce serum thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations by either displacing T-4 from TH transport proteins or increasing its hepatic metabolism. The reduced serum T-4 causes neurological and growth defects in animals exposed to PCBs during the perinatal period, which can partially be reverted by T-4 administration. In addition to a hypothyroid-like syndrome, a direct action of PCBs on TH-sensitive genes has been postulated. In the present study the effects of Aroclor 1254 (ARO), a mixture of PCBs, on transcription of TH-dependent genes were investigated. A reporter plasmid containing the TH-responsive element (TRE) of malic enzyme (ME) gene was used in transient transfections to assess the responsiveness to ARO. ARO (10 muM) reduced the CAT activity by about 50% and competed with T-3 to reduce the induction of transcription. Cotransfection of TH receptor (TR) and a wild type TRE was required to reveal ARO inhibitiry effect, which was abolished by a mock reaction not containing TR or by a mutated TRE. ARO reduced the I-125-T-3 binding to TR by 30%, but did not affect the interaction of TR with a P-32-labeled TIRE in gel shift assay. ARO is likely to produce a conformational change in in vitro translated TR, leading to its increased proteolysis by trypsin. These results demonstrate that ARO interacts with TR, thereby affecting the transcription of TH-sensitive genes, and provide a molecular basis to further explain the complex effects of PCBs on TH disruption. (C) 2003, Editrice Kurtis. C1 EPA, NHEERL, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Insubria, Chair Endocrinol, Varese, Italy. RP Bogazzi, F (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Endocrinol & Metabol, Osped Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy. RI BOGAZZI, FAUSTO/I-2087-2012 OI BOGAZZI, FAUSTO/0000-0001-5975-4411 NR 46 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDITRICE KURTIS S R L PI MILAN PA VIA LUIGI ZOJA 30, 20153 MILAN, ITALY SN 0391-4097 J9 J ENDOCRINOL INVEST JI J. Endocrinol. Invest. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 26 IS 10 BP 972 EP 978 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 756YR UT WOS:000187513800007 PM 14759069 ER PT J AU Singh, RB Huber, AH Braddock, JN AF Singh, RB Huber, AH Braddock, JN TI Development of a microscale emission factor model for particulate matter for predicting real-time motor vehicle emissions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID FINE ORGANIC AEROSOL; PARTICLE EMISSIONS; DIESEL VEHICLES; RATES; SIZE; CO AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Exposure Research Laboratory is pursuing a project to improve the methodology for modeling human exposure to motor vehicle emissions. The overall project goal is to develop improved methods for modeling the source through the air pathway to human exposure in significant exposure microenvironments. Current particulate matter (PM) emission models, particle emission factor model (used in the United States, except California) and motor vehicle emission factor model (used in California only), are suitable only for county-scale modeling and emission inventories. There is a need to develop a site-specific real-time emission factor model for PM emissions to support human exposure studies near roadways. A microscale emission factor model for predicting site-specific real-time motor vehicle PM (MicroFacPM) emissions for total suspended PM, PM less than 10 mum aerodynamic diameter, and PM less than 2.5 mum aerodynamic diameter has been developed. The algorithm used,to calculate emission factors in MicroFacPM is disaggregated, and emission factors are calculated from a real-time fleet, rather than from a fleet-wide average estimated by a vehicle-miles-traveled weighting of the emission factors for different vehicle classes. MicroFacPM requires input information necessary to characterize the site-specific real-time fleet being modeled. Other variables required include average vehicle speed, time and day of the year, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Huber, AH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mail Code E243, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 59 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 53 IS 10 BP 1204 EP 1217 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 729GT UT WOS:000185765500006 PM 14604330 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC AF Sidle, WC TI Identifying discharge zones of arsenic in the Goose River Basin, Maine SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE arsenic; ground water discharge; oxygen isotope; Maine ID WALDOBORO PLUTON COMPLEX; NATURAL-WATERS; FLOW; HYDROGEN; AQUIFER; WELL AB Water balance modeling and the analysis of stable water isotopes in ground water were conducted to aid the location of ground water discharge areas within the Goose River basin, in mid-coastal Maine. Previous investigations of drinking water from wells in the fractured crystalline bedrock encountered persistent elevated total arsenic. Such contamination may be related to discharging ground water from fractured zones in the basin. Modeled discharge rates greater than +10 cm/yr and O-18 values lighter than -9.5 per mil VSMOW may indicate recent recharge is mixing with deeper ground water and is focused along some fractured zones in arsenic bearing crystalline rocks. C1 US EPA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1067 EP 1077 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03693.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 737NN UT WOS:000186238800006 ER PT J AU Rieck, RH AF Rieck, RH TI Separation of toxic coplanar PCB congeners from other congeners in marine sediments and marine fish tissues using Florisil and GC-ECD SO LC GC NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article AB This article describes a simple, low-cost sample extraction and cleanup procedure in which the more toxic coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners - Ballschmitter and Zell (BZ) numbers 77, 81, 126, and 169 are separated from other congeners in highly polluted marine and estuarine sediment samples and fish tissue and the resulting extracts are analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. These four coplanar congeners found in the second Florisil fraction represent approximately 98% of the total toxic equivalency factors, assuming an equal distribution for the, 14 known congeners on the World Health Organization list. The analytical method - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 8082A-normally is used for analyzing chlorinated pesticide, Aroclor, and major PCB congener analyses, not minor constituents, but the method can be adapted to target these four coplanar congeners in the presence of other major congeners. C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. RP Rieck, RH (reprint author), US Environm Protect Agcy, Reg 10 Lab 7411 Beach Dr E, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1527-5949 J9 LC GC N AM JI LC GC N. AM. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 21 IS 10 BP 992 EP + PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 730DK UT WOS:000185813800006 ER PT J AU Kiddon, JA Paul, JF Buffum, HW Strobel, CS Hale, SS Cobb, D Brown, BS AF Kiddon, JA Paul, JF Buffum, HW Strobel, CS Hale, SS Cobb, D Brown, BS TI Ecological condition of US Mid-Atlantic estuaries, 1997-1998 SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Review DE US Mid-Atlantic estuaries; MAIA-Estuaries; eutrophication; sediment contamination; benthic condition ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; SEDIMENT QUALITY; COMMUNITIES; INTEGRITY; MARINE; PROGRAM; PLANTS; INDEX AB The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA-Estuaries) evaluated ecological conditions in US Mid-Atlantic estuaries during the summers of 1997 and 1998. Over 800 probability-based stations were monitored in four main estuarine systems-Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware Estuary, Maryland and Virginian coastal bays, and the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System. Twelve smaller estuaries within the four main systems were also assessed to establish variance at the local scale. A subset of the MAIA-Estuaries data is used here to estimate the extent of eutrophication, sediment contamination, and benthic degradation in mid-Atlantic estuaries. An Environmental Report Card and Index of Environmental Integrity summarize conditions in individual estuaries, the four estuarine systems, and the entire MAIA region. Roughly 20-50% of the region showed signs of eutrophication (high nutrients, excessive production of organic matter, poor water clarity, or depleted dissolved oxygen), 30% had contaminated sediments, and 37% had degraded benthic communities. Compared with the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)-Virginian Province study in 1990-1993, larger fractions of Chesapeake Bay (17%) and Delaware River (32%) had increased metals or organics in sediments. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kiddon.john@epa.gov NR 70 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 46 IS 10 BP 1224 EP 1244 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00322-9 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 735HJ UT WOS:000186106900014 PM 14550336 ER PT J AU Edwards, KR Lepo, JE Lewis, MA AF Edwards, KR Lepo, JE Lewis, MA TI Toxicity comparison of biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants used in oil spill remediation to two estuarine species SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biosurfactants; synthetic surfactants; toxicity; estuarine fish; invertebrate ID EARLY-LIFE STAGES; MICROORGANISMS; DEGRADATION; DISPERSANTS; ORGANISMS; GROWTH AB The relative environmental toxicities of synthetic and biogenic surfactants used in oil spill remediation efforts are not well understood. Acute and chronic toxicities of three synthetic surfactants and three microbiologically produced surfactants were determined and compared in this study for the estuarine epibenthic invertebrate, Mysidopsis bahia and the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina. The toxicities of the surfactant were determined in standard laboratory static and static-renewal tests of 4-7 d duration. Results were specific to the surfactant, response parameter and test species. The LC50 values (nominal concentrations) for M. bahia ranged from 3.3 mall (Triton X-100) to >1000 mg/l (PES-61) and 2.5 mg/l (Triton X-100) to 413.6 mg/l (PES-61) for M. beryllina. Chronic first-effect concentrations (mg/l) for the six surfactants ranged from 2.3 to 465.0 (M. beryllina) and 1.0 to >1000.0 (M. bahia) based on reductions in growth and fecundity. Few generalizations could be made concerning the results due to their variability but M. bahia was generally the more sensitive species and the toxicities of the biosurfactants were intermediate to those of the synthetic surfactants. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. US EPA, NHEERL Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, 11000 Univ Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. EM jlepo@uwf.edu NR 39 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 46 IS 10 BP 1309 EP 1316 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00238-8 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 735HJ UT WOS:000186106900021 PM 14550343 ER PT J AU Choi, YD Bury, C AF Choi, YD Bury, C TI Process of floristic degradation in urban, and, suburban wetlands in northwestern Indiana, USA SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE exotic species; floristics; floristic degradation; invasive species; wetlands ID LOOSESTRIFE LYTHRUM-SALICARIA; PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; PHALARIS-ARUNDINACEA L; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; PLANT COMMUNITY; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; NATURAL AREAS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; RESTORATION; CLASSIFICATION AB We investigated processes of floristic degradation of urban and suburban wetlands in the Turkey Creek and Little Calumet River watersheds in northwestern Indiana, USA. A total of 103 degraded wetland sites were classified into ponds, marshes, woodlands, and forests using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) ordination. Ponds (83.5 +/- 3.8% open water surface) with peripheral vegetation along the shorelines were formerly wetlands but had been deepened by artificial excavation; marshes were characterized by extensive herbaceous cover (89.8 +/- 3.7%, mostly with Typha angustifolia L.); woodlands retained extensive herbaceous cover (72.1 +/- 3.6%) but were subjected to encroachment of woody species (46.5 +/- 5.2%, mostly with Salix interior Rowlee and Salix nigra L.); and forests had significant canopy closure by trees (84.0 +/- 4.1 %, mostly with Popidus deltoides Marsh.). The DCA also provided trajectories of floristic degradation as follows: (1) expansions of Typha angustifolia in the impounded wetlands and Phalaris arundinacea L. in the drained wetlands; (2) invasions of Phraginites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. on litter mounds of Typha stands; (3) invasions of Lythrum salicaria L. in disturbed patches especially adjacent to major highways and local roads; (4) encroachment of woody species, such as Salix spp. and Populus deltoides, in the drained wetlands or the wetlands with significant fitter accumulations; and (5) invasions of exotic woody species. The floristic degradations in our study appeared to be symptoms of altered hydrology, and restoration of natural hydrology prior to the removal of invasive plants appeared to be crucial for restoration of native vegetation. C1 Purdue Univ Calumet, Dept Biol Sci, Hammond, IN 46323 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Choi, YD (reprint author), Purdue Univ Calumet, Dept Biol Sci, Hammond, IN 46323 USA. EM ydchoi@calumet.purdue.edu NR 78 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 13 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 320 EP 331 PG 12 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 901OC UT WOS:000227290800004 ER PT J AU Chen, CW Gibb, H AF Chen, CW Gibb, H TI Procedures for calculating cessation lag SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cessation lag; economic benefit analysis; risk assessment; environmental regulation; smoking; arsenic ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BRITISH DOCTORS; CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER; MODEL AB Environmental regulations aimed at reducing cancer risks usually have the effect of reducing exposure to a carcinogen at the time the regulation is implemented. The reduction of cancer risk may occur shortly after the reduced exposure or after a considerable period of time. The time of risk reduction associated with exposure reduction will vary by compound. Some recommended measures of the economic benefits associated with environmental regulations are sensitive to the timing of the risk reductions and cannot be effectively addressed by the conventional dose-response procedures. This paper introduces the concept and methodologies for calculating cessation lag effects, with the specific goal of answering the following questions: (1) How many cancer cases are avoided at age t after cessation (or reduction) of exposure concentration? and (2) How long does the effect of an exposure last after exposure has terminated (or been reduced)? The proposed procedures do not require more information than what is required by the conventional dose-response procedures for which cumulative or an averaged lifetime exposure is used. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chen, CW (reprint author), 258B Market St,E, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 2 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1016/S0273-2300(03)00080-1 PG 9 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 734VZ UT WOS:000186079800005 PM 14550757 ER PT J AU Aiken, DV Pasurka, CA AF Aiken, DV Pasurka, CA TI Adjusting the measurement of US manufacturing productivity for air pollution emissions control SO RESOURCE AND ENERGY ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ASSA Winter Meeting CY JAN 06-08, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP ASSA DE adjusted productivity; air pollution; distance function; joint production ID DISTANCE FUNCTION-APPROACH; UNDESIRABLE OUTPUTS; UNITED-STATES; AGRICULTURE; ENVIRONMENT; INDUSTRY; PRICES AB We estimate a distance function and derive producer shadow prices for SO2 and PM-10 emissions. The shadow prices are used to adjust a traditional measure of total factor productivity growth in order to account for the reallocation of inputs from production of the marketed output to pollution abatement activities. Adjusted total factor productivity growth rates are calculated for the two-digit SIC manufacturing industries in the United States for 1970-1996. The results indicate that including the "output" of pollution abatement activities has a measurable effect on the productivity of many industries in the manufacturing sector. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Occupat Safety & Hlth Adm, Washington, DC USA. RP Pasurka, CA (reprint author), US EPA, 1809T,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Pasurka, Carl/H-8996-2016 OI Pasurka, Carl/0000-0001-9846-1507 NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-7655 J9 RESOUR ENERGY ECON JI Resour. Energy Econ. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 25 IS 4 BP 329 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0928-7655(03)00042-3 PG 23 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 742QA UT WOS:000186528200002 ER PT J AU Stifelman, M AF Stifelman, M TI Letter to the Editor SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Letter ID BREATHING RATES; ASSESSMENTS C1 US EPA, Off Environm Assessment, Risk Evaluat Unit, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Stifelman, M (reprint author), US EPA, Off Environm Assessment, Risk Evaluat Unit, 1200 6th Ave,Reg 10, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 23 IS 5 BP 859 EP 860 DI 10.1111/1539-6924.00363 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 728EB UT WOS:000185701400001 PM 12969401 ER PT J AU Kleindorfer, PR Belke, JC Elliott, MR Lee, K Lowe, RA Feldman, HI AF Kleindorfer, PR Belke, JC Elliott, MR Lee, K Lowe, RA Feldman, HI TI Accident epidemiology and the US chemical industry: Accident history and worst-case data from RMP*Info SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE accident epidemiology; chemical accident history; Clean Air Act; risk management AB This article reports on the data collected on one of the most ambitious government-sponsored environmental data acquisition projects of all time, the Risk Management Plan (RMP) data collected under section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This RMP Rule 112(r) was triggered by the Bhopal accident in 1984 and led to the requirement that each qualifying facility develop and file with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency a Risk Management Plan (RMP) as well as accident history data for the five-year period preceding the filing of the RMP. These data were collected in 1999-2001 on more than 15,000 facilities in the United States that store or use listed toxic or flammable chemicals believed to be a hazard to the environment or to human health of facility employees or off-site residents of host communities. The resulting database, RMP*Info, has become a key resource for regulators and researchers concerned with the frequency and severity of accidents, and the underlying facility-specific factors that are statistically associated with accident and injury rates. This article analyzes which facilities actually filed under the Rule and presents results on accident frequencies and severities available from the RMP*Info database. This article also presents summaries of related results from RMP*Info on Offsite Consequence Analysis (OCA), an analytical estimate of the potential consequences of hypothetical worst-case and alternative accidental releases on the public and environment around the facility. The OCA data have become a key input in the evaluation of site security assessment and mitigation policies for both government planners as well as facility managers and their insurers. Following the survey of the RMP*Info data, we discuss the rich set of policy decisions that may be informed by research based on these data. C1 Univ Penn, Wharton Sch, Risk Management & Decis Proc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, Off Emergency Prevent Preparedness & Response, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Emergency Med, Portland, OR USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Portland, OR USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Portland, OR USA. Univ Penn, Leonard Davis Inst Hlth Econ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Kleindorfer, PR (reprint author), Univ Penn, Wharton Sch, Risk Management & Decis Proc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 8 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 23 IS 5 BP 865 EP 881 DI 10.1111/1539-6924.00365 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 728EB UT WOS:000185701400003 PM 12969403 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, O Dimitrov, S Schmieder, P Veith, G AF Mekenyan, O Dimitrov, S Schmieder, P Veith, G TI In silico modelling of hazard endpoints: Current problems and perspectives SO SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computational Methods in Toxicology and Pharmacology Integrating Internet Resources CY SEP 17-19, 2003 CL THESSALONIKI, GREECE DE QSAR; conformational flexibility; metabolic activation; strategic testing; applicability domain ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR LIGANDS; ALPHA BINDING-AFFINITY; IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; REGULATORY ACCEPTANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; QSAR TECHNIQUES; TOXICITY; BIODEGRADABILITY; SUBSTANCES AB Major scientific hurdles in the acceptance of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) for regulatory purposes have been identified. First, when quantifying important features of chemical structure complexities of molecular structure have often been ignored. More mechanistic modelling of chemical structure should proceed on two fronts: by developing a more in-depth understanding and representation of the multiple states possible for a single chemical by achieving greater rigor in understanding of conformational flexibility of chemicals; and, by considering families of activated metabolites that are derived in biological systems from an initial chemical substrate. Second, QSAR research is severely limited by the lack of systematic databases for important risk assessment endpoints, and despite many decades of research, the ability to cluster reactive chemicals by common toxicity pathways is in its infancy. Finally, computational tools are lacking for defining where a specific QSAR is applicable within the domain (universe) of chemical structures that are to be regulated. This paper describes some of the approaches being taken to address these needs. Applications of some of these new approaches are demonstrated for the prediction of chemical mutagenicity, where considerations of both molecular flexibility and metabolic activation improved the QSAR predictability and interpretations. Lastly, the applicability domain for a specific QSAR predicting estrogen receptor binding is presented in the context of a mechanistically-defined chemical structure space for large heterogeneous chemical datasets of regulatory concern. A strategic approach is discussed to selecting chemicals for model improvement and validation until regulatory acceptance criteria for risk assessment applications are met. C1 Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Mekenyan, O (reprint author), Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Burgas 8010, Bulgaria. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1062-936X J9 SAR QSAR ENVIRON RES JI SAR QSAR Environ. Res. PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5-6 BP 361 EP 371 DI 10.1080/10629360310001623953 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Toxicology GA 746ZN UT WOS:000186779100005 PM 14758980 ER PT J AU Rogers, JM Abbott, BD AF Rogers, JM Abbott, BD TI Screening for developmental toxicity of tobacco smoke constituents SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHICK CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE; SIDESTREAM CIGARETTE-SMOKE; INHIBIT GROWTH; ANGIOGENESIS; MAINSTREAM; PREGNANCY AB The article highlighted in this issue is "Growth and Angiogenesis Are Inhibited in Vivo in Developing Tissues by Pyrazine and Its Derivatives," by Goar Melkonian, Holly Eckelhoefer, Melinda Wu, Yuhuan Wang, Cathy Tong, Karen Riveles, and Prue Talbot (pp. 393-401). C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rogers, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 75 IS 2 BP 227 EP 228 DI 10.1093/toxsci/kfg215 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 724KG UT WOS:000185486300001 PM 14521141 ER PT J AU Rodgers, M Flanigan, D Pfaller, S Jakubowski, W Kinkle, B AF Rodgers, M Flanigan, D Pfaller, S Jakubowski, W Kinkle, B TI Identification of a flavobacterium strain virulent against Giardia lamblia cysts SO WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cyst; Flavobacterium; Giardia lamblia; predation ID SLOW SAND FILTERS; PROPIDIUM IODIDE; CYTOPHAGA; VIABILITY; WATER; CARBOHYDRATE; PERFORMANCE; BACTERIA; MURIS; ACID AB We have isolated from a Kentucky stream a bacterial strain capable of killing the cyst form of Giardia lamblia. This bacterium, designated Sun4, is a Gram-negative, aerobic rod which produces a yellow pigment, but not of the flexirubin-type. Although true gliding motility has not been observed in Sun4, this strain does exhibit a spreading colony morphology when grown on R2A agar. Strain Sun4 has been identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis as belonging to the genus Flavobacterium, and is most closely related to Cytophaga sp. strain Type 0092 and associated Flavobacterium columnare strains. Lipid analysis also identified fatty acids characteristic of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group of bacteria. In culture, Sun4 is able to degrade casein and cellulose, but not chitin, gelatin, starch, or agar. Degradation of Giardia cysts by Sun4 appears to require direct cellular contact as neither cell-free extracts nor cells separated from the cysts by dialysis membranes showed any activity against cysts. Activity against Giardia cysts is rapid, with Sun4 killing over 90% of cysts within 48 h. Strain Sun4 requires elevated levels of Ca2+ for optimal growth and degradative activity against Giardia cysts. We propose that bacterial strains such as Sun4 could be used as biological control agents against Giardia cysts in drinking water treatment systems. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Rodgers, M (reprint author), 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0959-3993 J9 WORLD J MICROB BIOT JI World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 7 BP 703 EP 709 DI 10.1023/A:1025151902422 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 711BG UT WOS:000184717500008 ER PT J AU Miller, DW Ahmad, R Hague, S Baptista, MJ Canet-Aviles, R McLendon, C Carter, DM Zhu, PP Stadler, J Chandran, J Klinefelter, GR Blackstone, C Cookson, MR AF Miller, DW Ahmad, R Hague, S Baptista, MJ Canet-Aviles, R McLendon, C Carter, DM Zhu, PP Stadler, J Chandran, J Klinefelter, GR Blackstone, C Cookson, MR TI L166P mutant DJ-1, causative for recessive Parkinson's disease, is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PROTEIN LIGASE; IN-VITRO; GENE; DEGRADATION; MUTATIONS; FERTILITY; DYSTONIA; PATHWAY AB Mutations in a gene on chromosome 1, DJ-1, have been reported recently to be associated with recessive, early-onset Parkinson's disease. While one mutation is a large deletion that is predicted to produce an effective knockout of the gene, the second is a point mutation, L166P, whose precise effects on protein function are unclear. In the present study, we show that L166P destabilizes DJ-1 protein and promotes its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. A double mutant (K130R, L166P) was more stable than L166P, suggesting that this lysine residue contributes to stability of the protein. Subcellular localization was broadly similar for both wild type and L166P forms of the protein, indicating that the effect of the mutation is predominantly on protein stability. These observations are reminiscent of other recessive gene mutations that produce an effective loss of function. The L166P mutation has the simple effect of promoting DJ-1 degradation, thereby reducing net DJ-1 protein within the cell. C1 NIA, Neurogenet Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NINDS, Cellular Neurol Unit, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cookson, MR (reprint author), NIA, Neurogenet Lab, NIH, Bldg 10,Rm 6C103,MSC 1589,9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 35 TC 163 Z9 170 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD SEP 19 PY 2003 VL 278 IS 38 BP 36588 EP 36595 DI 10.1074/jbc.M304272200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 721LR UT WOS:000185318300089 PM 12851414 ER PT J AU Hughes, MF Kenyon, EM Edwards, BC Mitchell, CT Del Razo, LM Thomas, DJ AF Hughes, MF Kenyon, EM Edwards, BC Mitchell, CT Del Razo, LM Thomas, DJ TI Accumulation and metabolism of arsenic in mice after repeated oral administration of arsenate SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; arsenate; disposition; repeated exposure; metabolism; accumulation ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; DRINKING-WATER; BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; DEPENDENT DISPOSITION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; SODIUM ARSENATE; IN-VITRO; RATS AB Exposure to the human carcinogen inorganic arsenic (iAs) occurs daily. However, the disposition of arsenic after repeated exposure is not well known. This study examined the disposition of arsenic after repeated po administration of arsenate. Whole-body radioassay of adult female B6C3F1 mice was used to estimate the terminal elimination half-life of arsenic after a single po dose of [As-73]arsenate (0.5 mg As/kg). From these data, it was estimated that steady-state levels of whole-body arsenic could be attained after nine repeated daily doses of [As-73]arsenate (0.5 mg As/kg). The mice were whole-body radioassayed immediately before and after the repeated dosing. Excreta were collected daily and analyzed for arsenic-derived radioactivity and arsenicals. Whole-body radioactivity was determined 24 h after the last repeated dose, and five mice were then euthanized and tissues analyzed for radioactivity. The remaining mice were whole-body radioassayed for 8 more days, and then their tissues were analyzed for radioactivity. Other mice were administered either a single or nine repeated po doses of non-radioactive arsenate (0.5 mg As/kg). Twenty-four hours after the last dose, the mice were euthanized, and tissues were analyzed for arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Whole-body radioactivity was rapidly eliminated from mice after repeated [As-73]arsenate exposure, primarily by urinary excretion in the form of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). Accumulation of radioactivity was highest in bladder, kidney, and skin. Loss of radioactivity was most rapid in the lung and slowest in the skin. There was an organ-specific distribution of arsenic as determined by AAS. Monornethylarsonic acid was detected in all tissues except the bladder. Bladder and lung had the highest percentage of DMA(V) after a single exposure to arsenate, and it increased with repeated exposure. In kidney, iAs was predominant. There was a higher percentage of DMA(V) in the liver than the other arsenicals after a single exposure to arsenate. The percentage of hepatic DMA(V) decreased and that of iAs increased with repeated exposure. A trimethylated metabolite was also detected in the liver. Tissue accumulation of arsenic after repeated po exposure to arsenate in the mouse corresponds to the known human target organs for iAs-induced carcinogenicity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. IPN, CINVESTAV, Toxicol Sect, Mexico City 07000, DF, Mexico. RP Hughes, MF (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Off Res & Dev, Expt Toxicol Div, MD B143-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 50 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 191 IS 3 BP 202 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00249-7 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 725EU UT WOS:000185531500002 PM 13678653 ER PT J AU Jaffe, D Landis, MS Weiss-Penzias, P Prestbo, E AF Jaffe, D Landis, MS Weiss-Penzias, P Prestbo, E TI Comment on "Mercury concentrations in coastal California precipitation: Evidence of local and trans-Pacific fluxes of mercury to North America'' by D. J. Steding and A. R. Flegal SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Editorial Material DE atmospheric chemistry; mercury; precipitation C1 Univ Washington, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Durham, NC 27711 USA. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Jaffe, D (reprint author), Univ Washington, 18115 Campus Way NE,Box 358530, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. EM djaffe@u.washington.edu; landis.matthew@epa.gov; pweiss@bothell.washington.edu; ericp@frontiergeosciences.com RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D17 AR 4553 DI 10.1029/2003JD003504 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 774ZU UT WOS:000189016900008 ER PT J AU Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Volety, AK Malaeb, Z AF Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Volety, AK Malaeb, Z TI Greater hemocyte bactericidal activity in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from a relatively contaminated site in Pensacola Bay, Florida SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oysters; Crassostrea virginica; chemical contaminant; hemocytes; immunology; internal defense; pollution; toxicity ID PERKINSUS-MARINUS DISEASE; EASTERN OYSTERS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; CELLULAR-RESPONSES; APALACHICOLA BAY; VARIABILITY; HEMOLYMPH; EXPOSURE; PATHOGEN; MUSSEL AB Bivalve mollusks such as Crassostrea virginica inhabiting polluted estuaries and coastal areas may bioaccumulate high concentrations of contaminants without apparent ill effects. However, changes in putative internal defense activities have been associated with contaminant accumulation in both experimental and long-term field exposures. In an effort to elucidate these relationships, 40 oysters were collected from Bayou Chico (BC) and East Bay (EB) in Pensacola Bay, FL, two estuaries known to differ in the type and magnitude of chemical contaminants present. Oyster tissue concentrations of metals, tri- and dibutyltin (TBT, DBT), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in individual oysters, as were hemocyte counts (HCs), hemocyte bacterial killing indices (KI), serum lysozyme (LYS) and serum protein (PRO) levels. Average HC, KI, LYS and PRO were significantly higher in BC oysters, which also had significantly higher tissue concentrations of total trace metals, butyltins (BTs), PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, and Mn, Cu, Zn and Sn. EB oysters had low organic contaminant levels and no detectable BTs, but significantly higher concentrations of Al, Cr, Fe, Ag, Cd, and Hg. Simple correlation analysis between specific defense measurements and specific chemical analytes showed specific positive relationships that corroborated previous findings in other FL estuaries. Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine relationships between defense measurements and tissue metals using linearly combined sets of variables. Results were also consistent with previous findings-the highest possible canonical correlation was positive: r = 0.864, P < 0.0019 among canonical variables composed of HC, KI and LYS for defense, and Fe, Cu, Ag, Cd, Sb, Sn, Ni, Pb and Hg for metals. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Gulf Ecol, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Gulf Ecol, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM fisher.william@epa.gov NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD SEP 10 PY 2003 VL 64 IS 4 BP 363 EP 373 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(03)00076-6 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 708TE UT WOS:000184584800001 PM 12878408 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Winstead, JT Volety, AK AF Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Winstead, JT Volety, AK TI Stimulation of defense factors for oysters deployed to contaminated sites in Pensacola Bay, Florida SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oysters; Crassostrea virginica; hemocytes; immunology; internal defense; pollution; chemical contamination; toxicity ID CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA GMELIN; PATHOGEN PERKINSUS-MARINUS; AMERICAN OYSTERS; EASTERN OYSTERS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; APALACHICOLA BAY; HEMOCYTES AB A positive association between chemical contaminants and defense factors has been established for eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Florida, but it is unknown whether such factors can be stimulated through short-term exposure to contaminants in the field. Hatchery oysters were deployed at two contaminated sites and one reference site near Pensacola, Florida, during spring and summer in 1998. Putative defense measurements, notably hemocyte count and bactericidal activity, were significantly elevated after 12-week deployment during summer at the most contaminated site. This site exhibited a dramatic increase in chemical concentrations in oyster tissue relative to both the initial concentrations in hatchery oysters and to oysters deployed at the reference site. Hemocyte activity was not stimulated after 16-week deployment of hatchery oysters in spring, despite similar increases in tissue chemical concentrations, so defense activation by short-term exposure may covary with other unmeasured environmental or physiological parameters. Using the converse approach, Pensacola Bay oysters were collected from two contaminated sites and deployed at the reference site for 16 weeks during spring. Results from this converse deployment were ambiguous; serum lysozyme concentrations were reduced for oysters transplanted from both sites, but hemocyte activities were not significantly changed. The principal outcome from this study was the demonstration of enhanced defense activities for oysters upon short-term summer deployment at a contaminated site. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Gulf Ecol, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Gulf Ecol, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD SEP 10 PY 2003 VL 64 IS 4 BP 375 EP 391 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(03)00077-8 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 708TE UT WOS:000184584800002 PM 12878409 ER PT J AU Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ AF Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ TI Improving the performance of US Environmental Protection Agency Method 300.1 for monitoring drinking water compliance SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Internatioanl Ion Chromatography Symposium CY SEP 29-OCT 02, 2002 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND DE water analysis; EPA method 300.1; disinfection by-products; bromate; inorganic anion ID POTASSIUM BROMATE; CARCINOGENICITY AB In 1998, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for bromate in drinking water at 10 mug/l, and the method for compliance monitoring of bromate in drinking water was established under Stage 1 of the Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rule (D/DBP) as EPA Method 300.1. In January 2002, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated the bromate concentration in bottled waters at 10 mug/l. EPA anticipates proposing additional methods, which have improved performance for bromate monitoring, in addition to EPA Method 300.1, in the Stage 2 DBP Rule. Until the Stage 2 Rule is promulgated, EPA Method 300.1 will continue to be the only method approved for compliance monitoring of bromate. This manuscript describes the work completed at EPA's Technical Support Center (TSC) to assess the performance of recently developed suppressor technologies toward improving the trace level performance of EPA Method 300.1, specifically for the analysis of trace levels of bromate in high ionic matrices. Three different types of Dionex suppressors were evaluated. The baseline noise, return to baseline after the water dip, detection limits, precision and accuracy, and advantages/disadvantages of each suppressor are discussed. Performance data for the three different suppressors indicates that chemical suppression of the eluent, using the AMMS III suppressor, is the most effective means to reduce baseline noise, resulting in the best resolution and the lowest bromate detection limits, even when a high ionic matrix is analyzed. Incorporation of the AMMS III suppressor improves the performance of EPA Method 300.1 at and below 5.0 mug/l and is a quick way for laboratories to improve their bromate compliance monitoring. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Shaw Environm Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wagner, HP (reprint author), Shaw Environm Inc, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD SEP 5 PY 2003 VL 1011 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00883-5 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 718QG UT WOS:000185157500010 PM 14518766 ER PT J AU Becker, TM Gonzalez, MA AF Becker, TM Gonzalez, MA TI Homogeneous air oxidations of hydrocarbons utilizing mn and CO catalysts. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM becker.thomas@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 018-INOR BP U654 EP U654 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062403131 ER PT J AU Burns, L AF Burns, L TI Comparison of the risk assessment process for pesticides and biopesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM burns.lawrence@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 071-AGRO BP U94 EP U94 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400370 ER PT J AU Cheng, ZQ Nikolaidis, NP Van Geen, A Bailey, RC Westgate, M AF Cheng, ZQ Nikolaidis, NP Van Geen, A Bailey, RC Westgate, M TI Arsenic removal by zero-valent iron: Field tests in rural Bangladesh and at the vineland chemical, NJ, superfund site. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Tech Univ Crete Polytech, Dept Environm Engn, Khania, Greece. US EPA, Reg 2, Sevenson Environm Serv, Washington, DC USA. EM czhongqi@ldeo.columbia.edu RI NIKOLAIDIS, NIKOLAOS/B-9938-2008 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 101-GEOC BP U598 EP U598 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402844 ER PT J AU Clark, RN Swayze, G Hoefen, T Livo, E Sutley, S Meeker, G Plumlee, G Brownfield, I Lamothe, PJ Gent, C Morath, L Taggart, J Theodorakos, P Adams, M Green, R Pavri, B Sarture, C Vance, S Boardman, J AF Clark, RN Swayze, G Hoefen, T Livo, E Sutley, S Meeker, G Plumlee, G Brownfield, I Lamothe, PJ Gent, C Morath, L Taggart, J Theodorakos, P Adams, M Green, R Pavri, B Sarture, C Vance, S Boardman, J TI Environmental mapping with imaging spectroscopy of the World Trade Center area after the September 11, 2001 attack. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM rclark@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 110-ENVR BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402312 ER PT J AU Etsitty, C Kough, J AF Etsitty, C Kough, J TI Overview of registering a biopesticide - A zoo(ology) analog. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM etsitty.carl@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 059-AGRO BP U92 EP U92 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400358 ER PT J AU Gogolak, C Griggs, J AF Gogolak, C Griggs, J TI Overview of the Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols (MARLAP) Manual. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Dept Homeland Secur, Environm Measurements Lab, New York, NY 10014 USA. US EPA, Natl Air & Radiat Environm Lab, Washington, DC USA. EM cvg@eml.doe.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 11-NUCL BP U73 EP U74 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062500382 ER PT J AU Gogolak, C Petullo, C Klawiter, K Lloyd, V Meck, R Peterson, H Doremus, S Caputo, D Alberth, D Powers, G Huffert, A Fragoso, L Bhat, R AF Gogolak, C Petullo, C Klawiter, K Lloyd, V Meck, R Peterson, H Doremus, S Caputo, D Alberth, D Powers, G Huffert, A Fragoso, L Bhat, R TI Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) supplements: Overview/development update. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Dept Homeland Secur, Environm Measurements Lab, New York, NY 10014 USA. US EPA, OSWER ERT, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, ORIA HQ, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, ORIA NAREL, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US Nucl Regulatory Commiss, Washington, DC 20555 USA. US Dept Energy EH, Washington, DC USA. USN, Washington, DC USA. USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. USA, Washington, DC 20310 USA. EM cvg@eml.doe.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 7-NUCL BP U73 EP U73 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062500378 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Carreira, LA AF Hilal, SH Carreira, LA TI Prediction of physicochemical processes for environmental modeling by computer. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US Environm Protect Agcy, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM Hilal.Said@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 252-ENVR BP U509 EP U509 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402453 ER PT J AU Leifer, K AF Leifer, K TI Assessment of inert (other) ingredients in pesticide products. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7505C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM leifer.kerry@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 061-AGRO BP U93 EP U93 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400360 ER PT J AU Lioy, PJ AF Lioy, PJ CA NIEHS EPA Collaborators TI Overview of the conditions lending to exposures that resulted from the collapse and fires at The World Trade Center. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, NIEHS, EPA Collaborators, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. EM plioy@eohsi.rutgers.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 106-ENVR BP U484 EP U484 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402308 ER PT J AU Mathur, S AF Mathur, S TI Product chemistry requirements for pesticide products. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7505C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM mathur.shyam@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 060-AGRO BP U92 EP U92 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400359 ER PT J AU Mayo, MJ Hon, R Brandon, WC Ford, R AF Mayo, MJ Hon, R Brandon, WC Ford, R TI Arsenic in groundwater at landfill sites in Northern Central Massachusetts. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Boston Coll, Dept Geol & Geophys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. EM mayomb@bc.edu NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 078-GEOC BP U594 EP U594 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402822 ER PT J AU Melnyk, LJ Bernard, CE Morgan, JN AF Melnyk, LJ Bernard, CE Morgan, JN TI Detection of toxicants on building surfaces following a chemical attack. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM melnyk.lisa@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 065-AGRO BP U93 EP U93 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400364 ER PT J AU Osemwengle, LI Steinberg, S AF Osemwengle, LI Steinberg, S TI Closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) of synthetic musk compounds from fish tissues with measurement by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Environm Chem Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM Osemwengie.Lantis@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 144-ENVR BP U491 EP U491 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402346 ER PT J AU Parker, KL AF Parker, KL TI Linking science and public policy: A practical perspective. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Sci Commun Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM parker.kathryn@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 046-CHED BP U232 EP U232 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401017 ER PT J AU Parker, KL AF Parker, KL TI Panel: Communicating the complexity of climate change. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Sci Commun Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM parker.kathryn@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 022-PRES BP U24 EP U24 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400021 ER PT J AU Parker, KL AF Parker, KL TI Alternative career paths: Past, present and future. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Global Program Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM parker.kathryn@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 1-PROF BP U540 EP U540 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502834 ER PT J AU Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS AF Pillai, UR Sahle-Demessie, E Varma, RS TI Ultrasound and microwave irradiation as alternate sources of energy in the preparation of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts and their activity for hydrocabon oxidation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Clean Proc Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM unni2@hotmail.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 53-PETR BP U260 EP U260 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501259 ER PT J AU Pinto, JP Grant, LD Huber, AH Vette, AF AF Pinto, JP Grant, LD Huber, AH Vette, AF TI Evaluation of potential human exposures and health impacts of airborne particulate matter (PM) and its constituents following the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pinto.joseph@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 136-ENVR BP U490 EP U490 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402338 ER PT J AU Richard, AM Williams, CR Burch, JM AF Richard, AM Williams, CR Burch, JM TI Standardization and structural annotation of public toxicity databases: Improving SAR capabilities and linkage to 'omics data. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 024-TOXI BP U319 EP U320 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401470 ER PT J AU Seila, RL Swartz, E Lonneman, WA Vallero, DA AF Seila, RL Swartz, E Lonneman, WA Vallero, DA TI Volatile organic compounds measurements in New York City in response to the events of 9/11. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Senior Environm Employment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM seila.robert@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 113-ENVR BP U485 EP U486 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402315 ER PT J AU Shevade, SS Ford, R AF Shevade, SS Ford, R TI Utility of zeolites in hazardous metal removal from water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM shevade.siddhesh@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 032-IEC BP U620 EP U620 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402944 ER PT J AU Shevade, SS AF Shevade, SS TI Utility of zeolites in arsenic removal from water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM shevade.siddhesh@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 050-GEOC BP U589 EP U590 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402794 ER PT J AU Shevade, SS Ford, R Wilson, JT Kaiser, P AF Shevade, SS Ford, R Wilson, JT Kaiser, P TI Zeolites: Effective water purifiers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM shevade.siddhesh@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 014-ENVR BP U469 EP U469 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402217 ER PT J AU Su, CM Wilkin, RT AF Su, CM Wilkin, RT TI Arsenate and arsenite sorption and arsenite oxidation by Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxycarbonate green rust. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM su.chunming@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 010-GEOC BP U582 EP U582 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402754 ER PT J AU Swartz, E Stockburger, L Hays, MD Wasson, S Linna, K Smith, ND AF Swartz, E Stockburger, L Hays, MD Wasson, S Linna, K Smith, ND TI Semi-volatile organic acids and other polar compounds collected in New York City in response to the events of 9/11. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EM dreswartz@hotmail.com; hays.michael@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 112-ENVR BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402314 ER PT J AU Swartz, E Stockburger, L Vallero, DA AF Swartz, E Stockburger, L Vallero, DA TI Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other semi-volatile organic compounds collected in New York City in response to the events of 9/11. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM dreswartz@hotmail.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 111-ENVR BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402313 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Brown, SK AF Urbansky, ET Brown, SK TI Perchlorate retention and mobility in soils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 United States Air Force, Joint Oil Anal Program, Pensacola, FL 32508 USA. United States Environm Protect Agcy, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM eurbansky@joaptsc.navy.mil NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 232-ENVR BP U506 EP U506 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402433 ER PT J AU Wang, QR Kim, D Dionysiou, DD Sorial, GA Timberlake, D AF Wang, QR Kim, D Dionysiou, DD Sorial, GA Timberlake, D TI Mercury pollution in natural waters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. EM wangqr@email.uc.edu; dionysios.d.dionysiou@uc.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 203-ENVR BP U500 EP U501 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402404 ER PT J AU Wilkin, RT AF Wilkin, RT TI Arsenic uptake processes in reducing environments: Implications for active remediation and natural attenuation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM wilkin.rick@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 034-GEOC BP U587 EP U587 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402778 ER PT J AU Seinfeld, JH Kleindienst, TE Edney, EO Cohen, JB AF Seinfeld, JH Kleindienst, TE Edney, EO Cohen, JB TI Aerosol growth in a steady-state, continuous flow chamber: Application to studies of secondary aerosol formation SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC AEROSOL; ALPHA-PINENE; OXIDATION; HYDROCARBONS; SYSTEMS; WATER; OZONE; GASOLINE; PRODUCTS; YIELDS AB An analytical solution for the steady-state aerosol size distribution achieved in a steady-state, continuous flow chamber is derived, where particle growth is occurring by gas-to-particle conversion and particle loss is occurring by deposition to the walls of the chamber. The solution is presented in the case of two condensing species. By fitting the predicted steady-state aerosol size distribution to that measured, one may infer information about the nature of the condensing species from the calculated values of the species's molecular weights. The analytical solution is applied to three sets of experiments on secondary organic aerosol formation carried out in the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency irradiated continuous flow reactor, with parent hydrocarbons: toluene, alpha-pinene, and a mixture of toluene and alpha-pinene. Fits to the observed size distributions are illustrated by assuming two condensing products for each parent hydrocarbon; this is a highly simplified picture of secondary organic aerosol formation, which is known to involve considerably more than two condensing products. While not based on a molecular-level model of the gas-to-particle conversion process, the model does allow one to evaluate the extent to which the observed size distribution agrees with that based on a simple, two-component picture of condensation, and to study the sensitivity of those size distributions to variation of the essential properties of the condensing compounds, such as molecular weight. An inherent limitation of the steady-state experiment is that it is not possible to calculate the vapor pressures of the condensing species. C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Seinfeld, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Cohen, Jason/H-5016-2013; OI Cohen, Jason/0000-0002-9889-8175 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 24 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 37 IS 9 BP 728 EP 734 DI 10.1080/02786820390214954 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 746YE UT WOS:000186775700003 ER PT J AU Brass, DM Savov, JD Gavett, SH Haykal-Coates, N Schwartz, DA AF Brass, DM Savov, JD Gavett, SH Haykal-Coates, N Schwartz, DA TI Subchronic endotoxin inhalation causes persistent airway disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE airway remodeling; neutrophilic inflammation; cytokines ID ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL REPAIR; INDUCED PULMONARY FIBROSIS; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; COTTON DUST; GENE-EXPRESSION; GRAIN DUST; EXPOSURE; MICE; NEUTROPHILS AB The endotoxin component of organic dusts causes acute reversible airflow obstruction and airway inflammation. To test the hypothesis that endotoxin alone causes airway remodeling, we have compared the response of two inbred mouse strains to subchronic endotoxin exposure. Physiological and biological parameters were evaluated after 1 day, 5 days, or 8 wk of exposure to endotoxin [ lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] in endotoxin-sensitive (C3HeB/FeJ) and endotoxin-resistant (C3H/HeJ) mice. After 5 days or 8 wk of LPS exposure, only C3HeB/FeJ had elevated airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine. Only the C3HeB/FeJ mice had significant inflammation of the lower respiratory tract after 1 day, 5 days, or 8 wk of LPS exposure. Stereological measurements of small, medium, and large airways indicated that an 8-wk exposure to LPS resulted in expansion of the submucosal area only in the C3HeB/FeJ mice. Cell proliferation as measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation contributed to the expansion of the submucosa and was only significantly elevated in C3HeB/FeJ mice actively exposed to LPS. C3HeB/FeJ mice had significantly elevated levels of interleukin-1beta protein in whole lung lavage after 1 day and 5 days of LPS exposure and significantly elevated protein levels of total and active transforming growth factor-beta1 in whole lung lavage fluid after 5 days of LPS exposure. Our findings demonstrate that subchronic inhalation of LPS results in the development of persistent airway disease in endotoxin-responsive mice. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pulm & Crit Care Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Schwartz, DA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pulm & Crit Care Med, Res Dr,Rm 277 MSRB,DUMC Box 2629, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-66604, HL-66611]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-11375, ES-07498, ES-09607] NR 33 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 285 IS 3 BP L755 EP L761 DI 10.1152/ajplung.00001.2003 PG 7 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 708KH UT WOS:000184565600029 PM 12794002 ER PT J AU Srinivasan, S O'Fallon, LR Dearry, A AF Srinivasan, S O'Fallon, LR Dearry, A TI Creating healthy communities, healthy homes, healthy people: Initiating a research agenda on the built environment and public health SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; POPULATION; COCKROACH; ASTHMA; RISK; CITY AB Mounting evidence suggests physical and mental health problems relate to the built environment, including human-modified places such as homes, schools, workplaces, parks, industrial areas, farms, roads and highways. The public health relevance of the built environment requires examination. Preliminary research demonstrates the health benefits of sustainable communities. However, the impact of mediating and moderating factors within the built environment on health must be explored further. Given the complexity of the built environment, understanding its influence on human health requires a community-based, multilevel, interdisciplinary research approach. The authors offer recommendations, based upon a recent conference sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), for research and policy approaches, and suggest interagency research alliances for greater public health impact. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Extramural Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Srinivasan, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Extramural Res, 111 TW Alexander Dr,POB 12233,MD EC-21, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 51 TC 162 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 41 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD SEP PY 2003 VL 93 IS 9 BP 1446 EP 1450 DI 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1446 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 716KL UT WOS:000185027300024 PM 12948961 ER PT J AU Gaffield, SJ Goo, RL Richards, LA Jackson, RJ AF Gaffield, SJ Goo, RL Richards, LA Jackson, RJ TI Public health effects of inadequately managed stormwater runoff SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER TURBIDITY; LAND-USE; UNITED-STATES; URBAN STORMWATER; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; WISCONSIN; MILWAUKEE; OUTBREAK; IMPACTS; MODEL AB Objectives. This study investigated the scale of the public health risk from stormwater runoff caused by urbanization. Methods. We compiled turbidity data for municipal treated drinking water as an indication of potential risk in selected US cities and compared estimated costs of waterborne disease and preventive measures. Results. Turbidity levels in other US cities were similar to those linked to illnesses in Milwaukee, Wis, and Philadelphia, Pa. The estimated annual cost of waterborne illness is comparable to the long-term capital investment needed for improved drinking water treatment and stormwater management. Conclusions. Although additional data on cost and effectiveness are needed, stormwater management to minimize runoff and associated pollution appears to make sense for protecting public health at the least cost. C1 US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Policy Econ & Innovat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gaffield, SJ (reprint author), Wisconsin Geol & Nat Hist Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Rd, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 94 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 5 U2 27 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD SEP PY 2003 VL 93 IS 9 BP 1527 EP 1533 DI 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1527 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 716KL UT WOS:000185027300038 PM 12948975 ER PT J AU Parshionikar, SU Willian-True, S Fout, GS Robbins, DE Seys, SA Cassady, JD Harris, R AF Parshionikar, SU Willian-True, S Fout, GS Robbins, DE Seys, SA Cassady, JD Harris, R TI Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a norovirus SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUS; CONTAMINATED DRINKING-WATER; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; HUMAN CALICIVIRUS; MINERAL WATERS; UNITED-STATES AB The Wyoming Department of Health investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among persons who dined at a tourist saloon in central Wyoming during October 2001. Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) were suspected as the etiological agent of the outbreak based on the incubation period, duration of illness, and symptoms observed in ill patrons. A retrospective cohort study demonstrated that ill patrons were 4.5 times more likely to have exposure to drinking water and/or ice than nonill patrons. No food items were associated with illness. An environmental investigation gave evidence that the saloon's groundwater was contaminated with sewage. Water from the saloon's only well was processed for viruses. The processed water sample and stool samples collected from three ill patrons were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for the presence of HuCV. All positive RT-PCR results were confirmed by sequence and phylogenetic analyses of cloned RT-PCR products. A genogroup I, subtype 3, HuCV stain was found to be present in the well water sample and two stool samples. In addition, a genogroup II, subtype 6, strain was detected in one stool sample. The identification of the same HuCV strain in both the well water and stool samples strongly suggests a link between exposure to well water and the outbreak of gastroenteritis. The presence of a genogroup II, subtype 6, strain in one of the stool samples suggests that multiple HuCV strains may have been involved in this outbreak. The laboratory isolation of HuCV strains from outbreak-associated drinking water is relatively novel in the United States. This investigation outlines the procedure for virus isolation and illustrates the utility of RT-PCR for the identification of HuCV in large volumes of water and stool samples obtained during outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. C1 US EPA, NERL, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Reg Water Program 8, Denver, CO USA. Wyoming Dept Hlth, Cheyenne, WY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fout, GS (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 45 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 69 IS 9 BP 5263 EP 5268 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5263-5268.2003 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 723MW UT WOS:000185437000029 PM 12957912 ER PT J AU Dooley, MA Thielman, S Gilkeson, GS Hogan, SL Treadwell, EL St Clair, EW Cooper, GS AF Dooley, MA Thielman, S Gilkeson, GS Hogan, SL Treadwell, EL St Clair, EW Cooper, GS TI Hormonal and reproductive risks for the development of nephritis in lupus. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 67th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American-College-of-Rheumatology/38th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Association-of-Rheumatology-Health-Professionals CY OCT 23-28, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC USA. E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, Greenville, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 48 IS 9 SU S MA 1499 BP S580 EP S581 PG 2 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 723LA UT WOS:000185432801541 ER PT J AU Kamen, DL Cooper, GS Dooley, MA Treadwell, EL St Clair, EW Nietert, PJ Gilkeson, GS AF Kamen, DL Cooper, GS Dooley, MA Treadwell, EL St Clair, EW Nietert, PJ Gilkeson, GS TI The use of biopsy in lupus nephritis. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 67th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American-College-of-Rheumatology/38th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Association-of-Rheumatology-Health-Professionals CY OCT 23-28, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27706 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 48 IS 9 SU S MA 1497 BP S580 EP S580 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 723LA UT WOS:000185432801539 ER PT J AU Edney, EO Kleindienst, TE Conver, TS McIver, CD Corse, EW Weathers, WS AF Edney, EO Kleindienst, TE Conver, TS McIver, CD Corse, EW Weathers, WS TI Polar organic oxygenates in PM2.5 at a southeastern site in the United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE polar organic compounds; PM2.5; secondary organic aerosol; substituted dicarboxylic acids ID DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; AEROSOL FORMATION; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PARTICULATE PRODUCTS; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL; SECONDARY AEROSOL; LIQUID WATER; GAS-PHASE; OXIDATION; IDENTIFICATION AB A field study was undertaken in Research Triangle Park, NC, USA during the summer of 2000 to identify classes of polar oxygenates in PM2.5 containing carbonyl and/or hydroxyl functional groups and, to the extent possible, determine the individual particle-bound oxygenates that make up each class. The selected site Was in a semi-rural environment with expected impacts from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. PM2.5 samples were collected and analyzed for gravimetric mass, inorganic composition by ion chromatography, polar oxygenated compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy after derivatization of the solvent extracts, organic and elemental carbon (EC) by a thermal-optical method, and chemical functional groups by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The chemical analyses also included determining the polarity of the PM2.5 by measuring the organic carbon (OC) concentrations in a series of extraction solvents of increasing polarity. The ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged between 9 and 30 mug m(-3), with an average mass composition of 28% sulfate, 6% nitrate, 12% ammonium, 39% OC compound, 2% EC, and 12% liquid water at a relative humidity of 43%. OC analyses of the organic extracts indicated approximately 89% of the extractable OC was more polar in nature than that extracted by n-hexane. IR analysis of the PM2.5 was consistent with the presence of significant levels of polar carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups. The polar nature of the organic fraction was further supported by the observation that the inorganic fraction accounted for only about 80% of measured liquid water concentrations in the PM2.5. The mass spectra data were consistent with the presence of the following classes of oxygenates: oxo monocarboxylic acids, trihydroxy monocarboxylic acids, dihydroxy dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy dicarboxylic acids, normal dicarboxylic acids, oxo dicarboxylic Acids, methoxy dicarboxylic acids,, tricarboxylic acids,. triols, and photooxidation products of alpha-pinene and toluene. In particular, five secondary organic aerosol compounds observed in a smog chamber irradiation of an alpha-pinene/NOx/air mixture were detected in ambient PM2.5. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Atmospher Chem Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kleindienst, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM leindienst.tad@epamail.epa.gov NR 40 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 37 IS 28 BP 3947 EP 3965 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00461-8 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 711CN UT WOS:000184721600006 ER PT J AU Tarka-Leeds, DK Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Rogers, JM Hardy, MP Klinefelter, GR AF Tarka-Leeds, DK Suarez, JD Roberts, NL Rogers, JM Hardy, MP Klinefelter, GR TI Gestational exposure to ethane dimethanesulfonate permanently alters reproductive competence in the CD-1 mouse SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE Leydig cells; testis; testosterone; toxicology ID RAT LEYDIG-CELLS; IMMATURE RAT; ADULT-RATS; ETHYLENE DIMETHANESULFONATE; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; TESTOSTERONE SYNTHESIS; HORMONAL CHANGES; SERTOLI CELLS; IN-VITRO AB Although the adult mouse Leydig cell (LC) has been considered refractory to cytotoxic destruction by ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS), the potential consequences of exposure during reproductive development in this species are unknown. Herein pregnant CD-1 mice were treated with 160 mg/kg on Gestation Days 11-17, and reproductive development in male offspring was evaluated. Prenatal administration of EDS compromised fetal testosterone (T) levels, compared with controls. EDS-exposed pups recovered their steroidogenic capacities after birth because T production by hCG-stimulated testis parenchyma from prepubertal male offspring was unchanged. However, prepubertal testes from prenatally exposed males contained seminiferous tubules (STs) devoid of germ cells, indicating a delay in spermatogenesis. in adults, some STs in exposed males still contained incomplete germ cell associations corroborating observed reductions in epididymal sperm reserves, fertility ratios, and litter size. Morphometry revealed an EDS-induced increase in interstitial area and a concomitant decrease in ST area, but stereology revealed an unexpected decrease in the number and size of the LCs per testis in exposed males. Paradoxically, there was an increase in both serum LH and T production by adult testis parenchyma, indicating that the LCs were hyperstimulated. These data demonstrate permanent lesions in LC development and spermatogenesis caused by prenatal exposure in mice. Thus, although adult mouse LCs are insensitive to EDS, EDS appears to have direct action on fetal LCs, resulting in abnormal testis development. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Populat Council, New York, NY 10021 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Klinefelter, GR (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5T32ES07126] NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 69 IS 3 BP 959 EP 967 DI 10.1095/biolreprod.103.017343 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 715TV UT WOS:000184989100026 PM 12748126 ER PT J AU Rocke, DM Durbin, B Wilson, M Kahn, HD AF Rocke, DM Durbin, B Wilson, M Kahn, HD TI Modeling uncertainty in the measurement of low-level analytes in environmental analysis SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Workshop on Methodologies for Assessing Exposures to Metals CY SEP 30-OCT 05, 2002 CL SCHMALLENBERG, GERMANY SP Sci Grp Methodol Safety Evaluat Chem, Int Programme Chem Safety, World Hlth Org, United Natl Environ Programme, Int Labour Org, Sci Comm Problem Environm, Int Council Sci Unions ID MEASUREMENT ERROR; CALIBRATION; LIMITS AB The use of analytical chemistry measurements in environmental monitoring is dependent on an assessment of measurement error. Models for variation in measurements are needed to quantify uncertainty in measurements, set limits of detection, and preprocess data for more sophisticated analysis in prediction, classification, and clustering. This article explains how a two-component error model can be used to accomplish all of these objectives. In addition, we present applications to quantitating biomarkers of exposure to toxic substances using gene expression microarrays. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Div Biostat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rocke, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Rocke, David/I-7044-2013 OI Rocke, David/0000-0002-3958-7318 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES 04699] NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 56 IS 1 BP 78 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00052-6 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 715NR UT WOS:000184979100009 PM 12915142 ER PT J AU Palmer, CJ Xiao, LH Terashima, A Guerra, H Gotuzzo, E Saldias, G Bonilla, JA Zhou, L Lindquist, A Upton, SJ AF Palmer, CJ Xiao, LH Terashima, A Guerra, H Gotuzzo, E Saldias, G Bonilla, JA Zhou, L Lindquist, A Upton, SJ TI Cryptosporidium muris, a rodent pathogen, recovered from a human in Peru SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; INFECTION; OOCYSTS; HEALTH AB Cryptosporidium muris, predominantly a rodent species of Cryptosporidium, is not normally considered a human pathogen. Recently, isolated human infections have been reported from Indonesia, Thailand, France, and Kenya. We report the first case of C. muris in a human in the Western Hemisphere. This species may be an emerging zoonotic pathogen capable of infecting humans. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Palmer, CJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Pathobiol, POB 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 15 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD SEP PY 2003 VL 9 IS 9 BP 1174 EP 1176 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 717QM UT WOS:000185100900025 PM 14519260 ER PT J AU Sui, L Gilbert, ME AF Sui, L Gilbert, ME TI Pre- and postnatal propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity in area CA1 of the neonatal rat hippocampus SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; PAIRED-PULSE FACILITATION; THYROID-HORMONE; THYROTROPIN SECRETION; BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; DENTATE GYRUS; ADULT-RATS; MECHANISMS; DEPRESSION; SYNAPSES AB Thyroid hormones are essential for neonatal brain development. It is well established that insufficiency of thyroid hormone during critical periods of development can impair cognitive functions. The mechanisms that underlie learning deficits in hypothyroid animals, however, are not well understood. As impairments in synaptic function are likely to contribute to cognitive deficits, the current study tested whether thyroid hormone insufficiency during development would alter quantitative characteristics of synaptic function in the hippocampus. Developing rats were exposed in utero and postnatally to 0, 3, or 10 ppm propylthiouracil (PTU), a thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor, administered in the drinking water of dams from gestation d 6 until postnatal day (PN) 30. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spikes were recorded from the stratum radiatum and the pyramidal cell layer, respectively, in area CA1 of hippocampal slices from offspring between PN21 and PN30. Baseline synaptic transmission was evaluated by comparing input-output relationships between groups. Paired-pulse facilitation, paired-pulse depression, long-term potentiation, and long-term depression were recorded to examine short- and long-term synaptic plasticity. PTU reduced thyroid hormones, reduced body weight gain, and delayed eye-opening in a dose-dependent manner. Excitatory synaptic transmission was increased by developmental exposure to PTU. Thyroid hormone insufficiency was also dose-dependently associated with a reduction paired-pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation of the excitatory postsynaptic potential and elimination of paired-pulse depression of the population spike. The results indicate that thyroid hormone insufficiency compromises the functional integrity of synaptic communication in area CA1 of developing rat hippocampus and suggest that these changes may contribute to learning deficits associated with developmental hypothyroidism. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD B105 05, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gilbert.mary@epamail.epa.gov NR 53 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 2055 L ST NW, SUITE 600, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 144 IS 9 BP 4195 EP 4203 DI 10.1210/en.2003-0395 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 713XN UT WOS:000184883400057 PM 12933695 ER PT J AU Worrell, E Laitner, JA Ruth, M Finman, H AF Worrell, E Laitner, JA Ruth, M Finman, H TI Productivity benefits of industrial energy efficiency measures SO ENERGY LA English DT Article AB We review the relationship between energy efficiency improvement measures and productivity in industry. We review over 70 industrial case studies from widely available published databases, followed by an analysis of the representation of productivity benefits in energy modeling. We propose a method to include productivity benefits in the economic assessment of the potential for energy efficiency improvement. The case-study review suggests that energy efficiency investments can provide a significant boost to overall productivity within industry. If this relationship holds, the description of energy-efficient technologies as opportunities for larger productivity improvements has significant implications for conventional economic assessments. The paper explores the implications this change in perspective on the evaluation of energy-efficient technologies for a study of the iron and steel industry in the US. This examination shows that including productivity benefits explicitly in the modeling parameters would double the cost-effective potential for energy efficiency improvement, compared to an analysis excluding those benefits. We provide suggestions for future research in this important area. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Energy Anal Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Worrell, E (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Energy Anal Dept, MS 90R4000,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM eworrell@lbl.gov RI Worrell, Ernst/L-5455-2013 OI Worrell, Ernst/0000-0002-0199-9755 NR 26 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 6 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-5442 J9 ENERGY JI Energy PD SEP PY 2003 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1081 EP 1098 DI 10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00091-4 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels GA 697YP UT WOS:000183971100005 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS Staskal, DF Diliberto, JJ AF Birnbaum, LS Staskal, DF Diliberto, JJ TI Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs) SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE health effect; PBDD; PBDF ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; GUINEA-PIGS; DISPOSITION; RAT; 2,3,7,8-TETRABROMODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; EXCRETION; EXPOSURE; MICE; TBDD AB This article reviews the state of the science regarding the health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). While thousands of articles have been published on the health effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), little is know about the brominated and mixed chloro/bromo homologs. Available literature suggests that brominated compounds have similar toxicity profiles to their chlorinated homologs. However, further research investigating health effects will only be useful if exposure scenarios truly exist. Current exposure data is extremely limited, posing a major data gap in assessing potential risk of these chemicals. The rapid increase in the use of brominated flame retardants has raised the level of environmental concern regarding PBDDs/PBDFs as it is likely that human, as well as wildlife, exposure to brominated dioxins and furans will increase with their use. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Natl Hlth & Enviornm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Natl Hlth & Enviornm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD B 143-01,109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 31 TC 122 Z9 132 U1 3 U2 31 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 29 IS 6 BP 855 EP 860 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00106-5 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 704HP UT WOS:000184334300017 PM 12850101 ER PT J AU Nees, D Green, VE Treadway, K Lafferty, J Vanyo, M Date, P Sprinkle, RH AF Nees, D Green, VE Treadway, K Lafferty, J Vanyo, M Date, P Sprinkle, RH TI Activism, objectivismg and environmental politics SO ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS LA English DT Article ID SPHAGNUM PEAT; BACTERIA; SOILS; PH AB Environmental activism, like all great activisms, is fundamentally normative, its principal beliefs contestable, its most powerful arguments rebuttable on the grounds that they are subjective. Environmental activists, as political tacticians with complex goals, have become skilled at presenting objectified versions of their own motivations when trying to broaden support for specific policies or take advantage of regulatory or legal opportunities. While instrumentally tempting and often expedient, this practice of objectifying moral arguments is in some respects disingenuous, and its successes as well as its failures bring with them characteristic risks, short-term and long-term. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Publ Affairs, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Friends Potomac, Silver Spring, MD USA. US EPA, Off Planning Anal & Accountabil, Washington, DC USA. RP Nees, D (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Publ Affairs, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY INC PI DENTON PA UNIV NORTH TEXAS, DEPT PHILOSOPHY, PO BOX 13496, DENTON, TX 76203-3496 USA SN 0163-4275 J9 ENVIRON ETHICS JI Environ. Ethics PD FAL PY 2003 VL 25 IS 3 BP 295 EP 312 PG 18 WC Ethics; Environmental Studies SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 732HU UT WOS:000185935400006 ER PT J AU Minvielle, F Marticorena, B Gillette, DA Lawson, RE Thompson, R Bergametti, G AF Minvielle, F Marticorena, B Gillette, DA Lawson, RE Thompson, R Bergametti, G TI Relationship between the aerodynamic roughness length and the roughness density in cases of low roughness density SO ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DUST CYCLE; SALTATION THRESHOLD; EROSION THRESHOLD; FRICTION VELOCITY; WIND EROSION; TUNNEL; AREAS AB This paper presents measurements of roughness length performed in a wind tunnel for low roughness density. The experiments were performed with both compact and porous obstacles (clusters), in order to simulate the behavior of sparsely vegetated surfaces. The experimental results have been used to investigate the relationship between the ratio z(0)/h and the roughness density, and the influence of an obstacle's porosity on this relationship. The experiments performed for four configurations of compact obstacles provide measurements of roughness length z(0) for roughness densities lambda between 10(-3) and 10(-2) which are in good agreement with the only data set available until now for this range of low roughness densities. The results obtained with artificial porous obstacles suggests that the aerodynamic behavior of such roughness elements can be represented by the relationship established for compact obstacles, provided a porosity index has been used to determine the efficient roughness density (the fraction of the silhouette area actually sheltered by solid elements) rather than counting the porous object as solid. However, the experiments have been performed with relatively low porosity indices (maximum = 25%) for which the porosity has a negligible influence. In this range of porosity index, representing the aerodynamic behavior of porous obstacles using the relationship established for compact obstacles, should not lead to a significant error. However, the influence of the porosity may be important for porosity indices larger than 30%. C1 Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, Creteil, France. NOAA, Air Surface Proc Modeling Branch, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-7419 J9 ENVIRON FLUID MECH JI Environ. Fluid Mech. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 3 IS 3 BP 249 EP 267 DI 10.1023/A:1022830119554 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 681WZ UT WOS:000183059700005 ER PT J AU Gavett, SH Haykal-Coates, N Copeland, LB Heinrich, J Gilmour, MI AF Gavett, SH Haykal-Coates, N Copeland, LB Heinrich, J Gilmour, MI TI Metal composition of ambient PM2.5 influences severity of allergic airways disease in mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; airway hyperresponsiveness; allergic sensitization; asthma; epidemiology; inflammation; metals ID OIL FLY-ASH; HOUSE-DUST MITE; AIR-POLLUTION; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; PULMONARY TOXICITY; INTERFERON-GAMMA; UTAH VALLEY; LUNG INJURY; SENSITIZATION; ASTHMA AB Children living in Hettstedt in eastern Germany have been reported to have a higher prevalence of sensitization to common aeroallergens than another cohort living in the neighboring city of Zerbst; these differences correlated with the presence of industrial air pollution. Samples of fine particulate matter (< 2.5 mum aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5) collected in Hettstedt in 1999 had several-fold higher levels of zinc, magnesium, lead, copper, and cadmium than samples from Zerbst. To determine if the results from epidemiologic studies could be repeated in an animal model, we administered PM2.5 from Hettstedt and Zerbst to ovalbumin-allergic mice. In Balb/c mice, PM2.5 from Hettstedt, but not PM2.5 from Zerbst or control filter extract, caused a significant increase in immediate responses to ovalbumin challenge when aspirated 2 hr before challenge, but not when aspirated immediately before sensitization 2 weeks earlier. Antigen-specific IgE was increased by Flettstedt PM2.5 whether administered before sensitization or challenge. Airway responsiveness to methacholine aerosol and lung inflammatory cell numbers were significantly increased only, in allergic mice exposed to Hettstedt PM2.5 before challenge. Both Hettstedt and Zerbst PM2.5 significantly increased lung injury parameters and proinflammatory cytokines. These results are consistent with epidemiologic findings and show that metal composition of ambient PM, 5 influences the severity of allergic respiratory disease. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. GSF, Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Epidemiol, Neuherberg, Germany. RP Gavett, SH (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Toxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, B143-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 6 U2 37 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 111 IS 12 BP 1471 EP 1477 DI 10.1289/ehp.6300 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 733HZ UT WOS:000185995500027 PM 12948886 ER PT J AU Kanno, J Onyon, L Peddada, S Ashby, J Jacob, E Owens, W AF Kanno, J Onyon, L Peddada, S Ashby, J Jacob, E Owens, W TI The OECD program to validate the rat uterotrophic bioassay. Phase 2: Dose-response studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruption; estrogen; rat uterus; uterotrophic ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; BISPHENOL-A; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; GENISTEIN; PHYTOESTROGENS; 4-NONYLPHENOL; 2-GENERATION; METHOXYCHLOR AB The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has completed phase 2 of an international validation program for the rodent uterotrophic bioassay. The purpose of the validation program was to demonstrate the performance of two versions of the uterotrophic bioassay, the immature female rat and the adult ovariectomized rat, in four standardized protocols. This article reports the dose-response studies of the validation program; the coded single-dose studies are reported in an accompanying paper. The dose-response study design used five selected weak estrogen agonists, bisphenol A, genistein, methoxychlor, nonylphenol, and o,p'-DDT. These weak agonists were administered in a prescribed series of doses to measure the performance and reproducibility of the protocols among the participating laboratories. All protocols successfully detected increases in uterine weights when the weak agonists were administered. Within each protocol, there was good agreement and reproducibility of the dose response among laboratories with each substance. Substance-specific variations were observed in the influence of the route of administration on the uterine response, the potency as related to the dose producing the first statistically significant increase in uterine weights, and the maximum increase in uterine weight. Substantive performance differences were not observed between the uterotrophic bioassay versions or among the standardized protocols, and these were judged to be qualitatively equivalent. It is noteworthy that these results were reproducible under a variety of different experimental conditions (e.g., animal strain, diet, housing, bedding, vehicle, animal age), indicating that the bioassay's performance as a screen is robust. In conclusion, both the intact, immature, and adult OVX versions, and all protocols appear to be reproducible and transferable across laboratories and are able to detect weak estrogen agonists. C1 Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Tokyo 158, Japan. Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, Environm Hlth & Safety Div, Paris, France. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Syngenta Cent Toxicol Lab, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. BASF AG, Aktiengesell, D-6700 Ludwigshafen, Germany. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Owens, W (reprint author), OECD, Environm Hlth & Safety Div, OECD Programme, 2 Rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris 16, France. RI Peddada, Shyamal/D-1278-2012 NR 24 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 111 IS 12 BP 1530 EP 1549 DI 10.1289/ehp.5780 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 733HZ UT WOS:000185995500036 PM 12948896 ER PT J AU Weiss-Penzias, P Jaffe, DA McClintick, A Prestbo, EM Landis, MS AF Weiss-Penzias, P Jaffe, DA McClintick, A Prestbo, EM Landis, MS TI Gaseous elemental mercury in the marine boundary layer: Evidence for rapid removal in anthropogenic pollution SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; AMBIENT AIR; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; POLAR SUNRISE; NORTH-AMERICA; WEST-COAST; EMISSION; TROPOSPHERE; DEPOSITION AB In this study, gas-phase elemental mercury (Hg-0) and related species (including inorganic reactive gaseous mercury(RGM) and particulate mercury (PHg)) were measured at Cheeka Peak Observatory (CPO), Washington State, in the marine boundary layer during 2001 -2002. Air of continental origin containing anthropogenic pollutants from the urban areas to the east contained on average 5.3% lower Hg-0 levels as compared to the marine background. This result is difficult to reconcile since it is known that industrial emissions in our region are sources of Hg-0. The rate of removal of Hg-0 from a pollution plume necessary to account for our observations is inconsistent with the accepted view of Hg-0 as a stable atmospheric pollutant. The largest and most frequent Hg-0 loss events occurred in the presence of increased ozone (O-3) during the summer. Hg-0 and O-3 also display diurnal cycles that are out-of-phase with one another. In other seasons Hg-0 behavior is less consistent, as we observe weak positive correlations with 03 and occasional Hg-0 enhancements in local pollution. RGM and PHg concentrations are enhanced only slightly during Hg-0 loss events, comprising a small fraction of the mercury pool (similar to3%). Long-range transported pollution of Asian origin was also detected at CPO, and this contains both higher and lower levels of Hg-0 as compared to the background with maximum changes being <20%. Here, the more photochemically processed the air mass, as determined by propane/ethane ratios, the more likely we are to observe Hg-0 loss. Air from the marine background in summer displays a significant diurnal cycle with a phase that matches the diurnal cycles seen in polluted air masses. A Junge lifetime for Hg-0 in the clean marine boundary layer is calculated to be 7.1 months, which is on the low end of previous estimates (0.5-2 yr). C1 Univ Washington, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. Frontier Geosci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Weiss-Penzias, P (reprint author), Univ Washington, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. RI Landis, Matthew/P-5149-2014 OI Landis, Matthew/0000-0002-8742-496X NR 54 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 17 BP 3755 EP 3763 DI 10.1021/es0341081 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 716YL UT WOS:000185057500023 PM 12967093 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Rav-Acha, C Groisman, L Popilevsky, I Juraev, O Glezer, V McKague, AB Plewa, MJ Wagner, ED AF Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Rav-Acha, C Groisman, L Popilevsky, I Juraev, O Glezer, V McKague, AB Plewa, MJ Wagner, ED TI Tribromopyrrole, brominated acids, and other disinfection byproducts produced by disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLORINE DIOXIDE; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; IDENTIFICATION; THM; TRIHALOMETHANES; CYTOTOXICITY; OXIDATION; OXIDANT; ASSAYS; OZONE AB Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), we investigated the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from high bromide waters (2 mg/L) treated with chlorine or chlorine dioxide used in combination with chlorine and chloramines. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of DBPs formed by chlorine dioxide under high bromide conditions. Drinking water from full-scale treatment plants in Israel was studied, along with source water (Sea of Galilee) treated under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Select DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, aldehydes, chlorite, chlorate, and bromate) were quantified. Many of the DBPs identified have not been previously reported, and several of the identifications were confirmed through the analysis of authentic standards. Elevated bromide levels in the source water caused a significant shift in speciation to bromine-containing DBPs; bromoform and dibromoacetic acid were the dominant DBPs observed, with very few chlorine-containing compounds found. Iodo-trihalomethanes were also identified, as well as a number of new brominated carboxylic acids and 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole, which represents the first time a halogenated pyrrole has been reported as a DBP. Most of the bromine-containing DBPs were formed during pre-chlorination at the initial reservoir, and were not formed by chlorine dioxide itself. An exception was the iodo-THMs, which appeared to be formed by a combination of chlorine dioxide with chloramines or chlorine (either added deliberately or as an impurity in the chlorine dioxide). A separate laboratory study was also conducted to quantitatively determine the contribution of fulvic acids and humic acids (from isolated natural organic matter in the Sea of Galilee) as precursor material to several of the DBPs identified. Results showed that fulvic acid plays a greater role in the formation of THMs, haloacetic acids, and aldehydes, but 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was produced primarily from humic acid. Because this was the first time a halopyrrole has been identified as a DBP, 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was tested for mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. In comparison to other DBPs, 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was 8x, 4.5x, and 16x more cytotoxic than dibromoacetic acid, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-[5H]-furanone [MX], and potassium bromate, respectively. 2,3,5-Tribromopyrrole also induced acute genomic damage, with a genotoxic potency (299 muM) similar to that of MX. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Israel Minist Hlth, Res Lab Water Qual, IL-61082 Tel Aviv, Israel. CanSyn Chem Corp, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada. Univ Illinois, Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 51 TC 139 Z9 148 U1 8 U2 126 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 17 BP 3782 EP 3793 DI 10.1021/es030339w PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 716YL UT WOS:000185057500026 PM 12967096 ER PT J AU Cook, PM Robbins, JA Endicott, DD Lodge, KB Guiney, PD Walker, MK Zabel, EW Peterson, RE AF Cook, PM Robbins, JA Endicott, DD Lodge, KB Guiney, PD Walker, MK Zabel, EW Peterson, RE TI Effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated early life stage toxicity on lake trout populations in Lake Ontario during the 20th century SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; EQUIVALENCY FACTORS TEFS; GREAT-LAKES; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; SAC FRY; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DIETARY EXPOSURE; NIAGARA RIVER AB Lake trout embryos and sac fry are very sensitive to toxicity associated with maternal exposures to 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and structurally related chemicals that act through a common aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated mechanism of action. The loading of large amounts of these chemicals into Lake Ontario during the middle of the 20th century coincided with a population decline that culminated in extirpation of this species around 1960. Prediction of past TCDD toxicity equivalence concentrations in lake trout eggs (TEC(egg)s) relative to recent conditions required fine resolution of radionuclide-dated contaminant profiles in two sediment cores; reference core specific biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for TCDD-like chemicals in lake trout eggs; adjustment of the BSAFs for the effect of temporal changes in the chemical distributions between water and sediments; and toxicity equivalence factors based on trout early life stage mortality. When compared to the dose-response relationship for overt early life stage toxicity of TCDD to lake trout, the resulting TEC(egg)s predict an extended period during which lake trout sac fry survival was negligible. By 1940, following more than a decade of population decline attributable to reduced fry stocking and loss of adult lake trout to commercial fishing, the predicted sac fry mortality due to AHR-mediated toxicity alone explains the subsequent loss of the species. Reduced fry survival, associated with lethal and sublethal adverse effects and possibly complicated by other environmental factors, occurred after 1980 and contributed to a lack of reproductive success of stocked trout despite gradually declining TEC(egg)s. Present exposures are close to the most probable no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL TEC(egg) = 5 pg TCDD toxicity equivalence/g egg). The toxicity predictions are very consistent with the available historical data for lake trout population levels in Lake Ontario, stocking programs, and evidence for recent improvement in natural reproduction concomitant with declining levels of persistent bioaccumulative chemicals in sediments and biota. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Univ Wisconsin, NIEHS, Marine & Freshwater Biomed Sci Ctr, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Environm Toxicol Ctr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Cook, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM cook.philip@epa.gov NR 98 TC 77 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 17 BP 3864 EP 3877 DI 10.1021/es034045m PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 716YL UT WOS:000185057500037 PM 12967107 ER PT J AU Fraser, MP Buzcu, B Yue, ZW McGaughey, GR Desai, NR Allen, DT Seila, RL Lonneman, WA Harley, RA AF Fraser, MP Buzcu, B Yue, ZW McGaughey, GR Desai, NR Allen, DT Seila, RL Lonneman, WA Harley, RA TI Separation of fine particulate matter emitted from gasoline and diesel vehicles using chemical mass balancing techniques SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AIR-POLLUTION; MOTOR-VEHICLES; UNITED-STATES; LUNG-CANCER; EMISSIONS; PM2.5; PARTICLES; EXHAUST AB Samples of fine particulate matter were collected in a roadway tunnel near Houston, TX over a period of 4 days during two separate sampling periods: one sampling period from 1200 to 1400 local time and another sampling period from 1600 to 1800 local time. During the two sampling periods, the tunnel traffic contained roughly equivalent numbers of heavy-duty diesel trucks. However, during the late afternoon sampling period, the tunnel contained twice as many light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles. The effect of this shift in the vehicle fleet affects the overall emission index (grams pollutant emitted per kilogram carbon in fuel)for fine particles and fine particulate elemental carbon. Additionally, this shift in the fraction of diesel vehicles in the tunnel is used to determine if the chemical mass balancing techniques used to track emissions from gasoline-powered and diesel-powered emissions accurately separates these two emission categories. The results show that the chemical mass balancing calculations apportion roughly equal amounts of the particulate matter measured to diesel vehicles between the two periods and attribute almost twice as much particulate matter in the late afternoon sampling period to gasoline vehicles. Both of these results are consistent with the traffic volume of gasoline and diesel vehicles in the tunnel in the two separate periods and validate the ability for chemical mass balancing techniques to separate these two primary sources of fine particles. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Energy & Environm Resources, Austin, TX 78758 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Fraser, MP (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RI fraser, matthew/G-6355-2012; Harley, Robert/C-9177-2016 OI fraser, matthew/0000-0002-6239-9104; Harley, Robert/0000-0002-0559-1917 NR 31 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 17 BP 3904 EP 3909 DI 10.1021/es034167e PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 716YL UT WOS:000185057500042 PM 12967112 ER PT J AU Stevens, DL Osen, AR AF Stevens, DL Osen, AR TI Variance estimation for spatially balanced samples of environmental resources SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE spatial sampling; Horvitz-Thompson; environmental monitoring ID DESIGNS AB The spatial distribution of a natural resource is an important consideration in designing an efficient survey or monitoring program for the resource. We review a unified strategy for designing probability samples of discrete, finite resource populations, such as lakes within some geographical region; linear populations, such as a stream network in a drainage basin, and continuous, two-dimensional populations, such as forests. The strategy can be viewed as a generalization of spatial stratification. In this article, we develop a local neighborhood variance estimator based on that perspective, and examine its behavior via simulation. The simulations indicate that the local neighborhood estimator is unbiased and stable. The Horvitz-Thompson variance estimator based on assuming independent random sampling (IRS) may be two times the magnitude of the local neighborhood estimate. An example using data from a generalized random-tessellation stratified design on the Oahe Reservoir resulted in local variance estimates being 22 to 58 percent smaller than Horvitz-Thompson IRS variance estimates. Variables with stronger spatial patterns had greater reductions in variance, as expected. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Stevens, DL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, 44 Kidder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 33 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 4 U2 23 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 6 BP 593 EP 610 DI 10.1002/env.606 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 718AP UT WOS:000185123200004 ER PT J AU Hopenhayn, C Ferreccio, C Browning, SR Huang, B Peralta, C Gibb, H Hertz-Picciotto, I AF Hopenhayn, C Ferreccio, C Browning, SR Huang, B Peralta, C Gibb, H Hertz-Picciotto, I TI Arsenic exposure from drinking water and birth weight SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; drinking water; reproductive effects; environmental exposure; birth weight ID ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS; DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS; NORTHERN SWEDEN; SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; PREGNANCY OUTCOMES; DIABETES-MELLITUS; CANCER-MORTALITY; VASCULAR-DISEASE; LIPID PEROXIDES; YOUNG-CHILDREN AB Background: Arsenic exposures front drinking water increase the risk of various cancers and noncancer health endpoints. Limited evidence suggests that arsenic may have adverse human reproductive effects. We investigated the association between drinking water arsenic exposure and fetal growth, as manifest in birth weight. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in two Chilean cities with contrasting drinking water arsenic levels: Antofagasta (40 mug/L) and Valparaiso (<1 μg/L). Study subjects completed in-depth interviews and provided urine samples for exposure analysis. We obtained pregnancy and birth information from medical records. The birth weight analysis was restricted to liveborn, singleton infants born between December 1998 and February 2000. Results: The final study group consisted of 424 infants from Antofagasta and 420 from Valparaiso. After controlling for confounders, results of the multivariable analysis indicated that Antofagasta infants had lower mean birth weight (-57 g; 95% confidence interval = -123 to 9). Conclusion: This study suggests that moderate arsenic exposures from drinking water (<50 mug/L) during pregnancy are associated with reduction in birth weight, similar in magnitude to that resulting from other environmental exposures such as environmental tobacco smoke and benzene. C1 Univ Kentucky, Sch Publ Hlth, Lexington, KY 40504 USA. Univ Kentucky, Lucille P Markey Canc Ctr, Lexington, KY 40504 USA. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Med, Dept Salud Publ, Santiago, Chile. Univ Kentucky, Coll Nursing, Lexington, KY USA. Univ Kentucky, Kentucky Canc Registry, Lexington, KY USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hopenhayn, C (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Sch Publ Hlth, 2365 Harrodsburg Rd,Suite B150, Lexington, KY 40504 USA. NR 45 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 2 U2 18 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 BP 593 EP 602 DI 10.1097/01.ede.0000072104.65240.69 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 718EV UT WOS:000185132900014 PM 14501275 ER PT J AU Benes, I Skorkovsky, J Novak, J Pinto, J AF Benes, I Skorkovsky, J Novak, J Pinto, J TI Air pollution measured in prague and teplice (Czech republic) during the last three years: Comparison of PM2.5, PM10 and PAH data SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 15th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environment-Epidemiology CY SEP 23-26, 2003 CL PERTH, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Environm Epidemiol, CommonWealth Dept Hlth & Aged Care, US EPA C1 Publ Hlth Inst Usti Nad Labem, Usti Nad Labem, Czech Republic. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 SU 1 BP S105 EP S105 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 724LG UT WOS:000185488600253 ER PT J AU Benes, I Skorkovsky, J Pinto, J AF Benes, I Skorkovsky, J Pinto, J TI Comparison of indoor and outdoor pollution with relation to different indoor activities SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 15th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environment-Epidemiology CY SEP 23-26, 2003 CL PERTH, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Environm Epidemiol, CommonWealth Dept Hlth & Aged Care, US EPA C1 Publ Hlth Inst Usti Nad Labem, Reg Site Teplice, Usti Nad Labem, Czech Republic. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 SU 1 BP S105 EP S105 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 724LG UT WOS:000185488600254 ER PT J AU Buck, G Weiner, J Greizerstein, H Whitcomb, B Scisterman, E Kostyniak, P Lobdell, D Crickard, K Sperrazza, R AF Buck, G Weiner, J Greizerstein, H Whitcomb, B Scisterman, E Kostyniak, P Lobdell, D Crickard, K Sperrazza, R TI Environmental PCB and pesticide exposure and risk of endometriosis SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 15th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environment-Epidemiology CY SEP 23-26, 2003 CL PERTH, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Environm Epidemiol, CommonWealth Dept Hlth & Aged Care, US EPA C1 NICHHD, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD USA. SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 SU 1 BP S43 EP S43 DI 10.1097/00001648-200309001-00086 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 724LG UT WOS:000185488600087 ER PT J AU Neas, L Svendsen, E Ross, M Gonzales, M Walsh, DF Rhoney, S Terrill, S AF Neas, L Svendsen, E Ross, M Gonzales, M Walsh, DF Rhoney, S Terrill, S TI Adverse impact of home dampness and length of residence on atopy and lung function among children in El Paso, Texas, USA SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 15th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environment-Epidemiology CY SEP 23-26, 2003 CL PERTH, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Environm Epidemiol, CommonWealth Dept Hlth & Aged Care, US EPA C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 SU 1 BP S109 EP S109 DI 10.1097/00001648-200309001-00265 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 724LG UT WOS:000185488600266 ER PT J AU Spengler, R Zenick, H AF Spengler, R Zenick, H TI Evaluation of the public health impact of risk management actions: Role of environmental epidemiology SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 15th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environment-Epidemiology CY SEP 23-26, 2003 CL PERTH, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Environm Epidemiol, CommonWealth Dept Hlth & Aged Care, US EPA C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 SU 1 BP S58 EP S59 DI 10.1097/00001648-200309001-00128 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 724LG UT WOS:000185488600129 ER PT J AU Fritz, KM Feminalla, JW AF Fritz, KM Feminalla, JW TI Substratum stability associated with the riverine macrophyte Justicia americana SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE critical force; disturbance; Justicia americana; macrophyte; substratum stability ID NEW-ZEALAND STREAM; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE; SPECIES COMPOSITION; HEADWATER STREAM; UPLAND STREAMS; SNAIL ELIMIA; FLOW REFUGIA; DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITIES; HABITAT AB 1. Patches of stable substratum in streams may be important refugia for benthic organisms during scouring floods. Streambed stone stability, packing and embeddedness were assessed within and adjacent to beds of the macrophyte Justicia americana in five Alabama streams. 2. The force needed to dislodge stones and embeddedness was about two times lower outside Justicia beds than within them. Significant positive correlations between stone stability and (i) degree of embeddedness, and (ii) the abundance of binding rhizomes and the presence of attached roots indicate that Justicia may physically modify the local streambed, indirectly enhancing substratum stability and reducing flow, thereby increasing sand deposition. 3. Despite higher stability (i.e. physical refugia during bed-moving spates) within Justicia beds, the abundance of epilithic plants (moss and Podostemum ceratophyllum) and pleurocerid snails (Elimia spp.) was similar both inside and outside the macrophyte beds. Several physical characteristics within macrophyte beds, such as low light, reduced current and increased sand intrusion, may create suboptimal conditions for benthic organisms in these habitats. 4. Additional work is needed to determine if Justicia biogenically enhances substratum stability or if its presence merely reflects patches of stable substratum within the streambed. Regardless of the mechanism, there is an association between Justicia beds and streambed characteristics. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Fritz, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Fritz, Ken/A-9868-2013 NR 54 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 48 IS 9 BP 1630 EP 1639 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01114.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 717NH UT WOS:000185095700011 ER PT J AU Miura, S Mishina, Y AF Miura, S Mishina, Y TI Whole-embryo culture of E5.5 mouse embryos: Development to the gastrulation stage SO GENESIS LA English DT Article DE whole embryo culture; gastrulation; extraembryonic tissues; prestreak stage; mesoderm formation ID PRIMORDIAL GERM-CELLS; ANTERIOR NEURAL PLATE; VISCERAL ENDODERM; PRIMITIVE STREAK; NODAL EXPRESSION; LAYER FORMATION; CLONAL ANALYSIS; SPECIFICATION; FATE; GENE AB This study reports establishment of an in vitro culture system for E5.5 mouse embryos that supports development to the gastrulation stage and allows the use of experimental approaches to study gastrulation during mouse embryogenesis. Recent experiments suggest that the extraembryonic tissues may play a critical role for gastrulation from as early as E5.5. To apply whole embryo culture to E5.5 embryos and analyze gastrulation, it is essential to optimize the conditions so that most of the embryos develop to the gastrulation stage in culture. For this purpose, we established a protocol in which embryos were isolated using micromanipulator and cultured with 50-75% rat serum. Although cultured embryos tended to grow a larger extraembryonic portion, more than 80% of them developed the primitive streak and induce mesoderm, which corresponds to the mid-streak stage. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Mol Dev Biol Grp, Mol Dev Biol Sect, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Mishina, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Mol Dev Biol Grp, Mol Dev Biol Sect, 111 TW Alexander Dr,POB 12233,MD C4-10,C458, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1526-954X J9 GENESIS JI Genesis PD SEP PY 2003 VL 37 IS 1 BP 38 EP 43 DI 10.1002/gene.10229 PG 6 WC Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 729VH UT WOS:000185795400007 PM 14502576 ER PT J AU Knight, JF Lunetta, RS AF Knight, JF Lunetta, RS TI An experimental assessment of minimum mapping unit size SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE accuracy assessment; landscape characterization; remote sensing; vegetation mapping AB Land-cover (LC) maps derived from remotely sensed data are often presented using a minimum mapping unit (MMU) to characterize a particular landscape theme of interest. The choice of an MMU that is appropriate for the projected use of a classification is an important consideration. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of MMU on a LC classification of the Neuse River Basin (NRB) in North Carolina. The results of this work indicate that MMU size had a significant effect on accuracy estimates only when the MMU was changed by relatively large amounts. Typically, an MMU is selected as close as possible to the original data resolution so as to reduce the loss of specificity introduced in the resampling process. Since only large MMU changes resulted in significant differences in the accuracy estimates, an analyst may have the flexibility to select from a range of MMUs that are appropriate for a given application. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Knight, JF (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 4 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 2003 VL 41 IS 9 BP 2132 EP 2134 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.816587 PN 2 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 723EL UT WOS:000185419400005 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Jackson, E Whitford, WG AF Nash, MS Jackson, E Whitford, WG TI Soil microtopography on grazing gradients in Chihuahuan desert grasslands SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE desertification; grazing; gradients; microtopography; piosphere ID CHENOPOD SHRUBLAND; VEGETATION; SURFACE; COMMUNITIES; PIOSPHERE; AUSTRALIA; PATTERNS; COVER; SHEEP AB The significant impacts of livestock in the creation of piospheres centered on water points is the loss of soil microtopography across a 'landscape' that has been influenced by many years of livestock grazing. The size, height, and spatial distribution of micromounds and surrounding depressions were measured by a modified erosion bridge at three distances (50, 450, and 1050 m) from water points in desert grassland pastures in the Jornada Basin, New Mexico, USA. Plots at 50 m had fewer micromounds and the mounds were smaller than those recorded on the more distant plots. Microtopography of plots at 450 m from water was not significantly different from that recorded at 50 m. Microtopography of plots that were 1050 m from water points was significantly different from that of plots nearer water points. Strong correlation between microtopography and the cover of long-lived perennial grasses (R-2 = 91%) was found, such dependence could be used for assessing the trend in organic matter content that is in concordance with that of microtopography. Loss of microtopography from the impact of livestock in piospheres exacerbates erosion processes and contributes to desertification. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, MSC MAP, Dept Geog, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 5 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 55 IS 1 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0140-1963(02)00251-3 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 692GW UT WOS:000183654000013 ER PT J AU Cizdziel, J Hinners, T Cross, C Pollard, J AF Cizdziel, J Hinners, T Cross, C Pollard, J TI Distribution of mercury in the tissues of five species of freshwater fish from Lake Mead, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID ACCUMULATION; TOXICITY; METHYLMERCURY; CONSUMPTION; MUSCLE; LEVEL; RIVER AB Total mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined in seven tissues (skeletal muscle, liver, blood, gonad, brain, gill, and heart) of 59 striped bass and four tissues (muscle, liver, blood, and gonad) of 69 largemouth bass, 76 channel catfish, 12 bluegill, and 22 blue tilapia collected from Lake Mead, USA. Mercury levels generally increased according to trophic level and fish length. For striped bass, mean Hg levels (ng g(-1), wet mass) were highest in the liver (531), followed by muscle (309), heart (186), gonad (136), brain (77), gill (52), and blood (36). Similarly, Hg levels in the catfish and tilapia were liver > muscle > gonad > blood. In contrast, largemouth bass and bluegill had the highest levels in muscle, followed by liver, gonad, and blood. Generally, Hg levels were strongly correlated among the tissues, especially for blood/muscle and blood/liver. As the body burden of Hg increased, the concentration in blood and organs increased relative to the concentration in muscle. The trend was most pronounced for the liver. These relationships could form the basis of a predictive model and suggest that blood and muscle (plugs) could be useful for a non-lethal measure of Hg concentration and exposure in fish. For the striped bass, elevated Hg levels in the tissues were also correlated with degree of emaciation. Liver-to-muscle ratios were similar to literature values, except for tilapia with an average ratio of similar to1.7, which is higher than generally reported for non-piscivores. Finally, this study demonstrates the usefulness of a solid sampling approach in trace element monitoring, especially as pertaining to in vivo analysis, analysis of a large number of samples and reduction of contamination risk. C1 Univ Nevada, Harry Reid Ctr Environm Studies, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Cizdziel, J (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Harry Reid Ctr Environm Studies, 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 454009, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. NR 34 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 22 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 5 IS 5 BP 802 EP 807 DI 10.1039/b307641p PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 725AH UT WOS:000185520100019 PM 14587853 ER PT J AU Hettiarachchi, GM Ryan, JA Chaney, RL La Fleur, CM AF Hettiarachchi, GM Ryan, JA Chaney, RL La Fleur, CM TI Sorption and desorption of cadmium by different fractions of biosolids-amended soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; MANGANESE OXIDES; ORGANIC-MATTER; IRON; ADSORPTION; METALS; KINETICS; ZINC; EXTRACTABILITY; TEMPERATURE AB To evaluate the importance of both the inorganic and organic fractions in biosolids on Cd chemistry, a series of Cd sorption and desorption batch experiments (at pH 5.5) were conducted on different fractions of soils from a long-term Held experimental site. The slope of the Cd sorption isotherm increased with rate of biosolids and was different for the different biosolids. Removal of organic carbon (OC) reduced the slope of the Cd sorption isotherm but did not account for the observed differences between biosolids-amended soils and a control soil, indicating that the increased adsorption associated with biosolids application was not limited to the increased OC from the addition of biosolids. Removal of both OC and Fe/Mn further reduced the slopes of Cd sorption isotherms and the sorption isotherm of the biosolids-amended soil was the same as that of the control, indicating both OC and Fe/Mn fractions added by the biosolids were important to the increased sorption observed for the biosolids-amended soil samples. Desorption experiments failed to remove from 60 to 90% of the sorbed Cd. This "apparent hysteresis" was higher for biosolids-amended soil than the control soil. Removal of both OC and Fe/Mn fractions was more effective in removing the observed differences between the biosolids-amended soil and the control than either alone. Results show that Cd added to biosolids-amended soil behaves differently than Cd added to soils without biosolids and support the hypothesis that the addition of Fe and Mn in the biosolids increased the retention of Cd in biosolids-amended soils. C1 USDA ARS, ANRI, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US EPA, Remediat & Containment Branch, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Hettiarachchi, GM (reprint author), Univ Peradeniya, Fac Agr, Dept Soil Sci, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. RI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/F-6895-2015 OI Hettiarachchi, Ganga/0000-0002-6669-2885 NR 45 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1684 EP 1693 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 723AD UT WOS:000185409500012 PM 14535309 ER PT J AU Pearl, CA Adams, MJ Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV AF Pearl, CA Adams, MJ Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV TI Behavioral responses of anuran larvae to chemical cues of native and introduced predators in the Pacific Northwestern United States SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEDIATED FRIGHT RESPONSE; FROGS RANA-AURORA; PREY INTERACTIONS; TADPOLES; BULLFROGS; CATESBEIANA; AMPHIBIANS; COMMUNITY; GRADIENT; DECLINE AB We compared behavioral responses of larvae of three Pacific Northwest anurans from different hydroperiods to water borne cues of native and introduced predators. Two native anurans (Pacific Treefrog, Pseudacris regilla, and Northern Red-Legged Frog, Rana aurora aurora) and introduced Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) responded to water conditioned by native Redside Shiners (Richardsonius balteatus) by increasing refuge use. The larvae of the two native anurans differed in their response to introduced predator cues. Rana aurora aurora, which occur in temporary and permanent waters, responded to both introduced Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and introduced Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Pseudacris regilla, which occur primarily in temporary ponds, did not respond to water borne cues from either introduced predator. The broader responses of R. a. aurora may indicate greater behavioral plasticity or more exposure to novel predators than experienced by P. regilla. Larvae of introduced R. catesbeiana responded strongly to cues from two fish native to the Pacific northwest but did not alter behavior in response to any of five potential predators with which they coexist in their native range. Fish that occur with R. catesbeiana in their native range generally find Bullfrog larvae unpalatable. This pattern suggests that Bullfrog larvae can recognize cues of novel predators that may find them palatable, which could contribute to their success as an invasive species in the region. C1 US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Inst Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Pearl, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 21 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 572 EP 576 DI 10.1670/134-02N PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 731UY UT WOS:000185905900018 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ AF Preston, RJ TI The LNT model is the best we can do - today SO JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CANCER; RADIATION AB The form of the dose-response curve for radiation-induced cancers, particularly at low doses, is the subject of an ongoing and spirited debate. The present review describes the current database and basis for establishing a low dose, linear no threshold (LNT) model. The requirement for a dose-response model to be used for risk assessment purposes is that it fits the great majority of data derived from epidemiological and experimental tumour studies. Such is the case for the LNT model as opposed to other nonlinear models. This view is supported by data developed for radiation-induced mutations and chromosome aberrations. Potential modifiers of low dose cellular responses to radiation (such as adaptive response, bystander effects and genomic instability) have not been shown to be associated with tumour development. Such modifiers tend to influence the slope of the dose-response curve for cellular responses at low doses and not the shape-thereby resulting in a quantitative modification rather than a qualitative one. Additional data pertinent to addressing the shape of the tumour dose-response relationship at low doses are needed. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD B143-06, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0952-4746 J9 J RADIOL PROT JI J. Radiol. Prot. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 263 EP 268 AR PII S0952-4746(03)65206-7 DI 10.1088/0952-4746/23/3/303 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 734BT UT WOS:000186035900004 PM 14582718 ER PT J AU Dykstra, CR Hays, JL Simon, MM Daniel, FB AF Dykstra, CR Hays, JL Simon, MM Daniel, FB TI Behavior and prey of nesting Red-shouldered hawks in southwestern Ohio SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Red-shouldered Hawk; Buteo lineatus; behavior; diet; prey; raptor ID AVAILABILITY DATA; FEEDING ECOLOGY; SITE SELECTION; SOUTHERN OHIO; HABITAT USE; HOME-RANGE; ABNORMALITIES; NESTLINGS; GEORGIA AB We used direct observations to quantify prey types, prey delivery rate, and adult and nestling behavior at nests of Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) in suburban southwestern Ohio. Twenty-one nests were observed for 256 hr in 1997-2001. Small mammals made up the largest percentage of the identified prey (31.5%), followed by reptiles (22.7%), invertebrates (18.8%), amphibians (17.7%), birds (6.9%), and fish (2.5%). Season-long prey delivery rate averaged 3.4 +/- 0.6 prey items delivered per 4-hr observation period, or 116 +/- 19 g biomass delivered per 4-hr observation period. Weekly prey delivery rate showed no correlation with the age of the nestlings (P > 0.05). Adult attendance at the nest and time adults spent brooding nestlings both were negatively correlated with nestling age (P < 0.05). Time adults spent feeding nestlings was negatively correlated with nestling age (R(2) = 0.92, P = 0.002), while time nestlings spent feeding themselves was positively correlated with nestling age (R2 = 0.92, P = 0.003). These data may serve as a baseline for assessing prey delivery rates and behavior of populations. of Red-shouldered Hawks throughout the lower Midwest. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RAPTOR Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45231 USA. RP Dykstra, CR (reprint author), 7715 Mitchell Pk Dr, Cleves, OH 45002 USA. EM cheryldykstra@juno.com NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 37 IS 3 BP 177 EP 187 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 725WG UT WOS:000185564900001 ER PT J AU Ensfield, C Gordon, J Lindner, J AF Ensfield, C Gordon, J Lindner, J TI Evaluation of a low-post transient mass measurement system in vehicle inspection and maintenance testing: Results of a Gordon-Darby study SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB A study was performed at a Gordon-Darby centralized inspection and maintenance (I/M) test lane in Phoenix, AZ, in December 1999 for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of production Vehicle Mass Analysis System (VMAS) equipment relative to standard IM240 equipment. Simultaneous transient mass measurements were made on random vehicles using VMAS and IM240 systems on two test lanes during regular I/M testing. Cumulative mass emissions for 846 valid tests were correlated using least-squares regression analysis. Correlation indices were >0.99 for both carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) and 0.93 for hydrocarbon (HQ, and the standard errors of regression were 1.38 g/mi, 0.123 g/mi, and 0.245 g/mi for CO, NO, and HC, respectively. These strong correlation results are reflected by high excess emission identification rates of 99.4% for CO, 99.3% for NO, and 94.5% for HC when applying final IM240 cut points with a <2% error of commission for all pollutants. C1 Sensord Inc, Saline, MI 48176 USA. Gordon Darby Inc, Louisville, KY USA. US EPA, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Ensfield, C (reprint author), Sensord Inc, 6812 S State Rd, Saline, MI 48176 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 53 IS 9 BP 1098 EP 1108 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 719BG UT WOS:000185183100006 PM 13678367 ER PT J AU Kutz, FW Wade, TG Pagac, BB AF Kutz, FW Wade, TG Pagac, BB TI A geospatial study of the potential of two exotic species of mosquitoes to impact the epidemiology of West Nile virus in Maryland SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Aedes albopictus; Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus; Asian tiger mosquito; West Nile virus; epidemiology; geographic information systems; environmental justice ID UNITED-STATES; JAPONICUS-JAPONICUS; VECTOR COMPETENCE; AEDES-ALBOPICTUS; DISCOVERY; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; COUNTY AB We used geospatial techniques to study the potential impact of 2 exotic mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus, on the epidemiology of West Nile virus in Maryland. These 2 species have established populations in Maryland over the past 15 years. Larvae of both mosquito species are found in natural and artificial water-holding cavities and containers, particularly water in tires. Therefore, we used locations of licensed tire dealers and of tire dumps scheduled for clean up as an index for potential sources of mosquito vectors. This index was expected to underestimate the actual population of source habitats. West Nile virus activity in Maryland during 1999, 2000, and 2001 was indicated by the presence of dead, infected birds, particularly American crows and other corvids; infected pools of mosquitoes; and human and horse infections. Adult females of both mosquito species are aggressive, opportunistic feeders that have been observed to take blood meals from avian and mammalian hosts. Susceptible vertebrate hosts, particularly birds, are ubiquitously distributed throughout the developed areas of the state. This analysis demonstrated a spatial convergence of the virus, the exotic mosquito vectors, and susceptible hosts. This conjunction indicated that these 2 mosquito species have a high potential to serve as bridge vectors and thus, impact the epidemiology of West Nile virus under favorable environmental and climatic conditions. Positive mosquito pools were collected from only the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan corridor, suggesting a newly created enzootic focus for this virus. Land-cover analysis of the sites where virus activity had been detected showed predominantly developed land uses. Analyses of the environmental justice aspects (social, economic, and housing characteristics) of block groups with human West Nile fever cases or with positive mosquito pools were equivocal. Human cases seemed to occur in developed block groups with lower income levels. C1 US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med N, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Kutz, FW (reprint author), 4967 Moonfall Way, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. NR 22 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI EATONTOWN PA P O BOX 234, EATONTOWN, NJ 07724-0234 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 19 IS 3 BP 190 EP 198 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 722LB UT WOS:000185375300002 PM 14524539 ER PT J AU Dunson, DB AF Dunson, DB TI Dynamic latent trait models for multidimensional longitudinal data SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Bayesian analysis; latent variables; mixed-effects model; multiple discrete and continuous outcomes; multivariate count data; repeated measure; transition model ID GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS; VARIABLE MODELS; POLYTOMOUS DATA; LIKELIHOOD; OUTCOMES AB This article presents a new approach for analysis of multidimensional longitudinal data, motivated by studies using an item response battery to measure traits of an individual repeatedly over time. A general modeling framework is proposed that allows mixtures of count, categorical, and continuous response variables. Each response is related to age-specific latent traits through a generalized linear model that accommodates item-specific measurement errors. A transition model allows the latent traits at a given age to depend on observed predictors and on previous latent traits for that individual. Following a Bayesian approach to inference, a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is proposed for posterior computation. The methods are applied to data from a neurotoxicity study of the pesticide methoxychlor, and evidence of a dose-dependent increase in motor activity is presented. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dunson, DB (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 28 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 98 IS 463 BP 555 EP 563 DI 10.1198/016214503000000387 PG 9 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 733HK UT WOS:000185993900006 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Sivaganesan, M AF Clark, RM Sivaganesan, M TI Closure to "Predicting chlorine residuals in drinking water: Second order model" by Robert M. Clark and Mano Sivaganesan SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Director,Math Stat, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), 9627 Lansford Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45242 USA. EM rmclark@fuse.net NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 EI 1943-5452 J9 J WATER RES PLAN MAN JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 129 IS 5 BP 438 EP 439 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2003)129:5(438) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 712DZ UT WOS:000184783100011 ER PT J AU Thurston, HW Goddard, HC Szlag, D Lemberg, B AF Thurston, HW Goddard, HC Szlag, D Lemberg, B TI Controlling storm-water runoff with tradable allowances for impervious surfaces SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article DE stormwater management; storm runoff; pollution control AB Storm-water flow from an impervious surface can lead to stream degradation, habitat alteration, low base flows, and increased toxic loadings from nonpoint sources; a problem that has resisted traditional command and control regulatory approaches. We explore the thesis that a well-designed, tradable runoff allowance system can create economic incentives for landowners to employ low-cost runoff management practices to reduce excess stormwater flow to more ecologically sound levels. Attributes such as percent impervious surface, soil type, and so on, determine a given land parcel's runoff potential and management alternatives and, by extension, its allowance requirements. Using a small watershed in Cincinnati, Ohio, as a case study, we show that a tradable runoff allowance system carries promise as a low-cost method for attaining reductions in storm-water runoff. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Thurston, HW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 19 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 17 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 129 IS 5 BP 409 EP 418 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2003)129:5(409) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 712DZ UT WOS:000184783100007 ER PT J AU Gardner, SC Pier, MD Wesselman, R Juarez, JA AF Gardner, SC Pier, MD Wesselman, R Juarez, JA TI Organochlorine contaminants in sea turtles from the Eastern Pacific SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE sea turtle; Chelonia mydas; halogenated hydrocarbons; pesticides; developing countries; Mexico ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; CARETTA-CARETTA; LOGGERHEAD; TISSUES; PCBS; CONGENERS; EGGS AB We measured organochlorine residues in three species of sea turtles from the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Seventeen of 21 organochlorine pesticides analyzed were detected, with heptachlor epoxide and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane the most prevalent (14 (40%) and 11 (31%) of the 35 tissue samples, respectively). PCBs were detected in all but one of the 9 turtles studied, with congener 18 the most commonly detected (8 (23%) of the samples). The dioxin-like congeners 118 and 180 were detected in 4(11%) and 3(9%) of the samples, respectively. Percent contribution of congeners was negatively correlated to their octanol-water partition coefficients, with kidney and muscle containing more lower-chlorinated congeners than liver or adipose samples. Levels of organochlorines detected in the present study were low, potentially attributable to the feeding habits of the predominant species collected in this study (herbivorous) and/or the samples obtained in an unindustrialized region. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste SC, La Paz 23090, Baja California, Mexico. Amigos Conservac Cabo Pulmo, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Environm Contaminant Characterizat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste SC, Mar Bermejo 195,Col Playa Palo Santa Rita, La Paz 23090, Baja California, Mexico. EM sgardner@cibnor.mx NR 35 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 46 IS 9 BP 1082 EP 1089 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00254-6 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 718ZA UT WOS:000185175900014 PM 12932489 ER PT J AU Mendelsohn, M Kough, J Vaituzis, Z Matthews, K AF Mendelsohn, M Kough, J Vaituzis, Z Matthews, K TI Are Bt crops safe? SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The US EPA's analysis of Bt crops finds that they pose no significant risk to the environment or to human health. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Gen Council, Washington, DC USA. RP Mendelsohn, M (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 177 Z9 189 U1 4 U2 49 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1003 EP 1009 DI 10.1038/nbt0903-1003 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 716VV UT WOS:000185051000023 PM 12949561 ER PT J AU Nakamura, J Asakura, S Hester, SD de Murcia, G Caldecott, KW Swenberg, JA AF Nakamura, J Asakura, S Hester, SD de Murcia, G Caldecott, KW Swenberg, JA TI Quantitation of intracellular NAD(P)H can monitor an imbalance of DNA single strand break repair in base excision repair deficient cells in real time SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; LIGASE-III; IN-VITRO; POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE; XRCC1; ASSAY; METABOLISM; MUTAGENS; EM-C-11; PROTEIN AB DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) are one of the most frequent DNA lesions in genomic DNA generated either by oxidative stress or during the base excision repair pathways. Here we established a new real-time assay to assess an imbalance of DNA SSB repair by indirectly measuring PARP-1 activation through the depletion of intracellular NAD(P)H. A water-soluble tetrazolium salt is used to monitor the amount of NAD(P)H in living cells through its reduction to a yellow colored water-soluble formazan dye. While this assay is not a direct method, it does not require DNA extraction or alkaline treatment, both of which could potentially cause an artifactual induction of SSBs. In addition, it takes only 4 h and requires less than a half million cells to perform this measurement. Using this assay, we demonstrated that the dose- and time-dependent depletion of NAD(P)H in XRCC1-deficient CHO cells exposed to methyl methanesulfonate. This decrease was almost completely blocked by a PARP inhibitor. Furthermore, methyl methanesulfonate reduced NAD(P)H in PARP-1(+/+)cells, whereas PARP-1(-/-) cells were more resistant to the decrease in NAD(P)H. These results indicate that the analysis of intracellular NAD(P)H level using water-soluble tetrazolium salt can assess an imbalance of SSB repair in living cells in real time. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Strasbourg 1, Ecole Super Biotechnol Strasbourg, Commiss Energie Atom, Lab Convent,CNRS,UPR 9003, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France. Univ Sussex, Genome Damage & Stabil Ctr, Brighton BN1 9RH, E Sussex, England. RP Nakamura, J (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P30-CA16086]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P42-ES05948, P30-ES10126, ES11746] NR 31 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 31 IS 17 AR e104 DI 10.1093/nar/gng105 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 718LU UT WOS:000185148300005 PM 12930978 ER PT J AU Rogers, EH Hunter, ES Rosen, MB Rogers, JM Lau, C Hartig, PC Francis, BM Chernoff, N AF Rogers, EH Hunter, ES Rosen, MB Rogers, JM Lau, C Hartig, PC Francis, BM Chernoff, N TI Lack of evidence for intergenerational reproductive effects due to prenatal and postnatal undemutrition in the female CD-1 mouse SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE intergenerational; mouse; nutrition; reproduction; mammalian development ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH-RETARDATION; BARKER HYPOTHESIS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BLOOD-PRESSURE; FETAL GROWTH; SPINA-BIFIDA; IN-UTERO; PREGNANCY; RATS AB The impacts of adverse environments during the prenatal and/or early postnatal periods may be manifested as functional deficits that occur later in life. Epidemiological studies have shown an association of sub-optimal pregnancy outcomes in one generation with similar events in the following one, a phenomenon termed the "intergenerational effect". Data indicate that the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and/or low birth weight infants is more closely correlated with the mother's perinatal environment than with that during her pregnancy. However, epidemiological studies are inherently limited given the variability of lifestyles, ethnicity, nutritional status, and exposures to environmental factors. An appropriate animal model would permit control of parameters that may be impossible to evaluate in human populations. The current studies investigated the mouse as a possible animal model. Pregnant CD-1 mice were placed on an ad libitum or food-restricted diet (50% normal) throughout gestation to generate control (CON) and intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) litters. At birth (postnatal day (PD) 1) pups (F1) were cross-fostered to control dams in litters of either 8 (CON) or 16 (postnatal food restriction (FR)). The experimental groups thus generated represented adequate nutrition (CON-CON) and undernutrition during the prenatal (IUGR-CON), or postnatal periods (CON-FR), or both (IUGR-FR). Pups of dams on a restricted diet during gestation had significant IUGR (P < 0.001) as compared to controls (birth weights of 1.32 g versus 1.63 g). At weaning, the average weight of the pups was dependent on postnatal litter size and the difference in birth weights between IUGR and CON animals was not a significant factor. CON-CON pup weight was 24.1 g and IUGR-CON was 22.2 g as compared to the CON-FR (17.0 g) and IUGR-FR (17.3 g) groups. The difference in weaning pup weights between the FR and CON groups was significant (P < 0.01). The F1 FR females did not reach CON female weights at any time point through 11 months after weaning. At PD60, a single breeding period for all groups of females with CON mates began and continued for 75 days with 17 opportunities for breeding. Animals that became pregnant during this time were removed and allowed to litter. No significant differences were noted in average F2 litter size or average pup weight at birth: (CON-CON 12.2/1.62 g; IUGR-CON 11.9/1.62 g; CON-FR 10.9/1.70 g; IUGR-FR 11.3/1.61 g). We conclude that body weight at birth in the CD-1 mouse is not correlated with growth through the period of weaning (PD28). We did not find any evidence for an intergenerational reproductive effect after developmental undernutrition. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Chernoff, N (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 53 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(03)00070-4 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 741FK UT WOS:000186447900002 PM 14555189 ER PT J AU Goldman, JM Murr, AS AF Goldman, JM Murr, AS TI Dibromoacetic acid-induced elevations in circulating estradiol: effects in both cycling and ovariectomized/steroid-primed female rats SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dibromoacetic acid; estrous cyclicity; estradiol ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SURGE; ESTROUS CYCLICITY; LIVER-MICROSOMES; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; OVARIAN; INDUCTION; OVULATION; DIESTRUS; PCBS AB Oral exposures to high concentrations of the drinking water disinfection by-product dibromoacetic acid (DBA) over the course of 14 days have been found to disrupt estrous cyclicity in the female rat. In order to investigate possible alterations in the relevant hormonal regulatory mechanisms, female Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged for 2 weeks with 270 mg/kg DBA, ovariectomized (OVX) and implanted with estradiol capsules. For these females, the induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in these animals showed a borderline suppression in peak LH concentrations that was accompanied by a marked increase in circulating estradiol. This elevation in estradiol was DBA dose-related and, for intact, normally cycling females receiving lower doses of DBA (60 and 120 mg/kg, 14 days), was present on the day of estrus, at a time when a dramatic fall from proestrous concentrations is normally evident. Evaluations of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 activity in OVX/estradiol-implanted rats showed a suppression in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) activity (indications of the activity of CYP1A and 2B, respectively-two key enzymes in estradiol oxidative metabolism). Phenobarbital (PhB) exposure in these animals did show induction of this activity, but was unable to lower E2 concentrations. This suggests that a DBA-induced suppression in estradiol catabolism is present and may either involve a targeted effect on the estrogen binding site on the CYP2B1/2 and CYP1A genes apart from the PhB-responsive unit, or a second pathway (possibly sulfation) that is not PhB-inducible. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Goldman, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab,Off Res & De, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 585 EP 592 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(03)00068-6 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 741FK UT WOS:000186447900010 PM 14555197 ER PT J AU Latimer, JS Boothman, WS Pesch, CE Chmura, GL Pospelova, V Jayaraman, S AF Latimer, JS Boothman, WS Pesch, CE Chmura, GL Pospelova, V Jayaraman, S TI Environmental stress and recovery: the geochemical record of human disturbance in New Bedford Harbor and Apponagansett Bay, Massachusetts (USA) SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE estuary; historical reconstruction; pollution; ecology; reference conditions ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; CONTAMINATION; INPUTS AB Sediments record the history of contamination to estuaries. Analysis of the concentrations of toxic organic compounds, contaminant and crustal metals, organic carbon content and isotopic composition in sediment cores from two estuarine systems in Buzzards Bay allowed reconstruction of human impacts over 350 years. Vertical distributions of the contaminants correlate with changes in the nature of watershed/estuarine activities. All contaminants were highly enriched (tens to hundreds times background) in modem New Bedford Harbor sediments. Enrichment began around the turn of the 20th century for all but PCBs, which were first synthesized in the 1930s. An increase in organic carbon content and a shift of carbon isotopes toward a more terrestrial signature illustrates increasing anthropogenic impact in New Bedford as population grew along with the industrial base. Institution of environmental protection measures in the late 20th century was reflected in decreased, although still substantially elevated, concentrations of contaminants. A lack of industrial development in Apponagansett Bay resulted in much lower concentrations of the same indicators, although specific contaminants related to the early whaling industry increased significantly above background as early as the late 18th century. The similarity of indicators in older portions of cores from NBH and unimpacted Apponagansett Bay demonstrates that cores can be used to establish reference conditions as successfully as using separate sites judged a priori to represent the reference state. The historical reconstruction approach provides the basis for establishing relationships between environmental stressors and factors that drive the stressors, as well as a framework for the assessment of ecological response(s) to environmental stressors over a range of time and/or exposure scales. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. McGill Univ, Ctr Climate & Global Change Res, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. RP Latimer, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM latimer.jim@epa.gov RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 313 IS 1-3 BP 153 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00269-9 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 714TH UT WOS:000184929200013 PM 12922068 ER PT J AU Clark, JE Hellgren, EC Jorgensen, EE AF Clark, JE Hellgren, EC Jorgensen, EE TI Catastrophic decline of a high-density population of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in central Oklahoma SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB Along tire northern periphery of their range, populations of the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, are vulnerable to major reductions in density and occasional local extinctions as a result of severe winter weather. Between our sampling periods on 3 December 2000 and 14 January 2001, 3 independent winter weather events, in conjunction with the coldest month in the state since 1983, affected central and eastern Oklahoma. We recorded a drastic decline in the population of hispid cotton rats at the Center for Subsurface and Ecological Assessment Research in central Oklahoma following these winter weather events. Densities dropped from 58.6 cotton rats/ha on 3 December 2000 to 1.2 cotton rats/ha on 14 January 2001. Although hispid cotton rat densities were declining before these winter weather events occurred, we attributed the dramatic decrease to severe winter weather and below-normal temperatures. As of 19 November 2001, the population of hispid cotton rats at the site had not recovered. Abundances between January and November 2001 ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 cotton rats/ha compared with a range of 30.1 to 112.5 during the same period in 2000. Additionally, we present evidence of populations of hispid cotton rats being affected at a statewide scale as a result of the weather in December 2000. We suspect that severe winters, such as the events described, might slow the northward advance of hispid cotton rats and serve to indirectly regulate populations along the intermediate and northern fringes of its range. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Clark, JE (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 404 Life Sci W, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. OI Hellgren, Eric/0000-0002-3870-472X NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 48 IS 3 BP 467 EP 471 DI 10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0467:CDOAHP>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 724DJ UT WOS:000185471600023 ER PT J AU Miner, JR Humenik, FJ Rice, JM Rashash, DMC Williams, C Robarge, W Harris, DB Sheffield, R AF Miner, JR Humenik, FJ Rice, JM Rashash, DMC Williams, C Robarge, W Harris, DB Sheffield, R TI Evaluation of a permeable, 5 cm thick, polyethylene foam lagoon cover SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE ammonia volatilization; lagoon covers; lagoons; odor; swine; waste management AB Anaerobic lagoons and liquid manure storage basins are widely used for the treatment and storage of livestock and poultry manure. Although relatively inexpensive to construct, these devices have been widely criticized based upon their odor and ammonia release. A floating, permeable, composite cover manufactured from recycled polyethylene chips topped with a geotextile layer containing zeolite particles was evaluated under both laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, the cover was found essentially to eliminate odor release and to reduce ammonia emissions by approximately 80%. When installed on a 0.4 ha swine manure lagoon in eastern North Carolina, the cover survived severe storms and allowed even intense rainfall to pass through without causing cover inundation. Under these field conditions, the cover was found to reduce ammonia emissions approximately 80%. Odor emissions measured twice during one month of the study were consistently low in concentration and near neutral relative to quality, as determined by an analysis by a trained odor panel. Microbiological examination of the cover after four months of use showed an active population of aerobic bacteria and protozoa; analysis showed that nitrifying, sulfide oxidizing, and methanotrophic bacteria were likely trophic components of the microbial populations observed. The surface of the cover became covered with an algal population within two weeks of installation. This and other vegetative growth had no discernable impact on the performance of the cover. C1 Univ Idaho, Twin Falls Res & Extens Ctr, Twin Falls, ID USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Cooperat Extens Serv, Jacksonville, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, CALS Anim Waste Management Programs, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Anim & Poultry Waste Management Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Humenik, FJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, CALS Anim Waste Management Programs, 909 Capabil Dr,Res Bldg 4,Suite 3100,Box 7927, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 10 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 46 IS 5 BP 1421 EP 1426 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 746EC UT WOS:000186733000014 ER PT J AU Nadeau, TL Leibowitz, SG AF Nadeau, TL Leibowitz, SG TI Isolated wetlands: An introduction to the special issue SO WETLANDS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds, Wetland Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Nadeau, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wetlands Oceans & Watersheds, Wetland Div, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 471 EP 474 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0471:IWAITT]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 730CR UT WOS:000185812100001 ER PT J AU Downing, DM Winer, C Wood, LD AF Downing, DM Winer, C Wood, LD TI Navigating through Clean Water Act jurisdiction: A legal review SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Clean Water Act; isolated waters; navigable waters; waters of the United States; environmental law; SWANCC AB The 2001 U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) held that isolated intrastate non-navigable waters could not be protected under the Clean Water Act (CWA) based on the presence of migratory birds. SWANCC represented a major reinterpretation of the CWA by re-emphasizing the importance of navigability in the definition of "waters of the United States" protected by the statute. The decision also implied that isolated waters might be "waters of the United States" where they had a "significant nexus" to navigable waters. Understanding the significance of SWANCC requires a historical look at the geographic scope of federal laws and regulations protecting surface waters. The concept of navigability had been prominent in the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, but the principal implementation focus for the CWA after its enactment in 1972 and prior to SWANCC had been on the hydrologic cycle and the relevance of links to interstate commerce for determining what waters were protected under the CWA. In upcoming years and months, the geographic jurisdiction of the CWA will continue to be debated in the courts, within Federal agencies, and by the public. Aquatic resource science will play a key role in helping ensure that the CWA is implemented in a scientifically defensible manner, consistent with SWANCC. One area in need of particular emphasis is additional research on the ways in which isolated waters help ensure the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of navigable waters and their tributaries. It is this question-the "significant nexus" between an intrastate non-navigable isolated water and the rest of the aquatic ecosystem-that will likely determine whether the water will be protected by the CWA. C1 US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Gen Counsel, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Chief Counsel, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Downing, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 12 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 475 EP 493 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0475:NTCWAJ]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 730CR UT WOS:000185812100002 ER PT J AU Leibowitz, SG AF Leibowitz, SG TI Isolated wetlands and their functions: An ecological perspective SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE dispersal; isolation; connectivity; isolation-connectivity continuum; depressional wetlands; SWANCC; Clean Water Act; waters of the United States ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; PRAIRIE POTHOLE REGION; SYNOPTIC ASSESSMENT; TEMPORARY WETLANDS; COASTAL-PLAIN; LANDSCAPE; WATER; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; HABITAT AB The recent U.S. Supreme Court case of Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (SWANCC) has had profound implications on the legal status of isolated wetlands. As a result, policymakers need ecological information on the definition and functions of isolated wetlands to respond to this decision. The term "isolated wetlands" is of fairly recent usage and has been poorly defined. In response, I recommend Titter's (2003b) definition as wetlands "that are completely surrounded by upland." Isolation needs to be considered with respect to specific processes and functions. I suggest that isolation not be viewed discretely but be considered within an isolation-connectivity continuum. Isolation has a fundamental influence on the way water enters and leaves a wetland. This consequently affects any wetland function that depends on water as a vector (e.g., pollutant transport and certain types of dispersal). These wetlands can also have a high level of endemism, extensive plant zonation, and high biodiversity. Isolated wetlands, however, do not represent ecologically isolated habitat for many organisms. I conclude that the effect of isolation may not be as significant as the term "isolated wetlands" suggests: many of the biological features of isolated wetlands may result from environmental conditions that also occur in non-isolated wetlands. As a result of SWANCC, assessment methods are needed that can help regulators distinguish between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional isolated wetlands. I propose that the merger of simple, source-sink-transport vector concepts with landscape-level assessment methods could be useful in this regard. I point to the need for documented examples of organisms that spend most of their lives in waters of the U.S. but also require isolated wetlands. I conclude that wetland science would benefit from the development of a comprehensive view of isolation as a formative process across different regional wetland types. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Leibowitz, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 90 TC 99 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 58 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 517 EP 531 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0517:IWATFA]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 730CR UT WOS:000185812100004 ER PT J AU Leibowitz, SG Nadeau, TL AF Leibowitz, SG Nadeau, TL TI Isolated wetlands: State-of-the-science and future directions SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE isolation; connectivity; depressional wetlands; wetland function; SWANCC; Clean Water Act; waters of the United States ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; PRAIRIE-POTHOLE WETLANDS; COASTAL-PLAIN; LANDSCAPE; CONSERVATION; HABITAT; USA; BIODIVERSITY; RESTORATION; ASSEMBLAGES AB In Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (SWANCC), the U.S. Supreme Court held that isolated, intrastate, non-navigable waters could not be protected under the Clean Water Act based solely on their use by migratory birds. The SWANCC decision has created a need to compile and make available scientific information for post-SWANCC policy development. In response, this article reviews the state of our scientific understanding of isolated wetlands, based on the major findings of papers contributed to this special issue of Wetlands. Because the term "isolated wetland" has not been used consistently in the scientific literature, we recommend that geographically isolated wetlands be defined as "wetlands that are completely surrounded by upland," as proposed by Tiner, for the purposes of scientific studies. Geographically isolated wetlands are not homogeneous but have a broad range of functional response, partly due to their occurrence over a wide range of climatic and geologic settings. One major question addressed through this special issue is the role that isolation plays in the function of geographically isolated wetlands. It appears that isolation is not a primary factor and that many of the functions performed by isolated wetlands are also performed by non-isolated wetlands and non-wetland ecosystems. Variability in moisture conditions plays an important role in the function of many geographically isolated wetlands. However, hydrologic isolation may affect moisture conditions, and biotic isolation could be important for certain populations. Depending on the factor being considered, geographically isolated wetlands are not entirely isolated but are better viewed as occurring within an isolation-connectivity continuum that has both hydrologic and biotic expressions. The juxtaposition of isolation and connectivity occurring in geographically isolated wetlands may represent a semi-isolated state that uniquely shapes these wetlands and their functions. Comprehensive data, designating the number, total area, and functional classification of isolated wetlands, would provide the foundation for monitoring impacts to isolated wetlands. Studies are needed to examine and quantify how isolated wetlands, wetland complexes, and other potentially impacted waters contribute hydrologically, chemically, and biologically to waters of the U.S. Methods to assess and map the degree of connectivity between geographically isolated wetlands and waters of the U.S., based on ground-water travel time, recurrence frequency of intermittent surface-water connections, and home ranges of species that require both types of waters, could be useful for regulators. Whatever policies are developed, scientific input and technical information will continue to play a crucial role in the policy and regulatory arena. Maintaining and enhancing the dialogue among wetland scientists, policy-makers, and regulators will ensure that critical information is developed and communicated and also continue to invigorate wetland science. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Off Wetlands Ocean & Watersheds, Wetlands Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Leibowitz, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 62 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 5 U2 48 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD SEP PY 2003 VL 23 IS 3 BP 663 EP 684 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0663:IWSAFD]2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 730CR UT WOS:000185812100016 ER PT J AU Stehman, SV Wickham, JD Smith, JH Yang, L AF Stehman, SV Wickham, JD Smith, JH Yang, L TI Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the eastern United States: Statistical methodology and regional results SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE National Land-Cover Data; thematic accuracy; eastern United States ID MAP ACCURACY; NEW-YORK; CLASSIFICATION; DESIGN AB The accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data (NLCD) map is assessed via a probability sampling design incorporating three levels of stratification and two stages of selection. Agreement between the map and reference land-cover labels is defined as a match between the primary or alternate reference label determined for a sample pixel and a mode class of the mapped 3 x 3 block of pixels centered on the sample pixel. Results are reported for each of the four regions comprising the eastern United States for both Anderson Level I and II classifications. Overall accuracies for Levels I and II are 80% and 46% for New England, 82% and 62% for New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ), 70% and 43% for the Mid-Atlantic, and 83% and 66% for the Southeast. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US EPA, Landscape Characterizat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Stehman, SV (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, 320 Bray Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 23 TC 118 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD AUG 30 PY 2003 VL 86 IS 4 BP 500 EP 516 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00128-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 711NW UT WOS:000184748800007 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ Benignus, VA Case, MW AF Bushnell, PJ Benignus, VA Case, MW TI Signal detection behavior in humans and rats: a comparison with matched tasks SO BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE attention; human; rat; sustained attention; visual signal detection ID SUSTAINED ATTENTION PERFORMANCE; BASAL FOREBRAIN; TRICHLOROETHYLENE TCE; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS; REPEATED INHALATION; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; RECEPTOR LIGANDS; VISUAL SIGNALS; EVENT RATE; VIGILANCE AB Animal models of human cognitive processes are essential for studying the neurobiological mechanisms of these processes and for developing therapies for intoxication and neurodegenerative diseases. A discrete-trial signal detection task was developed for assessing sustained attention in rats; a previous study showed that rats perform as predicted from the human sustained attention literature. In this study, we measured the behavior of humans in a task formally homologous to the task for rats, varying two of the three parameters previously shown to affect performance in rats. Signal quality was manipulated by varying the increment in the intensity of a lamp. Trial rate was varied among values of 4, 7, and 10 trials/min. Accuracy of signal detection was quantified by the proportion of correct detections of the signal (P(hit)) and the proportion of false alarms (P(fa), i.e. incorrect responses on non-signal trials). As with rats, P(hit) in humans increased with increasing signal intensity whereas P(fa) did not. Like rats, humans were sensitive to the trial rate, though the change in behavior depended on the sex of the subject. These data show that visual signal detection behavior in rats and humans is controlled similarly by two important parameters, and suggest that this task assesses similar processes of sustained attention in the two species. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Benignus, VA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-6357 J9 BEHAV PROCESS JI Behav. Processes PD AUG 29 PY 2003 VL 64 IS 1 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00146-3 PG 9 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 713NF UT WOS:000184863900015 ER PT J AU Gerlach, RW Nocerino, JM Ramsey, CA Venner, BC AF Gerlach, RW Nocerino, JM Ramsey, CA Venner, BC TI Gy sampling theory in environmental studies 2. Subsampling error estimates SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry (CAC 2002) CY SEP 22-26, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON DE particulates; sampling; subsampling; representative; heterogeneous; fundamental error; Pierre Gy ID SOIL; SIZE AB Sampling can be a significant source of error in the measurement process. The characterization and cleanup of hazardous waste sites require data that meet site-specific levels of acceptable quality if scientifically supportable decisions are to be made. In support of this effort, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is investigating methods that relate sample characteristics to analytical performance. Predicted uncertainty levels allow appropriate study design decisions to be made, facilitating more timely and less expensive evaluations. Gy sampling theory can predict a significant fraction of sampling error when certain conditions are met. We report on several controlled studies of subsampling procedures to evaluate the utility of Gy sampling theory applied to laboratory subsampling practices. Several sample types were studied and both analyte and non-analyte containing particles were shown to play important roles affecting the measured uncertainty. Gy sampling theory was useful in predicting minimum uncertainty levels provided the theoretical assumptions were met. Predicted fundamental errors ranged from 46 to 68% of the total measurement variability. The study results also showed sectorial splitting outperformed incremental sampling for simple model systems and suggested that sectorial splitters divide each size fraction independently. Under the limited conditions tested in this study, incremental sampling with a spatula produced biased results when sampling particulate matrices with grain sizes about 1 mm. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EnviroStat Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Gerlach, RW (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, 1050 E Flamingo Rd,Suite E120, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD AUG 25 PY 2003 VL 490 IS 1-2 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(03)00568-3 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 716UP UT WOS:000185047900014 ER PT J AU Hantush, MM Govindaraju, RS AF Hantush, MM Govindaraju, RS TI Theoretical development and analytical solutions for transport of volatile organic compounds in dual-porosity soils SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE transport processes; aggregrated soil; volatile organic compound; model; mobile-immobile phase; vapor; leaching; mass transfer; laplace transform ID SORBING POROUS-MEDIUM; MASS-TRANSFER; VAPOR TRANSPORT; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; UNSATURATED SOIL; MATRIX DIFFUSION; FRACTURED MEDIA; CHEMICALS; MODEL; DISPERSION AB Predicting the behavior of volatile organic compounds in soils or sediments is necessary for managing their use and designing appropriate remedial systems to eliminate potential threats to the environment, particularly the air and groundwater resources. In this effort, based on continuity of mass flux, we derive a mass flux boundary condition of the. third type in terms of physically based mass transfer rate coefficients, describing the resistance to mass inflow of the soil-air interface, and, obtain one-dimensional analytical solutions for transport and degradation of volatile organic compounds in semi-infinite structured soils under steady, unsaturated flow conditions. The advective-dispersive mass balance formulation allows for mobile-immobile liquid phase and vapor diffusive mass transfer, with linear equilibrium adsorption and liquid-vapor phase partitioning in the dynamic and stagnant soil regions. The mass transfer rate coefficients of volatile organic chemicals across the soil-air interface are expressed in terms of solute properties and hydrodynamic characteristics of resistive soil and air-boundary layers. The solutions estimate solute vapor flux from soil surface and describe mobile-phase solute concentration as a function of depth in the soil and time. In particular, solutions were derived for: (1) zero-initial concentration in the soil profile subject to a continuous and pulsed source at the soil surface; and (2) depletion from the soil following an initially contaminated soil profile. Sensitivity analysis with respect to different dimensionless parameters is conducted and the effect on solute concentration and vapor flux of such parameters as volatilization mass transfer velocity relative to infiltration, soil Peclet number, biochemical decay, and diffusive mass transfer into the immobile phase, is plotted and the results are discussed. The mass transfer rate coefficients and the analytical solutions are applied to simulate transport of an example volatile organic compound in an aggregated soil. The simulated results indicate that macropore-aggregate vapor phase diffusion may profoundly impact transport of volatile compounds in aggregated soils. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Hantush, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Land Remediat & Pollut Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, ORD, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. OI Govindaraju, Rao/0000-0003-3957-3319 NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG 25 PY 2003 VL 279 IS 1-4 BP 18 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00157-4 PG 25 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 722WM UT WOS:000185401100002 ER PT J AU Wilson, EJ Johnson, TL Keith, DW AF Wilson, EJ Johnson, TL Keith, DW TI Regulating the ultimate sink: Managing the risks of geologic CO2 storage SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUESTRATION AB The geologic storage (GS) of carbon dioxide (CO2) is emerging as an important tool for managing carbon. While this Journal recently published an excellent review of GS technology (Bruant, R. G.; Guswa, A. J.; Celia, M. A.; Peters, C. A. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 240A-245A) few studies have explored the regulatory environment for GS or have compared it with current underground injection experience. We review the risks and regulatory history of deep underground injection on the U.S. mainland and surrounding continental shelf. Our treatment is selective, focusing on the technical and regulatory aspects that are most likely to be important in assessing and managing the risks of GS. We also describe current underground injection activities and explore how these are now regulated. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wilson, EJ (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, 129 Baker Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Keith, David/E-9777-2010; meng, xin/G-3553-2011 OI Keith, David/0000-0002-8224-3780; NR 29 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 16 BP 3476 EP 3483 DI 10.1021/es021038+ PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 712NL UT WOS:000184803700002 PM 12953855 ER PT J AU Allen, R Larson, T Sheppard, L Wallace, L Liu, LJS AF Allen, R Larson, T Sheppard, L Wallace, L Liu, LJS TI Use of real-time light scattering data to estimate the contribution of infiltrated and indoor-generated particles to indoor air SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE MATTER; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; FINE PARTICLES; OUTDOOR; AMBIENT; POLLUTION; CHILDREN; SEATTLE; MASS; DISTRIBUTIONS AB The contribution of outdoor particulate matter (PM) to residential indoor concentrations is currently not well understood. Most importantly, separating indoor PM into indoor- and outdoor-generated components will greatly enhance our knowledge of the outdoor contribution to total indoor and personal PM exposures. This paper examines continuous light scattering data at 44 residences in Seattle, WA. A newly adapted recursive model was used to model outdoor-originated PM entering indoor environments. After censoring the indoor time-series to remove the influence of indoor sources, nonlinear regression was used to estimate particle penetration (P, 0.94 +/- 0.10), air exchange rate (a, 0.54 +/- 0.60 h(-1)), particle decay rate (k, 0.20 +/- 0.16 h(-1)), and particle infiltration (F-inf, 0.65 +/- 0.21) for each of the 44 residences. All of these parameters showed seasonal differences. The Finf estimates agree well with those estimated from the sulfur-tracer method (R-2 = 0.78). The F-inf estimates also showed robust and expected behavior when compared against known influencing factors. Among our study residences, outdoor-generated particles accounted for an average of 79 +/- 17% of the indoor PM concentration, with a range of 40-100% at individual residences. Although estimates of P, a, and k were dependent on the modeling technique and constraints, we showed that a recursive mass balance model combined with our censoring algorithms can be used to attribute indoor PM into its outdoor and indoor components and to estimate an average P, a, k, and F-inf for each residence. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Reston, VA 20191 USA. RP Liu, LJS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 38 TC 91 Z9 93 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 16 BP 3484 EP 3492 DI 10.1021/es021007e PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 712NL UT WOS:000184803700003 PM 12953856 ER PT J AU Swartz, E Stockburger, L Vallero, DA AF Swartz, E Stockburger, L Vallero, DA TI Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other semivolatile organic compounds collected in New York City in response to the events of 9/11 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION SOURCES; MODEL EVALUATION DATA; DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS; PARTICULATE MATTER; GAS-PHASE; EMISSIONS; AEROSOL; COMBUSTION; PARTICLES; TRIMERS AB Concentrations of over 60 nonpolar semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds were measured in Lower Manhattan, NY, using a high-capacity integrated organic gas and particle sampler after the initial destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC). The results indicate that the remaining air plumes from the disaster site were comprised of many pollutants and classes and represent a complex mixture of biogenic (wood-smoke) and anthropogenic sources. This mixture includes compounds that are typically associated with fossil fuel emissions and their combustion products. The molecular markers for these emissions include the high molecular weight PAHs, the n-alkanes, a Carbon Preference Index similar to1 (odd carbon:even carbon similar to1), as well as pristane and phytane as specific markers for fuel oil degradation. These results are not unexpected considering the large number of diesel generators and outsized vehicles used in the removal phases. The resulting air plume would also include emissions of burning and remnant materials from the WTC site. Only a small number of molecular markers for these emissions have been identified such as retene and 1,4a-dimethyl-7-(methylethyl)-1,2,3,4,9,10,10a,4a-octahydrophenanthrene that are typically biogenic in origin. In addition, the compound 1,3-diphenylpropane-[ 1',1'-(1,3-propanediyl)bis-benzene] was observed, and to our knowledge, this species has not previously been reported from ambient sampling. It has been associated with polystyrene and other plastics, which are in abundance at the WTC site. These emissions lasted for at least 3 weeks (September 26-October 21, 2001) after the initial destruction of the WTC. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stockburger, L (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 16 BP 3537 EP 3546 DI 10.1021/es030356l PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 712NL UT WOS:000184803700010 PM 12953863 ER PT J AU Mata, TM Smith, RL Young, DM Costa, CAV AF Mata, TM Smith, RL Young, DM Costa, CAV TI Life cycle assessment of gasoline blending options SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CATALYTIC CRACKING; ALKYLATION; SIMULATION; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS; OIL AB A life cycle assessment has been done to compare the potential environmental impacts of various gasoline blends that meet octane and vapor pressure specifications. The main blending components of alkylate, cracked gasoline, and reformate have different octane and vapor pressure values as well as different potential environmental impacts. Because the octane and vapor pressure values are nonlinearly related to impacts, the results of this study show that some blends are better for the environment than others. To determine blending component compositions, simulations of a reformer were done at various operating conditions. The reformate products of these simulations had a wide range of octane values and potential environmental impacts. Results of the study indicate that for lowoctane gasoline (95 Research Octane Number), lower reformer temperatures and pressures generally decrease the potential environmental impacts. However, different results are obtained for high-octane gasoline (98 RON), where increasing reformer temperatures and pressures increase the reformate octane values faster than the potential environmental impacts. The higher octane values for reformate allow blends to have less reformate, and therefore high-octane gasoline can have lower potential environmental impacts when the reformer is operated at higher temperatures and pressures. In the blends studied, reformate and cracked gasoline have the highest total impacts, of which photochemical ozone creation is the largest contributor (assuming all impact categories are equally weighted). Alkylate has a much lower total potential environmental impact but does have higher impact values for human toxicity by ingestion, aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity, and acidification. Therefore, depending on environmental priorities, different gasoline blends and operating conditions should be chosen to meet octane and vapor pressure specifications. C1 Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Lab Proc Environm & Energy Engn, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Mata, TM (reprint author), Univ Porto, Fac Engn, Lab Proc Environm & Energy Engn, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. RI Mata, Teresa/I-4364-2013; OI Mata, Teresa/0000-0001-8696-8925; costa, carlos/0000-0003-3136-9049 NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 16 BP 3724 EP 3732 DI 10.1021/es034024s PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 712NL UT WOS:000184803700034 PM 12953887 ER PT J AU Mathur, R Dennis, RL AF Mathur, R Dennis, RL TI Seasonal and annual modeling of reduced nitrogen compounds over the eastern United States: Emissions, ambient levels, and deposition amounts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ammonia; aerosols; wet deposition; atmospheric modeling; atmospheric nitrogen ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; DRY DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; WET DEPOSITION; OZONE CONCENTRATIONS; TRANSPORT DISTANCE; NORTHERN EUROPE; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; 3-DAY PERIODS; SURFACE-LAYER AB Detailed description of the distributions and seasonal trends of atmospheric nitrogen compounds is of considerable interest given their role in formation of acidic substances, tropospheric ozone and particulate matter and nutrient loading effects resulting from their deposition to sensitive ecosystems. While the oxidized nitrogen species have received considerable research and regulatory attention over the past several decades, little effort has been devoted toward quantifying the atmospheric budgets of reduced nitrogen compounds (NHx) associated with emissions of ammonia. The Regional Acid Deposition Model is enhanced to include detailed treatments of the physical and chemical processes regulating the fate of ammonia emissions and to model the interaction and chemical and thermodynamic coupling between atmospheric NOx-SOx-NHx species. To account for uncertainties in magnitude and seasonal variation of ammonia emissions, regional seasonal correction factors for ammonia emissions in the eastern United States are developed through successive model applications and comparison with measurements from regional networks of ambient concentrations and deposition amounts of various species. The resulting ammonia emissions show a distinct seasonal cycle with a maximum in summer followed by spring, fall, and winter. Our calculations suggest that the range between NH3 emissions during the cool and the warm season is a factor of 3-4. Correlations between model predicted ambient levels, gas/particle partitioning, and deposition amounts with measurements show good agreement on both an annual and seasonal basis with R-2 in the 0.4-0.7 range for most species examined. Both model calculations and measurements indicate that during winter, large portions of the eastern U. S. are characterized by aerosols that are fully neutralized. Our model calculations for emission scenarios representative of the late 1980s-early 1990s period also indicate that reduced nitrogen species contribute 47(+/-8)% of the total nitrogen wet deposition in the eastern U.S.; this is in good agreement with 43(+/-9)% inferred from deposition measurements. These comparisons suggest that the model can capture the spatial and seasonal variability in distributions of various model species, the chemical interactions between reduced and oxidized nitrogen compounds in the troposphere, and the compositional characteristics of inorganic aerosol mass in the region. C1 Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, NOAA, ASMD,Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mathur, R (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Campus Box 6116,Bank Amer Plaza,137 E Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM rmathur@email.unc.edu NR 68 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D15 AR 4481 DI 10.1029/2002JD002794 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713PZ UT WOS:000184868300002 ER PT J AU Harry, GJ Bruccoleri, A d'Hellencourt, CL AF Harry, GJ Bruccoleri, A d'Hellencourt, CL TI Differential modulation of hippocampal chemical-induced injury response by ebselen, pentoxifylline, and TNF alpha-, IL-1 alpha-, and IL-6-neutralizing antibodies SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE astrocyte; microglia; tumor necrosis factor; interleukin-6; trimethyltin ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; ISCHEMIC BRAIN-DAMAGE; TRIMETHYLTIN INTOXICATION; INTERLEUKIN-6 EXPRESSION; CHEMOKINETIC PROPERTIES; CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA; MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; MICROGLIA AB The proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been associated with various models of hippocampal damage. To examine their role in initiation of an acute hippocampal injury response, 21-day-old male CD-1 mice received an acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT; 2.0 mg/kg) to produce necrosis of dentate granule neurons, astrocyte, and microglia reactivity. Tremors and intermittent seizures were evident at 24 hr. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), antiapoptotic TNFalpha-inducible early response gene (A-20), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, TNFalpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6, and caspase 3 mRNA levels were significantly elevated. Pretreatment with the antioxidant, ebselen, decreased ICAM-1, A-20, and TNFbeta elevations. Pentoxifylline blocked elevations in A-20 and decreased elevations in GFAP mRNA levels. Neither prevented histopathology or behavioral effects. Intracisternal injection of TNFalpha-neutralizing antibody significantly inhibited both behavioral effects and histopathology. RNase protection assays showed that TMT-incluced elevations in mRNA levels for ICAM-1 A-20, GFAP, MIP-1alpha, TNFalpha, TNFbeta, and caspase 3 were blocked by anti-TNFalpha. These data demonstrate a significant role for TNFalpha in an acute neuro-injury in the absence of contribution from infiltrating cells. The cerebellum shows limited if any damage after TMT; however, in combination with the i.c.v. injection, elevations were seen in GFAP and in EB-22, a murine acute-phase response gene homologous to the alpha (1)-antichymotrypsin gene. Elevations were similar for,artificial cerebral spinal fluid and anti-IL-1alpha, and significantly increased with anti-TNFalpha, anti-IL-6, or the combination of antibodies. Responses seen in the cerebellum suggest synergistic interactions between the baseline state of the cell and manipulations in the cytokine environment. Data suggests a role for TNFalpha in the pathogenesis of hippocampal injury induced by TMT. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Neurotoxicol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Harry, GJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Neurotoxicol Grp, MD C1-04,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 53 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0360-4012 J9 J NEUROSCI RES JI J. Neurosci. Res. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 73 IS 4 BP 526 EP 536 DI 10.1002/jnr.10653 PG 11 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 707QH UT WOS:000184521000011 ER PT J AU Jackson, LE AF Jackson, LE TI The relationship of urban design to human health and condition SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE ecological design; public health; social capital ID LYME-DISEASE; RISK; ENVIRONMENT; COMMUNITY; PEOPLE; HOME AB The population of the United States of America is currently experiencing increased illness from dispersed and synergistic causes. Many of the acute insults of the past have receded due to centralized health care and regulatory action. However, chronic ailments including asthma and allergies, animal-transmitted diseases, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and depression are on the rise. These diverse illnesses join with forest fragmentation, stream degradation, wetlands destruction, and the concomitant loss of native species to suggest detrimental contributions from the built environment. This paper surveys the state of the science on the impacts of urban design on human health and well-being. Drawing primarily on recent peer-reviewed literature in a broad array of health, planning, and environmental fields, it outlines the influence of design at three spatial scales on aspects of physical and mental health, and social and cultural vibrancy. Selected ecological effects are also discussed to illustrate shared associations with urbanization. While causal chains are generally complex and not always completely understood, sufficient evidence exists to reveal urban design as a powerful tool for improving human condition. Solutions are discussed at the personal and professional level, emphasizing cross-disciplinary collaboration in urban planning and design, and the participation of residents in shaping their living environment. At the parcel scale, greenery and access to it visually and physically are the principal keys to health. These elements must be incorporated into relatively high-density neighborhood designs that include public buildings, open space, mixed land use, and pedestrian walkways to increase physical exercise and enhance civic life. Finally, neighborhoods must be embedded in existing urban infrastructure to provide larger cultural and business opportunities and reduce reliance on the automobile. Further research is recommended to strengthen the associations between design and health. Increased communication on this subject is also necessary between design and health practitioners and their clients and colleagues. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Jackson, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Marra, Giulia/L-8303-2014 NR 50 TC 137 Z9 143 U1 24 U2 153 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 64 IS 4 BP 191 EP 200 AR PII S0169-2046(02)00230-X DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00230-X PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA 700LN UT WOS:000184113600001 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Dewar, BJ Wu, WD Graves, LM AF Samet, JM Dewar, BJ Wu, WD Graves, LM TI Mechanisms of Zn2+-induced signal initiation through the epidermal growth factor receptor SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE zinc; arsenite; vanadium; EGF receptor; receptor dimerization; receptor phosphorylation; transactivation; c-Src ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; EGF-RECEPTOR; TYROSINE PHOSPHATASES; ZINC; ACTIVATION; METALS; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEINS; DIMERIZATION; TRANSMISSION AB Zn2+ is a ubiquitous ambient air contaminant that is found as a constituent of airborne particulate matter (PM). Previous studies have associated Zn2+ levels in PM with health effects in exposed populations and have shown proinflammatory properties of Zn2+ exposure in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we studied the mechanisms of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dimerization, phosphorylation, and kinase activity in A431 cells treated with Zn2+. EGF, but not Zn2+, induced dimerization of EGFR in A431 cells and membrane extracts. Like EGF, Zn2+ induced phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosines 845, 1068, and 1173. However, unlike EGF, Zn2+ failed to induce detectable dimerization of EGFR. The EGFR kinase inhibitor PD153035 ablated all phosphorylation induced by EGF but none caused by Zn2+. PD153035 abolished EGF-induced phosphorylation of the EGFR substrate Cb1, but had no effect on levels of phospho-Cb1 caused by Zn2+. Inhibition of EGFR kinase activity did, however, blunt Zn2+-induced phosphorylation of ERK. Exposure to Zn2+, but not EGF, induced phosphorylation of the activating site of c-Src (tyrosine 416), and Zn2+-induced phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosines 845 and 1068 was blocked by the c-Src kinase activity inhibitor PP2. In summary, Zn2+ ions induce EGFR phosphorylation in a manner dependent on c-Src but not on EGFR dimerization or EGFR kinase activation, suggesting that Zn2+ induces EGFR transactivation by c-Src. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 33 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD AUG 15 PY 2003 VL 191 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00219-9 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 712DE UT WOS:000184781000009 PM 12915106 ER PT J AU Gilliland, AB Dennis, RL Roselle, SJ Pierce, TE AF Gilliland, AB Dennis, RL Roselle, SJ Pierce, TE TI Seasonal NH3 emission estimates for the eastern United States based on ammonium wet concentrations and an inverse modeling method SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ammonia emissions; intra-annual or seasonal variations; inverse modeling; air quality modeling; nitrate aerosols; CMAQ ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY DATA; DRY DEPOSITION; ISOPRENE EMISSIONS; AEROSOL COMPONENT; TRANSPORT MODEL; TRACE GASES; QUALITY; ACID; NADP/NTN AB Significant uncertainty exists in the magnitude and variability of ammonia (NH3) emissions. NH3 emissions are needed as input for air quality modeling of aerosols and deposition of nitrogen compounds. Approximately 85% of NH3 emissions are estimated to come from agricultural nonpoint sources, which are suspected to have a strong seasonal pattern. Because no seasonal information is available in current NH3 emission inventories for air quality modeling, the emissions are often distributed evenly over the year by default. Doing so can adversely affect air quality model-predicted concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds, as shown here. We apply a Kalman filter inverse modeling technique to deduce monthly 1990 NH3 emissions for the eastern United States. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and ammonium (NH4+) wet concentration data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program network are used. The results illustrate the strong seasonal differences in NH3 emissions that were anticipated, where NH3 emissions are more than 75% lower during the colder seasons fall and winter as compared to peak emissions during summer. The results also suggest that the current USEPA 1990 National Emission Inventory for NH3 is too high by at least 20%. This is supported by a recent USEPA study of emission factors that proposes lower emission factors for cattle and swine, which are two of the largest sources of NH3 emissions in the inventory. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gilliland, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Nerl,Amd,Mearb, Off Res & Dev, Mail Drop E243-01, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM alice.gilliland@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D15 AR 4477 DI 10.1029/2002JD003063 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713PX UT WOS:000184868100001 ER PT J AU Sikdar, SK AF Sikdar, SK TI Sustainable development and sustainability metrics SO AICHE JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sikdar, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 19 TC 131 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0001-1541 J9 AICHE J JI AICHE J. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 49 IS 8 BP 1928 EP 1932 DI 10.1002/aic.690490802 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 712JX UT WOS:000184795500001 ER PT J AU Hampton, CR Shimamoto, A Rothnie, CL Griscavage-Ennis, J Chong, A Dix, DJ Verrier, ED Pohlman, TH AF Hampton, CR Shimamoto, A Rothnie, CL Griscavage-Ennis, J Chong, A Dix, DJ Verrier, ED Pohlman, TH TI HSP70.1 and-70.3 are required for late-phase protection induced by ischemic preconditioning of mouse hearts SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heat shock proteins; knockout mice; reperfusion injury ID HEAT-SHOCK FACTOR; MYOCARDIAL INFARCT SIZE; ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; RABBIT HEART; IN-VIVO; RAT; EXPRESSION; MICE; HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN-70 AB We investigated the role of inducible heat shock proteins 70.1 and 70.3 (HSP70.1 and HSP70.3, respectively) in myocardial ischemic preconditioning (IP) in mice. Wild-type (WT) mice and HSP70.1- and HSP70.3-null [HSP70.1/3(-/-)] mice were subjected to IP and examined 24 h later during the late phase of protection. IP significantly increased steady-state levels of HSP70.1 and HSP70.3 mRNA and expression of inducible HSP70 protein in WT myocardium. To assess protection against tissue injury, mice were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. In WT mice, IP reduced infarct size by 43% compared with sham IP-treated mice. In contrast, IP did not reduce infarct size in HSP70.1/3(-/-) mice. Absence of inducible HSP70.1 and HSP70.3 had no effect, however, on classical or early-phase protection produced by IP, which significantly reduced infarct size in HSP70.1/3(-/-) mice. We conclude that inducible HSP70.1 and HSP70.3 are required for late-phase protection against infarction following IP in mice. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Surg, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hampton, CR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Surg, 1959 NE Pacific St,Box 356410, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [5T32 HL 07828, R01 HL 61767] NR 46 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6135 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circul. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 285 IS 2 BP H866 EP H874 DI 10.1152/ajpheart.00596.2002 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Physiology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Physiology GA 701DN UT WOS:000184153100049 PM 12714332 ER PT J AU Upadhyay, D Panduri, V Ghio, A Kamp, DW AF Upadhyay, D Panduri, V Ghio, A Kamp, DW TI Particulate matter induces alveolar epithelial cell DNA damage and apoptosis - Role of free radicals and the mitochondria SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; STRAND-BREAKS; AIR-POLLUTION; IN-VITRO; TERM EXPOSURE; IRON; FINE; DYSFUNCTION; GENERATION; MORTALITY AB Airborne particulate matter (PM) increases morbidity and mortality resulting from cardiopulmonary diseases including cancer. We hypothesized that PM is genotoxic to alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) by causing DNA damage and apoptosis. PM caused dose-dependent AEC DNA strand break formation, reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)), caspase 9 activation, and apoptosis. An iron chelator and a free radical scavenger prevented these effects. Finally, overexpression of Bcl-xl, a mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein, blocked PM-induced DeltaPsi(m), and DNA fragmentation. We conclude that PM causes AEC DNA damage and apoptosis by mechanisms that involve the mitochondria-regulated death pathway and the generation of iron-derived free radicals. C1 Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Vet Adm Chicago Hlth Care Syst, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Lakeside Div, Chicago, IL USA. Dept Med, Chicago, IL USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kamp, DW (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Vet Adm Chicago Hlth Care Syst, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, 303 E Chicago Ave,Tarry Bldg 14-707, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. NR 41 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2 BP 180 EP 187 DI 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0269OC PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 707GT UT WOS:000184503300005 PM 12600817 ER PT J AU Sulaiman, IM Fayer, R Lal, AA Trout, JM Schaefer, FW Xiao, LH AF Sulaiman, IM Fayer, R Lal, AA Trout, JM Schaefer, FW Xiao, LH TI Molecular characterization of microsporidia indicates that wild mammals harbor host-adapted Enterocytozoon spp. as well as human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIOSIS; WATER; PREVALENCE; GENOTYPES; MACAQUES; SAMPLES; STRAINS; SWINE; PIGS AB Over 13 months, 465 beavers, foxes, muskrats, otters, and raccoons were trapped in four counties in eastern Maryland and examined by molecular methods for microsporidia. A two-step nested PCR protocol was developed to amplify a 392-bp fragment of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene of Enterocytozoon spp., with the use of primers complementary to the conserved regions of published nucleotide sequences. Fifty-nine PCR-positive samples were sequenced. Multiple alignments of these sequences identified 17 genotypes of Enterocytozoon spp. (WL1 to WL17); of these, 15 have not been reported before. Most of the genotypes were found in multiple species of wildlife and belonged to a major group consisting of all the previously described Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes from human and domestic animals. Some of the isolates from muskrats and raccoons formed two distinct groups. Results of this study indicate that fur-bearing mammals, especially those closely associated with surface water, can be a potential source of human-pathogenic E. bieneusi. However, there are also host-adapted Enterocytozoon genotypes in wildlife, which may represent species different from E. bieneusi and have no apparent public health significance. This is the first report of E. bieneusi in wildlife. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Bldg 22,Mail Stop F-12, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 20 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 69 IS 8 BP 4495 EP 4501 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.8.4495-4501.2003 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 710GM UT WOS:000184672500021 PM 12902234 ER PT J AU Boese, BL Alayan, KE Gooch, EF Robbins, BD AF Boese, BL Alayan, KE Gooch, EF Robbins, BD TI Desiccation index: a measure of damage caused by adverse aerial exposure on intertidal eelgrass (Zostera marina) in an Oregon (USA) estuary SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE eelgrass; Zostera marina; desiccation; intertidal; aerial exposure ID BANC-DARGUIN MAURITANIA; WASTING DISEASE; NOLTII HORNEM; BIOMASS; LIGHT AB Eelgrass (Zostera marina) leaf necrosis resulting from intertidal aerial exposure is described. A desiccation index was developed and tested to quantitatively assess damage across intertidal Z marina beds in Yaquina Bay, Newport, OR, USA. Results suggest that higher intertidal plants have more desiccation damage than those growing lower in the intertidal. This damage may partially explain why high intertidal plants tend to have shorter canopy heights as leaves tended to break at desiccation damage points. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Western Ecol Div, Pacific Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Saturday Acad, Beaverton, OR USA. Inst Environm Profess, Flagstaff, AZ USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Boese, BL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Western Ecol Div, Pacific Coastal Ecol Branch, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr Newport, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 5 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 76 IS 4 BP 329 EP 337 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00068-8 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 714CW UT WOS:000184895600006 ER PT J AU Volckens, J Leith, D AF Volckens, J Leith, D TI Effects of sampling bias on gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile compounds SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE filter; semi-volatile; denuder; adsorption; evaporation; artifact; K-p ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS SOCS; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER; TEFLON MEMBRANE FILTERS; AIR FILTERS; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS; NONEXCHANGEABLE MATERIAL; AEROSOL; DIBENZOFURANS; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Semi-volatile compounds distribute mass between gas and particle phases in air. Gas particle partition coefficients [K-p = (F/TSP)/A] are used to predict the fate and transport of these compounds in the atmosphere. Measurements of gas-particle partition coefficients are biased if. (1) a fraction of mass is not quantified due to mass penetration through the sampler or reactions of collected species during sampling, (2) a fraction of particle-phase mass is measured erroneously as gas-phase, or (3) a fraction of gas-phase mass is measured erroneously as particle-phase. The latter two biases can lead to serious errors in measured partition coefficients. Generalized equations were developed to predict the impact of these errors for three sampling methods: filter-adsorbent, filter filter adsorbent, and denuder-filter-adsorbent. Two cases were considered: (1) the level of bias is equal for compounds of varying K-p and (2) the sampling bias is compound dependent and, hence, varies with K-p. These artifacts cause deviations to the slope and intercept in log log plots of compound partition coefficients vs. subcooled, liquid vapor pressures that are similar to the deviations seen from non-equilibrium effects, temperature and concentration changes, and the presence of non-exchangeable material in the particle. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Volckens, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD E205-3, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Volckens, John/0000-0002-7563-9525 NR 22 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 37 IS 24 BP 3385 EP 3393 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00356-X PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 702RM UT WOS:000184237200006 ER PT J AU Mazur, CS Jones, WJ Tebes-Stevens, C AF Mazur, CS Jones, WJ Tebes-Stevens, C TI H-2 consumption during the microbial reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated phenols and tetrachloroethene SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE biotransformation; chlorophenols; dehalogenation; hydrogen; perchloroethylene ID ANAEROBIC ESTUARINE SEDIMENT; HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS; HALOGENATED PHENOLS; SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; ELECTRON-ACCEPTORS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; VAPOR-PRESSURES; DECHLORINATION AB Competition for molecular hydrogen exists among hydrogen-utilizing microorganisms in anoxic environments, and evidence suggests that lower hydrogen concentrations are observed with more energetically favorable electron-accepting processes. The transfer of electrons to organochlorines via reductive dehalogenation reactions plays an important role in hydrogen dynamics in impacted systems. We studied the flux of aqueous hydrogen concentrations in methanogenic sediment microcosms prior to and during reductive dehalogenation of a variety of substituted chlorophenols (CP) and tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene, PCE). Mean hydrogen concentrations during reductive dehalogenation of 2,4-CP, 2,3,4-CP, and PCP were 3.6 nM, 4.1 nM, and 0.34 nM, respectively. Sediment microcosms that were not dosed with chlorophenols yet were actively methanogenic maintained a significantly higher mean hydrogen concentration of 9.8 nM. During active PCE dehalogenation, sediment microcosms maintained a mean hydrogen concentration of 0.82 nM. These data indicate that during limiting hydrogen production, the threshold ecosystem hydrogen concentration is controlled by microbial populations that couple hydrogen oxidation to thermodynamically favorable electron accepting reactions, including reductive dehalogenation of chloroaromatic and chloroaliphatic compounds. We also present revised estimates for the Gibbs free energy available from the reductive dehalogenation of a variety of substituted chlorophenols based on recently published values of vapor pressure, solubility, and pK(a) for these compounds. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Jones, WJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PD AUG PY 2003 VL 14 IS 4 BP 285 EP 295 DI 10.1023/A:1024765706617 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 701MK UT WOS:000184171200005 PM 12948058 ER PT J AU Tarka-Leeds, DK Herr, DW Klinefelter, GR Rogers, JM AF Tarka-Leeds, DK Herr, DW Klinefelter, GR Rogers, JM TI Effects of gestational exposure to ethane dimethanesulfonate in CD-1 mice: Microtia and preliminary hearing tests SO BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART B-DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ethane dimethanesulfonate; ear; microtia; mouse; BAER; alkylating agent ID SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; MALE-RAT; DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; MOUSE PINNA; EAR; MALFORMATIONS; CARTILAGE; AGENTS; MIDDLE AB BACKGROUND: Microtia is a reduction in pinna size, usually seen in humans in conjunction with other medical conditions. We report microtia in CD-1 mice after gestational exposure to ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS), an alkylating agent and adult rat Leydig cell toxicant. METHODS: Time-pregnant CD-1 mice were administered 0, 80, or 160 mg EDS/kg on gestation days (GD) 11-17, or 0 or 160 mg EDS/kg on GD 11-13, GD 13-15 or GD 15-17. Pinnae were measured on postnatal days (PND) 4, 8, 18, and 28; and were observed for detachment from birth through PND 8. Branchial-arch derived skeletal structures and histology of the pinna was examined on PND 4 and 24. Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) tests were carried out at approximately PND 160 to determine possible effects on hearing. RESULTS: All offspring of EDS-treated dams exhibited bilateral, dose-related decreases in pinna size. Gestational exposure during GD 11-13 produced smaller ears than during GD 13-15 or 15-17, but not as small as the GD 11-17 regimen. Ossification of other pharyngeal arch derivatives was delayed whereas histology was unremarkable. BAER analysis showed a decrease in the proportion of adult offspring producing a quantifiable response to varied auditory stimuli among EDS-treated litters. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational exposure to EDS affects pinna development in the mouse, with a broad period of sensitivity during the second half of gestation. Microtia induced by EDS may be associated with hearing deficits, suggesting functional importance of pinna size or additional effects of EDS on ear development not detected by morphological examination. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, NHEERI, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERI, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rogers, JM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERI, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5 T32 ES07126] NR 38 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1542-9733 J9 BIRTH DEFECTS RES B JI Birth Defects Res. Part B-Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 BP 383 EP 390 DI 10.1002/bdrb.10033 PG 8 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 734LF UT WOS:000186056800009 PM 14667001 ER PT J AU Andrewes, P Kitchin, KT Wallace, K AF Andrewes, P Kitchin, KT Wallace, K TI Dimethylarsine and trimethylarsine are potent genotoxins in vitro SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); DNA STRAND BREAKS; INORGANIC ARSENICS; METHYLATED ARSENICALS; MAIN METABOLITE; HUMAN URINE; SKIN TUMORIGENESIS; HUMAN-CELLS; DAMAGE; TRIVALENT AB The mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis is unclear. A complicating factor receiving increasing attention is that arsenic is biomethylated to form various metabolites. Eleven different arsenicals were studied for in vitro genotoxicity to supercoiled DNA (pBR 322 and phiX174). Five arsenicals showed various degrees of positivity-monomethylarsonous acid, dimethylarsinous acid, monomethylarsine, dimethylarsine, and trimethylarsine. Supercoiled DNA, blotted on nitrocellulose filter paper, was exposed to gaseous arsines by suspending the filter paper above aqueous reaction mixtures of sodium borohydride and an appropriate arsenical. All three methylated arsines damaged DNA; inorganic arsine did not. Arsines were generated in situ in reaction mixtures containing DNA by reaction of sodium borohydride with arsenite, monomethylarsonous acid, dimethylarsinous acid, and trimethylarsine oxide, at pH 8.0. Both dimethylarsine and trimethylarsine (generated from 200 muM dimethylarsinous acid and trimethylarsine oxide, respectively) damaged DNA in less than 30 min. Under certain conditions, the two most potent genotoxic arsines, trimethylarsine and dimethylarsine, are about 100 times more potent than dimethylarsinous acid (the most potent genotoxic arsenical previously known). There was no evidence to suggest that anything other than the arsines caused the DNA damage. Possible models for the biological production of arsines were examined. The coenzymes, NADH and NADPH, are biological hydride donors. When NADH or NADPH (5 mM) were incubated with dimethylarsinous acid (0-2 mM) for 2 h, DNA damage was increased by at least 10-fold. A possible explanation for this result is that these compounds react with dimethylarsinous acid to generate dimethylarsine. DNA was incubated with a dithiol compound, dithioerythritol (5 mM), and trimethylarsine oxide (0.5 mM) for 2 h, and the reduction of trimethylarsine oxide to trimethylarsine resulted in DNA damage. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 57 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 16 IS 8 BP 994 EP 1003 DI 10.1021/tx034063h PG 10 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 714CE UT WOS:000184894100007 PM 12924927 ER PT J AU Mohseni, O Stefan, HG Eaton, JG AF Mohseni, O Stefan, HG Eaton, JG TI Global warming and potential changes in fish habitat in US streams SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP; THERMAL HABITAT; CLIMATE; WATER; LAKES AB To project potential habitat changes of 57 fish species under global warming, their suitable thermal habitat at 764 stream gaging stations in the contiguous United States was studied. Global warming was specified by air temperature increases projected by the Canadian Centre of Climate Modelling General Circulation Model for a doubling of atmospheric CO2. The aquatic thermal regime at each gaging station was related to air temperature using a nonlinear stream temperature/air temperature relationship. Suitable fish thermal habitat was assumed to be constrained by both maximum temperature and minimum temperature tolerances. For cold water fishes with a 0degreesC lower temperature constraint, the number of stations with suitable thermal habitat under a 2 x CO2 climate scenario is projected to decrease by 36%, and for cool water fishes by 15%. These changes are associated with a northward shift of the range. For warm water fishes with a 2degreesC lower temperature constraint, the potential number of stations with suitable thermal habitat is projected to increase by 31%. C1 Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN USA. RP Mohseni, O (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Mississippi River & 3rd Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 26 TC 128 Z9 131 U1 7 U2 49 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD AUG PY 2003 VL 59 IS 3 BP 389 EP 409 DI 10.1023/A:1024847723344 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 704CH UT WOS:000184319800006 ER PT J AU West, JM Salm, RV AF West, JM Salm, RV TI Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: Implications for coral reef conservation and management SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; MASS EXPULSION; PHASE-SHIFTS; EVENT; TEMPERATURE; MORTALITY; STRESS; ZOOXANTHELLAE; COMMUNITIES AB The massive scale of the 1997-1998 EL Nino-associated coral bleaching event underscores the need for strategies to mitigate biodiversity losses resulting from temperature-induced coral mortality. As baseline sea surface temperatures continue to rise, climate change may represent the single greatest threat to coral reefs worldwide. In response, one strategy might be to identify (1) specific reef areas where natural environmental conditions are likely to result in low or negligible temperature-related bleaching and mortality (i.e., areas of natural "resistance" to bleaching) and (2) reef areas where environmental conditions are likely to result in maximum recovery of reef communities after bleaching mortality has occurred (i.e., areas of natural community "resilience"). These "target areas," where environmental conditions appear to boost resistance and resilience during and after large-scale bleaching events, could then be incorporated into strategic networks of marine protected areas designed to maximize conservation of global coral reef biodiversity. Based on evidence from the literature and systematically compiled observations from researchers in the field, this paper identifies likely environmental correlates of resistance and resilience to coral bleaching, including factors that reduce temperature stress, enhance water movement, decrease light stress, correlate with physiological tolerance, and provide physical or biological enhancement of recovery potential. As a tool for identifying reef areas that are likely to be most robust in the face of continuing climate change and for determining priority areas for reducing direct anthropogenic impacts, this information has important implications for coral reef conservation and management. C1 US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Nature Conservancy, Country Programs, Asia Pacific & Calif Div, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. RP West, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Off Res & Dev, 1200 Penn Ave NW 8601D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM west.jordan@epa.gov NR 77 TC 183 Z9 198 U1 16 U2 138 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 956 EP 967 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02055.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 706KM UT WOS:000184452900007 ER PT J AU Osornio-Vargas, AR Bonner, JC Alfaro-Moreno, E Martinez, L Garcia-Cuellar, C Rosales, SPD Miranda, J Rosas, I AF Osornio-Vargas, AR Bonner, JC Alfaro-Moreno, E Martinez, L Garcia-Cuellar, C Rosales, SPD Miranda, J Rosas, I TI Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Mexico City air pollution particulate matter in vitro are dependent on particle size and composition SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; cytotoxicity; endotoxin; IL-6; interleukin-6; J774A.1 cells; Mexico City; particle composition; particulate matter; PM10; PM2.5; TNF-alpha; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ID COARSE PARTICLES; FINE PM2.5; MORTALITY; APOPTOSIS; INDUCTION; CELLS AB Exposure to urban airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects. We previously reported that the cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of Mexico City PM10 (less than or equal to 10 mum mean aerodynamic diameter) are determined by transition metals and endotoxins associated with these particles. However, PM2.5 (less than or equal to 2.5 mum mean aerodynamic diameter) could be more important as a human health risk because this smaller PM has the potential to reach the distal lung after inhalation. In this study, we compared the cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of Mexico City PM 10 with those of PM2.5 using the routine monocytic J774A.1 cell line in vitro. PMs were collected from the northern zone or the southeastern zone of Mexico City. Elemental composition and bacterial endotoxin on PMs were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by J774A. 1 cells was measured in the presence or absence of recombinant endotoxin-neutralizing protein (rENP). Both northern and southeastern PMs contained endotoxin and a variety of transition metals. Southeastern PM10 contained the highest endotoxin levels, 2-fold higher than that in northern PM10. Northern and southeastern PM2.5 contained the lowest endotoxin levels. Accordingly, southeastern PM10 was the most potent in causing secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6. All PM2.5 and PM10 samples caused cytotoxicity, but northern F`Ms were the most toxic. Cytokine secretion induced by southeastern PM10 was reduced 50-75% by rENP. These results indicate major differences in PM10 and PM2.5 PM2.5 induces cytotoxicity in vitro through an endotoxin-independent mechanism that is likely mediated by transition metals. In contrast, PM10 with relatively high levels of endotoxin induces proinflammatory cytokine release via an endotoxin-dependent mechanism. C1 Inst Nacl Cancerol, Div Invest Basica, Mexico City 14080, DF, Mexico. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Med, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Osornio-Vargas, AR (reprint author), Inst Nacl Cancerol, Div Invest Basica, Av San Fernando 22,Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, DF, Mexico. RI Osornio Vargas, Alvaro/D-4012-2009; Osornio Vargas, Alvaro/B-4645-2010; OI Osornio Vargas, Alvaro/0000-0001-8287-7102; Alfaro-Moreno, Ernesto/0000-0003-1132-7992 NR 27 TC 127 Z9 129 U1 3 U2 23 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1289 EP 1293 DI 10.1289/ehp.5913 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 711MX UT WOS:000184746600029 PM 12896848 ER PT J AU Castorina, R Woodruff, TJ AF Castorina, R Woodruff, TJ TI Assessment of potential risk levels associated with US environmental protection agency reference values SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE benchmark dose; noncancer; risk assessment AB reference concentrations (RfCs) to assess risks from exposure to toxic substances for noncancer health end points. RfDs and RfCs are supposed to represent lifetime inhalation or ingestion exposure with minimal appreciable risk, but they do not include information about the estimated risk from exposures equal to the RfD/RfC. We used results from benchmark dose modeling approaches recently adopted for use in developing RfDs/RfCs to estimate the risk levels associated with exposures at the RfD/RfC. We searched the U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database and identified I I chemicals with oral RfDs and 12 chemicals with inhalation RfCs that used benchmark dose modeling. For assessments with sufficient model information, we found that 16 of 21 (76%) of the dose-response models were linear or supralinear. We estimated the risk from exposures at the established RfDs and RfCs for these chemicals using a linear dose-response curve to characterize risk below the observed data. Risk estimates ranged from I in 10,000 to 5 in 1,000 for exposures at the RfDs, and from I in 10,000 to 3 in 1,000 for exposures at the RfCs. Risk estimates for exposures at the RfD/RfC values derived from sublinear dose-response curves ranged from 3 in 1,000,000,000 to 8 in 10,000. Twenty-four percent of reference values corresponded to estimated risk levels greater than I in 1,000; 10 of 14 assessments had points of departure greater than the no-observed-adverse-effect levels. For policy development regarding management of cancer risks, the U.S. EPA often uses 1 in 1,000,000 as a de minimis risk level. Although noncancer outcomes may in some instances be reversible and considered less severe than cancer, our findings call into question the assumption that established RfD and RfC values represent negligibly small risk levels. C1 US EPA, Publ Hlth & Environm Policy Team, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Childrens Environm Hlth Res, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Woodruff, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Publ Hlth & Environm Policy Team, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, 75 Hawthorne St,MC SPE-1, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09605]; PHS HHS [R826709] NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1318 EP 1325 DI 10.1289/ehp.6185 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 711MX UT WOS:000184746600034 PM 12896853 ER PT J AU Suk, WA Ruchirawat, KM Balakrishnan, K Berger, M Carpenter, D Damstra, T de Garbino, JP Koh, D Landrigan, PJ Makalinao, I Sly, PD Xu, Y Zheng, BS AF Suk, WA Ruchirawat, KM Balakrishnan, K Berger, M Carpenter, D Damstra, T de Garbino, JP Koh, D Landrigan, PJ Makalinao, I Sly, PD Xu, Y Zheng, BS TI Environmental threats to children's health in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE Bangkok; children's environmental health; exposure; lead; mercury; risk; Southeast Asia; Western Pacific AB The Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions contain half of the world's children and are among the most rapidly industrializing regions of the globe. Environmental threats to children's health are widespread and are multiplying as nations in the area undergo industrial development and pass through the epidemiologic transition. These environmental hazards range from traditional threats such as bacterial contamination of drinking water and wood smoke in poorly ventilated dwellings to more recently introduced chemical threats such as asbestos construction materials; arsenic in groundwater; methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, India; untreated manufacturing wastes released to landfills; chlorinated hydrocarbon and organophosphorous pesticides; and atmospheric lead emissions from the combustion of leaded gasoline. To address these problems, pediatricians, environmental health scientists, and public health workers throughout Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific have begun to build local and national research and prevention programs in children's environmental health. Successes have been achieved as a result of these efforts: A cost-effective system for producing safe drinking water at the village level has been devised in India; many nations have launched aggressive antismoking campaigns; and Thailand, the Philippines, India, and Pakistan have all begun to reduce their use of lead in gasoline, with resultant declines in children's blood lead levels. The International Conference on Environmental Threats to the Health of Children, held in Bangkok, Thailand, in March 2002, brought together more than 300 representatives from 35 countries and organizations to increase awareness on environmental health hazards affecting children in these regions and throughout the world. The conference, a direct result of the Environmental Threats to the Health of Children meeting held in Manila in April 2000, provided participants with the latest scientific data on children's vulnerability to environmental hazards and models for future policy and public health discussions on ways to improve children's health. The Bangkok Statement, a pledge resulting from the conference proceedings, is an important first step in creating a global alliance committed to developing active and innovative national and international networks to promote and protect children's environmental health. C1 NIEHS, Ctr Risk & Integrated Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Chulabhorn Res Inst, Bangkok, Thailand. Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect, Washington, DC 20460 USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Rensselaer, NY USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Community Occupat & Family Med, Singapore 117548, Singapore. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Ctr Childrens Hlth & Environm, Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY USA. Univ Philippines, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Manila, Philippines. Princess Margaret Hosp Children, Subiaco, WA USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, Wuhan, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Guiyang, Peoples R China. RP Suk, WA (reprint author), NIEHS, Ctr Risk & Integrated Sci, 79 TW Alexander Dr,4401 Bldg,Mail Drop EC-27, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM suk@niehs.nih.gov RI Sly, Peter/F-1486-2010; Balakrishnan, Kalpana/B-6653-2015 OI Sly, Peter/0000-0001-6305-2201; Balakrishnan, Kalpana/0000-0002-5905-1801 NR 34 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 28 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1340 EP 1347 DI 10.1289/ehp.6059 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 711MX UT WOS:000184746600037 PM 12896856 ER PT J AU Jaworska, JS Comber, M Auer, C Van Leeuwen, CJ AF Jaworska, JS Comber, M Auer, C Van Leeuwen, CJ TI Summary of a Workshop on Regulatory Acceptance of (Q)SARs for Human Health and Environmental Endpoints SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE quantitative structure-activity relationships; regulatory acceptance AB The "Workshop on Regulatory Use of (Q)SARs for Human Health and Environmental Endpoints," organized by the European Chemical Industry Council and the International Council of Chemical Associations, gathered more than 60 human health and environmental experts from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies from around the world. They agreed, especially industry and regulatory authorities, that the workshop initiated great potential for the further development and use of predictive models, that is, quantitative structure-activity relationships [(Q)SARs], for chemicals management in a much broader scope than is currently the case. To increase confidence in (Q)SAR predictions and minimization of their misuse, the workshop aimed to develop proposals for guidance and acceptability criteria. The workshop also described the broad outline of a system that would apply that guidance and acceptability criteria to a (Q)SAR when used for chemical management purposes, including priority setting, risk assessment, and classification and labeling. C1 Procter & Gamble Eurocar, B-1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium. ExxonMobil Biomed Sci Inc, Annandale, NJ USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Hlth & Consumer Protect, Ispra, Italy. RP Jaworska, JS (reprint author), Procter & Gamble Eurocar, Temselaan 100, B-1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium. RI van Leeuwen, Cornelis/S-5815-2016 OI van Leeuwen, Cornelis/0000-0003-1605-4268 NR 3 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1358 EP 1360 DI 10.1289/ehp.5757 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 711MX UT WOS:000184746600040 PM 12896859 ER PT J AU Cronin, MTD Walker, JD Jaworska, JS Comber, MHI Watts, CD Worth, AP AF Cronin, MTD Walker, JD Jaworska, JS Comber, MHI Watts, CD Worth, AP TI Use of QSARs in international decision-making frameworks to predict ecologic effects and environmental fate of chemical substances SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE bioaccumulation; chemical substances; persistence; QSAR; regulatory agencies; toxicity ID OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION; AUTOMATED STRUCTURE EVALUATION; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; INTERAGENCY-TESTING-COMMITTEE; STRUCTURE EVALUATION PROGRAM; RECEPTOR-BINDING-AFFINITY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AQUATIC TOXICITY; RATE CONSTANTS; ACTIVITY-COEFFICIENTS AB This article is a review of the use, by regulatory agencies and authorities, of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QARs) to predict ecologic effects and environmental fate of chemicals. For many years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been the most prominent regulatory agency using QSARs to predict the ecologic effects and environmental fate of chemicals. However, as increasing numbers of standard QSAR methods are developed and validated to predict ecologic effects and environmental fate of chemicals, it is anticipated that more regulatory agencies and authorities will find them to be acceptable alternatives to chemical testing. C1 Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. US EPA, Tox Subst Control Act Interagcy, Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Strombeek Bever, Belgium. ExxonMobil Biomed Sci Inc, Prod Stewardship & Regulatory Affairs, Machelen, Belgium. NSF, WRc, Natl Ctr Environm Toxicol, Marlow, Bucks, England. European Commiss, European Chem Bur, Inst Hlth & Consumer Protect, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy. RP Cronin, MTD (reprint author), Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Byrom St, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. NR 170 TC 133 Z9 135 U1 2 U2 36 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1376 EP 1390 DI 10.1289/ehp.5759 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 711MX UT WOS:000184746600042 PM 12896861 ER PT J AU Cronin, MTD Jaworska, JS Walker, JD Comber, MHI Watts, CD Worth, AP AF Cronin, MTD Jaworska, JS Walker, JD Comber, MHI Watts, CD Worth, AP TI Use of QSARs in international decision-making frameworks to predict health effects of chemical substances SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE chemical substances; human health effects; prediction; QSAR; regulatory agencies; toxicity ID INTERAGENCY-TESTING-COMMITTEE; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; EYE IRRITATION; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; ALTERNATIVE METHODS; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; SUPPORT-SYSTEM; TOXICOLOGY; MODEL AB This article is a review of the use of quantitative (and qualitative) structure-activity relationships (QSARs and SARs) by regulatory agencies and authorities to predict acute toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and other health effects. A number of SAR and QSAR applications, by regulatory agencies and authorities, are reviewed. These include the use of simple QSAR analyses, as well as the use of multivariate QSARs, and a number of different expert system approaches. C1 Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. Procter & Gamble, Eurocor, Strombeek Bever, Belgium. US EPA, TSCA Interagcy, Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ExxonMobil Biomed Sci Inc, Prod Stewardship & Regulatory Affairs, Machelen, Belgium. NSF, WRc, Natl Ctr Environm Toxicol, Marlow, Bucks, England. European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Hlth & Consumer Protect, European Chem Bur, Ispra, Italy. RP Cronin, MTD (reprint author), Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Byrom St, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. EM m.r.cronin@livjm.ac.uk NR 84 TC 150 Z9 161 U1 3 U2 20 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 111 IS 10 BP 1391 EP 1401 DI 10.1289/ehp.5760 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 711MX UT WOS:000184746600043 PM 12896862 ER PT J AU Walker, JD AF Walker, JD TI QSARs promote more efficient use of chemical testing resources - Carpe diem SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID OPPORTUNITIES; PERSPECTIVE; TOXICOLOGY C1 US EPA, TSCA, ITC, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Walker, JD (reprint author), US EPA, TSCA, ITC, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 1200 Penn Ave NW,7401, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1651 EP 1652 DI 10.1897/03-189 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300001 PM 12924567 ER PT J AU Walker, JD Jaworska, J Comber, MHI Schultz, TW Dearden, JC AF Walker, JD Jaworska, J Comber, MHI Schultz, TW Dearden, JC TI Guidelines for developing and using quantitative structure-activity relationships SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitative structure-activity relationships guidelines ID CLASSIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTANTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; RECEPTOR-BINDING-AFFINITY; AQUATIC TOXICITY; OCCURRING CHEMICALS; FATHEAD MINNOW; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; MOLECULAR CONNECTIVITY; TETRAHYMENA-PYRIFORMIS AB Numerous quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) have been developed to predict properties, fate, and effects of mostly discrete organic chemicals. As the demand for different types of regulatory testing increases and the cost of experimental testing escalates, there is a need to evaluate the use of QSARs and provide some guidance to avoid their misuse, especially as QSARs are being considered for regulatory purposes. This paper provides some guidelines that will promote the proper development and use of QSARs. While this paper uses examples of QSARs to predict toxicity, the proposed guidelines are applicable to QSARs used to predict physical or chemical properties, environmental fate, ecological effects and health effects. C1 US EPA, TSCA, Interagcy Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Proctor & Gamble Eurocor, Cent Prod Safety Dept, B-1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium. ExxonMobil Biomed Sci, Prod Stewardship & Regulatory Affairs, B-1831 Machelen, Belgium. Univ Tennessee, Dept Comparat Med, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. RP Walker, JD (reprint author), US EPA, TSCA, Interagcy Testing Comm, 7401, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM walker.johnd@epa.gov NR 106 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1653 EP 1665 DI 10.1897/01-627 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300002 PM 12924568 ER PT J AU Jaworska, JS Boethling, RS Howard, PH AF Jaworska, JS Boethling, RS Howard, PH TI Recent developments in broadly applicable structure-biodegradability relationships SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE biodegradation prediction; quantitative structure-activity relationship ID READY BIODEGRADABILITY; AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; ACTIVATED-SLUDGE; CHEMICALS; PREDICTION; MODEL; TESTS; EXTRAPOLATION; SELECTION AB Biodegradation is one of the most important processes influencing concentration of a chemical substance after its release to the environment. It is the main process for removal of many chemicals from the environment and therefore is an important factor in risk assessments. This article reviews available methods and models for predicting biodegradability of organic chemicals from structure. The first section of the article briefly discusses current needs for biodegradability estimation methods related to new and existing chemicals and in the context of multimedia exposure models. Following sections include biodegradation test methods and endpoints used in modeling, with special attention given to the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry test; a primer on modeling, describing the various approaches that have been used in the structure/biodegradability relationship work, and contrasting statistical and mechanistic approaches; and recent developments in structure/biodegradability relationships, divided into group contribution, chemometric, and artificial intelligence approaches. C1 Procter & Gamble Co, Eurocor, Corp Environm Safety Sci & Res, B-1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, Ctr Environm Sci, Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. RP Jaworska, JS (reprint author), Procter & Gamble Co, Eurocor, Corp Environm Safety Sci & Res, 100 Temselaan, B-1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium. NR 65 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 28 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1710 EP 1723 DI 10.1897/01-302 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300006 PM 12924572 ER PT J AU Tratnyek, PG Weber, EJ Schwarzenbach, RP AF Tratnyek, PG Weber, EJ Schwarzenbach, RP TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for chemical reductions of organic contaminants SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE correlation analysis; linear free energy relationships; dehalogenation; nitro reduction ID ZERO-VALENT IRON; HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHLORINATED ACETYLENE REACTION; TRANSFORMATION RATE CONSTANTS; HOMOGENEOUS AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ANOXIC SEDIMENT SYSTEMS; ONE-ELECTRON; SUBSTITUTED NITROBENZENES; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MEDIATED REDUCTION AB Sufficient kinetic data on abiotic reduction reactions involving organic contaminants are now available that quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for these reactions can be developed. Over 50 QSARs have been reported, most in just the past few years, and they are summarized as a group here. The majority of these QSARs concern dechlorination reactions, and most of the rest concern nitro reduction reactions. Most QSARs for reduction reactions have been developed mainly as diagnostic tools for determining reduction mechanisms and pathways. So far, only a few of these QSARs are sufficiently precise in formulation, yet general in scope, that they might be useful for predicting contaminant fate. Achieving the goal of developing predictive models for tie kinetics of contaminant reduction in the environment will require a delicate balance between process-level rigor and practical levels of approximation. C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. RP Tratnyek, PG (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, 2000 NW Walker Rd, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA. NR 53 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 28 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1733 EP 1742 DI 10.1897/01-236 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300008 PM 12924574 ER PT J AU Bradbury, SP Russom, CL Ankley, GT Schultz, TW Walker, JD AF Bradbury, SP Russom, CL Ankley, GT Schultz, TW Walker, JD TI Overview of data and conceptual approaches for derivation of quantitative structure-activity relationships for ecotoxicological effects of organic chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitative structure-activity relationships ecological risk assessment; toxic action modes; aquatic toxicology; industrial organic chemicals ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; STRUCTURE-TOXICITY RELATIONSHIPS; RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; CLASSIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTANTS; MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL; JUVENILE FATHEAD MINNOWS AB The use of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) in assessing potential toxic effects of organic chemicals on aquatic organisms continues to evolve as computational efficiency and toxicological understanding advance. With the ever-increasing production of new chemicals, and the need to optimize resources to assess thousands of existing chemicals in commerce, regulatory agencies have turned to QSARs as essential tools to help prioritize tiered risk assessments when empirical data are not available to evaluate toxicological effects. Progress in designing scientifically credible QSARs is intimately associated with the development of empirically derived databases of well-defined and quantified toxicity endpoints, which are based on a strategic evaluation of diverse sets of chemical structures, modes of toxic action, and species. This review provides a brief overview of four databases created for the purpose of developing QSARs for estimating toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms. The evolution of QSARs based initially on general chemical classification schemes, to models founded on modes of toxic action that range from nonspecific partitioning into hydrophobic cellular membranes to receptor-mediated mechanisms is summarized. Finally, an overview of expert systems that integrate chemical-specific mode of action classification and associated QSAR selection for estimating potential toxicological effects of organic chemicals is presented. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Comparat Med, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US EPA, TSCA, Interagcy Testing Committee, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Russom, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 115 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 33 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1789 EP 1798 DI 10.1897/01-234 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300012 PM 12924578 ER PT J AU Russom, CL Breton, RL Walker, JD Bradbury, SP AF Russom, CL Breton, RL Walker, JD Bradbury, SP TI An overview of the use of quantitative structure-activity relationships for ranking and prioritizing large chemical inventories for environmental risk assessments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE chemical ranking; chemical screening; regulation; chemical inventory; risk assessment ID INTERAGENCY-TESTING-COMMITTEE; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; FRAGMENT CONTRIBUTION METHOD; MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR LIGANDS; ALPHA BINDING-AFFINITY; SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT; EXISTING CHEMICALS; FATHEAD MINNOW AB Ecological risk assessments for chemical stressors are used to establish linkages between likely exposure concentrations and adverse effects to ecological receptors. At times, it is useful to conduct screening risk assessments to assist in prioritizing or ranking chemicals on the basis of potential hazard and exposure assessment parameters. Ranking of large chemical inventories can provide evidence for focusing research and/or cleanup efforts on specific chemicals of concern. Because of financial and time constraints, data gaps exist, and the risk assessor is left with decisions on which models to use to estimate the parameter of concern. In this review, several methods are presented for using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) in conducting hazard screening or screening-level risk assessments. The ranking methods described include those related to current regulatory issues associated with chemical inventories from Canada, Europe, and the United States and an example of a screening-level risk assessment conducted on chemicals associated with a watershed in the midwest region of the United States. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Commercial Chem Evaluat Branch, Chem Evaluat Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. US EPA, Tox Subst Control Act Interagcy Testing Comm, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Russom, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 102 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 12 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1810 EP 1821 DI 10.1897/01-194 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300014 PM 12924580 ER PT J AU Comber, MHI Walker, JD Watts, C Hermens, J AF Comber, MHI Walker, JD Watts, C Hermens, J TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting potential ecological hazard of organic chemicals for use in regulatory risk assessments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitative structure-activity relationships; risk assessment; regulatory effect ID CLASSIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTANTS; INTERAGENCY-TESTING-COMMITTEE; BIODEGRADATION DATA; AQUATIC TOXICITY; LAW CONSTANTS; FATE; SUBSTANCES; SYSTEM; MODEL; QSARS AB The use of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for deriving the predicted no-effect concentration of discrete organic chemicals for the purposes of conducting a regulatory risk assessment in Europe and the United States is described. In the United States, under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the TSCA Interagency Testing Committee and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) use SARs to estimate the hazards of existing and new chemicals. Within the Existing Substances Regulation in Europe, QSARs may be used for data evaluation, test strategy indications, and the identification and filling of data gaps. To illustrate where and when QSARs may be useful and when their use is more problematic, an example, methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), is given and the predicted and experimental data are compared. Improvements needed for new QSARs and tools for developing and using QSARs are discussed. C1 Exxon Mobil, Exxon Mobil Biomed Sci, B-1831 Machelen, Belgium. US EPA, TSCA, Interagcy Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Water Res Ctr, NSF, Natl Ctr Environm Toxicol, Marlow SL7 2HD, Bucks, England. Univ Utrecht, RITOX, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Comber, MHI (reprint author), Exxon Mobil, Exxon Mobil Biomed Sci, Hermeslaan 2, B-1831 Machelen, Belgium. NR 65 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1822 EP 1828 DI 10.1897/01-261 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300015 PM 12924581 ER PT J AU Cronin, MTD Dearden, JC Walker, JD Worth, AP AF Cronin, MTD Dearden, JC Walker, JD Worth, AP TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for human health effects: Commonalities with other endpoints SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitative structure-activity relationship; toxicity; ecologically relevant species; human-surrogate species ID ALLERGIC CONTACT-DERMATITIS; STRUCTURE-PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIPS; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS; STRUCTURE-TOXICITY RELATIONSHIPS; AUTOMATED STRUCTURE EVALUATION; NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIP QSAR; SIDE-CHAIN LENGTH; LYMPH-NODE ASSAY; STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS AB This article describes the use of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to predict toxicity endpoints for ecologically relevant and human-surrogate species. The interrelationships between the endpoints, and the possibilities of exploring the commonalities of chemical action from one species to another as well as from one endpoint to another, are evaluated. A number of toxic endpoints are discussed including mutagenicity and carcinogenicity; developmental toxicity (teratogenicity); acute toxicity; skin sensitization; skin, eye, and sensory irritation; and the modeling of membrane permeability. A number of electrophilic molecular substructures have been identified that are common to a number of toxicities. It is postulated that if such a substructure is observed in a molecule, it may exhibit a range of toxicities. Further, there appear to be relationships between the toxicity to ecologically relevant and human-surrogate species, which may allow for appreciation and possible extrapolation in both directions. Overall, however, QSARs are limited by the paucity of available toxicological data and information. C1 Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. US EPA, TSCA, Interagcy Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. European Chem Bur, Inst Hlth & Consumer Protect, EC Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. RP Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Byrom St, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. EM m.t.cronin@livjm.ac.uk NR 151 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1829 EP 1843 DI 10.1897/01-274 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300016 PM 12924582 ER PT J AU Schmieder, PK Ankley, G Mekenyan, O Walker, JD Bradbury, S AF Schmieder, PK Ankley, G Mekenyan, O Walker, JD Bradbury, S TI Quantitative structure-activity relationship models for prediction of estrogen receptor binding affinity of structurally diverse chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE estrogen receptor; relative binding affinity; structure-activity relationships; hazard identification ID MOLECULAR-FIELD ANALYSIS; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; LIGAND FLEXIBILITY; NUCLEAR RECEPTORS; ANALYSIS COMFA; IN-VITRO; 3D QSAR; ALPHA; BETA AB The demonstrated ability of a variety of structurally diverse chemicals to bind to the estrogen receptor has raised the concern that chemicals in the environment may be causing adverse effects through interference with nuclear receptor pathways. Many structure-activity relationship models have been developed to predict chemical binding to the estrogen receptor as an indication of potential estrogenicity. Models based on either two-dimensional or three-dimensional molecular descriptions that have been used to predict potential for binding to the estrogen receptor are the subject of the current review. The utility of such approaches to predict binding potential of diverse chemical structures in large chemical inventories, with potential application in a tiered risk assessment scheme, is discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Bourgas Univ As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Dept Chem Phys, Burgas 118010, Bulgaria. US EPA, TSCA, Interagcy Testing Comm, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox Substances, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schmieder, PK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM schmieder.patricia@epa.gov NR 59 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1844 EP 1854 DI 10.1897/01-345 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300017 PM 12924583 ER PT J AU Rodford, R Patlewicz, G Walker, JD Payne, MP AF Rodford, R Patlewicz, G Walker, JD Payne, MP TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting skin and respiratory sensitization SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE structure-activity relationship; relative alkylation index; expert system; local lymph node assay; guinea pig maximization ID LYMPH-NODE ASSAY; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; CHEMICAL ALLERGENS; SUBSTANCES; AGENTS; SYSTEM; MODEL; MICE AB Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for predicting skin and respiratory sensitization are reviewed. Overall. progress has been hampered by the sparseness of good quality experimental data, a fact that makes it difficult, at this time, to recommend one or two QSARs for predicting skin and respiratory sensitization. Creation of appropriate data sets for uninvestigated classes of chemicals by experimentation should facilitate the development of more robust QSARs for predicting skin and respiratory sensitization. Such QSARs will be valuable in the evaluation of identifiable toxic hazards where dose responses are relevant, as is the case for skin and respiratory sensitization. C1 Safety & Environm Assurance Ctr, Bedford MK44 ILQ, England. Solo Star, Bedford MK44 3BW, England. US EPA, Tox Substances Control Act Interagcy Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Hlth & Safety Lab, Sheffield S3 7HQ, S Yorkshire, England. RP Patlewicz, G (reprint author), Safety & Environm Assurance Ctr, Colworth House, Bedford MK44 ILQ, England. OI Patlewicz, Grace/0000-0003-3863-9689 NR 28 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1855 EP 1861 DI 10.1897/01-438 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300018 PM 12924584 ER PT J AU Patlewicz, G Rodford, R Walker, JD AF Patlewicz, G Rodford, R Walker, JD TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting skin and eye irritation SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitative structure-activity relationship; skin irritation; eye irritation; skin corrosivity; Draize ID INTERACTION QSAR ANALYSIS; DECISION-SUPPORT-SYSTEM; IRRITANCY/CORROSIVITY TESTING STRATEGIES; ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; ALTERNATIVE METHODS; CORROSIVITY; TOXICITY; DATABASE; PHENOLS AB Recent quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for the prediction of skin and eye irritation were reviewed. The QSARs in these areas are hindered by the lack of quality in vivo data and by a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of action. Creation of appropriate data sets for experimentation would facilitate the development of robust QSARs for predicting skin and eye irritation. C1 SEAC, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, Beds, England. Solo Star, Bedford MK44 3BW, England. US EPA, Tox Substances Control Act Interagcy Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Patlewicz, G (reprint author), SEAC, Colworth House, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, Beds, England. OI Patlewicz, Grace/0000-0003-3863-9689 NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1862 EP 1869 DI 10.1897/01-439 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300019 PM 12924585 ER PT J AU Walker, JD Rodford, R Patlewicz, G AF Walker, JD Rodford, R Patlewicz, G TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting percutaneous absorption rates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitative structure-activity relationships prmeability coefficient ID STRUCTURE-PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIPS; SKIN IN-VITRO; INDUSTRIAL-CHEMICALS; DERMAL ABSORPTION; HAIRLESS MICE; PENETRATION; MECHANISM; MODEL; FLUX; SOLUBILITY AB Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for predicting percutaneous absorption rates were reviewed. Overall progress has been hampered by the sparseness of good quality experimental data. A number of researchers have used the same data set to develop QSARs for predicting percutaneous absorption rates, a fact that makes it difficult, at this time, to recommend one or two QSARs for predicting percutaneous absorption rates. Identification of chemicals within domains of large chemical universes that should be tested to improve QSARs and the subsequent development of experimental percutaneous absorption rates for those chemicals will facilitate the development of more robust QSARs for predicting percutaneous absorption rates. C1 US EPA, TSCA Interagcy Testing Comm, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. SEAC, Toxicol Unit, Bedford MK44 ILQ, Beds, England. RP Walker, JD (reprint author), US EPA, TSCA Interagcy Testing Comm, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Patlewicz, Grace/0000-0003-3863-9689 NR 41 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1870 EP 1884 DI 10.1897/01-454 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300020 PM 12924586 ER PT J AU Patlewicz, G Rodford, R Walker, JD AF Patlewicz, G Rodford, R Walker, JD TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitative structure-activity relationships mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; expert systems ID HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM TA100; ASSISTED STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY; AROMATIC-AMINES; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; EXPERT-SYSTEMS; AMES TEST; REGULATING MUTAGENICITY; HETEROAROMATIC AMINES; RELATIVE STABILITIES AB Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for predicting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity were reviewed. The QSARs for predicting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity have been mostly limited to specific classes of chemicals (e.g., aromatic amines and heteroaromatic nitro chemicals). The motivation to develop QSARs for predicting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity to screen inventories of chemicals has produced four major commercially available computerized systems that are able to predict these endpoints: Deductive estimation of risk from existing knowledge (DEREK) toxicity prediction by komputer assisted technology (TOPKAT). computer automated structure evaluation (CASE), and multiple computer automated structure evaluation (Multicase). A brief overview of these and some other expert systems for predicting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity is provided. The other expert systems for predicting mutagenicity and carcinogenicity include automatic data analysis using pattern recognition techniques (ADAPT), QSAR Expert System (QSAR-ES), OncoLogic computer optimized molecular parametric analysis of chemical toxicity system (COMPACT), and common reactivity pattern (COREPA). C1 SEAC, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, Beds, England. US EPA, TSCA Interagcy Testing Comm, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP SEAC, Colworth House, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, Beds, England. EM grace.patlewicz@unilever.com OI Patlewicz, Grace/0000-0003-3863-9689 NR 50 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1885 EP 1893 DI 10.1897/01-461 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300021 PM 12924587 ER PT J AU Long, A Walker, JD AF Long, A Walker, JD TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting metabolism and modeling cytochrome P450 enzyme activities SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE xenobiotic metabolism; quantitative structure-activity relationships cytochrome P450; lipophilicity ID SUBSTITUTED BENZOIC-ACIDS; RELATIONSHIP 3D/4D-QSAR ANALYSES; COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; CYP2C9 INHIBITORS; DRUG-METABOLISM; RAT; SYSTEMS; QSAR AB Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for predicting phase I and phase II metabolism and for modeling cytochrome P450 enzyme activities are described and reviewed. Papers dealing with three-dimensional techniques such as comparative molecular field analysis and pharmacophore modeling are included. This review focuses on those cytochrome P450 isoenzymes that are expressed in human hepatocytes and that are commonly responsible for the majority of drug and xenobiotic metabolism. Substrate-type selectivity information for those isoenzymes is included. The importance of lipophilicity correlations in xenobiotic metabolism predictions are outlined. A brief inclusion of available material on the prediction phase II conjugation biotransformations such as glucuronidation, sulfation, glycination, and glutathionation are included. Historical information is briefly discussed, but more detailed reviews are provided for papers published since 1997. C1 Univ Leeds, LHASA Ltd, Dept Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. US EPA, TSCA Interagcy Testing Comm, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Long, A (reprint author), Univ Leeds, LHASA Ltd, Dept Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1894 EP 1899 DI 10.1897/01-480 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300022 PM 12924588 ER PT J AU Walker, JD Enache, M Dearden, JC AF Walker, JD Enache, M Dearden, JC TI Quantitative cationic-activity relationships for predicting toxicity of metals SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE quantitive structure-activity relationships inorganic chemicals; metals; toxicity ID EFFECTIVE IONIC-RADII; MICROTOX(R) BIOLUMINESCENCE ASSAY; LIGAND BINDING CHARACTERISTICS; ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS QICARS; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS LC50; RELATIVE TOXICITY; SOFT ACIDS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CHEMICAL SOFTNESS; DAPHNIA-MAGNA AB Developing and validating quantitative cationic-activity relationships or (Q)CARs to predict the toxicity metals is challenging because of issues associated with metal speciation, complexation and interactions within biological systems and the media used to study these interactions. However, a number of simplifying assumptions can be used to develop and validate (Q)CARs to predict the toxicity of metals: The ionic form is the most active form of a metal; the bioactivity of a dissolved metal is correlated with its free ion concentration or activity; most metals exist in biological systems as cations, and differences in metal toxicity result from differences in metal ion binding to biological molecules (ligand-binding). In summary, it appears that certain useful correlations can be made between several physical and chemical properties of ions (mostly cations) and toxicity of metals. This review provides a historical perspective of studies that have reported correlations between physical and chemical properties of cations and toxicity to mammalian and nonmammalian species using in vitro and in vivo assays. To prepare this review, approximately 100 contributions dating from 1839 to 2003 were evaluated and the relationships between about 20 physical and chemical properties of cations and their potential to produce toxic effects were examined. C1 US EPA, TSCA ITC, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Pharm & Chem, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England. RP Walker, JD (reprint author), US EPA, TSCA ITC, 7401, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM walker.johnd@epa.gov NR 126 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1916 EP 1935 DI 10.1897/02-568 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CT UT WOS:000185639300024 PM 12924590 ER PT J AU Kentula, ME DeWitt, TH AF Kentula, ME DeWitt, TH TI Abundance of seagrass (Zostera marina L.) and macroalgae in relation to the salinity-temperature gradient in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW ESTUARIES; L EELGRASS; BIOMASS; PATTERNS; DEMOGRAPHY; DYNAMICS; BLOOMS; GROWTH AB The relative abundances of the seagrass, Zostera marina L., and associated macroalgae were examined for Yaquina Bay, Oregon, U.S.A., to investigate variability in autotroph abundance along the salinity-temperature gradient and the potential for nuisance algal blooms. Possible explanations for the patterns in autotroph abundances were explored through examination of their correlations with the physicochemical characteristics of the water column. Study sites were established in each of three zones in the estuary defined by temperature and salinity and were sampled monthly June through September 1998 and in July 1999. Z. marina and macroalgal cover and Z. marina shoot density were measured in 0.25-m(2) plots at each site. After cover estimates and shoot counts were made, material was harvested for determination of Z. marina and macroalgal biomass. Water column variables were measured from stations near each study site and composited on a depth-averaged, monthly basis for each zone. Both Z. marina and green macroalgal abundance differed between sites, over the summer in 1998, and between years. Seasonal patterns were most obvious for Z. marina at the site closest to the ocean while the pattern in macroalgal abundance suggested a bloom moving up river as summer progressed. The physicochemical characteristics of the zones differed with the season and could be related to the patterns in Z. marina and macroalgal abundance. In particular, salinity was positively correlated with Z. marina abundance, while abundance of both autotrophs was related to light availability. Z. marina biomass ranged 19109 g dry weight m(-2); green macroalgae biomass ranged 5-234 g dry weight m(-2). The biomass of the green macroalgae at several sites and dates equaled or exceed that of the Z. marina suggesting the potential for nuisance algal blooms does exist in Yaquina Bay. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Kentula, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 53 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 21 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2003 VL 26 IS 4B BP 1130 EP 1141 DI 10.1007/BF02803369 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 732JB UT WOS:000185936100012 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Adding nutrients to enhance salmon runs: Developing a coherent public policy SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Restoring Nutrients to Salmonid Ecosystems CY APR 24-26, 2001 CL EUGENE, OR SP Agrium Inc, Amer Fisheries Soc, Oregon Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Greater Portland Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, N Pacific Chapter, Amer Fishieris Soc, Int Chapter, Boise Cascade Corp, British Columbia Conservat Fdn, Bur Land Management, Canadian Dept Fisheries & Oceans, David Suzuki Fdn, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Nat Resourcs Conservat Serv, Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, US EPA, US Forest Serv, Washington Dept Nat Resources, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. EM lackey.robert@epa.gov NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD AUG PY 2003 VL 28 IS 8 BP 34 EP 35 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 710VY UT WOS:000184704600010 ER PT J AU Meyerson, LA Reaser, JK AF Meyerson, LA Reaser, JK TI Bioinvasions, bioterrorism, and biosecurity SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; UNITED-STATES; BIODIVERSITY; AGRICULTURE; THREATS; IMPACT; MEXICO; HEALTH; TRENDS AB Despite their high profile and potentially devastating consequences, bioterrorist acts are relatively unpredictable, rare, and thus far small-scale events. In contrast, biological invasions are occurring daily in the US and have significant impacts on human health, agriculture, infrastructure, and the environment, yet they receive far less attention and fewer resources. Scientists and the US government must work together to implement a comprehensive approach to biosecurity that addresses not only bioterrorism, but also the more common incursions of invasive alien species. This approach should also address the potential for the deliberate use of invasive alien species as agents of bioterrorism. To achieve these goals, it will be necessary for the relevant government institutions to acknowledge and include prevention, early detection, and rapid response to species incursions as central mission themes. In addition, the scientific community, industry, and the public must work together to ensure that the necessary technology and information systems are readily available. C1 US EPA, Amer Assoc Adv Sci Fellow, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Ecos Syst Inst, Springfield, VA 22150 USA. Museum Natl Hist Nat, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Meyerson, LA (reprint author), US EPA, Amer Assoc Adv Sci Fellow, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM meyerson.laura@nmnh.si.edu RI Meyerson, Laura/K-9013-2012; Meyerson, Laura/D-4487-2013 NR 50 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 1 IS 6 BP 307 EP 314 DI 10.2307/3868091 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825WZ UT WOS:000221790800019 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Turner, MW McCormick, VE AF Spiegel, RJ Turner, MW McCormick, VE TI Fuzzy-logic-based controllers for efficiency optimization of inverter-fed induction motor drives SO FUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE fuzzy controller; energy efficiency; induction motor; power electronics ID MINIMIZATION AB Improvement of induction motor efficiency is important not only from the considerations of energy savings and cooler system operation, but also from environmental pollution prevention potential. Fuzzy logic can make controlling complicated systems, such as induction motor/variable speed drive combinations, easier. This paper describes a fuzzy-logic-based energy optimizing controller to improve the efficiency of induction motor/drives operating at various load (torque) and speed conditions. The energy optimizer is complemented by a fuzzy-logic-based sensorless (without a tachometer) speed controller which controls motor shaft revolutions per minute to maintain constant motor speed during the efficiency optimization process. An experimental test system with the controllers has been implemented in the laboratory to determine efficiency gains achieved with selected commercial motors. Efficiency gains as high as 12% have been achieved, with motor shaft speed being controlled to within 0.5%. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Gen Instrument Corp, Duluth, GA 30096 USA. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0114 J9 FUZZY SET SYST JI Fuzzy Sets Syst. PD AUG 1 PY 2003 VL 137 IS 3 BP 387 EP 401 AR PII S0165-0114(02)00280-4 DI 10.1016/S0165-0114(02)00280-4 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 702KB UT WOS:000184222100006 ER PT J AU Suter, GW Norton, SB Barnthouse, LW AF Suter, GW Norton, SB Barnthouse, LW TI The evolution of frameworks for ecological risk assessment from the Red Book ancestor SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological risk; risk assessment; Red Book; National Research Council; framework; history ID MANAGEMENT AB The risk assessment framework presented in the National Research Council (NRC) Red Book played a key role in the development of ecological risk assessment (ERA). ERA frameworks have, however, developed along their own pathway and have significantly extended concepts that were introduced in the Red Book. When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) commissioned the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in 1981 to develop and apply methods for ERA, the work focused on probabilistic analysis, since that seemed to be the essence of risk. When the Red Book appeared, it suggested that the use of a logical framework to guide the process was also an important aspect of risk assessment. Therefore, the ORNL investigators developed a framework similar to the Red Book framework but more suited to ERA. When EPA initiated a project to develop an official EPA framework for ERA, the ORNL framework was presented in a colloquium intended to obtain input from scientists outside EPA. Later, the NRC sponsored a workshop on ecological risk assessment that was attended by the leaders of the EPA framework project. The report produced from the workshop endorsed the concept of an ERA framework and proposed an integrated framework that included both human health and ecological risk assessment. The framework ultimately adopted by EPA extended the NRC and ORNL frameworks by providing a detailed description of the process and showing how the process could be applied to a broad range of situations. Since then, various ERA frameworks have been developed for use in other countries and for specific situations. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. LWB Environm Serv, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Suter, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin L King Dr,MC-17, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 43 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 9 IS 5 BP 1349 EP 1360 DI 10.1080/10807030390240391 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 746TG UT WOS:000186763300027 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Roggli, VL Richards, JH Crissman, KM Stonehuerner, JD Piantadosi, CA AF Ghio, AJ Roggli, VL Richards, JH Crissman, KM Stonehuerner, JD Piantadosi, CA TI Oxalate deposition on asbestos bodies SO HUMAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE asbestos; oxalate; iron ID ASCORBIC ACID METABOLISM; VITAMIN-C; PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA; SURFACE; OZONE; FE3+ AB We report on a deposition of oxalate crystals on ferruginous bodies after occupational exposure to asbestos demonstrated in 3 patients. We investigated the mechanism and possible significance of this deposition by testing the hypothesis that oxalate generated through nonenzymatic oxidation of ascorbate by asbestos-associated iron accounts for the deposition of the crystal on a ferruginous body. Crocidolite asbestos (1000 mug/mL) was incubated with 500 mumol H2O2 and 500 mumol ascorbate for 24 hours at 22degreesC. The dependence of oxalate generation on iron-catalyzed oxidant production was tested with the both the metal chelator deferoxamine and the radical scavenger dimethylthiourea. Incubation of crocidolite, H2O2, and ascorbate in vitro generated approximately 42 nmol of oxalate in 24 hours. Oxalate generation was diminished significantly by the inclusion of either deferoxamine or dimethylthiourea in the reaction mixture. Incubation of asbestos bodies and uncoated fibers isolated from human lung with 500 mumol H2O2 and 500 mumol ascorbate for 24 hours at 22degreesC resulted in the generation of numerous oxalate crystals. We conclude that iron-catalyzed production of oxalate from ascorbate can account for the deposition of this crystal on ferruginous bodies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Protect Agcy, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Med, Durham, NC USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Campus Box 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0046-8177 J9 HUM PATHOL JI Hum. Pathol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 34 IS 8 BP 737 EP 742 DI 10.1016/S0046-8177(03)00252-1 PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 715VD UT WOS:000184992200002 PM 14506632 ER PT J AU Peng, M Liu, SX Vane, LM AF Peng, M Liu, SX Vane, LM TI Profiling concentration gradient in a tubular membrane pervaporation module: A modeling approach SO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID POLARIZATION AB Concentration gradient appears in a flow tube formed by the pervaporation membrane as a result of different diffusion rates of permeating species in the liquid boundary layer and in the membrane matrix. The occurrence of this phenomenon is sometimes considered detrimental to pervaporative separations resulting in decrease in trans-membrane flux. Thus, the ability to describe the concentration gradient in the pervaporation membrane module is highly desirable in process design and optimization. A mathematical model was developed to illustrate the interplay between concentration gradient and the process performance in pervaporation operation. Incorporating pervaporative mass transfer, laminar hydrodynamics, and boundary layer theory, the model allows speedy analysis of the sensitivity of process parameters and concentration gradient upon trans-membrane flux. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Food Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Peng, M (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Food Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0735-1933 J9 INT COMMUN HEAT MASS JI Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 30 IS 6 BP 755 EP 764 AR PII S0735-1933(03)00123-4 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 717YE UT WOS:000185117700002 ER PT J AU Chanon, KE Mendez-Galvan, JF Galindo-Jaramillo, JM Olguin-Bernal, H Borja-Aburto, VH AF Chanon, KE Mendez-Galvan, JF Galindo-Jaramillo, JM Olguin-Bernal, H Borja-Aburto, VH TI Cooperative actions to achieve malaria control without the use of DDT SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE DDT; North American Regional Action Plan; malaria control ID MEXICO; VERACRUZ; SERUM AB The success of regional networks to provide incentives and mechanisms for sharing information is illustrated through the North American Regional Action Plan on DDT (NARAP). This NARAP was designed to reduce human and environmental exposure to DDT and its metabolites in North America through cooperative efforts. The increasing role of environmental concerns in the planning and design of Mexico's DDT phase-out program motivated the Mexican Ministry of Health to undertake an alternative program for malaria control maximizing community participation without negatively affecting human and ecosystem health. This program relies on: 1) elimination of parasites in people, 2) improvement of personal and household hygiene, and 3) use of environmental management practices to eliminate mosquito breeding sites. This new strategy resulted in the elimination of DDT for malaria control in Mexico in the year 2000. While malaria and its corresponding vectors show considerable variability within a single country and certainly around the globe, the case example of Mexico provides a methodology for developing alternatives to DDT. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Secretaria Salud Mexico, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Chanon, KE (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 50 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 12 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 206 IS 4-5 BP 387 EP 394 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00235 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 716JD UT WOS:000185024300015 PM 12971694 ER PT J AU Firestone, MP Amler, RW AF Firestone, MP Amler, RW TI Children's environmental health - an international perspective SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE children's environmental health; environmental hazard; international collaboration; lead exposure; susceptibility AB Parents in all countries want and deserve safe and healthy environments for their children. Children in all countries need, as part of normal growth and development, regular and frequent opportunities to interact with their environments as they learn to crawl, run, climb, swim, and explore. Environmental scientists and regulators recognize that environmental hazards are not contained by international borders. This is of special concern for children, because they are intrinsically at greater risk, compared to adults. They have different opportunities for exposure, greater response to certain toxicants, and less empowerment to alter their environments. There is a growing awareness that adverse health effects in children can adversely affect a country's future productivity and well-being. Multiple government agencies, NGOs, and advocates are mobilizing to address these concerns. A sustained concerted effort will be needed to afford equitable and effective environmental health protection to the world's children, present and future. C1 US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect 1107A, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Substances & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Firestone, MP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect 1107A, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 206 IS 4-5 BP 395 EP 400 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00236 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 716JD UT WOS:000185024300016 PM 12971695 ER PT J AU Walker, KR Ricciardone, MD Jensen, J AF Walker, KR Ricciardone, MD Jensen, J TI Developing an international consensus on DDT: a balance of environmental protection and disease control SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE persistent organic pollutants; DDT; malaria; vector control; Stockholm Convention ID MALARIA VECTOR CONTROL; BREAST-CANCER; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE; RESIDUES; INSECTICIDES; MEXICO; RISK; MILK; METABOLITES; STRATEGIES AB The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants provides a framework for international action on 12 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals of global concern. While production and use of most of the listed chemicals will shortly be eliminated, there is widespread agreement that DDT will continue to be needed for disease vector control. Science played a key role in informing policy makers from developed and developing countries who drafted the DDT provision of the convention. This paper examines both the science and the politics that contributed to an international consensus on DDT. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Walker, KR (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Entomol, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 85 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1438-4639 J9 INT J HYG ENVIR HEAL JI Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 206 IS 4-5 BP 423 EP 435 DI 10.1078/1438-4639-00239 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 716JD UT WOS:000185024300019 PM 12971698 ER PT J AU Hays, MD Smith, ND Kinsey, J Dong, YJ Kariher, P AF Hays, MD Smith, ND Kinsey, J Dong, YJ Kariher, P TI Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon size distributions in aerosols from appliances of residential wood combustion as determined by direct thermal desorption - GC/MS SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE thermal desorption; ELPI; PAH; particulate matter ID SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; LOW-PRESSURE IMPACTOR; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER; SEGREGATED URBAN AEROSOL; FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS; AIR-POLLUTION; CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH; INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES; FIREPLACE COMBUSTION AB In this work, a direct thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) method is implemented to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composition (MW = 202-302 amu) in size-segregated aerosols from residential wood combustion. Six combustion tests are performed with two commonly burned wood fuel species, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga sp.) and white oak (Quercus sp.). Atmospheric dilution and cooling of the aerosol plume are simulated in a newly designed wind tunnel, and the resulting aerosols are size classified with an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI).. ELPI stage data speciated by TD/GC/MS were inverted and modeled using a log normal distribution function. Gravimetrically determined PM2.5 (fine particles with aerodynamic diameters [d(a)] < 2.5 mum) emission rates (2.3-10.2 g/kg) corroborate to matrix-corrected ELPI mass measurements of stages 1-8 (2.7-11.8 g/kg). Fuel moisture content linearly correlates (r(2) = 0.986) to the PM2.5 mass geometric mean diameter (d(g)). Combustion efficiency (CO2/CO) and temperature, O-2 levels, and gas dilution temperature affect particle size distributions; dg ranges from 313 to 662 nm, indicating an accumulation mode. Reconstruction and summation of inverted ELPI data allow for the quantification of 27 individual PAHs (and clusters of structural PAH isomers); PAHs characterize between 0.01 and 0.07 wt% of the PM2.5 mass. Benzo[a]pyrene predominates the PAH emissions. PAH size allocations (d(g) range = 171-331 nm) are out of phase with PM2.5 mass ones and shifted to finer d(a). Higher and lower MW PAHs preferentially segregate to fine and coarse da in that order. The ultrafine mode contains on average greater than 80% of the total measured particle number concentration. Values of dg for particulate matter surface area distributions are between 120 and 330 nm. For these tests, PAH mass and PM surface area linearly correlate (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.913). Application of a simple function to consider adsorption and absorption mechanisms makes apparent that (a) surface and core compositions of PAR of identical MW groups vary with combustion and (b) preferential surface adsorption of lower MW PAH is possible. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27713 USA. RP Hays, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, 109 Alexander Dr MD,E343-02, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Hays, Michael/E-6801-2013; Kinsey, John/A-8335-2009 OI Hays, Michael/0000-0002-4029-8660; NR 61 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 9 U2 53 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 34 IS 8 BP 1061 EP 1084 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00080-6 PG 24 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 713GH UT WOS:000184848500007 ER PT J AU Bennett, WD Zeman, KL Jarabek, AM AF Bennett, WD Zeman, KL Jarabek, AM TI Nasal contribution to breathing with exercise: effect of race and gender SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oronasal breathing; exercise ventilation; nasal resistance ID ORONASAL DISTRIBUTION; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; AEROSOL DEPOSITION; PASSAGE CHARACTERISTICS; VENTILATION; FLOW; RESISTANCE; AIRWAYS; ADULTS AB Because the nose acts as a filter to prevent penetration of toxic particles and gases to the lower respiratory tract, the route of breathing, oral vs. nasal, may be an important determinant of toxicant dose to the lungs. Using respiratory inductance plethysmography and a nasal mask fitted with flowmeter, we measured the nasal contribution to breathing at rest and during exercise (to 60% maximum workload) in healthy young adults (men/women = 11/11 and Caucasian/African-American = 11/11). We found that the nasal contribution to breathing is less during submaximal exercise in the Caucasians vs. African-Americans (e.g., at 60% maximum workload, mean nasal-to-total ventilation ratio = 0.40 +/- 0.21 and 0.65 +/- 0.24, respectively, P < 0.05). This difference is likely due to the African-Americans' ability to achieve higher maximal inspiratory flows through their nose than the Caucasians. Men also had a lesser nasal contribution to breathing during exercise compared with women. This is likely due to greater minute ventilations at any given percentage of maximum workload in men vs. women. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bennett, WD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med Asthma & Lung Biol, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 95 IS 2 BP 497 EP 503 DI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00718.2002 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 698TZ UT WOS:000184016000007 PM 12692143 ER PT J AU Moy, TW Brumley, WC AF Moy, TW Brumley, WC TI Multiresidue determination of acidic pesticides in water by HPLC-DAD with confirmation by GC-MS using conversion to methyl ester with trimethylsilyldiazomethane SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; EXTRACTION; SEWAGE; PHARMACEUTICALS; ENVIRONMENT; HERBICIDES; RESIDUES; RIVERS C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Brumley, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 41 IS 7 BP 343 EP 349 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 709QQ UT WOS:000184636200002 PM 12908950 ER PT J AU King, MD Lindsay, DS Holladay, S Ehrich, M AF King, MD Lindsay, DS Holladay, S Ehrich, M TI Neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity assessment in CBA/J mice with chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection and multiple oral exposures to methylmercury SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPRESSION; SITES; BRAIN AB The present study was conducted to determine the effect of multiple low doses of methylmercury (MeHg) on the course of a chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Four groups of 6-wk-old female CBA/J mice either were fed 25 T gondii tissue cysts of the ME-49 strain or were vehicle control. Six weeks later, half of each group was orally gavaged with 8-mg/kg body weight doses of MeHg on days 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 13, totaling 4 experimental groups. Mice were killed on day 17 or 18 after MeHg exposure. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in the thymus demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of CD4(-)CD8(+) T-cells in mice exposed to MeHg with a concurrent T gondii infection. Groups of mice exposed to MeHg showed a decrease in total thymic cellularity and cellularity of all T-cell subpopulations when compared with control mice, but viability of these cells was unaffected. Splenic cell viability was decreased in mice exposed to MeHg, but alterations in T-cell subpopulations were not noted. These data indicate that multiple low doses of MeHg may not exacerbate chronic toxoplasmosis, but MeHg-induced effects on the immune system were evident. C1 Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP King, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 1200 Penn Ave,NW MC 8623-D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F36GM20301] NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 89 IS 4 BP 856 EP 859 DI 10.1645/GE-79R PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 722HF UT WOS:000185368800041 PM 14533705 ER PT J AU Lindquist, HDA Bennett, JW Hester, JD Ware, MW Dubey, JP Everson, WV AF Lindquist, HDA Bennett, JW Hester, JD Ware, MW Dubey, JP Everson, WV TI Autofluorescence of Toxoplasma gondii and related coccidian oocysts SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CYCLOSPORA OOCYSTS; ISOSPORA; SPOROCYSTS; DIARRHEA; WATER AB This is the first report of blue autofluorescence as a useful characteristic in the microscopic detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Hammondia heydorni, Neospora caninum, Besnoitia darlingi, and Sarcocystis neurona oocysts or sporocysts. This autofluorescence is of sufficient intensity and duration to allow identification of these oocysts from complex microscopic sample backgrounds. As with the autofluorescence of related coccidia, the oocysts glow pale blue when illuminated with an ultraviolet (UV) light source and viewed with the correct UV excitation and emission filter set. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Med Coll Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Parasitol Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindquist, HDA (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 89 IS 4 BP 865 EP 867 DI 10.1645/GE-3147RN PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 722HF UT WOS:000185368800044 PM 14533708 ER PT J AU Ator, SW Olsen, AR Pitchford, AM Denver, JM AF Ator, SW Olsen, AR Pitchford, AM Denver, JM TI Application of a multipurpose unequal probability stream survey in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE statistical analysis; stream survey design; sampling design; site replacement; land use; water quality; aquatic ecosystems; Atlantic Coastal Plain ID AQUATIC RESOURCES; UNITED-STATES; LAND-COVER; CHEMISTRY AB A stratified, spatially balanced sample with unequal probability selection was used to design a multipurpose survey of headwater streams in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Objectives for the survey include unbiased estimates of regional stream conditions, and adequate coverage of unusual but significant environmental settings to support empirical modeling of the factors affecting those conditions. The design and field application of the survey are discussed in light of these multiple objectives. A probability (random) sample of 175 first-order nontidal streams was selected for synoptic sampling of water chemistry and benthic and riparian ecology during late winter and spring 2000. Twenty-five streams were selected within each of seven hydrogeologic subregions (strata) that were delineated on the basis of physiography and surficial geology. In each subregion, unequal inclusion probabilities were used to provide an approximately even distribution of streams along a gradient of forested to developed (agricultural or urban) land in the contributing watershed. Alternate streams were also selected. Alternates were included in groups of five in each subregion when field reconnaissance demonstrated that primary streams were inaccessible or otherwise unusable. Despite the rejection and replacement of a considerable number of primary streams during reconnaissance (up to 40 percent in one subregion), the desired land use distribution was maintained within each hydrogeologic subregion without sacrificing the probabilistic design. C1 US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US Geol Survey, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Ator, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 8987 Yellow Brick Rd, Baltimore, MD 21237 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 873 EP 885 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04412.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 715KP UT WOS:000184971100011 ER PT J AU Wright, H AF Wright, H TI Angels on the head of a pin. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, AWBERC Lib, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wright, H (reprint author), US EPA, AWBERC Lib, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD AUG PY 2003 VL 128 IS 13 BP 129 EP 129 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 710VG UT WOS:000184703100316 ER EF