FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ Wong, JW Halverson, CA Schenck, FJ Podhorniak, LV Stafford, CJ AF Krynitsky, AJ Wong, JW Halverson, CA Schenck, FJ Podhorniak, LV Stafford, CJ TI LC/MS as a practical tool for developing residue enforcement methods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, EPA Environm Sci Ctr, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. US Dept Treasury, Bur Alcohol Tobacco & Firearms, Washington, DC 20226 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. EM Krynitsky.Alexander@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 124-AGRO BP U65 EP U66 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700262 ER PT J AU Liang, SJ Kupferle, MJ Al-Abed, S Korana, KM AF Liang, SJ Kupferle, MJ Al-Abed, S Korana, KM TI Chloride determination in high ionic strength solution of ammonium acetate using negative ion electron spray ionization HPLC/MS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM liang.mark@epamail.epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 32-ANYL BP U74 EP U74 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700293 ER PT J AU Medina-Vera, M Wright, LH Lumpkin, MS AF Medina-Vera, M Wright, LH Lumpkin, MS TI Methods for the analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylates and derivatives. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM Medina-Vera.Myriam@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 270-ENVR BP U487 EP U488 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703287 ER PT J AU Mulkey, M AF Mulkey, M TI Federal pesticide registration. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. EM mulkey.marcia@epamail.epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 48-AGRO BP U53 EP U53 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700186 ER PT J AU Pleil, JD Colon, M Lindstrom, AB AF Pleil, JD Colon, M Lindstrom, AB TI Enhanced concentration and analysis method for measuring water soluble endogenous compounds in human breath. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, EMMB, HEASD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM pleil.joachim@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 89-ENVR BP U458 EP U458 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703107 ER PT J AU Ramanathan, K Apostol, A Rogers, KR AF Ramanathan, K Apostol, A Rogers, KR TI Fluorescence-based assay for chemical and radiation-induced DNA damage. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, NERL LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM Ramanathan.Kumaran@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 113-AGRO BP U64 EP U64 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700251 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Karst, U AF Richardson, SD Karst, U TI A new tailor-made derivatizing agent for identifying polar carbonyl DBPs in drinking water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Athens, GA 30613 USA. EM richardson.susan@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 257-ENVR BP U486 EP U486 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703274 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Mishra, NN Chough, SH AF Rogers, KR Mishra, NN Chough, SH TI Low volume low waste screening of organophosphorus pesticides using enzyme-based assays. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM rogers.kim@epamail.epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 208-IEC BP U586 EP U586 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703817 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Ramanathan, K Apostol, A AF Rogers, KR Ramanathan, K Apostol, A TI Screening assays for DNA damage. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM rogers.kim@epamail.epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 150-ENVR BP U468 EP U468 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703167 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM Brumley, WC Reed, AW Chuang, JC AF Van Emon, JM Brumley, WC Reed, AW Chuang, JC TI Human exposure assessment using immunoassay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM vanemon.jeanette@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 96-AGRO BP U61 EP U61 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700234 ER PT J AU van Emon, JM Brumley, WC Reed, AW AF van Emon, JM Brumley, WC Reed, AW TI Elegant environmental immunoassays. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, HERB, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, NERL, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. EM vanemon.jeanette@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 92-ENVR BP U458 EP U459 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824703110 ER PT J AU Venkateswarlu, D Perera, L Darden, T Pedersen, LG AF Venkateswarlu, D Perera, L Darden, T Pedersen, LG TI Structure and dynamics of zymogenic form of blood coagulation factor X: Molecular dynamics investigation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27519 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. EM divi@email.unc.edu RI Pedersen, Lee/E-3405-2013; Venkateswarlu, Divi/K-1815-2014 OI Pedersen, Lee/0000-0003-1262-9861; Venkateswarlu, Divi/0000-0003-2481-7480 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 218-COMP BP U433 EP U434 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824702982 ER PT J AU Wagner, PM Perfetti, RB AF Wagner, PM Perfetti, RB TI Identifying common mechanisms of toxicity groups for pesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM Wagner.Pauline@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 86-CINF BP U291 EP U291 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824702200 ER PT J AU Zepp, R White, EM Vaughan, PP AF Zepp, R White, EM Vaughan, PP TI Influence of dissolved organic matter on agrochemical photoreactions in aquatic environments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ERD, NERL, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM zepp.richard@epa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 221 MA 17-AGRO BP U47 EP U47 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 434PH UT WOS:000168824700155 ER PT J AU Goo, J Kim, CS AF Goo, J Kim, CS TI Analysis of aerosol bolus dispersion in a cyclic tube flow by finite element method SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION; TURBULENCE; LUNGS AB We have attempted to simulate dispersion phenomena of aerosol bolus in a straight tube under the developing cyclic flow condition using finite element method. The computational scheme was first validated by solving pure diffusion equations and subsequently by comparing the computational results with analytical solutions. In simulating cyclic flow conditions, both symmetric and asymmetric velocity profiles were used between the forward and reverse flow. The diffusion coefficient of particles (d(p) = 1 mum) was assumed to be enhanced by flow turbulence generated during the decelerating phase of the cyclic how It was found that the axial dispersion is enhanced by radial diffusion during stretching and contracting of the aerosol bolus. The dispersion profile along the axial direction showed a good agreement with experimental data obtained under similar conditions. The results suggest that the flow turbulence generated during the decelerating phase and the velocity profiles in the forward and reverse flows may play a crucial role in determining aerosol dispersion in cyclic tube flow. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div MD58B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div MD58B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 34 IS 4 BP 321 EP 331 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 417HX UT WOS:000167830500002 ER PT J AU Lee, TG Biswas, P Hedrick, E AF Lee, TG Biswas, P Hedrick, E TI Comparison of Hg-0 capture efficiencies of three in situ generated sorbents SO AICHE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS; FLUE-GASES; WASTE INCINERATION; TITANIA PARTICLES; LEAD COMPOUNDS; POWER-PLANTS; MERCURY; COMBUSTORS; SPECIATION; PRECURSORS AB Three different sorbent materials (Ti-, Si-, and Ca-based) were compared for their mercury (Hg-0) capture efficiencies in an entrained flow reactor Agglomerated particles with a high specific surface area were generated h situ by injecting gas-phase sorbent precursors into a high-temperature furnace reactor. Titania particles in the presence of UV irradiation were most effective at mercury capture ( > 98%). In situ generated CaO particles had a capture efficiency of 33% ( without any UV irradiation), while SiO2 was completely ineffective at Hg-0 capture. The efficiency of elemental Hg capture of both CaO and TiO2 particles decreased with increasing SO2 concentration. The increase in the feed rate of the Ti sorbent resulted in the recovery of the higher HgO capture efficiency due to the availability of more active sites. The in situ generated titania sorbents were also effective at HgO capture (> 87%) at elevated temperatures (160 degreesC). C1 Univ Cincinnati, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Environm Engn & Sci Dov, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Biswas, P (reprint author), Washington Univ, Campus Box 1180, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RI Lee, Tai Gyu/G-7962-2012 OI Lee, Tai Gyu/0000-0002-8900-1581 NR 41 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0001-1541 J9 AICHE J JI AICHE J. PD APR PY 2001 VL 47 IS 4 BP 954 EP 961 DI 10.1002/aic.690470418 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 420QG UT WOS:000168015200017 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE AF Jorgensen, EE TI Emission of volatile compounds by seeds under different environmental conditions SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID DESERT AB Small mammals locate buried wet seeds more efficiently than buried dry seeds. This may be attributable to emission of volatile compounds by the seeds. To test this hypothesis I measured emission of volatile compounds from seeds of three plant species (Pinus contorta, Purshia tridentata and Achnatherum hymenoides) under wet and dry conditions using solid phase micro-extraction, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry headspace analysis. Seeds responded in two ways: (1) wet seeds released different, generally greater, amounts of volatile gas than dry seeds and (2) wet seeds and dry seeds released different compounds. Pinus contorta seeds release greater amounts of three compounds when wet: Purshia tridentata seeds release two compounds when dry that are not released when wet, and release increased amounts of two compounds when wet, and increased amounts of two compounds when dry; Achnatherum hymenoides releases at least 22 compounds, one of which is released in large concentrations when wet. These data suggested two mechanisms by which small mammals locate buried seeds. First, small mammals may be sensitive to release of differing concentrations of volatile compounds by seeds. Second, small mammals may be sensitive to compounds released by wet seeds that are not released by dry seeds. Ability of seeds to survive depredation by granivores may be an adaptive trait influenced by natural selection. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA SN 0003-0031 EI 1938-4238 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD APR PY 2001 VL 145 IS 2 BP 419 EP 422 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0419:EOVCBS]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 420VK UT WOS:000168025800019 ER PT J AU Yang, SY Navrotsky, A Wilkin, R AF Yang, SY Navrotsky, A Wilkin, R TI Thermodynamics of ion-exchanged and natural clinoptilolite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID HEULANDITE SINGLE-CRYSTALS; NA-CLINOPTILOLITE; K-CLINOPTILOLITE; YUCCA MOUNTAIN; X-RAY; THERMAL-STABILITY; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; GIBBS ENERGIES; GROUP ZEOLITES; CS EXCHANGE AB Natural clinoptilolite (Cpt: Na(0.085)K0.037Ca(0.010)Mg(0.020)Al(0.182)Si(0.818)O(2).0.528H(2)O) from Castle Creek, Idaho, and its cation-exchanged variants (Na-Cpt, NaK-Cpt, K-Cpt, and Ca-Cpt) were studied by high-temperature calorimetry. The hydration enthalpy for all the clinoptilolites is about -30 kJ/mol H2O (liquid water reference state) at 25 degreesC. The energetic stabilization effect of hydration on each clinoptilolite can be largely correlated to its hydration capacity. The higher the average ionic potential of the extra-framework cations, the larger the hydration capacity of the clinoptilolite. This trend may be attributed to the small size as well as the efficient water-cation packing of high field strength cations in the zeolite structure. The hydration properties of these clinoptilolites are compared with those previously reported in the literature. The dehydration conditions as well as the measurement direction (dehydration of the initially hydrated sample or rehydration of the dehydrated zeolites) are important factors to control to obtain consistent thermodynamic properties for hydration. The standard enthalpy for formation of the clinoptilolites from the constituent elements at 25 degreesC based on two framework O atoms was obtained from the calorimetric data: -1117.57 +/- 0.95 kJ/mol Cpt, -1130.05 +/- 1.00 kJ/mol Na-Cpt, -1109.49 +/- 1.04 kJ/mol NaK-Cpt, -1094.21 +/- 1.12 kJ/mol K-Cpt, and -1153.78 +/- 1.07 kJ/mol Ca-Cpt. Their molar entropy was determined by a summation method based on the thermodynamic properties of the component oxides. Thus the standard free energy based on two framework O atoms was derived: -1034.01 +/- 1.05 kJ/mol Cpt, -1044.19 +/- 1.10 kJ/mol Na-Cpt, -1027.26 +/- 1.13 kJ/mol NaK-Cpt, -1014.89 +/- 1.21 kJ/mol K-Cpt, and -1064.95 +/- 1.16 kJ/mol Ca-Cpt. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74821 USA. RP Yang, SY (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 56 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD APR PY 2001 VL 86 IS 4 BP 438 EP 447 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 419ZC UT WOS:000167978600007 ER PT J AU McLachlan, JA Newbold, RR Burow, ME Li, SF AF McLachlan, JA Newbold, RR Burow, ME Li, SF TI From malformations to molecular mechanisms in the male: three decades of research on endocrine disrupters SO APMIS LA English DT Review DE malformations; male; estrogens; reproductive system; molecular mechanisms ID DIETHYLSTILBESTROL EXPOSURE INUTERO; MOUSE SEMINAL-VESICLE; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; MALE-MICE; LACTOTRANSFERRIN GENE; GENITAL-TRACT; EXPRESSION; CRYPTORCHIDISM; ADENOCARCINOMA; ABNORMALITIES AB For three decades, we have known that estrogens alter the development of the mammalian reproductive system in predictable ways. In mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or other estrogens, the male offspring exhibit structural malformations including cryptorchidism, epididymal cysts and retained Mullerian ducts. The estrogen-associated alterations in the genital tract phenotype can be usefully considered as a model called Developmental Estrogenization Syndrome. While estrogen treatment during critical periods of morphogenesis of the male reproductive system has been associated with these changes, the mechanisms at the molecular level are still being discovered. Parallel findings on the hormones involved in Mullerian duct regression and testicular descent have helped guide research on the mechanisms of developmental estrogenization of the male. Cellular localization of molecular signals associated with key steps in genital tract development, use of mice with gene disruption, and knowledge of the mechanisms underlying persistent changes in gene expression are beginning to provide a blue print for both the physiological role and pathological effects of estrogens in reproductive tract development. Since many of the same biological principles underlie genital tract morphogenesis in mammals, one may expect some of the same changes in males of other species exposed to estrogen during the appropriate developmental periods. C1 Tulane Univ, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, Environm Endocrinol Lab, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Xavier Univ, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. Tulane Univ, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP McLachlan, JA (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, Environm Endocrinol Lab, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RI Burow, Matthew/D-6351-2013 OI Burow, Matthew/0000-0002-0642-6630 NR 44 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-4641 J9 APMIS JI APMIS PD APR PY 2001 VL 109 IS 4 BP 263 EP 272 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-119.x PG 10 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology SC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology GA 449JP UT WOS:000169681700002 PM 11469497 ER PT J AU Mills, LJ Gutjahr-Gobell, RE Haebler, RA Horowitz, DJB Jayaraman, S Pruell, RJ McKinney, RA Gardner, GR Zaroogian, GE AF Mills, LJ Gutjahr-Gobell, RE Haebler, RA Horowitz, DJB Jayaraman, S Pruell, RJ McKinney, RA Gardner, GR Zaroogian, GE TI Effects of estrogenic (o,p '-DDT; octylphenol) and anti-androgenic (p,p '-DDE) chemicals on indicators of endocrine status in juvenile male summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruption; estrogenic; indicators; flounder; fish ID SERUM TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; PULP-MILL EFFLUENT; SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; WINTER FLOUNDER; WHITE SUCKER; PLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; RECEPTOR AB Laboratory experiments were conducted with male summer flounder to assess the Value of selected measures of endocrine status in fish as indicators of exposure to endocrine-disrupting contaminants. Effects of 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl) ethane (o,p'-DDT), octylphenol and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) on hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices, plasma steroid hormone levels, vitellogenin production: and gonadal development were evaluated in laboratory-raised, juvenile male summer flounder. Flounder were injected twice with test chemical in a coconut oil carrier. Each chemical was tested at three different concentrations. Estrogenic (o,p'-DDT; octylphenol) and anti-androgenic (p,p'-DDE) chemicals were evaluated alone and in combination (octylphenol plus o,p'-BDT or p,p'-DDE). Additionally, some fish were treated with the natural ligand for the estrogen receptor, 17 beta -estradiol. Blood and tissues from different fish in each treatment were sampled 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the first injection. Fish exposed to a combination of o,p'-DDT plus octylphenol were also sampled after 15 weeks. In all cases, responses of fish exposed to a test chemical were compared to control fish sampled at the same time. The following significant differences, relative to controls, were observed in at least one sampling time or at least one concentration of chemical. 17 beta -Estradiol-treated flounder exhibited decreased gonadosomatic index (GSI), altered hepatosomatic index (HSI), elevated plasma estradiol, reduced plasma testosterone, and high levels of plasma vitellogenin. Fish treated with o,p'-DDT showed lower GSI, no change in HSI or plasma estradiol, depression of plasma testosterone. and induction of vitellogenesis. Octylphenol treatment resulted in lower GSI, no change in HSI, initially increased plasma estradiol and decreased testosterone, and no vitellogenin production. p,p'-DDE treatment did not significantly alter any indicator relative to controls. In experiments using combinations of chemicals, flounder receiving o,p'-DDT plus octylphenol had lower GSI after 8 weeks and elevated plasma estradiol after 15 weeks exposure. Fish treated with p,p'-DDE plus octylphenol for 8 weeks exhibited a significantly lower GSI. Overall, lon er GSI and plasma testosterone levels, relative to controls, were consistent indicators of exposure to estrogenic chemicals in juvenile male flounder. No indicators were found that would identify exposure to the mammalian anti-androgen p,p'-DDE. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Mills, LJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM mills.lesley@epa.gov NR 40 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 52 IS 2 BP 157 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00139-9 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 404EB UT WOS:000167083500006 PM 11164537 ER PT J AU Folmar, LC Denslow, ND Kroll, K Orlando, EF Enblom, J Marcino, J Metcalfe, C Guillette, LJ AF Folmar, LC Denslow, ND Kroll, K Orlando, EF Enblom, J Marcino, J Metcalfe, C Guillette, LJ TI Altered serum sex steroids and vitellogenin induction in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) collected near a metropolitan sewage treatment plant SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; FLOUNDER PLATICHTHYS-FLESUS; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY ELISA; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; IN-VITRO; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; ATLANTIC SALMON; TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS; ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES; REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB Several recent in situ studies have reported that domestic and mixed domestic/industrial sewage effluents contain one or more natural or anthropogenic estrogenic substances. Those studies examined caged or feral fish for the presence of the egg yolk precursor protein, vitellogenin (VTG), in the blood of male fish. We have previously reported that male, feral carp (Cyprinus carpio) obtained from the effluent channel of a major sewage treatment plant (STP) exhibited depressed serum testosterone (T) concentrations, as well as detectable levels of VTG. The present study examines male and female walleye (Stizostedion vitrereum), a native species with a different life history and feeding habits, collected from the same Mississippi River locations below the St. Paul metropolitan STP. All male and female walleye collected horn the effluent channel contained measurable levels of VTG in their blood. Males from that location also exhibited depressed serum T concentrations and elevated serum estradiol-17 beta (E2) concentrations compared with males from the Snake River reference site. Males obtained from Mississippi River Navigational Pool #2 (MRP-2), 3-20 miles downstream of the STP also exhibited reduced serum T concentrations, but showed no alterations in E2 concentrations or the presence of VTG in the serum. Females collected at the STP site had greatly elevated serum E2 concentrations, but serum T concentrations were not different from females collected in the Snake River. Our results demonstrate that the St. Paul metropolitan STP continues to release an estrogenic effluent, capable of inducing VTG production and altering normal serum sex steroid concentrations in a commercially valuable, native fish, the walleye. Additional studies will be required to determine whether these observations portend long-term population level effects. C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Trent Univ, Environm & Resource Studies Program, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Folmar, LC (reprint author), US EPA, Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM folmar.leroy@epa.gov NR 58 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3 BP 392 EP 398 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 411XL UT WOS:000167524900014 PM 11443371 ER PT J AU Crites, R AF Crites, R TI Applying treated wastewater to land SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 Brown & Caldwell, Rancho Cordova, CA USA. Environm Engn Consultants, Norwich, VT USA. US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Crites, R (reprint author), Brown & Caldwell, Rancho Cordova, CA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD APR PY 2001 VL 42 IS 4 BP 32 EP + PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 429WU UT WOS:000168541600022 ER PT J AU Reid, R Dix, DJ Miller, D Krawetz, SA AF Reid, R Dix, DJ Miller, D Krawetz, SA TI Recovering filter-based microarray data for pathways analysis using a multipoint alignment strategy SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID CDNA MICROARRAYS; DNA CHIPS; CANCER AB The use of commercial microarrays is rapidly becoming the method of choice for profiling gene expression and assessing various disease states. Research Genetics has provided a series of biological and software tools to the research community for these analyses. The fidelity of data analysis using these tools is dependent on a series of well-defined reference control points in the array. During the course of our investigations, it became apparent that in some instances the reference control points that are required for analysis became lost in background noise. This effectively halted the analysis and the recovery of any information contained within that experiment. To recover this data and to increase analytical veracity the simple strategy of superimposing a template of reference control points onto the experimental array sr as developed. The utility of this tool is established in this communication. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Med & Genet, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Inst Comp Sci, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Leeds, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. RP Krawetz, SA (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 275 E Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD36512] NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD APR PY 2001 VL 30 IS 4 BP 762 EP + PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 420UY UT WOS:000168024700009 PM 11314258 ER PT J AU White, LD Barone, S AF White, LD Barone, S TI Qualitative and quantitative estimates of apoptosis from birth to senescence in the rat brain SO CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION LA English DT Article DE apoptosis; programmed cell death; neocortex; cerebellum; brainstem; hippocampus ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; CEREBELLAR GRANULE NEURONS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; DNA FRAGMENTATION; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; GROWTH-FACTOR; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; UNDERGO APOPTOSIS; LAYER NEURONS AB Apoptosis is crucial for proper development of the CNS, wherein a significant percentage of all central neurons produced during early ontogeny die by apoptosis. To characterize the pattern of developmental programmed cell death, we assayed rat brainstem, neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum from birth through senescence. Quantitatively, using an ELISA for oligonucleosomal DNA fragments, we demonstrated that PND1 brainstem, neocortex, and hippocampus have the highest levels of fragmented DNA compared to older ages. Cerebellum displayed a large peak at PND10 and a smaller peak at PND21, Low levels were observed throughout adulthood and into senescence, which was corroborated qualitatively by agarose gel and TUNEL data. These data provide a temporal and regional baseline for further studies of the effects of perturbations of cell death during neural development. Quantitative and qualitative changes in these regional profiles of apoptosis due to environmental insults during early ontogeny may alter neuron number and function later in life. C1 US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxciol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Barone, S (reprint author), US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxciol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 55 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1350-9047 J9 CELL DEATH DIFFER JI Cell Death Differ. PD APR PY 2001 VL 8 IS 4 BP 345 EP 356 DI 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400816 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 423DP UT WOS:000168160400005 PM 11550086 ER PT J AU Mass, MJ Tennant, A Roop, BC Cullen, WR Styblo, M Thomas, DJ Kligerman, AD AF Mass, MJ Tennant, A Roop, BC Cullen, WR Styblo, M Thomas, DJ Kligerman, AD TI Methylated trivalent arsenic species are genotoxic SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; SODIUM ARSENITE; DRINKING-WATER; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; HUMAN URINE; CELLS; INHIBITION AB The reactivities of methyloxoarsine (MAsIII) and iododimethylarsine (DMAsIII), two methylated trivalent arsenicals, toward supercoiled phi X174 RFI DNA were assessed using a DNA nicking assay. The induction of DNA damage by these compounds in vitro in human peripheral lymphocytes was assessed using a single-cell gel (SCG, "comet") assay. Both methylated trivalent arsenicals were able to nick and/or completely degrade phi X174 DNA in vitro in 2 h incubations at 37 degreesC (pH 7.4) depending on concentration. MAsIII was effective at nicking phi X174 DNA at 30 mM; however, at 150 muM DMAsIII, nicking could be observed. Exposure of (phi X174 DNA to sodium arsenite (iAs(III); from 1 nM up to 300 mM), sodium arsenate (from 1 muM to 1 M), and the pentavalent arsenicals, monomethylarsonic acid (from 1 muM to 3 M) and dimethylarsinic acid (from 0.1 to 300 mM), did not nick or degrade phi X174 DNA under these conditions. In the SCG assay in human lymphocytes, methylated trivalent arsenicals were much more potent than any other arsenicals that were tested. On the basis of the slopes of the concentration-response curve for the tail moment in the SCG assay, MAsIII and DMAsIII were 77 and 386 times more potent than iAs(III), respectively. Because methylated trivalent arsenicals were the only arsenic compounds that were observed to damage naked DNA and required no exogenously added enzymatic or chemical activation systems, they are considered here to be direct-acting forms of arsenic that are genotoxic, though they are not, necessarily, the only genotoxic species of arsenic that could exist. C1 US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Natl Hlth & Enivironm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mass, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Natl Hlth & Enivironm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 55 TC 367 Z9 386 U1 1 U2 37 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 14 IS 4 BP 355 EP 361 DI 10.1021/tx000251l PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 424XZ UT WOS:000168260400005 PM 11304123 ER PT J AU Wikstrom, E Marklund, S AF Wikstrom, E Marklund, S TI The influence of level and chlorine source on the formation of mono- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls during combustion of an artificial municipal waste SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PVC; NaCl; PCDD/F; PCB; labscale fluidized bed reactor; MSW ID FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR; SOLID-WASTE; BENZENES; INCINERATOR AB The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and the three coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (pPCBs) was studied during labscale fludized bed combustion of eight artificial municipal solid waste (MSW) fuel mixtures. The level of chlorine as well as the chlorine source varies within the different fuel mixtures. Four different chlorine sources were studied, viz, an inorgnaic (NaCl) and three organic sources, pure PVC plastic and two products (floor and cable) and the total chlorine level varies between 0.28% and 1.1%. The experiments were performed in a 5 kW laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor. A correlation between the total chlorine in the fuel and the formation of the hepta- and octa-chlorinated PCDD/F homologues was found. However, the most important variable for changes in the PCDDs/Fs and pPCBs formation was disturbance in the combustion condition and not the variation in chlorine content of the fuel. Furthermore, no differences in formation between the chlorine sources could be seen. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Umea Univ, Dept Chem, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden. RP Wikstrom, E (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD APR PY 2001 VL 43 IS 2 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00155-7 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 415AZ UT WOS:000167699500011 PM 11297402 ER PT J AU Cantu, R Evans, O Magnuson, ML AF Cantu, R Evans, O Magnuson, ML TI Rapid analysis of cyanuric acid in swim pool waters by high performance liquid chromatography using porous graphitic carbon SO CHROMATOGRAPHIA LA English DT Article DE column liquid chromatography; porous graphitic carbon; cyanuric acid; swimming poole water AB An approach is presented for reducing analysis times of cyanuric acid in swimming pool waters by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method exploits the unique selectivity of porous graphitic carbon (PGC) to fully resolve cyanuric acid from other pool interferences within 10 min. By carefully timing the injections, multiple injections can be made before the end of the initial chromatographic run, more than doubling sample throughout. The method utilizes 95% of a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 9.1) and 5% methanol (v/v) with UV detection at 213 nm. This approach yielded run times rivaling those of the fastest methods using silica columns, and with the benefits of increased sensitivity. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cantu, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU VIEWEG PI WIESBADEN PA ABRAHAM-LINCOLN-STRABE 46, POSTFACH 15 47, D-65005 WIESBADEN, GERMANY SN 0009-5893 J9 CHROMATOGRAPHIA JI Chromatographia PD APR PY 2001 VL 53 IS 7-8 BP 454 EP 456 DI 10.1007/BF02491085 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 427LY UT WOS:000168406700019 ER PT J AU McCarty, JP AF McCarty, JP TI Ecological consequences of recent climate change SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID LONG-TERM TRENDS; EGG-LAYING TRENDS; TITS PARUS-MAJOR; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; EL-NINO; BUTTERFLY METAPOPULATION; BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PENGUIN POPULATIONS AB Global climate change is frequently considered a major conservation threat. The Earth's climate has already warmed by 0.5 degrees C over the past century, and recent studies show that it is possible to detect the effects of a changing climate on ecological systems. This suggests that global change may be a current and future conservation threat. Changes in recent decades are apparent at all levels of ecological organizations: population and life-history changes, shifts in geographic range, changes in species composition of communities, and changes in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. These ecological effects can be linked to recent population declines adn to both local and global extinctions of species. Although it is impossible to prove that climate change is the cause of these ecological effects, these findings have important implications for conservation biology. It is no longer safe to assume that all of a species' historic range remains suitable. In drawing attention to the importance of climate change as a current threat to species, these studies emphasize the need for current conservation efforts to consider climate change in both in situ conservation and reintroduction efforts. Additional threats will emerge as climate continues to change, especially as climate interacts with other stressors such as habitat fragmentation. These studies can contribute to preparations for future challenges by providing valuable input to models and direct examples of how species respond to climate change. C1 US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP McCarty, JP (reprint author), US EPA, Global Change Res Program, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 126 TC 476 Z9 521 U1 34 U2 395 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 2 BP 320 EP 331 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002320.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 420MH UT WOS:000168008400008 ER PT J AU Wilcox, AJ Dunson, DB Weinberg, CR Trussell, J Baird, DD AF Wilcox, AJ Dunson, DB Weinberg, CR Trussell, J Baird, DD TI Likelihood of conception with a single act of intercourse: providing benchmark rates for assessment of post-coital contraceptives SO CONTRACEPTION LA English DT Article DE fertility; emergency contraception; menstrual cycle; ovulation; pregnancy ID EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION; YUZPE REGIMEN; PREGNANCY; OVULATION; CYCLE AB Emergency post-coital contraceptives effectively reduce the risk of pregnancy, but their degree of efficacy remains uncertain. Measurement of efficacy depends on the pregnancy rate without treatment, which cannot be measured directly. We provide indirect estimates of such pregnancy rates, using data from a prospective study of 221 women who were attempting to conceive. We previously estimated the probability of pregnancy with an act of intercourse relative to ovulation. In this article, we extend these data to estimate the probability of pregnancy relative to intercourse on a given cycle day (counting from onset of previous menses). In assessing the efficacy of post-coital contraceptives, other approaches have not incorporated accurate information on the variability of ovulation. We find that the possibility of late ovulation produces a persistent risk of pregnancy even into the sixth week of the cycle. Post-coital contraceptives may be indicated even when intercourse has: occurred late in the cycle. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Durham, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Durham, NC USA. Princeton Univ, Off Populat Res, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Wilcox, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Durham, NC USA. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311; Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 NR 19 TC 182 Z9 184 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-7824 J9 CONTRACEPTION JI Contraception PD APR PY 2001 VL 63 IS 4 BP 211 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00191-3 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 435VN UT WOS:000168903000003 PM 11376648 ER PT J AU Griffith, MB Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT Hill, BH AF Griffith, MB Kaufmann, PR Herlihy, AT Hill, BH TI Analysis of macroinvertebrate assemblages in relation to environmental gradients in Rocky Mountain streams SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biotic indices; canonical correspondence analysis (CCA); community metrics; macroinvertebrates; physical habitat; redundancy analysis; sediment chemistry; Southern Rockies Ecoregion; streams; water chemistry ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; HEAVY-METALS; COMMUNITY RESPONSES; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; UNITED-STATES; MINE DRAINAGE; RIVER BASIN; INDEX; CLASSIFICATION; DETERMINANTS AB Using redundancy analysis (RDA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), we assessed relationships among chemical and physical characteristics and macroinvertebrate assemblages at stream sites sampled by the Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP) in the mineral belt of the Southern Rockies Ecoregion in Colorado. We contrasted results of analyses where community structure was summarized as community metrics and analyses based on genera abundances. Our objective was to identify metrics or taxa diagnostic of major environmental stressors in these streams. When RDA was used to analyze the community metrics data, three axes were significant, accounting for 96% of the metric-environment relation. The first RDA axis was correlated with dissolved cadmium, sediment zinc, and total suspended solids, variables that indicate it was related to mining effects. The second and third RDA axes were correlated with water temperature, mean substrate embeddedness, mean canopy density at the banks, and a riparian human disturbance index for agriculture, variables associated with riparian and substrate alterations associated with grazing by livestock. When CCA was used to analyze the genera abundance data, four axes were significant, accounting for 45% of the species-environment relation. The CCA axes were correlated with total and dissolved iron, water temperature, dissolved and total organic carbon, mean bank height, and mean water surface gradient, variables associated with riparian disturbance from livestock grazing, but not with mining effects. Because CCA measures variation in community structure in terms of changes in the absolute abundances of different genera relative to one another, that analysis of genera abundances was sensitive to the effects of riparian disturbance and stream size, but not to the general toxicological effects associated with mining that reduced the abundances of all genera. Community metrics measure various aspects of community structure, including taxa richness, taxa relative abundances, and taxa relative dominance, and these metrics were sensitive to the effects of mining, riparian disturbance, and stream size. Some community metrics, such as the percentage abundance of the most dominant taxon, the total number of individuals, the total number of taxa, and the number of chironomid taxa, may be used to diagnose the environmental stressors in these streams, while the results of the CCA for genera abundances may be used to design new metrics for this purpose. C1 US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, US EPA, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Griffith, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 87 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2001 VL 11 IS 2 BP 489 EP 505 DI 10.2307/3060904 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 418EA UT WOS:000167876900014 ER PT J AU Loeb, AP AF Loeb, AP TI Clearing the air: The real story on the war on air pollution. SO ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Loeb, AP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Hist, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY PI DURHAM PA 701 VICKERS AVE, DURHAM, NC 27701-3147 USA SN 1084-5453 J9 ENVIRON HIST JI Environ. Hist. PD APR PY 2001 VL 6 IS 2 BP 316 EP 319 DI 10.2307/3985096 PG 4 WC Environmental Studies; History SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; History GA 423XF UT WOS:000168202500013 ER PT J AU Burger, J Gochfeld, M Powers, CW Waishwell, L Warren, C Goldstein, BD AF Burger, J Gochfeld, M Powers, CW Waishwell, L Warren, C Goldstein, BD TI Science, policy, stakeholders, and fish consumption advisories: Developing a fish fact sheet for the Savannah River SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fishing; consumption advisories; conflict; consensus-building; environmental planning; human health; risk assessment; mercury; cesium; remediation; risk communication ID SPORT FISH; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; RISK PERCEPTION; PUERTO-RICO; FISHERMEN; MANAGEMENT; ATTITUDES; BENEFITS; CHILDREN AB In recent years there has been a startling rise in the issuance of fish consumption advisories. Unfortunately, compliance by the public is often low. Low compliance can be due to a number of factors, including confusion over the meaning of advisories, conflicting advisories issued by different agencies, controversies involving health benefits versus the risks from consuming fish, and an unwillingness to act on the advisories because of personal beliefs. In some places, such as along the Savannah River, one state (South Carolina) had issued a consumption advisory, while the other (Georgia) had not, although at present, both states now issue consumption advisories for the Savannah River. Herein we report on the development of a fish fact sheet to address the confusing and conflicting information available to the public about consuming fish from the Savannah River. The process involved interviewing fishers to ascertain fishing and consumption patterns, evaluating contaminant levels and exposure pathways, discussing common grounds for the provision of information, and consensus-building among different regulatory agencies (US Environmental Protection Agency, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Georgia Department of Natural Resources) and the Department of Energy. Consensus, a key ingredient in solving many different types of "commons" problems, was aided by an outside organization, the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP). The initial role for CRESP was to offer scientific data as a basis for groups with different assumptions about risks to reach agreement on a regulatory response action. The process was an example of how credible science can be used to implement management and policies and provide a basis for consensus-building on difficult risk communication issues. The paper provides several lessons for improving the risk process from stakeholder conflicts, through risk assessment, to risk management. It also suggests that consensus-building and risk communication are continuing processes that involve assimilation of new information on contaminants and food chain processes, state and federal law, public policy, and public response. C1 Rutgers State Univ, CRESP, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, EOHSI, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, CRESP, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, EOHSI, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Burger, J (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, CRESP, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ESO 5022] NR 54 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD APR PY 2001 VL 27 IS 4 BP 501 EP 514 DI 10.1007/s002670010166 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 403VW UT WOS:000167064000003 PM 11289450 ER PT J AU Sikdar, SK Burckle, J Rogut, J AF Sikdar, SK Burckle, J Rogut, J TI Separation methods for environmental technologies SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANE; SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; GAS-STREAM; VOCS; PERVAPORATION; SORPTION; WATER; ADSORPTION AB Much of the environmental damage in air, soil, sediment, surface and groundwater can be repaired, and further damage prevented through the use of efficient separation technologies. Such technologies should typically achieve higher degrees of species separation. Environmental contamination requires remediation separation technologies especially suited for very low concentrations. This paper highlights the separation and recovery of volatile organic compounds and toxic metal species. Conventional separation technologies are currently inefficient and costly. In this paper, the scope of separation science and technologies in environmental areas will be outlined, and several promising emerging ideas in the areas of sorption and membranes are discussed. The authors view high surface area membrane-based sorption as a common approach that shows significant promise for tackling these difficult problems by improving technical capability, operability, and process economics. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Office Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Coal Chem, Gliwice, Poland. RP Sikdar, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Office Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1002/ep.670200109 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 428UR UT WOS:000168480200004 ER PT J AU Majumdar, S Bhaumik, D Sirkar, KK Simes, G AF Majumdar, S Bhaumik, D Sirkar, KK Simes, G TI A pilot-scale demonstration of a membrane-based absorption-stripping process for removal and recovery of volatile organic compounds SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID GAS-STREAM; VOCS AB A new membrane-based continuous absorption-stripping process has been developed to separate gas/vapor mixtures, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from a nitrogen/air stream. Two different hollow fiber membrane modules are needed in this process to remove the VOCs. In the first module, VOC-laden nitrogen/air stream flows through the bore of the hollow fibers. A suitable absorbent liquid with a high solubility for the VOC and essentially no solubility for nitrogen/air is pumped countercurrently over the outside of the fibers. This liquid is an inert, nontoxic, and essentially non-volatile, organic solvent. The VOCs are effectively removed from nitrogen/air to a very low level and are concentrated in the absorbent for recovery, while the absorbent is regenerated by heating and subjecting it to vacuum in a separate hollow fiber membrane module called the stripping module. A pilot-scale membrane-based absorption-stripping unit was located next to a paint spray booth at Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, GA. Tests were performed on slip-streams of real-time air emissions from scheduled intermittent painting operations, so the concentration of VOC in the exhaust air fluctuated with time. The VOC removal efficiency was determined as a function of the feed air flow rate and the absorbent (silicone oil) flow rate. Depending on the gas/liquid flow rates and the inlet VOC concentration, the process successfully removed as much as 95+% of the VOC present. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical predictions. C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. US EPA, Multimedia Technol Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Majumdar, S (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1002/ep.670200113 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 428UR UT WOS:000168480200008 ER PT J AU Alvarez, FR Vane, LM Hitchens, L AF Alvarez, FR Vane, LM Hitchens, L TI Demonstration of pilot-scale pervaporation systems for volatile organic compound removal from a surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation fluid. I: Spiral wound membrane modules SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID NONAQUEOUS-PHASE LIQUID; CONTAMINANTS; WATER AB During the summer of 1996, a pilot-scale demonstration of a surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) process for removal of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) from soils was conducted at Hill Air Force Base in Layton, Utah. Five thousand gallons of the extracted DNAPL-surfactant solution were transported to Cincinnati, Ohio, to be processed at the U.S. EPA's Test & Evaluation Facility, in a pervaporation pilot-scale unit equipped with spiral wound modules. The main DNAPLs in the extracted SEAR fluid were trichloroethylene (TCE) at 3,000 mg/L, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) at 450 mg/L, and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at 400 mg/L. The solution also contained 2.5 wt % anionic surfactant, 1.5 wt % isopropyl alcohol, and 1.0 wt % salt. This demonstration highlighted complications posed by secondary contaminants to this application of spiral wound modules. Thirteen runs were performed with commercially available spiral wound pervaporation modules at various flow rates and temperatures. Single-pass VOC removal ranged from 50% to 98%. In all cases, TCE removal was almost identical to TCA removal and both were easier to remove than PCE. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Alvarez, FR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 53 EP 63 DI 10.1002/ep.670200116 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 428UR UT WOS:000168480200011 ER PT J AU Abou-Nemeh, I Majumdar, S Saraf, A Sirkar, KK Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Hitchens, L AF Abou-Nemeh, I Majumdar, S Saraf, A Sirkar, KK Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Hitchens, L TI Demonstration of pilot-scale pervaporation systems for volatile organic compound removal from a surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation fluid. II: Hollow fiber membrane modules SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID WATER; VOCS AB Pilot-scale demonstration of pervaporation-based removal of volatile organic compounds from a surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) fluid has been conducted at U.S. EPA's Test & Evaluation Facility using hollow fiber membrane modules. The membranes consisted of microporous hydrophobic polypropylene fibers having a thin plasmapolymerized silicone layer on the outside surface. The SEAR fluid was allowed to flow through the fiber bores at 35-45 degreesC, while vacuum was pulled on the shell side. The SEAR fluid was obtained from a pilot-scale demonstration at Hill Air Force Base, Layton, Utah, and contained trichloroethylene (TCE) at 3,000 mg/L, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (TCA) at 450 mg/L and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at 400 mg/L along with 2.5 wt % anionic surfactant, 1.5 wt % isopropyl alcohol, 1 wt % salt and a small amount of nonvolatile oil/grease. The hollow fiber modules were run at flow rates of 0.25-1 gpm for a period of 8-10 hours every day for a total of six weeks along with a continuous 40-hour run using the SEAR fluid. The modules were never washed with any fluid. The performance of the hollow fiber modules was stable and satisfactory vis-a-vis VOC removal and pressure drop considerations. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn Chem & Environm, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. RP Abou-Nemeh, I (reprint author), Roquette Amer, Keokuk, IA 52632 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD APR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 64 EP 73 DI 10.1002/ep.670200117 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 428UR UT WOS:000168480200012 ER PT J AU Su, CM Puls, RW AF Su, CM Puls, RW TI Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: Kinetics, redox transformation, and implications for in situ groundwater remediation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZERO-VALENT IRON; SURFACE-CHARGE REDUCTION; OH RELEASE STOICHIOMETRY; COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION; SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION; CHROMATE REDUCTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; FERRIHYDRITE; GOETHITE; OXIDES AB Batch tests were performed utilizing four zerovalent iron (Fe-0) filings (Fisher, Peerless, Master Builders, and Aldrich) to remove As(V) and As(III) from water. One gram of metal was reacted headspace-free at 23 degreesC for up to 5 days in the dark with 41.5 mL of 2 mg L-1 As(V), or As(III) or As(V) + As(III) (1:1) in 0.01 M NaCl. Arsenic removal on a mass basis followed the order: Fisher > Peerless approximate to Master Builders > Aldrich; whereas, on a surface area basis the order became: Fisher > Aldrich > Peerless approximate to Master Builders. Arsenic concentration decreased exponentially with time, and was below 0.01 mg L-1 in 4 days with the exception of Aldrich Fe-0. More As(III) was sorbed than As(V) by Peerless Fe-0 in the initial As concentration range between 2 and 100 mg L-1. No As(III) was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on Peerless Fe-0 at 5 days when As(V) was the initial arsenic species in the solution. As(III) was detected by XPS at 30 and 60 days present on Peerless Fe-0 when As(V) was the initial arsenic species in the solution. Likewise, As(V) was found on Peerless Fe-0 when As(III) was added to the solution. A steady distribution of As(V) (73-76%) and As(III) (22-25%) was achieved at 30 and 60 days on the Peerless Fe-0 when either As(V) or As(III) was the initial added species. The presence of both reducing species (Fe-0 and Fe2+) and an oxidizing species (MnO2) in Peerless Fe-0 is probably responsible for the coexistence of both As(V) and As(III) on Fe-0 surfaces. The desorption of As(V) and As(III) by phosphate extraction decreased as the residence time of interaction between the sorbents and arsenic increased from 1 to 60 days. The results suggest that both As(V) and As(III) formed stronger surface complexes or migrated further inside the interior of the sorbent with increasing time. C1 ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74821 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74821 USA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74821 USA. NR 49 TC 257 Z9 271 U1 13 U2 151 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1487 EP 1492 DI 10.1021/es001607i PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417CC UT WOS:000167817000043 PM 11348091 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ Muller, T Craun, GF Calderon, RL Roefer, PA AF Frost, FJ Muller, T Craun, GF Calderon, RL Roefer, PA TI Paired city Cryptosporidium serosurvey in the southwest USA SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID SEROLOGIC RESPONSE; ANTIBODY; OUTBREAK AB In 1996, serological responses to two Cryptosporidium antigens were determined for 200 Las Vegas (LV), Nevada, and 200 Albuquerque, New Mexico, blood donors to evaluate associations between endemic infections, water exposures, and other risk factors. LV uses chlorinated filtered drinking water from Lake Mead while Albuquerque uses chlorinated ground water. The intensity of serological response to both markers was higher for older donors (P < 0.05), donors who washed food with bottled water (P < 0.05) and donors from LV (P < 0.05). A decreased serological response was not associated with bottled water consumption, nor was an increased response associated with self-reported cryptosporidiosis-like illness or residence in LV at the time of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak 2 years earlier. Although these findings suggest the serological response may be associated with type of tap water and certain foods, additional research is needed to clarify the role of both food and drinking water in endemic Cryptosporidium infection. C1 Lovelace Clin Fdn, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. So Nevada Water Author, Boulder City, NV 89005 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), Lovelace Clin Fdn, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD APR PY 2001 VL 126 IS 2 BP 301 EP 307 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 432MF UT WOS:000168695100018 PM 11349981 ER PT J AU Lichtenberger, LM Darling, R Romero, JJ Langenbach, R AF Lichtenberger, LM Darling, R Romero, JJ Langenbach, R TI Effect of luminal damaging agents on the gastric mucosal barrier and prostaglandin (PG) metabolism in cyclooxygenase (COX) knockout (KO) mice. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Texas, Sch Med, Houston, TX USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 2001 VL 120 IS 5 SU 1 MA 763 BP A143 EP A143 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 429KA UT WOS:000168514700701 ER PT J AU Page, SD AF Page, SD TI Harmonizing controls for chemicals and radionuclides SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the National-Council-on-Radiation-Protection-and-Measurements CY APR 05-06, 2000 CL ARLINGTON, VA DE National Council on Radiation Protection and; Measurements; radiation protection; public information; safety standards AB Risk harmonization means more than harmonizing the way that the risk from ionizing radiation is managed by regulatory agencies. It also means bringing a common language and approach to the management of all environmental carcinogens. If this goal is accomplished, it can result in better communication between radiation and chemical risk managers and a better informed public. If the public understands that there is consistency and coherence in how risks are managed, they are more likely to accept risk management decisions. C1 US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD APR PY 2001 VL 80 IS 4 BP 388 EP 389 DI 10.1097/00004032-200104000-00017 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 414WM UT WOS:000167689200016 PM 11281208 ER PT J AU Schollnberger, H Mebust, MR Crawford-Brown, DJ Eckl, PM Hofmann, W AF Schollnberger, H Mebust, MR Crawford-Brown, DJ Eckl, PM Hofmann, W TI Significance of cell-cycle delay, multiple initiation pathways, misrepair and replication errors in a model of radiobiological effects SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STATE-VECTOR MODEL; DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; IONIZING-RADIATION; ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION; ALPHA-PARTICLES; DOSE-RATE; REPAIR; CARCINOGENESIS; INDUCTION; HEPATOCYTES AB Purpose: To advance a biomathematical model of radiocarcinogenesis by describing multiple pathways for initiation, a radiologically induced cell-cycle delay, misrepair and spontaneous DNA damages caused by replication. It was investigated whether the incorporation of these biological features would improve the fit of the model to data showing plateaus in in vitro irradiations of different cell lines and whether the fit parameters were then more biologically realistic. Materials and methods: A biomathematical submodel was developed based on a previous State-Vector Model that mathematically described enhanced DNA repair and radical scavenging following irradiation. Results: With the two initiation pathways and cell-cycle delay the simulations better explained the mouse data but not the rat data, and for both data sets the fit parameters were biologically more realistic than previously assumed. Inclusion of misrepair and replicational errors did not significantly affect the fit. Conclusions: A plateau in the dose-effect relationship for in vitro irradiation of different cell lines can be explained by radioprotective mechanisms. The plateau-type dose-response relationships point to a non-linear dose-effect relationship at low doses and indicate that linear extrapolation from moderate (or high) to low doses may not be justified for in vitro studies of these cell lines. C1 Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. US EPA, Atm Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Environm Studies, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Salzburg Univ, Inst Genet & Gen Biol, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. Salzburg Univ, Inst Phys & Biophys, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. RP Schollnberger, H (reprint author), Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. EM hschollb@sph.unc.edu RI Schollnberger, Helmut/K-1446-2016 OI Schollnberger, Helmut/0000-0002-4398-6565 NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0955-3002 J9 INT J RADIAT BIOL JI Int. J. Radiat. Biol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 77 IS 4 BP 519 EP 527 PG 9 WC Biology; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 420GX UT WOS:000167998200010 PM 11304443 ER PT J AU Parmelee, MA AF Parmelee, MA TI Survey shows UV installations on steep increase SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Malcolm Pirnie Inc, Cleveland, OH USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Parmelee, MA (reprint author), Malcolm Pirnie Inc, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD APR PY 2001 VL 93 IS 4 BP 60 EP 61 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VP UT WOS:000168836800013 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Hueni, SE Elfarra, AA Krause, RJ Parker, JC AF Lash, LH Qian, W Putt, DA Hueni, SE Elfarra, AA Krause, RJ Parker, JC TI Renal and hepatic toxicity of trichloroethylene and its glutathione-derived metabolites in rats and mice: Sex-, species-, and tissue-dependent differences SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; RABBIT LIVER-MICROSOMES; BENZYL-L-CYSTEINE; S-OXIDASE; KIDNEY-CELLS; S-(1,2-DICHLOROVINYL)-L-CYSTEINE SULFOXIDE; CATALYZED DEACETYLATION; MITOCHONDRIAL; NEPHROTOXICITY; PURIFICATION AB Acute cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release) of trichloroethylene (TRI), S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl) glutathione (DCVG), and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) in freshly isolated renal cortical cells and hepatocytes from male and female rats was evaluated to test the hypothesis that the assay provides a valid indicator of sex- and tissue-dependent differences in sensitivity to TRI and its metabolites. We then determined mitochondrial toxicity (inhibition of state-3 and/or stimulation of state-4 respiration) in renal cortical and hepatic mitochondria from male and female rats and mice to assess sex-, tissue-, and species-dependent susceptibility. TRI was moderately cytotoxic in renal cells from male rats but was nontoxic in renal cells from female rats or hepatocytes from male or female rats. Acute cytotoxicity of both DCVG and DCVC was greater in renal cells from male rats than in renal cells from female rats. Although DCVC does not target the liver in vivo, it was a very potent hepatotoxicant in vitro. Mitochondrial toxicity in kidney and liver showed similar patterns, with mitochondria from male rats being more sensitive than mitochondria from female rats; order of potency was DCVC > DCVG much greater than TRI. State-3 respiration in mitochondria from mice was also inhibited, but the patterns and relative sensitivities differed from those in mitochondria from rats. Renal and hepatic mitochondria from mice were less sensitive than corresponding mitochondria from rats and renal mitochondria from female mice were significantly more sensitive than renal mitochondria from male mice. Thus, many of the species-, sex-, and tissue- dependent differences in toxicity observed in vivo are also observed in vitro. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01-DK44295]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01-ES08828] NR 36 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD APR PY 2001 VL 297 IS 1 BP 155 EP 164 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 416AX UT WOS:000167756700020 PM 11259540 ER PT J AU Inn, KGW Lin, ZC Wu, ZY McMahon, C Filliben, JJ Krey, P Feiner, M Liu, CK Holloway, R Harvey, J Larsen, IL Beasley, T Huh, CA Morton, S McCurdy, D Germain, P Handl, J Yamamoto, M Warren, B Bates, TH Holms, A Harvey, BR Popplewell, DS Woods, MJ Jerome, S Odell, KJ Young, P Croudace, I AF Inn, KGW Lin, ZC Wu, ZY McMahon, C Filliben, JJ Krey, P Feiner, M Liu, CK Holloway, R Harvey, J Larsen, IL Beasley, T Huh, CA Morton, S McCurdy, D Germain, P Handl, J Yamamoto, M Warren, B Bates, TH Holms, A Harvey, BR Popplewell, DS Woods, MJ Jerome, S Odell, KJ Young, P Croudace, I TI The NIST natural-matrix radionuclide standard reference material program for ocean studies SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB In 1977, the Low-level Working Group of the International Committee on Radionuclide Metrology met in Boston. MA (USA) to define the characteristics of a new set of environmental radioactivity reference materials. These reference materials were to provide the radiochemist with the same analytical challenges faced when assaying environmental samples. It was decided that radionuclide bearing natural materials should be collected from sites where there had been sufficient time for natural processes to redistribute the various chemically different species of the radionuclides. Over the succeeding years, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in cooperation with other highly experienced laboratories, certified and issued a number of these as low-level radioactivity Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for fission and activation product and actinide concentrations. The experience of certifying these SRMs has given NIST the opportunity to compare radioanalytical methods and learn of their limitations. NIST convened an international workshop in 1994 to define the natural-matrix radionuclide SRM needs for ocean studies. The highest priorities proposed at the workshop were for sediment, shellfish, seaweed, fish flesh and water matrix SRMs certified for mBq per sample concentrations of Sr-90, Cs-137 and Pu-239 + Pu-240. The most recent low-level environmental radionuclide SRM issued by NIST, Ocean Sediment (SRM 4357) has certified and uncertified values for the following 22 radionuclides: K-40 Sr-90, I-129, Cs-137, Eu-155, Pb-210, Po-210, Pb-212, Bi-214, Ra-226 Ra-228 Th-228, Th-230, Th-232, U-234, U-235, Np-237, U-238, Pu-238(,) Pu-239, + Pu-240, and Am-241. The uncertainties for a number of the certified radionuclides are non-symmetrical and relatively large because of the non-normal distribution of reported values. NIST is continuing its efforts to provide the ocean studies community with additional natural matrix radionuclide SRMs. The freeze-dried shellfish flesh matrix has been prepared and recently sent to participating laboratories for analysis and we anticipate receiving radioanalytical results in 2000. The research and development work at NIST produce well characterized SRMs that provide the world's environment-studies community with an important foundation component for radionuclide metrology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Dept Energy, Environm Measurements Lab, New York, NY USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Int Technol Corp, Ridge, TN USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oregon State Univ, Newport, OR 97365 USA. USDOE, Radiol & Environm Sci Lab, Idaho Falls, ID USA. Ctr Etud Nucl, Lab Radioecol Marine, Fontenay Aux Roses, France. Niedersachs Inst Radiookol, Hannover, Germany. Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920, Japan. Atom Weapons Estab, Aldermaston, England. British Nucl Fuels Plc, Sellafield, England. Lab Govt Chemist, Teddington TW11 0LY, Middx, England. Minist Agr Fisheries & Food, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. Natl Radiol Protect Board, Didcot OX11 0RQ, Oxon, England. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Nucl Elect, Gravesend, England. S Scotland Elect Board, Hunterston, Scotland. Southhampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Inn, KGW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Huh, Chih-An/N-4610-2013; OI Croudace, Ian/0000-0003-1547-5650 NR 7 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD APR PY 2001 VL 248 IS 1 BP 227 EP 231 DI 10.1023/A:1010635705252 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 423XU UT WOS:000168203700036 ER PT J AU Guo, ZS Mosley, RB Wasson, SJ Fortmann, RC McBrian, JA AF Guo, ZS Mosley, RB Wasson, SJ Fortmann, RC McBrian, JA TI Dissociation of sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas in the presence of an indoor combustion source SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB As an odorless, nontoxic, and inert compound, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is one of the most widely used tracer gases in indoor air quality studies in both controlled and uncontrolled environments. This compound may be subject to reactions with water vapor under elevated temperature to form acidic inorganic compounds such as HF and H2SO4. Thus, in the presence of unvented combustion sources such as kerosene heaters, natural gas heaters, gas log fireplaces, candles, and lamps, the SF6 dissociation may interfere with measurements of the emissions from these sources. Tests were conducted in a research house with a vent-free natural gas heater to investigate these potential interferences. It was observed that the heater operation caused about a 5% reduction of SF6 concentration, which can be an error source for the ventilation rate measurement and consequently the estimated pollutant emission rates. Further analysis indicates that this error can be much greater than the observed 5% under certain test conditions because it is a function of the ventilation flow rate. Reducing the tracer gas concentration has no effect on this error. A simple theoretical model is proposed to estimate the magnitude of this error. The second type of interference comes from the primary and secondary products of the SF6 dissociation, mainly H2SO4, SO2, HF, and fine particulate matter (PM). In the presence of similar to5 ppm SF6, the total airborne concentrations of these species increased by a factor of 4-10. The tests were performed at relatively high SF6 concentrations, which is necessary to determine the interferences quantitatively. The second type of interference can be significantly reduced if the SF6 concentration is kept at a low ppb level. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Guo, ZS (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 2001 VL 51 IS 4 BP 616 EP 622 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 419HQ UT WOS:000167943600014 PM 11321918 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Roose, DL Barndt, P AF Sidle, WC Roose, DL Barndt, P TI Isotopic evaluation of Pb occurrences in the Riverine ecosystems of the Kankakee watershed, Illinois-Indiana SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE geochemistry; lead; isotope; watershed ID TRACE-METALS; LAKE CONSTANCE; UNITED-STATES; STABLE LEAD; GREAT-LAKES; PB-210; SEDIMENTS; RATIOS; ATMOSPHERE; SOILS AB Environmental background levels of Pb were measured in ponds, river waters, sediments, suspended sediments, rocks, and air particulates within the Kankakee watershed during the period of 1995 to 1999. Stable isotopic Pb distinguished airborne Pb and its incorporation into riverine wetland sediments from geogenic Pb measured in river sediments. The provenance of the naturally-occurring Pb is from carbonate bedrock and contributes comparable concentrations in riverbank sediments (25.9-30.4 mg kg(-1)) as Pb found in wetland sediments (18.6-24.8 mg kg(-1)). Estimates of anthropogenic Pb contributions from airfall into the Kankakee wetlands were found to be near 0.43-0.71 Bq cm(-2) yr(-1) during 1995 to 1999. While leachable Pb data suggests the uppermost layers of pond sediments were disturbed, Pb-210 analyses from undisturbed sedimentation suggests Pb-bearing sediments accumulate approximately 0.46-0.51 cm yr(-1) in the ponds within the riparian zones. Transboundary Pb pollution from aerosols of industrial Pb across the Great Lakes occurs, but Pb isotopy indicates that the Pb concentrations are comparable to natural concentrations of Pb in both waters and sediments within the Kankakee watershed. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Res Div, Isotope Hydrol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Groundwater Res Co, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Res Div, Isotope Hydrol Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 379 EP 393 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00976.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 480KE UT WOS:000171459900011 ER PT J AU Bauer, B Nobmann, S Miller, D Fricker, G AF Bauer, B Nobmann, S Miller, D Fricker, G TI Transport of Paclitaxel in isolated functionally intact brain microvessels and cultured brain capillary endothelial cells. SO NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Inst Pharmazeut Technol & Biopharm, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1298 J9 N-S ARCH PHARMACOL JI Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 2001 VL 363 IS 4 SU S MA 17 BP R8 EP R8 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 414TK UT WOS:000167682100028 ER PT J AU Wilson, EJ McDougall, FR Willmore, J AF Wilson, EJ McDougall, FR Willmore, J TI Euro-trash: searching Europe for a more sustainable approach to waste management SO RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING LA English DT Article DE municipal solid waste; municipal management; Europe; integrated waste management; resource management ID METROPOLITAN REGIONS AB How an economically affordable, environmentally effective and socially acceptable municipal solid waste management system can be developed is currently unclear. Considerable research has been carried out on the practical aspects of municipal waste management (i.e. transport, treatment and disposal) and how citizens feel about source separation, recycling, incineration and landfill but the perspective of the waste manager within the context of long term planning is often ignored. In this study, waste managers from 11 different leading-edge European municipal solid waste programs in nine different countries were interviewed. The economic, social, political, environmental, legal and technical factors of their specific programs were explored acid analyzed. The transition of municipal solid waste management to urban resources management was observed and key 'system drivers' for more sustainable waste management practices were identified. Programs visited were: Brescia (I), Copenhagen (DK), Hampshire (UK), Helsinki (FI), Lahn-Dill-Kreis (D), Malmo (SE), Pamplona (E), Prate (I), Saarbrucken (D), Vienna (A), and Zurich (CH). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Catholic Univ Louvain, IAG, Ctr Entreprise Environm, Inst Adm & Gest, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. RP Wilson, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Atmospher Protect Branch, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-3449 J9 RESOUR CONSERV RECY JI Resour. Conserv. Recycl. PD APR PY 2001 VL 31 IS 4 BP 327 EP 346 DI 10.1016/S0921-3449(00)00089-6 PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 411RY UT WOS:000167514100004 ER PT J AU Efroymson, RA Suter, GW Rose, WH Nemeth, S AF Efroymson, RA Suter, GW Rose, WH Nemeth, S TI Ecological risk assessment framework for low-altitude aircraft overflights: I. Planning the analysis and estimating exposure SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; risk assessment; military; aircraft ID LEVEL JET AIRCRAFT; HABITAT SUITABILITY; RESPONSES; NOISE; BEHAVIOR; CARIBOU AB An ecological risk assessment framework for low-altitude aircraft overflights was developed, with special emphasis on military applications. The problem formulation and exposure analysis phases are presented in this article; an analysis of effects and risk characterization is presented in a companion article. The intent of this article is threefold: (1) to illustrate the development of a generic framework for the ecological risk assessment of an activity, (2) to show how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ecological risk assessment paradigm can be applied to an activity other than the release of a chemical, and (3) to provide guidance for the assessment of ecological risks from low-altitude aircraft overflights. The key stressor for low-altitude aircraft overflights is usually sound, although visual and physical (collision) stressors may also be Significant. Susceptible and regulated wildlife populations are the major assessment endpoint entities, although plant communities may be impacted by takeoffs and landings. The exposure analysis utilizes measurements of wildlife locations, measurements of sound levels at the wildlife locations, measurements of slant distances from aircraft to wildlife, medals that extrapolate sound from the source aircraft to the ground, and bird-strike probability models. Some of the challenges to conducting a risk assessment for aircraft overflights include prioritizing potential stressors and endpoints, choosing exposure metrics that relate to wildlife responses, obtaining good estimates of sound or distance, and estimating wildlife locations. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. USA, Construct Engn Res Lab, Champaign, IL USA. RP Efroymson, RA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, MS 6036,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Efroymson, Rebecca/0000-0002-3190-880X NR 38 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 251 EP 262 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.212109 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 442RX UT WOS:000169299700005 PM 11414535 ER PT J AU Efroymson, RA Suter, GW AF Efroymson, RA Suter, GW TI Ecological risk assessment framework for low-altitude aircraft overflights: II. Estimating effects on wildlife SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; risk assessment; military; aircraft ID LEVEL JET AIRCRAFT; MILITARY ACTIVITY; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; RESPONSES; CARIBOU; NOISE; BEHAVIOR; MODEL; BRANT AB An ecological risk assessment framework for aircraft overflights has been developed, with special emphasis on military applications. This article presents the analysis of effects and risk characterization phases; the problem formulation and exposure analysis phases are presented in a companion article. The framework addresses the effects of sound, visual stressors, and collision on the abundance and production of wildlife populations. Profiles of effects, including thresholds, are highlighted for two groups of endpoint species: ungulates (hoofed mammals) and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses). Several factors complicate the analysis of effects for aircraft overflights. Studies of the effects of aircraft overflights previously have not been associated with a quantitative assessment framework; therefore no consistent relations between exposure and population-level response have been developed. Information on behavioral effects of overflights by military aircraft (or component stressors) on most wildlife species is sparse. Moreover, models that relate behavioral changes to abundance or reproduction, and those that relate behavioral or hearing effects thresholds from one population to another are generally not available. The aggregation of sound frequencies, durations, and the view of the aircraft into the single exposure metric of slant distance is not always the best predictor of effects, but effects associated with more specific exposure metrics (e.g., narrow sound spectra) may not be easily determined or added. The weight of evidence and uncertainty analyses of the risk characterization for overflights are also discussed in this article. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Efroymson, RA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, MS 6036,POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Efroymson, Rebecca/0000-0002-3190-880X NR 39 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.212110 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 442RX UT WOS:000169299700006 PM 11414536 ER PT J AU Nelson, GM Swank, AE Brooks, LR Bailey, KC George, SE AF Nelson, GM Swank, AE Brooks, LR Bailey, KC George, SE TI Metabolism, microflora effects, and genotoxicity in haloacetic acid-treated cultures of rat cecal microbiota SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; mutagenicity; Salmonella microsuspension assay; biotransformation; intestinal flora; enzymes ID DICHLOROACETIC-ACID; FISCHER-344 RATS; DRINKING-WATER; B6C3F1 MICE; BY-PRODUCTS; MUTAGENICITY; 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE; CARCINOGENICITY; ACTIVATION; INDUCTION AB Haloacetic acids are by-products of drinking water disinfection. Several compounds in this class are genotoxic and have been identified as rodent hepatocarcinogens. Enzymes produced by the normal intestinal bacteria can transform some promutagens and procarcinogens to their biologically active forms. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of the cecal microbiota on the mutagenicity of haloacetic acids, and to look at changes in the microbiota populations and enzyme activities associated with exposure to haloacetic acids. PYG medium containing 1 mg/ml of monochloroacetic (MCA), monobromoacetic (MBA), dichloroacetic (DCA), dibromoacetic (DBA), trichloroacetic (TCA), tribromoacetic (TBA), or bromochloroacetic (BCA) acid was inoculated with rat cecal homogenate and incubated anaerobically at 37 degreesC. Growth curves were performed with enumeration of the microflora populations on selective media. Mutagenicity in a Salmonella microsuspension bioassay was determined after incubation for various lengths of time, with or without the cecal microbiota. At 15 h of incubation, enzyme assays determined the activities for beta -glucuronidase, beta -galactosidase, beta -glucosidase, azoreductase, nitroreductase, dechlorinase, and dehydrochlorinase. The haloacetic acids, with the exception of BCA, were toxic to the cecal microbiota, and especially to the enterococci. DBA, TEA, and BCA were mutagenic in the microsuspension assay, but the presence of the intestinal flora did not significantly alter the mutagenicity. BCA increased the activities of several enzymes, and therefore has the potential to affect the biotransformation of co-exposed compounds. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27707 USA. RP Nelson, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, 86 TW Alexander Dr,MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2001 VL 60 IS 2 BP 232 EP 241 DI 10.1093/toxsci/60.2.232 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 414KU UT WOS:000167666400005 PM 11248134 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Shafer, TJ Ward, TR Meacham, CA Harris, MW Chapin, RE AF Moser, VC Shafer, TJ Ward, TR Meacham, CA Harris, MW Chapin, RE TI Neurotoxicological outcomes of perinatal heptachlor exposure in the rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE heptachlor; developmental neurotoxicity; Morris water maze; pesticide exposure ID NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING BATTERY; BRAIN-STEM; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; CHLORIDE TRANSPORT; PESTICIDE DIELDRIN; GABA(A) RECEPTORS; MONOAMINE NEURONS; IN-VITRO; LINDANE; INSECTICIDES AB The developing nervous system has been identified as a potential target of pesticide exposure. Heptachlor is a cyclodiene pesticide that was widely used for many years, and for which inadvertent exposure to children and fetuses took place in the early 1980s; yet little is known regarding the developmental neurotoxicity of it and other cyclodienes. The aim of this study was to determine whether perinatal heptachlor exposure results in persistent alterations in nervous system function, Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams were dosed from gestational day (GD) 12 to postnatal day (PND) 7, whereupon the rat pups were dosed directly until PND 21 (group A) or PND 42 (group B), Dose levels were 0, 0.03, 0,3, or 3 mg/kg/day, po, There were no dose-related effects on maternal weight, litter size, or pup growth. GABA, receptor binding (using [S-35] tert-butylbicyclophosphotothionate; TBPS) and GABA-stimulated Cl- flux were evaluated in control and high-dose brain tissues taken on PND 7, 21, and 43, The B-max values for [S-35]-TBPS binding in brainstem, but not cortex, were decreased in female rats across all ages tested. There were no such changes in male rats, nor were K-D values altered in either tissue or gender. GABA-stimulated Cl- flux was decreased in female cortex synaptoneurosomes only on PND 21, The ontogeny of the righting response (PND 2-5) was delayed in the high-dose females. All subsequent testing took place a week to months after dosing ceased. The functional observational battery (FOB) showed treatment-related, but not necessarily dose-related, changes in different aspects of the rat's reactivity and activity levels. Group-A rats also showed altered within-session habituation of motor activity. There were no heptachlor-related differences in motor activity following challenge with a range of chlordiazepoxide doses. Cognitive assessments were conducted in both groups of rats. There were no statistically significant differences among treatment groups in a one-trial passive avoidance test, although there was a trend toward less learning. In group B, rats (both sexes), heptachlor altered spatial learning in the Morris water maze during two weeks of daily training (2 trials/day). On probe trials, heptachlor-treated rats did not show significant preference for the correct quadrant tall dose groups in males, high dose in females). These rats did not show alterations on subsequent working-memory training (where the platform position was relearned each day). Thus, perinatal exposure to heptachlor produced neurochemical and persistent neurobehavioral changes, including alterations in spatial learning and memory, C1 US EPA, NTD MD74B, Div Neurotoxicol,Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Reprod Toxicol Grp, Natl Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD MD74B, Div Neurotoxicol,Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM moser.ginger@epa.gov RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261; Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 47 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 EI 1096-0929 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 2001 VL 60 IS 2 BP 315 EP 326 DI 10.1093/toxsci/60.2.315 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 414KU UT WOS:000167666400015 PM 11248144 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Thomas, DJ TI Selenium modifies the metabolism and toxicity of arsenic in primary rat hepatocytes SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; selenium; toxicity; metabolism; methylation; cell culture; rat hepatocytes ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; DRINKING-WATER; BILIARY-EXCRETION; IN-VITRO; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; CANCER PREVENTION; PRIMARY CULTURES; RABBIT LIVER; MORTALITY; ACID AB Arsenic and selenium are metalloids with similar chemical properties and metabolic fates. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) has been shown to modify metabolism and toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium compounds. However, little is known about effects of selenium on metabolism and toxicity of iAs. The present work examines the effects of selenite (Se-IV) on the cellular retention, methylation, and cytotoxicity of trivalent iAs, arsenite (iAs(III)), in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. The concurrent exposure to Se-IV (0.1 to 6 muM) inhibited methylation and/or significantly increased cellular retention of iAs(III) in cultured cells. The ratio of the methylated metabolites produced from iAs(III), dimethylarsenic (DMAs) to methylarsenic (MAs), decreased considerably in cells treated with Se-IV, suggesting that synthesis of DMAs from MAs may be more susceptible to inhibition by Se-IV than is the production of MAs from iAs(III). The 24-h preexposure to 2 muM Se-IV had a similar but less pronounced inhibitory effect on the methylation of iAs(III) in cultured cells. The exposure to 2 muM Se-IV alone for up to 24 h had no effect on the viability of cultured hepatocytes. However, concurrent exposure to 2 muM Se-IV increased the cytotoxicity of iAs(III) and its mono- and dimethylated metabolites that contain trivalent arsenic, MAsIII and DMAsIII. These data suggest that pre- or coexposure to inorganic selenium may enhance the toxic effects of iAs, increasing its retention in tissues and suppressing its methylation, which may be a pathway for detoxification of iAs. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div,Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Styblo, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, CB 7220,Clin Sci Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK56350] NR 69 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR 1 PY 2001 VL 172 IS 1 BP 52 EP 61 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9134 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 421MG UT WOS:000168067700007 PM 11264023 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Moore, JC Goodman, LR Patrick, JM Stanley, RS Roush, TH Quarles, RL AF Lewis, MA Moore, JC Goodman, LR Patrick, JM Stanley, RS Roush, TH Quarles, RL TI The effects of urbanization on the chemical quality of three tidal bayous in the Gulf of Mexico SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE bayous; Gulf of Mexico; sediment quality; water quality ID OF-MEXICO; SEDIMENTS; MARINE AB Water and sediment quality in three tidal bayous located near Pensacola, Florida, were assessed during 1993-1995. The primary objective was to determine the environmental condition of the relatively small urban bayous by comparing the chemical quality of the sediments and surface water with published guidelines and criteria developed to protect marine life. Surface water concentrations of most potential toxicants such as heavy metals, organochloride pesticides, PAHs and PCBs were usually below method detection limits. The major exception to this trend was for copper which consistently exceeded Florida and National acute and chronic water quality criteria. Nickel, cadmium and chromium intermittently exceeded these criteria. Sediment contamination was site-specific and chemically diverse. The concentrations of as many as 17 compounds exceeded proposed Florida sediment quality assessment guidelines indicating the potential for adverse biological effects. Nutrient concentrations, with one exception, were below average levels found in other Florida estuaries. Seasonal variation in contaminant concentrations for sediment collected from the same sampling station was less than an order of magnitude. The differences in the concentrations of the same analytes as measured for the multiple sampling stations located within the same bayou varied 1 to 2 orders of magnitude and over 2 orders of magnitude for the 20 sampling stations located in the three bayous. A within-bayou sediment contaminant gradient was evident; sediment quality generally improved seaward. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD APR PY 2001 VL 127 IS 1-4 BP 65 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1005281430417 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 409AP UT WOS:000167362600005 ER PT J AU Carleton, JN Grizzard, TJ Godrej, AN Post, HE AF Carleton, JN Grizzard, TJ Godrej, AN Post, HE TI Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE wetland; BMP; nonpoint source; stormwater; runoff; literature ID NUTRIENT REMOVAL; CONSTRUCTED WETLAND; PHOSPHORUS RETENTION; RUNOFF; SYSTEM; MARSH; LAKE AB Data from 35 studies on 49 wetland systems used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface waters were examined and compared in order to identify any obvious trends that may aid future stormwater treatment wetland design efforts. Despite the intermittent nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs from stormwater runoff, our analysis demonstrates that steady-state first-order plug-flow models commonly used to analyze wastewater treatment wetlands can be adapted for use with stormwater wetlands. Long-term pollutant removals are analyzed as functions of long-term mean hydraulic loading rate and nominal detention time. First-order removal rate constants for total phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrate generated in this fashion are demonstrated to be similar to values reported in the literature for wastewater treatment wetlands. Constituent removals are also demonstrated via regression analyses to be functions of the ratio of wetland area to watershed area. Resulting equations between these variables can be used as preliminary design tools in the absence of more site-specific details, with the understanding that they should be employed cautiously. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Lab, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. RP Carleton, JN (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7507C,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM carleton.jim@epa.gov RI Godrej, Adil/D-2548-2010; Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 55 TC 79 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 58 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD APR PY 2001 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1552 EP 1562 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00416-4 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 413NH UT WOS:000167617900021 PM 11317903 ER PT J AU Kimmel, CA Makris, SL AF Kimmel, CA Makris, SL TI Recent developments in regulatory requirements for developmental toxicology SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th European Congress of Toxicology CY SEP 17-20, 2000 CL LONDON, ENGLAND DE developmental toxicology; toxicology testing; risk assessment AB A number of legislative and regulatory changes have occurred over the past 5 years to prompt the re-evaluation of the regulatory requirements for developmental toxicity testing and use of the data for risk assessment. In particular, passage of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in the United States required the USEPA to evaluate children's health risks in a more rigorous fashion, and to apply an additional 10-fold safety factor if data were inadequate or children appeared to be more sensitive than adults. A review of the testing protocols required by USEPA led to extension of the dosing period to term in the prenatal developmental toxicity study and the addition of endpoints to the 2-generation reproduction study protocol as indicators of possible neurologic, reproductive, or immune alterations. Revised testing guidelines for pesticides and toxic substances were published by USEPA in 1998, including a developmental neurotoxicity testing protocol. Further review for FQPA implementation resulted in the proposal for a core set of required toxicology studies, including routine developmental neurotoxicity, adult neurotoxicity. and adult immunotoxicity studies. In addition, development of new testing guidelines in several areas was recommended. these guidelines to be used in conjunction with Or as follow-up when indicated From standard testing: developmental immunotoxicity, carcinogenesis, specialized neurotoxicity studies, endocrine disrupter studies, pharmacokinetics, and direct dosing of neonates. The impact of these efforts on the policies for toxicity testing of pesticides are discussed, and these issues are currently being reviewed on a broader scale, in particular, by evaluating the adequacy of the methods used for reference values (e.g. chronic RfD, RfC). Three major areas of focus for this review include life stages evaluated, endpoints assessed, and the duration of exposure used in various studies. A major focus of these efforts is to ensure that children's health risks are being adequately addressed in the risk assessment process. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7509C, Off Pollut Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, 1200 Penn Ave,Ariel Rios Bldg, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 35 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD MAR 31 PY 2001 VL 120 IS 1-3 BP 73 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00309-5 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 426EK UT WOS:000168336700010 PM 11323164 ER PT J AU Booth, MG Hutchinson, L Brumsted, M Aas, P Coffin, RB Downer, RC Kelley, CA Lyons, MM Pakulski, JD Sandvik, SLH Jeffrey, WH Miller, RV AF Booth, MG Hutchinson, L Brumsted, M Aas, P Coffin, RB Downer, RC Kelley, CA Lyons, MM Pakulski, JD Sandvik, SLH Jeffrey, WH Miller, RV TI Quantification of recA gene expression as an indicator of repair potential in marine bacterioplankton communities of Antarctica SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Southern Ocean; Antarctica; solar UV radiation; DNA repair; marine bacterioplankton communities; recA gene; RecA protein ID ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION; UV-B; SOLAR-RADIATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA PHOTODAMAGE; AERUGINOSA PAO; INDUCED DAMAGE; TOTAL OZONE; INHIBITION; RESPONSES AB Marine bacteria in surface waters must cope daily with the damaging effects of exposure to solar radiation (containing both W-A and UV-B wavelengths), which produces lesions in their DNA. As the stratospheric ozone layer is depleted, these coping mechanisms are likely to play an even more important role in the viability of marine bacterial communities. The recA gene is ubiciuitous among eubacteria and is highly conserved both in nucleotide and amino acid sequence. Besides its role in generalized recombination, the gene's translational product, RecA, is the regulator of 'dark repair' activity (DNA-repair mechanisms that do not require visible light as a cofactor). We have taken advantage of this function and used recA gene expression as a barometer of the DNA-damage repair capacity of bacterial assemblages in the Southern Ocean. Studies were conducted in the Gerlache Strait, Antarctica, in the austral springs of 1995 and 1996. Analysis of both recA mRNA and RecA protein extracted from natural communities indicated that the level of expression of this gene varied in a diel fashion, suggesting an increased repair capacity in these organisms. These included an early morning rise in RecA levels followed by a plateau or even a reduction in RecA concentration during the remainder of the day. A much greater increase in RecA was consistently observed after sunset. followed by a constant decrease during the night. Microcosm experiments with a RecA(+) Gerlache Strait gamma -proteobacteria isolate, RM11001, demonstrated a similar diel pattern of expression. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of RecA as a biological indicator of DNA repair capacity in natural bacterial assemblages. They indicate that 'dark repair' of DNA damage is an important coping mechanism for bacteria in the marine environment of Antarctica. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diag & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. RP Miller, RV (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RI Kelley, Cheryl/K-9392-2015 NR 39 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD MAR 28 PY 2001 VL 24 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.3354/ame024051 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 423ZU UT WOS:000168208300006 ER PT J AU Glassmeyer, ST AF Glassmeyer, ST TI Balancing act SO CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Glassmeyer, ST (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Glassmeyer, Susan/E-5004-2017 OI Glassmeyer, Susan/0000-0002-0538-5793 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2347 J9 CHEM ENG NEWS JI Chem. Eng. News PD MAR 26 PY 2001 VL 79 IS 13 BP 98 EP 98 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 415JD UT WOS:000167717100065 ER PT J AU Hubal, EAC AF Hubal, EAC TI Protecting our children from harm SO CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hubal, EAC (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2347 J9 CHEM ENG NEWS JI Chem. Eng. News PD MAR 26 PY 2001 VL 79 IS 13 BP 170 EP 170 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 415JD UT WOS:000167717100101 ER PT J AU Allis, JW Brown, BL Zhao, GY Pegram, RA AF Allis, JW Brown, BL Zhao, GY Pegram, RA TI The effects of inhalation exposure to bromo-dichloromethane on specific rat CYP isoenzymes SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inhalation; cytochrome P450; induction; inhibition; Western blot; dose-response; F344 rat; liver ID CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; METABOLIZING ENZYMES; GAS UPTAKE; IN-VIVO; 3 FORMS; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; CANCER; LIVER; TRIHALOMETHANE AB Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes may be involved in the metabolism of bromo-dichloromethane (BDCM). a drinking water disinfection byproduct. After 4-h inhalation exposures of male F344 rats to BDCM between 100 and 3200 p.p.m., hepatic microsomal methoxyresorufin demethylase (MROD), ethoxyresorufin de-ethylease (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin dealkylase (PROD) activities showed modest increases at low exposure levels and larger decreases at high exposure levels, compared with controls. Western blots for CYP1A2 and CYP2B1 showed similar trends. In addition, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNP) activity was measured and Western blots for CYP2E1 were performed. CYP2E1 and CYP2B1 isoenzymes are known to metabolize BDCM (Thornton-Manning, J.R., Gao, P., Lilly, P.D., Pegram, R.A., 1993. Acute bromodichloromethane toxicity in rats pretreated with cytochrome P450 inducers and inhibitors. The Toxicologist 13: 361). When compared with a multiple gavage study of BDCM in female F344 rats (Thornton-Manning, J.R., et al., 1994. Toxicology 94, 3-18), the results of the two studies for EROD, PROD, and PNP activities were qualitatively the same; PNP activity did not change, while both PROD and EROD activities decreased at high exposures. In the current work. Western blots for CYP2E1, CYP2B1 and CYP1A2 supported the results fr om the PNP, PROD and MROD activities, respectively. The decreases in MROD and PROD activities and in Western blots for CYP1A2 and CYP2B1 at high exposures suggest that BDCM may be a suicide substrate for these CYP isoenzymes. Other important conclusions that can be drawn from the comparison between the current and prior work are that the liver response is similar for both sexes, and it is also similar for inhalation and gavage exposures under these conditions. Finally, the decrease in EROD activity at high doses. found in both studies, may be a further reflection of CYP1A2 activity, since little or no CYP1A1 activity is normally found in uninduced rat liver and CYP1A2 is known to metabolize ethoxyresorufin. although much more slowly than CYP1A1. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Allis, JW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAR 21 PY 2001 VL 161 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00461-3 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 426JY UT WOS:000168347100006 PM 11295256 ER PT J AU Marsili, S Costello, MJ Peiffer, RL Salganik, RI Albright, CD Elfrig, D Sutton, LD Geller, AM AF Marsili, S Costello, MJ Peiffer, RL Salganik, RI Albright, CD Elfrig, D Sutton, LD Geller, AM TI Retinal physiology alterations in a rat model of oxidative stress. SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAR 15 PY 2001 VL 42 IS 4 SU S MA 3412 BP S635 EP S635 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 427EP UT WOS:000168392103376 ER PT J AU Noskov, VN Koriabine, M Solomon, G Randolph, M Barrett, JC Leem, SH Stubbs, L Kouprina, N Larionov, V AF Noskov, V. N. Koriabine, M. Solomon, G. Randolph, M. Barrett, J. C. Leem, S. -H. Stubbs, L. Kouprina, N. Larionov, V. TI Defining the minimal length of sequence homology required for selective gene isolation by TAR cloning SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning technique allows selective and accurate isolation of chromosomal regions and genes from complex genomes. The technique is based on in vivo recombination between genomic DNA and a linearized vector containing homologous sequences, or hooks, to the gene of interest. The recombination occurs during transformation of yeast spheroplasts that results in the generation of a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing the gene of interest. To further enhance and refine the TAR cloning technology, we determined the minimal size of a specific hook required for gene isolation utilizing the Tg.AC mouse transgene as a targeted region. For this purpose a set of vectors containing a B1 repeat hook and a Tg.AC-specific hook of variable sizes (from 20 to 800 bp) was constructed and checked for efficiency of transgene isolation by a radial TAR cloning. When vectors with a specific hook that was >= 60 bp were utilized, similar to 2% of transformants contained circular YACs with the Tg.AC transgene sequences. Efficiency of cloning dramatically decreased when the TAR vector contained a hook of 40 bp or less. Thus, the minimal length of a unique sequence required for gene isolation by TAR is similar to 60 bp. No transgene-positive YAC clones were detected when an ARS element was incorporated into a vector, demonstrating that the absence of a yeast origin of replication in a vector is a prerequisite for efficient gene isolation by TAR cloning. C1 [Noskov, V. N.; Koriabine, M.; Kouprina, N.; Larionov, V.] Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Genet Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Solomon, G.; Randolph, M.; Barrett, J. C.] Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. [Leem, S. -H.] Dong A Univ, Fac Nat Sci, Dept Biol, Pusan 604714, South Korea. [Stubbs, L.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Genome Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Noskov, V. N.] St Petersburg State Univ, St Petersburg, Russia. RP Larionov, V (reprint author), NCI, Lab Biosyst & Canc, NIH, Bldg 49,Room 4-A56,49 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM larionov@mail.nih.gov NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD MAR 15 PY 2001 VL 29 IS 6 AR e32 DI 10.1093/nar/29.6.e32 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA V17WP UT WOS:000207967600003 PM 11239009 ER PT J AU Brown, JW Carroll, RG Whitehurst, ME Gordon, CJ AF Brown, JW Carroll, RG Whitehurst, ME Gordon, CJ TI Thermoregulatory set point decreases following hemorrhage in rats SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 E Carolina Univ, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP A1107 EP A1107 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410TA UT WOS:000167454202271 ER PT J AU Mack, CM Gordon, CJ AF Mack, CM Gordon, CJ TI Perinatal development of thermoregulation in the rat: Effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on core temperature. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP A1107 EP A1107 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410TA UT WOS:000167454202276 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Metzger, BL Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Metzger, BL Gordon, CJ TI The effects of chronic exercise conditioning on thermoregulatory response to chlorpyrifos in female rats SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP A1108 EP A1108 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410TA UT WOS:000167454202279 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Yang, YL Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Yang, YL Gordon, CJ TI A peripheral cholinergic pathway modulates stress-induced hyperthermia in the rat exposed to an open field. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Lanzhou Mil Med Coll PLA, Lanzhou 730020, Peoples R China. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP A1106 EP A1106 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410TA UT WOS:000167454202267 ER PT J AU Smith, EG Padnos, BK Gordon, CJ AF Smith, EG Padnos, BK Gordon, CJ TI The effects of chlorpyrifos on blood pressure and temperature regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP A773 EP A773 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410TA UT WOS:000167454200344 ER PT J AU Dreher, K Richards, J Jaskot, R AF Dreher, K Richards, J Jaskot, R TI Hematological and molecular cardiac effects following pulmonary exposure to oil combustion particles SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP A54 EP A54 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410KA UT WOS:000167438100305 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Puckett, ET Padnos, BK AF Gordon, CJ Puckett, ET Padnos, BK TI Noninvasive, continuous measurement of rat tail skin temperature by radiotelemetry SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP A418 EP A418 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410KA UT WOS:000167438102390 ER PT J AU Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ AF Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ TI Evidence that Ca2+ signaling and transcription factor (CREB) activities stimulated by polychlorinated biphenyls are localized to developing neurons SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP A236 EP A236 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410KA UT WOS:000167438101349 ER PT J AU Miller, DL Welty-Wolf, K Carraway, MS Ezban, M Ghio, A Carter, J Dieterle, C Suliman, H Piantadosi, CA AF Miller, DL Welty-Wolf, K Carraway, MS Ezban, M Ghio, A Carter, J Dieterle, C Suliman, H Piantadosi, CA TI Competitive inhibition of factor VIIIa attenuates lung injury and pro-inflammatory cytokine release after intratracheal lipopolysaccharide SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Durham VA, Durham, NC USA. Novo Nordisk AS, Copenhagen, Denmark. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP A497 EP A497 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410KA UT WOS:000167438102841 ER PT J AU Youssef, JA Ammann, P Ghanayem, BI Birnbaum, LS Badr, MZ AF Youssef, JA Ammann, P Ghanayem, BI Birnbaum, LS Badr, MZ TI Discordant induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mRNA and dependent genes by peroxisome proliferators in livers of senescent rats SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 7 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP A562 EP A562 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410KA UT WOS:000167438103218 ER PT J AU Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF AF Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF TI A concise review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE arsenic; cancer; dimethylarsinic acid ID DNA-STRAND BREAKS; URINARY-BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS; ORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUND; INORGANIC ARSENICS; L-132 CELLS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; RATS; METABOLITES; EXPOSURE; MICE AB Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) has been used as a herbicide (cacodylic acid) and is the major metabolite formed after exposure to tri- (arsenite) or pentavalent (arsenate) inorganic arsenic (iAs) via ingestion or inhalation in both humans and rodents. Once viewed simply as a detoxification product of iAs, evidence has accumulated in recent years indicating that DMA itself has unique toxic properties. DMA induces an organ-specific lesion - single strand breaks in DNA - in the lungs of both mice and rats and in human lung cells in vitro. Mechanistic studies have suggested that this damage is due mainly to the peroxyl radical of DMA and production of active oxygen species by pulmonary tissues. Multi-organ initiation-promotion studies have demonstrated that DMA acts as a promotor of urinary bladder, kidney, liver and thyroid gland cancers in rats and as a promotor of lung tumors in mice. Lifetime exposure to DMA in diet or drinking water also causes a dose-dependent increase in urinary bladder tumors in rats, indicating that DMA is a complete carcinogen. These data collectively suggest that DMA plays a role in the carcinogenesis of inorganic arsenic. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kenyon, EM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 52 TC 124 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAR 7 PY 2001 VL 160 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00458-3 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 414WH UT WOS:000167688800027 PM 11246143 ER PT J AU Liu, SM Pleil, JD AF Liu, SM Pleil, JD TI Optimized determination of trace jet fuel volatile organic compounds in human blood using in-field liquid-liquid extraction with subsequent laboratory gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and on-column large-volume injection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE large-volume injection; JP-8 jet fuel; volatile organic compounds ID FISCHER-344 RATS; EXHALED BREATH; EXPOSURE; JP-8; WATER; HYDROCARBONS; CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; RECOVERY; BENZENE AB A practical and sensitive method to assess volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from JP-8 jet fuel in human whole blood was developed by modifying previously established liquid-liquid extraction procedures, optimizing extraction times, solvent volume, specific sample processing techniques, and a new on-column large-volume injection method for GC-MS analysis. With the optimized methods, the extraction efficiency was improved by 4.3 to 20.1 times and the detection sensitivity increased up to 660 times over the standard method. Typical detection limits in the parts-per-trillion (ppt) level range were achieved for all monitored JP-8 constituents; this is sufficient for assessing human fuels exposures at trace environmental levels as well as occupational exposure levels. The sample extractions are performed in the field and only solvent extracts need to be shipped to the laboratory. The method is implemented with standard biological laboratory equipment and a modest bench-top GC-MS system. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD MAR 5 PY 2001 VL 752 IS 1 BP 159 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00537-5 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 402YG UT WOS:000167015300020 PM 11254190 ER PT J AU Timofeeva, OA Gordon, CJ AF Timofeeva, OA Gordon, CJ TI Changes in EEG power spectra and behavioral states in rats exposed to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor chlorpyrifos and muscarinic agonist oxotremorine SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE theta; gamma; sleep spindles; cholinergic; quiet waking; telemetry ID GAMMA-ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ACTIVITY; GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES; RHYTHMICAL SLOW ACTIVITY; LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE; ORGANO-PHOSPHATE; ANESTHETIZED RATS; ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS; RECEPTOR DENSITY; THETA-RHYTHM; TIME-COURSE AB Organophosphates (OPs) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity causing cholinergic stimulation in the central nervous system (CNS). Cholinergic systems are crucial in electroencephalogram (EEG) generation and regulation of behavior; however, little is known about how OP exposure affects the EEG and behavioral states. Wt: recorded EEG, core temperature and motor activity before and after exposure to the OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CHP) in adult female rats implanted with telemetric transmitters. The recording and reference electrodes were placed in the occipital and frontal bones, respectively. The animals received CHP, 25 mg/kg, p.o.. or oxotremorine (OX), 0.2 mg/kg, s.c. CHP led to a significant increase in delta (0.1-3.5 Hz), slow theta (4-6.5 Wt), gamma 2 (35.5-50 Hz), reduction in fast theta (7-8.5 Hz), alpha/sigma (9-14 Hz), beta 1 (14.5-24 Hz), beta 2 (24.5-30 Hz) and gamma 1 (30.5-35 Hz) powers, slowing of peak frequencies in 1-9 Hz. range, hypothermia and decrease in motor activity. The drop in 7-14 Hz was associated with cholinergic suppression of sleep spindles. Changes in behavioral state were characterized by dramatic diminution of sleep postures and exploring activity and prolongation of quiet waking. There was recovery in all bands in spite of continued inhibition of AChE activity [44,45] in rats exposed to CHP. OX-induced EEG and behavioral alterations were similar to CHP except then was no increase in delta and the onset and recovery were more rapid. We did not find a correlation between the EEG and core temperature alterations. Overall, changes in EEG (except in delta band) and behavior following CHP were attributable to muscarinic stimulation. Cortical arousal together with increased quiet waking and decreased sleep after CHP occurred independently from inhibition of motor activity and lowering of core temperature. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 UNC, Curriculum toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Timofeeva, OA (reprint author), UNC, Curriculum toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 62 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD MAR 2 PY 2001 VL 893 IS 1-2 BP 165 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03309-6 PG 13 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 406QA UT WOS:000167225600019 PM 11223004 ER PT J AU Thornburg, J Ensor, DS Rodes, CE Lawless, PA Sparks, LE Mosley, RB AF Thornburg, J Ensor, DS Rodes, CE Lawless, PA Sparks, LE Mosley, RB TI Penetration of particles into buildings and associated physical factors. Part I: Model development and computer simulations SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDOOR-OUTDOOR RELATIONSHIPS; AIR CLEANERS; AEROSOL; DEPOSITION AB The PM2.5 standard proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stimulated research on the relationships between particulate matter concentrations and the exposures and subsequent health responses of sensitive subpopulations, such as the elderly. Since individuals in these subpopulations may spend more than 90% of their time indoors, understanding the relationship between outdoor particle concentrations and those found in indoor microenvironments is critical. This research resulted in a time-dependent indoor air quality model incorporating all potential particle sources and loss mechanisms. Monte Carlo simulations of the model identified the mechanisms, such as particle loss during penetration through the building envelope, that modify the outdoor particle size distribution during transport into the interior of a building, calculated indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios, and estimated penetration factors as a function of particle size. Indoor particle generation and transport of outdoor particles through the HVAC system were the most important contributors to the indoor concentration in residential and commercial buildings, respectively. The most significant removal mechanisms included ventilation through and particle removal by the HVAC filter if an HVAC system was present, or particle deposition on indoor surfaces if an HVAC system was not present. The modeled I/O concentration ratios varied between 0.05 and 0.5, depending on particle size and type of ventilation system, and agreed well with published experimental results, Penetration factors less than unity were calculated for particles with aerodynamic diameters larger than 0.2 mum if the air exchange rate and steady-state I/O concentration ratio were correlated during the simulations. An additional correlation between the air exchange rate and particle deposition velocity is required if penetration factors less than unity are to be modeled for particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 0.2 mum. These results support the possibility that appropriate experimental studies will yield penetration factors less than unity. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Thornburg, J (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194,3040 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 34 IS 3 BP 284 EP 296 DI 10.1080/02786820119886 PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 410HA UT WOS:000167433500005 ER PT J AU Brar, SS Kennedy, TP Whorton, AR Sturrock, AB Huecksteadt, TP Ghio, AJ Hoidal, JR AF Brar, SS Kennedy, TP Whorton, AR Sturrock, AB Huecksteadt, TP Ghio, AJ Hoidal, JR TI Reactive oxygen species from NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase constitutively activate NF-kappa B in malignant melanoma cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nuclear factor-kappa B; superoxide anion; hydrogen peroxide; tumor; neoplasm; dicumarol ID PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; NADH OXIDASE; LUNG-CANCER; TUMOR-TISSUES; UP-REGULATION; GROWTH; INHIBITION AB The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is constitutively activated in malignancies from enhanced activity of inhibitor of NF-kappaB (I kappaB) kinase, with accelerated I kappaB alpha degradation. We studied whether redox signaling might stimulate these events. Cultured melanoma cells generated superoxide anions (O-2(-)) without serum stimulation. O-2(-) generation was reduced by the NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) inhibitor dicumarol and the quinone analog capsaicin, suggesting that electron transfer from NQO through a quinone-mediated pathway may be an important source of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells. Treatment of malignant melanoma cells with the H2O2 scavenger catalase, the sulfhydryl donor N-acetylcysteine, the glutathione peroxidase mimetic ebselen, or dicumarol decreased NF-kappaB activation. Catalase, N-acetylcysteine, ebselen, dicumarol, and capsaicin also inhibited growth of melanoma and other malignant cell lines. These results raise the possibility that ROS produced endogenously by mechanisms involving NQO can constitutively activate NF-kappaB in an autocrine fashion and suggest the potential for new antioxidant strategies for interruption of oxidant signaling of melanoma cell growth. C1 Carolinas Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Charlotte, NC 28232 USA. Carolinas Med Ctr, Cannon Res Ctr, Charlotte, NC 28232 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Utah, Div Resp Crit Care & Occupat Pulm Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. RP Kennedy, TP (reprint author), Carolinas Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, 410 Cannon Res Ctr,POB 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-40665, HL-61377] NR 66 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6143 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-CELL PH JI Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 280 IS 3 BP C659 EP C676 PG 18 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA 401FR UT WOS:000166918000028 PM 11171586 ER PT J AU Huang, YCT Ghio, AJ Nozik-Grayck, E Piantadosi, CA AF Huang, YCT Ghio, AJ Nozik-Grayck, E Piantadosi, CA TI Vascular release of nonheme iron in perfused rabbit lungs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Thoracic-Society CY APR 24-29, 1998 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Thorac Soc DE anion exchange protein; 4,4 '-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2 '-disulfonic acid; N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N '-2-ethanesulfonic; acid; ferritin; bleomycin ID TRANSFERRIN-BOUND IRON; ISOLATED HEPATOCYTES; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; RAT-LIVER; INJURY; CLEARANCE; RADICALS; DAMAGE; ENZYME; CELLS AB In this study, we hypothesized that the lung actively releases excess iron into the circulation to regulate iron homeostasis. We measured nonheme iron (NHFe) in the perfusate of control isolated perfused rabbit lungs and lungs with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) ventilated with normoxic (21% O-2) or hypoxic (95% N-2) gas mixtures. Some were perfused with bicarbonate-free (HEPES) buffer or treated with the anion exchange inhibitor DIDS. The control lungs released similar to0.25 mug/ml of NHFe or 20% of the total lung NHFe into the vascular space that was not complexed with ferritin, transferrin, or lactoferrin or bleomycin reactive. The I/R lungs released a similar amount of NHFe during ischemia and some bleomycin-detectable iron during reperfusion. NHFe release was attenuated by similar to 50% in both control and ischemic lungs by hypoxia and by >90% in control lungs and similar to 60% in ischemic lungs by DIDS and HEPES. Reperfusion injury was not affected by DIDS or HEPES but was attenuated by hypoxia. These results indicate that biologically nonreactive nonheme iron is released rapidly by the lung into the vascular space via mechanisms that are linked to bicarbonate exchange. During prolonged ischemia, redox-active iron is also released into the vascular compartment by other mechanisms and may contribute to lung injury. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27211 USA. RP Huang, YCT (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Box 3315, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 280 IS 3 BP L474 EP L481 PG 8 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 400DC UT WOS:000166852900014 PM 11159031 ER PT J AU Wang, N Budde, WL AF Wang, N Budde, WL TI Determination of carbamate, urea, and thiourea pesticides and herbicides in water SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; UNITED-STATES AB Microbore liquid chromatography and positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry are applied to the determination of 16 carbamate, urea, and thiourea pesticides and herbicides in water. The electrospray mass spectra of the analytes were measured and are discussed and mobile-phase matrix effects were evaluated. Analyte positive ion abundances are generally inversely related to the concentration of acetic acid in the acetonitrile-water mobile phase in the range of 0.001 - 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid. Using an internal standard for quantitative analyses and no acid in the mobile phase, retention time precision, peak width precision, concentration measurement precision, mean recoveries, and instrument detection limits were determined in reagent water. The 16 analytes were also measured in fortified environmental water samples from a recreational lake, a groundwater well, a cistern, a farm pond, and drinking water. These measurements were at 5 ng/mL of each analyte, which is within the range expected for environmental pesticide and herbicide contaminants, The analytes were separated from the environmental water matrixes with an on-line extraction and concentration to provide rapid sample analyses without a slow off-line liquid-liquid or liquid-solid-liquid extraction and extract concentration. Recoveries of 12 of the analytes from 4 environmental water samples were in the range of 75-124% with relative standard deviations in the range of 11-16%. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W MartinL King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 1 PY 2001 VL 73 IS 5 BP 997 EP 1006 DI 10.1021/ac0010734 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 407QX UT WOS:000167283200030 PM 11289447 ER PT J AU Simmons, OD Sobsey, MD Heaney, CD Schaefer, FW Francy, DS AF Simmons, OD Sobsey, MD Heaney, CD Schaefer, FW Francy, DS TI Concentration and detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface water samples by method 1622 using ultrafiltration and capsule filtration SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOLLOW-FIBER ULTRAFILTERS; PARVUM OOCYSTS; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; DRINKING-WATER; DISINFECTION; INACTIVATION; POLIOVIRUS; VIABILITY; OUTBREAK; REMOVAL AB The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is known to occur widely in both source and drinking water and has caused waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. To improve monitoring, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed method 1622 for isolation and detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. Method 1622 is performance based and involves filtration, concentration, immunomagnetic separation, fluorescent-antibody staining and 4 ' ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counterstaining, and microscopic evaluation. The capsule filter system currently recommended for method 1622 was compared to a hollow-fiber ultrafilter system for primary concentration of C. parvum oocysts in seeded reagent water and untreated surface waters. Samples were otherwise processed according to method 1622. Rates of C. parvum oocyst recovery from seeded 10-liter volumes of reagent water in precision and recovery experiments with filter pairs were 42% (standard deviation [SD], 24%) and 46% (SD, 18%) for hollow-fiber ultrafilters and capsule filters, respectively. Mean oocyst recovery rates in experiments testing both filters on seeded surface water samples were 42% (SD, 27%) and 15% (SD, 12%) for hollow-fiber ultrafilters and capsule filters, respectively. Although C. parvum oocysts were recovered from surface waters by using the approved filter of method 1622, the recovery rates were significantly lower and more variable than those from reagent grade water. In contrast, the disposable hollow-fiber ultrafilter system was compatible with subsequent method 1622 processing steps, and it recovered C. parvum oocysts from seeded surface waters with significantly greater efficiency and reliability than the filter suggested for use in the version of method 1622 tested. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Simmons, OD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 24 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 67 IS 3 BP 1123 EP 1127 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.3.1123-1127.2001 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 407HM UT WOS:000167266200015 PM 11229901 ER PT J AU Gerlach, RW Gustin, MS Van Emon, JM AF Gerlach, RW Gustin, MS Van Emon, JM TI On-site mercury analysis of soil at hazardous waste sites by immunoassay and ASV SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ASSAYS; WATER; IONS AB Two field methods for Hg, immunoassay and anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), that can provide onsite results for quick decisions at hazardous waste sites were evaluated. Each method was applied to samples from two Superfund sites that contain high levels of Hg; Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine site, Clear Lake, California, and Carson River Mercury site, Nevada. Two laboratory methods were used for comparison purposes; cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The immunoassay was found to be accurate for high and low Hg concentrations compared to the 5 and 15 mug/g soil sample standards provided with it. Despite poor agreement between immunoassay and confirmatory analysis results at concentrations near the comparison standards, the immunoassay could be used as an effective screening method provided care is taken in identifying an operational screening level. The ASV method had an analytical range of 1-50 mug/g, with a CV of 15%. ASV results were comparable to CVAFS (CV = 15%) and more precise than ICP-MS (CV = 20%). The lower limit of quantitative results was 3 mug/g for field samples, and is attributed to uncertainty associated with sampling. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Gerlach, RW (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, 980 Kelly Johnson Dr, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM rgerlach@lmepo.com NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 16 IS 3 BP 281 EP 290 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00040-8 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 390XM UT WOS:000166325100002 ER PT J AU Otten, PA London, RE Levy, LA AF Otten, PA London, RE Levy, LA TI 4-Oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acids as Mg2+ selective, fluorescent indicators SO BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID METAL-IONS; F-19 NMR; MAGNESIUM; P-31; SPECTROSCOPY; CATIONS; CALCIUM; PLASMA; CELLS; PROBE AB In this paper, we present the synthesis of a new series of substituted 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acids and the evaluation of their fluorescent response upon complexation with Mg2+ and Ca2+. This has led to the development of the first Mg2+-selective, ratioable fluorescent indicators. We found that 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylates are excellent fluorophores which show a strong fluorescent response to Mg2+ but not to Ca-2; the latter metal ion often causing interference during Mg2+ measurements with previously described indicators. The dissociation constants of the studied fluorophores-around 1.0 mM-are of the same order of magnitude as is usually observed for intracellular Mg2+. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Otten, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Struct Biol Lab, POB 12233,MR-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1043-1802 J9 BIOCONJUGATE CHEM JI Bioconjugate Chem. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 12 IS 2 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1021/bc000087d PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 416TU UT WOS:000167796900010 PM 11312681 ER PT J AU Strauss, WJ Carroll, RJ Bortnick, SM Menkedick, JR Schultz, BD AF Strauss, WJ Carroll, RJ Bortnick, SM Menkedick, JR Schultz, BD TI Combining datasets to predict the effects of regulation of environmental lead exposure in housing stock SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE combining data; environmental statistics; latent variable; lead poisoning; measurement error; residential hazards; transportability AB A model for children's blood lead concentrations as a function of environmental lead exposures was developed by combining two nationally representative sources of data that characterize the marginal distributions of blood lead and environmental lead with a third regional dataset that contains joint measures of blood lead and environmental lead. The complicating factor addressed in this article was the fact that methods for assessing environmental lead were different in the national and regional datasets. Relying on an assumption of transportability (that although the marginal distributions of blood lead and environmental lead may be different between the regional dataset and the nation as a whole, the joint relationship between blood lead and environmental lead is the same), the model makes use of a latent variable approach to estimate the joint distribution of blood lead and environmental lead nationwide. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Dept Stat & Data Anal Syst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7404, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Strauss, WJ (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Dept Stat & Data Anal Syst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-57030]; PHS HHS [P30-E509106] NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1441 I ST, NW, SUITE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2210 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD MAR PY 2001 VL 57 IS 1 BP 203 EP 210 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.00203.x PG 8 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 409GW UT WOS:000167376900027 PM 11252599 ER PT J AU Dunson, DB Perreault, SD AF Dunson, DB Perreault, SD TI Factor analytic models of clustered multivariate data with informative censoring SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian analysis; factor analysis; historical controls; informative missingness; latent variables; MCMC; multilevel data; reproductive toxicity ID LONGITUDINAL DATA; INFERENCE; PRIORS AB This article describes a general class of factor analytic models for the analysis of clustered multivariate data in the presence of informative missingness. We assume that there are distinct sets of cluster-level latent variables related to the primary outcomes and to the censoring process, and we account for dependency between these latent variables through a hierarchical model. A linear model is used to relate covariates and latent variables to the primary outcomes for each subunit. A generalized linear model accounts for covariate and latent variable effects on the probability of censoring for subunits within each cluster. The model accounts for correlation within clusters and within subunits through a flexible factor analytic framework that allows multiple latent variables and covariate effects on the latent variables. The structure of the model facilitates implementation of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for posterior estimation. Data from a spermatotoxicity study are analyzed to illustrate the proposed approach. C1 NIEHS, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dunson, DB (reprint author), NIEHS, Biostat Branch, MD A3-03,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1441 I ST, NW, SUITE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2210 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD MAR PY 2001 VL 57 IS 1 BP 302 EP 308 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.00302.x PG 7 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 409GW UT WOS:000167376900041 PM 11252614 ER PT J AU Driscoll, CT Lawrence, GB Bulger, AJ Butler, TJ Cronan, CS Eagar, C Lambert, KF Likens, GE Stoddard, JL Weathers, KC AF Driscoll, CT Lawrence, GB Bulger, AJ Butler, TJ Cronan, CS Eagar, C Lambert, KF Likens, GE Stoddard, JL Weathers, KC TI Acidic deposition in the northeastern United States: Sources and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RED SPRUCE; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; NITROGEN SATURATION; NORTH-AMERICA; HUBBARD-BROOK; SMALL STREAMS; DRY DEPOSITION; SURFACE WATERS C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Environm Syst Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Hubbard Brook Res Fdn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Lab Serv, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US EPA, Corvallis Environm Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Driscoll, CT (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Environm Syst Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 84 TC 551 Z9 570 U1 12 U2 133 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAR PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3 BP 180 EP 198 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0180:ADITNU]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 432RX UT WOS:000168710400004 ER PT J AU Shedd, TR van der Schalie, WH Widder, MW Burton, DT Burrows, EP AF Shedd, TR van der Schalie, WH Widder, MW Burton, DT Burrows, EP TI Long-term operation of an automated fish biomonitoring system for continuous effluent acute toxicity surveillance SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 USA, Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Geocenters Inc, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Univ Maryland, Wye Res & Educ Ctr, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Shedd, TR (reprint author), USA, Ctr Environm Hlth Res, 568 Doughten Dr, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 66 IS 3 BP 392 EP 399 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 403TX UT WOS:000167059500018 PM 11178656 ER PT J AU Choffnes, E AF Choffnes, E TI Germs on the loose SO BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Choffnes, E (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDUC FOUNDATION NUCLEAR SCI PI CHICAGO PA 6042 SOUTH KIMBARK, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0096-3402 J9 B ATOM SCI JI Bull. Atom. Scient. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 57 IS 2 BP 57 EP 61 PG 5 WC International Relations; Social Issues SC International Relations; Social Issues GA 412GF UT WOS:000167546100025 ER PT J AU Lozano, SJ Scharold, JV Nalepa, TF AF Lozano, SJ Scharold, JV Nalepa, TF TI Recent declines in benthic macroinvertebrate densities in Lake Ontario SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ZEBRA MUSSELS; GREAT-LAKES; DREISSENA; COMMUNITIES; INVASION; MICHIGAN; BAY; COLONIZATION; POPULATIONS; ERIE AB Surveys of benthic macroinvertebrates conducted in Lake Ontario during 1994 and 1997 revealed recent declines in populations of three major taxonomic groups: Oligochaeta, Sphaeriidae, and Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda), with the most drastic reductions occurring in the latter. Results from sediment measurements were used to classify deepwater sediments into three habitat zones. Densities of all three taxa declined in the shallowest (12-88 m) of the sediment zones between 1994 and 1997; the greatest changes in density were observed for Diporeia, which declined from 3011 to 145 individuals.m(2), and for total benthic macroinvertebrates, which declined from 5831 to 1376 individuals m(2). Mean densities of Dreissena spp. in 1997 were highest in the shallowest zone, and the areas of greatest densities corresponded to areas of largest reductions in Diporeia populations. We believe that dreissenids are competing with Diporeia by intercepting the supply of fresh algae essential for Diporeia survival. A decline in macroinvertebrate densities, especially populations of an important food item such as Diporeia, in Lake Ontario sediments at depths of 12-88 m may have a detrimental impact on the benthic food web. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Lozano, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 36 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 58 IS 3 BP 518 EP 529 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-3-518 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 409EK UT WOS:000167371400008 ER PT J AU Lin, S Del Razo, LM Styblo, M Wang, CQ Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Lin, S Del Razo, LM Styblo, M Wang, CQ Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Arsenicals inhibit thioredoxin reductase in cultured rat hepatocytes SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID MMA(III); IN-VITRO METHYLATION; NF-KAPPA-B; RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES; ENZYMATIC REDUCTION; MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS; REDOX REGULATION; APOPTOSIS; LIVER; SUBSTRATE AB Thioredoxin reductase (TR), an NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme that catalyzes the reduction of many disulfide-containing substrates, plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Trivalent arsenicals, especially methyl As that contains trivalent arsenic (MAsIII), are potent noncompetitive inhibitors of TR purified from mouse liver. Because MAsIII is produced in the biomethylation of As, it was postulated that the extent of inhibition of TR in cultured rat hepatocytes would correlate with the intracellular concentration of methyl As. Exposure of cultured hepatocytes to inorganic As-III (iAs(III)), MAsIII, or aurothioglucose (ATG, a competitive inhibitor of TR activity) for 30 min caused a concentration-dependent reduction in TR activity. The estimated IC50 was much greater than 100 muM for iAS(III), similar to 10 muM for ATG, and similar to3 muM for MAsIII. In hepatocytes exposed to 1 muM MAsIII for up to 24 h, the inhibition of TR activity was maximal (similar to 40%) after exposure for 15 min. After exposure for 3 h [when most MAsIII has been converted to dimethyl As (DMAs)], TR activity in these cells had returned to control levels. Notably, exposure of the cell to 50 muM DMAsIII did not affect TR activity. In hepatocytes exposed to 10 muM iAs(III) for up to 24 h, the inhibition of TR activity was progressive; at 24 h, activity was reduced similar to 35%. Following exposure to iAsIII or MAsIII, the extent of inhibition of TR activity correlated strongly with the intracellular concentration of MAs. Taken together, these results suggest that arsenicals formed in the course of cellular metabolism of As are potent inhibitors of TR activity. In particular, MAsIII, an intermediate in the metabolic pathway, is an especially potent inhibitor of TR. Hence, the capacity of cells to produce or consume the intermediates in the pathway for As methylation may be an important determinant of susceptibility to the toxic effects of As. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Thomas, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Pharmacokinet Branch, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 56350] NR 46 TC 116 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 14 IS 3 BP 305 EP 311 DI 10.1021/tx0001878 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 415LT UT WOS:000167723600007 PM 11258980 ER PT J AU Richard, A AF Richard, A TI The optimal fragmentation principle - Reply SO DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Res Lab, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Richard, A (reprint author), US EPA, Res Lab, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-6446 J9 DRUG DISCOV TODAY JI Drug Discov. Today PD MAR 1 PY 2001 VL 6 IS 5 BP 235 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S1359-6446(01)01717-2 PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 432VJ UT WOS:000168716200009 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ AF Gordon, CJ TI The therapeutic potential of regulated hypothermia SO EMERGENCY MEDICINE JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE temperature regulation; chemical toxicants; ischaemia; stroke ID BODY-CORE TEMPERATURE; BRAIN INJURY; THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSE; BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION; ISCHEMIC BRAIN; MICE; RAT; HYPOXIA; MODEL; EXTRAPOLATION AB Reducing body temperature of rodents has been found to improve their survival to ischaemia, hypoxia, chemical toxicants, and many other types of insults. Larger species, including humans, may also benefit from a lower body temperature when recovering from CNS ischaemia and other traumatic insults. Rodents subjected to these insults undergo a regulated hypothermic response (that is, decrease in set point temperature) characterised by preference for cooler ambient temperatures, peripheral vasodilatation, and reduced metabolic rate. However, forced hypothermia (that is, body temperature forced below set point) is the only method used in the study and treatment of human pathological insults. The therapeutic efficacy of the hypothermic treatment is likely to be influenced by the nature of the reduction in body temperature (that is, forced versus regulated). Homeostatic mechanisms counter forced reductions in body temperature resulting in physiological stress and decreased efficacy of the hypothermic treatment. On the other hand, regulated hypothermia would seem to be the best means of achieving a therapeutic benefit because thermal homeostatic systems mediate a controlled reduction in core temperature. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 74 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 6 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1472-0205 J9 EMERG MED J JI Emerg. Med. J. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 81 EP 89 DI 10.1136/emj.18.2.81 PG 9 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 407KB UT WOS:000167269800002 PM 11300205 ER PT J AU Blander, M Milne, TA Dayton, DC Backman, R Blake, D Kuhnel, V Linak, W Nordin, A Ljung, A AF Blander, M Milne, TA Dayton, DC Backman, R Blake, D Kuhnel, V Linak, W Nordin, A Ljung, A TI Equilibrium chemistry of biomass combustion: A round-robin set of calculations using available computer programs and databases SO ENERGY & FUELS LA English DT Article ID INORGANIC-CHEMISTRY; THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS; WOOD AB Equilibrium calculations of three problems regarding biomass combustion, at various levels of sophistication, were performed at six laboratories using seven combinations of computer programs and databases. The objective was to test the adequacy of the programs and databases for calculating both condensed and gas-phase behavior. The first problem was a simplified calculation for the combustion of a woodlike material with added sulfur to possibly form an ideal molten salt solution of potassium and calcium sulfate. The second and third problems were to simulate aspen wood and wheat straw combustion, respectively, and required a relatively sophisticated database on high-temperature solutions to describe condensed phases. All the participants performed calculations of the gas phases, which were reasonably accurate when their databases were adequate. For problem I, most of the participants were also able to calculate a reasonable set of condensed phases. However, for problems II and III, only four of the participants, using the two most Sophisticated computer programs and databases, had the ability to produce rational results for the condensed phases. This round robin identified two computer programs and their associated databases that could prove useful for calculating the condensed-phase equilibrium chemistry of biomass combustion when coupled with experimental programs and the capability to expand databases as new experimental data become available. Such calculations can greatly enhance our understanding of the total equilibrium chemistry of biomass combustion. C1 QUEST Res, S Holland, IL 60473 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Abo Akad Univ, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. Camp Dresser & Mc Kee Int CDM, D-44793 Bochum, Germany. US EPA, NRMRL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Umea Univ, Dept Inorgan Chem, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. RP Dayton, DC (reprint author), QUEST Res, 1004 E 167th Pl, S Holland, IL 60473 USA. RI Nordin, Anders/F-5717-2015 NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0887-0624 J9 ENERG FUEL JI Energy Fuels PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 2 BP 344 EP 349 DI 10.1021/ef0001181 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 414MC UT WOS:000167669600017 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Brilis, GM Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Osemwengie, LI Brilis, GM Sovocool, GW TI Ion composition elucidation (ICE): an investigative tool for characterization and identification of compounds of regulatory importance SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article DE mass peak profiling from selected ion recording data; MPPSIRD; profile generation model; PGM; exact mass; high resolution mass spectrometry ID ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; MASS AB Ion composition elucidation (ICE) often lends to identification of compounds and provides high-quality evidence for tracking compounds to their sources. Mass spectra for most organic compounds are not found in mass spectral libraries used to tentatively identify analytes. In addition, multiple matches are common. Ion Composition Elucidation provides the numbers of atoms of each element in the ions in the mass spectrum, greatly limiting the number of possible compounds that could produce the mass spectrum. Review of chemical and commercial literature then limits the number of possible compounds to one or a few that can be purchased to confirm tentative compound identifications by comparison of mass spectra and chromatographic retention times. Ion composition elucidation is conceptually simple relative to other analytical techniques and more easily explained to a judge or jury. It is based on sums of the exact masses of atoms and their isotopic abundances. Several applications of ICE are demonstrated for ultra-trace-level compounds in an extract of the effluent from a tertiary sewage treatment plant including: (1) measurement of five values to determine an ion's composition and to generate evidence for the compound's identity, (2) rejection of incorrect library matches, (3) rapid screening for a target compound in an extract, and (4) a strategy for tracking unidentified compounds to their sources. (C) 2001 AEHS. C1 US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD MAR PY 2001 VL 2 IS 1 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1006/enfo.2000.0032 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 438RQ UT WOS:000169068400007 ER PT J AU Cory-Slechta, DA Crofton, KM Foran, JA Ross, JF Sheets, LP Weiss, B Mileson, B AF Cory-Slechta, DA Crofton, KM Foran, JA Ross, JF Sheets, LP Weiss, B Mileson, B TI Methods to identify and characterize developmental neurotoxicity for human health risk assessment. I: Behavioral effects SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE behavioral testing; cognitive function; developmental neurotoxicity; motor activity; sensory function ID ALTERS AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR; LABORATORY RAT; MOTOR-ACTIVITY; FEMALE RATS; OPEN-FIELD; QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT; REPEATED ACQUISITION; REFLEX MODIFICATION; LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR; SCALING HYPOTHESIS AB Alterations in nervous system function after exposure to a developmental neurotoxicant may be identified and characterized using neurobehavioral methods. A number of methods can evaluate alterations in sensory, motor, and cognitive functions in laboratory animals exposed to toxicants during nervous system development. Fundamental issues underlying proper use and interpretation of these methods include a) consideration of the scientific goal in experimental design, b) selection of an appropriate animal model, c) expertise of the investigator, d) adequate statistical analysis, and e) proper data interpretation. Strengths and weaknesses of the assessment methods include sensitivity, selectivity, practicality, and variability. Research could improve current behavioral methods by providing a better understanding of the relationship between alterations in motor function and changes in the underlying structure of these systems. Research is also needed to develop simple and sensitive assays for use in screening assessments of sensory and cognitive function. Assessment methods are being developed to examine other nervous system functions, including social behavior, autonomic processes. and biologic rhythms. Social behaviors are modified by many classes of developmental neurotoxicants and hormonally active compounds that may act either through neuroendocrine mechanisms or by directly influencing brain morphology or neurochemistry. Autonomic and thermoregulatory functions have been the province of physiologists and neurobiologists rather than toxicologists, but this may change as developmental neurotoxicology progresses and toxicologists apply techniques developed by other disciplines to examine changes in function after toxicant exposure. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Millersville, MD 21108 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, Rochester, NY USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Citizens Better Environm, Milwaukee, WI USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Ross, OH USA. Bayer Corp, Dept Toxicol, Stilwell, KS USA. RP Mileson, B (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, 1131 Benfield Blvd, Millersville, MD 21108 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 137 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 109 SU 1 BP 79 EP 91 DI 10.2307/3434849 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 412KQ UT WOS:000167553900009 PM 11250808 ER PT J AU Garman, RH Fix, AS Jortner, BS Jensen, KF Hardisty, JF Claudio, L Ferenc, S AF Garman, RH Fix, AS Jortner, BS Jensen, KF Hardisty, JF Claudio, L Ferenc, S TI Methods to identify and characterize developmental neurotoxicity for human health risk assessment. II: Neuropathology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE brain development; fixation; histology; morphometry; neuropathology; neurotoxicity testing; peripheral neuropathy; special stains; stereology ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; DEVELOPING RAT-BRAIN; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NEONATAL RAT; APOPTOTIC NEURODEGENERATION; NEURONAL DEGENERATION; MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS; STEREOLOGICAL METHODS; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; ACUTE EXPOSURE AB Neuropathologic assessment of chemically induced developmental alterations in the nervous system for regulatory purposes is a multifactorial, complex process. This calls for careful qualitative and quantitative morphologic study of numerous brains at several developmental stages in rats. Quantitative evaluation may include such basic methods as determination of brain weight and dimensions as well as the progressively more complex approaches of linear, areal, or stereologic measurement of brain sections. Histologic evaluation employs routine stains (such as hematoxylin and eosin), which can be complemented by a variety of special and immunohistochemical procedures. These brain studies are augmented by morphologic assessment of selected peripheral nervous system structures. Studies of this nature require a high level of technical skill as well as special training on the pari of the pathologist. The pathologist should have knowledge of normal microscopic neuroanatomy/neuronal circuitry and an understanding of basic principles of developmental neurobiology, such as familiarity with the patterns of physiologic or programmed cell death (apoptosis) expected at those developmental stages to be examined. C1 Vet Pathol Inc, Murrysville, PA USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Lab Neurotox Studies, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Expt Pathol Labs Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Environm & Occupat Med, New York, NY USA. Grocery Manufacturers Amer, Washington, DC USA. RP Garman, RH (reprint author), ILSI Risk Sci Inst, 1126 16th St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 86 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 109 SU 1 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.2307/3434850 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 412KQ UT WOS:000167553900010 PM 11250809 ER PT J AU Dorman, DC Allen, SL Byczkowski, JZ Claudio, L Fisher, JE Fisher, JW Harry, GJ Li, AA Makris, SL Padilla, S Sultatos, LG Mileson, BE AF Dorman, DC Allen, SL Byczkowski, JZ Claudio, L Fisher, JE Fisher, JW Harry, GJ Li, AA Makris, SL Padilla, S Sultatos, LG Mileson, BE TI Methods to identify and characterize developmental neurotoxicity for human health risk assessment. III: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE developmental neurotoxicity; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; rat ID BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER; GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES; PLASMA-PROTEIN BINDING; DEVELOPING RAT-BRAIN; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; TRANS-RETINOIC ACID; HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN; HUMAN-BREAST MILK; LACTATIONAL TRANSFER; 2-METHOXYACETIC ACID AB We review pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors that should be considered in the design and interpretation of developmental neurotoxicity studies. Toxicologic effects on the developing nervous system depend on the delivered dose, exposure duration, and developmental stage at which exposure occurred. Several pharmacokinetic processes (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) govern chemical disposition within the dam and the nervous system of the offspring. in addition, unique physical features such as the presence or absence of a placental barrier and the gradual development of the blood-brain barrier influence chemical disposition and thus modulate developmental neurotoxicity. Neonatal exposure may depend on maternal pharmacokinetic processes and transfer of the xenobiotic through the milk, although direct exposure may occur through other routes (e.g., inhalation). Measurement of the xenobiotic in milk and evaluation of biomarkers of exposure or effect following exposure can confirm or characterize neonatal exposure. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models that incorporate these and other determinants can estimate tissue dose and biologic response following in utero or neonatal exposure. These models can characterize dose-response relationships and improve extrapolation of results from animal studies to humans. In addition, pharmacologic data allow an experimenter to determine whether exposure to the lest chemical is adequate, whether exposure occurs during critical periods of nervous system development, whether route and duration of exposure are appropriate, and whether developmental neurotoxicity can be differentiated from direct actions of the xenobiotic. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Millersville, MD 21108 USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Environm & Occupat Med, New York, NY USA. US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Neurotoxicol Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Monsanto Co, Metab & Safety Evaluat Newstead Lab, St Louis, MO USA. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Dorman, DC (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, 1131 Benfield Blvd,Suite A, Millersville, MD 21108 USA. NR 181 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 109 SU 1 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.2307/3434851 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 412KQ UT WOS:000167553900011 PM 11250810 ER PT J AU Wartenberg, D Reyner, D Scott, CS AF Wartenberg, D Reyner, D Scott, CS TI Errors in TCE analysis - Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID TRICHLOROETHYLENE; CANCER C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wartenberg, D (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 109 IS 3 BP A108 EP A109 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 416HQ UT WOS:000167774600002 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Mizon, KJ Palmer, JM Patison, N Law, AJ Korsch, MJ Mahaffey, KR Donnelly, JB AF Gulson, BL Mizon, KJ Palmer, JM Patison, N Law, AJ Korsch, MJ Mahaffey, KR Donnelly, JB TI Longitudinal study of daily intake and excretion of lead in newly born infants SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE newly born infants; lead; food; infant formula; urine; blood; isotopes; tracking ID BLOOD LEAD; CHILDREN; PREGNANCY; IDENTIFICATION; MOBILIZATION; ENVIRONMENT; ABSORPTION; RETENTION; TRACKING; SKELETON AB As an adjunct to a study of lead mobilization during pregnancy and lactation, we have obtained estimates of the daily lead intake and excretion/intake for 15 newly born infants monitored for at least 6 months postpartum, The longitudinal data presented reflect the far lower levels of environmental contribution to lead in blood in the 1990's than that in the earlier studies from the 1970's and early 1980's, the last period for which such dietary information is available in newly born infants. Infants were breast-fed or formula-fed or both and, in the second quarter, were usually fed solid foods (beikost). Lead concentrations were as follows: lead in breast milk, ranged from 0.09 to 3.1 mug/kg with a geometric mean of 0.55 mug/kg, lead in infant formula ranged from 0.07 to 11.4 mug/kg with a geometric mean of 1.6 mug/kg, and lead in beikost ranged from 1.1 to 27 mug/kg with a geometric mean of 2.9 mug/kg. Daily lead intakes ranged from 0.04 to 0.83 mug/kg body weight/day with a geometric mean of 0.23 mug Pb/kg body weight/day, and excretion/intake ranged from 0.7 to 22 with a geometric mean of 2.6. There was no significant difference at the 5% level in lead concentration in daily intakes and excretion/intake for the first quarter versus the second quarter for this small number of subjects. Assuming that there was no contribution from environmental samples such as house dust and ambient air, the contribution of diet to blood has been estimated from lead isotopic measurements with the following ranges: for breast milk only as the dietary source, 40 to 65%; for breast milk and infant formula as the dietary sources, 15 to 70%; and for infant formula and beikost, 20 to 80%, The geometric mean value of the dietary contribution to blood over the 6-month period of approximately 35% is consistent with earlier estimates of uptake of lead in blood in newly born infants when environmental lead concentrations were much higher, Other sources such as air, soil, and dust are considered to contribute minimally to blood lead in these infants because of the low Pb-206/Pb-204 ratios in environmental media. Thus, we consider that the increased excretion over intake, along with other evidence, reflects mobilization of infant tissues arising especially from rapid bone turnover at this stage of life; the tissue lead has been identified isotopically in urine. (C) 2001 Academic press. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Macquarie Univ, CSIRO Math & Informat Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, DEM, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox, Washington, DC 20074 USA. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. RI Donnelly, John/D-1188-2009 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 27 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 85 IS 3 BP 232 EP 245 DI 10.1006/enrs.2000.4223 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 411YE UT WOS:000167526600008 PM 11237512 ER PT J AU Varns, JL Mulik, JD Sather, ME Glen, G Smith, L Stallings, C AF Varns, JL Mulik, JD Sather, ME Glen, G Smith, L Stallings, C TI Passive ozone network of Dallas: A modeling opportunity with community involvement. 1 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMBIENT OZONE; RURAL-AREAS; SAMPLERS; AIR AB Despite tremendous efforts toward regulating and controlling tropospheric ozone (O-3) formation, a large portion of the U.S. population presently lives in environments where air quality exceeds both 1- and 8-h National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set for O-3 High O-3 concentrations; annually cost the United; States billions of dollars in excessive human;health costs, reduced crop yields,and ecological damage. This paper,describes a regional networking of O-3 monitoring sites, operated by the public, that used simplified passive sampling devices (PSDs). In collaboration with EPA Region 6, a lay network (i.e., Passive Ozone Network of Dallas, acronym POND), consisting of 30 PSD sites in the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) Metroplex, a region representing 16 counties, successfully measured daily ozone during 8 weeks of the 1998 high ozone season. It was demonstrated that the concerned public, when properly trained, could successfully operate a large PSD network that requires daily sample handling and weekly mailing procedures, even from remote sites. Data treatment bf the 2880 POND measurements included (i) high correlations with collocated continous monitoring data [r range =0.95-0.97], (ii) daily O-3 contour mapping of the 24 000 km(2) area, and (iii) a ranking of O-3 severity in 12 peri-urban Counties for guidance in siting additional monitors. With a new 8-h NAAQS standard now in place, a cost-effective network such as POND could aid regional airshed models in generating meaningful guidance for O-3 state implementation plans (SIPs) by providing input that is: representative of both rural and urban sites. C1 US EPA, EMMB, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Air Qual Anal Sect, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Varns, JL (reprint author), US EPA, EMMB, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Annex,MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 5 BP 845 EP 855 DI 10.1021/es001311c PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 407XQ UT WOS:000167296400027 PM 11351526 ER PT J AU Qian, SS Warren-Hicks, W Keating, J Moore, DRJ Teed, RS AF Qian, SS Warren-Hicks, W Keating, J Moore, DRJ Teed, RS TI A predictive model of mercury fish tissue concentrations for the southeastern United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOACCUMULATION; WATER; METHYLMERCURY; WETLAND; LAKES; EVERGLADES; DEPOSITION; SEDIMENTS AB We developed a statistical model for predicting mercury concentrations in fish tissue in four southeastern states in the United States with an emphasis on identifying important predictor variables. A number of variables that could influence mercury fish tissue concentration, including proximity to sources of mercury, environmental factors affecting mercury movement and transformation, and factors affecting mercury accumulation, were considered. The model consists of three components using classification and regression tree modeling, generalized additive modeling, and universal kriging, respectively. Each modeling component accounts for a different level of variation in fish tissue mercury concentration, important factors far predicting mercury fish tissue concentrations are: (1) location, (2) species, (3) water body pH, and (4) fish weight. South central Arkansas and southeast Mississippi are the two "hot spots" with high fish tissue mercury concentrations. In addition, relatively high mercury levels were found near the Arkansas-Louisiana border and the mid-section of Mississippi. C1 US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. Cadmus Grp, Ottawa, ON K2A 3X9, Canada. Portland State Univ, Environm Sci & Resources Program, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RP Qian, SS (reprint author), Cadmus Grp Inc, Execut Pk,Suite 100,1920 Hwy 54, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RI Qian, Song/A-3163-2008; Qian, Song/I-6544-2012 NR 40 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 5 BP 941 EP 947 DI 10.1021/es0013069 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 407XQ UT WOS:000167296400040 PM 11351539 ER PT J AU Bergen, BJ Nelson, WG Quinn, JG Jayaraman, S AF Bergen, BJ Nelson, WG Quinn, JG Jayaraman, S TI Relationships among total lipid, lipid classes, and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in two indigenous populations of ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) over an annual cycle SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lipids; polychlorinated biphenyls; ribbed mussels; New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, USA ID THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; BEDFORD HARBOR; FISH; PCB; BIOACCUMULATION; MASSACHUSETTS; SITE AB Two indigenous ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) populations were sampled approximately every four weeks during 1997 to investigate the relationships among concentrations of total lipid, lipid classes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). One population was located in a highly contaminated area near a Superfund site (New Bedford Harbor, MA, USA), while the other population was located at a relatively clean site (West Island, Fairhaven, MA, USA). Mussel tissue total PCB concentrations (quantified as the sum of 18 congeners) from the contaminated site were two orders of magnitude greater than those at the clean site. Total lipid and triacylglycerol (TG) also were higher at the contaminated site. No significant relationship (p > 0.05) was observed between total PCBs and total lipid at either location; however, the correlations at both sites increased when total PCBs were compared with total TG or, to a lesser extent, total nonpolar lipid. Principal component analysis and linear discriminatory analysis indicated that the two mussel populations could be distinguished by the proportions of their lipid classes, particularly the concentration of nonpolar lipids, which consisted mainly of TG. These results suggest that the standard method of normalizing organism PCB concentrations to total lipid may not be appropriate as a routine practice, especially when the organism has a relatively low total lipid content (<6% dry wt in this study). C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Bergen, BJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3 BP 575 EP 581 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0575:RATLLC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 457YH UT WOS:000170165600017 PM 11349859 ER PT J AU Izzotti, A Cartiglia, C Lewtas, J De Flora, S AF Izzotti, A Cartiglia, C Lewtas, J De Flora, S TI Increased DNA alterations in atherosclerotic lesions of individuals lacking the GSTM1 genotype SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE metabolic polymorphisms; glutathione S-transferases; smooth muscle cells; DNA adducts ID TRANSFERASE M1 GSTM1; LUNG-CANCER PATIENTS; GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ADDUCT LEVELS; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; SUPERGENE FAMILY; IN-VITRO; SUSCEPTIBILITY; RISK AB Reduced glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role as an intracellular defense system providing detoxification of a broad spectrum of reactive species and their excretion as water-soluble conjugates, Conjugation of GSH with electrophiles is catalyzed by GSH S-transferases (GST), which constitute a broad family of phase II isoenzymes, Two of the GST encoding genes, GSTM1 (mu) and GSTT1 (0), have a null genotype due to their homozygous deletion that results in lack of active protein, Polymorphisms within GSTT1 and especially GSTM1 have often been associated with cancer in various organs as well as with elevated levels of DNA adducts in various cell types. We recently demonstrated that DNA adducts are consistently detectable in smooth muscle cells (SMC) of human abdominal aorta affected by atherosclerotic lesions. Here we provide evidence that levels: of adducts to SMC DNA from atherosclerotic lesions are consistently increased in individuals having the null GSTM1 genotype, whereas no association was established with the GSTT1 polymorphism. The influence of GSTM1 deletion was better expressed in never-smokers and ex-smokers than in current smokers. These findings bear relevance to the epidemiology of atherosclerosis and suggest that metabolic polymorphisms may contribute to the interindividual variability in susceptibility not only to carcinogens, but also to DNA binding atherogens. C1 Univ Genoa, Dept Hlth Sci, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. US EPA, Seattle, WA USA. RP De Flora, S (reprint author), Univ Genoa, Dept Hlth Sci, Via A Pastore 1, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. OI izzotti, alberto/0000-0002-8588-0347 NR 39 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 3 BP 752 EP 757 DI 10.1096/fj.00-0312com PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 410BE UT WOS:000167419500032 PM 11259393 ER PT J AU Denslow, ND Bowman, CJ Ferguson, RJ Lee, HS Hemmer, MJ Folmar, LC AF Denslow, ND Bowman, CJ Ferguson, RJ Lee, HS Hemmer, MJ Folmar, LC TI Induction of gene expression in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) treated with 17 beta-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, or ethinylestradiol: The use of mRNA fingerprints as an indicator of gene regulation SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gene induction; zona radiata proteins; xenoestrogens; mRNA; vitellogenin ID MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; RAINBOW-TROUT LIVER; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; MICROPTERUS-SALMOIDES; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION; FISH REPRODUCTION; LARGEMOUTH BASS; VITELLOGENIN; PROTEIN AB The recent interest in hormonally active environmental contaminants has sparked a drive to find sensitive methods to measure their effects on wildlife. A molecular-based assay has been developed to measure the induction of gene expression in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon, variegatus) exposed in vivo to the natural and pharmaceutical estrogens 17 beta -estradiol, ethinylestradiol, and diethylstilbestrol. This method used differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays to compare the expression of individual mRNAs from control and estrogen-exposed fish. Forty-eight differentially expressed cDNAs were isolated by this method, including cDNAs for vitelline envelope proteins and vitellogenin. The mRNA expression patterns for fish injected with a pharmacological dose of estradiol (5 mg/kg) were identical to those obtained in fish receiving constant aqueous exposure to 212 ng estradiol/liter. Further, the cDNA "fingerprint" pattern observed in the estradiol-treated fish also matched that obtained in fish receiving continuous-flow aqueous exposures to 192 ng ethinyl estradiol/liter and a nominal concentration of 200 ng diethylstilbestrol/liter. The results demonstrate a characteristic expression pattern for genes upregulated by exposure to a variety of natural and anthropogenic estrogens and suggest this approach may be valuable to examine the potential effects of environmental contaminants on other endocrine-mediated pathways of reproduction, growth, and development. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Biotechnol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Shands Canc Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Denslow, ND (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, POB 100156 HC, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 40 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 121 IS 3 BP 250 EP 260 DI 10.1006/gcen.2001.7605 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 417DW UT WOS:000167821000004 PM 11254367 ER PT J AU Schmidt, MWI Skjemstad, JO Czimczik, CI Glaser, B Prentice, KM Gelinas, Y Kuhlbusch, TAJ AF Schmidt, MWI Skjemstad, JO Czimczik, CI Glaser, B Prentice, KM Gelinas, Y Kuhlbusch, TAJ TI Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENTS; CHEMISTRY AB Black carbon (BC), produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and vegetation, occurs ubiquitously in soils and sediments. BC exists as a continuum from partly charred material to highly graphitized soot particles, with no general agreement on clear-cut boundaries of definition or analysis. In a comparative analysis, we measured BC forms in eight soil samples by six established methods. All methods involved removal of the non-BC components from the sample by thermal or chemical means or a combination of both. The remaining carbon, operationally defined as BC, was quantified via mass balance, elemental composition or by exploiting benzenecarboxylic acids as molecular markers or applying (13)C MAS NMR (magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. BC concentrations measured for individual samples vary over 2 orders of magnitude (up to a factor of 571). One possible explanation for this wide range of results is that the individual BC methods rely on operational definitions with clearcut but different boundaries and developed for specific scientific questions, whereas BC represents a continuum of materials with widely contrasting physicochemical properties. Thus the methods are inherently designed to analytically determine different parts of the continuum, and it is crucial to know how measurements made by different techniques relate to each other. It is clear from this preliminary comparative analysis that a collection of BC reference materials should be established as soon as possible 1) to ensure long-term intralaboratory and interlaboratory data quality and 2) to facilitate comparative analyses between different analytical techniques and scientific approaches. C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. CSIRO, Land & Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. Univ Bayreuth, Inst Soil Sci & Soil Geog, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Schmidt, MWI (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys, Zulpicher Str 49, D-50674 Cologne, Germany. EM mwi.schmidt@uni-koeln.de; Jan.Skjemstad@adl.clw.csiro.au; czimczik@bgc-jena.mpg.de; bruno.glaser@uni-bayreuth.de; gelinas@ocean.washington.edu; tky@uni-duisburg.de RI Kuhlbusch, Thomas/G-8920-2011; Gelinas, Yves/K-4019-2013; Schmidt, Michael/G-5186-2012 OI Gelinas, Yves/0000-0001-5751-8378; Schmidt, Michael/0000-0002-7227-0646 NR 17 TC 170 Z9 195 U1 11 U2 67 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 163 EP 167 DI 10.1029/2000GB001284 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 417RW UT WOS:000167848800013 ER PT J AU Job, C Spooner, C AF Job, C Spooner, C TI Core set of data elements for reporting water quality results SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB The National Water Quality Monitoring Council, created under the Federal Advisory Committee pn Water Information (ACWI), a Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) organization, determined that water quality data could be more easily shared if all. entities conducting monitoring used the same core set of data elements for reporting results. Council members represent local, state, federal, and private sector organizations and agencies (see Exhibit 2 for membership listing). Because of the potential to share monitoring data across agencies, levels of governments, and the private sector, the overall cost of monitoring has the potential to be reduced or at least the results be used more efficiently in an economic sense. As a result, the Council has proposed a core set of data elements for water quality monitoring reporting for chemical and microbiological analytes in the Federal Register (March 16, 2001; v. 66, no. 52, 15273-15275). (The data elements for field or community biological results are not addressed in the proposal.) Implementation of these data elements would be voluntary. Council members would be expected to review their programs for implementation opportunities and report back to the Council on their progress in using the elements. The Council would also encourage other organizations, public and private, to use the data elements to promote more efficient monitoring and sharing of results. Council seeks public comment on these data elements and on steps that could be taken to promote their use on a voluntary basis. Note that monitoring organizations could report, at their discretion, on more data elements than proposed, but would be encouraged to report at least the core set to encourage data sharing and more efficient use of water quality monitoring data. The Council was tb accept public comments on the proposed core set of data elements for water quality reporting until April 30, 2001, through a docket that it has established at the U.S. EPA, Docket W-01-02. Please refer to Section VII. Public Input to the Proposal. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 49 EP 54 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00299.x PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 436TQ UT WOS:000168952300002 ER PT J AU Azadpour-Keeley, A Keeley, JW Russell, HH Sewell, GW AF Azadpour-Keeley, A Keeley, JW Russell, HH Sewell, GW TI Monitored natural attenuation of contaminants in the subsurface: Processes SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID REDUCING ENRICHMENT CULTURES; IN-GROUND WATER; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; TRICHLOROETHYLENE TRANSFORMATION; METHANOTROPHIC BACTERIA; MANGANESE REDUCTION; MIXED CULTURE AB Among the alternatives considered for the remediation of soil and ground water at hazardous wastes sites are the use of natural processes to reduce or remove the contaminants of concern. Under favorable conditions, the use of natural attenuation can result in significant cost savings and compensate for uncertainties encountered in complex subsurface settings. In order to demonstrate that natural processes are effective in reaching established goals, it is necessary to determine that transformation processes are taking place at a rate which is protective of human health and the environment, and that these processes will continue for an acceptable period of time. While chemical transformation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, and volatilization are discussed, aerobic and anaerobic degradation comprise the major processes for the reduction of contaminant mass in the subsurface. In discussing the mechanisms of natural attenuation, chlorinated aliphatics and petroleum hydrocarbons are used as examples because of their significant impact on subsurface contamination and the effect of their physiochemical properties on attenuation processes. C1 US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Dynamac Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Azadpour-Keeley, A (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Box 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 75 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 97 EP 107 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00305.x PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 436TQ UT WOS:000168952300008 ER PT J AU Walker, JT Walker, OA AF Walker, JT Walker, OA TI Validating the WWHLA growth model: A preliminary study utilizing serial height data of eight Zurich children SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE validate; human growth models; stature; hexaphasic; logistic; growth spurts; WWHLA; multiphasic ID ACCELERATION; CURVE; FELS AB In this study, we set out to validate the WWHLA growth model. We randomly selected eight children (four boys and four girls) who participated in the First Zurich Longitudinal Growth Study and fitted the model to their serial height growth data, using a computerized nonlinear least-squares technique. The results showed that the model provided an excellent fit to their data. The underlying trends of the height displacement, velocity, and acceleration curves were almost perfectly described, for the entire growth period from birth to maturity. The descriptive statistics obtained from fitting the model supported these results. In addition, student's t tests showed that all 14 model parameters differed from zero and were significant in describing the relationship between height and age in each child. From the growth curves of these children, we were able to easily discern and identify the six macroscopic growth processes (neonatal, infantile, early-childhood, mid-childhood, late-childhood, and pubertal) that were predicted by the model. The processes had properties that were similar to what we found in the earlier study. These are preliminary results, but they provide additional support for the WWHLA growth model and its use in describing linear growth curves in humans. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Nat Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. JTW Res Consultants, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 USA. RP Walker, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Nat Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROWTH PUBLISHING CO INC PI HULLS COVE PA PO BOX 205, HULLS COVE, ME 04644-0205 USA SN 1041-1232 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD SPR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 37 EP 56 PG 20 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 466RE UT WOS:000170658100004 PM 11548871 ER PT J AU Norton, SA Cosby, BJ Fernandez, IJ Kahl, JS Church, MR AF Norton, SA Cosby, BJ Fernandez, IJ Kahl, JS Church, MR TI Long-term and seasonal variations in CO2: linkages to catchment alkalinity generation SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE CO2; alkalinity; acidification; recovery; soils; climate change ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; MAINE BBWM; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; SURFACE WATERS; UNITED-STATES; ACIDIFICATION; CHEMISTRY; TRENDS; SOIL; USA AB As atmospheric emissions of S have declined in the Northern Hemisphere, there has been an expectation of increased pH and alkalinity in streams believed to have been acidified by excess S and N. Many streams and lakes have not recovered. Evidence from East Bear Brook in Maine, USA and modelling with the groundwater acid-base model MAGIC (Cosby et al. 1985a,b) indicate that seasonal and yearly variations in soil PCO2 are adequate to enhance or even reverse acid-base (alkalinity) changes anticipated from modest decreases of SO4 in surface waters. Alkalinity is generated in the soil by exchange of H+ from dissociation of H2CO3, which in turn is derived from the dissolving of soil CO2. The variation in soil PCO2 produces an alkalinity variation of up to 15 mu eq L-1 in stream water. Detecting and relating increases in alkalinity to decreases in stream SO4 are significantly more difficult in the short term because of this effect. For example, modelled alkalinity recovery at Bear Brook due to a decline of 20 mu eq SO4 L-1 in soil solution is compensated by a decline from 0.4 to 0.2% for soil air PCO2. This compensation ability decays over time as base saturation declines. Variable PCO2 has less effect in more acidic soils. Short-term decreases of PCO2 below the long-term average value produce short-term decreases in alkalinity, whereas short-term increases in PCO2 produce shortterm alkalization. Trend analysis for detecting recovery of streams and lakes from acidification after reduced atmospheric emissions will require a longer monitoring period for statistical significance than previously appreciated. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, George J Mitchell Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Norton, SA (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RI Cosby, Bernard/B-5653-2012 NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 83 EP 91 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 460CQ UT WOS:000170288600008 ER PT J AU Muller, TB Frost, FJ Craun, GF Calderon, RL AF Muller, TB Frost, FJ Craun, GF Calderon, RL TI Serological responses to Cryptosporidium infection SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Letter ID ANTIBODY; PARVUM C1 Lovelace Clin Fdn, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), Lovelace Clin Fdn, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 69 IS 3 BP 1974 EP 1974 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.3.1974-1975.2001 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 404GZ UT WOS:000167090200104 PM 11253773 ER PT J AU Connell, K Clancy, J Regli, S Messner, M Rodgers, C Fricker, C Telliard, WA AF Connell, K Clancy, J Regli, S Messner, M Rodgers, C Fricker, C Telliard, WA TI Discussion of: "Evaluation of USEPA method 1622 for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stream waters" SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; SAMPLES; PARVUM C1 Dyncorp I&ET, Biol Studies Grp, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. Clancy Environm Consultants, St Albans, VT USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC USA. CRF Consulting, Reading, Berks, England. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC USA. RP Connell, K (reprint author), Dyncorp I&ET, Biol Studies Grp, 6101 Stevenson Ave, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 93 IS 3 BP 106 EP 108 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VN UT WOS:000168836700020 ER PT J AU Simmons, OD Sobsey, MD Schaefer, FW Francy, DS AF Simmons, OD Sobsey, MD Schaefer, FW Francy, DS TI Discussion of: "Evaluation of USEPA method 1622 for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stream waters" - Responce SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH USA. RP Simmons, OD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Rosenau Hall,CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 93 IS 3 BP 108 EP 109 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VN UT WOS:000168836700021 ER PT J AU Flynn, KM Delclos, KB Newbold, RR Ferguson, SA AF Flynn, KM Delclos, KB Newbold, RR Ferguson, SA TI Behavioral responses of rats exposed to long-term dietary vinclozolin SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fungicide; endocrine disrupter; androgen ID SEX-DIFFERENCES; TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE; SACCHARIN PREFERENCE; GONADAL-HORMONES; PLAY; FUNGICIDE; DIFFERENTIATION; DEFEMINIZATION; ANTIANDROGEN; METABOLITES AB Vinclozolin is a fungicide used on food crops with human exposure estimated at similar to2 mug/kg/day from ingestion; occupational exposure, however, may be greater. The metabolites of vinclozolin have been reported to act as antiandrogens and have adverse effects on reproductive physiology and behavior in animals. Here, pregnant rats were fed soy-free diets containing 0, 10, 150, or 750 ppm of vinclozolin (approximately 0, 0.8, 12, and 60 mg/kg/day for an adult) beginning on gestational day 7, and offspring were continued on these diets through sacrifice at postnatal day 77. Male and female offspring were assessed for changes in several nonreproductive sexually dimorphic behaviors: open field and running wheel locomotor activity, play behavior, and consumption of saccharin- and sodium chloride-flavored solutions. There was a significant interaction of sex with vinclozolin exposure on running wheel activity, which indicated that females in the high-dose exposure group were hypoactive compared to same-sex controls. There was a significant overall effect of vinclozolin exposure on fluid consumption, and high-dose animals showed increased intake of the saccharin solution and decreased intake of plain water while saccharin was available. Effects were more pronounced in females, which drank 40.8% more saccharin than control females, whereas males drank 6.2% more than control males. There were no effects of vinclozolin treatment on play behavior or sodium solution intake. Gestational duration, total and live pups per litter, litter sex ratios, and birth weight were also not significantly affected, nor were body weight and food intake for dams and offspring. These results indicate that long-term dietary exposure to vinclozolin does not have severe toxicological consequences on the nonreproductive behaviors measured here. However, exposure may cause subtle alterations in locomotor activity and consumption of saccharin-flavored solution. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Neurotoxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Biochem Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Lab, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Ferguson, SA (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Neurotoxicol, 3900 NCTR Rd,HFT-132, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 49 IS 3 BP 1658 EP 1665 DI 10.1021/jf0008893 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 437AE UT WOS:000168967400097 PM 11312911 ER PT J AU Baratta, EJ Easterly, DG AF Baratta, EJ Easterly, DG TI Determination of iodine-131 at low levels in milk: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB The official method for the determination of iodine-131 in milk has a lower limit of detection (LLD) of 10 pCi/L (0.37 Bq/L), The Nuclear Regulatory Commission had recommended that a method claiming to have an LLD of <0.3 pCi/L (<1.1E-02 Bq/L) be used. That method, which is capable of measuring iodine-131 below the level of detection of the Official Method, was collaboratively studied. The method uses a palladium iodide precipitate to concentrate the iodine-131 and measures (counts) its 364 keV gamma energy in coincidence with the beta decay or with a low-background beta-counting system. The study was performed by using 3 concentrations of iodine-131 in milk: 2.6, 5.0, and 8.0 pCi/L (9.62E-02, 1.85E-01, and 2.96E-01 Bq/L, respectively). Eleven laboratories agreed to participate in the study. Eight laboratories submitted data for the study, The averages of the results were 2.68, 5.30, and 8.12 pCi/L (9.92E-02, 1.96E-01, and 3.00E-01 Bq/L, respectively), respectively, The intra- and interlaboratory variations were acceptable, The method was adopted First Action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. C1 US FDA, Winchester, MA 01890 USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Baratta, EJ (reprint author), US FDA, 109 Holton St, Winchester, MA 01890 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 84 IS 2 BP 507 EP 511 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 418PU UT WOS:000167901200027 PM 11324618 ER PT J AU Dyer, LA Dodson, CD Beihoffer, J Letourneau, DK AF Dyer, LA Dodson, CD Beihoffer, J Letourneau, DK TI Trade-offs in antiherbivore defenses in Piper cenocladum: Ant mutualists versus plant secondary metabolites SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Piper cenocladum; ant plants; chemical defense; trade-offs; amides; herbivory; predation; Costa Rica; mutualism ID STEM-BORERS; RAIN-FOREST; TOP-DOWN; HERBIVORES; PATHOGENS; COMMUNITY; AMIDES AB Ant-plant mutualisms may provide indirect evidence for costs of antiherbivore defenses when plants demonstrate trade-offs between allocating resources and energy into ant attractants versus chemical defenses. We tested the hypothesis that ecological trade-offs in defenses are present in Piper cenocladum. This plant possesses two distinct defenses: food bodies that attract predatory ants that destory herbivore eggs and amides that deter herbivores. Previous studies have demonstrated that the food bodies in P. cenocladum are an effective defense because the ants deter herbivory by specialist herbivores. Amides in other Piper species have been shown to have toxic qualities, but we tested the additional hypothesis that these amides have an actual defensive function in P. cenocladum. To rest for ecological trade-offs between the two putative defenses, fragments of P. cenocladum were examined for the presence of amides both when the plant was producing food bodies and when it was not producing food bodies. Plants with active ant colonies had redundant defenses, producing food bodies and high levels of amides at the same time, but we detected a trade-off in that they had significantly lower levels of amides than did plants with no ants. To test for the defensive value of P. cenocladum amides, we used an ant bioassay and we examined herbivory results from previous experiments with plants that had variable levels of amides. These tests demonstrated that amides are deterrent to omnivorous ants, leaf cutting ants, and orthopterans. In contrast, the resident Pheidole bicornis ants are effective at deterring herbivory by specialist herbivores that oviposit eggs an the plant but not at deterring herbivory by nonresident omnivores. We concluded that although both amides and food body production appear to be costly, redundancy in defenses is necessary to avoid damage by a complex suit of herbivores. C1 Tulane Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Mesa State Coll, Western Colorado Ctr Trop Res, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA. US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Dyer, LA (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RI Letourneau, Deborah/G-3694-2011 NR 41 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 27 IS 3 BP 581 EP 592 DI 10.1023/A:1010345123670 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 446LA UT WOS:000169513700012 PM 11441447 ER PT J AU Creason, J Neas, L Walsh, D Williams, R Sheldon, L Liao, DP Shy, C AF Creason, J Neas, L Walsh, D Williams, R Sheldon, L Liao, DP Shy, C TI Particulate matter and heart rate variability among elderly retirees: the Baltimore 1998 PM study SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; MORTALITY; COHORT; RISK AB This study investigates the relationship between ambient fine particle pollution and impaired cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Heart rate variability (HRV) among 56 elderly (mean age 82) nonsmoking residents of a retirement center in Baltimore County, Maryland, was monitored for 4 weeks, from July 27 through August 22, 1998. The weather was seasonally mild (63 - 84 degreesF mean daily temperature) with low to moderate levels of fine particles ( PM2.5 < 50 mug/m(3)). Two groups of approximately 30 subjects were examined on alternate days. A spline mixed - effects model revealed a negative relationship between outdoor 24 - h average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and high- frequency (HF) HRV that was consistent with our earlier Baltimore study for all but 2 days. These 2 days were the only days with significant precipitation in combination with elevated PM2.5 They were also unusual in that back - trajectory of their air masses was distinctly different from those on the other study days, emanating from the direction of rural Pennsylvania. Mixed - effects analysis for all 24 study days showed a small negative association of outdoor PM2.5 with HF HRV ( - 0.03 change in log[HF HRV] for a 10 mug/m(3) increment in PM2.5) after adjustment for age, sex, cardiovascular status, trend, maximum temperature, average dew point temperature, random subject intercepts, and autocorrelated residuals. After excluding study days 4 and 5. this association was strengthened ( - 0.07 change in log[HF HRV] for 10 mug/m(3) PM2.5, 95% CI -0.13 to - 0.02) and was similar to that obtained in an earlier study ( - 0. 12 change in log[HF HRV ] for a 10 mug/m(3) increment in outdoor PM2.5, 95% CI - 0.24 to - 0.00) [Liao D., Cai J.. Rosamond W.D., Barnes R.W., Hutchinson R.G., Whitsel E.A., Rautaharju P., and Heiss G. Cardiac autonomic function and incident coronary heart disease: a population - based case - cohort study. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997: 145 (8): 696-706]. Acute ( 1 to 4 h) previous PM2.5 exposure did not have a stronger impact than the 24-h measure. A distributed lag model incorporating the six preceding 4-h means also did not indicate any effect greater than that observed in the 24-h measure. This study is consistent with earlier findings that exposures to PM2.5 are associated with decreased HRV in the elderly. C1 US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch MD58A, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Creason, J (reprint author), US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch MD58A, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012 NR 21 TC 117 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 11 IS 2 BP 116 EP 122 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500154 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 437RK UT WOS:000169007200006 PM 11409004 ER PT J AU Lan, Q Feng, ZM Tian, DF He, XZ Rothman, N Tian, LW Lu, XB Terry, MB Mumford, JL AF Lan, Q Feng, ZM Tian, DF He, XZ Rothman, N Tian, LW Lu, XB Terry, MB Mumford, JL TI p53 gene expression in relation to indoor exposure to unvented coal smoke in Xuan Wei, China SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CELL LUNG-CANCER; PROTEIN ACCUMULATION; RISK-FACTORS; MUTATIONS; SPUTUM AB Lung cancer mortality rates in Xuan Wei County which are among the highest in China, have previously been associated with exposure to indoor emissions from burning smoky coal. To determine if this association is stronger among lung cancer patients with abnormal expression of p53, we performed a population-based case-control study. Ninety-seven newly diagnosed lung cancer patients and 97 controls, individually matched by age, sex, and home fuel type were enrolled. We used immunocytochemical methods to assess p53 protein accumulation in exfoliated tumor cells isolated from sputum samples. As expected the amount of lifetime smoky coal use was associated with an overall increase in lung cancer risk. Compared with subjects who used bs than 130 tons of smoky coal during their lifetime, the odds ratios (OR)for lung cancer were 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73 to 3.02)for subjects exposed to 130 to 240 tons, and 3.21 (95% CI, 1.23 to 9.03) for subjects who used more than 240 tons of smoky coal (P for trend 0.01). The effect was due almost exclusively to the pattern in women, almost all of whom were nonsmokers. Further, among highly exposed women, the association was substantially larger and achieved statistical significance only among patients with sputum samples that were positive for p53 overexpression (OR, 18.72; 95% CI, 1.77 to 383.38 vs OR 4.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 43.87 for p53-negative cases). This study suggests that exposure to the combustion products of smoky coal in Xuan Wei is more strongly associated with women who have lung cancer accompanied by p53 protein overexpression in exfoliated tumor cells. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Beijing, Peoples R China. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Xuan Wei Hosp, Yunnan, Peoples R China. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY 10027 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lan, Q (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, MSC 7240,6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 8109, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Tian, Linwei/A-9736-2009 OI Tian, Linwei/0000-0002-4739-1534 NR 24 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 43 IS 3 BP 226 EP 230 DI 10.1097/00043764-200103000-00010 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 414TR UT WOS:000167682700010 PM 11285870 ER PT J AU Wilson, WE AF Wilson, WE TI Untitled - Response from authors SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID PERSONAL EXPOSURE; PARTICULATE MATTER; AMBIENT; PARTICLES; HEALTH; DISEASE C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wilson, WE (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3 BP 329 EP 334 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411WD UT WOS:000167521500004 ER PT J AU Lewis, RG Fortune, CR Blanchard, FT Camann, DE AF Lewis, RG Fortune, CR Blanchard, FT Camann, DE TI Movement and deposition of two organophosphorus pesticides within a residence after interior and exterior applications SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL EXPOSURE; CHLORPYRIFOS; BROADCAST; RESIDUES; CHILDREN; DUST; AIR AB Post-application temporal and spatial distributions of two organophosphorus pesticides, diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-[6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl] phosphorothioate, CAS No. 333-41-5) and chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate, CAS No. 2921-88-2], were monitored after homeowner applications for indoor and outdoor insect control. Samples of indoor air, vacuumable carpet dust, carpet dislodgeable residues, deposits on bare floors, table tops and dinnerware, surrogate food, and residues on children's hands and toys were taken before and up to 12 days after treatments in the family room, kitchen, and child's bedroom. Results from the study demonstrate the nature and magnitude of translocation of pesticides from the areas of application to surfaces accessible for human contact and permit comparisons of potential exposures via respiration and dermal contact/oral ingestion. Potential indoor inhalation exposures were estimated to be as high as 0.5 mug/kg/day for diazinon applied indoors and 0.05 mug/kg/day for chlorpyrifos applied to the outside perimeter of the house. While ingestion of carpet dust at the rate of 100 mug/day would have added a maximum of only similar to0.01 mug/kg/day to the daily dose, residues found on the children's hands suggest that repeated mouthing could have contributed as much as 1-1.5 mug/kg/day. These estimates are below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference dose for chlorpyrifos, but exceed those for diazinon. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Lewis, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3 BP 339 EP 351 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411WD UT WOS:000167521500006 PM 11266098 ER PT J AU Perlin, SA Wong, D Sexton, K AF Perlin, SA Wong, D Sexton, K TI Residential proximity to industrial sources of air pollution: Interrelationships among race, poverty, and age SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; EQUITY; RISK; DEMOGRAPHICS; FACILITIES; INCOME; MATTER AB This study builds on earlier work investigating statistical relationships between sociodemographic characteristics of populations and their residential proximity to industrial sources of air pollution. The analysis uses demographic data from the 1990 U.S. Census and industrial site data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). The focus is on examining interactions among race (African Americans and Whites), poverty (above and below household poverty threshold), and age (children from birth to 5 years of age and elderly people 65 years old or older). Results from three different study areas (Kanawha Valley in West Virginia, the Baton Rouge-New Orleans Corridor in Louisiana, and the greater Baltimore metropolitan area in Maryland) suggest: there are important interactions among race, poverty, and age that are likely to have consequential ramifications for efforts aimed at investigating issues related to environmental justice. Our results indicate that a substantial proportion of all demographic groups studied live within a mile of the nearest facility, with values ranging from 22% of Whites above poverty in the Baton Rouge-New Orleans Corridor to 60% of African Americans below poverty in Baltimore. Likewise, a substantial proportion of all demographic groups also live within 2 miles of four or more industrial facilities, with values ranging from 16% for Whites above poverty in the Corridor to 70% for African Americans below poverty in Baltimore. In all three study areas, African Americans were more likely than Whites to (1) live in households with incomes below the household poverty line, (2) have children 5 years of age or younger, (3) live closer to the nearest industrial emissions source, and (4) live within 2 miles of multiple industrial emission sources. Findings indicate that, compared with White children, a substantially higher proportion of African-American children 5 years of age or younger lived in poor households that were located in relatively close proximity to one or more industrial sources of air pollution. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Fairfax, VA 22230 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Perlin, SA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, POB 807 UMHC,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. OI /0000-0002-0525-0071 NR 48 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 11 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3 BP 406 EP 421 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 411WD UT WOS:000167521500012 PM 11266104 ER PT J AU Cao, Y Larsen, DP Thorne, RS AF Cao, Y Larsen, DP Thorne, RS TI Rare species in multivariate analysis for bioassessment: some considerations SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; MACROINVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; PREDICTIVE MODELS; FISH COMMUNITIES; RIVER; ORDINATION; ECOLOGY; CLASSIFICATION C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Water Res Ctr, Swindon SN5 8YF, Wilts, England. RP Larsen, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 68 TC 123 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 44 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 144 EP 153 DI 10.2307/1468195 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 405GY UT WOS:000167152700013 ER PT J AU Hynes, HP Maxfield, R Carroll, P Hillger, R AF Hynes, HP Maxfield, R Carroll, P Hillger, R TI Dorchester lead-safe yard project: A pilot program to demonstrate low-cost, on-site techniques to reduce exposure to lead-contaminated soil SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE children; community; lead; partnerships; remediation; urban ID BLOOD; ENVIRONMENT; ABATEMENT AB Despite a general reduction in blood lead levels in children after lead was banned in gasoline and paint, lead poisoning remains an important health problem in many older urban areas. One factor that increases risk in these places is the high levels of lead in certain residential areas. A major intervention study found that reducing lead levels in urban soils results in a reduction in exposed children's blood lead levels. Removing lead from inner-city soils or reducing exposures to lead-contaminated soils typically is expensive, technologically challenging, or beyond the ability of low-income households to undertake. This project, in conjunction with residents and community-based institutions, developed a series of in situ, low-cost, low-technology measures that worked to reduce the exposure to lead-contaminated soils in one Boston, Massachusetts, neighborhood. The project demonstrated several important results. Government, universities, residents, and community based organizations can work together effectively to reduce exposures to lead in soil. Lead-contaminated soil can be mitigated at a fraction of the cost of conventional methods in ways that increase the ability of residents, community health centers, and others to have a positive impact on their neighborhoods. A lead-safe yard program can be replicated and institutionalized by municipal home de-leading programs and other community organizations. C1 Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. US EPA, New England Reg Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hynes, HP (reprint author), Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD MAR PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 199 EP 211 DI 10.1093/jurban/78.1.199 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430XQ UT WOS:000168601100018 PM 11368198 ER PT J AU Federoff, NE AF Federoff, NE TI Antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; gray wolf; rabies; rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test; serum neutralizing antibodies; vaccination ID ALASKA AB Fourteen captive and five free-ranging Minnesota gray wolves (Canis lupus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) after vaccination with an inactivated canine rabies vaccine. Blood was collected from all wolves prior to vaccination and at I mo postvaccination (PV) and from all captive and three wild wolves at 3 mo PV. In addition, one free-ranging wolf was sampled at 4 mo PV. and two free-ranging wolves were sampled at 6 mc, PV. All wolves were seronegative prior to vaccination. RVNA were detected in 14 (100%) captive wolves and in four of five (80%) free-ranging wolves. The geometric mean titer of the captive wolves at I mo PV was significantly higher (P = 0.023) than in the free-ranging wolves. Five of 13 (38.5%) captive wolves and none of the three (0%) free-ranging wolves had measurable RVNA at 3 mo PV No measurable RVNA were detected in the serum samples collected from the free-ranging wolves at 4 and 6 mo PV. These results should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of free-ranging wolves tested. Further research is needed to property assess immune function and antibody response to vaccination in captive wolves in comparison with their free-ranging counterparts. C1 Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Federoff, NE (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7507C,Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 32 IS 1 BP 127 EP 129 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 478LW UT WOS:000171348500021 PM 12790409 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Children of immigration. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAL, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAL, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU REED BUSINESS INFORMATION PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD MAR 1 PY 2001 VL 126 IS 4 BP 118 EP 119 PG 2 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 405NB UT WOS:000167164900161 ER PT J AU Grandjean, P White, RF Sullivan, K Debes, F Murata, K Otto, DA Weihe, P AF Grandjean, P White, RF Sullivan, K Debes, F Murata, K Otto, DA Weihe, P TI Impact of contrast sensitivity performance on visually presented neurobehavioral tests in mercury-exposed children SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE contrast sensitivity/physiology; methylmercury compounds; neuropsychological tests; prenatal exposure delayed effects; preschool child; visual acuity/physiology ID MATERNAL SEAFOOD DIET; METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE; 6-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN; 7-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN; MINAMATA DISEASE; LEAD; INFANTS; VISION AB Presentation of neuropsychological tests on a computer screen may involve a visual challenge to the examinee. The possible need for adjustment for visual contrast sensitivity on test performance was therefore determined from data on 917 mercury-exposed children who were examined at age 7 years. Contrast sensitivity was found to be associated with performance on the computer-assisted Continuous Performance Test. However, it showed similar associations with performance on traditional pencil-and-paper tests, especially Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) Block Designs. Contrast sensitivity was not associated with prenatal mercury exposure, and adjustment for visual function had only a negligible effect on the regression coefficients for mercury as predictor of neuropsychological deficits. The mercury-associated neurobehavioral deficits are therefore unlikely to be due to mercury-induced visual system dysfunction causing secondary deficits in cognitive domain testing. Visuospatial processing appears to be a determinant in contrast sensitivity performance, and careful consideration of whether to control for contrast sensitivity in future studies of neurotoxicant effects is therefore recommended. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ So Denmark, Inst Publ Hlth, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Environm Hazards Ctr, Boston, MA 02139 USA. Boston Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Psychol, Boston, MA 02139 USA. Faroese Hosp Syst, Dept Occupat & Publ Hlth, FR-100 Torshavn, Faroe Isl, Denmark. Teikyo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hyg & Publ Hlth, Tokyo 1738605, Japan. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Grandjean, P (reprint author), Univ So Denmark, Inst Publ Hlth, Winslowpk 17, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark. OI Sullivan, Kimberly/0000-0001-7940-6123; Grandjean, Philippe/0000-0003-4046-9658 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09797, ES06112] NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 23 IS 2 BP 141 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00134-9 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 432GY UT WOS:000168684900002 PM 11348831 ER PT J AU Lasley, SM Green, MC Gilbert, ME AF Lasley, SM Green, MC Gilbert, ME TI Rat hippocampal NMDA receptor binding as a function of chronic lead exposure level SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lead; NMDA receptor; MK-801; hippocampus; blood lead; brain lead ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; GYRUS IN-VIVO; MK-801 BINDING; INORGANIC LEAD; DENTATE; SUBSENSITIVITY; INCREASES; ACCURACY; PERIOD AB Chronic developmental lead (Pb) exposure is known to impair cognitive ability in children and young animals. These findings have led to research examining exposure effects on long-term potentiation (LTP), a model of synaptic plasticity, and on NMDA receptor function. This study determined the changes occurring in hippocampal H-3-MK-801 binding as a function of exposure level for comparison to changes in LTP previously reported from this laboratory. Dams were exposed to 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% Pb in the drinking water beginning at parturition, and male offspring were weaned to the same solutions as their dams and maintained on these regimens until assessment as adults. a crude membrane fraction was prepared from hippocampal tissue, and Scatchard analysis conducted in the presence of saturating concentrations of glutamate and glycine. NMDA receptor density was elevated as a result of Pb exposure with significant increases in the 0.2% (38%) and 0.5% (30%) groups compared to control group values. No changes were observed in the 0.1% and 1.0% animals, thus constituting a biphasic dose-effect relationship. These findings are an approximate reflection of analogous relationships reported for hippocampal LTP and glutamate release, suggesting that the diminished glutamate release is one cause of the receptor up-regulation. However, since increases in receptor number were uncovered, it is unlikely that changes in NMDA receptor density constitute a primary mechanism whereby Pb impairs hippocampal LTP. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Studies, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Lasley, SM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Studies, POB 1649, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. NR 26 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 23 IS 2 BP 185 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00116-7 PG 5 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 432GY UT WOS:000168684900007 PM 11348836 ER PT J AU Shirazi, MA Boersma, L Johnson, CB AF Shirazi, MA Boersma, L Johnson, CB TI Particle-size distributions: Comparing texture systems, adding rock, and predicting soil properties SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNIFYING QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS AB Conventional soil texture classification systems use different definitions of particle-size distributions (PSDs), For example, sand in the International Soil Science Society (ISSS) system equals the combined separate limits of coarse silt and sand in the USDA system. Because relationships between texture and other soil properties are affected by these differences, the ability to merge survey data in environmental studies is limited. Previous research calculated two PSD statistics, namely the geometric mean particle diameter (dg) and its standard deviation (sigmag), which do not depend on separate limits. We expanded the development of the PSD statistics dg and ag to compare the USDA and ISSS systems, develop relationships with soil properties, include rock fragments, and simplify the USDA texture classification to facilitate the use of soil survey data in environmental research. We found that (i) for equal clay and sand fractions, the texture of a soil sample as described by the USDA system has larger dg and ag values than in ISSS; (ii) for equal clay and sand fractions, soil samples have larger values of cation-exchange capacity (CEC) in the ISSS than in the USDA system: (iii) small differences between some of the traditional 12 USDA classes are reflected in the dg and og values for samples containing rocks, thereby presenting a rationale for simplification; and (iv) with this rationale, the 12 USDA classes were aggregated into five classes. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Shirazi, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 6 U2 17 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 300 EP 310 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NQ UT WOS:000169464300004 ER PT J AU Johnston, CA Bridgham, SD Schubauer-Berigan, JP AF Johnston, CA Bridgham, SD Schubauer-Berigan, JP TI Nutrient dynamics in relation to geomorphology of riverine wetlands SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER WETLANDS; NITROUS-OXIDE REDUCTION; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; PHOSPHORUS SORPTION; SEDIMENT DEPOSITION; LAKESIDE WETLAND; CYPRESS SWAMP; DENITRIFICATION; SOIL; RETENTION AB Variation in water depth and soil properties associated with geomorphic structures can affect riverine wetland nutrient dynamics by altering biogeochemical processes. We examined the seasonal influence of soils and geomorphology on nutrient forms and concentrations in riverine wetlands in northeastern Minnesota (silty soils) and northwestern Wisconsin (clayey soils). Soil, water, and plant biogeochemistry were contrasted between and within the wetlands according to geomorphic features (riverbed, levee, and backwater zones). There were few inter-wetland differences, and most were the result of differences in river water chemistry and levee elevation between the two sites. Levees were hot spots of NO(3)-N, with spring porewater NO(3)-N concentrations (340 mug L(-1) at Fond du Lac, 44 mug L(-1) at Pokegama) that were orders of magnitude higher than elsewhere in the wetlands. Summer denitrification potential was high in the levees (similar or equal to6 nmol N(2)O g(-1) h(-1)) and in organic backwater zones (8.3 nmol N(2)O g(-1) h(-1) at Fond du Lac, 4.8 nmol N(2)O g(-1) h(-1) at Pokegama), but denitrification was consistently NO(3)(-)-limited throughout both wetlands. Riverbeds were zones of highest P concentration in soil, vegetation, and summer surface water. Sedimentation rates were higher in riverbeds (289 g m(-2) d(-1) at Fond du Lac 54 g m(-2) d(-1) at Pokegama) than in backwaters (80 g m(-1) d(-1) at Fond du Lac, 17 g m(-2) d(-1) at Pokegama). The two backwater zones had comparably low summer surface water concentrations of NO(3)-N (approximate to4 mug L(-1), NH(4)-N (approximate to6 mug L-L), total P (TP) (similar or equal to 80 mug L(-1)), total suspended solids (TSS) (approximate to6 mg L(-1)), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) (approximate to4 mg L(-1)), This seasonal convergence of surface water chemistry implies that biotic processes common to the two backwater areas override their substrate differences. Backwaters were hydrologically connected to the river mainstem via openings in discontinuous natural levees, but the different water chemistry of riverbed vs. backwater zones indicated minimal water exchange between them. This hydrologic zonation of riverine wetlands by geomorphic structures was the major source of intra-wetland variability. C1 Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Johnston, CA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. EM cjohnsto@d.umn.edu RI Schubauer-Berigan, Joseph/B-3260-2009; OI Johnston, Carol/0000-0002-9663-5048 NR 65 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 40 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 557 EP 577 PG 21 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NQ UT WOS:000169464300035 ER PT J AU Bridgham, SD Johnston, CA Schubauer-Berigan, JP Weishampel, P AF Bridgham, SD Johnston, CA Schubauer-Berigan, JP Weishampel, P TI Phosphorus sorption dynamics in soils and coupling with surface and pore water in riverine wetlands SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PALUSTRINE FORESTED WETLANDS; FLOODED-DRAINED SOILS; PHOSPHATE SORPTION; SEDIMENTS; RETENTION; EVERGLADES; SULFATE; FORMS; LAKE; MINERALIZATION AB Adsorption to soils is one of the dominant mechanisms of P storage in wetlands. We examined P sorption dynamics in soils collected at 12 sample points with diverse hydrology, geomorphic position, mineralogy, and plant communities in two riverine wetlands in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. Phosphorus sorption parameters from these 12 sample points were correlated with corresponding biogeochemical variables and subsequently extrapolated across 157 sampling points in the two wetlands, based upon a large spatial dataset, We then used a series of single and stepwise regressions to determine the best set of predictive variables for surface water, soil, and plant P pools. Intrasite variation in P sorption dynamics was greater than intersite variation between the two wetlands and rivaled the variation found in the literature for both upland and wetland soils. An essentially constant final P concentration occurred st moderate P additions (less than or equal to 32 Pmol P L-1), indicating extreme soil buffering capacity of porewater P concentrations. Spatial variation in soil P pools across each wetland were predicted very well in stepwise regressions, particularly in the summer (R-2 = 0.49-1.00). Variables that were important in explaining this variation included the amount of P sorbed at equilibrium, maximum P sorption capacity, percentage of P sorption sites occupied at equilibrium, organic matter content, bulk density, and oxalate-extractable Fe and AL content. Phosphorus concentrations in surface water were predicted less well by stepwise regression (R-2 = 0.04-0.46), suggesting only weak-to-moderate spatial coupling between soils and surface-water P dynamics. Plant P pools were predicted poorly. Om results indicate the importance of geochemical sorption in controlling P dynamics in riverine soils. We suggest that nutrient studies in spatially diverse wetlands must be designed in a manner that adequately captures the rich spatial dynamics of the system. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Bridgham, SD (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, POB 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RI Schubauer-Berigan, Joseph/B-3260-2009; OI Johnston, Carol/0000-0002-9663-5048 NR 49 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 28 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 65 IS 2 BP 577 EP 588 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NQ UT WOS:000169464300036 ER PT J AU Hooth, MJ DeAngelo, AB George, MH Gaillard, ET Travlos, GS Boorman, GA Wolf, DC AF Hooth, MJ DeAngelo, AB George, MH Gaillard, ET Travlos, GS Boorman, GA Wolf, DC TI Subchronic sodium chlorate exposure in drinking water results in a concentration-dependent increase in rat thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE colloid depletion; disinfection by-products; drinking waters; follicular cell hyperplasia; hormones; sodium chlorate; thyroid ID ADULT MALE-VOLUNTEERS; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; POTASSIUM BROMATE; TOXICITY; CARCINOGENICITY; PERCHLORATE; PRODUCTS; GLAND AB Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an effective drinking water disinfectant, but sodium chlorate (NaClO3) has been identified a.,, a potentially harmful disinfection by-product. Studies were performed to describe the development of thyroid lesions in animals exposed to NAClO(3) in the drinking water. Male and female F344 rats and B6C3F(1) mice were exposed to 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5. 1.0, or 2.0 g/L NaClO3 for 21 days. Additional male F344 rats were exposed to 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 2.0 g/L NaClO3 for 90 days. Female F344 rats were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 6.0 g/L of NaClO3 for 105 days. Thyroid tissues were processed by routine methods for light microscopic examination, and follicular cell hyperplasia was diagnosed using a novel method. Thyroid hormone levels were altered significantly after 4 and 21 days. NaClO3 treatment induced a concentration-dependent increase in the incidence and severity of thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia. Male rats are more sensitive to the effects of NaClO3 treatment than females. Follicular cell hyperplasia was not present in male or female B6C3F(1), mice. These data can be used to estimate the human health risk that Would be associated with using ClO2, rather than chlorine, to disinfect drinking water. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wolf, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, MD68,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 250 EP 259 DI 10.1080/019262301317052530 PG 10 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 467KC UT WOS:000170700100011 PM 11421493 ER PT J AU Cummings, BS Parker, JC Lash, LH AF Cummings, BS Parker, JC Lash, LH TI Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of trichloroethylene in rat kidney SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE trichloroethylene; kidney; metabolism; cytochrome P450; proximal tubular cells; enzyme induction ID PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS; GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATE; LIVER-MICROSOMES; 1,1-DICHLOROETHYLENE EPOXIDE; 2-S-GLUTATHIONYL ACETATE; 2E1 EXPRESSION; TOXICITY; TUMORS; CYTOTOXICITY; ENZYMES AB The metabolism of trichloroethylene (Tri) by cytochrome P450 (P450) was studied in microsomes from liver and kidney homogenates and from isolated renal proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from male Fischer 344 rats. Chloral hydrate (CH) was the only metabolite consistently detected and was used as a measurement of P450-dependent metabolism of Tri. Pretreatment of rats with pyridine increased CH formation in both liver and kidney microsomes, whereas pretreatment of rats with clofibrate increased CH formation only in kidney microsomes. Pyridine increased CYP2E1 expression in both liver and kidney microsomes, whereas clofibrate had no effect on hepatic but increased renal CYP2E1 and CYP2C11 protein levels. These results suggest a role for CYP2E1 in both the hepatic and renal metabolism of Tri and a role for CYP2C11 in the renal metabolism of Tri. Studies with the general P450 inhibitor SKF-525A and the CYP2E1 competitive substrate chlorzoxazone provided additional support for the role of CYP2E1 in both tissues. CH formation was higher in PT cells than in DT cells and was time and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) dependent. However, pretreatment of rats with either pyridine or clofibrate had no effect on CYP2E1 or CYP2C11 protein levels or on CH formation in isolated cells, These data show for the first time that Tri can be metabolized to at least one of its P450 metabolites in the kidneys and quantitate the effect of P450 induction on Tri metabolism in the rat kidney. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01-DK40725] NR 47 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 60 IS 1 BP 11 EP 19 DI 10.1093/toxsci/60.1.11 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 407HY UT WOS:000167267200005 PM 11222868 ER PT J AU Chhabra, RS Herbert, RA Bucher, JR Travlos, GS Johnson, JD Hejtmancik, MR AF Chhabra, RS Herbert, RA Bucher, JR Travlos, GS Johnson, JD Hejtmancik, MR TI Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of p,p '-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone in rats and mice SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE p,p '-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone; liver toxicity; kidney toxicity; centrilobular hepatic hypertrophy; p,p '-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone carcinogenicity ID ENZYME-INDUCTION; LIVER; SAMPLES; PROMOTION; TESTS AB p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) is used as a starting material in the production of polysulfones and polyethersufones, a family of thermoplastics. DDS was studied because of its high production volume and use. In toxicology studies, 10 Fischer 344 rats and 10 B6C3F1 mice/sex/group were fed diets containing 0, 30, 100, 300, 1,000 or 3,000 ppm DDS for 14 weeks. All animals survived until the end of the studies. Mean body weights of groups exposed to 300 ppm or greater were significantly decreased. Liver and kidney in rats and liver in mice were the major target organs of DDS toxicity. Dose-related increases in liver weights and incidences of centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy were observed in DDS-exposed groups. Nephropathy was seen in male and female rats only at and above 300 ppm. Neurotoxicity evaluations were negative in DDS-treated animals. Clinical chemistry and hematology parameters were minimally affected. In the 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies, 50 rats and 50 mice/sex/group were fed diets containing 0, 10 (male rats), 30, 100, or 300 ppm DDS for 104 to 105 weeks. Survival of exposed groups was not affected. There were no clinical signs of toxicity related to DDS exposure. Final mean body weights were 2-17% lower in DDS-treated groups. Liver was the only target organ of DDS-induced toxicity. The incidence of centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy in mice and rats, and the incidence of bile duct hyperplasia and centrilobular degeneration in female rats was significantly greater than in controls. A no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 30 ppm DDS in the diet (1.5 mg/kg body weight) was established for rats. DDS was not carcinogenic in these studies. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Battelle Labs, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. RP Chhabra, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, 111 Alexander Dr,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 60 IS 1 BP 28 EP 37 DI 10.1093/toxsci/60.1.28 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 407HY UT WOS:000167267200007 PM 11222870 ER PT J AU Tamura, H Maness, SC Reischmann, K Dorman, DC Gray, LE Gaido, KW AF Tamura, H Maness, SC Reischmann, K Dorman, DC Gray, LE Gaido, KW TI Androgen receptor antagonism by the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE androgen receptor; organophosphate pesticide; endocrine-active chemical; antiandrogen; HepG2 cells; Hershberger assay; transcriptional activation ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; REPRODUCTIVE MALFORMATIONS; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; DDT ISOMERS; PESTICIDES; FUNGICIDE; P,P'-DDE; VINCLOZOLIN AB Organophosphate insecticides represent one of the most widely used classes of pesticides with high potential for human exposure in both rural and residential environments. We investigated the interaction of the organophosphothioate pesticide fenitrothion (O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitro-m-tolyl) phosphorothioate) with the human androgen receptor (AR). Fenitrothion blocked dihydrotestosterone-dependent AR activity in a concentration-dependent and competitive manner in HepG2 human hepatoma liver cells transiently transfected with human AR and an AR-dependent luciferase reporter gene. Schild regression analysis yielded an equilibrium dissociation constant value of 2.18 x 10(-8) M. To determine the antiandrogenic potential of fenitrothion in vivo, 7-week-old castrated Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed once a day for 7 days with testosterone propionate (50 mug/day, sc) plus gavage doses of either corn oil vehicle or fenitrothion (15 or 30 mg/kg/day). An additional group of rats was given testosterone propionate and flutamide (50 mg/kg/day). Motor activity and acetylcholinesterase activity in whole blood and brain were also assessed. Both fenitrothion and the reference antiandrogen flutamide caused significant decreases in the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, and levator ani plus bulbocavernosus muscles tissue weights. In contrast, blood acetylcholinesterase activity, a standard biomarker of organophosphate poisoning, was only inhibited at the higher dose of fenitrothion (30 mg/kg). Our results demonstrate that fenitrothion is a competitive AR antagonist, comparable in potency to the pharmaceutical antiandrogen flutamide and more potent, based on in vitro assays, than the known environmental antiandrogens linuron and p,p'-, 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE). C1 CIIT, Ctr Hlth Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Meijo Univ, Dept Appl Biochem, Nagoya, Aichi 4688502, Japan. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gaido, KW (reprint author), CIIT, Ctr Hlth Res, POB 12137, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 41 TC 111 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 60 IS 1 BP 56 EP 62 DI 10.1093/toxsci/60.1.56 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 407HY UT WOS:000167267200010 PM 11222873 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Boothe, DH Bailey, GW AF Arnold, JW Boothe, DH Bailey, GW TI Parameters of treated stainless steel surfaces important for resistance to bacterial contamination SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE stainless steel; electropolishing; atomic force microscopy; biofilm; poultry processing ID MYXOCOCCUS-XANTHUS AB Use of materials that are resistant to bacterial contamination could enhance food safety during processing. Common finishing treatments of stainless steel surfaces used for components of poultry processing equipment were tested for resistance to bacterial attachment. Surface characteristics were evaluated to determine factors important for resistance. Disks of stainless steel were steel-ball burnished, glass-beaded, electropolished, acid-dipped, sandblasted, or left untreated. After treatment, the disks were incubated with bacteria from chicken carcass rinses. Bacterial growth during surface exposure was monitored by spectrophotometry, and bacterial counts were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology of the surfaces was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), using disks from each of the treatments in the SEM studies. Changes in root mean square (RMS) roughness, center line average, bearing ratio/area, and other measurements corresponded to changes in bacterial contamination. Electropolished stainless steel showed fewer bacteria and biofilm formations than the other surfaces. The elemental composition of the surface was not changed by electropolishing. This article is the first to show that AFM is a rapid method for predicting the potential resistance of a surface to bacterial contamination. These results will aid manufacturers and processors in comparing and selecting finishes that are cost-effective and resistant to contamination. C1 USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, ARS, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, NERL, Athens, GA USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, ARS, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 347 EP 356 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 467UX UT WOS:000170723100019 ER PT J AU Andersen, CP Hogsett, WE Plocher, M Rodecap, K Lee, EH AF Andersen, CP Hogsett, WE Plocher, M Rodecap, K Lee, EH TI Blue wild-rye grass competition increases the effect of ozone on ponderosa pine seedlings SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on The Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem and Environmental Stress: Past, Present and Furture held in Conjunction with the Annual Air Pollution Workshop CY 1999 CL CORVALLIS, OREGON DE C : N ratio; Elymus glaucus; Pinus ponderosa; root : shoot ratio. ID SAN-BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; AIR-POLLUTION; DOUGLAS-FIR; GROWTH; NITROGEN; EXPOSURE; DROUGHT; STRESS; WATER AB Individual ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings were grown in mesocosms with three densities of blue wild-rye grass (Elymus glaucus Buckl.) (equivalent to 0, 32 or 88 plants m(-2)) to determine if the presence of a natural competitor alters the response of ponderosa pine seedlings to ozone. After 3 years of ozone exposure, grass presence reduced total ponderosa pine dry mass by nearly 50%, whereas ozone alone had no significant effect on ponderosa pine growth. The combination of ozone and grass further reduced needle, stem and branch dry mass significantly below that induced by grass competition alone. Root:shoot ratios increased in response to the combined grass and ozone treatments. Grass competition significantly reduced soluble sugar concentrations in all ponderosa pine tissue components examined. Starch concentrations were highly variable but did not differ significantly between treatments. Ozone significantly reduced soluble sugar concentrations in fine roots and stems. In the absence of grass, ozone-treated seedlings tended to have higher tissue N concentrations than controls. In the presence of grass, ozone-treated seedlings had lower N concentrations than controls, resulting in a significant interaction between these two stresses in 1- and 2-year-old needles. Needle C:N ratios decreased in response to grass competition, as a result of increased N concentration and no change in C concentration. The opposite response was observed in ozone-treated seedlings as a result of decreased N concentrations, indicating that ozone-treated seedlings were unable to take up or retain as much nitrogen when grown in the presence of grass. We conclude that ponderosa pine seedlings are more susceptible to ozone when grown in competition with blue wild-rye grass. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 319 EP 327 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 417NQ UT WOS:000167841400007 PM 11262923 ER PT J AU Andersen, CP Olszyk, D Poulson, R AF Andersen, CP Olszyk, D Poulson, R TI The Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem and Environmental Stress: Past, Present and Future - Preface SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP U1 EP U1 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 417NQ UT WOS:000167841400001 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Watrud, LS Reeves, M AF Entry, JA Watrud, LS Reeves, M TI Influence of organic amendments on the accumulation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 from contaminated soil by three grass species SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Cs-137; johnson grass; organic matter; phytoremediation; poultry litter; Sr-90 ID RADIOACTIVE CESIUM; RADIOCESIUM; SEEDLINGS; PONDEROSA; INTENSITY; SEASON; GROWTH AB Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), johnson grass (Sorghum halpense) and switchgrass (Panicum virginatum) were compared for their ability to accumulate Cs-137 and Sr-90 from three different contaminated soils in the presence and absence of either sphagnum peat or poultry litter amendments. Above-ground plant biomass did not differ between plants that were not exposed to these radionuclides and those that were exposed to soil containing Cs-137 or Sr-90. After three harvests, bahia, johnson and switchgrass plants accumulated from 17.2 to 67.3% of the Cs-137 and from 25.1 to 61.7% of the Sr-90 added to the soil. Poultry litter and peat moss amendments increased aboveground plant biomass, activity of Cs-137 or (9)0Sr in plant tissue, % accumulation of Cs-137 or Sr-90 from soil and the plant bioconcentration ratio at each harvest compared to the control (no amendment) treatment. The greatest increases in plant biomass, and radionuclide accumulation were observed with poultry litter for each of the three grass species. Johnson grass had greater aboveground plant biomass, activity of Cs-137 and Sr-90 in plant tissue, % accumulation of Cs-137 or Sr-90 from soil and bioconcentration ratio in each soil amendment, at each harvest compared to bahia and switchgrass. The greatest accumulation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 was measured in johnson grass grown in soil that was amended with poultry litter. These results suggest that plant species selection and agronomic practices may need to be considered to maximize phytoremediation of radionuclide contaminated soils. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soil Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Terr Ecol Branch, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soil Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAR PY 2001 VL 126 IS 3-4 BP 385 EP 398 DI 10.1023/A:1005201220596 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 396LY UT WOS:000166638900012 ER PT J AU Angradi, TR Hagan, SM Able, KW AF Angradi, TR Hagan, SM Able, KW TI Vegetation type and the intertidal macroinvertebrate fauna of a brackish marsh: Phragmites vs. Spartina SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Spartina alterniflora; Phragmites australis; common reed; brackish marsh; tidal marsh; intertidal macroinvertebrates; infauna; epifauna; Oligochaeta; Polychaeta; Nematoda; biodiversity; detritus; invasive species ID TIDAL FRESH-WATER; SALT-MARSH; COMMON REED; FOOD-WEBS; BENTHIC MICROALGAE; NEW-JERSEY; AUSTRALIS; MEIOFAUNA; ALTERNIFLORA; ABUNDANCE AB The responses of tidal marsh macroinvertebrate assemblages to the conversion of Spartina alterniflora marshes to marshes dominated by the invasive reed, Phragmites australis, are poorly understood. Changes in edaphic, vegetative, hydrologic, and detrital conditions that attend conversion to Phragmites should produce changes in the intertidal fauna. We used core sampling (7.8-cm diameter, 4-cm deep) and litter packs to compare the intertidal macroinvertebrate fauna of Phragmites marshes and adjacent remnant Spartina marshes in a brackish reach of the Mullica River (0-17 ppt salinity during the study) in southern New Jersey, USA. Detrital and above-ground vegetative biomass and water velocity were greater in Phragmites marsh; stem density, microtopographic relief, and the density of standing-water microhabitats were greater in Spartina marsh. The intertidal assemblages varied between marsh types. Total macroinvertebrate density was greater in Spartina marsh (97,000 m(-2)) than in Phragmites marsh (82,000 m(-2)). Mean taxa richness (number of taxa per core sample) was greater in Spartina marsh (12.4 taxa sample(-1)) than in Phragmites marsh (9.4 taxa sample(-1)) and dominance (relative abundance of the three most abundant taxa) was lower. Oligochaeta, Nematoda, and the polychaete, Manayunkia aestuarina, dominated the fauna (>75% of the total abundance) in both marsh types. Of these, oligochaetes were more abundant in Spartina marsh, and nematodes and polychaetes were slightly more abundant in Phragmites marsh. Most common subdominant taxa (100-4,000 m(-2)), including ceratopogonids, chironomids, mites, ostracods, isopods, and gastropods were more abundant in Spartina marsh. Collembolans were more abundant in Phragmites marsh; amphipods were about equally abundant in both marsh types. Invertebrate abundance and assemblage composition varied with distance from the edge of the marsh in both marsh types; overlap in assemblage composition between marsh types was greatest at the edge of the marsh, where more frequent inundation may have moderated the influence of vegetation type on the marsh fauna. For mean taxa richness and for the density of most taxa, the effect of marsh type on density exceeded the effect of season, marsh position, or a local salinity gradient. We consider the greater density of intertidal standing-water microhabitats and probably of microalgal production as important sources of faunal variation between marsh types. Fewer refugia from predators during high tide in Phragmites marsh may also contribute to variation in faunal abundance and community structure between marsh types. Detritus biomass was probably a more important source of spatial variation in the fauna of the Phragmites marsh than in Spartina marsh. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. RP Angradi, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 999 18th St,Suite 500, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NR 57 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 58 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 75 EP 92 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0075:VTATIM]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417NB UT WOS:000167840100008 ER PT J AU Loux, NT Anderson, MA AF Loux, NT Anderson, MA TI Mobile ion activities at charged interfaces SO COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 72nd ACS Colloid and Surface Science Symposium CY JUN 21-24, 1998 CL PENN ST UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Chem Soc Div Colloid & Surface Chem HO PENN ST UNIV DE mobile ion activity; hydration energy; dipole energy; interfacial pH; interfacial oxidation-reduction potential ID ELECTRICAL DOUBLE-LAYER; OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE; METAL-IONS; ADSORPTION; MODEL; BINDING AB The issue of mobile ion chemical activities at charged aqueous interfaces is of historical interest. Because of experimental difficulties in measuring the surface-charge-dependent potential energies associated with moving an ion from bulk solution to the interfacial region many current practitioners assume that the energy is primarily electrostatic in nature and that it can be estimated from Poisson-Boltzmann theory and experimentally measured surface charge densities. The present effort uses the entropic balanced surface potential model (EBSPM) to assess some of the energy terms associated with moving a mobile ion to the charged interface. The findings suggest the following order of energy contributions: electrostatic > bulk solution activity, hydration, dipole > 'crowding' Additional findings include: (1) activity based Boltzmann expressions relating bulk solution activities to interfacial concentrations rely on the assumption that the interfacial mobile ion is beyond the influence of the bulk solution Debye-Huckel term, (2) activity and concentration based interfacial pH conditions can be related to bulk solution values by: pH(interface) = PHbulk + e Psi /2.303kT (where Psi is the potential energy difference associated with moving the ion to the interface, e is the charge on the electron, k is the Boltzmann constant, and Tis the absolute temperature), and (3) activity and concentration based interfacial oxidation-reduction potentials can be related to bulk solution values by the expression: E-interface = E-bulk - Psi. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Water Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Loux, NT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Anderson, Marc/I-2437-2015 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-7757 J9 COLLOID SURFACE A JI Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. PD FEB 28 PY 2001 VL 177 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 123 EP 131 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 389XY UT WOS:000166265000005 ER PT J AU Finkelstein, PL Sims, PF AF Finkelstein, PL Sims, PF TI Sampling error in eddy correlation flux measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID REYNOLDS STRESS; DRY DEPOSITION; LAYER AB Sampling eri ors in eddy correlation flux measurements arise from the small number of large eddies that dominate the flux during typical sampling periods. Several methods to estimate sampling, or random error in flux measurements, have been published. These methods are compared to a more statistically rigorous method which calculates the variance of a covariance when the two variables in the covariance are auto- and cross-correlated. Comparisons are offered between the various methods. Compared to previously published methods, error estimates from this technique were 20 to 25% higher because of the incorporation of additional terms in the estimate of the variance. This new approach is then applied to define the random error component of representative eddy correlation Aux measurements of momentum, sensible and latent heat, carbon dioxide, and ozone from five field studies, three over agricultural crops (corn, soybean, and pasture), and two from towers over forests (deciduous and mixed). The mean normalized error for each type of flux measurement over the five studies ranged from 12% for sensible heat flux to 31% for ozone flux. There were not large or significant differences between random errors for fluxes measured over crops Versus those measured over forests. The effects of stability, Aux magnitude, and wind speed on measurement error are discussed. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Fed Home Loan Mortgage Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RP Finkelstein, PL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 99 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 25 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D4 BP 3503 EP 3509 DI 10.1029/2000JD900731 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 405JE UT WOS:000167155600014 ER PT J AU Harley, RA McKeen, SA Pearson, J Rodgers, MO Lonneman, WA AF Harley, RA McKeen, SA Pearson, J Rodgers, MO Lonneman, WA TI Analysis of motor vehicle emissions during the Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TUSCARORA MOUNTAIN TUNNELS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; FORT MCHENRY; LOS-ANGELES; INVENTORY AB On-road gasoline and diesel-powered Vehicle emissions in Nashville, Tennessee, were characterized using fuel sales as a measure of vehicle activity, and emission factors derived from infrared remote sensing, ambient air concentration ratios, and roadway tunnel measurements. On-road vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) on weekdays during summer 1995 were estimated to be 270 +/- 60, 43 +/- 13, and 53 +/- 9 metric tons per day, respectively. Diesel engines were a minor source of CO and NMHC, but were responsible for similar to 50% of NOx emissions from on-road vehicles. The Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE 5B emission model predictions were similar to fuel-based estimates for ail pollutants, except for NOx where the MOBILE model predicted a smaller contribution to total on-road vehicle emissions from diesel engines. Chemical composition profiles for hydrocarbon emissions were developed based on tunnel air and fuel samples collected in Nashville during summers 1995 and 1999. More than half of the tunnel NMHC mass was liquid fuel that escaped combustion; the remaining mass came from products of incomplete combustion such as ethane, acetylene, C-2-C-4 alkenes, and 1,3-butadiene. No major changes in the composition of vehicle-related NMHC emissions were observed between 1995 and 1999 in Nashville. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, ERL, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Harley, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Harley, Robert/C-9177-2016 OI Harley, Robert/0000-0002-0559-1917 NR 23 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D4 BP 3559 EP 3567 DI 10.1029/2000JD900677 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 405JE UT WOS:000167155600018 ER PT J AU Fath, BD Patten, BC Choi, JS AF Fath, BD Patten, BC Choi, JS TI Complementarity of ecological goal functions SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROPHIC DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEMS; THERMODYNAMICS; ORGANIZATION; NETWORKS; SYSTEMS; EXERGY; EMERGY AB This paper summarizes, in the framework of network environ analysis, a set of analyses of energy-matter flow and storage in steady-state systems. The network perspective is used to codify and unify ten ecological orientors or extremal principles: maximum power Lotka), maximum storage (Jorgensen-Mejer), maximum empower and emergy Odum), maximum ascendency (Ulanowicz), maximum dissipation (Schneider-Kay), maximum cycling (Morowitz), maximum residence time (Cheslak-Lamarra), minimum specific dissipation (Onsager, Prigogine), and minimum empower to exergy ratio (Bastianoni-Marchettini). We show that, seen in this framework, these seemingly disparate extrema are all mutually consistent, suggesting a common pattern for ecosystem development. This pattern unfolds in the network organization of systems. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Sustainable Environmn Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. RP Fath, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Sustainable Environmn Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 67 TC 140 Z9 146 U1 1 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-5193 J9 J THEOR BIOL JI J. Theor. Biol. PD FEB 21 PY 2001 VL 208 IS 4 BP 493 EP 506 DI 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2234 PG 14 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 405XG UT WOS:000167185400009 PM 11222052 ER PT J AU Wagner, E Frank, MM Smialowicz, RJ AF Wagner, E Frank, MM Smialowicz, RJ TI 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and natural immunity: lack of an effect on the complement system in a guinea pig model SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; complement; natural immunity; guinea pig ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; COMPONENT C3; TCDD; MODULATION; EXPOSURE; SEVESO; HEALTH AB We examined the complement system as a potential target for toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzoio-p-dioxin (TCDD) in normal Hartley guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were injected intravenously with 0.5 mug/kg TCDD and bled at weekly intervals up to 1 month following injection. Serum samples were collected at each time point and assayed for total hemolytic complement activity (CH50), alternative pathway complement activity (AH50) and complement component C4 functional activity. Injection of TCDD led to a wasting syndrome, as observed by a lower body weight gain in TCDD-treated animals when compared to control animals. However, at this dose, TCDD failed to induce any significant change in complement activity as determined by all three methods used in this study. The results indicate that, at 0.5 mug/kg body weight, a dose slightly lower than the LD50 value in guinea pigs, TCDD fails to affect the complement system. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Immunol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 21 PY 2001 VL 159 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00386-3 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 406FJ UT WOS:000167204000010 PM 11250059 ER PT J AU Patonay, T Varma, RS Vass, A Levai, A Dudas, J AF Patonay, T Varma, RS Vass, A Levai, A Dudas, J TI Highly diastereoselective Michael reaction under solvent-free conditions using microwaves: conjugate addition of flavanone to its chalcone precursor SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article DE addition reactions; chalcones; dimers; flavanones; microwave healing ID ISOMERIZATION; CHEMISTRY AB Microwave-assisted reaction of 2'-hydroxychalcones in the presence of DBU resulted in the formation of hitherto unknown dimers by conjugate addition of the intermediate cyclic ketone to the starting enone. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Debrecen, Dept Organ Chem, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Kaposvar, Res Inst Chem & Proc Engn, H-8201 Veszprem, Hungary. RP Patonay, T (reprint author), Univ Debrecen, Dept Organ Chem, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary. NR 12 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD FEB 19 PY 2001 VL 42 IS 8 BP 1403 EP 1406 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)02264-4 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 403GQ UT WOS:000167034500002 ER PT J AU Soukup, JM Becker, S AF Soukup, JM Becker, S TI Human alveolar macrophage responses to air pollution particulates are associated with insoluble components of coarse material, including particulate endotoxin SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human macrophage; endotoxin; air pollution PM10 and PM2.5; phagocytosis; apoptosis; cytokines ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; FINE PARTICLES; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; OXIDATIVE BURST; BLOOD MONOCYTES; CHILDREN; ASTHMA; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PHAGOCYTOSIS AB Inhalation of particulate matter in the ambient air has been shown to cause pulmonary morbidity and exacerbate asthma. Alveolar macrophage (AIM) are essential for effective removal of inhaled particles and microbes in the lower airways. While some particles minimally effect AM function others inhibit antimicrobial activity or cause cytokine and growth factor production leading to inflammation and tissue remodeling. This study has investigated the effects of water soluble (s) and insoluble (is) components of Chapel Hill, North Carolina ambient particulate matter in the size ranges 0.1-2.5 Ccm (PM2.5) and 2.5-10 mum (PM10) diameter, on human AM IL-6, TNF alpha, and MCP-1 cytokine production and host defense mechanisms including phagocytosis and oxidant production. Cytokines were found to be induced by isPM10 to a much higher extent (>50-fold) than sPM10, which in turn stimulated production better than isPM2.5, while sPM2.5 was inactive. Previous studies have indicated that endotoxin (ETOX) is a component of sPM10 responsible for cytokine production. Here, it is shown that inhibition of isPM10-induced cytokine production was partially achieved with polymyxin B and LPS-binding protein (LBP), but not with a metal chelator, implicating ETOX as a cytokine-inducing moiety also in isPM10. In addition to inducing cytokines, exposure to isPM10, but not the other PM fractions, also inhibited phagocytosis and oxidant generation in response to yeast. This inhibition was ETOX independent. The decrease in host defenses may be the result of apoptosis in the AM population, which was also found to be specifically caused by isPM10. These results show that the functional capacity of AM is selectively modulated by insoluble components of coarse PM, including the biocontaminant ETOX. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Soukup, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 47 TC 157 Z9 162 U1 3 U2 27 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB 15 PY 2001 VL 171 IS 1 BP 20 EP 26 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.9096 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 407JE UT WOS:000167267800003 PM 11181108 ER PT J AU Johnson, JC Van Emon, JM Clarke, AN Wamsley, BN AF Johnson, JC Van Emon, JM Clarke, AN Wamsley, BN TI Quantitative ELISA of polychlorinated biphenyls in an oily soil matrix using supercritical fluid extraction SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) supercritical fluid extraction; oily soil ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEDIMENTS; OPTIMIZATION; PCBS; SOXHLET AB Soil samples from the GenCorp Lawrence Brownfields site were analyzed with a commercial semi-quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a methanol shake extraction. Many of the soil samples were extremely oily, with total petroleum hydrocarbon levels up to 240 g kg(-1), as determined by EPA Method 418.1. Commercial immunoassay results did not agree with confirmatory results obtained by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of conventional Soxhlet extracts. Sample splits were subsequently extracted using both a methanol shake extraction and a methanolic Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by a quantitative PCB ELISA which has been previously described. The ELISA results for both types of extracts did not agree with GC confirmatory data except for the less oily samples. The current work reports re-analysis of these samples using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) coupled to the same quantitative ELISA. Good agreement between GC results and SEE ELISA results was obtained. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. ANC Associates, Brentwood, TN USA. GenCorp Inc, Lawrence, MA USA. RP Johnson, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD FEB 9 PY 2001 VL 428 IS 2 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01243-5 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 393GN UT WOS:000166461000005 ER PT J AU Yang, JH Kodavanti, PRS AF Yang, JH Kodavanti, PRS TI Possible molecular targets of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in neuronal cells SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; protein kinase C isoforms; neurotoxicity; halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; GLUTAMATE EXOCYTOSIS; TRANSLOCATION; CALCIUM; EPSILON; PHOSPHORYLATION; HIPPOCAMPUS; INHIBITION AB Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and bioaccumulative environmental toxicants, Although health effects associated with exposure to these chemicals, including motor dysfunction and impairment in memory and learning, have been identified, their molecular site of action is unknown. Previous study from this laboratory demonstrated that, while ortho PCBs perturbed intracellular signaling mechanisms including Ca2+ homeostasis, receptor-mediated inositol phosphate production and translocation of PKC, non-ortho PCBs did not. Since PKC signaling pathway is implicated in the modulation of motor behavior, as well as learning and memory, and the roles of PKC are isoform-specific, we have now studied the effects of two structurally distinct PCBs on isoforms of PKC in cerebellar granule cell culture model, Cells were exposed to 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (ortho PCB; 2,2'-DCB) or 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (non-ortho PCB; 4,4'-DCB) for 15 min, respectively, and subsequently fractionated and immunoblotted against the selected PKC monoclonal antibodies (alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, lambda, iota), While 2,2'-DCB induced a translocation of PKC-alpha [cytosol (% control): 54 +/- 12 at 25 muM and 66 +/- 10 at 50 muM; membrane (% control): 186 +/- 37 at 25 muM and 200 +/- 48 at 50 muM] and -epsilon [cytosol (% control): 92 +/- 12 at 25 muM and 97 +/- 15 at 50 muM; membrane (% control): 143 +/- 23 at 25 muM and 192 +/- 24 at 50 muM] from cytosol to membrane fraction in a concentration-dependent manner, 4,4'-DCB had no effects. 2,2'-DCB induced translocation of PKC-alpha was blocked by pretreatment with sphingosine, suggesting a possible role of sphingolipid pathway. Although reports on implication of PKC-gamma with learning and memory are relatively extensive, the expression of this particular isoform in the primary cerebellar granule cells was below the detectable level. PKC-delta, -lambda and -iota were present in these cells, but were not altered by PCB exposure, These results suggest that the effects of 2,2'-DCB on PKC is isoform-dependent and PKC-alpha as well as PKC-epsilon may be target molecules for ortho-PCBs in neuronal cells. C1 Natl Acad Sci, Natl Res Council, Washington, DC 20418 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Yang, JH (reprint author), Catholic Univ Taegu, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol Toxicol, Taegu, South Korea. NR 32 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD FEB 9 PY 2001 VL 280 IS 5 BP 1372 EP 1377 DI 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4283 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 404XW UT WOS:000167128500027 PM 11162682 ER PT J AU Alexis, NE Soukup, J Nierkens, S Becker, S AF Alexis, NE Soukup, J Nierkens, S Becker, S TI Association between airway hyperreactivity and bronchial macrophage dysfunction in individuals with mild asthma SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE asthma; bronchial macrophages; induced sputum; flow cytometry analysis of surface receptors; CD64; CD11b; phagocytosis ID EOSINOPHIL CATIONIC PROTEIN; INDUCED SPUTUM; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; INTERFERON-GAMMA; FC-RECEPTORS; LUNG-DISEASE; INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKIN-5; EXPRESSION; INDEXES AB Little is known about the functional capabilities of bronchial macrophages (BMs) and their relationship to airway disease such as asthma. We hypothesize that BMs from asthmatics may be modulated in their function compared with similar cells from healthy individuals. BMs obtained by induced sputum from mild asthmatics (n = 20) and healthy individuals (n = 20) were analyzed using flow cytometry for CD16, CD64, CD11b, CD14, and human leukocyte antigen-DR expression, phagocytosis of IgG opsonized yeast, and oxidant production. Asthma status was assessed by lung function [percent predicted forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)], percent sputum eosinophils, and nonspecific airway responsiveness [provocative concentration that produces a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20,FEV1)]. Asthmatics with >5% airway eosinophils (AEo+) had decreased BM CD64 expression and phagocytosis compared with asthmatics with <5% eosinophils (AEo-). Among asthmatics, a significant correlation was found between CD64 expression and BM phagocytosis (R = 0.7, P < 0.009). Phagocytosis was also correlated with PC20,FEV1 (R = 0.6, P < 0.007), lung function (%predicted FEV1, R = 0.7, P < 0.002) and percent eosinophils (R = -0.6, P < 0.01). In conclusion, BM from asthmatics are functionally modulated, possibly by Th2 cytokines involved in asthma pathology. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Alexis, NE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 47 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 280 IS 2 BP L369 EP L375 PG 7 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 393BU UT WOS:000166450000022 PM 11159017 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Valencia-Salazar, G Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Gambling, TM Garcia, R Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Devlin, RB Carson, JL AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Valencia-Salazar, G Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A Gambling, TM Garcia, R Osnaya, N Villarreal-Calderon, A Devlin, RB Carson, JL TI Ultrastructural nasal pathology in children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pollutants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEXICO-CITY; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; URBAN POLLUTION; OZONE EXPOSURE; LAVAGE FLUID; FORMALDEHYDE; CELLS; INFLAMMATION; PARTICLES AB Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) children are repeatedly exposed to a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, and aldehydes. Nasal biopsies taken from these children exhibit a wide range of histopathologic alterations: marked changes in ciliated and goblet cell populations, basal cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and mild dysplasias. We studied the ultrastructural features of 15 nasal biopsies obtained from clinically healthy children 4 to 15 yr of age, growing up in SWMMC. The results were compared with nasal biopsies from 11 children growing up in Veracruz and exposed to low pollutant levels. Ultrathin sections of nasal biopsies revealed an unremarkable mucociliary epithelium in control children, whereas SWMMC children showed an epithelium comprised of variable numbers of basal, ciliated, goblet, and squamous metaplastic as well as intermediate cells. Nascent ciliated cells, as evidenced by the presence of migratory kinetosomes, were common, as were ciliary abnormalities, including absent central microtubules, supernumerary central and peripheral tubules, ciliary microtubular discontinuities, and compound cilia. Dyskinesia associated with these abnormal cilia was suggested by the altered orientation of the central microtubules in closely adjacent cilia. A transudate was evident between epithelial cells, suggesting potential deficiencies in epithelial junction integrity. Particulate matter was present in heterolysosomal bodies in epithelial cells and it was also deposited in intercellular spaces. The severe structural alteration of the nasal epithelium together with the prominent acquired ciliary defects are likely the result of chronic airway injury in which ozone, particulate matter, and aldehydes are thought to play a crucial role. The nasal epithelium in SWMMC children is fundamentally disordered, and their mucociliary defense mechanisms are no longer intact. A compromised nasal epithelium has less ability to protect the lower respiratory tract and may potentially leave the distal acinar airways more vulnerable to reactive gases. Impairment of mucociliary clearance has the potential to increase the contact time between deposited mutagenic particulate matter and the epithelial surface, thus increasing the risk for nasal carcinogenesis. Chronic exposures to air pollutants affect the whole respiratory tract; the nasal epithelium is an accessible and valuable sentinel to monitor exposures to toxic or carcinogenic substances. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Nacl Pediatria, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Sociedad Med Otorrinolaringol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32 ES07126] NR 34 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 132 EP 138 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 405JV UT WOS:000167157000005 PM 11159046 ER PT J AU Ketterer, ME Lowry, JH Simon, J Humphries, K Novotnak, MP AF Ketterer, ME Lowry, JH Simon, J Humphries, K Novotnak, MP TI Lead isotopic and chalcophile element compositions in the environment near a zinc smelting-secondary zinc recovery facility, Palmerton, Pennsylvania, USA SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BASE-METAL SMELTER; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; NORTH-AMERICA; FLIN-FLON; ICP-MS; SOIL; CONTAMINATION; FOREST AB The environment surrounding Palmerton, Pennsylvania is contaminated with Pb arising from primary Zn smelting and a process involving Zn recovery from electric are steel furnace dusts. Lead isotope systematics have been used to distinguish primary Zn smelting Pb (Pb-206/Pb-204 similar to 18.4-18.5) from electric are furnace dust lead (Pb-206/Pb-204 similar to 19.0-19.1). Primary Zn smelting is the dominant source of Pb in O2 horizon soils from undisturbed near-Palmerton locations, which contain up to 3570 ppm Pb and 782 ppm Cd. Soils from undeveloped near-Palmerton locations also exhibit unusually elevated concentrations of other sphalerite-derived chalcophilic elements (Se, Ag, In, Sb, Te, Au, Hg, Tl and Bi); indium concentrations of up to 17.0 ppm are observed therein. Residential soils and dusts from Palmerton contain Pb which is largely explainable via mixing of Pb from primary Zn smelting and electric are furnace dusts. Approximately 80% of the Pb in airborne particulate matter sampled at Palmerton in 1991 is derived from electric are furnace dusts, and atmospheric enrichment factors for Cu, Sb, Pb, and Bi are observed which confirm this major source contribution. Residential samples from a control location contain Pb which is less radiogenic than is found in Palmerton, and exhibit no unusual elevation in sphalerite elements. Lead source discrimination in the Palmerton environment via Pb isotopic and elemental constituents approaches result in parallel conclusions. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Chem, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. John Carroll Univ, Dept Chem, University Hts, OH 44118 USA. RP Ketterer, ME (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Chem, Box 5698, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 53 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 16 IS 2 BP 207 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00029-9 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 377WB UT WOS:000165548300005 ER PT J AU Folmar, LC Gardner, GR Schreibman, MP Magliulo-Cepriano, L Mills, LJ Zaroogian, G Gutjahr-Gobell, R Haebler, R Horowitz, DB Denslow, ND AF Folmar, LC Gardner, GR Schreibman, MP Magliulo-Cepriano, L Mills, LJ Zaroogian, G Gutjahr-Gobell, R Haebler, R Horowitz, DB Denslow, ND TI Vitellogenin-induced pathology in male summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish; pathology; vitellogenin; estradiol ID ZONA-RADIATA-PROTEINS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; VITELLINE ENVELOPE PROTEINS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; IN-VIVO; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; TREATMENT WORKS; PLASMA-LEVELS; ESTRADIOL-17-BETA AB Male summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) were given two injections (initially and 2 weeks later) of 17 beta -estradiol (E2) totaling 0.2 (2 x 0.1), 2.0 (2 x 1.0) or 20.0 (2 x 10.0) mg E2/kg body weight. Blood and tissue samples were collected 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the initial injection in the (2 x 0.1) mg/kg treatment, 4, 6, 8, and 15 weeks after the first injection in the (2 x 1.0) mg/kg treatment and at 4 weeks only in the (2 x 10.0) mg/kg treatment. Five of the 12 fish injected twice with 10.0 mg/kg were moribund before the first sampling period. Circulating levels of vitellogenin (VTG) in the blood of all E2-injected fish from all treatments were comparable with those concentrations found in the blood of wild male carp (Cyprinus carpio) and walleye (Stezostedion vitreum) previously collected near a sewage treatment plant (0.1-10.0 mg VTG/ml plasma). Excessive hyalin material accumulated in the livers, kidneys and testes of the treated fish. A portion of that material was identified as VTG by immunohistochemistry. The accumulation of VTG, and possibly other estrogen-inducible proteins, resulted in hepatocyte hypertrophy, disruption of spermatogenesis, and obstruction or rupture of renal glomeruli. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. CUNY Brooklyn Coll, Dept Biol, Aquat Res & Environm Assessment Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. SUNY, Dept Biol, Farmingdale, NY 11735 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Folmar, LC (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM folmar.leroy@epa.gov NR 42 TC 65 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 51 IS 4 BP 431 EP 441 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00121-1 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 389FK UT WOS:000166227800006 PM 11090901 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Benane, SG House, DE AF Blackman, CF Benane, SG House, DE TI The influence of 1.2 mu T, 60 Hz magnetic fields on melatonin- and tamoxifen-induced inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; in vitro; ELF; replication study ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; HUMAN-BREAST-CANCER; NEONATAL RAT PITUITARY; PINEAL HORMONE MELATONIN; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; MEMBRANE FLUIDITY; CYCLIC-AMP; PROLIFERATION; RECEPTOR; MECHANISMS AB We independently examined the findings of Harland and Liburdy, who reported that 1.2 muT(rms), 60 Hz magnetic fields could significantly reduce the inhibitory action of physiological levels of melatonin (10(-9) M) and of pharmacological levels of tamoxifen (10(-7) M) on the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. We used two testing protocols. In the melatonin study, the cell numbers per dish on day 7 of treatment were determined using a hemocytometer assay. In the tamoxifen study we used an expanded protocol, employing an alternative cell counting assay to characterize the cell numbers per dish on days 4, 5, 6, and 7. In both the melatonin and tamoxifen studies, cells were plated on 35 mm dishes and placed in each of two exposure chambers inside 5% CO2 incubators. One exposure chamber was energized to produce 1.2 muT(rms), 60 Hz magnetic fields and the other chamber was not energized. Treatment was continuous until assays were performed. Cells were harvested at selected times, and enumerated without knowledge of treatment. In the melatonin study, the experiment was repeated three times, whereas in the tamoxifen study, each experiment was repeated nine times. In the melatonin study, cell numbers per dish were significantly reduced (by 16.7%) in the melatonin treated cultures after 7 days of incubation compared to control cultures, whereas in the presence of 1.2 muT(rms), 60 Hz magnetic fields, the melatonin treated cultures had the same cell populations as the control cultures. In the tamoxifen study, tamoxifen reduced the cell growth by 18.6 and 25% on days 6 and 7, respectively, in the chamber not energized, while in 1.2 muT(rms), 60 Hz fields, tamoxifen reduced the cell growth only by 8.7 and 13.1%, respectively. These results are consistent with those reported by Harland and Liburdy. A critical element of this successful replication effort was the constructive communication established and maintained with the original investigators. Bioelectromagnetics 22:122-128, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Blackman, CF (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PD FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 2 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1002/1521-186X(200102)22:2<122::AID-BEM1015>3.0.CO;2-V PG 7 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA 396TP UT WOS:000166652900008 PM 11180258 ER PT J AU Casale, GP Singhal, M Bhattacharya, S RamaNathan, R Roberts, KP Barbacci, DC Zhao, J Jankowiak, R Gross, ML Cavalieri, EL Small, GJ Rennard, SI Mumford, JL Shen, ML AF Casale, GP Singhal, M Bhattacharya, S RamaNathan, R Roberts, KP Barbacci, DC Zhao, J Jankowiak, R Gross, ML Cavalieri, EL Small, GJ Rennard, SI Mumford, JL Shen, ML TI Detection and quantification of depurinated benzol[alpha] pyrene-adducted DNA bases in the urine of cigarette smokers and women exposed to household coal smoke SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE BLOOD-CELLS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; LUNG-CANCER MORTALITY; MOUSE SKIN; XUAN-WEI; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; FLUOROMETRIC ASSAY; IN-VITRO; BENZOPYRENE AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAM) are metabolized to electrophiles that can bind to DNA bases and destabilize the N-glycosyl bond, causing rapid depurination of the adducted bases. Recent studies support depurination of DNA as a mechanism central to the genesis of H-ras mutations in PAM-treated mouse skin. Depurinating adducts account for 71.% of all DNA adducts formed in mouse skin treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BP). This study analyzed urine of cigarette smokers, coal smoke-exposed women, and nonexposed controls for the presence and quantities of the depurinated BP-adducted DNA bases, 7-(benzo[a]pyren-6-yl)guanine (BP-6-N7Gua) and 7-(benzo[a]pyren-6-yl)adenine (BP-6-N7Ade). Since these adducted bases originate from reaction of the BP radical cation with double-stranded DNA and not with RNA or denatured DNA, their presence in urine is indicative of DNA damage. Urine samples were fractionated by a combination of SepPak extraction and reverse-phase HPLC, and then analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. BP-adducted bases were detected in the urine from three of seven cigarette smokers and three of seven women exposed to coal smoke, but were not detected in urine from the 13 control subjects. Concentrations were estimated to be 60-340 and 0.1-0.6 fmol/mg of creatinine equivalent of urine for coal smoke-exposed women (maximum possible BP intake of ca. 23 000 ng/day) and cigarette smokers (BP intake of ca. 800 ng/day), respectively, exhibiting a sensitive response to BP exposures. BP-6-N7Gua was present at ca. 20-300 times the concentration of BP-6-N7Ade in the urine of coal smoke-exposed women, but was not detected in the urine of cigarette smokers. This difference may be due to the remarkably different BP exposures experienced by the two groups of PAM-exposed individuals. These results justify more extensive studies of depurinated BP-adducted DNA bases as potential biomarkers of PAM-associated cancer risk. C1 Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Eppley Inst Res Canc, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Chem, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, US Dept Energy, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Casale, GP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Eppley Inst Res Canc, 986805, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [2 PO1 CA49210]; NCRR NIH HHS [P41RR00954] NR 46 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 14 IS 2 BP 192 EP 201 DI 10.1021/tx000012y PG 10 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 405FM UT WOS:000167147500006 PM 11258968 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Mass spectrometry in environmental sciences SO CHEMICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PRESSURE CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PARTS-PER-TRILLION; ASSISTED-LASER-DESORPTION/IONIZATION; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 1139 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2665 EI 1520-6890 J9 CHEM REV JI Chem. Rev. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 101 IS 2 BP 211 EP 254 DI 10.1021/cr990090u PG 44 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 405BM UT WOS:000167137400002 PM 11712246 ER PT J AU Marsh, DM Trenham, PC AF Marsh, DM Trenham, PC TI Metapopulation dynamics and amphibian conservation SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID BUFO-CALAMITA METAPOPULATION; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; RANA-TEMPORARIA; POPULATION REGULATION; GEOCRINIA-VITELLINA; HYLA-CHRYSOSCELIS; OVIPOSITION SITES; WOOD FROG; TOAD; DISPERSAL AB In many respects, amphibian spatial dynamics resemble classical metapopulation models, in which subpopulations in breeding ponds blink in and out of existence and extinction and colonization rates are functions of pond spatial arrangement. This "ponds-as-patches" view of amphibian spatial dynamics is useful in several respects. First, it highlights the importance of regional and landscape processes in determining local patterns of abundance. Second, it offers a straightforward, pond-based approach to monitoring and managing amphibian populations. For many species, however, the ponds-as-patches view may be an over-simplification and metapopulation structure may be more apparent than real. Changes in distribution may be caused by processes other than extinction and recolonization, and most extinctions probably result from deterministic factors, not stochastic processes. In addition, the effects of pond isolation appear to be important primarily in disturbed environments, and in many cases these isolation effects may be better explained by the distribution of terrestrial habitats than by the distribution of breeding ponds. These complications have important implications for both researchers and managers. For researchers, future efforts need to determine the mechanisms underlying patterns of abundance and distributional change and patterns in amphibian populations. For managers, effective conservation strategies must successfully balance metapopulation considerations with careful attention to local habitat quality. Furthermore, translocations and active management may be indispensable tools for conserving amphibians in landscapes containing multiple breeding ponds. C1 Washington & Lee Univ, Dept Biol, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Marsh, DM (reprint author), Washington & Lee Univ, Dept Biol, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. NR 105 TC 377 Z9 394 U1 9 U2 139 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 40 EP 49 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00129.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 405QK UT WOS:000167170400007 ER PT J AU McKinney, RA Nelson, WG Charpentier, MA Wigand, C AF McKinney, RA Nelson, WG Charpentier, MA Wigand, C TI Ribbed mussel nitrogen isotope signatures reflect nitrogen sources in coastal salt marshes SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Geukensia demissa; land use characteristics; mussel; nitrogen input indicator; nitrogen isotope ratio; ribbed mussel; salt marsh ID ESTUARINE FOOD WEBS; STABLE ISOTOPES; ORGANIC-MATTER; CARBON; NITRATE; DELTA-C-13; MARINE; FLOW; BAY; PHOSPHORUS AB The stable nitrogen isotope ratio in tissue of the ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) was investigated as an indicator of the source of nitrogen inputs to coastal salt marshes. Initially, mussels were fed a diet of N-15-enriched algae in the laboratory to determine how the tissue nitrogen isotope ratio (delta N-15) changed with time. Steady-state times were calculated and found to be size dependent, ranging from 206 to 397 d. This indicated that mussels are long-term integrators of delta N-15 from their diet and may reflect nitrogen inputs to a marsh. Next, indigenous mussels were collected from 10 marshes with similar hydrology and geomorphology in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA, and mussel delta N-15 Values were evaluated as indicators of nitrogen source. Significant positive correlations were observed between delta N-15 in mussels and the fraction of residential development in the marsh watersheds. In contrast, mussel isotope ratios showed significant negative correlations with the fraction of combined agricultural and recreational land use. These correlations suggested that the mussel nitrogen isotope signature is influenced by nitrogen derived from human activities in the adjoining marsh watershed. A more detailed examination of these relationships indicated that land use practices in close proximity to marshes and estuarine characteristics may also influence the observed nitrogen isotope signature. A simple, empirical model based on the 10 watersheds was developed to predict mussel delta N-15 from land use characteristics. The predictive ability of the model was tested with data from 12 additional marshes having similar geomorphology as the original 10, but differing in hydrology and mode of nutrient input. The model showed that ribbed mussel nitrogen isotope signatures may provide information on the source of nitrogen to coastal areas. This could be of use in developing general policies or strategies for monitoring and assessing coastal eutrophication. In addition, the isotopic ratio of mussels is useful as a proxy for watershed land use practices when assessing ecological responses to nutrient enrichment in coastal marshes. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OAO Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP McKinney, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 45 TC 49 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 17 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 11 IS 1 BP 203 EP 214 DI 10.2307/3061067 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 398GT UT WOS:000166749100017 ER PT J AU Heil, MT Selden, TM AF Heil, MT Selden, TM TI Carbon emissions and economic development: future trajectories based on historical experience SO ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-QUALITY AB This paper estimates the historic relationship between carbon emissions and GDP using data across countries and across time. We combine this relationship with plausible projections for GDP and population growth to construct a model that offers insights into the likely path of global emissions in the next century. In addition, we experiment with a method for incorporating oil prices into the model: Our analysis provides independent confirmation of the business-as-usual forecasts generated by the Larger structural models. C1 US EPA, Indoor Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. AHCPR, CCFS, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Heil, MT (reprint author), US EPA, Indoor Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 1355-770X J9 ENVIRON DEV ECON JI Environ. Dev. Econ. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 6 BP 63 EP 83 DI 10.1017/S1355770X01000043 PN 1 PG 21 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 425EP UT WOS:000168278000003 ER PT J AU Hyman, JB Leibowitz, SG AF Hyman, JB Leibowitz, SG TI JSEM: A framework for identifying and evaluating indicators SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE best professional judgement; conceptual models; environmental assessment; indicator evaluation; path analysis; Structural Equation Modeling ID ECOLOGICAL RISK; CONSERVATION; SCALE AB There are two issues in indicator development that have not been adequately addressed: (1) how to select an optimal combination of potentially redundant indicators that together best represent an endpoint, given cost constraints; (2) how to identify and evaluate indicators when the endpoint is unmeasured. This paper presents an approach to identifying and evaluating combinations of indicators when the mathematical relationships between the indicators and an endpoint may not be quantified, a limitation common to many ecological assessments. The approach uses the framework of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which combines path analysis with measurement models, to formalize available information about potential indicators and to evaluate their potential adequacy for representing an endpoint. Unlike traditional applications of SEM which require data on all variables, our approach - judgement-based SEM (JSEM) - can utilize expert judgement regarding the strengths and shapes of indicator-endpoint relationships. JSEM is applied in two stages. First, a conceptual model that relates variables in a network of direct and indirect linkages is developed, and is used to identify indicators relevant to an endpoint. Second, an index of indicator strength - i.e., the strength of the relationship between the endpoint and a set of indicators - is calculated from estimates of correlation between the modeled variables, and is used to compare alternative sets of indicators. The second stage is most appropriate for large, long-term assessments. Although JSEM is not a statistical technique, basing JSEM on SEM provides a structure for validating the conceptual model and for refining the index of indicator strength as data become available. Our main objective is to contribute to a rigorous and consistent selection of indicators even when knowledge about the ability of indicators to represent an endpoint is limited to expert judgement. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Dynamac Corp, Environm Serv, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Hyman, JB (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Dynamac Corp, Environm Serv, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 66 IS 3 BP 207 EP 232 DI 10.1023/A:1006397031160 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 393ZZ UT WOS:000166500700001 PM 11281421 ER PT J AU Boothman, WS Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ Robson, DL Helmstetter, A Corbin, JM Pratt, SD AF Boothman, WS Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ Robson, DL Helmstetter, A Corbin, JM Pratt, SD TI Biological response to variation of acid-volatile sulfides and metals in field-exposed spiked sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; acid-volatile sulfide; metals; interstitial water; benthic colonization ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; LONG-ISLAND SOUND; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; MARINE; NICKEL; SULFUR; NORMALIZATIONS AB Vertical and temporal variations of acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in sediment can control biological impacts of metals. To assess the significance of these variations in field sediments, sediments spiked with cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were deployed in Narragansett Bay for four months and recolonization by benthic organisms investigated. In surface sediments, concentrations of AVS decreased with time whenever AVS exceeded SEM but remained unchanged when AVS was less than SEM; in subsurface sediments, concentrations increased slightly. Concentrations of total SEM decreased with time only in surface sediments in which SEM exceeded AVS. Metals were not detected in interstitial waters of sediments where AVS exceeded SEM but were significant when SEM exceeded AVS and followed the order of solubilities of their sulfides. Concentrations in interstitial waters decreased with time, but exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic water quality criteria for 56 to 119 d. After 119 d, faunal assemblages in all treatments were similar to controls. Lack of biological response was related to vertical distributions of AVS and SEM. Biological exposure took place in near-surface sediments, where AVS exceeded SEM in even the highest treatments. Therefore, concentrations of metals in interstitial waters were low and consequently biological impacts were undetectable. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Environm Hlth, Isle Wight Hlth Dept, Smithfield, VA 23430 USA. SWCA Inc, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA. Chesapeake Bay Fdn, Richmond, VA 23219 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Boothman, WS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 264 EP 272 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0264:BRTVOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 396DX UT WOS:000166622000006 PM 11351425 ER PT J AU Matta, MB Linse, J Cairncross, C Francendese, L Kocan, RM AF Matta, MB Linse, J Cairncross, C Francendese, L Kocan, RM TI Reproductive and transgenerational effects of methylmercury or Aroclor 1268 on Fundulus heteroclitus SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mercury; polychlorinated biphenyls; Fundulus; tissue concentrations; reproduction ID SEX DETERMINATION; RAINBOW-TROUT; MERCURY; EGG; CONTAMINATION; CONGENERS; CHLORIDE; WILDLIFE; ESTROGEN; PCB AB This research determined the potential for methylmercury or Aroclor 1268 to disrupt reproduction and sexual differentiation in Fundulus heteroclitus. The research determined whether fish that are exposed to mercury or Aroclor 1268 survive and successfully reproduce; whether offspring of exposed fish hatch, survive, produce eggs, and fertilize them; and whether the second-generation offspring of exposed fish hatch and survive. Fundulus heteroclitus were exposed to mercury or Aroclor 1268 via contaminated food. Endpoints evaluated included survival, growth, fecundity, fertilization success, hatch success, larval survival, sex ratios, and the prevalence of gonadal abnormalities. In general, polychlorinated biphenyls were highly bioavailable and accumulated well through feeding. The only statistically significant effect observed as a result of treatment with Aroclor 1268 was an increase in growth in the offspring of exposed fish. Mercury was accumulated in a dose-dependent fashion via food exposures. Exposure to mercury in food increased mortality in male F. heteroclitus, which possibly occurred as a result of behavioral alterations. Increased mortality was observed at body burdens of 0.2 to 0.47 mug/g. Offspring of F. heteroclitus fed mercury-contaminated food were less able to successfully reproduce, with reduced fertilization success observed at egg concentrations of 0.01 to 0.63 mug/g, which corresponds with parent whole-body concentrations of 1.1 to 1.2 mug/g. Offspring of exposed fish also had altered sex ratios, with treatment at moderate concentrations producing fewer females and treatment at the highest concentration producing more females than expected. Alterations in sex ratios were observed at concentrations of less than 0.01 mug/g in eggs or between 0.44 and 1.1 mug/g in parents. Offspring of mercury-exposed fish also had increased growth in moderate treatments, when egg concentrations were less than 0.02 mug/g, or when parent whole bodies contained 0.2 to 0.47 mug/g. in summary, exposure to mercury reduced male survival, reduced the ability of offspring to successfully reproduce, and altered sex ratios in offspring. Both direct effects on exposed fish and transgenerational effects were observed. C1 NOAA, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US EPA, Hazardous Waste Div, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Matta, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 40 TC 50 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 18 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 327 EP 335 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 396DX UT WOS:000166622000013 PM 11351432 ER PT J AU Hemmer, MJ Hemmer, BL Bowman, CJ Kroll, KJ Folmar, LC Marcovich, D Hoglund, MD Denslow, ND AF Hemmer, MJ Hemmer, BL Bowman, CJ Kroll, KJ Folmar, LC Marcovich, D Hoglund, MD Denslow, ND TI Effects of p-nonylphenol, methoxychlor, and endosulfan on vitellogenin induction and expression in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fish; vitellogenin; p-nonylphenol; methoxychlor; endosulfan ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; VIVO ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; IN-VIVO; RECOMBINANT YEAST; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; GENE-EXPRESSION; 4-NONYLPHENOL AB Temporal and dose-response relationships of vitellogenin (VTG) mRNA induction and subsequent plasma VTG accumulation were established for sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) treated with p-nonylphenol (an alkylphenol) and the organochlorine pesticides methoxychlor and endosulfan. Thirty-two adult male fish per treatment were continuously exposed to measured concentrations of 0.64, 5.4, 11.8, 23.3, and 42.7 mug/L p-nonylphenol; 1.1, 2.5, 5.6, 12.1, and 18.4 mug/L methoxychlor; and in two separate tests, 15.9, 36.3, 68.8, 162, 277, 403, 590, and 788 mug/L endosulfan using an intermittent flow-through dosing apparatus. Separate triethylene glycol (50 mul/L) and 17 beta -estradiol (65.1 ng/L) treatments served as the negative and positive controls, respectively. Four fish were randomly sampled from each test concentration on days 2, 5, 13, 21, 35, and 42 of exposure, and levels of hepatic VTG mRNA induction and serum VTG accumulation were determined for each individual. Overall, fish exposed to p-nonylphenol or methoxychlor demonstrated a rapid, dose-dependent synthesis of VTG mRNA up to day 5 of exposure, followed by a relatively constant dose-dependent expression through day 42. Both chemicals showed a dose-dependent increase in plasma VTG over the entire time course of exposure, with significantly elevated VTG levels by the fifth day of exposure to p-nonylphenol at concentrations of 5.4 mug/L or greater and to methoxychlor at concentrations of 2.5 mug/L or greater. Exposure to 0.64 mug/L p-nonylphenol resulted in highly variable plasma VTG levels of less than 6 mg/ml. Exposures with endosulfan failed to induce measurable levels of either hepatic VTG mRNA or serum VTG at the chemical concentrations tested. Our results demonstrate that the sheepshead minnow bioassay is a suitable estuarine/marine teleost model for in vivo screening of potentially estrogenic substances. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Hemmer, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 48 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 13 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 336 EP 343 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0336:EOPNMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 396DX UT WOS:000166622000014 PM 11351433 ER PT J AU Rieger, RH Kaplan, NL Weinberg, CR AF Rieger, RH Kaplan, NL Weinberg, CR TI Efficient use of siblings in testing for linkage and association SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sibship studies; logistic regression; sib TDT; sibship equilibrium test (SDT) ID SIBSHIP TEST; DISEQUILIBRIUM; MARKERS AB Tests of linkage and association between a disease and either a candidate gene or marker allele can be based on sibships with at least one affected and one unaffected sibling. However, specialized techniques are required to account for within-sibship correlation if some sibships contain more than one affected or more than one unaffected sib. In this paper, we propose Within Sibship Paired Resampling (WSPR), a technique that is designed to test the null hypothesis of no linkage or no association, even when sibships contain variable numbers of sibs. One repeatedly generates data subsets based on randomly sampling one affected and one unaffected sibling from each sibship, and each subset is analyzed individually. Then, evidence is combined by averaging results across these resampled data sets, applying a variance expression that implicitly accounts for the correlation among siblings. While the general WSPR procedure allows for numerous testing strategies, we describe two in detail. Simulation results for scenarios with varying degrees of population stratification demonstrate good power for the WSPR testing methods compared to the sib TDT (S-TDT) and the sibship disequilibrium test (SDT). (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 W Chester Univ, Dept Math, Chester, PA 19383 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Rieger, RH (reprint author), W Chester Univ, Dept Math, Chester, PA 19383 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 175 EP 191 DI 10.1002/1098-2272(200102)20:2<175::AID-GEPI2>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 17 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 396KA UT WOS:000166634300002 PM 11180445 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB Forinash, EK Byrum, CO Peake, RT Marcinowski, F Kruger, MU AF Wolbarst, AB Forinash, EK Byrum, CO Peake, RT Marcinowski, F Kruger, MU TI An overview of EPA regulation of the safe disposal of transuranic waste at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE waste disposal; regulations; radiation protection; environmental impact ID CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AB In March of 1999, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeast New Mexico, the world's first deep geological repository for radioactive materials, began receiving defense-related transuranic waste. The WIPP was designed and constructed by the U.S. Department of Energy, but critical to its opening was certification by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that the repository complies with the radioactive waste disposal regulations set forth as environmental radiation protection standards (40 CFR Part 191) and compliance criteria (40 CFR Part 194). This paper provides a summary of the regulatory process, including the Environmental Protection Agency's waste containment, groundwater protection, and individual dose regulations for the WIPP; the Department of Energy's performance assessment and the other parts of its compliance certification application; and the Environmental Protection Agency's review and analysis of the compliance certification application and related documentation, C1 US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air 6608J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM wolbarst.anthony@epa.gov NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 80 IS 2 BP 110 EP 125 DI 10.1097/00004032-200102000-00002 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 391MC UT WOS:000166358900002 PM 11197458 ER PT J AU Sonich-Mullin, C AF Sonich-Mullin, C CA Int Programme Chemical Safety TI Harmonizing the incorporation of uncertainty and variability into risk assessment: An international approach SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Workshop on Evaluation of Default Safety Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY MAY 03, 2000 CL NUTLEY, NEW JERSEY SP Hoffmann La Roche Pharmaceut Co, Inc DE risk assessment; harmonization; uncertainty and variability; inter-species and inter- individual differences AB International harmonization of risk assessment approaches affords a number of opportunities and advantages. Overall, harmonization will lead to more efficient use of resources, but also will lead to better understanding amongst scientists and regulators worldwide. It is with these goals in mind that in 1994 the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) initiated its Project on the Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals (Harmonization Project). An ongoing activity under this project addresses uncertainty and variability in risk assessment. The goal of the overall activity is to promote harmonization of risk assessment methodologies for noncancer endpoints. However, given the common links in uncertainty and variability that apply across a range of endpoint-specific activities, these links are identified wherever possible. This paper provides an overview of the IPCS Harmonization Project and reviews the activity and future plans related to uncertainty and variability. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sonich-Mullin, C (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 410HE UT WOS:000167433900003 ER PT J AU Fenner-Crisp, PA AF Fenner-Crisp, PA TI The FQPA 10X safety factor: How much is science? How much is sociology? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Workshop on Evaluation of Default Safety Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY MAY 03, 2000 CL NUTLEY, NJ SP Hoffmann La Roche Pharmaceut Co, Inc DE food safety; pesticide regulation; risk assessment AB On August 3, 1996, the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) was signed into law. The FQPA instructed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in making its "reasonable certainty of no harm" finding, that in "the case of threshold effects,...an additional tenfold margin of safety.....shall be applied for infants and children to take into account potential pre- and postnatal toxicity and completeness of data with respect to exposure and toxicity to infants and children." The law further states that "the Administrator may use a different margin of safety.......only if, on the basis of reliable data, such margin will be safe for infants and children." This paper describes how the Office of Pesticide Programs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposes to implement this legislative mandate in its 1999 draft. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs 7501C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fenner-Crisp, PA (reprint author), ILSI Risk Sci Inst, 1126 16th St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM pfennercrisp@ilsi.org NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 520 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 EI 1549-7860 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 107 EP 116 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 410HE UT WOS:000167433900007 ER PT J AU Kimmel, CA AF Kimmel, CA TI US EPA reference dose/reference concentration methodology: Update on a review of the process SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Workshop on Evaluation of Default Safety Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY MAY 03, 2000 CL NUTLEY, NEW JERSEY SP Hoffmann La Roche Pharmaceut Co, Inc DE reference dose; reference concentration; risk assessment AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has been reviewing several approaches to testing and risk assessment related to implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) and the Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), both signed into law in 1996. Based on recommendations from a review of issues related to children's health protection under these laws, the USEPA established the RfD Technical Panel to evaluate in depth the current reference dose (RfD) and reference concentration (RfG) process in general, and in particular with respect to how well children and other potentially sensitive subpopulations are protected. The RfD Technical Panel also was asked to consider scientific issues that have become of greater concern in RfD and RfC derivation (e.g., neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity), and to raise issues that should be explored or developed further for application in the RfD/RfC process. This paper provides the current status of the activities of the RfD Technical Panel. The Technical Panel has recommended that acute, short- term, and intermediate reference values should be set for chemicals, where possible, and that these values should be incorporated into the USEPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Database. A review of current testing procedures is underway, including the endpoints assessed, life stages covered by exposure and outcome evaluation, and information that can be derived from current protocols on various durations of exposure. Data gaps identified for risk assessment include the types of pharmacokinetic data that should be collected, especially for developmental toxicity studies, the impact of aging on toxic responses occurring after early exposure as well as concomitant with exposure in old age, and information available on latency to response. The implications of the RfD Technical Panel's recommendations for various uncertainty factors are also being explored. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 117 EP 123 DI 10.1080/20018091094231 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 410HE UT WOS:000167433900008 ER PT J AU Kimmel, G Vu, V AF Kimmel, G Vu, V TI Framework for human health risk assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Workshop on Evaluation of Default Safety Factors in Health Risk Assessment CY MAY 03, 2000 CL NUTLEY, NEW JERSEY SP Hoffmann La Roche Pharmaceut Co, Inc DE risk assessment; harmonization; mode of action AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized the need to develop a framework for human health risk assessment that puts a perspective on the approaches in practice throughout the Agency. In response, the USEPA's Risk Assessment Forum has begun the process of developing a framework for human health risk assessment. This paper provides some additional background to the previous review of the framework efforts and notes the Agency's extramural efforts to begin the process of integrating and harmonizing risk assessment approaches for all human health endpoints. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kimmel, G (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev 8623D, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 153 EP 156 DI 10.1080/20018091094268 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 410HE UT WOS:000167433900011 ER PT J AU Vesper, SJ Magnuson, ML Dearborn, DG Yike, I Haugland, RA AF Vesper, SJ Magnuson, ML Dearborn, DG Yike, I Haugland, RA TI Initial characterization of the hemolysin stachylysin from Stachybotrys chartarum SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI HEMOLYSIN; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN; ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS; PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; VIRULENCE FACTORS; RABBIT LUNGS; TOXIN; INJURY; PURIFICATION AB Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that has been associated with human health concerns, including pulmonary hemorrhage and hemosiderosis. This fungus produces a hemolysin, stachylysin, which in its apparent monomeric form has a molecular mass of 11,920 Da as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. However, it appears to form polydispersed aggregates, which confounds understanding of the actual hemolytically active form. Exhaustive dialysis or heat treatment at 60 degreesC for 30 min inactivated stachylysin. Stachylysin is composed of about 40% nonpolar amino acids and contains two cysteine residues. Purified stachylysin required more than 6 h to begin lysing sheep erythrocytes, but by 48 h, lysis was complete. Stachylysin also formed pores in sheep erythrocyte membranes. C1 US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, 26 WML King Dr,MS 314, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM Vesper.Stephen@EPA.gov NR 26 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 69 IS 2 BP 912 EP 916 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.2.912-916.2001 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 394MW UT WOS:000166528700037 PM 11159985 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI Monitoring cyclical air/water elemental mercury exchange SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Whistler 2000 Speciation Symposium CY JUN 25-JUL 01, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA ID ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; GASEOUS MERCURY; NATURAL-WATERS; LAKE SURFACES; AIR; PHASE; SOIL; FLUXES; FATE; SEA AB Previous experimental work has demonstrated that elemental mercury evasion From natural water displays a diel cycle; evasion rates during the day call be two to three times evasion rates observed at night. A study with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) found that diurnal PCB air/water exchange rates exceeded nocturnal exchange rates by 32%. Given that the exchange rates of both PCBs and elemental mercury are dominated by the resistance in the aqueous thin film at the air/water interface and that water column elemental mercury concentrations in natural water bodies also display a diel cycle (and water column PCB concentrations do not) the findings hele suggest that PCBs can serve as a tracer to assess the relative contribution of diel atmospheric temperature variations on elemental mercury air/water exchange rates. Using previously published data describing water column elemental mercury concentrations and the previously published did mercury evasion model, four evasion scenarios are examined within the context of monitoring air/water toxicant exchange: constant atmospheric temperatures and constant water column elemental mercury concentrations; variable atmospheric temperatures and constant water column elemental mercury concentrations; constant atmospheric temperatures and variable water column elemental mercury concentrations; and variable atmospheric temperatures and variable water column elemental mercury concentrations. A scenario of monthly elemental mercury air/water exchange also is examined (at constant atmospheric and water column elemental mercury concentrations). Some of the findings include: (1) atmospheric temperature Variations do have a significant effect on air/water toxicant exchange; (2) diel atmospheric temperature variations become more significant to overall diel toxicant exchange rates the closer the air/water system is to equilibrium conditions; (3) for refractory toxicants, average diel exchange rates are best estimated by averaging datasets obtained over a 24 h period or, at minimum, by measuring exchange rates at average atmospheric temperature values; (4) for elemental mercury, variable diel water column concentrations are likely to be the dominant contributor to variations in diel evasion rates; (5) diel atmospheric temperature variations amplify the magnitudes of both diel mercury evasion and absorption events and can shift maximum evasion rates to later in the day; (6) variations in monthly elemental mercury air/water exchange rates may exceed diel variations; and (7) 34 h and monthly monitoring efforts will likely be required to accurately describe diel and annual elemental mercury air/water exchange in a given system. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Loux, NT (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 DI 10.1039/b005545j PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 403RF UT WOS:000167055700012 PM 11253018 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Total organic carbon analyzers as tools for measuring carbonaceous matter in natural waters SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Review ID TEMPERATURE CATALYTIC-OXIDATION; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; PERSULFATE OXIDATION; DOC MEASUREMENTS; PHYTOPLANKTON CULTURES; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; DRINKING-WATER; FRESH-WATERS; COMBUSTION; SEAWATER AB For some utilities, new US drinking water regulations may require the removal of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor material as a means of minimizing DBP formation. The Environmental Protection Agency's Stage It DBP Rule relies on total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations as a measure of the effectiveness of treatment techniques for removing organic material that could act as DBP precursors. Accordingly, precise and accurate methods are needed for the determination of TOC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in raw and finished potable water supplies. This review describes the current analytical technologies and summarizes the key factors affecting measurement quality. It provides a look into the fundamental principles and workings of TOC analyzers. Current peroxydisulfuric acid wet ashing methods and combustion methods are discussed. Issues affecting quality control, such as non-zero blanks and preservation, are covered. Some of the difficulties in analyzing water for TOC and DOC that were identified up to 20 years ago still remain problematic today. Limitations in technology, reagent purity, operator skill and knowledge of natural organic matter (NOM) can preclude the level of precision and accuracy desirable for compliance monitoring. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 115 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 24 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 102 EP 112 DI 10.1039/b006564l PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 403RF UT WOS:000167055700021 PM 11253002 ER PT J AU Daughtrey, EH Oliver, KD Adams, JR Kronmiller, KG Lonneman, WA McClenny, WA AF Daughtrey, EH Oliver, KD Adams, JR Kronmiller, KG Lonneman, WA McClenny, WA TI A comparison of sampling and analysis methods for low-ppbC levels of volatile organic compounds in ambient air SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID 1995 SOUTHERN OXIDANTS; ISOPRENE CHEMISTRY; RESPONSE FACTORS; SITE; NASHVILLE; CANISTERS; TENNESSEE; VOCS AB A carefully designed study was conducted during the summer of 1998 to collect samples of ambient air by canisters and compare the analysis results to direct sorbent preconcentration results taken at the time of sample collection. Thirty-two 1 h sample sets were taken, each composed of a "near-real-time" sample analyzed by an autoGC-MS XonTech 930/Varian Saturn 2000 system, and Summa and Silco canisters. Hourly total nonmethane organic carbon (TNMOC), ozone, and meteorological measurements were also made. Each canister was analyzed on the autoGC-MS system for a target list of 108 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and on a manual cryosampling GC-FID system. Comparisons were made between the collection and analysis methods, Because of the low sample loading (150-250 ppbC TNMOC), these comparisons were a stringent test of sample collection and analysis capabilities. The following specific conclusions may be drawn from this study. Reasonable precision (within 15% mean difference of duplicate analyses from the same canister) can be obtained for analyses of target VOCs at low-ppbC concentrations. Relative accuracy between the GC-MS and GC-FID analysis methods is excellent, as demonstrated by comparisons of analyses of the same canisters, if measurements are sufficiently above the detection limits. This is especially significant as the GC-MS and GC-FID were independently calibrated. While statistically significant differences may be observed between the results from canister and near-real-time samples, the differences were generally small and there were clear correlations between the canister results and the near-real-time results. Canister cleanliness limits detection below the EPA Method TO-14 acceptance standard of 0.2 ppbv (0.2-2 ppbC for target analytes). C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Senior Environm Employment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Daughtrey, EH (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 166 EP 174 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 403RF UT WOS:000167055700030 PM 11253013 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Like our very own: Adoption and the changing culture of motherhood, 1851-1950. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD FEB 1 PY 2001 VL 126 IS 2 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 395XG UT WOS:000166606100159 ER PT J AU Crumpton, T Atkins, DS Zawia, NH Barone, S AF Crumpton, T Atkins, DS Zawia, NH Barone, S TI Lead exposure in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells alters neural differentiation and Sp1 DNA-binding SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neurite outgrowth; lead neurotoxicity; Sp1; NGF; nerve growth factor ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1; DEVELOPING RAT-BRAIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; DENDRITIC DEVELOPMENT; UPSTREAM SEQUENCES; INORGANIC LEAD; TARGET SITE; INHIBITION AB Previous studies have revealed that lead modulates the DNA-binding profile of the transcription factor Sp1 both in vivo and in vitro (Dev Brain Res 1998;107:291). Sp1 is a zinc finger protein, that is selectively up-regulated in certain developing cell types and plays a regulatory role during development and differentiation (Mol Cell Biol 1992;11:2189). In NGF-stimulated PC12 cells, Sp1 DNA-binning activity was induced within 48 h of exposure of NGF naive cells. Exposure of undifferentiated PC12 cells to lend alone (0.1 muM) also produced a similar increase in Sp1 DNA-binding. Since lend altered the DNA-binding profile of Sp1 bl newly differentiating cells, neurite outgrowth,vas assessed as a morphological marker of differentiation to determine whether or not the effects of lead on differentiation were restricted to the initiation phase (unprimed) or the elaboration phase of this process (NGF-primed). NGF-primed and unprimed PC12 cells were prepared for bioassay following exposure to various concentrations of NGF and/or lead. Neurite outgrowth was measured at 48 and 72 h during early stages of NGF-induced differentiation and at 14 h in NGF primed/replated cells. In the absence of NGF: exposure to lead alone (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 muM) promoted measurable neurite outgrowth in unprimed PC12 cells at 48 and 72 h. A similar-phenomenon was also observed in primed/replated PC12 cells at 14 h. However; this effect was two to Jive times greater than unprimed control cells. In the presence of NGF; a similar trend was apparent at lower concentrations, although the magnitude and temporal nature was different from? lead alone. In most cases, the administration of higher lead concentrations (1 and 20 muM), in both the absence or presence of NGF: was less effective than the lower concentrations in potentiating neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that lead alone at low doses may initiate premature stimulation of morphological differentiation that may be related to lead-induced alterations in Spl binding to DNA. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biomed Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Meharry Med Coll, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zawia, NH (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biomed Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES08104] NR 70 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 49 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0161-813X(00)00008-5 PG 14 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 417MB UT WOS:000167837800006 PM 11307851 ER PT J AU Lin, GH Rygiewicz, PT Ehleringer, JR Johnson, MG Tingey, DT AF Lin, GH Rygiewicz, PT Ehleringer, JR Johnson, MG Tingey, DT TI Time-dependent responses of soil CO2 efflux components to elevated atmospheric [CO2] and temperature in experimental forest mesocosms SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE climate change; CO2 enrichment; Douglas-fir forests; elevated atmospheric temperature; soil respiration; stable isotopes ID PINE PINUS-PONDEROSA; N FERTILIZATION; RESPIRATION; CARBON; RHIZOSPHERE; PLANT; FLUXES AB We previously used dual stable isotope techniques to partition soil CO2 efflux into three source components (rhizosphere respiration, litter decomposition, and soil organic matter (SOM) oxidation) using experimental chambers planted with Douglas-fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings. The components responded differently to elevated CO2 (ambient + 200 mu mol mol(-1)) and elevated temperature (ambient + 4 degreesC) treatments during the first year. Rhizosphere respiration increased most under elevated CO2, and SOM oxidation increased most under elevated temperature. However, many studies show that plants and soil processes can respond to altered climates in a transient way. Herein, we extend our analysis to 2 years to evaluate the stability of the responses of the source components. Total soil CO2 efflux increased significantly under elevated CO2 and elevated temperature in both years (1994 and 1995), but the enhancement was much less in 1995. Rhizosphere respiration increased less under elevated temperature in 1995 compared with 1994. Litter decomposition also tended to increase comparatively less in 1995 under elevated CO2, but was unresponsive to elevated temperature between years. In contrast, SOM oxidation was similar under elevated CO2 in the 2 years. Less SOM oxidation occurred under elevated temperature in 1995 compared with 1994. Our results indicate that temporal variations can occur in CO2 production by the sources. The variations likely involve responses to antecedent physical disruption of the soil and physiological processes. C1 Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Columbia Univ, Biosphere Ctr 2, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Stable Isotope Ratio Facil Environm Res, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Lin, GH (reprint author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, POB 689, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. RI Lin, GH/G-4593-2010; Lin, Guanghui/I-6850-2013 OI Lin, Guanghui/0000-0001-6108-3215 NR 22 TC 51 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2001 VL 229 IS 2 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1023/A:1004883221036 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 400JP UT WOS:000166868700011 ER PT J AU Smith, RL Malone, MF AF Smith, RL Malone, MF TI Feasible compositions for random copolymerizations SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS POLYMERIZATION REACTORS; ATTAINABLE REGION; DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR; STYRENE; CSTR AB Using the attainable region approach, feasible compositions and conversions for random copolymers are determined, along with alternatives for the related reactor configurations. This analysis attempts to find all of the possible compositions that can be produced by any system of reactors and mixing. The average copolymer compositions are bounded by the feed composition and the instantaneous copolymer composition produced at the initial conditions. Since the instantaneous copolymer composition can be found through the Mayo-Lewis equation, that case and the feed composition mark the limiting feasible compositions. The results can also be used to determine the range of feed compositions for which a specific copolymer product composition is possible. If the addition of monomer at any point in the reactor system is possible, e.g., by side-feeding, the analysis indicates that any desired copolymer composition can be obtained. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Goessmann Lab 159, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr MS 466, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Malone, Michael/D-2402-2010 OI Malone, Michael/0000-0003-1960-7534 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1002/pen.10717 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 422YP UT WOS:000168147100006 ER PT J AU Perreault, SD Cancel, AM AF Perreault, SD Cancel, AM TI Significance of incorporating measures of sperm production and function into rat toxicology studies SO REPRODUCTION LA English DT Review ID EPIDIDYMAL SPERM; IN-VITRO; HYPERACTIVATED MOTILITY; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICANTS; FERTILIZING ABILITY; AUTOMATED-ANALYSIS; HUMAN SPERMATOZOA; ACROSOME REACTION; MAMMALIAN SPERM; END-POINTS AB The rat is the preferred species for reproductive toxicity testing. The inclusion of measures of rat sperm quality, such as motility and morphology, into reproductive test protocols often increases the sensitivity of the test to detect effects, and provides the toxicologist and risk assessor with valuable information about the nature of the reproductive toxicity of the test substance. Technical advances in computer-aided sperm analysis have made it possible to evaluate motion characteristics of rat spermatozoa. This technology can provide an objective means of classifying the motion of rat spermatozoa as progressive or non-progressive, as required in test protocols. More specific tests of rat sperm function are being applied for the purpose of evaluating modes and mechanisms of toxicant action. Computer-aided sperm analysis can be used to evaluate sperm motion during cultures that support sperm capacitation and to identify hyperactivated spermatozoa. Under the same culture conditions, acrosome-specific stains can be used to identify effects of toxicants on the acrosome reaction. These approaches, in combination with in vitro fertilization in rats, can pinpoint sperm functional deficits and thereby assist the toxicologist in addressing hypotheses regarding the cellular-molecular bases of toxicant-induced male infertility. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Toxicol Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Perreault, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 63 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOURNALS OF REPRODUCTION FERTILITY LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 1470-1626 J9 REPRODUCTION JI Reproduction PD FEB PY 2001 VL 121 IS 2 BP 207 EP 216 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 426BH UT WOS:000168329100004 PM 11226045 ER PT J AU Jetter, JJ Forte, R Rubenstein, R AF Jetter, JJ Forte, R Rubenstein, R TI Fault tree analysis for exposure to refrigerants used for automotive air conditioning in the United States SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE fault tree analysis; exposure; refrigerant; automotive; air-conditioning AB A fault tree analysis was used to estimate the number of refrigerant exposures of automotive service technicians and vehicle occupants in the United States. Exposures of service technicians can occur when service equipment or automotive air-conditioning systems leak during servicing. The number of refrigerant exposures of service technicians was estimated to be 135.000 per year. Exposures of vehicle occupants can occur when refrigerant enters passenger compartments due to sudden leaks in air-conditioning systems, leaks following servicing, or leaks caused by collisions. The total number of exposures of vehicle occupants was estimated to be 3.600 per year. The largest number of exposures of vehicle occupants was estimated for leaks caused by collisions, and the second largest number of exposures was estimated for leaks following servicing. Estimates used in the fault tree analysis were based on a survey of automotive air-conditioning service shops, the: best available data from the literature, and the engineering judgement of the authors and expert reviewers from the Society of Automotive Engineers Interior Climate Control Standards Committee. Exposure concentrations and durations were estimated and compared with toxicity data for refrigerants currently used in automotive air conditioners. Uncertainty was high for the estimated numbers of exposures, exposure concentrations, and exposure durations. Uncertainty could be reduced in the future by conducting more extensive surveys, measurements of refrigerant concentrations, and exposure monitoring. Nevertheless, the analysis indicated that the risk of exposure of service technicians and vehicle occupants is significant, and it is recommended that no refrigerant that is substantially more toxic than currently available substitutes be accepted for use in vehicle air-conditioning systems, absent a means of mitigating exposure. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Off Air & Radiat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Jetter, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Mail Drop 54,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 157 EP 170 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.211098 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 424BY UT WOS:000168213300014 PM 11332544 ER PT J AU Geller, AM Oshiro, WM Haykal-Coates, N Kodavanti, PRS Bushnell, PJ AF Geller, AM Oshiro, WM Haykal-Coates, N Kodavanti, PRS Bushnell, PJ TI Gender-dependent behavioral and sensory effects of a commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) in rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE autoshaping; gender-dependent effects; Aroclor 1254; polychlorinated biphenyls; visual thresholds ID FEMALE WISTAR RATS; PCB EXPOSURE; IN-UTERO; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; 3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL PCB-126; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; SUSTAINED ATTENTION; VISUAL-CORTEX; HEARING-LOSS AB Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with behavioral and cognitive deficits in humans and animal models. Perinatal exposure to PCBs has also been associated with sensory deficits in animal models. These effects were hypothesized to be mediated in part by ortho-substituted PCBs, which do not or weakly bind to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. The present studies were designed to determine whether perinatal exposure to Aroclor 1254, a commercial mixture of > 99% ortho-substituted PCBs, would affect cognitive and sensory function in Long-Evans rats. Adult male and female offspring of female rats fed Aroclor 1254 (Lot #124-191; doses of 0, 1, or 6 mg/kg/day; gestational day 6 through postnatal day 21; n = eight/group) were trained to perform a signal detection task capable of assessing sensory thresholds. Training included autoshaping and operant conditioning. Thresholds for detecting a 1-s light stimulus were determined under background illuminations ranging from 2 lux to complete darkness. Female rats exposed to Aroclor 1254 autoshaped more rapidly than control females, at a rate akin to control males. Control females had lower thresholds than control males at all levels of background illumination. These differences were abolished by Aroclor 1254, which reduced thresholds in males and increased thresholds in females. These data extend previous findings of gender-specific effects of PCBs on neurobehavioral development to measures of acquisition and sensory function. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Geller, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 60 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 59 IS 2 BP 268 EP 277 DI 10.1093/toxsci/59.2.268 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 396LR UT WOS:000166638300011 PM 11158720 ER PT J AU Parran, DK Mundy, WR Barone, S AF Parran, DK Mundy, WR Barone, S TI Effects of methylmercury and mercuric chloride on differentiation and cell viability in PC12 cells SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE neurite outgrowth; developmental neurotoxicity; nerve growth factor (NGF) ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; DEVELOPING RAT-KIDNEY; MAP KINASE KINASE; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY; SEYCHELLOIS CHILDREN; GRANULE NEURONS; METHYL MERCURY AB The effects of methylmercury (CH,Hg) or mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on neurite outgrowth and cell viability were quantified using undifferentiated (unprimed) and differentiated (primed) pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. In unprimed cells, following 24-h exposure, CH3Hg significantly decreased NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth at concentrations of 0.3-3 muM. However, HgCl2 significantly increased both neurite outgrowth and the number of branch points, a component of neurite outgrowth. In primed PC12 cells, following 24-h exposure, both CH3Hg and HgCl2 inhibited NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth with an EC,, of approximately 0.03 muM; however, there was a difference between CH,Hg and HgCl2 effects on the subcomponents of total neurite outgrowth. CH3Hg significantly decreased both the number of branch points (0.3 muM) and fragment length (0.01 muM), while HgCl2 only decreased fragment length (0.03 muM). Cell. viability was assessed in the same cultures by trypan-blue exclusion. In unprimed cells, the ECS, for cytotoxicity of CH,Hg in the presence and absence of NGF was 0.21 +/- 0.04 and 0.87 +/- 0.12 muM, respectively, and for HgCl2 in the presence and absence of NGF was 8.18 +/- 1.52 and 5.02 +/- 0.74 muM, respectively. In primed cells, the EC, for cytotoxicity of CH,Hg in the presence or absence of NGF was 1.17 +/- 0.38 and 0.73 +/- 0.14 muM, respectively, and for HgCl2 in the presence or absence of NGF was 3.96 +/- 0.82 and 3.81 +/- 0.91 muM, respectively. In the primed PC12 model, cytotoxicity occurred at concentrations that were at least 30-fold higher than the EC50 for neurite outgrowth, suggesting that the mercurial compounds can act selectively on the process of differentiation. C1 US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Barone, S (reprint author), US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, Mail Drop 74-B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32ES07126] NR 78 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 59 IS 2 BP 278 EP 290 DI 10.1093/toxsci/59.2.278 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 396LR UT WOS:000166638300012 PM 11158721 ER PT J AU Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Guidici, DL Narotsky, MG AF Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Guidici, DL Narotsky, MG TI Pregnancy loss in the rat caused by bromodichloromethane SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bromodichloromethane; disinfection by-product; pregnancy loss; strain differences; progesterone; luteinizing hormone; corpus luteum ID DRINKING-WATER; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; TRIHALOMETHANES; PSEUDOPREGNANCY; OUTCOMES AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a trihalomethane, is a byproduct of the chlorination of drinking water. In a recent epidemiological study, consumption of BDCM was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in pregnant women. We have previously shown that BDCM causes pregnancy loss, i.e., full-lifter resorption (FLR), in the F344 rat. The mode of action was investigated, with three main findings. First, there was a dramatic difference in sensitivity between F344 and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat strains. Following aqueous gavage treatment on gestational days (GD) 6-10, F344 rats had a 62% incidence of FLR at 75 mg/kg/day, whereas all SD rats maintained their litters. Second, the critical period encompassed the luteinizing hormone (LH)-dependent period of pregnancy. Rats treated on GD 6-10 at 75 mg/kg/day had a 75% incidence of FLR, but rats treated on GD 11-15 at 75 or 100 mg/kg/day were unaffected. Third, 24 h after a single dose, all dams with FLR had markedly reduced serum progesterone levels; however, LH levels were unaffected. The high FLR rate during the LH-dependent period, the lack of response thereafter, and the reduced progesterone levels without an associated reduction in LH levels suggests that BDCM disrupts luteal responsiveness to LH. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bielmeier, SR (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 59 IS 2 BP 309 EP 315 DI 10.1093/toxsci/59.2.309 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 396LR UT WOS:000166638300015 PM 11158724 ER PT J AU Grulke, NE Andersen, CP Hogsett, WE AF Grulke, NE Andersen, CP Hogsett, WE TI Seasonal changes in above- and belowground carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine along a pollution gradient SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IUFRO International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY SEP 26-29, 1999 CL NANCY, FRANCE SP Univ Henri Poincare DE carbohydrate allocation; mature trees; multiple stressors; ozone exposure; Pinus ponderosa ID CARBON ALLOCATION; OZONE EXPOSURE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; PHOTOSYNTHATE ALLOCATION; ACIDIC PRECIPITATION; TAEDA SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; PATTERNS; NITROGEN AB Seasonal patterns of carbohydrate concentration in coarse and fine roots, stem or bole, and foliage of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) were described across five tree-age classes from seedlings to mature trees at an atmospherically clean site. Relative to all other tree-age classes, seedlings exhibited greater tissue carbohydrate concentration in stems and foliage, and greater shifts in the time at which maximum and minimum carbohydrate concentration occurred, To determine the effect of environmental stressors on tissue carbohydrate concentration, two tree-age classes (40-year-old and mature) were compared at three sites along a well-established, long-term O-3 and N deposition gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, Maximum carbohydrate concentration of 1-year-old needles declined with increasing pollution exposure in both tree-age classes. Maximum fine root monosaccharide concentration was depressed for both 40-year-old and mature trees at the most polluted site. Maximum coarse and fine root starch concentrations were significantly depressed at the most polluted site in mature trees. Maximum bole carbohydrate concentration of 40-year-old trees was greater for the two most polluted sites relative to the cleanest site: the hole appeared to be a storage organ at sites where high O-3 and high N deposition decreased root biomass. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Grulke, NE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 39 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2-3 BP 173 EP 181 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 399TW UT WOS:000166829300013 PM 11303648 ER PT J AU Botton, B Chalot, M Dizengremel, P Le Tacon, F Rygiewicz, P Topa, M AF Botton, B Chalot, M Dizengremel, P Le Tacon, F Rygiewicz, P Topa, M TI Dynamics of physiological processes in woody roots - Preface SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Henri Poincare, Nancy, France. US EPA, Corvallis, OR USA. Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY USA. RP Botton, B (reprint author), Univ Henri Poincare, Nancy, France. RI CHALOT, Michel/A-1113-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2-3 BP U2 EP U2 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 399TW UT WOS:000166829300001 ER PT J AU Vane, LM Hitchens, L Alvarez, FR Giroux, EL AF Vane, LM Hitchens, L Alvarez, FR Giroux, EL TI Field demonstration of pervaporation for the separation of volatile organic compounds from a surfactant-based soil remediation fluid SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE pervaporation; surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation; VOC; SEAR; microemulsion AB As part of a Department of Defense project, the US Environmental Protection Agency was responsible for designing, building and field operating a pilot-scale pervaporation unit. The field site was an active dry cleaning facility on the grounds of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in Jacksonville, NC. The overall goal of the project was to remove tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from the soil beneath the dry cleaning shop using a surfactant-based soil remediation fluid and to recycle/reuse the surfactant. In order to reinject the recovered surfactant, the pervaporation unit was required to achieve an average 95% removal of contaminants from the extracted fluid over the duration of the test period. PCE removal averaged 95.8% during peak surfactant levels and exceeded 99.9% in the absence of surfactant, thereby meeting the reinjection requirement. Removal of a group of secondary contaminants at the site, termed Varsol(TM) compounds, was monitored via concentrations of three Varsol(TM) marker compounds: decane, undecane and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. The pervaporation system processed 100,000 gal of groundwater and surfactant solution over a period of 70 days. In order to evaluate and validate process performance, a variety of process variables and properties were monitored over the course of the demonstration. Pervaporation costs are projected to be on the order of $20 per 1000 gal of surfactant solution treated for a moderate size system (10 gpm). Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 9 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JAN 29 PY 2001 VL 81 IS 1-2 BP 141 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00337-X PG 26 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 391UW UT WOS:000166375200009 PM 11118689 ER PT J AU George, SE Huggins-Clark, G Brooks, LR AF George, SE Huggins-Clark, G Brooks, LR TI Use of a Salmonella microsuspension bioassay to detect the mutagenicity of munitions compounds at low concentrations SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE trinitrotoluene; tetryl; RDX; mutagenicity; munitions ID CONTAMINATED SOIL; ASSAY; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE; TRINITROTOLUENE; METABOLITES; TYPHIMURIUM; URINE; TNT AB Past production and handling of munitions has resulted in soil contamination at various military facilities. Depending on the concentrations present. these soils pose both a reactivity and toxicity hazard and the potential for groundwater contamination. Many munitions-related chemicals have been examined for mutagenicity in the Ames test, but because the metabolites may be present in low environmental concentrations, a more sensitive method is needed to elucidate the associated mutagenicity. RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1.3.5-tiazine) TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline), TNB (1,3.5-trinitrobenzene) and metabolites were examined for mutagenicity in a microsuspension modification of the Salmonella histidine reversion assay with and without metabolic activation. TNB and tetryl were positive in TA98 (32.5, 5.2 revertants/nmole) and TA100 (7.4, 9.5 revertants/nmole) without metabolic activation and were more potent than TNT (TA98, 0.3 revertants/nmole; TA 100, 2.4 revertants/nmole). With the exception of the tetranitroazoxytoluene derivatives, TNT metabolites were less mutagenic than TNT. RDX and two metabolites were negative in both strains, however, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine was positive in TA100 with and without S9. Microsuspension bioassay results tend to correlate well with published Ames test data, however, there are discrepancies among the published data sets and the microsuspension assay results. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP George, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JAN 25 PY 2001 VL 490 IS 1 BP 45 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00150-9 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 397ZQ UT WOS:000166729600006 PM 11152971 ER PT J AU McKenna, IM Ramakrishna, G Diwan, BA Shiao, YH Kasprzak, KS Powell, DA Anderson, LM AF McKenna, IM Ramakrishna, G Diwan, BA Shiao, YH Kasprzak, KS Powell, DA Anderson, LM TI K-ras mutations in mouse lung tumors of extreme age: independent of paternal preconceptional exposure to chromium(III) but significantly more frequent in carcinomas than adenomas SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE K-ras; mutations; lung tumors; preconceptional carcinogenesis; chromium ID ONCOGENE ACTIVATION; GENE-MUTATIONS; PROGNOSTIC MARKER; POINT MUTATION; EARLY-STAGE; A/J MICE; X-RAYS; CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL AB Preconceptional exposure of male NIH swiss mice to chromium(III) chloride resulted in increased incidence of neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes in their progeny, including lung tumors in females [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 158 (1999) 161-176]. Since mutations in the R-ras protooncogene are frequent, early changes in mouse lung tumors, we investigated possible mutational activation of this gene as a mechanism for preconceptional carcinogenesis by chromium(III). These offspring had lived until natural death at advanced ages (average 816 +/- 175 days for controls, 904 +/- 164 for progeny of chromium-treated fathers). Mutations of K-ras, analyzed by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequencing, were, in codon 12, wild type GGT (glycine), to GAT (aspartic acid); to GTT (valine); and to CGT (arginine); and in codon 61, wild-type CAA (glutamine), to CGA (arginine). K-rns mutation frequencies in lung tumors were very similar in control progeny (4/14) and in progeny of chromium-treated fathers (5/15). Thus, germline mutation or tendency to spontaneous mutation in K-ras does not seem to be part of the mechanism of preconceptional carcinogenesis here. However, an additional interesting observation was that K-ras mutations were much more frequent in lung carcinomas (8/16) than in adenomas (1/13) (P = 0.02), for all progeny combined. This was not related to age of the tumor-bearing mice or the size of the tumors. K-ras mutations may contribute to malignant tumor progression during aging, of possible relevance to the putative association of such mutations with poor prognosis of human lung adenocarcinomas. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. SAIC Frederick, Intramural Res Support Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Comp & Stat Serv, Data Management Serv, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP McKenna, IM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-5600] NR 47 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JAN 25 PY 2001 VL 490 IS 1 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00153-4 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 397ZQ UT WOS:000166729600007 PM 11152972 ER PT J AU Inga, A Monti, P Fronza, G Darden, T Resnick, MA AF Inga, A Monti, P Fronza, G Darden, T Resnick, MA TI p53 mutants exhibiting enhanced transcriptional activation and altered promoter selectivity are revealed using a sensitive, yeast-based functional assay SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE p53; yeast; enhanced transactivation; dominance ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR P53; WILD-TYPE; DNA-BINDING; SEQUENCE-SPECIFICITY; GENE-EXPRESSION; TERMINAL DOMAIN; CORE DOMAIN; CELL-LINES; CANCER; MUTATIONS AB Changes in promoter specificity and binding affinity that may be associated with p53 mutations or post-translational modifications are useful in understanding p53 structure/ function relationships and categorizing tumor mutations. We have exploited variable expression of human p53 in yeast to identify mutants with novel phenotypes that would correspond to altered promoter selectivity and affinity. The p53 cDNA regions coding for the DNA binding and tetramerization domains were subjected to random PCR mutagenesis and were cloned directly by recombination in yeast into a vector with a GAL1 promoter whose level of expression could be easily varied. p53 variants exhibiting higher than wild type levels of transactivation (supertrans) for the RGC responsive element were identified at low level of p53 protein expression. All the p53 mutants obtained with this screen were located in the DNA binding domain. Two out of 17 supertrans mutants have been found in tumors. Six mutations were in the L1 loop region between amino acids 115 and 124, The transactivation potential of a panel of supertrans p53 mutants on different promoters was evaluated using the p53 responsive elements, RGC, PIG3, p21 and bax. Although all mutants retained some activity with all promoters, we found different patterns of induction based on strength and promoter specificity. In particular none of the mutants was supertrans for the p21 responsive element, Interestingly, further analysis in yeast showed that the transactivation function could be retained even in the presence of dominant-negative p53 tumor mutations that could inhibit wild type p53, Five mutants were also characterized in human cells in terms of growth suppression and transactivation of various promoters. These novel supertrans p53 mutants may be useful in studies aimed at dissecting p53 downstream pathways, understanding specific interactions between p53 and the DNA, and could replace wild type p53 in cancer gene therapy protocols. The approach may also prove useful in identifying p53 tumor mutations. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Genet Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NCI, IST, Mutagenesis Lab, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. NIEHS, Struct Biol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Resnick, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Genet Lab, Mail Drop D3-01,111 TW Alexander Dr,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 57 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD JAN 25 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 501 EP 513 DI 10.1038/sj.onc.1204116 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 395DB UT WOS:000166562500010 PM 11313981 ER PT J AU Ramanathan, K Jonsson, BR Danielsson, B AF Ramanathan, K Jonsson, BR Danielsson, B TI Sol-gel based thermal biosensor for glucose SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE D-glucose; thermometry; sol-gel; glucose oxidase ID COMPOSITE; SENSOR; FILMS; ELECTRODE; PROTEINS; ENZYMES; GLASSES; CARBON AB A sol-gel (SC) based glucose biosensor using thermometric measurement is reported. The enzymes (glucose oxidase, GOD and catalase, CAT) were entrapped on the surface of reticulated vitreous carbon cylinder (RVC cartridge) using SG as a binder. This 'RVC cartridge' was placed within the column of an enzyme thermistor (ET) device. Injection of various D-glucose concentrations resulted in changing the heat content of the circulating buffer, recorded as a thermometric peak by a sensitive thermistor. Independent calibration curves between 10 and 50 mM and between 0.2 and 1 mM D-glucose was obtained by plotting the D-glucose concentration versus the thermometric peak height. Thr sensitivity of the response was optimized to 1 ml min(-1) flow rate of the buffer The stability of the entrapped GOD/CAT stored at room temperature (25 degreesC) or 4-10 degreesC was 3 or 6 months, respectively. The effect of dissolved oxygen and other interferents such as acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, urea and uric acid, on the catalytic activity of the enzyme was also investigated. This system was employed to detect glucose in samples of fruit juice, coca cola and human blood serum. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Lund, Ctr Chem & Chem Engn, Dept Pure & Appl Biochem, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. RP Ramanathan, K (reprint author), Care of Rogers Kim, US EPA, 944 E Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 27 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD JAN 19 PY 2001 VL 427 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01095-3 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 391MF UT WOS:000166359200001 ER PT J AU Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Mullins, B AF Vane, LM Alvarez, FR Mullins, B TI Removal of methyl tert-butyl ether from water by pervaporation: Bench- and pilot-scale evaluations SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION; SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS; LAW CONSTANTS; MASS-TRANSFER; SEPARATION; RESISTANCE; MEMBRANES; VOCS AB The ability of pervaporation to remove methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from water was evaluated at bench and pilot scales. Process parameters studied included flow rate, temperature, MTBE concentration, membrane module type, and permeate pressure. Pervaporation performance was assessed based on the calculated mass transport coefficient of MTBE, the single-pass removal of MTBE (only at the pilot scale), and the fluxes of water and MTBE. The observations for MTBE are compared to results for toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, compounds for which removal by pervaporation has been demonstrated. MTBE removal and mass transfer coefficients were lower than for toluene and trichloroethane. However, MTBE removal efficiency improved significantly with increasing process temperatures from 40 to 80 degreesC. With one of the pilot-scale systems, MTBE removal efficiency approached that of the other VOCs. The observed response of pervaporation performance to temperature was attributed to the strong effect of temperature on the Henry's law constant of MTBE. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 2 BP 391 EP 397 DI 10.1021/es001362+ PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 392BL UT WOS:000166390700022 PM 11347615 ER PT J AU Poore, LM King, G Stefanik, K AF Poore, LM King, G Stefanik, K TI Toxicology information resources at the Environmental Protection Agency SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE United States Environmental Protection Agency; toxicology; information resources; Internet; chemicals AB Article presents toxicology information resources available to the public from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This includes digital information directly usable or downloadable from their web site, or referrals as to where the resource can be obtained. Contents include advice on effective search strategies. a 'guided tour' of the web site and its main categories, and concludes with an extensive annotated bibliography of toxicological databases. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, GCI Informat Serv, Off Prevent, Pesticides & Tox Subst Chem Lib, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Poore, LM (reprint author), US EPA, GCI Informat Serv, Off Prevent, Pesticides & Tox Subst Chem Lib, 7407,NEMB606,Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave,401 M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JAN 12 PY 2001 VL 157 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 23 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 401CL UT WOS:000166909400003 PM 11164972 ER PT J AU Brinkhuis, RP AF Brinkhuis, RP TI Toxicology information from US government agencies SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE US government agencies-information resources toxicological information systems; chemical information systems; risk assessment information AB This article describes information resources of toxicological or chemical interest that are available electronically From US federal government agencies. Topics covered include hazard assessment, risk assessment. chemical testing. Food safety. hazardous waste, and occupational safety and health. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Informat Management Div 7407, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Brinkhuis, RP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Informat Management Div 7407, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JAN 12 PY 2001 VL 157 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00339-5 PG 25 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 401CL UT WOS:000166909400004 PM 11164973 ER PT J AU Wukovitz, LD AF Wukovitz, LD TI Using internet search engines and library catalogs to locate toxicology information SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE toxicology; information resources; Internet; databases; online systems ID BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES; WEB AB The increasing importance of the Internet demands that toxicologists become aquainted with its resources. To find information, researchers must he able to effectively use Internet search engines, directories. subject-oriented websites, and library catalogs. The article will explain these resources, explore their benefits and weaknesses, and identify skills that help the researcher to improve search results and critically evaluate sources for their relevancy, validity. accuracy, and timeliness. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Pollut Prevent Informat Clearinghouse, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wukovitz, LD (reprint author), US EPA, Pollut Prevent Informat Clearinghouse, 7407,Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JAN 12 PY 2001 VL 157 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 139 PG 19 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 401CL UT WOS:000166909400010 PM 11164979 ER PT B AU Scheraga, JD Furlow, J Gamble, J Grambsch, A Herrod-Julius, S Rogers, C AF Scheraga, JD Furlow, J Gamble, J Grambsch, A Herrod-Julius, S Rogers, C GP AMS AMS TI Assessing the consequences of global change for the united states: An overview of the EPA's global change research program SO 12TH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE AND CLIMATE VARIATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations CY JAN 14-18, 2001 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scheraga, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Global Change Res Program, Mail Code 8601-D,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2001 BP 84 EP 87 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV01M UT WOS:000177601900026 ER PT S AU Ford, RG Scheinost, AC Sparks, DL AF Ford, RG Scheinost, AC Sparks, DL BE Sparks, DL TI Frontiers in metal sorption/precipitation mechanisms on soil mineral surfaces SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 74 SE Advances in Agronomy LA English DT Review ID RAY-ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE; HYDROUS FERRIC-OXIDE; SOLID-SOLUTION; IRON-OXIDE; SORPTION; PRECIPITATION; KINETICS; ADSORPTION; MODEL C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Terr Ecol, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Ford, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Managment Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Scheinost, Andreas/D-2275-2010; Ford, Robert/N-4634-2014 OI Ford, Robert/0000-0002-9465-2282 NR 58 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 BN 0-12-000792-4 J9 ADV AGRON JI Adv. Agron. PY 2001 VL 74 BP 41 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)74030-8 PG 22 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BT06D UT WOS:000171843300002 ER PT J AU Lewtas, J Pang, YB Booth, D Reimer, S Eatough, DJ Gundel, LA AF Lewtas, J Pang, YB Booth, D Reimer, S Eatough, DJ Gundel, LA TI Comparison of sampling methods for semi-volatile organic carbon associated with PM2.5 SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DIFFUSION DENUDER SAMPLER; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; AMBIENT AIR; PARTICULATE; SYSTEM; PHASE; GAS; ARTIFACT AB This study evaluates the influence of denuder sampling methods and filter collection media on the measurement of semi-volatile organic carbon (SVOC) associated with PM2.5. Two types of collection media, charcoal (activated carbon) and XAD, were used both in diffusion denuders and impregnated back-up filters in two different samplers, the VAPS and the PC-BOSS. The two organic diffusion denuders were XAD-coated glass annular denuders and charcoal-impregnated cellulose fiber filter (CIF) denuders. In addition, recently developed XAD-impregnated quartz filters were compared to CIF filters as back-up filter collection media. The two denuder types resulted in equivalent measurement of particulate organic carbon and particle mass. The major difference observed between the XAD and charcoal BOSS denuders is the higher efficiency of charcoal for collection of more volatile carbon. This more volatile carbon does not contribute substantially to the particle mass or SVOC measured as OC on quartz filters downstream of the denuders. This volatile carbon does result in high OC concentrations observed in charcoal filters placed behind quartz filters downstream of the SAD denuders and would result in overestimating the SVOC in that configuration. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Off Environm Assessment, Reg 10, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lewtas, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, OEA-095,1200 6th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NR 40 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 9 EP 22 DI 10.1080/027868201300081905 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700002 ER PT J AU Woo, KS Chen, DR Pui, DYH Wilson, WE AF Woo, KS Chen, DR Pui, DYH Wilson, WE TI Use of continuous measurements of integral aerosol parameters to estimate particle surface area SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIZER AB While surface area is one of the most important atmospheric aerosol properties in health effects, methods for online measurement of surface area are not widely available and/or require complex operations. In this paper, me describe an integrated measurement method that can continuously monitor the total surface area. as well as the total number and volume, of atmospheric aerosols. Three integral aerosol sensors-(i) a condensation particle counter (CPC) for number concentration measurement, (ii) a mass concentration monitor (MCM) for mass concentration measurement, and (iii) an electrical aerosol detector (EAD) for current measurement of charged aerosol-are used in this study, Signals from the three sensors are converted into a lognormal size distribution by minimizing the difference between the measured signals and the theoretical values based upon a size distribution model, the instrument calibration, and its theoretical responses. Results from a 20 day continuous sampling period show that the calculated total surface area from integrated measurement correlates well with that of particle sizing measurement. The calculated lognormal size distribution parameters between the two methods have similar values, These results suggest that the integrated measurement method is feasible to continuously measure total number, surface area, and volume concentrations. iis the integrated measurement method can yield results in near real time, it can be used for online measurement of atmospheric aerosols. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Particle Technol Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pui, DYH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Particle Technol Lab, 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 14 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1080/02786820117549 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700007 ER PT J AU Lawless, PA Rodes, CE Evans, G Sheldon, L Creason, J AF Lawless, PA Rodes, CE Evans, G Sheldon, L Creason, J TI Aerosol concentrations during the 1999 Fresno exposure studies as functions of size, season, and meterology SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Two 1999 Fresno exposure studies took place in February (winter season) and April/May (spring season) for periods of four weeks each. During that time, nearly continuous measurements of outdoor aerosol concentrations were made with a TSI Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and a PMS optical particle counter (LASX), These instruments provide particle size distribution information from about 0.01 to 3 mum, Although the primary concentration measurements were performed with integrated samplers, the SMPS/LASX combination provided useful information on the real-time variations of concentration and particle size distributions. This paper describes the agreement between the real-time instrumentation and the integrated measurements and examines some of the information available from the SMPS/LASX combination. In particular, two different types of aerosols contributing to PM2.5 were deduced from the instrumental data. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Environm Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lawless, PA (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Environm Technol, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 66 EP 74 DI 10.1080/027868201300082021 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700008 ER PT J AU Tolocka, MP Solomon, PA Mitchell, W Norris, GA Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW Vanderpool, RW Homolya, JB Rice, J AF Tolocka, MP Solomon, PA Mitchell, W Norris, GA Gemmill, DB Wiener, RW Vanderpool, RW Homolya, JB Rice, J TI East versus West in the US: Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during the winter of 1999 SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DIESEL SOOT PARTICLES; VOLUME AIR SAMPLER; AMBIENT AIR; PARTICULATE NITRATE; AEROSOL; DISTRIBUTIONS; EQUILIBRIUM; ATMOSPHERE AB The chemical composition of PM2.5 was investigated at four sites (Rubidoux, CA, Phoenix, AZ, Philadelphia, PA, and Research Triangle Park, NC) in January and February of 1999, Three samplers were used to determine both the overall mass and the chemical composition of the aerosol, Teflon filters were weighed for total mass. Ions were analyzed using ion chromatography, Elements were determined using X-ray fluorescence. Organic and elemental carbon were measured using a thermo-optical method. At all of the sites, reconstructed mass was observed to be greater than or equal to the measured mass. Good ionic balance was found for ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate at each of the sites. Overall, the chemical composition of the aerosol for each site was in good agreement with the expected composition based upon previous studies, with the exception of relatively high nitrate contribution to the total mass at Philadelphia. Good agreement was found between the predicted amount of sulfate by XRF analysis of sulfur and the sulfate measured by ion chromatography, As expected, sulfate was a more important contributor to the total mass at the East Coast sites. Nitrate contributed more to the total mass at the West Coast sites and was an important factor in the highest observed mass concentration at Rubidoux, Teflon filters appear to lose nitrate to a greater extent than heat-treated quartz fiber filters. Organic carbon was also found to be the largest part of the aerosol mass on minimum days for all sites and a significant portion of the mass on other days with 25-50% of the total mass at all of the sites. At three of the sites, organic carbon (OC) collected on denuded filters was less than that found on nondenuded samples, indicating an absorptive artifact on the quartz fiber filters. It was also found that the crustal component to PM2.5 was highest at Phoenix, PM2.5 was also found to contribute significantly to the PM10 particle mass at all the sites. C1 US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, OAQPS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tolocka, MP (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Tolocka, Michael/C-7800-2011 NR 41 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 88 EP 96 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700010 ER PT J AU Mamane, Y Willis, R Conner, T AF Mamane, Y Willis, R Conner, T TI Evaluation of computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy applied to an ambient urban aerosol sample SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; PHILADELPHIA AEROSOL; PARTICLES; MORTALITY; ARIZONA AB Concerns about the environmental and public health effects of particulate matter (PM) have stimulated interest in analytical techniques capable of measuring the size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles. Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) allows automated analysis of particle size, chemistry, and particle classification. In combination with manual SEM and bulk analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, CCSEM can be a valuable tool for characterizing individual ambient particles and determining sources of ambient PM, The goal of this study was to examine several issues related to the quality and validity of CCSEM data. These included the stability of unattended CCSEM for multihour runs, the number of particles that must be analyzed in order to yield representative results, and errors associated with CCSEM. CCSEM was applied to the analysis of a 24 h ambient particle sample collected in Baltimore, MD. The coarse-fraction sample (PM10-2.5) was collected with a dichotomous sampler on a polycarbonate filter. A total of 2819 particles in 78 randomly selected fields of view were analyzed by CCSEM during an unattended 8 h run. Particle diameter, aspect ratio, particle location, X-ray counts for 20 elements, and digital images of each particle and its field of view were stored. The average number of particles per field (N/F), average particle diameter (D-ave), average mass loading per field (M-ave), and average particle composition were calculated for subsets of the data and compared against results for the full data set in order to assess the stability of the CCSEM analysis over time and the number of particles needed to obtain representative results. These comparisons demonstrated excellent stability of CCSEM over the 8 h run. Physical properties (represented by N/F, D-ave, and M-ave) of the sample were well characterized by analyzing approximately 360 particles. Chemical properties of the sample (average elemental composition and major chemical class abundances) converged to within a few percent of their final values after analyzing about 1000 particles. However, for many purposes several hundred particles may provide adequate characterization. Convergence of minor class abundances was limited by statistical fluctuations as the number of particles populating a class became very small. Manual review of the CCSEM data identified errors associated with CCSEM due to missed particles, overlapping particles, contrast artifacts, sizing errors, and heterogeneous particles. Most errors could be corrected or eliminated during manual off-line review of the data or avoided by maintaining a proper particle loading on the filter. C1 Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Haifa, Israel. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Willis, R (reprint author), Mantech Environm Technol Inc, POB 12313, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 97 EP 107 DI 10.1080/02786820118842 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700011 ER PT J AU Vette, AF Rea, AW Lawless, PA Rodes, CE Evans, G Highsmith, VR Sheldon, L AF Vette, AF Rea, AW Lawless, PA Rodes, CE Evans, G Highsmith, VR Sheldon, L TI Characterization of indoor-outdoor aerosol concentration relationships during the Fresno PM exposure studies SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRABLE SULFATES; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; AIR-POLLUTION; PARTICLES; DISTRIBUTIONS; PENETRATION; CALIFORNIA; DEPOSITION AB Particle size distributions were measured indoors and outdoors of a single, detached residence during the Fresno particulate matter exposure studies in winter (February 1-28, 1999) and spring (April 18-May 16, 1999), Data was collected for particle sizes ranging from about 0.01 to 2.5 mum. These data were used to investigate the temporal relationships between indoor and outdoor aerosol concentrations and to determine particle deposition rates and penetration factors for discrete particle sizes, Indoor/outdoor aerosol concentration ratios for particle sizes >1 mum were diurnally variable with highest ratios occurring during daytime (6:00-18:00) due to resuspension from indoor activities. Daytime and nighttime (19:00-7:00) aerosol concentration ratios were very similar for particle sizes <1 m. Particle deposition rates were determined by measuring the decay in indoor aerosol concentrations after indoor levels were elevated by infiltration of native ambient aerosols, Deposition rates varied depending on particle size and were consistent with model results up to about 0.4 mum. The experimentally determined deposition rates were considerably higher than model results at larger particle sizes, suggesting the possibility of an additional indoor loss mechanism. Penetration factors were determined to be less than unity for all particle sizes and ranged from 0.5 to 0.9. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Vette, AF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Vette, Alan/A-7330-2012 OI Vette, Alan/0000-0001-6749-1252 NR 21 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 5 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 118 EP 126 DI 10.1080/02786820117903 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700013 ER PT J AU Mosley, RB Greenwell, DJ Sparks, LE Guo, Z Tucker, WG Fortmann, R Whitfield, C AF Mosley, RB Greenwell, DJ Sparks, LE Guo, Z Tucker, WG Fortmann, R Whitfield, C TI Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environment SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Several recent studies have indicated significant health risks associated with exposure to fine particles as measured outdoors. However, much of the exposure is believed to have occurred indoors. Consequently, there is considerable interest in the relationship between indoor and outdoor fine particles. This paper describes some results from a study in which the processes of particle removal from infiltrating air by building envelopes are simulated in a chamber. The chamber consists of two compartments, each having a volume of 19 m(3), Particles with aerodynamic diameters in the range of 0.05 to 5 mum are generated in one compartment and then transported through simulated leakage paths to the other compartment under the action of applied pressure differentials, The simulated leakage paths described in this paper consist of horizontal slits (0.508 mm high, 102 mm deep, and 433 mm wide) between aluminum plates. The penetration factor for each size particle is determined by simultaneously measuring the concentrations in the two compartments as a function of time, The penetration factor is obtained through a mathematical solution of the mass balance equations. The measured values of penetration are compared to predictions of a mathematical model describing deposition by the mechanisms of settling and diffusion. At applied pressures of 2 Pa, only 2% of 2 mum particles and 0.1% of 5 mum particles pass through the 0.508 mm high slits, At a pressure of 5 Pa, 40% of 2 mum particles and <1% of 5 m particles pass through the slits. At 10 Pa, 85% of 2 mum particles and <1% of 5 m particles pass through the slits, At 20 Pa, 90% of 2 mum particles and 9% of 5 mum particles pass through the slits. Measured deposition rate constants for particles spanning the range 0.015 to 5 mum in diameter are shown. C1 US EPA, IEMB, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Mosley, RB (reprint author), US EPA, IEMB, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MD-54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 8 TC 86 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 21 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1080/02786820117449 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700014 ER PT J AU Schroeter, JD Musante, CJ Hwang, DM Burton, R Guilmette, R Martonen, TB AF Schroeter, JD Musante, CJ Hwang, DM Burton, R Guilmette, R Martonen, TB TI Hygroscopic growth and deposition of inhaled secondary cigarette smoke in human nasal pathways SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DEPOSITION; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; HUMAN NOSE; AIR-FLOW; PASSAGES AB To ascertain the threat to human health posed by the inhalation of the particulate phase for secondary cigarette smoke (SCS), it is necessary to determine the doses delivered to airway cells. The risk assessment of SCS particles is complicated by their hygroscopic properties. Inhaled particles that are hygroscopic may absorb the water vapor that is present in a warm, humid environment such as that found in the human respiratory system. As a direct result, the physicochemical characteristics of a particle such as size, shape, density, and composition may experience significant changes. Herein, the effects of hygroscopicity and deposition of SCS particles are examined in the nasopharyngeal region of the respiratory tract through which particles travel before entering the lung. To accomplish this goal, a computer model is defined to describe the anatomical features of the airways within the human head and throat, Then the effects of water vapor uptake and deposition on inhaled particle size distributions are formulated. The results of the simulations indicate that hygroscopicity is a critical factor affecting the dynamics of inhaled SCS. C1 US EPA, ETD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. IBM Corp, Microelect Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Lockheed Martin Serv Inc, Sci Visualizat Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Schroeter, JD (reprint author), US EPA, ETD, NHEERL, C-O Mail Drop 74,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 137 EP 143 DI 10.1080/02786820117094 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 394LN UT WOS:000166525700015 ER PT S AU Baldauf, RW Lane, DD AF Baldauf, RW Lane, DD BE Latini, G Brebbia, CA TI Air quality impacts from hazardous waste combustion at Portland Cement manufacturing plants SO AIR POLLUTION IX SE ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution CY SEP 12-14, 2001 CL ANCONA, ITALY SP Wessex Inst Technol, Ancona Univ AB The use of hazardous waste as an alternative fuel source has intensified as the cost of traditional fossil fuels has increased. However, little data exist regarding the air quality impacts of burning hazardous waste as a fuel source. This paper examines air quality impacts associated with hazardous waste incineration conducted at three Portland Cement manufacturing plants located in the United States. Air quality sampling of particulate matter (as PM2.5) was conducted in the vicinity of the plants from April, 1999 to March, 2000. The PM samples were speciated to identify potential signature emissions and source impacts from the facilities. In addition, meteorological data was collected to identify transport and dispersion characteristics of the contaminants from the facilities. This paper presents an analysis of the upwind and downwind concentration and regional impacts to PM concentrations resulting from the hazardous waste combustion. C1 US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Baldauf, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Off Transportat & Air Qual, 2000 Traverwood Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1369-5886 BN 1-85312-877-5 J9 ADV AIR POLLUT SER PY 2001 VL 10 BP 325 EP 334 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BT30B UT WOS:000172548900033 ER PT J AU Suliman, HB Ryan, LK Bishop, L Folz, RJ AF Suliman, HB Ryan, LK Bishop, L Folz, RJ TI Prevention of influenza-induced lung injury in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transgenic mice; antioxidants; nitric oxide synthase ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; VIRUS INFECTION; GENE-EXPRESSION; OXIDATIVE-METABOLISM; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; REACTIVE NITROGEN; HUMAN-NEUTROPHILS AB Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as superoxide and nitric oxide are released into the extracellular spaces by inflammatory and airway epithelial cells. These molecules may exacerbate lung injury after influenza virus pneumonia. We hypothesized that enhanced expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC SOD) in mouse airways would attenuate the pathological effects of influenza pneumonia. We compared the pathogenic effects of a nonlethal primary infection with mouse-adapted Hong Kong influenza A/68 virus in transgenic (TG) EC SOD mice versus non-TG (wild-type) littermates. Compared with wild-type mice, EC SOD TG mice showed less lung injury and inflammation as measured by significant blunting of interferon-gamma induction, reduced cell count and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, reduced levels of lung nitrite/nitrate nitrotyrosine, and markedly reduced lung pathology. These results demonstrate that enhancing EC SOD in the conducting and distal airways of the lung minimizes influenza-induced lung injury by both ameliorating inflammation and attenuating oxidative stress. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Folz, RJ (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Box 2620,Rm 331 MSRB, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-55166]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES/HL-08698] NR 52 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 280 IS 1 BP L69 EP L78 PG 10 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 385HA UT WOS:000165997000009 PM 11133496 ER PT J AU Hryhorczuk, D Curtis, L Scheff, P Chung, J Rizzo, M Lewis, C Keys, N Moomey, M AF Hryhorczuk, D Curtis, L Scheff, P Chung, J Rizzo, M Lewis, C Keys, N Moomey, M TI Bioaerosol emissions from a suburban yard waste composting facility SO ANNALS OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE yard waste; compost; fungi; bacteria; endotoxin; glucan; spores; Asp f1 ID FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS; WORKING PLACES; BACTERIA; INFLAMMATION; MYCOTOXINS; ENDOTOXIN; EXPOSURE; SPORES; DUST AB The purpose of this study was to assess worker and community exposure to bioacrosols emitted from a suburban yard waste composting facility in northern Illinois, USA. Characterization of on- and off-site viable bioaerosols was undertaken through a total of 288 on- and off-site Andersen samples conducted over 10 sampling days. A total of 46 dust samples and 38 Kramer-Collins spore samples were also collected in this period. Evaluation of the impact of the facility on community bioaerosol concentrations was undertaken by comparing on- and off-site measurements by sampling locations, wind direction, and site activity, On-site concentrations of total spores, Aspergillus/Penicillium spores, total bacteria, Grain-positive bacteria, Grain-negative bacteria, actinomycetes, total particulates, endotoxin, and beta -1,3 glucans were higher than off-site concentrations. Total fungal spores averaged 13,451 spores/m(3) (range 5,223-26,067) on-site and 8,772 sporcs/m(3) (range 243-18,276) off-site. Viable bacterial airborne concentrations (in cfu/m(3)) averaged 11,879 on-site (range 480-78,880) and 3,204 off-site (range 160-17,600). Mean levels of endotoxins (in ng/m(3)) were 1.94 on-site (range 0.12-6.06) and 0.14 off-bite (range 0.01-0.41) Mean levels of beta -1,3 glucans (in ng/m(3)) were 2.17 on-site (range 0.12-14.45) and 0.24 off-site (range 0.01-0.78). Mean total viable fungi, on the other hand, were higher off-site than on-site (8,65 1 vs 3,068 cfu/m(3)). On-site concentrations of total bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes demonstrated a statistically significant pattern of decreasing concentration with distance from pile and higher downwind vs upwind concentrations. Mean on-site concentrations of viable bacteria, viable fungi, and endotoxins were significantly higher during period, of activity compared to periods of no activity. Off-site concentrations of bacteria were also significantly higher during periods of activity compared to no activity. The highest concentrations of total particulates, endotoxin, and beta -1,3-glucans were observed in the personal samplers worn by workers at the facility. One personal sampler measured an Asp f1 exposure of 22.17 ng/m(3) during turning activity. Peak exposures to several bioaerosol constituents were sufficiently high to warrant use of respirators by workers during periods of pile activity that lead to dust generation. C1 Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Illinois, Great Lakes Ctr Occupat & Environm Safety & Hlth, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. US EPA, Reg 5, Chicago, IL USA. Kellogg Brown & Root, Houston, TX USA. Monmouth Coll, W Long Branch, NJ USA. Cook Cty Hosp, Toxikon Consortium, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. RP Hryhorczuk, D (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, 2121 W Taylor M-C 922, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. NR 42 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 7 PU INST AGRICULTURAL MEDICINE PI LUBLIN PA JACZEWSKIEGO 2, PO BOX 185, 20-950 LUBLIN, POLAND SN 1232-1966 J9 ANN AGR ENV MED JI Ann. Agr. Env. Med. PY 2001 VL 8 IS 2 BP 177 EP 185 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 504QL UT WOS:000172867300010 PM 11748875 ER PT J AU Wallace, LA AF Wallace, LA TI Human exposure to volatile organic pollutants: Implications for indoor air studies SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE personal monitors; breath analysis; indoor air quality; VOC ID SICK BUILDING SYNDROME; CHLORINATED TAP WATER; BUTYL ETHER MTBE; DRINKING-WATER; EXHALED BREATH; BODY BURDEN; INHALATION EXPOSURE; CHLOROFORM EXPOSURE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PERSONAL EXPOSURES AB Over the past 20 years, a new scientific discipline based on direct measurement of human exposure to environmental pollutants has developed. The fundamental principle of the new science is to ''measure where the people are.'' This has required developing small, lightweight, quiet personal monitors for volatile organic compounds and other pollutants. A second principle has been to measure body burden, particularly exhaled breath, whenever possible to determine the relationship between exposure and dose. Studies employing the new monitors and breath measurements have overturned accepted ideas about the sources of most volatile organic pollutants. The main sources turn out surprisingly often to be small, close to the person, and completely unregulated. These findings should result in major changes in our approach to environmental regulation; however, powerful forces of resistance would need to be overcome. C1 US EPA, Reston, VA 20191 USA. RP Wallace, LA (reprint author), US EPA, Reston, VA 20191 USA. EM wallace.lance@epa.gov RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 165 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 8 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 1056-3466 J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENV JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. PY 2001 VL 26 BP 269 EP 301 DI 10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.269 PG 33 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 499BV UT WOS:000172551900010 ER PT J AU Parke, JL Gurian-Sherman, D AF Parke, JL Gurian-Sherman, D TI Diversity of the Burkholderia cepacia complex and implications for risk assessment of biological control strains SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Review DE rhizosphere bacteria; biological control of plant pathogens; biopesticide; opportunistic human pathogen; cystic fibrosis; strain registration ID APHANOMYCES ROOT-ROT; PYTHIUM DAMPING-OFF; 4 PEA CULTIVARS; PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; BACTERIAL PATHOGENS; MAIZE-RHIZOSPHERE; GENETIC DIVERSITY; SEED TREATMENT; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI AB The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) consists of several species of closely related and extremely versatile gram-negative bacteria found naturally in soil, water, and the rhizosphere of plants. Strains of Bcc have been used in biological control of plant diseases and bioremediation, while some strains are plant pathogens or opportunistic pathogens of humans with cystic fibrosis. The ecological versatility of these bacteria is likely due to their unusually large genomes, which are often comprised of several (typically two or three) large replicons, as well as their ability to use a large array of compounds as sole carbon sources. The original species B. cepacia has been split into eight genetic species (genomovars), including five named species, but taxonomic distinctions have not enabled biological control strains to be clearly distinguished from human pathogenic strains. This has led to a reassessment of the risk of several strains registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for biological control. We review the biology of Bcc bacteria, especially how our growing knowledge of Bcc ecology and pathogenicity might be used in risk assessment. The capability of this bacterial complex to cause disease in plants and humans, as well as to control plant diseases, affords a rare opportunity to explore traits that may function in all three environments. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Ctr Sci Publ Interest, Washington, DC 20009 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Parke, JL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Parke, Jennifer/H-8464-2014 NR 177 TC 206 Z9 232 U1 2 U2 22 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4286 J9 ANNU REV PHYTOPATHOL JI Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. PY 2001 VL 39 BP 225 EP 258 DI 10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.225 PG 34 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 471JW UT WOS:000170927100010 PM 11701865 ER PT J AU Feng, ZM Xia, YJ Tian, DF Wu, KK Schmitt, M Kwok, RK Mumford, JL AF Feng, ZM Xia, YJ Tian, DF Wu, KK Schmitt, M Kwok, RK Mumford, JL TI DNA damage in buccal epithelial cells from individuals chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water in Inner Mongolia, China SO ANTICANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arsenic; drinking water; DNA fragmentation; apoptosis; DNA laddering; TUNEL assay ID EXFOLIATED BLADDER CELLS; CHALLENGE TEST; IN-SITU; APOPTOSIS; MICRONUCLEI; CANCER; ACID; FRAGMENTATION; GENERATION; HUMANS AB The purpose of this pilot study was to assess DNA damage in buccal cells from individuals chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water in Ba Men, Inner Mongolia. Buccal cells were collected from 19 Ba Men residents exposed to arsenic at 527.5 +/- 23.7 mug/L (mean +/- SEM) and 13 controls exposed to arsenic at 4.4 +/- 1.0 mug/L. DNA fragmentation by the DNA ladder and TUNEL assay were used to detect DNA damage in buccal cells. In the DNA ladder assay, 89% (17/19) of the arsenic-exposed group showed <100 bp DNA fragments, in contrast to 15% (2/13) of the controls (p<0.0001). For the TUNEL assay, the mean frequencies of positive cells were higher in the exposed group (15.1%) than in the controls (2.0%) (p<0.0001). The study showed that high arsenic exposure via drinking water resulted in DNA damage and DNA fragmentation in buccal cells thus may be an appropriate biomarker for assessing chronic effects of arsenic in humans. A study investigating DNA fragmentation from the individuals with low levels of arsenic exposure in this population is in progress. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Endem Dis Prevent & Treatment Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, Peoples R China. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mumford, JL (reprint author), US EPA, 58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM mumford.judy@epamail.epa.gov OI Kwok, Richard/0000-0002-6794-8360 NR 29 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT INST ANTICANCER RESEARCH PI ATHENS PA EDITORIAL OFFICE 1ST KM KAPANDRITIOU-KALAMOU RD KAPANDRITI, PO BOX 22, ATHENS 19014, GREECE SN 0250-7005 J9 ANTICANCER RES JI Anticancer Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1A BP 51 EP 57 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 418DP UT WOS:000167875900007 PM 11299789 ER PT J AU Ashby, J Gray, E Grumbach, M Sultan, C Morris, I Bro-Rasmussen, F AF Ashby, J Gray, E Grumbach, M Sultan, C Morris, I Bro-Rasmussen, F TI Effects of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive development in experimental animals - Discussion SO APMIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Bro, Rasmus/A-7898-2008 OI Bro, Rasmus/0000-0002-7641-4854 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-4641 J9 APMIS JI APMIS PY 2001 VL 109 SU 103 BP S318 EP S319 PG 2 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology SC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology GA 456UW UT WOS:000170101500064 ER PT J AU Foster, P Gray, LE Sheehan, D Bro-Rasmussen, F Brock, J Risbridger, G Ashby, J Swan, S van den Akker, E Kogevinas, M Meyer, P Francis, E Newbold, R AF Foster, P Gray, LE Sheehan, D Bro-Rasmussen, F Brock, J Risbridger, G Ashby, J Swan, S van den Akker, E Kogevinas, M Meyer, P Francis, E Newbold, R TI General discussion - New OECD guidelines for animal toxicity: Are they adequate? SO APMIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CIIT, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Foster, P (reprint author), CIIT, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Risbridger, Gail/B-8655-2008; Bro, Rasmus/A-7898-2008; Kogevinas, Manolis/C-3918-2017 OI Risbridger, Gail/0000-0003-3089-4028; Bro, Rasmus/0000-0002-7641-4854; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-4641 J9 APMIS JI APMIS PY 2001 VL 109 SU 103 BP S332 EP S335 PG 4 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology SC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology GA 456UW UT WOS:000170101500068 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Wolf, CJ Lambright, C Parks, L Veeramachaneni, DN Wilson, V Price, M Hotchkiss, A Orlando, E Guillette, L AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Wolf, CJ Lambright, C Parks, L Veeramachaneni, DN Wilson, V Price, M Hotchkiss, A Orlando, E Guillette, L TI Effects of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive development in experimental animals SO APMIS LA English DT Article DE antiandrogens; pesticides; phthalates; pulp mill effluent; sexual differentiation ID ANDROGEN-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; ALLIGATORS ALLIGATOR-MISSISSIPPIENSIS; ALTERS SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS; EGGSHELL GLAND MUCOSA; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; N-BUTYL PHTHALATE; LONG-EVANS RATS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE AB Chemicals that act as androgen receptor (AR) agonists and antagonists or inhibit fetal steroidogenesis can induce reproductive malformations in humans and laboratory animals. Several environmental chemicals disrupt development in rats and/or rabbits at fetal concentrations at, or near, exposure levels seen in some segments of the human population. In rats, fetal tissues concentrations of 10-20 p.p.m. of the DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE, are correlated with reproductive abnormalities in male offspring. These concentrations are similar to those measured in first-trimester human fetal tissues in the late 1960s. The pesticides vinclozolin, procymidone, linuron and DDT are AR antagonists. They reduce male rat anogenital distance, and induce areolas at relatively low dosages. Hypospadias, agenesis of the sex accessory tissues and retained nipples are seen in the middle dosages, while undescended testes and epididymal agenesis are seen in the highest doses. Phthalate esters (PE) inhibit testosterone synthesis during fetal life, but do not appear to be AR antagonists. Prenatal administration of a single low dose of dioxin (50-1000 ng TCDD/kg) alters the differentiation of androgen-dependent tissues at p.p.t. concentrations, but the mechanism of action likely involves interaction with a hormone-like nuclear transcription factor, the hormone-like receptor AhR, rather than AR. p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, vinclozolin and di-n-butyl phthalate affect reproductive function in rabbits when administered during prenatal and/or neonatal life. Cryptorchidism and carcinoma in situ-like (CIS) testicular lesions were seen in male rabbits treated during development with p,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDE. Extrapolation of effects from rodents to humans would be enhanced if future studies incorporate determination of tissue concentrations of the active metabolites. Knowledge of the tissue concentrations of the active toxicants also would provide an important link to in-vitro studies, which provide more useful mechanistic information when they are executed at relevant concentrations. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, RTD,Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Reprod & Biotechnol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, NCSU USEPA Cooperat Res Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ORD, RTD,Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epa.gov NR 183 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0903-4641 EI 1600-0463 J9 APMIS JI APMIS PY 2001 VL 109 SU 103 BP S302 EP S318 PG 17 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology SC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology GA 456UW UT WOS:000170101500063 ER PT J AU Skakkebaek, N Sheehan, D Ritzen, M Grumbach, M Swan, S Kogevinas, M Gray, E AF Skakkebaek, N Sheehan, D Ritzen, M Grumbach, M Swan, S Kogevinas, M Gray, E TI Threshold analysis of selected dose-response data for endocrine active chemicals - Discussion SO APMIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Kogevinas, Manolis/C-3918-2017 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-4641 J9 APMIS JI APMIS PY 2001 VL 109 SU 103 BP S539 EP S539 PG 1 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology SC Immunology; Microbiology; Pathology GA 456UW UT WOS:000170101500101 ER PT J AU Lien, GJ McKim, JM Hoffman, AD Jenson, CT AF Lien, GJ McKim, JM Hoffman, AD Jenson, CT TI A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lake trout; PB-TK model; chemical uptake; tissue residue ID RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; 3 WATERBORNE CHLOROETHANES; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; CHANNEL CATFISH; GREAT-LAKES; GILL FLUX; FISH; FONTINALIS AB A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model for fish, incorporating chemical exchange at the gill and accumulation in five tissue compartments, was parameterized and evaluated for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Individual-based model parameterization was used to examine the effect of natural variability in physiological, morphological, and physico-chemical parameters on model predictions. The PB-TK model was used to predict uptake of organic chemicals across the gill and accumulation in blood and tissues in lake trout. To evaluate the accuracy of the model, a total of 13 adult lake trout were exposed to waterborne 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE), pentachloroethane (PCE), and hexachloroethane (HCE), concurrently, for periods of 6, 12, 24 or 48 h. The measured and predicted concentrations of TCE, PCE and HCE in expired water, dorsal aortic blood and tissues were generally within a factor of two, and in most instances much closer. Variability noted in model predictions, based on the individual-based model parameterization used in this study, reproduced variability observed in measured concentrations. The inference is made that parameters influencing variability in measured blood and tissue concentrations of xenobiotics are included and accurately represented in the model. This model contributes to a better understanding of the fundamental processes that regulate the uptake and disposition of xenobiotic chemicals in the lake trout. This information is crucial to developing a better understanding of the dynamic relationships between contaminant exposure and hazard to the lake trout. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Lien, GJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 3 BP 335 EP 350 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00117-X PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 377JU UT WOS:000165511100005 PM 11090894 ER PT J AU Wall, VD Alberts, JJ Moore, DJ Newell, SY Pattanayek, M Pennings, SC AF Wall, VD Alberts, JJ Moore, DJ Newell, SY Pattanayek, M Pennings, SC TI The effect of mercury and PCBs on organisms from lower trophic levels of a Georgia salt marsh SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; SUPERFUND SITE; SEDIMENTS; ESTUARINE; COMMUNITY; NITROGEN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; AROCLOR-1268; SALINITY AB We examined several indicators of salt marsh function, focusing on primary producers, microbes, and grass shrimp, at a Superfund site (LCP) contaminated with mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and a reference site (Cross-River) in Georgia. Primary production of Spartina alterniflora was assessed by measuring peroxidase activity (POD), glutathione concentration (tGSH), photosynthesis (A(net)), and transpiration (E). Microbial populations were assessed by measuring living-fungal standing crop (as ergosterol) and Microtox(R). Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) reproductive potential was determined by measuring individual egg mass, average egg area, brood size, and brood mass of gravid females. Comparison of the sites suggested that P. pugio reproduction was affected at the LCP site, but we were unable to document clear negative effects on other organisms we investigated. Due to natural environmental gradients, the Cross-River site may not have been a perfect control for the LCP site. Therefore, data from just the LCP site were reanalyzed using multiple regression. Fungal biomass was related to methylmercury concentrations, but the direction of the relationship differed between wholly dead shoots (positive) and partially dead shoots (negative). S. alterniflora POD was positively related to methylmercury concentrations; S. alterniflora A(net) and E were negatively related to elevation and salinity, respectively. Despite high levels of contamination at the LCP site, our results provided only suggestive evidence for impacts on organisms at lower trophic levels. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Marine, Sapelo Island, GA 31327 USA. RP Pennings, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Superfund Div, Reg 6,1445 Ross Ave, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RI Pennings, Steven/A-8326-2013 OI Pennings, Steven/0000-0003-4757-7125 NR 50 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 40 IS 1 BP 10 EP 17 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 384RC UT WOS:000165957800002 PM 11116336 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS Moore, JC AF Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS Moore, JC TI The relevance of rooted vascular plants as indicators of estuarine sediment quality SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY TESTS; GUIDELINES AB Toxicity assessments and numerical quality assessment guidelines for estuarine sediments are rarely based on information for aquatic plants. The effect of this lack of information on contaminated sediment toxicity evaluations is largely unknown. For this reason, the toxicities of whole sediments collected from 15 sites in three urbanized Florida bayou-estuaries were determined for the benthic invertebrates Mysidopsis bahia and Ampelisca abdita and the plants Scirpus robustus Pursh (saltmarsh bulrush) and Spartina alterniflora Loisel (saltmarsh cordgrass). The results of the bioassays, conducted for 7 to 28 days, were compared for interspecific differences and to effects-based, sediment quality assessment guidelines. A variety of inorganic and organic analytes were detected in the estuarine sediments, and concentrations of as many as 7 analytes exceeded the sediment guidelines at the 15 sampling locations. Toxicity occurred at 2 of the 15 sampling stations based on invertebrate survival. Twelve of the 15 sediments had either a significant stimulatory or inhibitory effect on early seedling growth relative to a reference sediment (p < 0.05). The phytoresponse was specific to the location, test species, and plant tissue. There was no consistent trend between the sensitivities of the plants and invertebrates exposed to the sediments collected from the same sites. Of the 12 sediments that significantly affected seedling growth, 10 were not acutely toxic to the invertebrates. Consequently, the plant test species provided information that would have been missing if only animal test species were used. For this reason, the phytotoxicity database needs to be expanded for contaminated sediments to further evaluate interspecific sensitivities and to provide perspective on the environmental relevancy of proposed sediment quality criteria and effects-based assessment guidelines for which this information is usually missing. However, additional test method development and field validation are needed to support this effort, which includes the identification of sensitive plant test species, response parameters, and the chemical and physical sediment factors that influence plant growth. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 54 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 40 IS 1 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 384RC UT WOS:000165957800004 PM 11116338 ER PT B AU Zhong, C Wang, LJ Mass, MJ AF Zhong, C Wang, LJ Mass, MJ BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI Arsenite exposure causes both hypomethylation and hypermethylation in human cell lines in culture at low concentrations SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS IV LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUN 18-22, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Univ Colorado, US EPA, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Kennecott Corp, UNICEF DE arsenic; DNA methylation; hypermethylation; hypomethylation ID TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; SODIUM ARSENITE; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; DRINKING-WATER; HUMAN CANCERS; EXPRESSION; P53; PROMOTER; INDUCTION AB We and others have hypothesized that a mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis could involve alteration of DNA methylation since this process utilizes a methyltransferase and consumes S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. We analyzed differentially methylated regions of genomic DNA from human lung A549 cells and three human kidney cell lines (UOK cell lines) after arsenite treatment using methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed PCR (MS-APPCR). Relative to untreated controls, six DNA fragments identified by MS-APPCR were hypermethylated and two were hypo-methylated in DNA from these lung and kidney cell lines. Two of the DNA fragments contained repeat sequences of mammalian-apparent long terminal repeat retrotransposons (MaLRs), and five were identified to be promoter-like sequences. DNA methylation alterations were manifested at low nanomolar concentrations in some cell lines. The mRNA for DNA methyltransferase (MTase) increased in cells exposed to arsenite over a 2-week period. Our results show the occurrence of both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of DNA after exposure to arsenite. The results support the existence of a state of methylation imbalance (hypo- and hypermethylation) that could conceivably disrupt gene expression in arsenic exposed cells in vitro. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zhong, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Carcinogenesis Div, Biochem & Pathobiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 55 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044067-3 PY 2001 BP 243 EP 254 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BV09P UT WOS:000177816200022 ER PT B AU Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF Del Razo, LM Levander, OA AF Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF Del Razo, LM Levander, OA BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI The impact of selenium status on the metabolism and disposition of arsenic and its implications for epidemiologic investigations SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS IV LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUN 18-22, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Univ Colorado, US EPA, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Kennecott Corp, UNICEF DE arsenic; selenium; nutrition; metabolism ID THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; DIETARY SELENIUM; IN-VITRO; RATS; DEFICIENCY; MICE; INHIBITION; TOXICITY; THIOLS AB Metabolic and toxicologic interactions between arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) are multifaceted and complex. These interactions are of practical significance because many populations are simultaneously exposed to inorganic As and varying levels of Se via both diet and drinking water. The goal of our studies has been to investigate whether dietary Se status alters As metabolism and disposition after exposure to arsenate [As(V)] or arsenite [As(III)]. Weanling female B6C3F(1) mice were maintained for 28 days on Torula yeast based diets deficient (0.02 ppm Se), sufficient (0.2 ppm Se) or excessive (2.0 ppm Se) in Se; mice then received by gavage either 0.5 or 5 mg (As)/kg as [As-73]sodium arsenate or 0.5 mg (As)/kg as [13 As]sodium arsenite. Se-deficient mice dosed with 5 mg (As)/kg As(V) exhibited slower whole body clearance from 8 h onward. Total (urine + feces) cumulative excretion of As-derived radioactivity was significantly lower in Se-deficient As(V)-exposed mice at both dose levels compared to Se-sufficient mice. Significantly less As-derived radioactivity was also excreted in the feces of Se-deficient mice exposed to 5 mg (As)/kg As(V) compared to Se-sufficient mice. There was also a trend towards lower cumulative excretion of dimethylarsinic acid in urine of Se-deficient compared to Se-sufficient mice which was significant for mice exposed to As(III). Both thioredoxin reductase activity and total hepatic Se were significantly increased in Se-deficient mice treated with As(III) compared to untreated Se-deficient mice. Overall, these studies indicate that Se deficiency is associated with altered As metabolism and disposition. Further studies to evaluate the potential toxicological consequences of As exposure in Se deficiency are warranted, as is consideration of population Se status in the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kenyon, EM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044067-3 PY 2001 BP 315 EP 323 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BV09P UT WOS:000177816200029 ER PT B AU Thomas, DJ Del Razo, LM Schreinemachers, DM Hudgens, EE Le, XC Calderon, RL AF Thomas, DJ Del Razo, LM Schreinemachers, DM Hudgens, EE Le, XC Calderon, RL BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI Dose-response relationships for the metabolism and urinary excretion of arsenicals in humans SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS IV LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUN 18-22, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Univ Colorado, US EPA, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Kennecott Corp, UNICEF DE arsenic; methyl arsenic; dimethyl arsenic; selenium; blood; serum; urine; human ID SELENIUM LEVELS; DRINKING-WATER; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; DIETARY SELENIUM; RAT HEPATOCYTES; TRACE-ELEMENTS; TOXICITY; SERUM AB Two population-based studies of the metabolism and fate of arsenic were performed in individuals who chronically consumed drinking water that contains inorganic arsenic. The first study examined the relationship between the intensity of exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and the urinary excretion of the methylated metabolites, methyl arsenic and dimethyl arsenic. The output of methyl and dimethyl arsenic in urine was found to be relatively constant throughout the day and over a 5-day period. Over a wide range of exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water (8-620 mug/l), neither the amount nor percentage of total arsenic in urine that was present as methyl or dimethyl arsenic declined. That is, capacities to methylate inorganic arsenic and to excrete its metabolites in urine were not exceeded over this exposure range. Percentages of the total arsenic in urine that were accounted for by each methylated metabolite varied among individuals. Interindividual variation could arise from polymorphisms in the enzyme that methylates arsenicals. Further characterization of the enzymology of arsenic methylation in humans will be required to identify sources of interindividual variation. The second study was a pilot study of arsenic and selenium status in chronically exposed individuals. Selenium modifies the distribution, metabolism, retention, and toxicity of inorganic arsenic in many experimental systems; however, few data are available on arsenic and selenium interactions in humans. Although the concentrations of arsenic in blood and urine were correlated, the concentrations of selenium in blood and urine were not. This difference may reflect homeostatic control of selenium metabolism and the absence of such control for arsenic metabolism. When expressed on the basis of body mass, the concentrations of arsenic and selenium in blood, but not in urine, were significantly correlated. Body mass has previously been identified as potential confounder of the analysis of close-response relationships in individuals chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic. C1 US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL,Expt Toxicol & Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Thomas, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, NHEERL,Expt Toxicol & Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Le, X. Chris/O-4947-2015 OI Le, X. Chris/0000-0002-7690-6701 NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044067-3 PY 2001 BP 353 EP 365 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BV09P UT WOS:000177816200032 ER PT B AU Donohue, JM Abernathy, CO AF Donohue, JM Abernathy, CO BE Chappell, WR Abernathy, CO Calderon, RL TI Arsenic methylation and the S-adenosylmethionine-mediated transmethylation/transsulfuration pathway SO ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS IV LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects CY JUN 18-22, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Univ Colorado, US EPA, Electr Power Res Inst, Int Council Met Environm, Kennecott Corp, UNICEF DE arsenic; S-adenosylmethionine; urinary metabolites; genetics; nutrition; transmethylation ID MONOMETHYLARSONOUS ACID; HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM; DRINKING-WATER; METHIONINE; DISEASE; EXPOSURE; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; DEFICIENCY; MORTALITY AB Studies of arsenic and its methylated metabolites in the urine of humans demonstrate that there is considerable variation in the methylation of arsenic. One of the biochemical pathways that may influence the degree of methylation is the S-adenosylmethionine transmethylation/transsulfuration pathway. This pathway is the site of a number of known genetic defects influencing the fate of methionine and various intermediary metabolites. Although the homozygous defects are fairly rare, little is known about the distribution of heterozygosity in different populations and its impact on transmethylation reactions. Other factors that influence the pathway include the presence of competing substrates for methyl groups such as norepinephrine, cobalamin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The fate of intermediary metabolites such as homocysteine, and the demand for, and dietary adequacy of the sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) are other determinants that influence pathway function. Insufficient levels of the B vitamins (folic acid, cobalamin and vitamin B-6) can place additional stress on methylation efficacy. Each of these variables is considered from the perspective of its ability to affect the methylation of arsenic either directly or indirectly. C1 US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Donohue, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Ariel Rios Bldg, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 47 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-08-044067-3 PY 2001 BP 367 EP 379 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BV09P UT WOS:000177816200033 ER PT S AU Hodge, G Cotter, G Finch, W Frierson, E Molholm, K Shepanek, R Smith, K Warnick, W Carroll, B AF Hodge, G Cotter, G Finch, W Frierson, E Molholm, K Shepanek, R Smith, K Warnick, W Carroll, B BE Aversa, E Manley, C TI The Science.gov Alliance: Developing an interagency portal for science and technology SO ASIST 2001: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 64TH ASIST ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 38, 2001 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 64th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-Information-Science-and-Technology CY NOV 03-08, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Informat Sci Technol C1 CENDI, Havertown, PA USA. Natl Biol Informat Infrastruct, Reston, VA USA. Natl Tech Informat Serv, Springfield, VA USA. Natl Agr Lib, Beltsville, MD USA. Def Tech Informat Ctr, Ft Belvoir, VA USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD USA. US DOE, Germantown, MD USA. CENDI, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Hodge, G (reprint author), CENDI, Havertown, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC PI MEDFORD PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA SN 0044-7870 BN 1-57387-138-9 J9 P ASIST ANNU PY 2001 VL 38 BP 611 EP 611 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA BU37V UT WOS:000175838000085 ER PT B AU Worthington, JC AF Worthington, JC GP ASQ ASQ TI Managing information quality in national programs SO ASQ'S 55TH ANNUAL QUALITY CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Quality Congress CY MAY 07-09, 2001 CL CHARLOTTE, NC SP Amer Soc Qual, Int Inst Learning, Nortel Networks, ETQ, MINITAB, Smarter Solut, Achiever, George Grp DE information quality; life cycle; value chain AB This paper discusses some processes that are in use and under consideration to ensure the quality of information collected, handled, reported, and exchanged in large national programs. Basic techniques that are useful to all quality managers are presented including: identifying information quality indicators managing information as an enterprise resource reconciling information quality with existing quality systems assessing information quality. C1 US EPA, Off Environm Informat 2812R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Worthington, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Environm Informat 2812R, 1200 Penn Ave,NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC QUALITY CONTROL PI MILWAUKEE PA 611 E WISCONSIN AVENUE, MILWAUKEE, WI 53202 USA PY 2001 BP 539 EP 548 PG 10 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Management SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA BX68J UT WOS:000186110400072 ER PT J AU Kenyon, EM Fea, M Styblo, M Evans, MV AF Kenyon, EM Fea, M Styblo, M Evans, MV TI Application of modelling techniques to the planning of in vitro arsenic kinetic studies SO ATLA-ALTERNATIVES TO LABORATORY ANIMALS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; sensitivity analysis; kinetic modelling; improved experimental design ID PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; IN-VITRO; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; RABBIT LIVER; REDUCTION; BINDING; EXPOSURE; GLUTATHIONE; INDUCTION AB A kinetic model describing the hepatic methylation of arsenite ([As[III]) was developed on the basis of limited data from in vitro mechanistic studies. The model structure is as Follows: sequential enzymic methylation of arsenite to its monomethylated (MMA) and dimethylated (DMA) products by first-order and Michaelis-Menten kinetics, respectively; uncompetitive inhibition of the formation of DMA by As(III); and first-order reversible binding of As(III), MMA and DMA to cytosolic proteins. Numerical sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate systematically the impact of changes in input parameters on model responses. Sensitivity analysis was used to investigate the possibility of designing experiments for robust testing of the uncompetitive inhibition hypothesis, and for further refining the model. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the MMA concentration is the most important response on which to focus. The parameters V-max and k(i) can be reliably estimated by using the same concentration time-course data at intermediate initial arsenite concentrations of 1-5 muM at 30 +/- 5 minutes. K-m must be estimated independently of V-max, since the two parameters are highly correlated at all times, and the optimal experimental conditions would include lower initial concentrations of arsenite (0.1-0.5 muM) and earlier time-points (about 8-18 minutes). The use of initial arsenite concentrations much above 5 muM would not yield additional useful information, because the sensitivity coefficients for MMA, protein-hound MMA, DMA and protein-hound DMA tend to become extremely small or exhibit erratic trends. Overall trends in the sensitivity analysis indicated the desirability of performing measurements at times shorter than 60 minutes. This work demonstrates that physiological modelling and sensitivity analysis can be efficient tools for experimental planning and hypothesis testing when applied in the earliest phases of kinetic model development, thus allowing more-efficient and more-directed experimentation, and minimising the use of laboratory animals. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kenyon, EM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU FRAME PI NOTTINGHAM PA RUSSELL & BURCH HOUSE 96-98 NORTH SHERWOOD ST, NOTTINGHAM NG1 4EE, NOTTS, ENGLAND SN 0261-1929 J9 ATLA-ALTERN LAB ANIM JI ATLA-Altern. Lab. Anim. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 15 EP 33 PG 19 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 402WY UT WOS:000167012200010 PM 11178572 ER PT J AU Roelle, PA Aneja, VP Gay, B Geron, C Pierce, T AF Roelle, PA Aneja, VP Gay, B Geron, C Pierce, T TI Biogenic nitric oxide emissions from cropland soils SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE nitric oxide; biogenic emissions; dynamic chamber; agricultural soils ID AGRICULTURAL SOIL; UNITED-STATES; NITROGEN; NO; TEMPERATURE; INVENTORY; MOISTURE AB Emissions of nitric oxide (NO) were determined during late spring and summer 1995 and the spring of 1996 from four agricultural soils on which four different crops were grown. These agricultural soils were located at four different sites throughout North Carolina. Emission rates were calculated using a dynamic flow-through chamber system coupled to a mobile laboratory for in-situ analysis. Average NO fluxes during late spring 1995 were: 50.9 +/- 47.7 ng N m(-2) s(-1) from soil planted with corn in the lower coastal plain. Average NO fluxes during summer 1995 were: 6.4 +/- 4.6 and 20.2 +/- 19.0 ng N m(-2) s(-1), respectively, from soils planted with corn and soybean in the coastal region; 4.2 +/- 1.7 nq N m(-2) S-1 from soils planted with tobacco in the piedmont region; and 8.5 +/- 4.9 ng N m(-2) s(-1) from soils planted with corn in the upper piedmont region. Average NO fluxes for spring 1996 were: 66.7 +/- 60.7 ng N m(-2) s(-1) from soils planted with wheat in the lower coastal plain; 9.5 +/- 2.9 ng N m-(2) s(-1) from soils planted with wheat in the coastal plain; 2.7 +/- 3.4 ng N m(-2) s(-1) from soils planted with wheat in the piedmont region; and 56.1 +/- 53.7 ng N m(-2) s(-1) from soils planted with corn in the upper piedmont region. An apparent increase in NO flux with soil temperature was present at all of the locations. The composite data from all the research sites revealed a general positive trend of increasing NO flux with soil water content. In general, increases in total extractable nitrogen (TEN) appeared to be related to increased NO emissions within each site, however a consistent trend was not evident across all sites. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Aneja, VP (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 1 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00279-X PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 390YL UT WOS:000166327300010 ER PT J AU Thompson, ML Reynolds, J Cox, LH Guttorp, P Sampson, PD AF Thompson, ML Reynolds, J Cox, LH Guttorp, P Sampson, PD TI A review of statistical methods for the meteorological adjustment of tropospheric ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE regression; extreme values; time series; spatial statistics; environmetrics ID GROUND-LEVEL OZONE; SURFACE OZONE; URBAN OZONE; POPULATION-DENSITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; HARRIS COUNTY; AIR-QUALITY; ADDITIVE-MODELS; UNITED-STATES; TIME-SERIES AB A variety of statistical methods for meteorological adjustment of ozone have been proposed in the literature over the last decade for purposes of forecasting, estimating ozone time trends, or investigating underlying mechanisms from an empirical perspective. The methods can be broadly classified into regression, extreme value, and space-time methods. We present a critical review of these methods, beginning with a summary of what meteorological and ozone monitoring data have been considered and how they have been used for statistical analysis. We give particular attention to the question of trend estimation, and compare selected methods in an application to ozone time series From the Chicago area. We conclude that a number of approaches make useful contributions to the field, but that no one method is most appropriate for all purposes and all meteorological scenarios. Methodological issues such as the need for regional-scale analysis, the nonlinear dependence of ozone on meteorology, and extreme value analysis for trends are addressed. A comprehensive and reliable methodology for space-time extreme value analysis is attractive but lacking. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD75, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Washington, Natl Res Ctr Stat & Environm, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Cox, LH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD75, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Reynolds, Joel/E-1445-2011 OI Reynolds, Joel/0000-0003-4506-0501 NR 61 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 617 EP 630 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395TK UT WOS:000166597200015 ER PT J AU Childers, JW Thompson, EL Harris, DB Kirchgessner, DA Clayton, M Natschke, DF Phillips, WJ AF Childers, JW Thompson, EL Harris, DB Kirchgessner, DA Clayton, M Natschke, DF Phillips, WJ TI Multi-pollutant concentration measurements around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path FTIR spectrometry SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds: Emissions, Transport, Transformation, Deposition and Assessment CY JUN 07-09, 1999 CL CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA DE ammonia emissions; methane emissions; open-path Fourier transform infrared; swine wastes ID SPECTROSCOPY; EMISSIONS AB Open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP/FTIR) spectrometry was used to measure the concentrations of ammonia, methane, and other atmospheric gases around an integrated industrial swine production facility in eastern North Carolina. Several single-path measurements were made over an 8-day period from 11 to 22 January 1999. Nine different monitoring paths were configured to determine the concentration ranges of ammonia and methane throughout this facility, with an emphasis on isolating the emissions from the farrowing/nursery barns, the finishing barns, and the waste lagoon. A series of sequential measurements was made on 13 January 1999, to estimate the target gas concentrations downwind from each of these sources and at an upwind background site under similar meteorological conditions. The path-averaged concentration (mean +/- standard deviation) of ammonia during these measurements was below the estimated method detection limit of 0.003 ppm at the background site, 0.328 +/- 0.044 ppm between the farrowing/nursery and finishing barns, 2.063 +/- 0.140 ppm perpendicular to the airflow from the exhaust fans of the finishing barns, 0.488 +/- 0.110 ppm along the western berm of the lagoon, and 0.722 +/- 0.659 ppm along the eastern berm of the lagoon. The mean-path-averaged concentration of methane during this same time period was 1.89 +/- 0.03 ppm at the background site, 2.58 +/- 0.11 ppm between the farrowing/nursery and finishing barns, 2.70 +/- 0.05 ppm perpendicular to the airflow from the exhaust fans of the finishing barns, 2.27 +/- 0.06 ppm along the western berm of the lagoon, and 11.02 +/- 9.69 ppm along the eastern berm of the lagoon as the prevailing westerly winds died down. The concentration measurements made along different monitoring paths during this study indicate that the confinement barns can be a significant source of ammonia, while the lagoon is a major source of methane. Attempts to apply tracer-based dispersion modeling techniques to the single-path OP/FTIR data to estimate emission rates of ammonia and methane from the different sources present at this facility were met with limited success. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SpectraSoft Technol, Tullahoma, TN 37388 USA. RP Harris, DB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 11 BP 1923 EP 1936 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00545-8 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 421RA UT WOS:000168076300003 ER PT B AU Touart, L Zeeman, M Grasso, P Hutchinson, T Jaber, M Ottinger, MA Springer, T AF Touart, L Zeeman, M Grasso, P Hutchinson, T Jaber, M Ottinger, MA Springer, T BE Hart, A Balluff, D Barfknecht, R Chapman, PF Hawkes, T Joermann, G Leopold, A Luttik, R TI Case Study 4: Fungicide SO AVIAN EFFECTS ASSESSMENT: A FRAMEWORK FOR CONTAMINANTS STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Harmonised Approaches to Avian Effects Assessment CY SEP, 1999 CL WOUDSCHOTEN, NETHERLANDS SP OECD C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Touart, L (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-48-1 PY 2001 BP 101 EP 110 PG 10 WC Ecology; Entomology; Ornithology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Entomology; Zoology; Toxicology GA BU04Q UT WOS:000174813500007 ER PT B AU Luo, XH Sewell, GW AF Luo, XH Sewell, GW BE Leeson, A Alleman, BC Alvarez, PJ Magar, VS TI Combination of iron and mixed anaerobic culture for perchloroethene degradation SO BIOAUGMENTATION, BIOBARRIERS, AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command ID CHLOROFORM AB The potential for enhancing reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform by incubating methanogenic enrichment together with iron has been demonstrated conclusively in early studies. However, the results with perchloroethene (PCE) are less clear. Laboratory batch experiments were performed to investigate PCE degradation in a system which combined zero-valent iron and a mixed anaerobic culture. The results demonstrated that in an organic-carbon-poor subsurface environment, anaerobic bacteria could utilize cathodic hydrogen as an electron donor for methane generation and PCE biotransformation. Compared to iron-only or culture-only systems, PCE degradation was enhanced in the system coupling iron and the anaerobic culture. The amount and type of zero-valent iron affected both the abiotic PCE reduction and the anaerobic biotransformation of PCE. In the system with 50 g/L iron B and enrichment, PCE was completely transformed to environmentally benign ethylene (70%) and ethane (30%), while in the system with 50 g/L iron A and enrichment, 67% of PCE was transformed to ethylene (44%), ethane (10%) and acetylene (13%). With lesser amounts of iron A (5 g/L) in the system, only 16% of the PCE was transformed to harmless products (ethylene, ethane and acetylene), while with the iron B (5 g/L) system, this proportion was 55%. The results of this study could be helpful in developing advanced remediation strategies for sites contaminated with PCE. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Luo, XH (reprint author), US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-118-3 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 8 BP 167 EP 173 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BU13B UT WOS:000175098200020 ER PT J AU Compton, JE Cole, DW AF Compton, JE Cole, DW TI Fate and effects of phosphorus additions in soils under N-2-fixing red alder SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE decomposition; element interactions; nitrogen fixation; organic phosphorus; phosphorus fertilization; phosphorus fractions; red alder ID TERM CROP-ROTATION; 4 FOREST SOILS; DOUGLAS-FIR; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; PHOSPHATASE-ACTIVITY; NITROGEN-FIXATION; ADJACENT CONIFER; SPRUCE FOREST; NITRIFICATION; FRACTIONS AB Soil phosphorus (P) dynamics are controlled by the interaction of geochemical, biochemical and biological processes. Changes in species composition or management could alter the relative importance of these processes. We examined soil P dynamics in two plantations of N-2-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra) by determining the fate and effects of added fertilizer P. History of the plantations varied such that sites were previously occupied by 60-yr-old stands of alder or non-fixing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Without fertilization, the soil with a longer period of alder influence had more organic P (P-o) and less sorbed inorganic P (Hydroxide- and Bicarb-extractable P-i). Fertilization increased soil total P, and 88% of the fertilizer was accounted for in the surface mineral soil (0-15 cm). Sorbed P-i was the major sink for fertilizer P (55-60%), independent of site history. Although P-o was 35-70% of soil P in unfertilized plots, added P did not accumulate as P-o. Neither site history nor P addition influenced phosphatase activity. Fertilization increased decomposition during incubation of the organic horizon, suggesting that late-stage decomposition is P-limited in these N-rich soils. On the time-scale of a few years, geochemical sorption and desorption of inorganic P were the most important processes controlling the distribution of added P. Organic P accumulation is expected to occur over a longer time frame, linked to the production and turnover of organic matter. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Compton, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 78 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PY 2001 VL 53 IS 3 BP 225 EP 247 DI 10.1023/A:1010646709944 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 426BR UT WOS:000168330200001 ER PT S AU Swartz, PD Richard, AM AF Swartz, PD Richard, AM BE Dansette, PM Snyder, R Delaforge, M Gibson, GG Greim, H Jollow, DJ Monks, TJ Sipes, IG TI Use of structure-activity relationships for probing biochemical mechanisms: Glutathione transferase zeta conjugation of haloacids SO BIOLOGICAL REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES VI: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AND PREVENTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Biological Reactive Intermediates CY JUL 16-20, 2000 CL UNIV RENE DESCARTES, PARIS, FRANCE SP CNRS, European Commiss, US EPA, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci HO UNIV RENE DESCARTES ID DICHLOROACETIC-ACID; BIOTRANSFORMATION; INACTIVATION; POLYMORPHISM C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. RP Swartz, PD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27111 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-46659-7 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2001 VL 500 BP 23 EP 31 PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Toxicology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Toxicology GA BT47A UT WOS:000173071900003 PM 11764943 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Hotchkiss, AK Price, M Wolf, CJ Furr, J Ostby, J Lambright, C Parks, L Wilson, V Bobseine, K Hartig, P AF Gray, LE Hotchkiss, AK Price, M Wolf, CJ Furr, J Ostby, J Lambright, C Parks, L Wilson, V Bobseine, K Hartig, P TI Adverse effects of antiandrogenic pesticides and toxic substances on reproductive development in the male. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ USEPA Cooperat Res Program, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 87 EP 88 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900017 ER PT J AU Bodensteiner, KJ Veeramachaneni, R Klinefelter, GR Kane, CM Higuchi, TT Moeller, CL Sawyer, HR AF Bodensteiner, KJ Veeramachaneni, R Klinefelter, GR Kane, CM Higuchi, TT Moeller, CL Sawyer, HR TI Chronic exposure to dibromoacetic acid (DBA), a commonly occurring disinfection by-product in drinking water, diminishes primordial follicle populations in the rabbit. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 St Lawrence Univ, Dept Biol, Canton, NY 13617 USA. Colorado State Univ, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Div Reprod Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 122 EP 122 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900097 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ Furr, J LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ Furr, J LeBlanc, GA Gray, LE TI Masculinization of female rats by prenatal testosterone propionate is attenuated by vinclozolin. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Div Reprod Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 123 EP 123 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900099 ER PT J AU Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Narotsky, MG AF Bielmeier, SR Best, DS Narotsky, MG TI Pregnancy loss in the F344 rat caused by bromodichloromethane: Effects on serum luteinizing hormone levels. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 2001 VL 64 SU 1 BP 339 EP 340 PG 2 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 447KR UT WOS:000169570900646 ER PT B AU Allen, HL Francendese, L Harper, G Miller, TF AF Allen, HL Francendese, L Harper, G Miller, TF BE Magar, VS Johnson, G Ong, SK Leeson, A TI Field-scale studies on removal of creosote from contaminated soil SO BIOREMEDIATION OF ENERGETICS, PHENOLICS, AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MICROBIAL-METABOLISM; BIOREMEDIATION AB The Walker Springs Wood Treating site is an abandoned wood treating facility located near the city of Jackson, Alabama. Site soil was found to be extensively contaminated with creosote oil. Bench-scale studies were conducted to screen soils for creosote-degradative activity and to develop a nutrient recipe that would promote rapid degradation of creosote in pilot-scale and field-scale studies. Screening studies identified a site soil sample which contained microbial populations capable of removing almost 89% of target creosote components in 28 days. Recipes were subsequently developed which promoted the removal of 87% to 90% of target creosote components in 84 days in bench-scale solid-phase studies. In 1997, four pilot-scale land farm cells were constructed with individual capacities of 4.7 yd(3) (3.6 m(3)) to evaluate recipes developed from bench-scale studies. Initial creosote concentrations in solid-phase studies ranged from 3,300 to 5,500 mg/kg. One of the recipes promoted the removal of over 94% of target creosote components in 90 days. A field-scale unit was constructed at the site with a capacity of 4,800 yd(3) (3,700 m(3)). Almost two years (699 days) were required before creosote component removal achieved the end results obtained in bench-scale and pilot.-scale studies. C1 US EPA, ERTC, Edison, NJ USA. RP Allen, HL (reprint author), US EPA, ERTC, Edison, NJ USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-113-2 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 3 BP 259 EP 266 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BU12W UT WOS:000175096400033 ER PT B AU Scharp, RA Kawahara, F Burckle, J Allen, J Govind, R AF Scharp, RA Kawahara, F Burckle, J Allen, J Govind, R BE Leeson, A Peyton, BM Means, JL Magar, VS TI Biorecovery of metals from acid mine drainage SO BIOREMEDIATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command AB Acid mine water is an acidic, metal-bearing wastewater generated by the oxidation of metallic sulfides by certain bacteria in both active and abandoned mining operations. The wastewaters contain substantial quantities of dissolved solids with the particular pollutants dependant upon the mineralization occurring at the mined faces. Those usually encountered and considered of concern for risk assessment are: arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, zinc and sulfate. Occasionally, other minor elements are encountered that must be considered. The pollution generated by abandoned mining activities in the area of Butte, Montana has resulted in the designation of the Silver Bow Creek - Butte Area as the largest Superfund (National Priorities List) site in the U.S. This paper reports the preliminary results of bench-scale studies conducted to develop a resource recovery based remediation process for the clean up of the Berkeley Pit. The process utilizes selective, sequential precipitation (SSP) of metal hydroxides and sulfides, such as copper, zinc, aluminum, iron and manganese, from the Berkeley Pit AMD for their removal from the water in a form suitable for additional processing into marketable precipitates and pigments. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Scharp, RA (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-119-1 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 9 BP 9 EP 16 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BU13C UT WOS:000175098600002 ER PT B AU Utgikar, VP Tabak, HH Haines, JR Harmon, SM Govind, R AF Utgikar, VP Tabak, HH Haines, JR Harmon, SM Govind, R BE Leeson, A Peyton, BM Means, JL Magar, VS TI Effect of metal ions on acetate-utilizing mixed culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) SO BIOREMEDIATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command ID HEAVY-METAL; DESULFOVIBRIO-DESULFURICANS; TOXICITY; REDUCTION AB The inhibitory and toxic impact of metal ions needs to be quantified for maintaining a stable process for the treatment of metal-bearing sulfate-rich wastewaters using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The ultimate toxic concentrations of zinc and copper (lowest concentration at which no sulfate reduction activity was detected) were found to be 20 mg/L and 12 mg/L respectively for an acetate utilizing mixed culture of SRB. The EC50 (initial metal ion concentration at which the activity of the culture is reduced by 50%) values were obtained from the ionic concentration measurements and found to be 16.5 mg/L and 10.5 mg/L for zinc and copper respectively. The metal sulfides formed due to reaction between metal ions in the solution and biogenic sulfide inhibited the sulfate reducing activity of the SRB. The effect of metal ions on an active, growing culture of SRB was investigated by spiking copper/zinc ion into the batch reactors containing acetate-utilizing SRB. The bioactivity was monitored through physico-chemical measurements of pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), ionic concentrations in the reactor and hydrogen sulfide concentration in the headspace. The actual concentrations of the metal ions after spiking were much lower than calculated concentrations and ranged from 5-10 mg/L indicating a significant level of sulfide protection in the reactors. The sulfate reduction activity of the reactors gradually resumed as could be seen from the increase in the pH and a decrease in the ORP. The reactors did not change over to methanogenic mode based on the analysis of the headspace gas sample. The microbial population measurements using an MPN technique indicated that the active SRB population decreased after exposure to metal ion. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Utgikar, VP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-119-1 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 9 BP 17 EP 26 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BU13C UT WOS:000175098600003 ER PT J AU Olshan, AF Weissler, MC Watson, MA Bell, DA AF Olshan, AF Weissler, MC Watson, MA Bell, DA TI Risk of head and neck cancer and the alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE-3 GENOTYPE; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; PHARYNGEAL CANCERS; ORAL CAVITY; ACETALDEHYDE; EXPRESSION; ADH AB Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), including the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx, is an excellent tumor model to evaluate gene-environment interactions, including alcohol and alcohol-metabolizing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). We conducted a hospital-based case-control study including 182 cases with newly diagnosed SCCHN and 202 controls with non-neoplastic conditions of the head and neck that required surgery. The joint effects of lifetime alcohol use and the presence of the ADH3 'rapid' allele (ADH3*1) was evaluated in relation to the risk of SCCHN. Logistic regression was used to estimate the interaction between alcohol use and ADH3 genotype with adjustment for tobacco use, age, sex and race. The interaction was evaluated on both the multiplicative and additive scales. The risk of SCCHN was increased nearly 6-fold with consumption of 40 or more alcoholic beverages per week [odds ratio (OR) = 5.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.0-17.7; adjusted for age, sex, race and years of tobacco use]. We did not find any increase in risk for ADH3*1 homozygotes (OR = 0.9; CI = 0.4-1.9) or heterozygotes(OR = 0.8; CI = 0.4-1.7) relative to ADH3*2 homozygotes, There was no suggestion of an interaction between any alcohol use variable and the ADH3*1 genotype, For example, the interaction term, including the continuous variable average number of drinks per week and the ADH3 genotypes, was non-significant (P = 0.22). The study does not indicate an important role for the ADH3 *1 polymorphism in SCCHN, but larger numbers are needed to more precisely estimate the interaction, if any, with ADH3. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Div ENT Head & Neck Surg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Olshan, AF (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, CP 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 23 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD JAN PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 57 EP 61 DI 10.1093/carcin/22.1.57 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 396BW UT WOS:000166617300009 PM 11159741 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Guan, XF AF Martonen, TB Guan, XF TI Effects of tumors on inhaled pharmacologic drugs I. Flow patterns SO CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE tumors; bronchogenic carcinomas; inhaled drugs; airstreams; aerosol therapy ID DEPOSITION PATTERNS; TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; FLUID-DYNAMICS; HUMAN LUNGS; AIRWAY; MORPHOLOGY; CARCINOMA; RESECTION; MODELS AB Lung carcinomas are now the most common form of cancer. Clinical data suggest that tumors are found preferentially in upper airways, perhaps specifically at carina within bifurcations. The disease can be treated by aerosolized pharmacologic drugs. To enhance their efficacies site-specific drugs must be deposited selectively. Since inhaled particles are transported by air, flow patterns will naturally affect their trajectories. Therefore, in Part I of a systematic investigation, we focused on tumor-induced effects on airstreams, in Part II (the following article [p. 245]), particle trajectories were determined. To facilitate the targeted delivery of inhaled drugs, we simulated bifurcations with tumors on carinas using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) soft:ware package (FIDAP) with a Cray T90 supercomputer and studied effects of tumor sizes and ventilatory parameters on localized flow patterns. Critical tumor sizes existed; e.g., tumors had dominant effects when r/R greater than or equal to 0.8 for bifurcation 3-4 and r/R greater than or equal to 0.6 for bifurcation 7-8 (r = tumor radius and R = airway radius). The findings suggest that computer modeling is a means to integrate alterations to airway structures caused by diseases into aerosol therapy protocols. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Div Pulm Dis, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1085-9195 J9 CELL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Cell Biochem. Biophys. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 233 EP 243 DI 10.1385/CBB:35:3:233 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 502QL UT WOS:000172754200002 PM 11894843 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Guan, XF AF Martonen, TB Guan, XF TI Effects of tumors on inhaled pharmacologic drugs II. Particle motion SO CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE lung bifurcations; tumors; particle motion; computer simulations; aerosol therapy ID DEPOSITION PATTERNS; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; HUMAN AIRWAYS; HUMAN LUNGS; AEROSOLS; MODEL AB Computer simulations were conducted to describe drug particle motion in human lung bifurcations with tumors. The computations used FIDAP with a Cray T90 supercomputer. The objective was to better understand particle behavior as affected by particle characteristics, airflow conditions, and disease-modified airway geometries. The results indicated that increases in particle sizes, breathing intensities and tumor sizes could enhance drug deposition on the tumors. The modeling suggested that targeted drug delivery could be achieved by regulating breathing parameters and designing (selecting physical features of) aerosolized drugs. We present the theoretical work as a step towards improving aerosol therapy protocols. Since modeling describes factors affecting dose, it is complementary to considerations of the molecular aspects of drug formulation and pharmacokinetics. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Div Pulm Dis, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1085-9195 J9 CELL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Cell Biochem. Biophys. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 245 EP 253 DI 10.1385/CBB:35:3:245 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 502QL UT WOS:000172754200003 PM 11894844 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Zhang, ZQ Yu, GQ Musante, CJ AF Martonen, TB Zhang, ZQ Yu, GQ Musante, CJ TI Three-dimensional computer modeling of the human upper respiratory tract SO CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE computer models; human respiratory tract morphology; casting techniques; computer reconstruction; aerosol therapy; inhalation toxicology. ID HUMAN NASAL CAVITY; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; FLUID-DYNAMICS; AIR-FLOW; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; HUMAN LARYNX; AIRWAYS; DIFFUSION; BIFURCATIONS; SIMULATION AB Computer simulations of airflow and particle-transport phenomena within the human respiratory system have important applications to aerosol therapy (e.g., the targeted delivery of inhaled drugs) and inhalation toxicology (e.g., the risk assessment of air pollutants). A detailed description of airway morphology is necessary for these simulations to accurately reflect conditions in vivo. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) physiologically realistic computer model of the human upper-respiratory tract (URT) has been developed. The URT morphological model consists of the extrathoracic (ET) region (nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal passages) and upper airways (trachea and main bronchi) of the lung. The computer representation evolved from a silicone rubber impression of a medical school teaching model of the human head and throat. A mold of this ET system was sliced into 2-mm serial sections, scanned, and digitized. Numerical grids, for use in future computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, were generated for each slice using commercially available software (CFX-F3D), AEA Technology, Harwell, UK. The meshed sections were subsequently aligned and connected to be consistent with the anatomical model. Finally, a 3D curvilinear grid and a multiblock method were employed to generate the complete computational mesh defined by the cross-sections. The computer reconstruction of the trachea and main bronchi was based on data from the literature (cited herein). The final unified 3D computer model may have significant applications to aerosol medicine and inhalation toxicology, and serve as a cornerstone for computer simulations of air flow and particle-transport processes in the human respiratory system. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Mech Engn & Appl Mech, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Entelos Inc, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Wei, Jianjian/F-7788-2011 OI Wei, Jianjian/0000-0001-8859-8462 NR 25 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 12 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1085-9195 J9 CELL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Cell Biochem. Biophys. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 255 EP 261 DI 10.1385/CBB:35:3:255 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 502QL UT WOS:000172754200004 PM 11894845 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Andrews, PW Ubeda, A Wang, X House, DE Trillo, MA Pimentel, ME AF Blackman, CF Andrews, PW Ubeda, A Wang, X House, DE Trillo, MA Pimentel, ME TI Physiological levels of melatonin enhance gap junction communication in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes SO CELL BIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE melatonin; dye coupling; intercellular communication; gap junctions; primary hepatocytes ID HUMAN-BREAST-CANCER; PINEAL HORMONE MELATONIN; INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; CELLS; EXPRESSION; GROWTH; CARCINOGENESIS; PROLIFERATION; MODULATION AB Gap junction communication is known to be involved in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation, and seems to play a crucial role in suppression of tumor promotion. Melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, has putative oncostatic properties. Intercellular communication through gap junctions was assessed by microinjecting Lucifer yellow fluorescent dye into primary hepatocytes and visualizing the spread of the dye to adjacent neighboring cells using phase contrast/fluorescent microscopy. Treatment of primary hepatocyte cultures with a physiological range of melatonin concentrations for 24 h prior to microinjection resulted in significant enhancement in intercellular communication at 0.2 and 0.4 nmol/L but not at lower (0.1 nmol/L) or higher (0.8 or 1.0 nmol/L) concentrations. A time-dependent study showed that the changes in intercellular communication began 10 h after melatonin treatment and reached a maximum at 12 h of treatment. This nonlinear, functional gap junction response to melatonin occurred in the physiological concentration range detected in blood of mammals during nightly releases of the hormone by the pineal gland. These melatonin levels may affect the ability of gap junction communication to exert cell growth control in vivo. The uneven decline between individuals in nocturnal release of melatonin that occurs with age could identify potentially sensitive subpopulations susceptible to developing pathologies involving alterations in biological processes dependent on gap junction communication. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Parexel Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Hosp Ramon y Cajal, Dept Invest, E-28034 Madrid, Spain. RP Blackman, CF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0742-2091 J9 CELL BIOL TOXICOL JI Cell Biol. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1023/A:1010980112946 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Toxicology SC Cell Biology; Toxicology GA 439PB UT WOS:000169125300001 PM 11504445 ER PT J AU Varma, RS Namboodiri, VV AF Varma, RS Namboodiri, VV TI An expeditious solvent-free route to ionic liquids using microwaves SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTION AB A microwave-assisted preparation of a series of ambient temperature ionic liquids, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium (AMIM) halides, that proceeds via efficient reaction of 1-methylimidazole with alkyl halides/terminal dihalides under solvent-free conditions, is described. C1 US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Clean Proc Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, MS 443,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 17 TC 209 Z9 231 U1 2 U2 33 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2001 IS 7 BP 643 EP 644 DI 10.1039/b101375k PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 420MX UT WOS:000168009700027 ER PT J AU Jensen, KM Korte, JJ Kahl, MD Pasha, MS Ankley, GT AF Jensen, KM Korte, JJ Kahl, MD Pasha, MS Ankley, GT TI Aspects of basic reproductive biology and endocrinology in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disruption; fathead minnow; gonad; reproduction; secondary sex characteristics; sex steroids; spawning cycle; vitellogenin ID OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; STEROID-HORMONES; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; OVARIAN FOLLICLES; GONADAL-STEROIDS; SEASONAL-CHANGES; PLASMA-LEVELS; GOLDFISH; EXPOSURE; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL AB The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) has been proposed as a model species for assessing the adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on reproduction and development. The purpose of these studies was to develop baseline reproductive biology and endocrinology data for this species to support interpretation of tests with potential EDCs. Pairs of reproductively-active fathead minnows (n = 70) were evaluated with respect to reproductive cyclicity in terms of spawning interval and fecundity. The mode and mean (+/- SE) spawning intervals for the fish in this study were 3.0 and 3.7 +/- 0.1 days, respectively. The mean number of eggs produced per spawn was 85 +/- 2.8. Animals were sacrificed at periodic intervals during the established spawning cycle and measurements made of gonadal condition (gonadosomatic index [GSI], histopathology) and plasma concentrations of vitellogenin and sex steroids (beta -estradiol, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone). The GSI in females varied significantly as a function of spawning interval, with the largest values occurring day 2 post-spawn, just prior to the interval of maximum spawning activity. Plasma beta -estradiol concentrations in females also varied significantly relative to peak values in the GSI and spawning activity. Vitellogenin concentrations in the female, and male GSI and steroid concentrations did not vary significantly relative to position in the spawning cycle. Concentrations of beta -estradiol in females and 11-ketotestosterone in males were positively correlated with testosterone concentrations. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Jensen, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 58 TC 141 Z9 145 U1 8 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 128 IS 1 BP 127 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S1532-0456(00)00185-X PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 402FU UT WOS:000166976000013 PM 11166681 ER PT J AU Wojtenko, I Stinson, MK Field, R AF Wojtenko, I Stinson, MK Field, R TI Challenges of combined sewer overflow disinfection by ultraviolet light irradiation SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE disinfectant; pathogens; combined sewer overflow; coliform bacteria; suspended solids; UV dose ID WASTE-WATER DISINFECTION; PARTICLES AB This article examines the performance and effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for disinfection of combined sewer overflow (CSO). Due to the negative impact of conventional water disinfectants on aquatic life, new agents (e.g., UV light) are being investigated for CSO. This low-quality water with high flow rates, volumes, and suspended solids content requires the use of high-rate techniques for its disinfection. Although many pilot-scale studies have investigated UV irradiation as an alternative technology, to date no full-scale CSO treatment facilities in the United States are using UV light. A survey of the major pilot-scale studies investigating UV light as a CSO disinfectant suggests that UV light irradiation, correctly applied, is an effective alternative to chlorination for CSO. The success of disinfecting with UV light seems to be strongly dependent on water quality. Thus, pretreatment of CSO prior to disinfection is a major prerequisite to ensure UV light effectiveness. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Wojtenko, I (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 31 IS 3 BP 223 EP 239 DI 10.1080/20016491089217 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 462BU UT WOS:000170400900001 ER PT J AU Wojtenko, I Stinson, MK Field, R AF Wojtenko, I Stinson, MK Field, R TI Performance of ozone as a disinectant for combined sewer overflow SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE ozone; high-rate disinfection; combined sewer overflow (CSO); pathogens; microorganisms; microbes; suspended solids ID DISINFECTION; INACTIVATION AB Disinfection of combined sewer overflow (CSO) minimizes the number of disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) released into receiving waters. Currently, the primary disinfecting agent used in the United States for wastewater treatment is chlorine (Cl-2); however, Cl-2 produces problems in aquatic ecosystems. As a result, alternative disinfectants are being investigated. This article presents the results of a state-of-the-art review of the effectiveness of ozone (O-3) for CSO disinfection. Data on major studies investigating CSO ozonation as well as its advantages and disadvantages are presented. Ozone inactivates a wider range of microorganisms than Cl-2. In addition, O-3 has a relatively high disinfection kill power, releases limited byproducts, is nonreactive with ammonia, and has an excellent ability for removing undesirable odor and color. The effectiveness of ozonation was found to be strongly dependent upon the occluding effects of suspended solids and influent quality. The reaction of O-3 with water impurities is a major limitation. In general, ozonation can be an effective, but expensive, technology for CSO disinfection. C1 US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Wojtenko, I (reprint author), US EPA, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 12 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 31 IS 4 BP 295 EP 309 DI 10.1080/20016491089235 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 490BD UT WOS:000172029600001 ER PT S AU Schaefer, FW AF Schaefer, FW BE Smith, M Thompson, KC TI Can we believe our results? SO CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: THE ANALYTICAL CHALLENGE SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Cryptosporidium CY OCT 24-26, 1999 CL UNIV WARWICK, COVENTRY, ENGLAND SP Royal Soc Chem, Water Chem Forum, Soc Chem Ind, Environm & Water Grp, Chartered Inst Water & Environm Management, Drinking Water Inspectorate HO UNIV WARWICK C1 US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Schaefer, FW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, 26 W ML King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-840-5 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2001 IS 265 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BT56S UT WOS:000173391300015 ER PT B AU Clark, P Jordan, DM Malloy, TM AF Clark, P Jordan, DM Malloy, TM BE Young, CA Twidwell, LG Anderson, CG TI Cyanide heap biological detoxification SO CYANIDE: SOCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Cyanide - Social, Industrial and Economic Aspects held at the Annual Meeting of TMS CY FEB 12-15, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Extract & Processing Div, Extract & Processing Div, Waste Treatment & Minimizat Comm, Extract & Processing Div, Precious Met Comm, Int Precious Met Inst, Soc Min Met & Explorat Inc, NW Min Assoc AB As part of the Mine Waste Technology Program (MWTP), a large-scale column test using bacteria and a sulfide ore was conducted at McClelland Laboratories, Inc., in Sparks, Nevada. Four technology providers participated in this demonstration. A mining company in Nevada provided the sulfide ore, process effluent and make-up water. A process effluent column, a chemical oxidation column, and the four biological treatment columns were set side by side on a test pad outside the laboratory building. The process effluent and chemical oxidation columns were used for experimental control. The goal of this project was to evaluate the viability and feasibility of using these biodegradation technologies to reduce the cyanide to the regulatory level of 0.2 parts per million (ppm) within an acceptable timeframe and with low operational costs. The column testing began on December 3, 1998 and operated until May 17, 1999. One technology provider reached the regulatory level within the 158 days. The remaining three biotechnology columns were approaching the regulatory limit at completion of the demonstration. The MWTP is funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is jointly administered through an interagency agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, P (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-479-8 PY 2001 BP 237 EP 253 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mining & Mineral Processing GA BR82J UT WOS:000167712900021 ER PT J AU Guo, TL McCay, JA Karrow, NA Brown, RD Musgrove, DL Luebke, RW Germolec, DR White, KL AF Guo, TL McCay, JA Karrow, NA Brown, RD Musgrove, DL Luebke, RW Germolec, DR White, KL TI Immunotoxicity of sodium bromate in female B6C3F1 mice: A 28-day drinking water study SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sodium bromate; reticulocytes; immunotoxicity; macrophage activity; disinfection by-product ID POTASSIUM BROMATE; RATS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CARCINOGENICITY AB Bromate is one of the water disinfection by-products (DBPs) produced during the process of ozonation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic potential of sodium bromate (SB) in female B6C3F1 mice. SE was administered in the drinking water for 28 days at doses of 80-800 mg/l. There was no difference in drinking water consumption between the animals exposed to SE and the tap water controls. Exposure to SE did not produce any signs of overt toxicity. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in body weight, body weight gain, or the weights of thymus, liver, kidneys or lungs. No gross pathological lesions were observed in SE-treated animals. However, animals exposed to SE had a significant increase in absolute (28%) and relative (26%) spleen weights. The erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet count, total leukocyte count, and counts of differential leukocytes were unaffected by SE. A dose-related increase in reticulocytes was observed following exposure to SE with the greatest increase (78%) observed at the highest dose level. Overall, there were no changes in the absolute number of total T cells, CD4(+)CD8(-) T cells, CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Exposure to SE did not affect the percentage of B cells, although a slight increase in absolute number of B cells at the dose of 600 mg/l was observed. There was no alteration in IgM antibody-forming cell (AFC) response. mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and NK cell activity after exposure to SE. When the activity of peritoneal macrophages, unstimulated or stimulated with IFN-gamma and LPS, was evaluated using the cytotoxic/cytostatic assay of B16F10 tumor cells, the suppressive effect of macrophages on the proliferation of B16F10 tumor cells was decreased after exposure to SE. In conclusion, SE, when administered in the drinking water at doses from 80 mg/l to 800mg/l, produced minimal toxicological and immunotoxic effects in female B6C3F1 mice. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP White, KL (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, POB 980613, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 129 EP 149 DI 10.1081/DCT-100102606 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 455UP UT WOS:000170046400005 PM 11360431 ER PT J AU Karrow, NA Guo, TL McCay, JA Johnson, GW Brown, RD Musgrove, DL Germolec, DR Luebke, RW White, KL AF Karrow, NA Guo, TL McCay, JA Johnson, GW Brown, RD Musgrove, DL Germolec, DR Luebke, RW White, KL TI Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of the disinfection by-product, sodium chlorite, in female B6C3F1 mice: A drinking water study SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sodium chlorite; drinking water; immunomodulation; B6C3F1 mice ID INVITRO; RATS AB Sodium chlorite is an inorganic by-product of chlorine dioxide formed during the chlorination of drinking water. Relatively little is known about the adverse health effects of exposure to sodium chlorite in drinking water. In this study, we evaluated sodium chlorite's immunomodulatory properties using female B6C3F1 mice and a panel of immune assays that were designed to evaluate potential changes in innate and acquired cellular and humoral immune responses. Female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to sodium chlorite in their drinking water (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 15, and 30 mg/L) for 28 days, and then evaluated for immunomodulation. Overall, minimal toxicological and immunological changes were observed after exposure to sodium chlorite. Increases in the percentages of blood reticulocytes, and the relative spleen weights were both observed at different sodium chlorite treatment levels: however, these increases were not dose-dependent. An increasing trend in the number of spleen antibody-forming cells was observed over the range of sodium chlorite concentrations. This increase was not, however, significant at any individual treatment level, and was not reflected by changes in serum IgM levels. A significant increase (26%) in the total number of splenic CD8(+) cells was observed in mice treated with 30 mg/L of sodium chlorite, but not at the other concentrations. Splenic mixed leukocyte response and peritoneal macrophage activity were unaffected by sodium chlorite. Lastly, exposure to sodium chlorite did not affect natural killer cell activity, although a decrease in augmented natural killer cell activity (42%) was observed at the lowest sodium chlorite treatment level. These results suggest that sodium chlorite, within the range 0.1-30mg/L, produces minimal immunotoxicity in mice. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP White, KL (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Med Coll Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES55094] NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 239 EP 258 DI 10.1081/DCT-100103722 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 455UQ UT WOS:000170046500003 PM 11452397 ER PT J AU Dimsoski, P Toth, GP AF Dimsoski, P Toth, GP TI Development of DNA-based microsatellite marker technology for studies of genetic diversity in stressor impacted populations SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 14-18, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE microsatellites; genetic diversity; DNA libraries; population genetics; stressors ID SIMPLE SEQUENCES; LOCI; CONSERVATION AB In recent years microsatellite marker applications in various disciplines increased rapidly. Microsatellites are characterized as independent and highly variable markers most noted for their usefulness and popularity among researchers. Microsatellites can be constructed in-house from a partial genomic library, ordered from a vendor, or 'borrowed' from a species that is closely related to the target species. Microsatellite application in natural populations can reveal present as well as historical impacts of stressors to particular population. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Dimsoski, P (reprint author), Appl Biosyst Inc, 850 Lincoln Ctr Dr, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 229 EP 232 DI 10.1023/A:1016621511695 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 439YU UT WOS:000169145800007 PM 11501433 ER PT J AU Brown, MCL Guttman, S Glenn, TC AF Brown, MCL Guttman, S Glenn, TC TI Development and use of microsatellite DNA loci for genetic ecotoxicological studies of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 14-18, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE allele; genetic markers; microsatellites; resistance; STR ID HYBRIDIZATION SELECTION; DIVERSITY; POPULATIONS; SEQUENCES; GENOTYPES; HYALELLA; SURVIVAL; MARKERS AB The development of new DNA technologies has increased the opportunities to study the effect of genetic variation as a factor in selection, resistance, and fitness of individuals and populations. Genetic composition affects the evolutionary potential of an organism; however, whether genetic variation has a role in adaptation and survival due to chemical stress is still under debate. The strategy of measuring such variation should be based on the desired number of loci needed and degree of polymorphism at each locus. Microsatellite DNA loci (also known as Simple Tandem Repeats, STRs) have among the highest levels of variation within most eukaryotic genomes. Methods to determine the high levels of variation in individuals and populations have become more refined, making DNA-based studies in ecotoxicology more feasible. Herein, we describe the general characteristics of microsatellite DNA loci, their isolation, and their applications to toxicological studies using the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) as a focal species. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Savannah River Ecol Lab, Aiken, SC 29802 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Brown, MCL (reprint author), US EPA, Ecol Exposure Res Div, MD-62, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Glenn, Travis/A-2390-2008 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.1023/A:1016673528533 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 439YU UT WOS:000169145800008 PM 11501434 ER PT J AU Bagley, MJ Anderson, SL May, B AF Bagley, MJ Anderson, SL May, B TI Choice of methodology for assessing genetic impacts of environmental stressors: Polymorphism and reproducibility of RAPD and AFLP fingerprints SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry CY NOV 14-18, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE population genetics; fingerprint; RAPD; AFLP; reproducibility ID DIVERSITY; ECOTOXICOLOGY; MARKERS AB PCR-based multi-locus DNA fingerprints represent one of the most informative and cost-effective measures of genetic diversity and are useful population-level biomarkers of toxicologic and other anthropogenic impacts. However, concerns about reproducibility of DNA fingerprints have limited their wider use in environmental biology. We assessed polymorphism and reproducibility of two common fingerprinting techniques, RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism), in pedigreed populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to derive general rules for selective removal of problematic fingerprint bands. We found that by excluding bands that comprised less than 1% of total intensity, and by excluding the largest and smallest 10% of the bands, we could achieve nearly 100% reproducibility of AFLP fingerprints. Similar application of band exclusion criteria to RAPD fingerprints did not significantly enhance their reproducibility, and at least 15% of RAPD bands were not fully repeatable, heritable, or transmittable. The RAPD technique produced more polymorphic fingerprints than AFLP; however, considering that a substantial proportion of RAPD markers did not demonstrate Mendelian inheritance patterns, the AFLP methodology is to be preferred for future research. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA. RP Bagley, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mol Ecol Res Branch, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 58 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 239 EP 244 DI 10.1023/A:1016625612603 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 439YU UT WOS:000169145800009 PM 11501435 ER PT J AU Rose, RI AF Rose, RI TI Pesticides nd public health: Integrated methods of mosquito management SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Pesticides have a role in public health as part of sustainable integrated mosquito management. Other components of such management include surveillance, source reduction or prevention, biological control, repellents, traps, and pesticide-resistance management. We assess the future use of mosquito control pesticides in view of niche markets, incentives for new product development, Environmental Protection Agency registration, the Food Quality Protection Act, and improved pest management strategies for mosquito control. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rose, RI (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, PPQ, Unit 147,4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 6 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 17 EP 23 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 403EG UT WOS:000167029200003 PM 11266290 ER PT J AU Hunter, PR Colford, JM LeChevallier, MW Binder, S Berger, PS AF Hunter, PR Colford, JM LeChevallier, MW Binder, S Berger, PS TI Waterborne diseases SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Binder, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K02, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Hunter, Paul/A-7172-2008 OI Hunter, Paul/0000-0002-5608-6144 NR 0 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 SU S BP 544 EP 545 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 459BW UT WOS:000170230800023 PM 11485661 ER PT J AU Bordelon, NR Donnelly, KC George, SE AF Bordelon, NR Donnelly, KC George, SE TI Pentachlorophenol potentiates benzo[a]pyrene DNA adduct formation in adult but not infant B6C3F1 male mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE DNA adducts; age-dependent interactions; benzo[a]pyrene; pentachlorophenol; chemical mixtures ID LIVER DNA; DAMAGE; 8-HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE; CARCINOGEN; 8-HYDROXYGUANINE; SENSITIVITY; ENHANCEMENT; METABOLITE; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION AB The objective of this study is to determine whether pentachlorophenol (PCP) alters benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced DNA adduct Formation in infant and adult B6C3F1 male mice. Mice were exposed intraperitoneally to 55 mug B[a]P/g body weight (BW) alone and in combination with several doses of PCP in DMSO. The P-32-postlabeling assay was used to analyze For (+/-) anti-7,8diol-9,10-epoxideB[a] P-N(2)deoxyguanosine (BPDE-N(2)G) adducts formed in liver and lung DNA. Hepatic DNA also was analyzed For 8-hydroxy-2 ' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) base damage in mice exposed to PCP. 8-OHdG was not detected at any dose of PCP in infant or adult mice. PCP exhibited an antagonistic effect on BPDE-N2G accumulation in infant mice exposed to B[a]P in combination with 50 mug PCP/g BW at both 12 and 24 hr. Comparatively, BPDE-N2G adducts were increased in adult mice exposed to binary mixtures at 24 hr in both hepatic and lung DNA (P < 0.05). Multiple comparison analysis between infant and adult mice revealed that adduct levels in infants exposed to B[a]P alone or in combination with PCP were not different from those observed in adult mice exposed to B[a]P. However, a significant increase in adducts was observed in adult mice exposed to a combination of B[a]P and PCP compared to that in all other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that PCP alters the metabolism of B[a]P in both infant and adult mice through different mechanisms, and that infants are not susceptible to the potentiating effects of PCP observed in adult mice. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Bordelon, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, 111 Alexander Dr,POB 12233,MD B3-07, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 164 EP 172 DI 10.1002/em.1024 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 419NV UT WOS:000167955900008 PM 11246223 ER PT J AU Ganguly, C Van Benschoten, JE Griffiths, R AF Ganguly, C Van Benschoten, JE Griffiths, R TI A variable reactivity model for ion binding to environmental sorbents SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ion sorption; heterogeneity; modeling ID HETEROGENEOUS SORBENTS; ADSORPTION; COMPLEXATION; PH; ACID; TRANSPORT; SAND AB The conceptual and mathematical basis for a new general-composite modeling approach for ion binding to environmental sorbents is presented. The work extends the Simple Metal Sorption (SiMS) model previously presented for metal and proton binding to humic substances (Ganguly et al., 1999). A surface complexation modeling approach is presented, where metal ion binding is conceptualized as occurring at a single (diprotic) binding site with variable reactivity. The overall sorption constant (K-ads) is represented as the product of three terms: K-ads = K-chem K-coul K-het. The chemical contribution to metal binding is included in K-chem, while K-coul and K-het define coulombic and/or heterogeneity effects, and are approximated by empirical power functions of Hf and metal to site concentration ratio (M-T/S-T), respectively. Because of the difficulty in separating electrostatic and heterogeneity effects for field sorbents, the model is applied first to synthetic data where these effects can be examined separately and cumulatively. The diffuse double layer model (DDLM) is used as a basis of comparison for single and multiple sorbents; a discrete affinity distribution model is used to explore heterogeneity effects in the absence of electrostatics, The variable reactivity model then is applied to the experimental data reported by Wen et nl. (1998) for proton and metal binding to river sediment. These applications illustrate the underlying physical and chemical properties embodied in model parameters as well as the ability of the model to simulate sorption data for an environmental sorbent. Model attributes and limitations are discussed. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Civil Struct & Environm Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. US EPA, Risk Reduct Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. RP Van Benschoten, JE (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Civil Struct & Environm Engn, Jarvis Hall,Rm 207, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM jev@acsu.buffalo.edu NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1092-8758 EI 1557-9018 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 18 IS 1 BP 9 EP 23 DI 10.1089/109287500750070225 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 405CN UT WOS:000167139800002 ER PT J AU Swinker, M Koltai, D Wilkins, J Hudnell, K Hall, C Darcey, D Robertson, K Schmechel, D Stopford, W Music, S AF Swinker, M Koltai, D Wilkins, J Hudnell, K Hall, C Darcey, D Robertson, K Schmechel, D Stopford, W Music, S TI Estuary-associated syndrome in North Carolina: An occupational prevalence study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE dinoflagellate; marine toxin; memory disorders; occupational disease; Pfiesteria; visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) ID CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DINOFLAGELLATE; PFIESTERIA; EXPOSURE; HEALTH AB Atlantic coast estuaries recently have experienced fish kills and fish with lesions attributed to Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates. Human health effects have been reported from laboratory exposure and from a 1997 Maryland fish kill. North Carolina has recorded Pfiesteria-related fish kill events over the past decade, but human health effects from environmental exposure have not been systematically investigated or documented here. At the request of the state health agency, comprehensive examinations were conducted in a cross-sectional prevalence study of watermen working where Pfiesteria exposure may occur: waters where diseased or stressed fish were reported from June to September 1337, and where Pfiesteria had been identified in the past. Controls worked on unaffected waterways. The study was conducted 3 months after the last documented Pfiesteria-related fish kill. The goal was to document any persistent health effects from recent or remote contact with fish kills, fish with lesions, or affected waterways, using the 1337 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case description for estuary-associated syndrome (EAS). Examinations included comprehensive medical, occupational, and environmental history, general medical, dermatologic, and neurologic examinations, vision testing, and neuropsychologic evaluations. Seventeen of 22 watermen working in affected waters and 11 of 21 in unaffected waters reported exposure to a fish kill or to fish with lesions. We found no pattern of abnormalities on medical, neurologic, neuropsychologic, or NES-2 evaluation. By history, one subject in each group met the EAS criteria, neither of whom had significant neuropsychological impairment when examined. Watermen from affected waterways had a significant reduction in visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) at the midspatial frequencies, but we did not identify a specific factor or exposure associated with this reduction. The cohorts did not differ in reported occupational exposure to solvents (qualitative) or to other neurotoxicants; however, exposure history was not sufficiently detailed to measure or control for solvent exposure. This small prevalence study in watermen, conducted 3 months after the last documented fish kill related to Pfiesteria, did not identify an increased risk of estuary-associated syndrome in those working on affected waterways. A significant difference between the estuary and ocean watermen was found on VCS, which could not be attributed to any specific factor or exposure. VCS may be affected by chemicals, drugs, alcohol, and several developmental and degenerative conditions; it has not been validated as being affected by known exposure to dinoflagellate secretions. VCS should be considered for inclusion in further studies, together with documentation or quantification of its potential confounders, to assess whether it has utility in relationship to dinoflagellate exposure. C1 E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Med, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Swinker, M (reprint author), E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, 4S-22 Brody, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 109 IS 1 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.2307/3434916 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 392BU UT WOS:000166391400019 PM 11171520 ER PT S AU Couse, JF Korach, KS AF Couse, JF Korach, KS BE Mclachlan, JA Guillette, LJ Iguchi, T Toscano, WA TI Contrasting phenotypes in reproductive tissues of female estrogen receptor null mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL HORMONES: THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Hormones CY OCT 15-18, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Tulane Univ, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, Xavier Univ, Ctr Bioenvironm Res, Coypu Fdn, Greater New Orleans Fdn, Natl Inst Enviornm Hlth Sci, USN Off Res, USDA, W Alton Jones Fdn DE estrogen receptor; estrogen insensitivity; uterus; ovary ID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA-1; ALPHA-KNOCKOUT MOUSE; CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA; OVARIAN PHENOTYPE; SEX REVERSAL; RAT OVARY; EXPRESSION; BETA; GENE; CELLS AB The estrogen receptor (ER) exists in two known forms, ERalpha and ERbeta, and acts as a ligand-inducible transcription factor to fulfill critical roles in reproductive physiology. Although in vitro studies suggest the ERs may play redundant roles, a dissimilar tissue distribution indicates otherwise. Therefore, to gain insight into the role of each ER form, individual lines of mice lacking each respective receptor, as well as mice lacking both ER forms, were generated. alphaERKO and betaERKO female mice possess a normally developed reproductive tract and maintain expression of the opposite ER. The alphaERKO female Is infertile and exhibits a hypoplastic uterus that is refractory to estrogens. The ovaries of the alphaERKO female are consistently polycystic and lack indications of spontaneous ovulation. In contrast, the betaERKO female exhibits a hormonally responsive uterus and grossly normal ovaries, but is subfertile In terms of the frequency and size of litters. Immature females of both ERKO lines successfully ovulate viable ova when superovulated with exogenous gonadotropins, yet the average yield of ooctyes is reduced. Mice lacking both known ER forms (alphabetaERKO) are infertile, possess the expected reproductive tract structures, but exhibit a remarkably distinct ovarian phenotype characterized by postnatal loss of oocytes and redifferentiation of the remaining somatic cells to Sertoli-like cells. This "sex-reversal" in the alphabetaERKO ovary is accompanied by the ectopic expression of testis-specific genes, for example, Sox9 and sulfated-glycoprotein-2. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reproduct & Dev Toxicol, Receptor Biol Sect, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Korach, KS (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Reproduct & Dev Toxicol, Receptor Biol Sect, NIH, MD B3-02 POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X NR 26 TC 53 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-348-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2001 VL 948 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Reproductive Biology GA BT69F UT WOS:000173775200001 PM 11795387 ER PT J AU Osowski, SL Swick, JD Carney, GR Pena, HB Danielson, JE Parrish, DA AF Osowski, SL Swick, JD Carney, GR Pena, HB Danielson, JE Parrish, DA TI A watershed-based cumulative risk impact analysis: Environmental vulnerability and impact criteria SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE environmental protection; GIS; screening tool; swine feedlots; watershed-based; water pollution ID DELAWARE AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGEWAYS; LAND-USE; PHOSPHORUS TRANSFORMATIONS; MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN; BROILER LITTER; WASTE LAGOONS; WELL WATER; QUALITY; INFORMATION; SEDIMENTS AB Swine Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) have received much attention in recent years. As a result, a watershed-based screening tool, the Cumulative Risk Index Analysis (CRIA), was developed to assess the cumulative impacts of multiple CAFO facilities in a watershed subunit. The CRIA formula calculates an index number based on: 1) the area of one or more facilities compared to the area of the watershed subunit, 2) the average of the environmental vulnerability criteria, and 3) the average of the industry-specific impact criteria. Each vulnerability or impact criterion is ranked on a 1 to 5 scale, with a low rank indicating low environmental vulnerability or impact and a high rank indicating high environmental vulnerability or impact. The individual criterion ranks, as well as the total CRIA score, can be used to focus the environmental analysis and facilitate discussions with industry, public, and other stakeholders in the Agency decision-making process. C1 US EPA, Reg 6 Compliance Assurance & Enforcement Div, Off Planning & Coordinat, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. RP Osowski, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 6 Compliance Assurance & Enforcement Div, Off Planning & Coordinat, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. NR 79 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 66 IS 2 BP 159 EP 185 DI 10.1023/A:1026491713413 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 379FQ UT WOS:000165631700004 PM 11214349 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS Moore, JC AF Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS Moore, JC TI Dredging impact on an urbanized Florida bayou: effects on benthos and algal-periphyton SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE dredging; benthos; periphyton; Florida; bayou-estuary ID SPOIL; TOXICITY; QUALITY; MONITOR; HARBOR; SITES AB Environmental effects of dredging events have been uncommonly reported for shallow, residential estuaries characteristic of the Gulf of Mexico region. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of hydraulic dredging on an urbanized estuary. Physicochemical quality, benthic community composition, whole sediment toxicity, periphytic algal community composition and trace metal tissue quality were determined prior to and after dredging. The effects on surface water pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were negligible but photosynthetically active radiation was decreased at several stations. Dredging significantly reduced benthic diversity and density (P < 0.05). However, the sediments were not acutely toxic to the epibenthic, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia); survival averaged 93% (post-dredging) and to 98% (pre-dredging). There were several post-dredging taxonomic structural changes in the diatom-dominated, periphyton community but differences in mean density and three diversity indices were not significant. Trace metal concentrations in periphyton after dredging were reduced from an average of 4-65% and significantly for mercury, zinc and chromium in several areas. It was concluded that the environmental impact of small-scale dredging events in urbanized near-coastal areas, based on the selected parameters, are likely to be localized and of short-term environmental consequence. The choice of the target biota, response parameters and chemical analysis are important considerations in the environ-mental impact assessment of these periodic episodic events. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 56 TC 50 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 115 IS 2 BP 161 EP 171 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00118-X PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 488BR UT WOS:000171915200002 PM 11706789 ER PT J AU Olszyk, DM Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Seidler, RJ Tingey, DT Watrud, LS AF Olszyk, DM Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Seidler, RJ Tingey, DT Watrud, LS TI Interactive effects of CO2 and O-3 on a ponderosa pine plant/litter/soil mesocosm SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; ozone; conifer; growth; photosynthesis; root; belowground ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SAN-BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS; SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GAS-EXCHANGE; CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT; OZONE EXPOSURE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; PLANT-GROWTH; ROOT-GROWTH AB To study individual and combined impacts of two important atmospheric trace gases, CO2 and O-3, on C and N cycling in forest ecosystems; a multi-year experiment using a small-scale ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) seedling/soil/litter system was initiated in April 1998. The experiment was conducted in outdoor, sun-lit chambers where aboveground and belowground ecological processes could be studied in detail. This paper describes the approach and methodology used, and presents preliminary data for the first two growing seasons. CO2 treatments were ambient and elevated (ambient + 280 ppm). O-3 treatments were elevated (hourly averages to 159 ppb, cumulative exposure > 60 ppb O-3, SUM 06 similar to 10.37 ppm h), and a low control level (nearly all hourly averages < 40 ppb, SUM 06 0.07 ppm h). Significant (P < 0.05) individual and interactive effects occurred with elevated CO2 and elevated O-3. Elevated CO2 increased needle-level net photosynthetic rates over both seasons. Following the first season, the highest photosynthetic rates were for trees which had previously received. elevated O-3 in addition to elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 increased seedling stem diameters, with the greatest increase at low O-3. Elevated CO2 decreased current year needle % N in the summer. For 1-year-old needles measured in the fall there was a decrease in % N with elevated CO2 at low O-3, but an increase in % N with elevated CO2 at elevated O-3. Nitrogen fixation (measured by acetylene reduction) was low in ponderosa pine litter and there were no significant CO2 or O-3 effects. Neither elevated CO2 nor elevated O-3 affected standing root biomass or root length density. Elevated O-3 decreased the % N in coarse-fine (1-2 mm diameter) but not in fine ( < 1 mm diameter) roots. Both elevated CO2 and elevated O-3 tended to increase the number of fungal colony forming units (CFUs) in the AC soil horizon, and elevated O-3 tended to decrease bacterial CFUs in the C soil horizon. Thus, after two growing seasons we showed interactive effects of O-3 and CO2 in combination, in addition to responses to CO2 Or O-3 alone for a ponderosa pine plant/litter/soil system. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Olszyk, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 72 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 115 IS 3 BP 447 EP 462 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00234-2 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 500MJ UT WOS:000172631100011 PM 11789925 ER PT J AU Yun, SC Park, EW Laurence, JA AF Yun, SC Park, EW Laurence, JA TI Simulation of 1-year-old Populus tremuloides response to ozone stress at Ithaca, USA, and Suwon, Republic of Korea SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE ozone; aspen; TREGRO; total non-structural carbon ID RED SPRUCE SEEDLINGS; TREGRO MODEL; MULTIPLE STRESSES; PINUS-PONDEROSA; GROWTH; EXPOSURE; ALLOCATION; POPLAR; LEAVES; CLONES AB The growth of 1-year-old aspen was simulated using TREGRO, a computer simulation model of individual tree growth, to assess potential effects of ozone (O-3) TREGRO was parameterized using information from a field experiment conducted at Ithaca, NY, USA; the model was then applied using environmental information from Suwon, Korea, where O-3 exposures of aspen had not been conducted. In the parameterization at Ithaca, the simulated and measured total biomass differed by about 3% and the differences between measured and simulated biomass gain of leaf, shoot, and root were 15.4, 8.3, and 4.4%, respectively. Simulating growth at Suwon required adjustment in growth rates to match measured growth due to the different weather conditions at the two cities. The assimilated carbon was evenly distributed to each tissue (foliage, branch, stem, coarse, fine roots) in Suwon, whereas it was mainly allocated to vigorous stem growth in Ithaca. The vigorous growth under Suwon conditions resulted in less total non-structural carbon and perhaps trees more vulnerable to O-3 stress. Although the ambient O-3 in Suwon (1.2 ppm.h of sum of the hourly concentrations greater than 0.06 ppm [SUM06]) was lower than that in Ithaca (2.1 ppm.h of SUM06), a reduction of 8% of total assimilated carbon was found compared to simulation without O-3. Severe effects on root growth at elevated O-3 (1.7 times ambient) were predicted; however, the effects on leaf growth would not be as severe. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Appl Biol & Chem, Suwon 441744, South Korea. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Laurence, JA (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Park, Eun Woo/H-3188-2013 NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 112 IS 2 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00108-1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 401KZ UT WOS:000166927900018 PM 11234543 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Brown, SK Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA AF Urbansky, ET Brown, SK Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA TI Perchlorate levels in samples of sodium nitrate fertilizer derived from Chilean caliche SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Editorial Material DE perchlorate; Chile saltpeter; sodium nitrate; fertilizer; caliche; IC; ESI-MS; drinking water; potable water; groundwater ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DRINKING-WATER; ION AB Paleogeochemical deposits in northern Chile are a rich source of naturally occurring sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter). These ores are mined to isolate NaNO3 (16-0-0) for use as fertilizer. Coincidentally, these very same deposits are a natural source of perchlorate anion (ClO4-). At sufficiently high concentrations, perchlorate interferes with iodide uptake in the thyroid gland and has been used medicinally for this purpose. In 1997, perchlorate contamination was discovered in a number of US water supplies, including Lake Mead and the Colorado River. Subsequently, the Environmental Protection Agency added this species to the Contaminant Candidate List for drinking water and will begin assessing occurrence via the Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule in 2001. Effective risk assessment requires characterizing possible sources, including fertilizer. Samples were analyzed by ion chromatography and confirmed by complexation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. within a lot, distribution of perchlorate is nearly homogeneous, presumably due to the manufacturing process. Two different lots we analyzed differed by 15%, containing an average of either 1.5 or 1.8 mg g(-1). Inadequate sample size can lead to incorrect estimations; 100-g samples gave sufficiently consistent and reproducible results. At present, information on natural attenuation, plant uptake, use/application, and dilution is too limited to evaluate the significance of these findings, and further research is needed in these areas. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 105 Z9 112 U1 3 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 112 IS 3 BP 299 EP 302 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00132-9 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 413QC UT WOS:000167622400001 PM 11291435 ER PT J AU Pasurka, CA AF Pasurka, CA TI Technical change and measuring pollution abatement costs: An activity analysis framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE joint production; pollution abatement casts; technical change ID ENVIRONMENTAL-REGULATION; OUTPUTS AB The cornerstones of studies that estimate the effect of environmental regulations on an economy are estimates of the pollution abatement costs incurred by the manufacturing and electric utility sectors. However, there are concerns regarding the accuracy of the surveys used to generate these cost estimates. This paper demonstrates that technical change tends to result in an increasing share of pollution abatement costs being impossible to measure. This finding has important implications for estimating the productivity effects of environmental regulations, developing regulatory budgets, and data collection efforts related to environmental accounting. C1 US EPA, Econ & Environm Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Pasurka, CA (reprint author), US EPA, Econ & Environm Div, 2172,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Pasurka, Carl/H-8996-2016 OI Pasurka, Carl/0000-0001-9846-1507 NR 30 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 18 IS 1 BP 61 EP 85 PG 25 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 417WU UT WOS:000167859100004 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Scott, G Klaine, SJ AF Lewis, MA Scott, G Klaine, SJ TI Marine and estuarine toxicology and chemistry SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NOAA, NOS, CCEHBR, Charleston, SC USA. Clemson Univ, Pendleton, SC USA. RP US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RI Klaine, Stephen/C-5352-2011 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1002/etc.5620200101 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 384HX UT WOS:000165937700001 PM 11351395 ER PT J AU Summers, JK AF Summers, JK TI Ecological condition of the estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE estuaries; coastal ecosystems; Coastal 2000; environmental monitoring program ID OF-MEXICO ESTUARIES; BENTHIC INDEX; SEDIMENTS AB Monitoring the estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines of the United States from Cape God, Massachusetts, to Brownsville, Texas, was performed annually from 1990 through 1997 to assess ecological conditions on a regional basis for four biogeographic provinces. These province estimates-Virginian, Carolinian, West Indian, and Louisianian Provinces-are combined to provide an assessment of 87% of the estuarine area of the United States and 96% of the area of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Combining information over the six years of monitoring showed 34 +/- 4% of the Atlantic and Gulf estuarine sediments displayed poorer than expected biological conditions, based on benthic and finfish community conditions, and 21 +/- 4% of the area was characterized by low water clarity, the presence of marine debris/noxious odors, or elevated fish tissue contaminants. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM summers.kevin@epa.gov NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1002/etc.5620200109 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 384HX UT WOS:000165937700009 PM 11351419 ER PT J AU Kuhn, A Munns, WR Champlin, D McKinney, R Tagliabue, M Serbst, J Gleason, T AF Kuhn, A Munns, WR Champlin, D McKinney, R Tagliabue, M Serbst, J Gleason, T TI Evaluation of the efficacy of extrapolation population modeling to predict the dynamics of Americamysis bahia populations in the laboratory SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Americamysis; population model; exposure-response models; model validation; p-nonylphenol ID LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS; LITTORAL ENCLOSURES; 4-NONYLPHENOL; TOXICITY; BIOACCUMULATION; PERSISTENCE; ETHOXYLATES; POLLUTANTS; SEDIMENT AB An age-classified projection matrix model has been developed to extrapolate the chronic (28-35 d) demographic responses of Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia) to population-level response. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this model for predicting the population behavior of A. bahia held (for more than three generations) under controlled laboratory exposure conditions. The research involved the performance of a standard life-cycle test and a multigenerational (greater than three mysid generations, 55 d) assay using A. bahia to experimentally evaluate model predictions regarding population-level risks of chemical exposure. The organic compound para-nonylphenol was chosen as the chemical stressor in these assays. This compound is a ubiquitous contaminant and suspected endocrine disrupter. Utilizing data obtained during the standard life-cycle test, aggregate estimates of population growth rare (lambda) and measured p-nonylphenol concentration were used to develop an exposure-response model of population-level effects. These estimates provided the basis of predictions for the long-term dynamics of mysid populations exposed to p-nonylphenol. The veracity of the mysid population model was evaluated through quantitative comparisons of model predictions based on the life-cycle test with dynamics of the experimental populations (multigenerational assay results). The results indicate that the population model was able to project within a few micrograms per liter the concentration where population-level effects would begin to occur (projected 16 mug/L from the model vs measured 19 mug/L from the multigenerational assay). C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Kuhn, A (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 35 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 213 EP 221 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0213:EOTEOE>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 384HX UT WOS:000165937700025 PM 11351411 ER PT J AU Roth-Harer, A Lilienthal, H Bubser, M Kronthaler, U Mundy, WR Ward, TR Schmidt, W Winterhoff, H Winneke, G AF Roth-Harer, A Lilienthal, H Bubser, M Kronthaler, U Mundy, WR Ward, TR Schmidt, W Winterhoff, H Winneke, G TI Neurotransmitter concentrations and binding at dopamine receptors in rats after maternal exposure to 3,4,3 ',4 '-tetrachlorobiphenyl: the role of reduced thyroid hormone concentrations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PCB; propylthiouracil; thyroid hormones; TSH; neurotransmitter; dopamine receptor ID UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE INDUCERS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; NEONATAL NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; SUBSTITUTED PCB CONGENERS; TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; DEIODINASE ACTIVITY; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; PREPUBERTAL RATS; ADULT-RATS AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants, which accumulate in the food chain and are transferred to the offspring during prenatal development through the placenta and postnatally via breast milk. It is reported that PCBs exert effects on thyroid hormone levels and brain neurotransmitter levels. Both actions may alter neuronal development. The aim of the present study was to investigate, if PCB-induced effects on concentrations of catecholamines and serotonin can be attributed to PCB-induced reductions in thyroid hormone concentrations. In addition, binding to dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors was examined. Time-mated Wistar rats were treated prenatally with 1 mg 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77)/kg bodyweight or the vehicle. A third group serving as the positive control received perinatally 5 mg propylthiouracil (PTU)/l drinking water. There were no overt toxic signs in dams or offspring. Thyroid hormone measurements demonstrated effects in dams and offspring up to postnatal day 40. In particular, total T-4 in serum and in the thyroid were decreased in PCB- and PTU-treated dams and offspring. Only PTU exposed rats exhibited significantly increased concentrations of TSH in the serum and pituitary. Measurement of neurotransmitters revealed changes in the PCB-exposed offspring at PND 40, while PTU-treatment was without effect. Dopamine and DOPAC a ere increased in the medial prefrontal cortex. In adulthood, there were no PCB-related effects on thyroid hormones and neurotransmitters. Binding studies of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors demonstrated that PCB and PTU had no influence on receptor concentration and affinity. Comparison of PCB 77 exposed offspring to PTU exposed offspring demonstrated differential effects on TSH and neurotransmitter levels, the latter result indicating that not all PCB-induced effects on the nervous system can be ascribed to decreases in thyroid hormone concentrations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Med Inst Environm Hyg, Dept Biol Psychol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. Univ Tubingen, Dept Neuropharmacol, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Munster, Inst Pharmacol & Toxicol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. RP Lilienthal, H (reprint author), Med Inst Environm Hyg, Dept Biol Psychol, Aufm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. OI Bubser, Michael/0000-0002-0583-5248 NR 79 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 9 IS 3 BP 103 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(00)00069-7 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 404ZU UT WOS:000167133400006 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Goldman, JM Cooper, RL AF Stoker, TE Goldman, JM Cooper, RL TI Delayed ovulation and pregnancy outcome: effect of environmental toxicants on the neuroendocrine control of the ovary SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE delayed ovulation; toxicants; neuroendocrine ID HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; D-ASPARTATE RECEPTORS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; FEMALE RAT; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; GONADOTROPIN-SECRETION; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; GROWTH-HORMONE; LH SURGE AB In the female rat, we have shown that a burst exposure to environmental toxicants known to alter noradrenergic function will block the ovulatory surge of LH when administered during a sensitive period on the day of vaginal proestrus. Such treatments will delay ovulation by 24 h and affect embryo survival. These results demonstrate clearly that brief, appropriately timed, toxicant exposure can initiate a cascade of changes that can alter reproductive outcome. However, we also found that continued exposure to the same compound is without an apparent influence on the reproductive capacity of the female, indicating that the female can become tolerant to such adverse reproductive effects. These observations raise a number of questions concerning the approaches currently used to examine potential reproductive toxicants. In this review, we describe the consequences of appropriately timed exposures to chlordimeform and dithiocarbamates on the timing of ovulation and subsequent alterations in pregnancy outcome. We also review the available literature on phenobarbital delays in ovulation and oocyte function in the rodent and the relevance to ovulatory delays in the human. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM stoker.tammy@epa.gov NR 94 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 EI 1872-7077 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 9 IS 3 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(00)00066-1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 404ZU UT WOS:000167133400007 ER PT B AU Harris, JC AF Harris, JC BE Magar, VS VonFahnestock, FM Leeson, A TI Land treatment of contaminated soil from wood-treating sites SO EX SITU BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command AB Four fanner wood-treating Superfund sites located in the State of Montana are currently employing the use of biodegradation in engineered Land Treatment Units (LTUs) to achieve site remediation levels in contaminated soils for pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. The Superfund sites are the Libby Ground Water site, Libby, Montana, the BN Somers site, Somers, Montana, the Idaho Pole Company site, Bozeman, Montana and the Montana Pole and Treating Plant site, Butte, Montana. Contaminated soil from source areas at each site was excavated and placed in an LTU where the soil was irrigated, tilled and fertilized during the growing season from June through September. Remediation levels for soil, as required by the respective Records of Decision (RODs), have been achieved at all four of the sites. The remediation levels in soil for PCP range from 34 mg/kg to 48 mg/kg and the total carcinogenic PAH (cPAH or B2 PAH) levels range from 4.2 mg/kg to 59 mg/kg expressed as benzo(a)pyrene equivalents. C1 US EPA, Helena, MT USA. RP Harris, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 8, Helena, MT USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-116-7 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 6 BP 295 EP 301 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Toxicology GA BU12Z UT WOS:000175097400037 ER PT J AU Pandey, JP Cooper, GS Treadwell, EL Gilkeson, GS St Clair, EW Dooley, MA AF Pandey, JP Cooper, GS Treadwell, EL Gilkeson, GS St Clair, EW Dooley, MA TI Immunoglobulin GM and KM allotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus SO EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL IMMUNOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE GM allotype; KM allotype; immunoglobulin; haplotype; linkage; disequilibrium; systemic lupus erythematosus ID AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASES; REVISED CRITERIA; ASSOCIATION; CLASSIFICATION; SCLEROSIS; GENETICS; LINKAGE; GENES; KAPPA; HLA AB Genetic variation in immunoglobulin gamma (GM) and kappa (KM) chains was associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in some studies. However, the data are conflicting, and only one study examined associations in African-Americans. We examined GM and KM allotypes, by race, in a population-based case-control study of SLE. Sera from patients (n = 222) and controls (n = 273) were typed for GM and KM allotypes by a hemagglutination inhibition method. GM phenotypes were not significantly associated with SLE in African-Americans or Caucasians. However, the frequency of KM phenotypes in Caucasian patients was significantly different from that in controls (p = 0.032). KM3,3 was associated with an increased risk, whereas KM1,3 was associated with a lower relative risk of SLE. In African-Americans, however, the pattern of associations with KM phenotypes differed from that in Caucasians, and the overall difference between patients and controls was not statistically significant. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Durham, NC USA. E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, Greenville, NC USA. Ralph H Johnson Vet Adm Med Ctr, Med Res Serv, Charleston, SC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Clin Immunol, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Thurston Arthrit Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Pandey, JP (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0254-9670 J9 EXP CLIN IMMUNOGENET JI Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. PY 2001 VL 18 IS 3 BP 117 EP 122 DI 10.1159/000049190 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity; Immunology GA 474WZ UT WOS:000171131000001 PM 11549840 ER PT J AU Chen, CW AF Chen, CW TI Assessment of endocrine disruptors: Approaches, issues, and uncertainties SO FOLIA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOBIOLOGICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Endocrine Disrupters and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment CY MAY 08-12, 2001 CL BIALYSTOK, POLAND SP NATO DE endocrine-disrupting chemical; modeling risk assessment ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; CARCINOGENESIS; EXPOSURE AB This paper focuses on the quantitative risk assessment of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to human health. An EDC can be defined as an exogenous agent that interferes with the normal endocrine signaling and communication mechanisms. The normal feedback control system of natural hormones is responsible for regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Hormones deliver their message to target cell., by interacting with receptors, initiating signal transduction, gene transcription, and mRNA translation, and ultimately leading to cellular response. Because effects of EDCs include diverse disease endpoints such as cancer, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, immune system effects, acute toxicity, and neurotoxicity, risk assessment of EDCs is necessarily end-point-specific, From the quantitative viewpoint, it is best to model the normal endocrinology and then extend the model to include impacts attributable to a particular exogenous agent. A practical approach to such a complex process is to break the spectrum of biochemical and biological events into modular components: e,g, pharmacokineticscs, biochemical/molecular (including cellular signaling and cellular response/dynamics. A flexible mathematical procedure that is capable of modeling each of these components is suggested, However, a real biologically based model is not yet feasible because of a lack of necessary biological information. A challenge to risk assessors is how to develop a hybrid risk assessment approach that can use the Limited biological information available for a specific agent and avoid relying on a default approach that incorporate, no biological information. The USEPA's default approach is to derive benchmark dose (BMD) or benchmark concentration (BMC) on the basis of a predetermined empirical dose-response model, BMD (or BMC) is the highest dose (or concentration and duration) of exposure that is considered unlikely to cause adverse effect, in a human population, including sensitive subgroups. Data from two studies are used to stimulate discussion of issues and the needs for new quantitative approaches and data for assessing endocrine disruptors. Statistical concepts about threshold effect and the U-shaped dose-response relationship are also discussed. This report is a condensed version of the one to be published in the monograph of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop ,,Endocrine Disrupters and Carcinogenesis Risk Assessment" held May 8-12, 2001, in Bialystok, Poland. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU POLISH HISTOCHEMICAL CYTOCHEMICAL SOC PI KRAKOW PA VESALUIS MEDICAL PUBLISHING, WISLISKO 1, 31-538 KRAKOW, POLAND SN 0239-8508 J9 FOLIA HISTOCHEM CYTO JI Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. PY 2001 VL 39 SU 2 BP 20 EP 23 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 509NQ UT WOS:000173154200004 PM 11820607 ER PT J AU Watanabe, KH Chen, C AF Watanabe, KH Chen, C TI The role of physiologically based toxicokinetic models in biologically based risk assessment SO FOLIA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOBIOLOGICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Endocrine Disrupters and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment CY MAY 08-12, 2001 CL BIALYSTOK, POLAND SP NATO ID CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER AB Biologically-based cancer risk assessment relies on mathematical models that represent the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of the xenobiotic in the body. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models are used as a tool for predicting the target tissue dose of a xenobiotic from different routes of exposure, extrapolating from high doses to low doses and extrapolating between species This paper reviews the role of PBTK models and their limitations in biologically-based risk assessment. C1 Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU POLISH HISTOCHEMICAL CYTOCHEMICAL SOC PI KRAKOW PA VESALUIS MEDICAL PUBLISHING, WISLISKO 1, 31-538 KRAKOW, POLAND SN 0239-8508 J9 FOLIA HISTOCHEM CYTO JI Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. PY 2001 VL 39 SU 2 BP 50 EP 51 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 509NQ UT WOS:000173154200016 PM 11820625 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Nozik-Grayck, E Turi, J Jaspers, I Mercatante, DR Piantadosi, CA AF Ghio, AJ Nozik-Grayck, E Turi, J Jaspers, I Mercatante, DR Piantadosi, CA TI Iron uptake in bronchial epithelial cells requires O2-transport by anion exchange protein 2 SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2001 VL 31 SU 1 MA 25 BP S18 EP S18 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 491EZ UT WOS:000172096200042 ER PT J AU Huang, YC Dailey, L Zhang, WL Jasper, I AF Huang, YC Dailey, L Zhang, WL Jasper, I TI Nitrotyrosination of alpha-tubulin induces epithelial transport dysfunction. SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. US EPA, ORD, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2001 VL 31 SU 1 MA 204 BP S70 EP S70 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 491EZ UT WOS:000172096200220 ER PT J AU Jaspers, I Zhang, WL Samet, JM Ghio, AJ AF Jaspers, I Zhang, WL Samet, JM Ghio, AJ TI Iron-induced COX-2 expression in airway epithelial cells: Role of post-transcriptional regulation SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ N Carolina, CEMLB, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2001 VL 31 SU 1 MA 155 BP S56 EP S56 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 491EZ UT WOS:000172096200171 ER PT J AU Kitchin, KT Anderson, WL Suematsu, M AF Kitchin, KT Anderson, WL Suematsu, M TI An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the HO-1 isoform of heme oxygenase SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Tokyo 1608582, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2001 VL 31 SU 1 MA 372 BP S124 EP S124 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 491EZ UT WOS:000172096200389 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, KE Smith, KR Kodavanti, U Chang, LY Crapo, JD AF Pinkerton, KE Smith, KR Kodavanti, U Chang, LY Crapo, JD TI Attenuation of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and remodeling by treatment with the metalloporphyrin (AEOL 10150) SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Jewish Ctr Immunol & Resp Med, Denver, CO 80206 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2001 VL 31 SU 1 MA 133 BP S49 EP S49 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 491EZ UT WOS:000172096200148 ER PT J AU Sato, K Kadiiska, MB Ghio, AJ Corbett, J Fann, YC Holland, SM Thurman, RG Mason, RP AF Sato, K Kadiiska, MB Ghio, AJ Corbett, J Fann, YC Holland, SM Thurman, RG Mason, RP TI In vivo radical formation by NADPH oxidase in lung induced by lipopolysaccharide a model for ARDS SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 2001 VL 31 SU 1 MA 135 BP S50 EP S50 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 491EZ UT WOS:000172096200151 ER PT J AU Gallagher, PA Shoemaker, JA Wei, XY Brockhoff-Schwegel, CA Creed, JT AF Gallagher, PA Shoemaker, JA Wei, XY Brockhoff-Schwegel, CA Creed, JT TI Extraction and detection of arsenicals in seaweed via accelerated solvent extraction with ion chromatographic separation and ICP-MS detection SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FAST-ATOM-BOMBARDMENT; FDA TOTAL DIET; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE; TRACE-ELEMENTS; SPECIATION; FISH; IDENTIFICATION; ARSENOSUGARS AB An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) device was evaluated as a semi-automated means of extracting arsenicals from ribbon kelp. The effect of the experimentally controllable ASE parameters (pressure, temperature, static time, and solvent composition) on the extraction efficiencies of arsenicals from seaweed was investigated. The extraction efficiencies for ribbon kelp (approximately 72.6%) using the ASE were fairly independent (< 7%) of pressure, static time and particle size after 3 ASE extraction cycles. The optimum extraction conditions for the ribbon kelp were obtained by using a 3 mt ASE cell, 30/70 (w/w) MeOH/H2O, 500 psi (1 psi = 7 KPa), ambient temperature, 1 min heat step, 1 min static step, 90% vol. flush, and a 120 s purge. Using these conditions, two other seaweed products produced extraction efficiencies of 25.6% and 50.5%. The inorganic species present in the extract represented 62.5% and 27.8% of the extracted arsenic. The speciation results indicated that both seaweed products contained 4 different arsenosugar, DMA (dimethylarsinic acid), and As(V). One seaweed product also contained As(III). Both of these seaweed products contained an arsenosugar whose molecular weight was determined to be 408 and its structure was tentatively identified using ion chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS). C1 US EPA, NERL Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessmetn Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, NERL Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessmetn Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 36 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 369 IS 1 BP 71 EP 80 DI 10.1007/s002160000585 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 392NL UT WOS:000166417500012 PM 11210234 ER PT J AU Li, J Herlihy, A Gerth, W Kaufmann, P Gregory, S Urquhart, S Larsen, DP AF Li, J Herlihy, A Gerth, W Kaufmann, P Gregory, S Urquhart, S Larsen, DP TI Variability in stream macroinvertebrates at multiple spatial scales SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE invertebrates; metrics; sampling; spatial scale; streams ID INVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES; TROUT STREAMS; COMMUNITIES; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY; DISTURBANCE; COMPETITION; PATCHINESS; RICHNESS; LESSONS AB 1. We intensively sampled 16 western Oregon streams to characterize: (1) the variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages at seven spatial scales; and (2) the change in taxon richness with increasing sampling effort. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) model calculated spatial variance components for taxon richness, total density, percent individuals of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT), percent dominance and Shannon diversity. 2. At the landscape level, ecoregion and among-streams components dominated variance for most metrics, accounting for 43-72% of total variance. However, ecoregion accounted for very little variance in total density and 36% of the variance was attributable to differences between streams. For other metrics, variance components were more evenly divided between stream and ecoregion effects. 3. Within streams, approximately 70% of variance was associated with unstructured local spatial variation and not associated with habitat type or transect position. The remaining variance was typically spit about evenly between habitat and transect. Sample position within a transect (left, centre or right) accounted for virtually none of the variance for any metric. 4. New taxa per stream increased rapidly with sampling effort with the first four to eight Surber samples (500-1000 individuals counted), then increased more gradually. After counting more than 50 samples, new taxa continued to be added in stream reaches that were 80 times as long as their mean wetted width. Thus taxon richness was highly dependent on sampling effort, and comparisons between sites or streams must be normalized for sampling effort. 5. Characterization of spatial variance structure is fundamental to designing sampling programmes where spatial comparisons range from local to regional scales. Differences in metric responses across spatial scales demonstrate the importance of designing sampling strategies and analyses capable of discerning differences at the scale of interest. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 47 TC 120 Z9 126 U1 3 U2 36 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 46 IS 1 BP 87 EP 97 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00628.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 398MA UT WOS:000166759200008 ER PT B AU Kreider, A AF Kreider, A BE Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK TI US EPA's SF6 emissions reduction partnership for electric power systems: Results and prospects SO GASEOUS DIELECTRICS IX LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics CY MAY 21-25, 2001 CL ELLICOTT CITY, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, ABB, USAF Res Lab, Hitachi Ltd, Kansai Elect Power Co, Toshiba Corp, IEEE Dielect & Elect Insulat Soc C1 US EPA, Global Programs Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Kreider, A (reprint author), US EPA, Global Programs Div, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Ste 6205-J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46705-4 PY 2001 BP 593 EP 596 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Engineering; Physics GA BT88X UT WOS:000174363400081 ER PT J AU Hardy, SW Weir, BS Kaplan, NL Martin, ER AF Hardy, SW Weir, BS Kaplan, NL Martin, ER TI Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes using the pedigree disequilibrium test SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 (GAW12) CY OCT 23-26, 2000 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS DE association; linkage disequilibrium; pedigree disequilibrium test; SNPs ID SIBSHIP TEST; LINKAGE; ASSOCIATION AB The pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT) has been proposed recently as a test for association in general pedigrees [Martin et al., Am J Hum Genet 67:146-54, 2000]. The Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 12 simulated data, with many extended pedigrees, is an example the type of data to which the PDT is ideally suited. In replicate 42 from the general population the PDT correctly identifies candidate genes 1, 2, and 6 as containing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with the disease. We also applied the truncated product method (TPM) [Zaykin et al., Genet Epidemiol, in press] to combine p-values in overlapping windows across the genes. Our results show that the TPM is helpful in identifying significant SII Ps as well as removing spurious false positives. Our results indicate that, using the PDT, functional disease-associated SNPs can be successfully identified with a dense map of moderately polymorphic SNPs. ((C)) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Genet, Durham, NC 27710 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Bioinformat Res Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Martin, ER (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Genet, Box 3468, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM45344]; NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH-59528]; NINDS NIH HHS [2P50 NS-39764-02] NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PY 2001 VL 21 SU 1 BP S441 EP S446 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 480LK UT WOS:000171462700082 PM 11793716 ER PT J AU Rockett, JC Luft, JC Garges, JB Krawetz, SA Hughes, MR Kim, KH Oudes, AJ Dix, DJ AF Rockett, John C. Luft, J. Christopher Garges, J. Brian Krawetz, Stephen A. Hughes, Mark R. Kim, Kwan Hee Oudes, Asa J. Dix, David J. TI Development of a 950-gene DNA array for examining gene expression patterns in mouse testis SO GENOME BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Background: Over the past five years, interest in and use of DNA array technology has increased dramatically, and there has been a surge in demand for different types of arrays. Although manufacturers offer a number of pre-made arrays, these are generally of utilitarian design and often cannot accommodate the specific requirements of focused research, such as a particular set of genes from a particular tissue. We found that suppliers did not provide an array to suit our particular interest in testicular toxicology, and therefore elected to design and produce our own. Results: We describe the procedures used by members of the US Environmental Protection Agency MicroArray Consortium (EPAMAC) to produce a mouse testis expression array on both filter and glass-slide formats. The approaches used in the selection and assembly of a pertinent, nonredundant list of testis-expressed genes are detailed. Hybridization of the filter arrays with normal and bromochloroacetic acid-treated mouse testicular RNAs demonstrated that all the selected genes on the array were expressed in mouse testes. Conclusion: We have assembled two lists of mouse (950) and human (960) genes expressed in the mouse and/or human adult testis, essentially all of which are available as sequence-verified clones from public sources. Of these, 764 are homologous and will therefore enable close comparison of gene expression between murine models and human clinical testicular samples. C1 [Rockett, John C.; Luft, J. Christopher; Garges, J. Brian; Dix, David J.] US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxciol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. [Krawetz, Stephen A.; Hughes, Mark R.] Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Med & Genet, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. [Krawetz, Stephen A.; Hughes, Mark R.] Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. [Kim, Kwan Hee; Oudes, Asa J.] Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Rockett, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxciol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM rockett.john@epa.gov FU US Environmental Protection Agency FX The following members of EPAMAC suggested genes for inclusion in the testis DNA arrays: Sally Darney (US EPA), Sue Fenton (US EPA), Norman Hecht (University of Pennsylvania), Jeff Welch (US EPA) and Tim Zacharewski (Michigan State University). We also thank Sue Fenton (US EPA) and Jie Liu (NIEHS) for scientific review of this manuscript before submission. The information in this document has been funded in part by the US Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to review by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1474-760X J9 GENOME BIOL JI Genome Biol. PY 2001 VL 2 IS 4 AR 0014.1 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA V12EZ UT WOS:000207583800012 ER PT B AU De la Chesnaye, FC Scheehle, E Harvey, RP AF De la Chesnaye, FC Scheehle, E Harvey, RP BE Williams, DJ Durie, B McMullan, P Paulson, C Smith, A TI Methane marginal abatement curves for major emitting countries: Preliminary results SO GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Greenshouse Gas Control Technologies CY 2000 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP Int Energy Agcy, Australian Consortium, BHP, BP Amoco, CRIRO, Australian Greenhouse Off, Rio Tinto, Res Inst Innovat Technol Earth, Black Coal Utilisat Cooperat Res Ctr, Asea Brown Boveri, NOVEM AB A number of recent analyses have shown that the inclusion of mitigation options for the non-CO2 greenhouse gases, especially methane, can make a significant contribution to cost-effective emission reductions worldwide. However, the marginal abatement curves (MACs) used in these analyses were not country-specific. Preliminary country and regional MACs are presented in this paper illustrating differences in emission rates, technological diffusion for abatement options, and economic factors. Once these MACs are completed, they can be incorporated into larger economic models to better estimate global costs and the differences in mitigation costs between major emitting countries. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP De la Chesnaye, FC (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S I R O PI EAST MELBOURNE PA PO BOX 89 (EAST ALBERT ST), EAST MELBOURNE, 3002, AUSTRALIA BN 0-643-06672-1 PY 2001 BP 667 EP 672 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX21Q UT WOS:000184645800110 ER PT J AU Browner, CM AF Browner, CM TI Environmental protection: Meeting the challenges of the twenty-first century SO HARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Citizen Act, Washington, DC USA. RP Browner, CM (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HARVARD LAW SCHOOL PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBLICATIONS CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0147-8257 J9 HARVARD ENVIRON LAW JI Harv. Environ. Law Rev. PY 2001 VL 25 IS 2 BP 329 EP 336 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; Law SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law GA 465CR UT WOS:000170572500002 ER PT J AU Gemignani, F Landi, S DeMarini, DM Kole, R AF Gemignani, F Landi, S DeMarini, DM Kole, R TI Spontaneous and MNNG-induced reversion of an EGFP construct in HeLa cells: An assay for observing mutations in living cells by fluorescent microscopy SO HUMAN MUTATION LA English DT Article DE mutation spectra; aberrant splicing; reversion assay; beta-thalassemia; HBB; N-methyl-N '-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; MNNG; enhanced green fluorescence protein; EGFP; HeLa ID METHYL-N-NITROSOUREA; SHUTTLE VECTOR; AGENTS; GENE; RNA AB A HeLa cell line stably expressing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene, interrupted by the HBB IVS2-654 intron, was studied without treatment and after treatment with a single standard dose of 15 muM of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). This assay was done in order to prove that such a construct can revert by a variety of mechanisms and that it produces a visible phenotype, i.e., green fluorescence. The system permits visual detection of living mutant cells among a background of non-mutant cells and does not require a selective medium. The results show that the construct reverts by large deletions (-62, -100, and -162 bp), small insertions (+4 bp), small rearrangements (19 bp duplication), base substitutions at purines (G(652), G(653), A(655), G(579)), and a pyrimidine (T-654) between nucleotide positions 579 and 837. Splice-site mutations were recovered, and some of the mechanisms underlying these mutations are discussed. Because of the ease of detection of revertant cells under fluorescent light and the wide variety of mutations that can be recovered, further development of this system could make it a useful new mammalian cell mutagenicity assay. Hum Mutat 18:526-534, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Environm Carcinogenesis Div MD68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gemignani, F (reprint author), Int Agcy Res Canc, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69008 Lyon, France. OI Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-51940] NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1059-7794 J9 HUM MUTAT JI Hum. Mutat. PY 2001 VL 18 IS 6 BP 526 EP 534 DI 10.1002/humu.1229 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 497TU UT WOS:000172472200006 PM 11748845 ER PT J AU Mayer, PM Galatowitsch, SM AF Mayer, PM Galatowitsch, SM TI Assessing ecosystem integrity of restored prairie wetlands from species production-diversity relationships SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE diatom; diversity; ecological assessment; ecosystem integrity; restored wetland ID ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS; COMMUNITY ECOLOGY; BIODIVERSITY; PERIPHYTON; SUCCESSION; HYPOTHESES; RESPONSES; NUTRIENTS; STABILITY; RECOVERY AB We assessed ecosystem integrity in restored prairie wetlands in eastern South Dakota, U.S.A., by examining the relationship between and diatom diversity and production. We asked three questions: (1) Is production related to species diversity? (2) Can production-diversity relationships be used to distinguish between restored and reference wetlands with the purpose of assessing ecological integrity? (3) Are production-diversity relationships influenced by species composition? Eight undisturbed, unrestored wetlands were chosen as references to compare to eight wetlands restored after drainage. Diatoms were collected from artificial substrates that allowed communities to be transplanted from restored to reference wetlands and visa versa. Production was measured as total cell biovolume and diversity as species richness. Neither diversity nor production alone differed between restored and reference wetlands. However, production was negatively related to diversity at restored wetlands, whereas production at reference wetlands was not. Communities transplanted from reference to restored wetlands exhibited a production-diversity relationship like that observed among control samples in restored wetlands. Likewise, communities transplanted from restored to reference wetlands apparently lost any such relationship after they were relocated. Production was dependent on species composition. Furthermore, production of some species differed by restored and reference wetland type. The negative relationship observed between diversity and production was strongly influenced by Rhopalodia gibba and Epithemia species, suggesting that these species were superior competitors under the conditions found in some restored wetlands. We consider restored wetlands displaying the highest production:diversity ratio to be the most impaired sites, based on the extreme deviation from reference wetlands. We conclude that the relationships between diversity and production provided a rapid measure of restored wetland integrity with respect to baseline conditions observed in reference sites. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, Grad Program Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Landscape Architecture, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Mayer, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 919 Kerr Res Dr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 57 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JAN PY 2001 VL 443 IS 1-3 BP 177 EP 185 DI 10.1023/A:1017516724965 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 421LM UT WOS:000168065900015 ER PT B AU Simon, MA Li, T Hough, BJ Johnson, RL AF Simon, MA Li, T Hough, BJ Johnson, RL BE Leeson, A Johnson, PC Hinchee, RE Semprini, L Magar, VS TI Use of in situ flow meters around a groundwater circulation well SO IN SITU AERATION AND AEROBIC REMEDIATION SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command AB The primary benefit of groundwater circulation well (GCW) technology is the development of strong vertical flows surrounding the treatment well. The extent of significant vertical flow surrounding a circulation well is difficult to establish from traditional groundwater elevation measurements. In June 2000, in situ flow meters were buried in the aquifer around a GCW at Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida (CCAS), to measure the magnitude and direction of the surrounding groundwater flow. This aquifer is contaminated with trichloroethylene and other halogenated volatile organic compounds. The HydroTechnics(R) in situ flow sensors use a thermal perturbation technique to directly measure the direction and magnitude of groundwater flow in velocity ranges from 5 x 10(-6) to I x 10(-3) cm/s. The in situ flow meter measurements were collected under non-pumping, groundwater extraction, and groundwater circulation conditions. The magnitude and extent of vertical flow around a groundwater circulation well were greater than originally anticipated. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Simon, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-120-5 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 10 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BU13D UT WOS:000175098800038 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MCJ Richards, JR Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MCJ Richards, JR Costa, DL TI Acute lung injury from intratracheal exposure to fugitive residual oil fly ash and its constituent metals in normo- and spontaneously hypertensive rats SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE; AIR-POLLUTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; ANIMAL-MODELS; AMBIENT AIR; HYPERTROPHY; ENDOTHELIUM; PARTICLES; DISEASE; CITIES AB We have recently shown that the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats with underlying cardiovascular disease exhibited greater pulmonary vascular leakage and oxidative stress than healthy normotensive (Wistar Kyoto, WKY) rats after a 3-day inhalation exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles (Kodavanti et al., 2000). Since host responsiveness to a 3-day episodic ROFA inhalation could be different from a single acute exposure, we examined ROFA and its constituent metal (vanadium, V; nickel, Ni)-induced lung injury after a single intratracheal (IT) exposure. Male SH and WKY rats (12-13 wk) were IT instilled with either saline or ROFA (0.0, 0.83 or 3.33 mg/kg). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for lung injury markers at 24 and 96 h post-IT. Rats were also IT instilled with 0.0 or 1.5 mu mol/kg of either VSO4 or NiSO4 . 6H(2)O in saline (equivalent to a dose of 2-3 mg ROFA), and assessed at 6 and 24 h post-IT. Basal levels of BALF protein, macrophages, and neutrophils, but not lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were higher in control SH compared to control WKY rats. Lung histology of control SH rats exhibited mild focal alveolitis and perivascular inflammation; these changes were minimal in control WKY rats. ROFA-induced increases in BALF protein, and to a lesser extent in LDH, were greater in SH compared to WKY rats. ROFA IT was associated with the increases in BALF total cells in both strains (SH > WKY). BALF neutrophils increased at 24 h and macrophages at 96 h in a dose-dependent manner (SH > WKY). The increase in BALF neutrophils was largely reversed by 96 h in both,ar strains. The V-induced increases in BALF protein and LDH peaked at 6 h post-IT and returned to control by 24 h in WKY rats. In SH rats, BALF protein and LDH were not affected by V. Ni caused BALF protein to increase in both strains at 6 and 24 h; however, the control values at 24 h were high in SH rats, and were not distinguishable from exposed rats. The Ni-induced increase in LDH activity was progressive over a 24-h time period (WKY > SH). The number of macrophages decreased following V and Ni exposure at 6 h, and this decrease was reversed by 24 h in both strains. V caused BALF neutrophils to increase only in WKY rats. The Ni-induced increase in BALF neutrophils was more dramatic and progressive than that of V, but was similar in both strains. Lung histology similarly revealed more severe and persistent edema, perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammation, and hemorrhage in Ni- than in V-exposed rats. This effect of Ni appeared slightly more severe in SH than in WKY rats. In summary the acute single IT exposure to ROFA resulted in greater pulmonary protein leakage and inflammation in SH rats than in WKY rats. The metallic constituents of ROFA produced these effects in a strain-specific manner such that, at the dose level used, V caused pulmonary injury only in WKY rats, whereas Ni was toxic to both strains. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div,ORD, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div,ORD, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 37 EP 54 DI 10.1080/089583701459056 PG 18 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 392EM UT WOS:000166398000003 PM 11153059 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Guan, X Schreck, RM AF Martonen, TB Guan, X Schreck, RM TI Fluid dynamics in airway bifurcations: I. Primary flows SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MODEL; LUNG AB The subject of fluid dynamics within human airways is of great importance for the risk assessment of air pollutants ( inhalation toxicology) and the targeted delivery of inhaled pharmacologic drugs ( aerosol therapy). As cited herein, experimental investigations of flow patterns have been performed on airway models and casts by a number of investigators. We have simulated flow patterns in human lung bifurcations and compared the results with the experimental data of Schreck ( 1972). The theoretical analyses were performed using a third-party software package, FIDAP, on the Cray T90 supercomputer. This effort is part of a systematic investigation where the effects of inlet conditions, Reynolds numbers, and dimensions and orientations of airways were addressed. This article focuses on primary flows using convective motion and isovelocity contour formats to describe fluid dynamics; subsequent articles in this issue consider secondary currents ( Part II) and localized conditions ( Part III). The agreement between calculated and measured results, for laminar flows with either parabolic or blunt inlet conditions to the bifurcations, was very good. To our knowledge, this work is the first to present such detailed comparisons of theoretical and experimental flow patterns in airway bifurcations. The agreement suggests that the methodologies can be employed to study factors affecting airflow patterns and particle behavior in human lungs. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Durham, NC USA. GM Corp, NAO Res & Dev Ctr, Warren, MI USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 261 EP 279 DI 10.1080/089583701750127359 PG 19 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423QA UT WOS:000168187200001 PM 11295861 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Guan, X Schreck, RM AF Martonen, TB Guan, X Schreck, RM TI Fluid dynamics in airway bifurcations: II. Secondary currents SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB As the second component of a systematic investigation on flows in bifurcations reported in this journal, this work focused on secondary currents. The first article addressed primary flows and the third discusses localized conditions ( both in this issue). Secondary flow patterns were studied in two lung bifurcation models ( Schreck, 1972) using FIDAP with the Cray T90 supercomputer. The currents were examined at different prescribed distances distal to the carina. Effects of inlet conditions, Reynolds numbers, and diameter ratios and orientations of airways were addressed. The secondary currents caused by the presence of the carina and inclination of the daughter tubes exhibited symmetric, multivortex patterns. The intensities of the secondary currents became stronger for larger Reynolds numbers and larger angles of bifurcation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Durham, NC USA. GM Corp, NAO Res & Dev Ctr, Warren, MI USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 281 EP 289 DI 10.1080/089583701750127377 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423QA UT WOS:000168187200002 PM 11295862 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Guan, X Schreck, RM AF Martonen, TB Guan, X Schreck, RM TI Fluid dynamics in airway bifurcations: III. Localized flow conditions SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Localized flow conditions ( e.g., backflows) in transition regions between parent and daughter airways of bifurcations were investigated using a computational fluid dynamics software code ( FIDAP) with a Cray T90 supercomputer. The configurations of the bifurcations were based on Schreck's ( 1972) laboratory models. The flow intensities and spatial regions of reversed motion were simulated for different conditions. The effects of inlet velocity profiles, Reynolds numbers, and dimensions and orientations of airways were addressed. The computational results showed that backflow was increased for parabolic inlet conditions, larger Reynolds numbers, and larger daughter-to-parent diameter ratios. This article is the third in a systematic series addressed in this issue; the first addressed primary velocity patterns and the second discussed secondary currents. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Durham, NC USA. GM Corp, NAO Res & Dev Ctr, Warren, MI USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 291 EP 305 DI 10.1080/089583701750127395 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423QA UT WOS:000168187200003 PM 11295863 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Katz, IM Musante, CJ AF Martonen, TB Katz, IM Musante, CJ TI A nonhuman primate aerosol deposition model for toxicological and pharmaceutical studies SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PIG RESPIRATORY-TRACT; HUMAN LUNG MORPHOLOGY; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; GUINEA-PIG; BRONCHIAL TREE; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; RHESUS-MONKEY; COAL-DUST; AIRWAY; RAT AB Nonhuman primates may be used as human surrogates in inhalation exposure studies to assess either the (1) adverse health effects of airborne particulate matter or (2) therapeutic effects of aerosolized drugs and proteins. Mathematical models describing the behavior and fate of inhaled aerosols may be used to complement such laboratory investigations. For example, the optimal conditions, in terms of ventilatory parameters (e.g., breathing frequency and tidal volume) and aerosol characteristics (e.g., geometric size and density), necessary to target drug delivery to specific sites within the respiratory tract may be estimated a priori with models. In this work a mathematical description of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) lung is presented for use with an aerosol deposition model. Deposition patterns of 0.01- to 5-mum-diameter monodisperse aerosols within lungs were calculated for 3 monkey lung models (using different descriptions of alveolated regions) and compared to human lung results obtained using a previously validated mathematical model of deposition physics. Our findings suggest that there are significant differences between deposition patterns in monkeys and humans. The nonhuman primates had greater exposures to inhaled substances, particularly on the basis of deposition per unit airway surface area. However, the different alveolar volumes in the rhesus monkey models had only minor effects on aerosol dosimetry within those lungs. By being aware of such quantitative differences, investigators can employ the respective primate models (human and nonhuman) to more effectively design and interpret the results of future inhalation exposure experiments. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Duke Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM martonen.ted@epa.gov NR 56 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0895-8378 EI 1091-7691 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 307 EP + DI 10.1080/089583701750127412 PG 50 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 423QA UT WOS:000168187200004 PM 11295864 ER PT J AU Gavett, SH Koren, HS AF Gavett, SH Koren, HS TI The role of particulate matter in exacerbation of atopic asthma SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Symposium of the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA 2000) CY MAY 18-23, 2000 CL HAKONE, JAPAN DE particulate matter; asthma; atopy; diesel; fly ash ID AIR-POLLUTION; ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION; UTAH VALLEY; PARTICLES AB Increasing evidence shows that elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) can exacerbate existing asthma, while evidence that PM can promote the induction of asthma is limited. PM in ambient air has been associated with increased emergency room visits and medication use by asthmatics. Controlled human exposure studies of acid aerosols suggest increased responses among adolescent asthmatics. Increased ambient and indoor levels of bioaerosols (e.g., house dust mite, fungal spores, endotoxin) have been associated with exacerbation of asthma. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) studies focus on the effects of exposing humans and animal models to a combination of various PM samples (e.g., diesel exhaust particles, oil fly ash) and allergens (e.g., house dust mite, ovalbumin). These research efforts to understand the mechanisms by which PM exposure can promote allergic sensitization and exacerbate existing asthma concentrate on the role of transition metals. Expo sure of animal models to combined PM and allergen promotes allergic sensitization and increases allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Exposure of healthy human volunteers to emission source PM samples promotes inflammation and increased indices of oxidant formation correlating with the quantity of transition metals in the samples. Results of these studies suggest that transition metals in ambient PM promote the formation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent lung injury, inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness leading to airflow limitation and symptoms of asthma. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger AG,Basel. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Koren, HS (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 12 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-2438 J9 INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM JI Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 124 IS 1-3 BP 109 EP 112 DI 10.1159/000053685 PG 4 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 422MU UT WOS:000168123200030 PM 11306943 ER PT S AU Brazner, JC Sierszen, ME Keough, JR Tanner, DK AF Brazner, John C. Sierszen, Michael E. Keough, Janet R. Tanner, Danny K. BE Williams, WD TI Assessing the ecological importance of coastal wetlands in a large lake context SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS, VOL 27, PT 4 SE International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY 1998 CL Dublin, IRELAND SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol ID GREAT-LAKES; FISH ASSEMBLAGE; FOOD; COMMUNITIES; ESTUARIES; DIGESTION; ECOSYSTEM; MICHIGAN; MARSHES; AREA C1 [Brazner, John C.; Sierszen, Michael E.; Tanner, Danny K.] US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Brazner, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 57 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 978-3-510-54055-6 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 2001 VL 27 BP 1950 EP 1961 PN 4 PG 12 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BTL81 UT WOS:000287228100050 ER PT S AU Baca, RM Threlkeld, ST AF Baca, Robert M. Threlkeld, Stephen T. BE Williams, WD TI Experimental test of nutrient and fish effects on size distributions of N:P SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS, VOL 27, PT 4 SE International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY 1998 CL Dublin, IRELAND SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol ID GIZZARD SHAD; STOICHIOMETRY; ZOOPLANKTON; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; HISTORY C1 [Baca, Robert M.] US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Baca, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 978-3-510-54055-6 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 2001 VL 27 BP 1981 EP 1985 PN 4 PG 5 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BTL81 UT WOS:000287228100053 ER PT S AU Bertram, P Warren, G Horvatin, P AF Bertram, P Warren, G Horvatin, P BE Williams, WD TI Lake Michigan (USA) Mass Balance Study: modeling fate, transport and bioaccumulation of PCBs, atrazine, trans-nonachlor and mercury SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, VOL 27, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY 1998 CL DUBLIN, IRELAND SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol C1 US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Bertram, P (reprint author), US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, 77 W Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54053-0 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 2001 VL 27 BP 795 EP 799 PN 2 PG 5 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BS22M UT WOS:000169108400032 ER PT J AU Curran, MA Schenck, R AF Curran, MA Schenck, R TI The International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment (InLCA) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Inst Environm Res & Educ, Vashon, WA 98070 USA. RP Curran, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0948-3349 J9 INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS JI Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. PY 2001 VL 6 IS 2 BP 69 EP 69 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475HM UT WOS:000171157300001 ER PT J AU Hoagland, NT AF Hoagland, NT TI Non-traditional tools for LCA and sustainability SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory's; Dynamic Information Architecture System (DIAS); DIAS; impact assessment; InLCA; LCA; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); non-chemical impacts; sustainability AB LCA practice focuses on impacts resulting from the release of chemicals into the environment, but consideration of 'non-chemical impacts' is as important for LCA, particularly as it relates to sustainability. Methodologies and philosophies exist for addressing non-chemical impacts, particularly in the area of resource depletion and land use, but the problem of comparing or integrating chemical and non-chemical impacts remains. A new approach for identifying and integrating impacts involves the use of an object-oriented modeling and simulation platform, such as Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory's Dynamic Information Architecture System (DIAS). LCA and impact categories can be described as 'objects' (at any level of detail or specificity) and any combination of objects and behaviors can be brought into a DIAS analysis frame. Related models that address objects' behavior characteristics are linked only to their respective objects, not to each other. Thus, maximum flexibility and speed is possible. The process of dividing LCA and impact assessment into a hierarchy of objects provides new insights into the complex mixture of dynamic things, activities, and relationships inherent in LCA and sustainability. Ultimately, embracing the complexity of LCA may be the way to simplify it. C1 US EPA, Natl Rish Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Hoagland, NT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Rish Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ECOMED PUBLISHERS PI LANDSBERG PA RUDOLF-DIESEL-STR 3, D-86899 LANDSBERG, GERMANY SN 0948-3349 J9 INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS JI Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. PY 2001 VL 6 IS 2 BP 110 EP 113 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 475HM UT WOS:000171157300010 ER PT J AU McCutcheon, SC Rock, SA AF McCutcheon, Steven C. Rock, Steven A. TI PHYTOREMEDIATION: STATE OF THE SCIENCE CONFERENCE AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS Editorial Introduction and Special Commentary SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [McCutcheon, Steven C.] U S Environm Protect Agen, Natl Exposure Res, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. [Rock, Steven A.] US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Land Remediat & Pollut Containment Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP McCutcheon, SC (reprint author), U S Environm Protect Agen, Natl Exposure Res, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM McCutcheon.Steven@epa.gov NR 33 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1080/15226510108500047 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JX UT WOS:000209016200001 ER PT J AU Lasat, MM Pence, NS Letham, DLD Kochian, LV AF Lasat, Mitch M. Pence, Nicole S. Letham, Deborah L. D. Kochian, Leon V. TI Zinc Phytoextraction in Thlaspi caerulescens SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE Thlaspi caerulescens; phytoextraction; phytoremediation; Zn hyperaccumulation; Zn transport; ZNT1; Zn transport genes AB The existence of metal hyperaccumulator species demonstrates that plants have the genetic potential to remove toxic metals from contaminated soil. Possibly, one of the best-known hyperaccumulators is Thlaspi caerulescens. This species has been shown to accumulate very high Zn concentrations without manifesting any sign of toxicity. Thus, T. caerulescens represents an excellent experimental system for studying metal hyperaccumulation in plants as it relates to phytoremediation. In this article, we review the results of an investigation into the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular regulation of Zn transport and accumulation in T. caerulescens compared with a nonaccumulator relative T. arvense. Physiological studies focused on the use of Zn-65 radiotracer flux techniques to characterize zinc transport and compartmentation in the root, and translocation to the shoot. Transport studies indicated that a number of Zn transport sites were stimulated in T. caerulescens, contributing to the hyperaccumulation trait. Thus, Zn influx into root and leaf cells, and Zn loading into the xylem was greater in T. caerulescens compared with the nonaccumulator T. arvense. The 4.5-fold stimulation of Zn influx into the roots of T. caerulescens was hypothesized to be due to an overexpression of Zn transporters in this species. Additionally, compartmental analysis (radiotracer wash out or efflux techniques) was used to show that Zn was sequestered in the root vacuole of T. arvense inhibiting Zn translocation to the shoot in this nonaccumulator species. Molecular studies focused on the cloning and characterization of Zn transport genes in T. caerulescens. Functional complementation of a yeast Zn transport-defective mutant with a T. caerulescens cDNA library constructed in a yeast expression vector resulted in the cloning of a Zn transport cDNA, ZNT1. Expression of ZNT1 in yeast allowed for a physiological characterization of this transporter. ZNT1 was shown to encode a high-affinity Zn transporter that can also mediate low-affinity Cd transport. Biochemical analyses indicated that enhanced Zn transport in T. caerulescens results from a constitutively high expression of ZNT1 in roots and shoots. These results suggest that overexpression of ZNT1 may be linked to an alteration of the Zn tolerance mechanism in this species. C1 [Lasat, Mitch M.] US EPA, Technol Innovat Off, Amer Assoc Adv Sci Environm Fellow, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. [Pence, Nicole S.; Letham, Deborah L. D.; Kochian, Leon V.] Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Lasat, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Res, 8722R,1200 Pennsylvania Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM lasat.mitch@epa.gov OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 129 EP 144 DI 10.1080/15226510108500053 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JX UT WOS:000209016200007 ER PT J AU Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechmann, B Reddy, G Torsella, JA Daniel, FB Leach, GJ AF Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechmann, B Reddy, G Torsella, JA Daniel, FB Leach, GJ TI Chronic toxicity of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in Fischer 344 rats SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 01-05, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Soc Toxicol DE alpha-2 mu-globulin; chronic toxicity; Fischer-344 rat; methemoglobin; 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene ID ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN; NEPHROPATHY; CHEMICALS; NEOPLASMS AB The chronic toxicity of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) in male and female Fischer 344 (F344) rats was evaluated by feeding a diet containing 0, 5, 60, and 300 ppm of TNB for 2 years, The calculated average TNB intake over 2 Sears for males and females was 0.22, 2.64, 13.43 and 0.23, 2.68, 13.31 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day respectively, Terminal body weights were decreased and water intake was increased in both sexes (300 ppm), whereas food consumption was decreased in males (60 and 300 ppm groups) only. The relative spleen weights were significantly decreased in both sexes (300 ppm), whereas the relative brain weights were increased in females only (300 ppm). Hematological effects were not observed in animals: killed at the 2-year time point, except significant decrease in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in males (300 ppm) and in females (60 and 300 ppm). Methemoglobin levels were increased in both sexes in the high dose group. Histopathological examination showed treatment-related changes in the kidney (hyaline droplets; 60 and 300 ppm) and the spleen (erythroid cell hyperplasia and pigment deposition; 300 ppm) of both sexes. Cytoplasmic hyaline droplets in the kidneys were characterized by immunohistochemistry as alpha-2 mu -globulin. We propose a chronic, oral no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 2.68 mg/kg BW/day for TNB in the rat, based on the hematological and renal changes. C1 USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, MCHB TS THE, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Pathol Associates Int, W Chester, OH USA. RP Reddy, TV (reprint author), USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, MCHB TS THE, 5158 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 59 EP 67 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 429KU UT WOS:000168516800003 PM 11354467 ER PT J AU Webster, JR Benfield, EF Hutchens, JJ Tank, JL Golladay, SW Adams, JC AF Webster, JR Benfield, EF Hutchens, JJ Tank, JL Golladay, SW Adams, JC TI Do leaf breakdown rates actually measure leaf disappearance from streams? SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Meeting of the Plant-Litter-Processing-in-Freshwater-Group CY SEP, 1999 CL LUNZ AM SEE, AUSTRIA SP Plant Litter Processing Freshwater Grp DE stream; leaves; breakdown; leaffall; decomposition ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC-MATTER; FOREST DISTURBANCE; INVERTEBRATES; DYNAMICS; COWEETA; FALLS AB We measured leaf input, leaf breakdown, and benthic leaf standing stock in Hugh White Creek, a second-order, Appalachian Mountain stream in North Carolina, U.S.A. Leaf input and leaf breakdown data were used in a computer model to predict standing stocks. Predicted standing stocks were then compared with measured values. Once the model was modified to include leaves in four breakdown rate categories, leaf blow-in, and temperature effects on leaf breakdown, agreement between model prediction and measurement was quite good. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. JW Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. RP Webster, JR (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-2944 J9 INT REV HYDROBIOL JI Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. PY 2001 VL 86 IS 4-5 BP 417 EP 427 DI 10.1002/1522-2632(200107)86:4/5<417::AID-IROH417>3.3.CO;2-C PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 463QG UT WOS:000170488300006 ER PT J AU Benfield, EF Webster, JR Tank, JL Hutchens, JJ AF Benfield, EF Webster, JR Tank, JL Hutchens, JJ TI Long-term patterns in leaf breakdown in streams in response to watershed logging SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Meeting of the Plant-Litter-Processing-in-Freshwater-Group CY SEP, 1999 CL LUNZ AM SEE, AUSTRIA SP Plant Litter Processing Freshwater Grp DE leaf breakdown; long-term; disturbance; stream response ID APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN STREAMS; ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH; HEADWATER STREAMS; WOODLAND STREAM; DISTURBANCE; INVERTEBRATES; COWEETA; FUNGI AB The watershed of Big Hurricane Branch, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, USA, was logged in 1976. We measured breakdown rates of experimental leaf packs in this second-order stream prior to logging, during logging, soon after logging, and 3 additional times since then. Leaf breakdown was slow just after logging, apparently due to leaf burial by sediments. Thereafter, leaf breakdown rates have been consistently faster than before logging and faster than in a reference stream. These differences may be related to 3 factors. First, the post-logging nitrate concentration has been about 3-10 times higher than pre-logging values in Big Hurricane Branch and 5 times higher than in a reference stream. The high nutrient concentration may be stimulating microbial decomposition processes in leaf packs. Second, dominance of litterfall by "medium" and "fast" processing leaves from the recovering forest coupled with relatively high sediment loads during storms may hasten breakdown through physical abrasion. Third, the interaction of high nutrients and high quality leaves may be attractive to leaf-shredding invertebrates whose feeding activities may also hasten the breakdown rates. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Chem, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Sci Biol, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. US EPA, NREL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Benfield, EF (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 31 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1434-2944 J9 INT REV HYDROBIOL JI Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. PY 2001 VL 86 IS 4-5 BP 467 EP 474 DI 10.1002/1522-2632(200107)86:4/5<467::AID-IROH467>3.3.CO;2-T PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 463QG UT WOS:000170488300010 ER PT J AU Pechenik, JA Berard, R Daniels, D Gleason, TR Champlin, D AF Pechenik, JA Berard, R Daniels, D Gleason, TR Champlin, D TI Influence of lowered salinity and elevated cadmium on the survival and metamorphosis of trochophores in Capitella sp I SO INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE larvae; metamorphosis; polychaete ID GASTROPOD CREPIDULA-FORNICATA; POLYCHAETE HYDROIDS ELEGANS; LARVAL SETTLEMENT; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; INVERTEBRATE LARVAE; HALIOTIS-RUFESCENS; CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS; PHESTILLA-SIBOGAE; PACIFIC OYSTER; ADULT EXTRACT AB It is well known that the competent larvae of many marine invertebrate species can be stimulated to metamorphose by exposing them to elevated concentrations of certain ions, neuroactive substances, and pharmacological agents. In this study we report that larvae of the euryhaline polychaete Capitella sp. I are induced to metamorphose within 24-48 It by reducing salinity from 30 parts per thousand to 12-15 parts per thousand. At 10 parts per thousand, however, fewer larvae metamorphosed and the normal metamorphic response to sediment was inhibited; competence was restored within 3 h or transferring the larvae back to full strength seawater (30 parts per thousand). Larvae also metamorphosed within 24 h in response to increased external cadmium concentrations of 1000-2000 mug l(-1). Further understanding of how reduced salinity and elevated cadmium stimulate (or inhibit) metamorphosis may lead to a better understanding of signal perception and transduction ill this and other species. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Pechenik, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Biol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MICROSCOPICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 1077-8306 J9 INVERTEBR BIOL JI Invertebr. Biol. PY 2001 VL 120 IS 2 BP 142 EP 148 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2001.tb00118.x PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 468GM UT WOS:000170749800005 ER PT J AU Shirazi, MA Boersma, L AF Shirazi, MA Boersma, L TI Relating the USDA and ISSS soil particle size distributions SO IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particle size distribution; conversion; ISSS; USDA AB Different systems are in use for texture classification of soils. The two most common systems originated with the International Soil Science Society (ISSS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). These systems use different particle size cutoff limits to define sand percentages, namely, 0.02 mm to 2 mm in the ISSS and 0.05 mm to 2 mm in the USDA. To merge data sets with soil properties reported in the ISSS with those reported in the USDA system, it is necessary to convert the ISSS particle size distribution (PSD) to the USDA PSD or vice versa. Previous research converted sand or silt of a soil sample but allowed the PSD statistics of the whole sample to change. We developed an approach that held the sample PSD statistics, the geometric mean particle diameter and the geometric particle standard deviation, constant in the ISSS and USDA systems. The standard errors of the difference between the two approaches were +/-2.21% and +/-4.14% for clay and sand conversions, respectively, and the error of conversion in the present method was +/-0.2%. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Shirazi, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SHIRAZ UNIV PI SHIRAZ PA SHIRAZ, IRAN SN 0360-1307 J9 IRAN J SCI TECHNOL JI Iran. J. Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 25 IS B4 BP 699 EP 708 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 527MZ UT WOS:000174191000010 ER PT J AU Simmons, OD Sobsey, MD Schaefer, FW Francy, DS Nally, RA Heaney, CD AF Simmons, OD Sobsey, MD Schaefer, FW Francy, DS Nally, RA Heaney, CD TI Evaluation of USEPA method 1622 for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stream waters SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PARVUM OOCYSTS; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; DRINKING-WATER; DISINFECTION; SURVIVAL; MONOCHLORAMINE; INACTIVATION; VIABILITY; SAMPLES; OZONE AB To improve surveillance for Cryptosporidium oocysts in water, the US Environmental Protection Agency developed method 1622, which consists of filtration, concentration, immunomagnetic separation, fluorescent antibody and 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counter-staining, and microscopic evaluation. Two filters were compared for analysis of 11 stream water samples collected throughout the United States. Replicate 10-L stream water samples (unspiked and spiked with 100-250 oocysts) were tested to evaluate matrix effects. Oocyst recoveries from the stream water samples averaged 22% (standard deviation [SD] = +/-17%)with a membrane disk and 12% (SD = +/-6%) with a capsule filter. Oocyst recoveries from reagent water precision and recovery samples averaged 39% (SD = +/-13%) with a membrane disk and 47% (SD = +/-19%) with a capsule filter. These results demonstrate that Cryptosporidium oocysts can be recovered from stream waters using method 1622, but recoveries are lower than those from reagent-grade water. This research also evaluated concentrations of indicator bacteria in the stream water samples. Because few samples were oocyst-positive, relationships between detections of oocysts and concentrations of indicator organisms could not be determined. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbus, OH 43229 USA. RP Simmons, OD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Rosenau Hall,CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 78 EP 87 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VL UT WOS:000168836500017 ER PT J AU Wei, HY Brockhoff-Schwegel, CA Creed, JT AF Wei, HY Brockhoff-Schwegel, CA Creed, JT TI A comparison of urinary arsenic speciation via direct nebulization and on-line photo-oxidation-hydride generation with IC separation and ICP-MS detection SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; HPLC; PHOTOOXIDATION; SYSTEM; WATER; AAS AB Urinary arsenic speciation provides information on recent arsenic exposure. The literature reported analysis of NIST SRM 2670 Freeze-dried Urine indicates considerable discrepancy in species specific concentration. In this study, two complementary sample introduction pathways, direct nebulization (DN) and hydride generation (HG), were utilized and compared for urinary arsenic speciation via ion chromatography (IC)-ICP-MS. The retention characteristics of arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite [As(III)], dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), arsenate [As(v)] and Cl- were systematically evaluated with respect to column temperature and the (NH4)(2)CO3 eluent molarity using the DN method. This characterization indicated that three early eluters [AsB, As(In) and DMA] were best separated at a higher column temperature and lower eluent molarity, whereas MMA, As(v) and Cl- were best separated at a lower column temperature and higher eluent molarity. From these observations, a gradient elution program was developed using 40 and 70 mM (NH4)(2)CO3 (PH 10.5) at 60 degreesC. This gradient condition produced satisfactory resolution for all five arsenic species with a Cl- tolerance up to 0.3% w/w. In the membrane hydride generation (HG) configuration, a photo-reactor interface was installed between the column and the HG device to facilitate the detection of non-hydride active arsenic species. Isocratic elution using 40 mM (NH4)(2)CO3 was adequate in resolving all five arsenic species while the chloride interference was removed by a gas-liquid separator. NIST SRM 2670 Freeze-dried Urine was analyzed using the DN and HG methods and the sum of the arsenical concentrations was 77.7 +/- 3.5 and 71.1 +/- 2.8 ng mL(-1), respectively. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 40 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 16 IS 1 BP 12 EP 19 DI 10.1039/b004257i PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 396NU UT WOS:000166644100003 ER PT J AU Ezer, M Elwood, SA Simeonsson, JB AF Ezer, M Elwood, SA Simeonsson, JB TI A new scheme for trace determination of chromium using electrothermal atomization-laser induced fluorescence spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID EXCITED ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; GRAPHITE-FURNACE; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN-SERUM; POLYATOMIC INTERFERENCES; ULTRATRACE DETERMINATION; BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; ICP-MS; URINE AB The determination of chromium (Cr) in water, gastrointestinal perfusates and serum samples by laser induced fluorescence in an electrothermal atomizer (ETA-LIF) has been investigated. Laser radiation used to excite Cr at 236.471 nm is generated by frequency doubling the output of a tunable dye laser. Fluorescence emissions are observed at 302.2 nm or 357.9 nm. Due to the low transition probability of the Cr excitation transition, excitation is performed using laser pulse energies of approximately 100 muJ per pulse. Atomization is performed in a commercial graphite furnace using pyrolytically coated graphite tubes without L'vov platforms. The optimized temperatures for ashing and atomization have been found to be 1300 degreesC and 2500 degreesC, respectively. The limit of detection for Cr in water by the ETA-LIF technique is 80 fg, which corresponds to 4 pg mL(-1) in 20 muL sample volumes. The analytical approach has been utilized for the determination of Cr in biological fluids. Prior to analysis, gastrointestinal perfusate solutions and serum samples were diluted 1 + 1 and 1 + 49, respectively, using 18 M Omega deionized water. The analysis of these samples has been evaluated using two different matrix modifiers [25 mug per 10 muL Mg(NO3)(2) and 2% TritonX- 100] and without a matrix modifier. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Simeonsson, JB (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2001 VL 16 IS 10 BP 1126 EP 1130 DI 10.1039/b104068p PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 484UJ UT WOS:000171707700003 ER PT J AU Van Emon, JM AF Van Emon, JM TI Immunochemical applications in environmental science SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; IMMUNOASSAY; WATER; IMMUNOSENSOR; ATRAZINE; SAMPLES; ONLINE; ELECTROPHORESIS; FLUORESCENCE AB Immunochemical methods are based on selective antibodies combining with a particular target analyte or analyte group. The specific binding between antibody and analyte can be used to detect environmental contaminants in a variety of sample matrixes. Immunoassay methods provide cost-effective, sensitive, and selective analyses for many compounds of environmental and human health concern, immunoaffinity chromatography methods have been integrated with chromatographic methods and are also being used as efficient sample preparations prior to immunochemical or instrumental detection. Immunosensors show promise in obtaining rapid online analyses. These and other advancements in immunochemical methods continue the expansion of their role from field screening methods to highly quantitative procedures that can be easily integrated into the environmental analytical laboratory. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Van Emon, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Res Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 43 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 84 IS 1 BP 125 EP 133 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 402RK UT WOS:000167001800020 PM 11234798 ER PT J AU Soderberg, D AF Soderberg, D TI Single class multiresidue methods for organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, OPP, HED, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Soderberg, D (reprint author), US EPA, OPP, HED, RRB3,Room 821D,Crystal Mall 2,7509C,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 84 IS 1 BP 241 EP 242 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 402RK UT WOS:000167001800048 PM 11234829 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG Nielson, R de Soyza, A AF Whitford, WG Nielson, R de Soyza, A TI Establishment and effects of establishment of creosotebush, Larrea tridentata, on a Chihuahuan Desert watershed SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE aggregate stability; annual plants; creostebush; Larrea tridentata; overgrazing; soil chemistry; survivorship ID SOIL; NITROGEN; STEMFLOW AB Creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) seedlings were planted in plots that were irrigated, plots that were irrigated and fertilized with ammonium nitrate, and plots that were not amended in three plant communities on a Chihuahuan Desert watershed: ungrazed black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grassland, creosotebush shrubland, and overgrazed grassland. No seedlings were planted in one-half of the area of each plot. No seedlings survived in the black grama grassland or the creosotebush shrubland 2 years after planting. Growth of established creosotebush shrubs was highest in plots with the lowest grass cover. Fifteen years after the seedlings were planted in the overgrazed grassland, the area under the shrubs was nearly devoid of perennial grasses and forbs. The aggregate stability of the soils under the established creosotebush shrubs was significantly lower than the soils in the unplanted split-half of the plots. Electrical conductivity, calcium, and nitrate were significantly lower in soils under shrubs than soils in the unplanted split-half of the plots. There were also significant reductions in densities of annual plants growing under the shrubs than in the unplanted split-half of the plots. Successful establishment of creosotebush in desert grasslands is dependent upon the presence of large patches of soil with no perennial plant cover. Intense grazing by domestic livestock creates microsites and landscape characteristics favourable for seed dispersal, germination and establishment of creosotebush. Soil changes resulting from shrub establishment reduce the probability of re-establishing perennial grasses in creosotebush-dominated shrubland. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0702 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397FF UT WOS:000166682100001 ER PT J AU Horikawa, I Parker, ES Solomon, GG Barrett, JC AF Horikawa, I Parker, ES Solomon, GG Barrett, JC TI Upregulation of the gene encoding a cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain in senescent human cells SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cDNA subtraction; cellular senescence; cytoplasmic dynein; molecular motor; chromosome 7q ID CELLULAR SENESCENCE; HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; GROWTH ARREST; TELOMERASE; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCES; CANCER; COMPLEMENTATION; IDENTIFICATION; CHROMOSOME-7 AB Normal human somatic cells, unlike cancer cells, stop dividing after a limited number of cell divisions through the process termed cellular senescence or replicative senescence, which functions as a tumor-suppressive mechanism and may be related to organismal aging. By means of the cDNA subtractive hybridization, we identified eight genes upregulated during normal chromosome 3-induced cellular senescence in a human renal cell carcinoma cell line. Among them is the DNCl1 gene encoding an intermediate chain 1 of the cytoplasmic dynein, a microtubule motor that plays a role in chromosome movement and organelle transport. The DNCl1 mRNA was also upregulated during in vitro aging of primary human fibroblasts. In contrast, other components of cytoplasmic dynein showed no significant change in mRNA expression during cellular aging. Cell growth arrest by serum starvation, contact inhibition, or gamma -irradiation did not induce the DNCl1 mRNA, suggesting its specific role in cellular senescence. The DNCl1 gene is on the long arm of chromosome 7 where tumor suppressor genes and a senescence-inducing gene for a group of immortal cell lines (complementation group D) are mapped. This is the first report that links a component of molecular motor complex to cellular senescence, providing a new insight into molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NCI, Canc & Aging Sect, Lab Biosyst & Canc, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Mol Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Horikawa, I (reprint author), NCI, Canc & Aging Sect, Lab Biosyst & Canc, 9000 Rockville Pike,Bldg 40 Rm 2609, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PY 2001 VL 82 IS 3 BP 415 EP 421 DI 10.1002/jcb.1169 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 458QN UT WOS:000170206200006 PM 11500918 ER PT J AU Dias, JR Cash, GC AF Dias, JR Cash, GC TI Determining the number of resonance structures in concealed non-Kekulean benzenoid hydrocarbons SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB The number of resonance structures (SC:) for previously published concealed non-Kekulean benzenoid hydrocarbons is determined. Using a simple computer program, analytical expressions for determining SC for various classes of non-Kekulean (free-radical) benzenoid hydrocarbons are derived, and some properties of concealed non-Kekulean benzenoid hydrocarbons are studied. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dias, JR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1021/ci000064t PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 395JY UT WOS:000166578300017 PM 11206365 ER PT J AU Chisholm-Brause, CJ Berg, JM Matzner, RA Morris, DE AF Chisholm-Brause, CJ Berg, JM Matzner, RA Morris, DE TI Uranium(VI) sorption complexes on montmorillonite as a function of solution chemistry SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE uranium; sorption; clays; montmorillonite; emission spectroscopy; speciation; surface complexation ID RAY-ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; URANYL-ION; HEMATITE PARTICLES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; BINDING-SITES; METAL-IONS; ADSORPTION; SPECIATION; HYDROLYSIS; SMECTITE AB We have investigated the effect of changes in solution chemistry on the nature of uranyl sorption complexes on montmorillonite (SAz-1) at different surface coverages (1.43-53.6 mu mol/g). Uranyl uptake onto SAz-1 between pH 3 and 7 was determined in both titration and batch-mode experiments. These pH values result in solutions that contain a range of monomeric and oligomeric aqueous uranyl species. Continuous-wave and time-resolved emission spectroscopies were used to investigate the nature of U(VI) sorbed to SAz-1. A discrete set of uranyl surface complexes has been identified over a wide range of pH values at these low to moderate coverages. For ail samples, two surface complexes are detected with spectral characteristics commensurate with an inner-sphere complex and an exchange-site complex; the relative abundance of these two species is similar over these pH values at low coverage (1.43-2.00 mu mol/g). In addition, surface species having spectra consistent with polymeric hydroxide-like sorption complexes form at the moderate coverages (similar to 34-54 mu mol/g), increasing in abundance as the capacity of the amphoteric surface sites is exceeded. Furthermore, a species with spectral characteristics anticipated for an outer-sphere surface complex is observed for wet paste samples at low pH (3.7-4.4) and both low (similar to2 mu mol/g) and moderate (similar to 40 mu mol/g) coverage. There are only subtle differences in the nature of sorption complexes formed at different pH values but similar coverages, despite markedly different uranyl speciation in solution. These results indicate that the speciation in the solution has minimal influence on the nature of the sorption complex under these experimental conditions. The primary control on the nature and abundance of the different uranyl sorption complexes appears to be the relative abundance and reactivity of the different sorption sites. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Nucl Mat Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chisholm-Brause, CJ (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. EM cbrause@vims.edu; demorris@lanl.gov RI Morris, David/A-8577-2012 NR 53 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 3 U2 25 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD JAN 1 PY 2001 VL 233 IS 1 BP 38 EP 49 DI 10.1006/jcis.2000.7227 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 387YZ UT WOS:000166151800005 ER PT J AU Harper, SL Gutknecht, WF AF Harper, SL Gutknecht, WF TI Sources of variability in collection and preparation of paint and lead-coating samples SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article AB Chronic exposure of children to lead (Pb) can result in permanent physiological impairment. Since surfaces coated with lead-containing paints and varnishes are potential sources of exposure, it is extremely important that reliable methods for sampling and analysis be available. The sources of variability in the collection and preparation of samples were investigated to improve the performance and comparability of methods and to ensure that data generated will be adequate for its intended use. Paint samples of varying sizes (areas and masses) were collected at different locations across a variety of surfaces including metal, plaster, concrete, and wood. A variety of grinding techniques were compared. Manual mortar and pestle grinding for at least 1.5 min and mechanized grinding techniques were found to generate similar homogenous particle size distributions required for aliquots as small as 0.10 g. When 342 samples were evaluated for sample weight loss during mortar and pestle grinding, 4% had 20% or greater loss with a high of 41%. Homogenization and sub-sampling steps were found to be the principal sources of variability related to the size of the sample collected. Analysis of samples from different locations on apparently identical surfaces were found to vary by more than a factor of two both in Pb concentration (mg cm(-2) or %) and areal coating density (g cm(-2)). Analyses of substrates were performed to determine the Pb remaining after coating removal. Levels as high as 1% Pb were found in some substrate samples, corresponding to more than 35 mg cm(-2) Pb. In conclusion, these sources of variability must be considered in development and/or application of any sampling and analysis methodologies. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Environm Measurements & Qual Assurance, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Harper, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2001 VL 3 IS 3 BP 335 EP 340 DI 10.1039/b009838h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 437NW UT WOS:000168998600016 PM 11432274 ER PT J AU Gallagher, PA Schwegel, CA Wei, XY Creed, JT AF Gallagher, PA Schwegel, CA Wei, XY Creed, JT TI Speciation and preservation of inorganic arsenic in drinking water sources using EDTA with IC separation and ICP-MS detection SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-WATERS; IRON HYDROXIDE; SAMPLES; GROUNDWATER; ADSORPTION; OXYHYDROXIDES; STABILITY; REMOVAL AB The native distribution of As(III) and As(V) in drinking water supplies can influence the treatment removal strategy. The stability of As(III) and As(V) in iron-rich drinking waters can be affected by the formation of Fe precipitates (Fe oxides and/or hydroxides designated by "FeOOH"). These precipitates (ppts) can form during the transport of the sample to the laboratory for arsenic speciation analysis. The analysis of the ppt indicates considerable loss of the aqueous arsenic species (As-aq) to the solid phase "FeOOH" ppt. Studies of laboratory reagent water containing both As(III) and Fe(III) indicate that the resulting "FeOOH" ppt contained a mixture of As(III) and As(V) with near quantitative removal of the As-aq in 18 h. The corresponding aqueous fraction after filtration through a 0.45 mum filter was composed primarily of As(V). The formation of "FeOOH" ppt and the loss of As-aq to the ppt can be virtually eliminated by the use of EDTA, which sequesters the Fe(III). Reagent water fortified with Fe(III), As(III) and EDTA produced less than a 1 ppb change in the As(III)(aq) concentration over 16 d. The EDTA treatment was also tested on three well waters with different native As(III)/As(V) ratios. The native distribution of As(III)/As(V) was stabilized over a period of 10 d with a worst case conversion of As(III) to As(V) of 2 ppb over a 30 d period. All well waters not treated with EDTA had dramatic losses (a factor of 2-5) of As-aq in less than 1 d. These results indicated that EDTA preservation treatment can be used to preserve As-aq in waters where the predominant species is the reduced form [As(III)] or in waters which the predominant species is the oxidized form [As(V)]. This preliminary investigation of EDTA to preserve As species in Fe-rich waters indicates stability can be achieved for greater than 14 d. C1 US EPA, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 25 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2001 VL 3 IS 4 BP 371 EP 376 DI 10.1039/b101658j PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 458AE UT WOS:000170170500008 PM 11558469 ER PT J AU Shirazi, MA Boersma, L Haggerty, PK Johnson, CB AF Shirazi, MA Boersma, L Haggerty, PK Johnson, CB TI Spatial extrapolation of soil characteristics using whole-soil particle size distributions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Soils support ecosystem functions such as plant growth and water quality because of certain physical, chemical, and biological properties. These properties have been studied at different spatial scales, including point scales to satisfy basic research needs, and regional scales to satisfy monitoring needs, Recently, soil property data for the entire USA have become available in the State Soil Geographic Data Base (STATSGO), which is appropriate for regional-scale research. We analyzed and created models of STATSGO data in this study to serve as a research tool, for example, for Linking the soil to regional water quality monitoring data in our companion paper. Map units in STATSGO define geographic land areas by soil characteristics (SCs) of similar soil series. We selected 27 SCs that influenced water properties (in varying degrees), aggregated the layer and component SCs to map unit SCs, and used SCs to calculate relationships among map units. The relationships were defined by equations of conditional mean for the q(th) SC (SCq), while using the remaining 26 SCs as predictors. The relative standard errors for 22 of the 27 SCs were less than 10%, and less than 22% for the remaining five. We conclude that spatial extrapolation of SCs is feasible and the procedures are a first step toward extrapolating information across a region using SC-water property relationships. Although our procedure is for regional scale monitoring, it is also applicable to finer spatial scales commensurate with available soil data. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Shirazi, MA (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 101 EP 111 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400013 PM 11215640 ER PT J AU Shirazi, MA Boersma, L Johnson, CB Haggerty, PK AF Shirazi, MA Boersma, L Johnson, CB Haggerty, PK TI Predicting physical and chemical water properties from relationships with watershed soil characteristics SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID STREAM CHEMISTRY; LAND-USE AB The Surface Waters component of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAPSW) was developed by the USEPA to evaluate the extent and condition of lakes and streams over national and regional scales. Realistically, chemical or physical water properties (WPs) such as acidity or turbidity can be field-sampled for only a small portion of all lakes and streams. However, soil characteristics (SCs) affect WPs and broad-scale soil survey data have become available in the State Soil Geographic Data Base (STATSGO). We developed models relating observed WPs to SCs to extrapolate the sampled WPs to a region, potentially reducing extensive monitoring needs. Our study region consisted of 13 northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states and contained 882 STATSGO soil map units, We used map units as the spatial component of WP analysis. The WPs were sampled in 721 randomly selected EMAPSW study sites. The watersheds of these sites represent 7.1% of the region's total area and spatially intersect 400 of its soil map units. Each intersected map unit was assigned the weighted average WPs hum the corresponding watersheds. Conditional expectation models were used to extrapolate sampled WPs to 882 map units. The relative standard errors ranged from low fur pH (0.8%), intermediate for total P (12.1%), and very high for chloride (54.8%). The high extrapolation errors indicate outlier renditions from natural, non-soil, or anthropogenic sources. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OAO Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Shirazi, MA (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 112 EP 120 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400014 PM 11215642 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Shanklin, D Lee, PY Roose, DL AF Sidle, WC Shanklin, D Lee, PY Roose, DL TI Ra-226 and Ra-228 activities associated with agricultural drainage ponds and wetland ponds in the Kankakee Watershed, Illinois-Indiana, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LA English DT Article DE radium; isotope; fertilizer; watershed ID DISEQUILIBRIUM; SEDIMENTS; OCEAN AB Background radioactivity is elevated in many agricultural drainage ponds and also constructed wetland ponds in the Kankakee watershed. During 1995-1999, gross-alpha and -beta activities were measured up to 455 and 1650 mBq L-1. respectively. Ra-226 and Ra-228 averaged 139 and 192 mBq L-1 in controlled drainage ponds compared to 53 and 58 mBq L-1 for Ra-226 and Ra-228, respectively, in native wetland ponds. Analyses of applied ammonium phosphate fertilizers near both native and controlled ponds indicate comparable Ra-226/Ra-228 and Ra-228/Th-232 activity ratios with only the surface waters in the controlled ponds. For example, Ra-226/ Ra-228 activity ratios in controlled ponds ranged from 0.791 to 0.91 and group with a local fertilizer batch containing FL phosphate compounds with Ra-226/Ra-228 activity ratios of 0.831-1.04, Local soils of the Kankakee watershed have Ra-226/Ra-228 activity ratios of 0.541-0.70. Calculated Ra fluxes of waters, in drainage ditches associated with these controlled ponds, for Ra-226 ranged from 0.77 to 9.00 mBq cm(-2) d(-1) and for Ra-228 ranged from 1.22 to 8.43 mBq cm(-2) d(-1). Ra activity gradients were measured beneath these controlled ponds both in agricultural landscapes and in constructed wetlands, all being associated with drainage ditches. Ra had infiltrated to the local water table but was below regulatory maximum contaminant limits. Still, measurable Ra activity was measured downgradient of even the constructed wetlands in the Kankakee watershed, suggesting that the attenuation of Ra was low. However, no Ra excess was observed in the riparian zone or the Kankakee River downgradient of the native wetland ponds. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 United States Environm Protect Agcy, Isotope Hydrol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Fluor Daniel Corp, Fernald Environm Management Project, Cincinnati, OH 45239 USA. Groundwater Res Co, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), United States Environm Protect Agcy, Isotope Hydrol Lab, 5995 Ct Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 43 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-931X J9 J ENVIRON RADIOACTIV JI J. Environ. Radioact. PY 2001 VL 55 IS 1 BP 29 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0265-931X(00)00183-1 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 428RY UT WOS:000168475500003 PM 11381551 ER PT J AU Griffith, MB Super, KS Lynch, W Fishman, BE AF Griffith, MB Super, KS Lynch, W Fishman, BE TI Accumulation of metals in vegetation from an alkaline artificial soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE accumulation; alkaline artificial soil; metals; vegetation ID DESULFURIZATION BY-PRODUCTS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; AVAILABILITY; TOXICITY; CROPS AB This research was conducted to determine whether elevated concentrations of metals in biosolids would result in increased accumulation of these metals in plants growing on an alkaline, artificial soil created by addition of municipal sewage biosolids to inorganic waste materials during reclamation of a filled lime settling basin. Accumulation of metals in vegetation growing on this alkaline, artificial soil was compared with accumulation in vegetation growing on a natural, reference soil that had not been amended by biosolids. Although the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Ag, and Zn were greater in the artificial soil than in the reference soil, only Cd was found at greater concentrations in vegetation growing on the artificial soil. These greater concentrations were only observed in wheat grass (Agropyron sp.), and not in orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Also, the accumulation ratio, which is the ratio of the metal concentration in plant tissue to that in the soil, for wheat grass was much lower than other published values. There were no differences in the concentrations of Ba and Pb in the two soils, but the concentrations of these two metals in orchard grass growing on the reference soil were greater than that in either grass on the artificial soil. The differences in plant uptake of metals appear to result from differences in soil pH between the artificial and reference soils. Many metals are generally more soluble and bioavailable at the lower pH of the reference soil (pH = 5.4-6.6) than at the higher DH of the artificial soil (pH = 7.8-8.2). As a result, transfer of metals to vegetation growing on the alkaline, artificial soil is less than that in vegetation growing on the reference soil despite the greater concentrations of metals in the artificial soil. C1 ICF Kaiser Engineers Inc, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. PPG Ind Inc, Lime Lakes Reclamat Project, Barberton, OH 44203 USA. RP Griffith, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Res & Educ, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 49 EP 61 DI 10.1081/ESE-100000471 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 409FP UT WOS:000167374100005 PM 11381785 ER PT J AU Kim, E Little, JC Chiu, N Chiu, A AF Kim, E Little, JC Chiu, N Chiu, A TI Inhalation exposure to volatile chemicals in drinking water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART C-ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE household; indoor air; mass transfer; model; pH; risk; transfer efficiency ID RESIDENTIAL WASHING MACHINES; CHLORINATED TAP WATER; INDOOR AIR; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHLOROFORM EXPOSURE; VOLATILIZATION; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; SHOWER; MODEL; SIZE AB Inhalation of volatile chemicals released during household water use is a recognized exposure pathway. Models previously developed to estimate inhalation exposure to radon gas, radon progeny, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were limited in their ability to predict exposure to compounds of low volatility due to a lack of appropriate experimental data. Recently, a comprehensive series of experimental studies has been completed in which mass-transfer coefficients for a shower, bath, faucet, washing machine, and dishwasher have been measured, making more detailed and accurate predictions possible. In this paper, the theoretical basis for mass transfer between water and air is reviewed and then extended to include the pH-dependent transfer of volatile compounds that participate in rapid acid/base reactions. This class of compound has not previously been considered in exposure assessment models. The evolution of inhalation exposure models is briefly reviewed and an improved version is developed. Sample calculations are made demonstrating the influence of both low volatility and pH on inhalation exposure. The paper concludes with illustrative examples assessing the toxicological implications of exposure to radon and hydrogen cyanide. The analysis confirms that inhalation is an important exposure pathway for waterborne chemicals. C1 Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Little, JC (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Little, John/B-4154-2009; Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 51 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 11 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1059-0501 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL C JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. C-Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. PY 2001 VL 19 IS 2 BP 387 EP 413 DI 10.1081/GNC-100107581 PG 27 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 537VY UT WOS:000174781400003 ER PT J AU Roe, JD Haugland, RA Vesper, SJ Wymer, LJ AF Roe, JD Haugland, RA Vesper, SJ Wymer, LJ TI Quantification of Stachybotrys chartarum conidia in indoor dust using real time, fluorescent probe-based detection of PCR products SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conidia; fungi; house dust; quantitative PCR; Stachybotrys; TaqMan ID VIABLE MOLD PROPAGULES; PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; FUNGI; EXPOSURE; HOME; AIR; IDENTIFICATION; PREVALENCE; INFANTS; HEALTH AB Analyses of fungal spores or conidia in indoor dust samples can be useful for determining the contamination status of building interiors and in signaling instances where potentially harmful exposures of building occupants to these organisms may exist. A recently developed method for the quantification of Stachybotrys chartarum conidia, using real-time, fluorescence probe-based detection of PCR products ( TaqMan(TM) system) was employed to analyze indoor dust samples for this toxigenic fungal species. Dust samples of up to 10 mg were found to be amenable to DNA extraction and analysis. Quantitative estimates of S. chartarum conidia in composite dust samples, containing a four-log range of these cells, were within 25-104% of the expected quantities in 95% of analyses performed by the method. Calibrator samples containing known numbers of S. chartarum conidia were used as standards for quantification. Conidia of an arbitrarily selected strain of Geotrichum candidum were added in equal numbers to both dust and calibrator samples before DNA extraction. Partial corrections for reductions in overall DNA yields from the dust samples compared to the calibrator samples were obtained by comparative analyses of rDNA sequence yields from these reference conidia in the two types of samples. Dust samples from two contaminated homes were determined to contain greater than 10(3) S. chartarum conidia per milligram in collection areas near the sites of contamination and greater than 10(2) conidia per milligram in several areas removed from these sites in analyses performed by the method. These measurements were within the predicted range of agreement with results obtained by direct microscopic enumeration of presumptive Stachybotrys conidia in the same samples. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 11 IS 1 BP 12 EP 20 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500147 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 406DN UT WOS:000167199800002 PM 11246797 ER PT J AU Hruba, F Fabianova, E Koppova, K Vandenberg, JJ AF Hruba, F Fabianova, E Koppova, K Vandenberg, JJ TI Childhood respiratory symptoms, hospital admissions, and long-term exposure to airborne particulate matter SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bronchitis; children; Geographic Information System; hospital admissions; long-term exposure; total suspended particulates ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE; DISEASE; RESIDENTS; CHILDREN; HEALTH AB The effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on respiratory symptoms and respiratory hospitalization (for asthma, bronchitis or pneumonia) were assessed in a cross-sectional study of children (ages 7-11 years, N=667) living in a moderately industrialized city in Central Slovakia. Individual health, residence and family history data obtained through the CESAR study were coupled, using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, with total suspended particulate (TSP) exposure estimates derived from dispersion modeling of almost all local stationary sources. These data were used to assess, at the intra-city level and child-specific level, the potential for TSP as a risk factor for respiratory disease in children. TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 monitored ambient concentrations are highly correlated in the study location. Modeled TSP concentrations resulting from local source emissions are dominated by a large wood processing facility, suggesting variation in exposures among children. The prevalence of respiratory non-asthmatic symptoms and hospitalizations was associated with increased TSP. No association between long-term exposure to TSP and asthma diagnosis or wheeze symptoms was found. Logistic regression modeling indicated a significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma, bronchitis or pneumonia associated with increasing air pollution (OR 2.16, CI, 1.01-4.60), doctor-diagnosed bronchitis (OR 1.53, CI, 1.02-2.30), and parent-reported chronic phlegm (OR 3.43, CI, 1.64-7.16), expressed as odds for a 15 mug/m(3) increase in estimated TSP exposure, and these increases are not due to differences in socio-economic, health care or other identified factors. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vandenberg, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 51A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Vandenberg, John/0000-0003-2619-9460 NR 28 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 11 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500141 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 406DN UT WOS:000167199800004 PM 11246799 ER PT J AU Ojaveer, N Kuhns, LA Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML AF Ojaveer, N Kuhns, LA Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML TI Distribution and population characteristics of Cercopagis pengoi in Lake Ontario SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cercopagis pengoi; cladoceran; crustacean zooplankton; Lake Ontario; non-indigenous species ID PONTO-CASPIAN INVADER; BYTHOTREPHES-CEDERSTROEMI; VERTICAL MIGRATION; BALTIC SEA; HARP LAKE; ZOOPLANKTON; CRUSTACEA; DYNAMICS; INVASION; PRESERVATION AB The spacial and vertical distribution of a recent exotic species, the predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi, was studied in Lake Ontario in September 1999. Only typical forms of the species C. pengoi, characterized by a relatively long tail with an S-bend and claws with straight or backwardly bent tips, were found. Structure of the Cercopagis population was rather uniform over the lake, consisting mainly lover 90%) of parthenogenetic females. Median epilimnetic abundance and biomass was 295/m(3) (max. = 2,54q/m(3)) and 13.4 mg DW/m(3) (max. = 113.3 mg DW/m(3)), respectively. Cercopagis contributed a median of 15.8%, and at maximum 73.8%, of the total crustacean zooplanktonic biomass (exclusive of nauplii). Abundances showed a significant positive relationship with distance from shore (r(2) = 0.34 p < 0.01) but distribution was independent of the depth and temperature of the epilimnion. Cercopagis did not exhibit any diurnal vertical migration patterns: over 90% of the individuals stayed either in the epilimnion or within the metalimnion during the day and night. The proportion of individuals, both live specimens and carcasses of dead individuals, in cooler layers was negligible (< 3%). The following weight (W) - body length (L) relationship was developed during the study: ln(W) = 2.98*ln(L) - 6.42 (r(2) = 0.85, p < 0.001). C1 Estonian Marine Inst, EE-11216 Tallinn, Estonia. Grace Analyt Lab, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. DynCorp I&ET Inc, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Ojaveer, N (reprint author), Estonian Marine Inst, Viljandi Rd 18B, EE-11216 Tallinn, Estonia. RI Ojaveer, Henn/K-2160-2016 OI Ojaveer, Henn/0000-0003-2742-6063 NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 1 BP 10 EP 18 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 417KR UT WOS:000167834600003 ER PT J AU Brazner, JC Tanner, DK Morrice, JA AF Brazner, JC Tanner, DK Morrice, JA TI Fish-mediated nutrient and energy exchange between a Lake Superior coastal wetland and its adjacent bay SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE wetland; Lake Superior; fish migration; nutrient export; forage fish ID ELEMENTS TRANSPORTED UPSTREAM; GREAT-LAKES; ORGANIC-MATTER; FRESH-WATER; DELTA-C-13 EVIDENCE; CLUPEID FISHES; PACIFIC SALMON; TIDAL CREEK; GREEN BAY; FOOD-WEB AB Little has been done to quantify fluxes of organisms, nutrients, and energy between fresh-water coastal habitats and adjacent offshore waters or to evaluate the ecological implications of these exchanges on a whole-lake basis. To test the hypothesis that fish-mediated transport might play an important role in the flux of nutrients and energy between coastal wetlands and adjacent lake waters, net carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and energy fluxes were estimated in forage fish between a Lake Superior coastal wetland and an adjacent bay. This was accomplished by sampling fish at the inlet/outlet of Bark Bay Slough for 1 week per ice-free month in 1995. Average carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of the 20 species analyzed was 45.1, 11.3, and 2.45% of dry-weight, respectively. Estimates of organism, nutrient, and energy movement revealed a net export from the slough to the adjacent Bark Bay, due largely to emigration of YOY yellow perch, Perca flavescens (> 40,000 individuals), YOY northern pike, Esox lucius (> 600 individuals), and yearling emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides (> 8,000 individuals) in July and July, and YOY brown bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus (> 500 individuals) in October. Since these fish movements resulted in relatively small fluxes of nutrients (1,376 g carbon, 335 g nitrogen, 73 g phosphorus) and energy (65,100 kJ) from the wetland to the lake, the most significant influence of forage fish emigration on Lake Superior may be through subsequent trophic interactions in nearshore habitats. However, assessment of the significance of the nutrient and energy results awaits a more complete budget for these ecosystems. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Brazner, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM brazner.john@epa.gov NR 90 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 1 BP 98 EP 111 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 417KR UT WOS:000167834600009 ER PT J AU Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML AF Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML TI Results from the US EPA's biological open water surveillance program of the Laurentian Great Lakes: I. Introduction and phytoplankton results SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; ecology; ordination; diatoms ID SPECIES COMPOSITION; MICHIGAN; ERIE; ONTARIO; COMMUNITIES; NEARSHORE; SUPERIOR; BIOMASS; GRUNOW AB The Great Lakes National Program Office of the U.S. EPA has been conducting biological monitoring of the Laurentian Great Lakes since 1983. This paper presents synoptic survey data of phytoplankton communities from all five lakes. These communities were highly diverse, each lake typically supporting over 100 species during both the spring and summer surveys. Much of that diversity was contributed by diatoms, which dominated the plankton of all lakes except Lake Superior in the spring. Summer communities shifted away from diatoms, toward chrysophytes in the upper lakes and chlorophytes in the lower lakes. Ordination analyses indicated the close similarity of communities in the upper lakes, in particular Lakes Huron and Michigan, and a diverse range of communities in Lake Erie. Floristically, Lake Ontario was fundamentally different from all other lakes. C1 Dyncorp I&ET Inc, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Barbiero, RP (reprint author), Dyncorp I&ET Inc, 6101 Stevenson Ave, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. NR 54 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 134 EP 154 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 446VY UT WOS:000169535900003 ER PT J AU Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML AF Barbiero, RP Tuchman, ML TI Results from the US EPA's biological open water surveillance program of the Laurentian Great Lakes: II. Deep chlorophyll maxima SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; nutrients; chlorophyll maximum; Cyclotella ID MICHIGAN PHYTOPLANKTON; DYNAMICS; SUPERIOR AB Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM) were found in all five Laurentian Great Lakes during August, 1998. Chlorophyll profiles were consistent over large areas in Lakes Superior and Michigan, while distinct inter-site differences were apparent in the other three lakes. Shade adaptation appeared to be primarily responsible for increases in chlorophyll at depth in Lakes Huron and Ontario, while in Lake Superior increases in phytoplankton biovolume were also noted Deep living phytoplankton populations in the latter lake exhibited improved nutrient status at depth, M here concentrations of both soluble phosphorus and silica were higher. Phytoplankton community composition in the DCM differed from that pre viously reported for the lakes, most notably in the reduced populations of Cyclotella, relative to the epilimnion, seen at most sires. Filamentous chlorophytes were often more abundant at depth, as were certain species of Dinobryon. C1 Dyncorp I&ET Inc, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Barbiero, RP (reprint author), Dyncorp I&ET Inc, 6101 Stevenson Ave, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. NR 36 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 155 EP 166 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 446VY UT WOS:000169535900004 ER PT J AU Barbiero, RP Little, RE Tuchman, ML AF Barbiero, RP Little, RE Tuchman, ML TI Results from the US EPA's biological open water surveillance program of the Laurentian Great Lakes: III. Crustacean zooplankton SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE zooplankton; cladocerans; copepods; ecology; spatial distribution ID SPECIES COMPOSITION; BYTHOTREPHES-CEDERSTROEMI; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; LEPTODORA-KINDTII; FOOD-WEB; MICHIGAN; ONTARIO; ERIE; PREDATION; DAPHNIA AB Open water zooplankton communities were sampled across all five Laurentian Great Lakes during spring and summer 1998. Spring communities were characterized by relatively low species; Crustacean communities in all lakes except Lake Ontario were dominated by numbers and densities. diaptomid copepods in spring. During summer both abundance and species richness increased, the latter owing largely to the appearance of populations of cladocerans. Crustacean communities in the upper lakes were dominated by diaptomid copepods, cyclopoid copepodites, and Daphnia galeata mendotae (codominant with Holopedium gibberum in Lake Superior), and showed a high degree of spatial homogeneity. Lake Erie supported a notably more species rich community, and also exhibited a high degree of spatial heterogeneity. Lake Ontario differed from the other lakes by its relative lack of calanoid copepods, being dominated instead by cyclopoid copepods, along with Bosmina and Daphnia. There was a clear distinction between community composition in the western and eastern portions of the lake, though the reasons for this are unclear. C1 DynCorp I&ET Inc, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Zool, Dublin 2, Ireland. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Barbiero, RP (reprint author), DynCorp I&ET Inc, 6101 Stevenson Ave, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. EM gloeotri@sisna.com NR 73 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 167 EP 184 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 446VY UT WOS:000169535900005 ER PT J AU Lin, ELC Neiheisel, TW Flotemersch, J Subramanian, B Williams, DE Millward, MR Cormier, SM AF Lin, ELC Neiheisel, TW Flotemersch, J Subramanian, B Williams, DE Millward, MR Cormier, SM TI Historical monitoring of biomarkers of PAH exposure of brown bullhead in the remediated Black River and the Cuyahoga River, Ohio SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE brown bullhead; Black River; Cuyahoga River; Old Woman Creek; biomarkers; PAH; bile metabolites ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FISH; BILE; METABOLITES; FLUORESCENCE; SEDIMENT; TRIBUTARIES; WATER; HPLC AB Biomarkers of exposure to chemical contamination, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP)- and naphtha lene (NAPH)-type metabolites, were measured in brown bullhead from a heavily polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated section of the Black River, Ohio, during and immediately after remedial sediment dredging in 1990-1991, and in follow-up revisits in 1993 and 1998. Biomarker levels of bullhead from the historically polluted Cuyahoga River and the protected Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Sanctuary in Ohio were also measured over the same rime periods. PAM-bile metabolite concentrations of bullheads from the Black River were still elevated in the year following dredging, but were significantly lower in the later resampling years. Metabolite concentrations of Cuyahoga River bullhead decreased significantly between 1991 and 1993, possibly in response to the shutdown of coking opera tions on the river. Fish from Old Woman Creek showed some variation in metabolite concentrations among periods, bur were consistently lower than the other two rivers at each rime. Measurement of bile metabolites proved an effective tool for estimating changes in exposure over rime and among sampling sites. Trends in biomarkers indicated lowered exposures in the Black and Cuyahoga Rivers. These findings are likely a result of remediation activities in the Black River and source reduction and incidental sediment displacement in the Cuyahoga River. C1 US EPA, Pathol Associates Int, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lin, ELC (reprint author), US EPA, Pathol Associates Int, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 191 EP 198 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 446VY UT WOS:000169535900007 ER PT J AU Nalepa, TF Schloesser, DW Pothoven, SA Hondorp, DW Fanslow, DL Tuchman, ML Fleischer, GW AF Nalepa, TF Schloesser, DW Pothoven, SA Hondorp, DW Fanslow, DL Tuchman, ML Fleischer, GW TI First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nonindigenous species; amphipod; quagga mussels; zebra mussels; Lake Michigan ID GREAT-LAKES; NORTH-AMERICA; COMMUNITY; SPP.; ERIE; POLYMORPHA; HABITATS; DENSITY; SIZE AB The first finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan is documented. These two species are widespread and abundant in the lower lakes, but had not yet been reported from Lake Michigan. E. ischnus is generally considered a warm-water form that is typically associated with hard substrates and Dreissena clusters in the nearshore zone. Along the eastern shoreline of Lake Michigan, this species was present at rocky, breakwall habitats along the entire north-south axis of the lake. Although not abundant, this species was also found at soft-bottomed sites as deep as 94 m in the southern basin. The finding of this species in deep offshore waters apparently extends the known habitat range for this species in the Great Lakes, but it is found in deep water areas within its native range (Caspian Sea). D. bugensis was not abundant, but was present in both the southern and northern portions of the lake. Individuals of up to 36 mm in length were collected, indicating that it had probably been present in the lake for 2 or more years. Also presented are depth-defined densities of D. polymorpha at 37 sites in the Straits of Mackinac in 1997, and densities at up to 55 sites in the southern basin in 1992/93 and 1998/99. Mean densities decreased with increased water depth in both regions. Maximum mean density in the Straits in 1997 was 13,700/m(2) (less than or equal to 10 m), and maximum density in the southern basin in 1999 was 2, 100/m(2) (less than or equal to 30 m). Mean densities at the less than or equal to 30-m interval in the southern basin remained relatively unchanged between 1993 and 1999, but increased from 25/m(2) to 1,100/m(2) at the 31 to 50 m interval over the same time period. D. polymorpha was rare at sites > 50 m. The presence of E. ischnus and the expected population expansion of D. bugensis will likely contribute to further food-web changes in the lake. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48015 USA. USGS, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48015 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48015 USA. OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 33 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 3 BP 384 EP 391 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 479RD UT WOS:000171416600013 ER PT J AU Carrick, H Barbiero, RP Tuchman, M AF Carrick, H Barbiero, RP Tuchman, M TI Variation in Lake Michigan plankton: Temporal, spatial, and historical trends SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Michigan; plankton; lake-zones; trends; total phosphorus ID WATER-QUALITY; SILICA DEPLETION; SAGINAW BAY; ZEBRA MUSSEL; GREAT-LAKES; PHYTOPLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; PHOSPHORUS; DYNAMICS; HURON AB Lake Michigan has been impacted by excessive material loading and invasion by exotic species; however, few studies have evaluated the recent basin-wide response of the lake to these changes, particularly given the reduction of phosphorus loads since the 1970s. From 1994-95, quarterly measurements were made of physical-chemical conditions, plankton biomass, and plankton species composition at 18 stations throughout the lake (n = 111). Sampling sites were clustered according to their physical-chemical similarity; these zones corresponded with depositional regions in the lake (Deep water, Shallow water, and Impacted regions). While plankton biomass did not vary among lake-zones, species composition was zone-specific suggesting that several factors (food web structure, nutrient cycling, and physical mixing) may determine the distribution of species throughout the lake. Plankton biomass and gross composition (phyla) were variable in time (seasons), and exhibited predictable succession patterns. Phytoplankton peaked in June corresponding with the upward mixing of nutrients, while zooplankton peaked during mid-stratification (August) when water temperatures were most warm. Finally, the basin-wide estimates for both total phosphorus and phytoplankton biomass were lower compared with historical estimates (measured in 1970s) and significant differences were not observed between near- and offshore regions. Despite this, the data also show that phytoplankton species composition varies widely throughout the lake, and that some nearshore sites do support impacted assemblages. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol Sci, Buffalo, NY 14060 USA. DynCorp I & ET Inc, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Carrick, H (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, Div Fisheries, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM hjc11@psu.edu NR 71 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 4 BP 467 EP 485 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 507CY UT WOS:000173010400007 ER PT J AU Kitchin, KT Anderson, WL Suematsu, M AF Kitchin, KT Anderson, WL Suematsu, M TI An ELISA assay for heme oxygenase (HO-1) SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE heme oxygenase; HO-1; ELISA; oxidative stress; free radicals; enzyme induction ID SODIUM ARSENITE; RAT-LIVER; INDUCTION; PROTEIN; ENZYME; GENE AB A double antibody capture ELISA for the HO-1 protein has been developed to separately quantitate HO-1 protein. The use of 2.5% NP40 detergent greatly assists in freeing HO-1 protein from membranes and/or other cellular entities and increased the amount of HO-1 protein found in rat liver whole homogenates as well as the nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Use of the detergent NP40 did not substantially change HO-1 protein standard curves. The ELISA assay for HO-1 has been shown to be reproducible over (i) a 4-day trial period as well as (ii) almost 1 year of general laboratory use. Excellent specificity for the HO-1 isoform is shown by the failure of either the human HO-2 protein or HO-2 peptide (at concentrations as high as 1000 ng/ml) to generate any signal above background. At least a 300-fold greater signal comes from HO-1 protein as compared to the HO-2 protein. The EC,,, is about 200 ng/ml for HO-1, and the minimum detectable level of the HO-1 protein is about 1 ng/ml. The ELISA assay for the HO-1 protein requires a total of 6 h to complete. Of the total cellular HO-1 protein, 20, 19, 9 and 3% appeared in the nuclear, microsomal, mitochondrial and high speed supernatant fractions, respectively. As expected, the highest concentration of HO-1 protein per total protein in a subcellular fraction was found in the microsomes. For many research projects utilizing this ELISA assay for HO-1 protein concentration, use of the whole homogenate will be an excellent choice, rather than use of the postmitochondrial or microsomal fractions. Much higher HO-1 protein levels were found in tissues of rats rather than mice. This may be because the capture antibody and secondary antibody were both raised against the rat and not the mouse forms of the HO-1 protein. In rats the HO-1 concentrations were 1067, 364, 194, 31, 28 19, 5 and 2 ng/g tissue in whole homogenates from testes, brain, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, small intestines and urinary bladder, respectively. The ELISA assay for HO-1 described here will be useful for HO-1 research studies in tissues and cell cultures of rats and mice. This ELISA for HO-1 may also work with human tissues and cells. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Tokyo 1608582, Japan. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Suematsu, Makoto/I-8135-2013 OI Suematsu, Makoto/0000-0002-7165-6336 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD JAN 1 PY 2001 VL 247 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(00)00325-2 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA 393EA UT WOS:000166455200016 PM 11150546 ER PT J AU Svitel, J Surugiu, I Dzgoev, A Ramanathan, K Danielsson, B AF Svitel, J Surugiu, I Dzgoev, A Ramanathan, K Danielsson, B TI Functionalized surfaces for optical biosensors: Applications to in vitro pesticide residual analysis SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th Conference of the European-Society-for-Biomaterials CY SEP 12-14, 2001 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP European Soc Biomat ID PLASMON RESONANCE; IMAGING ELISA; EXPOSURE; POLYMER AB Functionalized biosensing surfaces were developed for chemiluminescent immunoassay of pesticides. Two approaches to construct functionalized surfaces were tested: (i) pesticide is immobilized to the surface and interacts with a labeled antibody; (ii) antibody is immobilized and interacts with a labeled pesticide. As labels alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase were used with their corresponding substrates CSPD and luminol, respectively. Light produced by chemiluminescent substrate was detected by a thermoelectrically cooled CCD camera or a photomultiplier. The best detection limit 0.00001 ng/ml was obtained using antibodies immobilized to dextran-enhanced surface. Completely renewable surface was obtained using reversible lectin-monosaccharide interaction, one surface was used for 200 analyses without any loss of binding capacity. Most favorable stability and cost per analysis was achieved with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) instead of antibody. The functionalized biosensing surfaces were prepared to detect 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) acid as a model pesticide. The developed concepts are, however, generally applicable to other pesticides and to other optical formats, e.g. optical fiber. (C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. Scandinavia AS, Medic House, DK-5700 Svendborg, Denmark. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Svitel, J (reprint author), Lund Univ, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4530 EI 1573-4838 J9 J MATER SCI-MATER M JI J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med. PY 2001 VL 12 IS 10-12 BP 1075 EP 1078 DI 10.1023/A:1012810527291 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 494KB UT WOS:000172280300042 PM 15348368 ER PT J AU Britton, PW AF Britton, PW TI Method-specific precision and bias relationships developed from data submitted during USEPA drinking water laboratory performance evaluation studies SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE drinking water analytical methods; interlaboratory studies; statistical relationships; analytical quality; performance evaluation AB This paper documents the process used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to estimate the mean and standard deviation of data reported by in control drinking water laboratories during Water Supply (WS) studies. This process is then applied to the data reported for each specific sample, analyte, and method in ten WS studies, and linear relationships between the mean response and true analyte concentration and between the interlaboratory standard deviation of responses and true analyte concentration are presented. Such relationships can be invaluable as background information for anyone who must conduct an interlaboratory study using the same methods to analyze similar interference-free samples or who must evaluate the analytical quality of such data. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab,Ecol Exposure Res Div, Natl Water Qual Assurance Programs Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 79 EP 112 PG 34 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 409EF UT WOS:000167371000011 ER PT J AU Pang, YB Ren, Y Obeidi, F Hastings, R Eatough, DJ Wilson, WE AF Pang, YB Ren, Y Obeidi, F Hastings, R Eatough, DJ Wilson, WE TI Semi-volatile species in PM2.5: Comparison of integrated and continuous samplers for PM2.5 research or monitoring SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATERIAL; DIFFUSION DENUDER SAMPLER; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ANNULAR DENUDER; FINE PARTICLES; SYSTEM; NITRATE; COLLECTION; IMPACTOR AB Fine particles in urban atmospheres contain substantial quantities of semi-volatile material [e.g., NH4NO3 and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)] that are lost from particles during collection on a filter. Several diffusion denuder samplers have been developed for the determination of both NO3- and organic semi-volatile fine particulate components. The combination of technology used in the BOSS diffusion denuder sampler and the Harvard particle concentrator has resulted in the Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS) for the 24-hr (or less) integrated collection of PM2.5, including NH4NO3 and semi-volatile organic material. Modification of the BOSS sampler allows for the weekly determination of these same species. Combination of BOSS denuder and tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) monitor technology has resulted in the real-time ambient mass sampler (RAMS) for the continuous measurement of PM2.5, including the semi-volatile components. Comparison of the results obtained with the BOSS and with each of the newly developed modifications of the BOSS indicates that the modified versions can be used for the continuous, daily, or weekly monitoring of PM2.5, including semi-volatile species, as appropriate to the design of each sampler. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Eatough, DJ (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, E114 Benson Bldg,POB 25700, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 1 BP 25 EP 36 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395LA UT WOS:000166580800006 PM 11218422 ER PT B AU Thrupp, LA Altieri, M AF Thrupp, LA Altieri, M BE Wolf, SA Zilberman, D TI Innovative models of technology generation and transfer: Lessons learned from the south SO KNOWLEDGE GENERATION & TECHNICAL CHANGE: INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATION IN AGRICULTURE SE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND POLICY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Knowledge Generation and Transfer - Implications for Agriculture in the 21st Century CY JUN 18, 1998-JUN 19, 2001 CL UNIV CALIF, BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA SP Univ Calf, Coll Natl Resources, Farm Fdn & Walter Armbruster HO UNIV CALIF, BERKELEY C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Thrupp, LA (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA BN 0-7923-7448-7 J9 NAT RES MAN PY 2001 VL 19 BP 267 EP 290 PG 24 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Environmental Studies SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BV75H UT WOS:000179946100014 ER PT S AU Dolin, EJ Casola, J Miller, T AF Dolin, EJ Casola, J Miller, T BE Anjier, JL TI PFC emissions in the aluminum sector: International strategies and reductions SO LIGHT METALS 2001 SE LIGHT METALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 130th TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 11-15, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc AB The primary aluminum industry has achieved significant reductions of perfluorocarbons (PFCs), potent greenhouse gases which contribute to global climate change. Primary aluminum production is the largest source of emissions of two PFCs: tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6). Through country PFC reduction programs, including both voluntary programs between industry and government and regulatory programs, the international aluminum industry is reducing these emissions. Reduction partnerships seek to implement cost-effective, technologically feasible emission reduction options. Primary aluminum producers in several of the major aluminum producing countries have implemented programs aimed at reducing PFC emissions. Program initiatives have had excellent results. However, ongoing cooperative efforts, technological advancements, and the expansion of voluntary programs into developing countries indicate the possibility of even greater reductions. This article focuses on the improvements of PFC emission rate reductions within the last decade as well as country-by-country reduction strategies and achievements. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Dolin, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, 501 3rd St NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA SN 0147-0809 BN 0-87339-480-1 J9 LIGHT MET PY 2001 BP 319 EP 325 PG 7 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BR84P UT WOS:000167758100046 ER PT B AU Bartos, SC AF Bartos, SC BE Hryn, JN TI US EPA's SF6 emission reduction partnership for the magnesium industry: An update on early success SO MAGNESIUM TECHNOLOGY 2001 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Magnesium Technology 2001 Symposium CY FEB 11-15, 2001 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Minerals, Met & Mat Soc C1 US EPA, Global Programs Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bartos, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Global Programs Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-481-X PY 2001 BP 43 EP 47 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BR82L UT WOS:000167714200010 ER PT J AU Kirchner, JM Ivanova, V Samson, A Noskov, VN Volff, JN Resnick, MA Walter, RB AF Kirchner, JM Ivanova, V Samson, A Noskov, VN Volff, JN Resnick, MA Walter, RB TI Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning of tumor-inducing xmrk2 gene from Xiphophorus maculatus SO MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Aquaria Fish Models of Human Disease CY SEP 20-23, 2000 CL SW TEXAS STATE UNIV, SAN MARCOS, TX SP NCI, Chem & Phys Carcinogenesis Branch HO SW TEXAS STATE UNIV DE recombination; YAC cloning; genomics; Xiphophorus; fish; yeast ID ARTIFICIAL-CHROMOSOME VECTORS; IN-VIVO RECOMBINATION; DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; LINKAGE GROUP-V; YEAST; DNA; LOCI; CONSTRUCTION; MANIPULATION; LIBRARIES AB We modified the TAR methodology of YAC clone construction for application to fish genomic DNA isolated from Xiphophorus maculatus. YAC libraries were developed using the XIR1 repeat sequence as the recombinational hook. Construction of these libraries demonstrates that Xiphophorus DNA sequences can function as hooks in the yeast recombination system and that X. maculatus genomic DNA contains sequences that provide origin of replication function in yeast. By screening a subset of Xiphophorus YAC clones, we isolated a clone harboring the Xmrk2 locus that is associated with spontaneous and induced melanomagenesis. Modifications of the TAR technique allowed the targeted cloning of specific genes from genomic regions ranging in size from cDNAs to several hundred kilobases. Specific genomic regions can be isolated in a directional manner from fixed map locations to saturate these areas with physical markers. We discuss the applications of these and other yeast recombinational processes to fish genetics. C1 SW Texas State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Genet Mol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Wurtzburg, Bioctr, D-97074 Wurtzburg, Germany. RP SW Texas State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, 601 Univ Dr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. EM jk25@swt.edu NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1436-2228 EI 1436-2236 J9 MAR BIOTECHNOL JI Mar. Biotechnol. PY 2001 VL 3 SU 1 BP S168 EP S176 DI 10.1007/s1012601-0039-9 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 465MN UT WOS:000170592900021 PM 14961313 ER PT J AU Reinsel, KA Glas, PS Rayburn, JR Pritchard, MK Fisher, WS AF Reinsel, KA Glas, PS Rayburn, JR Pritchard, MK Fisher, WS TI Effects of food availability on survival, growth, and reproduction of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio: a laboratory study SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE feeding; reproduction; grass shrimp; Palaemonetes; food limitation; nutrition; hatching success ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; FUEL-OIL; EMBRYOS; HOLTHUIS; REGENERATION; PREDATION; ABUNDANCE; MARSH; COAT AB Grass shrimp are abundant, ecologically important inhabitants of estuarine ecosystems that have been used extensively in laboratory experiments. However, optimal laboratory feeding conditions have not been determined. We used a laboratory experiment to determine the effects of food availability on survival, growth and reproduction in adult Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis and hatching success of their offspring, Fifteen groups of 50 shrimp were fed 1 of 5 rations of TetraMin (R) flake food, a standard laboratory diet, for 12 wk; supplementary a-mounts of newly hatched Artemia sp. nauplii were also given twice weekly. Adult survival, female reproductive condition, and embryo hatching success were determined every 2 wk. Growth was determined from measurements at the beginning and end of the study, Limited food availability caused severe mortality and reduced growth of female shrimp, whereas male shrimp were not affected, Reproduction, as measured by percent gravid females and individual clutch size, was not affected by food availability. However, estimated population-level embryo production was reduced indirectly for the lower rations through mortality and smaller size of females. Hatching success was low in all treatments, Further studies axe needed to determine optimal laboratory feeding conditions for grass shrimp so they may be better utilized as predictors of responses in the field. C1 Wittenberg Univ, Dept Biol, Springfield, OH 45504 USA. Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29409 USA. Jacksonville State Univ, Dept Biol, Jacksonville, AL 36265 USA. Pensacola Jr Coll, Dept Biol, Pensacola, FL 32504 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Reinsel, KA (reprint author), Wittenberg Univ, Dept Biol, POB 720, Springfield, OH 45504 USA. EM kreinsel@wittenberg.edu NR 43 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 7 U2 21 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2001 VL 220 BP 231 EP 239 DI 10.3354/meps220231 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 489HV UT WOS:000171986700022 ER PT J AU Fuhrmann, M Zhou, H Neiheisel, J Dyer, R AF Fuhrmann, M Zhou, H Neiheisel, J Dyer, R TI Sorption of radioactive contaminants by sediment from the Kara Sea SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOLIDS CONCENTRATION; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; POLLUTANTS; ADSORPTION AB The purpose of this study is to quantify some of the parameters needed to perform near-field modelling of sites in the Kara Sea that were impacted by the disposal of radioactive waste. The parameters of interest are: the distribution coefficients (Kd) for several important radionuclides, the mineralogy of the sediment, and the relationship of Kit to liquid-to-solid ratio. Sediment from the Kara Sea (location: 73 degrees 00'N, 58 degrees 00'E) was sampled from a depth of 287 m on August 23/24, 1992. Analysis of the material included mineralogy, grain size and total organic carbon (TOC). Uptake kinetics were determined for Sr-85, Cs-137, Am-241, Tc-99, I-125, U-232 and Pb-210 and distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined for these radionuclides using batch type experiments. Sorption isotherms, developed for Cs-137, Sr-85 and Tc-99, were linear in each case. Increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio strongly increased uptake of Cs-137 and moderately increased uptake of Tc-99. Analysis for anthropogenic radionuclides indicated the presence only of Pu-239/240 in the sediment with the highest activity (at the top section of the core) being 0.420 Bq kg(-1). Other anthropogenic radionuclides were below detection limits. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm & Waste Technol Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm & Waste Technol Ctr, Bldg 830, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM fuhrmann@bnl.gov NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN-JUN PY 2001 VL 43 IS 1-6 BP 102 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00232-0 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 478JL UT WOS:000171343200009 PM 11601528 ER PT S AU Arnold, FC Engel, AJ AF Arnold, FC Engel, AJ BE Linders, JBH TI Evaporation of pure liquids from open surfaces SO MODELLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AND RISK SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Modelling of Environmental Chemical Exposure and Risk CY OCT 05-09, 1999 CL SOFIA, BULGARIA SP NATO ID VOLATILE AB We developed an estimation technique for the evaporation rate of volatile liquids from open surfaces in the presence of a flowing air stream which, we believe, is an improvement over previous methods, particularly when the air velocity is greater than about 50 centimeters per second (100 feet per minute). The estimation technique is predicated on solution of the classical mass transfer coefficient model with the gasphase mass transfer coefficient estimated by the correlation of Mackay and Matsugu. The new technique requires only the vapor pressure and molecular weight of the vaporizing substance, the ambient air temperature and velocity, and the area of the liquid pool for its solution. Other properties of the ambient air are incorporated into the model by the kinetic theory of gases. Our model was tested against experimental results on 19 different organic compounds generated by four different experimenters over a wide range of experimental conditions. The model matched the experimental data well, usually within 20 percent. The model can be used to obtain estimates of the evaporation rates of organic liquids resulting from spills or open surface operations. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Arnold, FC (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 0-7923-6775-8 J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2001 VL 2 BP 61 EP 71 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Applied SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics GA BR87A UT WOS:000167889000006 ER PT J AU Otte, TL Seaman, NL Stauffer, DR AF Otte, TL Seaman, NL Stauffer, DR TI A heuristic study on the importance of anisotropic error distributions in data assimilation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA-ASSIMILATION; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; RETROSPECTIVE DATA ASSIMILATION; FIELD-COHERENCE TECHNIQUE; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; AREA MESOSCALE MODEL; SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; ANALYSIS SYSTEM; AIR-QUALITY AB A challenging problem in numerical weather prediction is to optimize the use of meteorological observations in data assimilation. Even assimilation techniques considered "optimal'' in the "least squares'' sense usually involve a set of assumptions that prescribes the horizontal and vertical distributions of analysis increments used to update the background analysis. These assumptions may impose limitations on the use of the data that can adversely affect the data assimilation and any subsequent forecast. Virtually all widely used operational analysis and dynamic-initialization techniques assume, at some level, that the errors are isotropic and so the data can be applied within circular regions of influence around measurement sites. Whether implied or used directly, circular isotropic regions of influence are indiscriminate toward thermal and wind gradients that may reflect changes of air mass. That is, the analytic process may ignore key flow-dependent information available about the physical error structures of an individual case. Although this simplification is widely recognized, many data assimilation schemes currently offer no practical remedy. To explore the potential value of case-adaptive, noncircular weighting in a computationally efficient manner, an approach for structure-dependent weighting of observations (SWOBS) is investigated in a continuous data assimilation scheme. In this study, SWOBS is used to dynamically initialize the PSU-NCAR Mesoscale Model using temperature and wind data in a series of observing-system simulation experiments. Results of this heuristic study suggest that improvements in analysis and forecast skill are possible with case-specific, flow-dependent, anisotropic weighting of observations. C1 NOAA, Div Atmospher Sci Modeling, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Otte, TL (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, AMD, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Spero, Tanya/0000-0002-1600-0422 NR 72 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PY 2001 VL 129 IS 4 BP 766 EP 783 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0766:AHSOTI>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 424VD UT WOS:000168253900010 ER PT J AU Camicioli, R Grossmann, SJ Spencer, PS Hudnell, K Anger, WK AF Camicioli, R Grossmann, SJ Spencer, PS Hudnell, K Anger, WK TI Discriminating mild parkinsonism: Methods for epidemiological research SO MOVEMENT DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Parkinson's disease; screening; tapping; olfaction; visual contrast sensitivity ID DISEASE RATING-SCALE; LEVODOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA; OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION; COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MOTOR EXAMINATION; RELIABILITY; PERFORMANCE; VALIDATION; DIAGNOSIS; DEMENTIA AB Methods for the efficient and accurate detection of parkinsonism are essential for epidemiological studies. We sought to determine whether parkinsonism could be detected by a neurologist from a videotaped assessment and whether neurobehavioral methods (motor. cognitive, and sensory) discriminated between patient with Parkinsons disease (PD) and controls. Fifteen patients with mild PD (Hoehn and Yahr I-III) were compared to 15 age-, sex-. and education- matched controls. Each participant underwent a videotaped neurological examination (based on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. UPDRS), administered by a trained technician, and reviewed by a neurologist. as well as a series of neurobehavioral tests. The neurologist identified PD patients with 86% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Among the neurobehavioral tests, finger tapping, combined with one or more among olfaction, visual contrast sensitivity, or Paired Associates Learning, correctly classified 90%, or more, of subjects. Individual psychological tests did not discriminate reliably between groups. We conclude that videotaped assessments of parkinsonism or objective tests of motor and sensory function can accurately detect patients with PD. Both approaches have potential for identifying PD cases, but the latter may be more efficient For screening. C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Neurol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Ctr Res Occupat & Environm Toxicol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Camicioli, R (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Med, Div Neurol, 2E3-17 WMC,8440 112 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada. OI Camicioli, Richard/0000-0003-2977-8660 NR 59 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0885-3185 J9 MOVEMENT DISORD JI Mov. Disord. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 16 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 DI 10.1002/1531-8257(200101)16:1<33::AID-MDS1014>3.0.CO;2-W PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 398NQ UT WOS:000166762900005 PM 11215590 ER PT J AU Haugland, RA Vesper, SJ Harmon, SM AF Haugland, RA Vesper, SJ Harmon, SM TI Phylogenetic relationships of Memnoniella and Stachybotrys species and evaluation of morphological features for Memnoniella species identification SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE morphology; phylogenetic analysis; rDNA; taxonomy ID CHARTARUM; FUNGI; EXPOSURE; ECHINATA; INFANTS; CONIDIA; ATRA; DNA AB Members of the anamorphic fungal genus Memnoniella demonstrate morphological and biological similarities to species within the genus Stachybotrys, and the taxonomic distinctions between the genera have been the subject of controversy in the past. Sixteen strains representing described species of Memnoniella were examined for morphology using light and scanning electron microscopy and for phylogenetic relationships using comparative sequence analysis of a segment of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon (rDNA) including the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S gene. These analyses resolved the Memnoniella strains into two highly divergent phylogenetic clades with morphologies generally consistent with the current descriptions of M. echinata and M. subsimplex. One strain, showing morphological features more similar to M. subsimplex was placed in the M. echinata clade in the phylogenetic analysis and probably represents a new species. A second strain, showing a typical M. echinata DNA sequence, showed morphological features that were similar to Stachybotrys species when grown on certain culture media. The evolutionary relationships between the genera were evaluated by phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the 18S, 28S, 5.8S rDNA genes and ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Results of several differ ent analyses were in agreement in indicating that Memnoniella is paraphyletic to Stachybotrys. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Haugland, RA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 44 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 12 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 54 EP 65 DI 10.2307/3761605 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 395VL UT WOS:000166601900007 ER PT B AU Davis-Hoover, WJ Carson, DA Slomczynski, DJ Feldhake, D Holder, E Hater, GR Green, RB Martin, JF Kavanaugh, RG AF Davis-Hoover, WJ Carson, DA Slomczynski, DJ Feldhake, D Holder, E Hater, GR Green, RB Martin, JF Kavanaugh, RG BE Leeson, A Kelley, ME Rifai, HS Magar, VS TI Microbial populations and moisture content in a conventionally operated municipal solid waste landfill SO NATURAL ATTENUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command ID REFUSE; LEACHATE AB Landfills are not sterile environments. In fact it can be argued that they are the ultimate reactors for biodegradation as they contain nutrients, bacteria, and various redox conditions which, then, change over time. Enhancement of the landfill environment to optimize the rates of biodegradation and to ensure more rapid stabilization of the waste mass and availability of land fill volume needs to be developed. Research has progressed from laboratory to pilot to full-scale landfill studies. As part of a Cooperative Research And Development Agreement, Waste Management, Inc. and the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development are studying bioremediation in full scale municipal solid waste landfills operated conventionally and as bioreactors over time and developing methods to monitor the degradation to ensure optimum operation. The microbial enumeration of harvested wastes landfilled for approximately five years conventionally in Unit 5, cell 1, coring 23 in the Outer Loop Landfill in Louisville, KY has been studied. The results of these analyses indicate that there is no statistically significant correlation between moisture content (47 to 65%) of the wastes and depth in the landfill (r(2) = 0.027), numbers of total aerobic (r(2) = 0.085), total anaerobic (r(2) = 0.179), sulfate reducing (r(2) = 0.185) and denitrifying bacteria (r(2) = 0.048). There is also no statistically significant correlation between the numbers of sulfate reducing and denitrifying bacteria (r(2) = 0.018). After addition of nitrified leachate to the landfill cell, it will be determined if this retrofit bioreactor demonstrates increased moisture content and numbers of bacteria. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Davis-Hoover, WJ (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-112-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 2 BP 247 EP 252 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BU12V UT WOS:000175096200029 ER PT J AU Das, KP Chao, SL White, LD Haines, WT Harry, GJ Tilson, HA Barone, S AF Das, KP Chao, SL White, LD Haines, WT Harry, GJ Tilson, HA Barone, S TI Differential patterns of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA and protein levels in developing regions of rat brain SO NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE neocortex; hippocampus; cerebellum; RNase protection assay; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; immunohistochemistry ID FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; FACTOR-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY; SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS; CORTICAL DENDRITIC GROWTH; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; CEREBELLAR CORTEX; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ANTEROGRADE TRANSPORT; CELLULAR-LOCALIZATION AB The present studies were undertaken to characterize the regional and temporal patterns of neurotrophin messenger RNA and protein levels for p-nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in the developing CNS. We have examined the levels of these neurotrophin messenger RNAs with ribonuclease protection assays and corresponding protein levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the developing Long-Evans rat hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum on postnatal days 1,7, 14, 21, and 92. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to localize the neurotrophins in these developing brain regions. Results indicated that in neocortex and hippocampus, messenger RNA for both nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased in an age-dependent manner, reaching a plateau by postnatal day 14. In the neocortex, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels both peaked at postnatal day 14. In hippocampus, nerve growth factor protein peaked at postnatal day 7 while brain-derived neurotrophic factor peaked at postnatal day 14. In cerebellum, nerve growth factor messenger RNA levels were flat, while nerve growth factor protein peaked at postnatal day 7. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA increased in an age-dependent manner while the pattern for its protein levels was mixed. Neurotrophin-3 messeger RNA levels increased in an age-dependent manner in hippocampus, peaked at postnatal day 14 in cerebellum, and no changes occurred in neocortex. Neurotrophin-3 protein was at its peak at postnatal day 1 and thereafter decreased at other postnatal days in all three brain regions. Results of neurotrophin immunohistochemistry often paralleled and complemented enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data, demonstrating specific cell groups containing neurotrophin proteins in these regions. Within each region, patterns with regard to messenger RNA and respective protein levels for each neurotrophin were unique. No consistent relationship between patterns of neurotrophin messenger RNAs and their cognate proteins was observed between regions. The different regional patterns for neurotrophin messenger RNA and protein levels in each brain region indicate that messenger RNA studies of neurotrophin messenger RNA must be augmented by protein determination to fully characterize spatial and temporal neurotrophin distribution. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of IBRO. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. UNC, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NIEHS, Toxicol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Barone, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 98 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4522 J9 NEUROSCIENCE JI Neuroscience PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 739 EP 761 DI 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00011-2 PG 23 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 416HH UT WOS:000167773900013 PM 11274792 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ Moser, VC Samsam, TE AF Bushnell, PJ Moser, VC Samsam, TE TI Comparing cognitive and screening tests for neurotoxicity - Effects of acute chlorpyrifos on visual signal detection and a neurobehavioral test battery in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attention; behavioral screening; chlorpyrifos; functional observational battery; motor activity; organophosphate; signal detection ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY; ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS; PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIOR; ANIMALS; MICE; VALIDATION; TOLERANCE AB It is often assumed that cognitive function is more sensitive to neurotoxic chemicals than are the unconditioned behaviors employed in neurobehavioral screens; however, direct comparisons of the sensitivity of these test methods are lacking. The present studies were conducted to compare the effects of the widely used cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide, chlorpyrifos (O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate, CPF), on a visual signal detection task (SDT) with its effects on a neurobehavioral test battery. Adult male Long-Evans rats were trained to perform the SDT, dosed with CPF, and then assessed with both test instruments. Oral CPF (50 mg/kg) impaired signal detection for 8 days, and subcutaneous CPF (250 mg/kg) did so for 4 weeks. CPF (30 and 50 mg/kg po and 250 mg/kg sc) also lowered activity in the test battery for up to 18 days. Thus, CPF impaired attention and altered behavior in the test battery in the same dose ranges under two very different dosing scenarios. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 23 IS 1 BP 33 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(00)00117-3 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 416ZY UT WOS:000167811700004 PM 11274874 ER PT J AU Halliwell, DB Whittier, TR Ringler, NH AF Halliwell, DB Whittier, TR Ringler, NH TI Distributions of lake fishes of the northeast USA - III. Salmonidae and associated coldwater species SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID ADIRONDACK LAKES; RAINBOW SMELT; ACIDIFICATION; LOSSES AB We present distributional maps and discuss native status for fish species characteristic of coldwater lakes, sampled from 203 randomly selected lakes in the northeastern USA (New England, New York, New Jersey). Eleven coldwater fish species from four families (Salmonidae, Osmeridae, Gadidae, Cottidae) were collected during the summers of 1991 to 1996 by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). The most widespread species were brook trout and rainbow smelt, collected at 23% and 18% of the sampled lakes, respectively. Stocked (put-and-take) rainbow trout occurred at 10% of the lakes, while the remaining fish species (brown trout, landlocked Atlantic salmon, lake trout, Arctic char, lake whitefish, cisco, burbot, slimy sculpin) were collected at less than 6% of the lakes. We also provide comparative data on physical (surface area, depth, elevation), chemical (pH and total phosphorus), and watershed characteristics of the lakes where these species were collected. C1 SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Dynam Int Inc, US Environm Protect Agcy, Corvallis, OR USA. SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Halliwell, DB (reprint author), SUNY, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM david.halliwell@state.me.us; whittier@mail.cor.epa.gov NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 EI 1938-5307 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2001 VL 8 IS 2 BP 189 EP 206 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 528JH UT WOS:000174240300006 ER PT J AU Lewis, PA Klemm, DJ Thoeny, WT AF Lewis, PA Klemm, DJ Thoeny, WT TI Perspectives on use of a multimetric lake bioassessment integrity index using benthic macroinvertebrates SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; UNITED-STATES; COMMUNITIES; CRITERIA AB A lake bioassessment integrity index (LBII) derived from 12 macroinvertebrate metrics was used to evaluate the biological integrity of 19 lakes in five New England States (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont). Of the 19 lakes classified according to temperature and size (warm, small; warm, large; cold, small; cold, large), 15 lakes had anthropogenic disturbances (including residential, agricultural, silvercultural, and fish stocking), and one minimally disturbed reference lake was selected from each category. The bioassessment index successfully ranked the biological integrity for 17 of the 19 lakes. Index scores of anthropogenically disturbed lakes were significantly higher (P <0.05) than index scores of reference lakes with little disturbance in each temperature and size category, indicating that the index may be useful in separating impacted from non-impacted lakes in the New England States. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div Ecosyst Res Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, SBI Environm, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lewis, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div Ecosyst Res Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 48 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2001 VL 8 IS 2 BP 233 EP 246 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 528JH UT WOS:000174240300009 ER PT J AU Whittier, TR Halliwell, DB Daniels, RA AF Whittier, TR Halliwell, DB Daniels, RA TI Distributions of lake fishes in the Northeast - IV: Benthic and small water-column species SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN EEL; USA AB Using data collected at 203 randomly selected lakes in eight states in northeastern USA, we present maps of distributions and native status for 28 fish species: 15 benthic species in five families, I I small water-column feeders in six families, and two large piscivores. Brown bullhead and white sucker were among the most widespread lake-dwelling fishes, and were collected in 69% and 56% of the sampled lakes. Banded killifish, American eel, and yellow bullhead were collected in 26%, 19% and 17% of sampled lakes respectively. The remaining species were collected in less than or equal to8% of the sampled lakes. Many of the species that were uncommon in this survey have limited distributions in the Northeast or are more commonly found in streams than in takes. Seven species discussed in this article are Mississippian and were only collected in Cross Lake, NY. We also present a summary of the extent, geographic distributions, and native status of all 88 fish species collected in the EMAP - Northeast Lakes Project. C1 US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. New York State Museum & Sci Serv, Albany, NY 12230 USA. RP Whittier, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Dynamac Int Inc, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM whittier@mail.cor.epa.gov; david.halliwell@state.me.us; rdaniels@mail.nysed.gov NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 EI 1938-5307 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2001 VL 8 IS 4 BP 455 EP 482 PG 28 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 528JM UT WOS:000174240700007 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL AF Phillips, DL TI Mixing models in analyses of diet using multiple stable isotopes: a critique SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL-CHANGES; PACIFIC SALMON; COASTAL C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 11 TC 253 Z9 282 U1 7 U2 82 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PY 2001 VL 127 IS 2 BP 166 EP 170 DI 10.1007/s004420000571 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427GC UT WOS:000168395600002 PM 24577645 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Gregg, JW AF Phillips, DL Gregg, JW TI Uncertainty in source partitioning using stable isotopes SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE error propagation; mixing model; sensitivity analysis; stable isotopes; uncertainty ID ORGANIC-MATTER; PLANTS; FOREST; WATER; RESOURCES AB Stable isotope analyses are often used to quantify the contribution of multiple sources to a mixture, such as proportions of food sources in an animal's diet, or C-3 and C-4 plant inputs to soil organic carbon. Linear mixing models can be used to partition two sources with a single isotopic signature (e.g., delta C-13) or three sources with a second isotopic signature (e.g., delta N-15). Although variability of source and mixture signatures is often reported, confidence interval calculations for source proportions typically use only the mixture variability. We provide examples showing that omission of source variability can lead to underestimation of the variability of source proportion estimates. For both two- and three-source mixing models, we present formulas for calculating variances, standard errors (SE), and confidence intervals for source proportion estimates that account for the observed variability in the isotopic signatures for the sources as well as the mixture. We then performed sensitivity analyses to assess the relative importance of: (1) the isotopic signature difference between the sources, (2) isotopic signature standard deviations (SD) in the source and mixture populations, (3) sample size, (4) analytical SD, and (5) the evenness of the source proportions, for determining the variability (SE) of source proportion estimates. The proportion SEs varied inversely with the signature difference between sources, so doubling the source difference from 2 parts per thousand to 4 parts per thousand reduced the SEs by half. Source and mixture signature SDs had a substantial linear effect on source proportion SEs. However, the population variability of the sources and the mixture are fixed and the sampling error component can be changed only by increasing sample size. Source proportion SEs varied inversely with the square root of sample size, so an increase from 1 to 4 samples per population cut the SE in half. Analytical SD had little effect over the range examined since it was generally substantially smaller than the population SDs. Proportion SEs were minimized when sources were evenly divided, but increased only slightly as the proportions varied. The variance formulas provided will enable quantification of the precision of source proportion estimates. Graphs are provided to allow rapid assessment of possible combinations of source differences and source and mixture population SDs that will allow source proportion estimates with desired precision. Ln addition, an Excel spreadsheet to perform the calculations for the source proportions and their variances, SEs, and 95% confidence intervals for the two-source and three-source mixing models can be accessed at http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/models.htm. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 18 TC 695 Z9 721 U1 25 U2 205 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PY 2001 VL 127 IS 2 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1007/s004420000578 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427GC UT WOS:000168395600003 PM 24577646 ER PT B AU Hogye, S Rubin, AR Hudson, J AF Hogye, S Rubin, AR Hudson, J BE Mancl, K TI Development of EPA guidelines for management of onsite/decentralized wastewater systems SO ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems CY MAR 11-14, 2001 CL FT WORTH, TX SP ASAE DE management; management guidelines; onsite wastewater utility AB In 1997, The USEPA issued The Response To Congress on the Use of Onsite and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems. The report stated clearly that, when properly managed, onsite and decentralized wastewater treatment systems do provide adequate protection of public health and environmental quality. This document also listed specific actions and activities required to develop an onsite wastewater management infrastructure that recognizes the value of onsite wastewater systems as a viable option to protect public health and environmental quality. Following the Response To Congress, the USEPA developed the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP) which established action items required to ensure that the goals of the Clean Water Act more fully implemented. One of the products of the CWAP is The Guidelines for Management of Onsite and Decentralized Wastewater Systems. These voluntary national guidelines represent an attempt to incorporate a comprehensive life cycle management strategy for onsite/decentralized systems. There are two purposes to this paper, the first is to describe the process of guideline development and the second is to discuss the guidelines. C1 US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hogye, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-18-2 PY 2001 BP 470 EP 478 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU11N UT WOS:000175044100051 ER PT J AU Shi, W Sun, MY Molina, M Hodson, RE AF Shi, W Sun, MY Molina, M Hodson, RE TI Variability in the distribution of lipid biomarkers and their molecular isotopic composition in Altamaha estuarine sediments: implications for the relative contribution of organic matter from various sources SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE deposition of organic matter; lipid biomarkers; Altamaha River; estuarine sediments; isotopic composition ID CONTEMPORARY MARINE-SEDIMENTS; LONG-ISLAND SOUND; FATTY-ACIDS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; TIDAL ASYMMETRY; SEVERN ESTUARY; FOOD WEBS; RIVER; TRANSPORT; CARBON AB The estuarine mixing zone is an effective trap for particulate and dissolved organic matter From many sources, and thus greatly affects transport and deposition of organic matter between the land and ocean. This study examined sedimentary distributions of various fatty acids and their stable isotope compositions at three sites which represent different levels of mixing in the Altamaha River estuary, Georgia, USA. Distributions of other neutral lipids (phytol, C-14-C-32 fatty alcohols, and two sterols) were also determined as supplementary biomarkers from various sources. Results suggest that POM from terrestrial plant material was dominant at an initial, upper estuary mixing zone (salinity in the water column is near zero but porewater in the sediment is saline) while POM from marine sources was mainly deposited at a more intensive mixing zone (whenin salinity in surface and bottom waters was identical) in the Altamaha. Much less particulate lipid was deposited in Altamaha River mouth sediments even during the high discharge season, suggesting that terrestrial plant-derived POM may not be significantly transported across the mixing zone. Analyses of fatty acid isotopic composition further verify the differential deposition pattern of POM from different sources. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Sun, MY (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 59 TC 50 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 4 BP 453 EP 467 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00189-3 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 421XT UT WOS:000168089400002 ER PT B AU Brenner, R Ickes, J Magar, V Stout, S Crecelius, E Abbott, J Uhler, R Bingler, L AF Brenner, R Ickes, J Magar, V Stout, S Crecelius, E Abbott, J Uhler, R Bingler, L BE Leeson, A Foote, EA Banks, MK Magar, VS TI Natural recovery of PAH-contaminated sediments at the Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor superfund site SO PHYTOREMEDIATION, WETLANDS, AND SEDIMENTS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command AB Eagle Harbor is a shallow marine embayment of Bainbridge Island, WA (similar to10 miles west of Seattle, WA) and was formerly the site of the Wyckoff wood-treatment facility. The facility became operational in the early 1900s and contributed large quantities of creosote to the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of harbor sediments. The site was partially capped to control PAH migration into the water column and surrounding sediments. However, residual surface sediment contamination remains. This investigation focused on the natural recovery of the PAH-contaminated sediments. TPH fingerprinting provided information on the nature and source of hydrocarbon contamination in Eagle Harbor, The distribution of the 50 PAH analytes provided insight into the sources and degree of weathering in the sediments. With decreasing sediment depth, the creosote signature showed increasing weathering and an increasing influence of an urban runoff signature. These results provided information on the ability for Eagle Harbor sediments to recover under natural conditions, to distinguish between PAH sources (i.e., between creosote contamination and urban runoff), and to identify the occurrence of creosote-derived PAH weathering in surface sediments. More extensive discussions and more conclusive evaluations will be made in an upcoming full-paper publication. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Brenner, R (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-115-9 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 5 BP 237 EP 242 PG 6 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering; Toxicology GA BU12Y UT WOS:000175096900030 ER PT B AU Tabak, HH Govind, R Ramani, M AF Tabak, HH Govind, R Ramani, M BE Leeson, A Foote, EA Banks, MK Magar, VS TI In-situ biorestoration of contaminated sediments using membranes and gel beads SO PHYTOREMEDIATION, WETLANDS, AND SEDIMENTS SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY JUN 04-07, 2001 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Geomatrix Consultants Inc, IT Grp Inc, Parsons, Regenesis, USAF, Ctr Environm Excellence, USN, Fac Engn Command ID NAPHTHALENE; DEGRADATION; WATER AB In this paper bench-scale evaluation of two novel methods for in-situ biorestoration of contaminated sediments is presented. The first method involves the use of specially designed gaseous, inorganic and organic nutrient bearing hollow fiber polymeric membranes for controlling the redox potential in contaminated sediments. The method allows in-situ biodegradation of PAHs in contaminated sediments while preventing the membranes from biofouling. Experimental data are presented on biodegradation rates of 18 PAHs ( 2 ring to 6 ring compounds) as a function of redox potential using PAH-contaminated New York/New Jersey Harbor sediment. Another in-situ biotreatment method, presented in this paper, for biorestoration of contaminated groundwater aquifer sediments, involves bioaugmentation and/or biostimulation methods using encapsulated acclimated selective bacterial cultures and/or nutrients in specially formulated silica gel beads. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA BN 1-57477-115-9 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 2001 VL 6 IS 5 BP 269 EP 278 PG 10 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering; Toxicology GA BU12Y UT WOS:000175096900034 ER PT J AU Krupa, S McGrath, MT Andersen, CP Booker, FL Burkey, KO Chappelka, AH Chevone, BI Pell, EJ Zilinskas, BA AF Krupa, S McGrath, MT Andersen, CP Booker, FL Burkey, KO Chappelka, AH Chevone, BI Pell, EJ Zilinskas, BA TI Ambient ozone and plant health SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; CARBON-DIOXIDE CO2; UV-B RADIATION; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE; BEAN CULTIVARS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AIR-POLLUTION; UNITED-STATES; STRESS C1 Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Cornell Univ, Riverhead, NY USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Air Qual Res Unit, Raleigh, NC USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Krupa, S (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM mtm3@cornell.edu NR 47 TC 98 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 85 IS 1 BP 4 EP 12 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.1.4 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385AU UT WOS:000165980100002 ER PT J AU Kyle, AD Wright, CC Caldwell, JC Buffler, PA Woodruff, TJ AF Kyle, AD Wright, CC Caldwell, JC Buffler, PA Woodruff, TJ TI Evaluating the health significance of hazardous air pollutants using monitoring data SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB Objective. Though many contaminants are released into the atmosphere, in PHD, the US only six air pollutants-ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead-are closely monitored and carefully assessed for health significance. Other pollutants, even if highly toxic, are neither widely monitored nor routinely assessed at the national level. The goal of this study was to analyze the availability of information needed to characterize the health significance of hazardous air pollutants, focusing on urban areas in California. Methods. The authors compared different approaches to identifying which contaminants should be considered hazardous air pollutants of potential health concern; reviewed the availability of toxicity values for these pollutants; and analyzed the usefulness of air monitoring data from California agencies for determining populations risks, by comparing method detection limits with health benchmarks. Results. Approaches to identifying air contaminants of possible health concern differ. Toxicity values are not available for many hazardous air pollutants, including those identified in the Clean Air Act. In California, monitoring data are available for many, though not all, pollutants of concern. Monitoring methods for several pollutants do not have adequate sensitivity to detect all relevant concentrations. Conclusion. The information necessary to fully assess the health significance of hazardous air pollutants is not currently available. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Kyle, AD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 140 Warren Hall,MC 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 116 IS 1 BP 32 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50020-1 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 468NJ UT WOS:000170763500006 PM 11571406 ER PT J AU Smuts, M AF Smuts, M TI Hazardous air pollutants: Inside and out SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Smuts, M (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Congress St,Suite 1100,CPE, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 116 IS 1 BP 58 EP 60 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 468NJ UT WOS:000170763500009 PM 11571409 ER PT J AU Varma, RS AF Varma, RS TI Solvent-free accelerated organic syntheses using microwaves SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th European Conference on Analytical Chemistry (EUROANALYSIS 11) CY SEP 03-08, 2000 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL ID SUPPORTED SODIUM PERIODATE; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; CLAY; IRRADIATION; OXIDATION; SILICA; BOROHYDRIDE; PYRIDINES; REAGENTS; ALCOHOLS AB A solvent-free approach for organic synthesis is described which involves microwave (MW) exposure of neat reactants (undiluted) either in the presence of a catalyst or catalyzed by the surfaces of inexpensive and recyclable mineral supports such as alumina, silica, clay, or "doped" surfaces, namely, Fe(NO3)(3)-clay (clayfen). Cu(NO3)(2)-clay (claycop), NH2OH-clay PhI(OAc)(2)-alumina, NaIO4-silica, MnO2-silica, and NaBH4-clay. A variety of deprotection, condensation, cyclization, oxidation, and reduction reactions are presented including the efficient one-pot assembly of heterocyclic molecules from in situ generated intermediates such as enamines and alpha -tosyloxyketones. The application of this solvent-free MW approach ro multicomponent reactions is highlighted that can be adapted for high-speed parallel synthesis of the library of dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones and imidazo [1,2-a]annulated pyridines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Processes Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Varma, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Clean Processes Branch, MS 443, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 292 Z9 293 U1 3 U2 18 PU INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 104 TW ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 13757, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-3757 USA SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 73 IS 1 BP 193 EP 198 DI 10.1351/pac200173010193 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 423FX UT WOS:000168165700028 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ AF Preston, RJ TI 21st Century Biodosimetry: Quantifying the Past and Predicting the Future SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2001 VL 97 IS 1 BP 7 EP 7 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 496AQ UT WOS:000172373000001 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ AF Preston, RJ TI 21st Century Biodosimetry: Quantifying the Past and Predicting the Future - Proceedings of a Symposium - Arlington, Virginia, USA - February 22 2001 - Summary and conclusions SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Sympsoium on 21st Century Biodosimetry: Quantifying the Past and Predicting the Future CY FEB 22, 2001 CL ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2001 VL 97 IS 1 BP 75 EP 77 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 496AQ UT WOS:000172373000012 ER PT J AU Yang, FM Haile, DJ Coalson, JJ Ghio, AJ AF Yang, FM Haile, DJ Coalson, JJ Ghio, AJ TI Haptoglobin in lung defence SO REDOX REPORT LA English DT Article ID EXPRESSION; GENE AB Haptoglobin (Hp) has been known to be associated with the host defence response to infection and inflammation. The biological functions of Hp can be related to its ability to bind haemoglobin or to modulate immune response. Hp is expressed at a high level in lung cells, yet its protective role(s) in the lung is not known. Using transgenic mice overexpressing Hp. we demonstrated that Hp can reduce blood-induced lung injury. Hp-mediated haemoglobin catabolism in lung cells appears to be linked to iron mobilization, and may be an efficient mechanism to reduce oxidative damage associated with haemolysis. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Yang, FM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA HUDSON RD, LEEDS LS9 7DL, ENGLAND SN 1351-0002 J9 REDOX REP JI Redox Rep. PY 2001 VL 6 IS 6 BP 372 EP 374 DI 10.1179/135100001101536562 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 521VM UT WOS:000173862100007 PM 11865979 ER PT J AU Narotsky, MG Best, DS Guidici, DL Cooper, RL AF Narotsky, MG Best, DS Guidici, DL Cooper, RL TI Strain comparisons of atrazine-induced pregnancy loss in the rat SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; chlorotriazines; pregnancy maintenance; full-litter resorption; parturition; strain differences; Fischer 344; Sprague-Dawley; Long Evans ID INVIVO TERATOLOGY SCREEN; FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; FISCHER-344 RATS; CORPUS-LUTEUM; PROLACTIN; MICE; WORKSHOP; RELAXIN AB Atrazine was administered by gavage, in Ile methylcellulose, to F344 Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Long Evans (LE) rats at 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day on gestation days 6 through 10. The dams were allowed to deliver and litters were examined postnatally. The F344 strain was the most sensitive to atrazine's effects on pregnancy, showing full-litter resorption (FLR) at greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg. In surviving F344 litters, prenatal loss was increased at 200 mg/kg. In SD and LE rats, FLR occurred only at 200 mg/kg. Delayed parturition was seen at greater than or equal to 100 mg/kg in F344 and SD rats. Regarding maternal toxicity, the SD dams were the most sensitive, with weight loss at greater than or equal to 25 mg/kg. When 200 mg/kg was administered to F344 rats on days 11 through 15 (after the LH-dependent period of pregnancy), no FLR was seen. These findings suggest that atrazine-induced FLR is maternally mediated, and consistent with loss of LH support of the corpora lutea. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Narotsky, MG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 61 EP 69 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 391TW UT WOS:000166372500008 PM 11137379 ER PT J AU Wolt, JD Nelson, HP Cleveland, CB van Wesenbeeck, IJ AF Wolt, JD Nelson, HP Cleveland, CB van Wesenbeeck, IJ TI Biodegradation kinetics for pesticide exposure assessment SO REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 169 SE REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID 3-CHLOROALLYL ALCOHOL; CLORANSULAM-METHYL; SOIL; DEGRADATION; TRANSFORMATION; SORPTION; FIELD; DISSIPATION; HERBICIDE; SUBSOILS C1 Dow AgroSci, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. US EPA, OPP, EFED, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wolt, JD (reprint author), Dow AgroSci, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. NR 82 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0179-5953 J9 REV ENVIRON CONTAM T PY 2001 VL 169 BP 123 EP 164 PG 42 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BS71Y UT WOS:000170977500002 PM 11330076 ER PT B AU Ghose, S AF Ghose, S BE Elsworth, D Tinucci, JP Heasley, KA TI Effects of mining on the performance of Waste Isolation Pilot Plant SO ROCK MECHANICS IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 38th US Rock Mechanics Symposium (DC Rocks 2001) CY JUL 07-10, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Rock Mech Assoc AB The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is essentially an underground mine in the Salado Formation of south eastern New Mexico. In the upper part of this formation extensive mining for potash is in progress. This paper presents an analysis of the changes in the characteristics of the rocks in the vicinity of these two mining operations. These changes are primarily related to deformation and hydraulic conductivity. This analysis shows that the magnitude of the changes in the natural barrier of the disposal system is limited and will not disrupt the main function of the WIPP. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ghose, S (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-2651-827-7 PY 2001 BP 505 EP 510 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BT08E UT WOS:000171891200066 ER PT S AU Gilbert, ME AF Gilbert, ME BE Sorg, BA Bell, IR TI Does the kindling model of epilepsy contribute to our understanding of multiple chemical sensitivity? SO ROLE OF NEURAL PLASTICITY IN CHEMICAL INTOLERANCE SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Role of Neural Plasticity in Chemical Intolerance CY JUN 16-19, 2000 CL ROCKEFELLER UNIV, NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Wallace Res Fdn, USa HO ROCKEFELLER UNIV ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; FEAR CONDITIONING CIRCUITS; HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE GYRUS; COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES; IMPAIR SPATIAL MEMORY; PERFORANT PATH; RAT-BRAIN; CYCLODIENE INSECTICIDES; INTERICTAL EMOTIONALITY; ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AB Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a phenomenon whereby individuals report an increased sensitivity to low levels of chemicals in the environment. Kindling is a model of synaptic plasticity whereby repeated low-level electrical stimulation to a number of brain sites leads to permanent increases in seizure susceptibility. Stimulation that is initially subthreshold for subclinical seizure provocation comes, over time, to elicit full-blown motor seizures. Kindling can also be induced by chemical stimulation, and repeated exposures to some pesticides have been shown to induce signs of behavioral seizure, facilitate subsequent electrical kindling, and induce subclinical electrographic signs of hyperexcitability in the amygdala. Many of the symptoms of MCS suggest that CNS limbic pathways involved in anxiety are altered in individuals reporting MCS. Limbic structures are among the most susceptible to kindling-induced seizures, and persistent cognitive and emotional sequelae have been associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in humans and kindling in animals. Thus, a number of parallels exist between kindling and MCS phenomena, leading to initial speculations that MCS may occur via a kindling-like mechanism. However, kindling requires the activation of electrographic seizure discharge and has thus been primarily examined as a model for TLE. Events leading to the initial evocation of a subclinical electrographic seizure have been much less well studied. It is perhaps these events that may serve as a more appropriate model for the enhanced chemical responsiveness characteristic of MCS. Alternatively, kindling may be useful as a tool to selectively increase sensitivity in subcomponents of the neural fear circuit to address questions relating the role of anxiety in the development and expression of MCS. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 111 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-308-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2001 VL 933 BP 68 EP 91 PG 24 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Physiology; Toxicology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physiology; Toxicology GA BT11K UT WOS:000172010000006 PM 12000037 ER PT S AU MacPhail, RC AF MacPhail, RC BE Sorg, BA Bell, IR TI Episodic exposures to chemicals - What relevance to chemical intolerance? SO ROLE OF NEURAL PLASTICITY IN CHEMICAL INTOLERANCE SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Role of Neural Plasticity in Chemical Intolerance CY JUN 16-19, 2000 CL ROCKEFELLER UNIV, NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Wallace Res Fdn, USa HO ROCKEFELLER UNIV AB Episodic exposures refer to intermittent acute exposures to chemicals that ordinarily have a rapid onset and short duration of effect. There has been a long tradition in preclinical behavioral pharmacology of using episodic-exposure paradigms in order to establish dose-response functions in individual organisms. In these experiments, stable baselines of behavior are first established and then followed by administering varying doses of a drug intermittently, for example, once or twice a week. The power of this approach is well established; the within-subjects design reduces error variance, allows exploration of the entire range of effective doses, and can be used to identify individual differences in drug sensitivity. Of course, the approach is only applicable to reversibly acting compounds, and checks need to be included to insure effects of one dose are not influenced by prior exposure to another dose. We have used baseline approaches to evaluate the effects of pesticides and solvents on the behavior of adult male rats and mice. Moreover, a novel probabilistic dose-tolerance analysis applied to the data suggests substantial individual differences in chemical sensitivity, often spanning orders of magnitude. These results suggest that individual differences in chemical sensitivity may be much greater than previously acknowledged. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP MacPhail, RC (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-308-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2001 VL 933 BP 103 EP 111 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Physiology; Toxicology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physiology; Toxicology GA BT11K UT WOS:000172010000008 PM 12000013 ER PT J AU Fox, JC AF Fox, JC TI Oceans: Progress in 2000, new steps for the future SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fox, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 42 IS 1 BP 12 EP 15 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 398TG UT WOS:000166772000003 ER PT J AU Pare, JRJ Belanger, JMR Lesnik, B Turpin, R Singhvi, R AF Pare, JRJ Belanger, JMR Lesnik, B Turpin, R Singhvi, R TI Final evaluation of US EPA method 3546: Microwave extraction, a microwave-assisted process (MAP (TM)) method for the extraction of contaminants under closed-vessel conditions SO SOIL & SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION LA English DT Article DE liquid phase microwave-assisted extraction; environmental matrix; organic contaminants; microwave-assisted processes; method validation ID METHYLPHENOL ISOMERS; SOIL; SEDIMENTS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; PESTICIDES; PHENOL; PCBS AB Microwave-assisted extraction, a MAP (TM) technology, has been the subject of enhanced interest from the environmental sector in the last few years as a result of the need for methodologies that improve sample preparation without compromising the quality of the data while being environmentally sustainable. Liquid-phase microwave-assisted extraction offers such advantages: it is a very fast extraction technique, it consumes less solvent and energy, and it is cost effective. A preliminary validation study involving closed-vessel apparatus and contaminants such as PAHs, PCDDs/PCDFs, chlorinated pesticides, and PCBs was performed (Li et al., 1996). Excellent performance and precision were achieved for these analytes (Li et al., 1996). In order to fully evaluate the method fora wider range of analytes an interlaboratory study was performed. A round-robin study was performed with five laboratories carrying out the extraction portion. This study also involved thermally labile and potentially reactive RCRA target analytes such as phenols, phenoxyacid herbicides, and organophosphorus pesticides. Three split samples were used by each laboratory using methodologies stipulated in a single standard operational procedure (SOP). The extractions from the five laboratories were sent to a single laboratory who performed all the analyses in order to minimize the variability of the results due to the determinative procedure. Clean up was performed using standard procedures and analyses were done according to the appropriate US EPA SW-846 methods. The broad range of applicability, the reduced sample preparation time, and the reduced amount of solvent used all contribute to achieving sustainable environmental protection goals. Furthermore, the reduced operational costs associated with the protocol - compared to conventional Soxhlet, for example-are significant and prove valuable in these times where the `greening" of the laboratory usually gives rise to higher operating costs. Further work involving open-vessel apparatus is under way. C1 Environm Canada, Microwave Assisted Proc Div, Environm Technol Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Methods Team Sect, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Environm Response Team, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Pare, JRJ (reprint author), Environm Canada, Microwave Assisted Proc Div, Environm Technol Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1522-6514 J9 SOIL SEDIMENT CONTAM JI Soil. Sediment. Contam. PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 375 EP 386 DI 10.1080/20015891109329 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 459BK UT WOS:000170229800002 ER PT J AU Lau, C Mole, ML Copeland, MF Rogers, JM Kavlock, RJ Shuey, DL Cameron, AM Ellis, DH Logsdon, TR Merriman, J Setzer, RW AF Lau, C Mole, ML Copeland, MF Rogers, JM Kavlock, RJ Shuey, DL Cameron, AM Ellis, DH Logsdon, TR Merriman, J Setzer, RW TI Toward a biologically based dose-response model for developmental toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in the rat: Acquisition of experimental data SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE mammalian developmental toxicity; BBDR modeling; 5-fluorouracil; thymidylate synthetase inhibition; dNTP imbalance; limb dysmorphogenesis ID COLON-CARCINOMA-CELLS; DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; MOUSE FM3A CELLS; THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE; MESSENGER-RNA; DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES; 2-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS; GROWTH-INHIBITION; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; THYMIDINE KINASE AB Biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models represent an emerging approach to improving the current practice of human health-risk assessment. The concept of BBDR modeling is to incorporate mechanistic information about a chemical that is relevant to the expression of its toxicity into descriptive mathematical terms, thereby providing a quantitative model that will enhance the ability for low-dose and cross-species extrapolation. Construction of a BBDR model for developmental toxicity is particularly complicated by the multitude of possible mechanisms. Thus, a few model assumptions were made. The current study illustrates the processes involved in selecting the relevant information for BBDR modeling, using an established developmental toxicant, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as a prototypic example. The primary BBDR model for 5-FU is based on inhibition of thymidylate synthetase (TS) and resultant changes in nucleotide pools, DNA synthesis, cell-cycle progression, and somatic growth. A single subcutaneous injection of 5-FU at doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg/kg was given to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at gestational day 14; controls received saline. 5-FU was absorbed rapidly into the maternal circulation, and AUC estimates were linear with administered doses. We found metabolites of 5-FU directly incorporated into embryonic nucleic acids, although the levels of incorporation were low and lacked correlation with administered doses. On the other hand, 5-FU produced dose-dependent inhibition of thymidylate synthetase in the whole embryo, and recovery from enzyme inhibition was also related to the administered dose. As a consequence of TS inhibition, embryonic dTTP and dGTP were markedly reduced, while dCTP was profoundly elevated, perhaps due to feedback regulation of intracellular nucleotide pools. The total contents of embryonic macromolecules (DNA and protein) were also reduced, most notably at the high doses. Correspondingly, dose-related reductions of fetal weight were seen as early as GD 15, and these deficits persisted for the remainder of gestation. These detailed dose-response parameters involved in the expression of 5-FU developmental toxicity were incorporated into mathematical terms for BBDR modeling. Such quantitative models should be instrumental to the improvement of high-to-low dose and cross-species extrapolation in health-risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Dupont Merck Pharmaceut Co, Newark, DE USA. Mantech Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Lau, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Mail Drop 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 56 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 59 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1093/toxsci/59.1.37 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 392CF UT WOS:000166392500004 PM 11134542 ER PT J AU Setzer, RW Lau, C Mole, ML Copeland, MF Rogers, JM Kavlock, RJ AF Setzer, RW Lau, C Mole, ML Copeland, MF Rogers, JM Kavlock, RJ TI Toward a biologically based dose-response model for developmental toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in the rat: A mathematical construct SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE biologically based dose-response model; 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pool perturbation; fetal weight deficit; thymidylate synthetase (TS) inhibition ID PLACENTAL-TRANSFER; KINETIC-MODEL; CHEMOTHERAPY; METABOLISM AB Biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models comprise one way to incorporate mechanistic information into a dose-response assessment to be used for risk assessments. The chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used as a prototypic compound for the construction of a BBDR model for developmental toxicity. Previous work has provided data and a general mechanistic framework for the developmental toxicity of 5-FU when it was administered to pregnant rats subcutaneously on gestation day 14. In this paper, a mathematical model relating maternally administered treatment with 5-FU to embryonal thymidylate synthetase inhibition and thymidylate synthetase inhibition to various measures of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pool perturbation is developed, and parameters are estimated using the data collected. The strategy used was to develop semi-empirical submodels for each of the intervening steps, and to estimate model parameters from previously described data. The models developed predict that there is no practical threshold for dNTP pool perturbation; that is, even minimal doses of 5-FU should result in some perturbation of dNTP pools. In particular, the relationship between dNTP pool perturbation and fetal weight deficit suggests that if there is a biological threshold for the effect of 5-FU on fetal weight, the responsible repair or compensation mechanism must be downstream of dNTP pool perturbation, and saturable at 5-FU doses lower than 10 mg/kg (the lowest dose examined for developmental effects in these studies). C1 US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Setzer, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Setzer, Rhyne/0000-0002-6709-9186 NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 59 IS 1 BP 49 EP 58 DI 10.1093/toxsci/59.1.49 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 392CF UT WOS:000166392500005 PM 11134543 ER PT J AU Das, PC McElroy, WK Cooper, RL AF Das, PC McElroy, WK Cooper, RL TI Alteration of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in vitro by the metabolites of chlorotriazine herbicide SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chlorotriazine metabolites; hydroxyatrazine; deethylchlorotriazine; deisopropylchlorotriazine; diaminochlorotriazine; PC12 cells; dopamine; norepinephrine ID TREATED FEMALE RATS; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; FIELD CONDITIONS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; ATRAZINE; HORMONE; SOIL; TRANSPORT; HYDROXYATRAZINE AB The effects of four major chlorotriazine metabolites on the constitutive synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were examined, using undifferentiated PC12 cells. NE release and intracellular DA and NE concentrations were quantified, for up to 24 h after initiation of treatment with different concentrations, ranging from 0 to 400 muM, of the metabolites hydroxyatrazine (HA), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (deethylchlorotriazine), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-striazine (deisopropylchlorotriazine), and diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), Hydroxyatrazine significantly decreased intracellular DA and NE concentrations in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This metabolite also caused a significant inhibition of NE release from the cells. In contrast, deethylchlorotriazine and deisopropylchlorotriazine significantly increased intracellular DA concentration following exposure to 50-200 muM from 12 to 24 h. Intracellular NE was significantly reduced at these same concentrations of deethylchlorotriazine at 24 h while the concentration of NE in PC12 cells exposed to deisopropylchlorotriazine was not altered at any dosage or time point measured, NE release was decreased at 18 (200 muM) and 24 h (100 and 200 muM) following exposure to deethylchlorotriazine and at 24 h (100 and 200 muM) following deisopropylchlorotriazine. DACT, at the highest concentration (160 muM), significantly increased intracellular DA and NE concentrations at 18 and 24 h. NE release was also increased at 40-160 muM at 24 h. The viability of the PC12 cells was tested using the trypan blue exclusion method. Following 18 to 24 h of treatments with HAI cell viability was reduced 10-12% at the two higher concentrations (200 and 400 muM), but, with other metabolites, the viability was reduced by only 2 to 5% at the highest concentrations. These data indicate that HA affects catecholamine synthesis and release in PC12 cells in a manner that is similar to synthesis of atrazine and simazine. On the other hand, deethylchlorotriazine and deisopropylchlorotriazine altered catecholamine synthesis in a manner similar to that observed in the rat brain following in vivo exposure (i.e., increased DA and decreased NE concentration), whereas DACT appeared to produce an increase in NE release as well as in the intracellular DA and NE concentrations. Overall, these findings suggest that the catecholamine neurons may be a target for the chlorotriazines and/or their metabolites, that the metabolites produce a unique pattern of catecholamine response, and that all of the changes mere seen within the same range of doses. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 59 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 59 IS 1 BP 127 EP 137 DI 10.1093/toxsci/59.1.127 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 392CF UT WOS:000166392500014 PM 11134552 ER PT J AU Whittier, TR Hughes, RM Peck, DV AF Whittier, TR Hughes, RM Peck, DV TI Comment: Test of an index of biotic integrity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID FISH COMMUNITIES; LAKES C1 US EPA, Dynam Int Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Whittier, TR (reprint author), US EPA, Dynam Int Inc, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1 BP 169 EP 172 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0169:>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 430BM UT WOS:000168553700018 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Lee, CW Ryan, JV Lutes, CC AF Lemieux, PM Lee, CW Ryan, JV Lutes, CC TI Bench-scale studies on the simultaneous formation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs from combustion systems SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies CY MAY, 2000 CL PORTLAND, OREGON DE PCB; reactor; combustion; heterogeneous; dioxin; PCDD/F ID WASTE COMBUSTION; FLY-ASH; DIOXIN; INCINERATORS AB The presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment has wide-ranging potential ecological and health impacts on animals and humans. A significant amount of experimental and theoretical work has been performed the examining formation and control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which account for only part of the EDCs being emitted from combustion devices. Generally accepted mechanistic theories for PCDD/F formation propose heterogeneous reactions in the cooler regions of the combustor involving gas-phase organic precursors (such as chlorobenzenes or chlorophenols), a chlorine donor [such as hydrogen chloride (HCl)], and a flyash-bound metallic catalyst (such as copper chloride). There is evidence that some other proposed EDCs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are formed through a similar mechanistic pathway as PCDD/Fs. In addition, there is evidence that certain important steps in the catalytic reaction between the copper catalyst and the organic precursors may suggest a common rate limiting step for the heterogeneous formation of the previously mentioned EDCs. This paper reports on a bench-scale experimental study to characterize a newly built reactor system that was built to: produce levels and distributions of PCDD/F production similar to those achieved by previous researchers; verify similar responses to changes in independent variables; examine the hypothesis that PCB formation rates exhibit trends similar to PCDD/F formation rates as reactor variables are changed; and begin to explore the dependence of PCB formation on temperature and precursor type. The reactor system has been built, and initial reactor characterization studies have been performed. Initial experiments yielded results that support the hypothesis of a similar formation mechanism of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in combustors. Initial experiments uncovered potential deficiencies with the reactor system and the experimental procedures and have suggested corrective action to improve the experimental system. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraght & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 419 EP 425 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00133-1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 412VM UT WOS:000167575100002 PM 11280982 ER PT J AU Riley, CE AF Riley, CE TI Method development and implementation for co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) SO WASTE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies CY MAY, 2000 CL PORTLAND, OREGON DE polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); sewage sludge; incinerator; analytical tests AB The Emission Measurement Center (EMG) in the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards was directed to conduct an emissions test program at a sewage sludge incinerator in support of a Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standard. One pollutant category of concern at these facilities was polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs. An objective of the test program was to measure co-planar PCBs in the incinerator emissions, the sewage sludge introduced to the incinerator, and the scrubber water effluent used in controlling the incinerator emissions. Co-planar PCB congeners are those having four or more chlorine atoms with only a few substitutions in the ortho positions, i.e. positions designated 2, 2', 6, and 6'. Thirteen PCB compounds are sometimes referred to as the "WHO PCBs," because the World Health Organization (WHO) has derived toxic equivalency factors for these congeners. Studies have shown that these dioxin-like compounds can react with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This same reaction is believed to initiate adverse health effects for dioxin and furan congeners. In order to conduct the co-planer PCB testing, the EMG had to develop analytical methods that could measure the 13 co-planar PCBs. The purpose of the test program was to develop, evaluate, and implement analytical test methods capable of measuring co-planar PGBs in three matrices: incinerator stack gases, sewage sludge, and scrubber water effluents. The paper summarizes the initial development work that was performed in preparation of analytical test protocols that could measure co-planar PCBs in air, water, and sludge matrices. Following the method development, a MACT emissions test program was conducted at a sewage sludge facility in July 1999 and these data are also summarized in the paper. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Riley, CE (reprint author), US EPA, Emiss Monitoring & Anal Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0956-053X J9 WASTE MANAGE JI Waste Manage. PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 465 EP 470 DI 10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00130-6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 412VM UT WOS:000167575100008 PM 11280988 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buchman, M AF Reish, Donald J. Oshida, Philip S. Mearns, Alan J. Ginn, Thomas C. Buchman, Michael TI EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON MARINE ORGANISMS SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 [Reish, Donald J.] Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. [Oshida, Philip S.] US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. [Mearns, Alan J.; Buchman, Michael] NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. [Ginn, Thomas C.] Exponent Environm Grp, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. NR 221 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 EI 1554-7531 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 2001 VL 73 IS 5 BP 1581 EP 1657 DI 10.2175/106143001X144519 PG 77 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA V19HR UT WOS:000208064000034 ER PT S AU Secrest, CD AF Secrest, CD BE VoDinh, T Spellicy, RL TI Field measurement of air pollutants near swine confined animal feeding operations using UV DOAS and FTIR SO WATER, GROUND, AND AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND REMEDIATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Water, Ground, and Air Pollution Monitoring and Remediation CY NOV 06-07, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE ammonia; swine; UV DOAS; FTIR; CAFO ID AMMONIA AB Emissions of air pollutants such as ammonia from large-scale confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have been of increasing interest as the facilities have grown in size. Once considered solely an odor or nuisance problem, recent studies indicate that CAFO emissions can result in measurable effects on public health.(1) In at least one state, concern about respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments has prompted high-level governmental action to abate the emissions.' Open-path monitors are powerful tools for evaluating the behavior of air pollutants, and may help governmental agencies assess the risk to public health. This paper reports the results of ammonia measurements near two CAFOs. In September of 1999, measurements were conducted for 48 hours downwind of a large-scale CAFO using two open-path monitors; an ultra violet differential optical absorption spectrometer (UV DOAS), and a Fourier transform interferometer (FTIR). In March of 2000, measurements were conducted at a much smaller CAFO using UV DOAS. This paper describes the calibration of a UV DOAS, compares UV DOAS and FTIR measurements, describes the effects of wind and atmospheric stability on ambient ammonia concentration, and suggests potential applications for open-path monitors for assessing public health risk. C1 US EPA, Off Regulatory Enforcement, Air Enforcement Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Secrest, CD (reprint author), US EPA, Off Regulatory Enforcement, Air Enforcement Div, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW,MS 2242A, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3864-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4199 BP 98 EP 104 DI 10.1117/12.417365 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BS25U UT WOS:000169199800011 ER PT J AU Parrott, T Wade, M Timm, G Brown, S AF Parrott, T Wade, M Timm, G Brown, S TI An overview of testing procedures and approaches for identifying endocrine disrupting substances SO WATER QUALITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CANADA LA English DT Article DE OECD; US EPA; endocrine disrupting substances (EDS); bioassays; risk assessment ID SCREENING METHODS; CHEMICALS; WORKSHOP AB Concern over the potential effects of exposure to endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) has resulted in recommendations for the development of specific endocrine and reproductive tests for assessment and regulation of Industrial chemicals and effluents. This document consolidates and summarizes the current approaches taken by international agencies and scientific organizations for testing and screening EDS in mammals and wildlife. The material has been gathered from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development meeting reports, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee and Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program reports, and summaries of various meetings prepared by Canadian and U.S. representatives. There are commonalties between programs of individual countries and the international scientific groups in which they participate. In general, these international scientific organizations have envisioned tiered groups of tests. The first tier is composed of less complex tests and short-term assays (acute exposures) that are very responsive to EDS land have a low 'false-negative' rate). Higher tiers contain longer tests encompassing partial and full lifecycles of organisms with assessment of functional reproductive and developmental endpoints. Compounds are less expensively screened in the first tier, and move on to more complex and expensive! higher-tier tests only if necessary. We document the proposed EDS tests in mammals and wildlife (birds, fish, amphibians and invertebrates) and overview the European Union's approach to EDS research, monitoring and risk assessment. We conclude with a summary of the main recommendations from Canada's interagency workshop to develop priorities and proposed actions for EDS. C1 Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Hlth Canada, Ctr Environm Hlth, Healthy Environm & Consumer Safety Branch, Environm & Occupat Toxicol Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Tox Subst, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Parrott, T (reprint author), Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN ASSOC WATER QUALITY PI GLOUCESTER PA C/O DR H R EISENHAUER, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOL CENTRE, 3439 RIVER ROAD SOUTH, GLOUCESTER, ONTARIO K1A 0H3, CANADA SN 1201-3080 J9 WATER QUAL RES J CAN JI Water Qual. Res. J. Canada PY 2001 VL 36 IS 2 BP 273 EP 291 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 435MD UT WOS:000168884500008 ER PT J AU Knight, RL Clarke, RA Bastian, RK AF Knight, RL Clarke, RA Bastian, RK TI Surface flow (SF) treatment wetlands as a habitat for wildlife and humans SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000 CY NOV 11-16, 2000 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP Univ Florida Inst Food & Agr Sci, Int Water Assoc, Fl Ctr Environm Studies, Fl Dept Environm Protect, SO Fl Water Management Dist, St Johns River Water Management Dist, USDA, US EPA, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, CH2M Hill, Ecol & Environm Inc DE avifauna; constructed wetlands; nature study; recreational use; wastewater treatment; wildlife habitat AB Water quality improvement is generally the primary objective of treatment wetlands. Creation of wildlife habitat is an inevitable outcome of these projects. However, an increasing number of treatment wetland projects have been purposely designed and operated to enhance their beneficial utility to wildlife and humans. This trend to multi-purpose treatment wetlands has broadened the basis for assessing the advantages of this natural treatment alternative. There are at least 21 treatment wetlands in the U.S. that were implemented with wildlife habitat creation and/or human use as principal goals. A number of treatment wetlands outside the U.S. also share these priorities. Hundreds of other wetlands have collected and reported quantitative data on wildlife and/or human uses. The North American Treatment Wetland Database (NADB) has been expanded to include critical wildlife habitat and human use data. This paper provides a preliminary inventory of these habitat and human use treatment wetlands, summarizes lessons learned, and identifies additional data needs. C1 Wetland Solut Inc, Gainesville, FL 32609 USA. US EPA, OWM 4204M, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Knight, RL (reprint author), Wetland Solut Inc, 2809 NW 161 Court, Gainesville, FL 32609 USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 16 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11-12 BP 27 EP 37 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 504EN UT WOS:000172844500004 PM 11804106 ER PT J AU Wang, P Batiuk, R Linker, L Shenk, G AF Wang, P Batiuk, R Linker, L Shenk, G TI Assessment of best management practices for improvement of dissolved oxygen in Chesapeake Bay estuary SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution CY JAN 16-21, 2000 CL BANGKOK, THAILAND DE BMP; dissolved oxygen; estuary model; nutrient reduction; visualization ID PATTERNS AB Two management scenarios, the base case and the full voluntary program implementation scenarios, are simulated with the three-dimensional Chesapeake Bay estuary model package to study the improvement of dissolved oxygen (DO) over the bay in response to the reduction of nutrient loads. The base case scenario is based on the 1985 nutrient management practices and the associated loads from the watershed and airshed to the bay. The full voluntary program implementation scenario is based on an expanded non-point source and point source program applying current technologies in nutrient and sediment management. The implementation of best management practices is assumed to be by voluntary participation, encouraged by a maximum 75% cost share by the states. The ten-year average (1985-1994) total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads to the bay are reduced 40% and 47%, respectively, from the base case to the full voluntary program implementation scenario. The average annual anoxia and hypoxia volume day is reduced 62% and 42%, respectively, in the whole bay. Daily development of bottom DO in the estuary is observed from an MPEG movie. Graphics of daily DO concentration and depth profile show a significant improvement in DO under improved nutrient control. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, CBPO, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program Off, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. RP Wang, P (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, CBPO, 410 Severn Ave,Suite 109, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 7 BP 173 EP 180 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 493PP UT WOS:000172232200024 PM 11724485 ER PT J AU Dahab, MF Surampalli, RY Liu, W AF Dahab, MF Surampalli, RY Liu, W TI Performance modeling of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands systems SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000 CY NOV 11-16, 2000 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP Univ Florida Inst Food & Agr Sci, Int Water Assoc, Fl Ctr Environm Studies, Fl Dept Environm Protect, SO Fl Water Management Dist, St Johns River Water Management Dist, USDA, US EPA, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, CH2M Hill, Ecol & Environm Inc DE constructed wetlands; kinetics; modeling; subsurface-flow; wastewater treatment AB A subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CW) system, located at a neighborhood consisting of a small housing development and golf courses outside of Lincoln, NE, was studied for its effectiveness as a small community wastewater system. Extensive monitoring was conducted biweekly between June 1996 and December 2000. Prediction models for soluble CBOD5 NH3-N, and TP removal in CW were employed for comparison with the field data. It was found that the disappearance of BOD5 and NH3-N could be approximated using first-order kinetics, but the kinetics of TP removal were unclear. The reduction rate constants regressed from the field data were found to be lower than literature reported values. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. US EPA, Reg 7, Kansas City, KS 66101 USA. RP Dahab, MF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11-12 BP 231 EP 235 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 504EN UT WOS:000172844500032 PM 11804100 ER PT J AU Dahab, MF Surampalli, RY AF Dahab, MF Surampalli, RY TI Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands treatment in the plains: five years of experience SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000 CY NOV 11-16, 2000 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP Univ Florida Inst Food & Agr Sci, Int Water Assoc, Fl Ctr Environm Studies, Fl Dept Environm Protect, SO Fl Water Management Dist, St Johns River Water Management Dist, USDA, US EPA, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, CH2M Hill, Ecol & Environm Inc DE clogging; horizontal flow; seasonal variation; subsurface AB This paper documents the performance of a subsurface-flow constructed wetlands system during its initial five years of operation under variable loading and operating conditions associated with a northern midwestern US climate. The results indicate that effective and sufficient CW seasonal removals of TSS, VSS, CBOD5, COD1 and fecal coliform were achieved. Wastewater temperatures seemed to affect CBOD5 and COD removal rates. Nitrogen and phosphorus reductions were not as effective and varied seasonally, as well as with wastewater temperature. The addition of a sand filter, to aid in further nitrification and disinfection following CW treatment, markedly improved the performance of the wetlands system. After a few years of operation, the remarkable performance of the CW system was dampened by apparent clogging and subsequent eruption of wastewater at the head-end of the treatment cells. While clogging was partially caused by biomass build-up in the wetlands substrate, visual observations suggest that excessive vegetation coupled with relaxed maintenance may also be responsible for clogging. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. US EPA, Kansas City, KS USA. RP Dahab, MF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11-12 BP 375 EP 380 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 504EN UT WOS:000172844500052 PM 11804121 ER PT J AU Behrends, L Houke, L Bailey, E Jansen, P Brown, D AF Behrends, L Houke, L Bailey, E Jansen, P Brown, D TI Reciprocating constructed wetlands for treating industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewater SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000 CY NOV 11-16, 2000 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP Univ Florida Inst Food & Agr Sci, Int Water Assoc, Fl Ctr Environm Studies, Fl Dept Environm Protect, SO Fl Water Management Dist, St Johns River Water Management Dist, USDA, US EPA, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, CH2M Hill, Ecol & Environm Inc DE biochemical oxygen demand; denitrification; nitrification; reciprocating wetlands; total ammonia nitrogen; total phosphorus AB Scientists at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are continuing to develop and refine an innovative wastewater treatment system referred to as reciprocating subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. Reciprocation relates to patented improvements in the design and operation of paired subsurface-flow constructed wetlands, such that contiguous cells are filled and drained on a frequent and recurrent basis. This operating technique turns the entire wetland system into a fixed-film biological reactor, in which it is possible to control redox potential in alternating aerobic and anaerobic zones. Reciprocating systems enable manipulation of wastewater treatment functions by controlling such parameters as hydraulic retention time, frequency of reciprocation, reciprocation cycle time, depth of reciprocation, and size and composition of substrate. These improved wetland technologies have been used for treating municipal/domestic wastewater, high strength animal wastewater, and mixed wastewater streams containing acids, recalcitrant compounds, solvents, antifreeze compounds, heavy metals, explosives, and fertilizer nutrients. Results from selected treatability studies and field demonstrations will be summarized with respect to conceptual design and treatment efficacy. C1 Tennessee Valley Author, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Behrends, L (reprint author), Tennessee Valley Author, POB 1010, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 USA. NR 13 TC 32 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 13 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11-12 BP 399 EP 405 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 504EN UT WOS:000172844500056 PM 11804126 ER PT J AU Ghosh, S Jerger, D Henry, MP Sajjad, A AF Ghosh, S Jerger, D Henry, MP Sajjad, A TI Rapid-rate thermophilic, single-stage and two-phase methane fermentation of synfuel-industry wastewaters SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st World Water Congress of the International-Water-Association (IWA) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Water Assoc DE anaerobic; rapid-rate; thermophilic; peat; wet-carbonization waste; upflow; single-stage; two phase; fixed film AB Thermophilic (55 degreesC) anaerobic digestion of wastewaters from wet carbonization of Minnesota peat was conducted in a simple, upflow digester at an HRT of one day to provide a methane yield of 0.20 SCM/kg VS added and a BOD5 reduction of 85%. Carbonization of Maine peat conducted for a much longer duration of thermal treatment produced recalcitrant and potentially toxic end products that reduced the biodegradability of wastewaters. Methane fermentation of the Maine-peat wet-carbonization waste was inhibited at an HRT of one day in the single-stage digester. However, two-phase digestion with separate acid-phase fermentation to promote hydrolytic degradation of toxic end products followed by separate methane fermentation at an HRT of 2 days exhibited a methane yield of 0.21 SCM/kg VS added and a BOD5 reduction of 76 %. Volatile fatty acids profiles along the depths digesting cultures indicated that single-stage and two-phase digestion could be accomplished at one-half the reactor residence times tone day for single-stage and three days far two-phase) used in this research. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Ghosh, S (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 43 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 408FX UT WOS:000167316800005 PM 11379110 ER PT J AU Shah, JK Sayles, GD Suidan, MT Mihopoulos, P Kaskassian, S AF Shah, JK Sayles, GD Suidan, MT Mihopoulos, P Kaskassian, S TI Anaerobic bioventing of unsaturated zone contaminated with DDT and DNT SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st World Water Congress of the International-Water-Association (IWA) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Water Assoc DE anaerobic bioventing; DDT; DNT; munition wastes; pesticides; vadose zone ID 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; RESIDUES; REACTORS; SOIL AB Initial degradation of highly chlorinated compounds and nitroaromatic compounds found in munition waste streams is accelerated under anaerobic conditions followed by aerobic treatment of the degradation products. The establishment of anaerobic environment in a vadose zone can be accomplished by feeding appropriate anaerobic gas mixture, i.e., "anaerobic bioventing". The gas mixture contains an electron donor for the reduction of these compounds. Lab scale study was conducted to evaluate potential of anaerobic bioventing for the treatment of an unsaturated zone contaminated with 1,1,1-trichloro -2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). Hydrogen was used as the electron donor. Using the soil columns innoculate with anaerobic microorganisms, it was observed that by feeding a gas mixture of 1 % hydrogen. 1 % carbon dioxide and nitrogen, methanogenic conditions were established and DDT was reductively dechlorinated. 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) accumulated as the intermediate product. The half life of DDT was calculated to be 8.5 months. DNT completely disappeared after six months of operation and no intermediates could be detected. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk & Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Shah, JK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 43 IS 2 BP 35 EP 42 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 412VK UT WOS:000167574900006 PM 11380202 ER PT J AU Wilson, GJ Richter, AP Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Wilson, GJ Richter, AP Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Aerobic biodegradation of gasoline oxygenates MTBE and TBA SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st World Water Congress of the International-Water-Association (IWA) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Water Assoc DE MTBE; TBA; oxygenate; gasoline; aerobic biodegradation ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; METHYL; SOILS AB MTBE degradation was investigated using a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with biomass retention (porous pot reactor) operated under aerobic conditions. MTBE was fed to the reactor at an influent concentration of 150 mg/l (1.70 mmol/l). A second identical reactor was operated as a control under the same conditions with the addition of 2.66 g/l of sodium azide, to kill any biological activity. Results from these experiments suggest that biomass retention is critical to the degradation of MTBE. The rate of MTBE removal was shown to be related to the VSS concentration. MTBE removal exceeded 99.99% when the VSS concentration in the reactor was over 600 mg/l. Results obtained from batch experiments conducted on mixed liquor samples from the porous pot reactor indicate that the individual rates of biodegradation of MTBE and TEA were higher for initial concentrations of 15 mg/l than for concentrations of 5 mg/l. The presence of TEA at tower concentrations did not effect the rate of MTBE degradation, however higher concentrations of TEA did reduce the rate of biodegradation of MTBE. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis reveals that the culture consisted of a community of bacterial organisms of about 6 species. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wilson, GJ (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 8 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU IWA PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 43 IS 2 BP 277 EP 284 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 412VK UT WOS:000167574900036 PM 11380191 ER PT J AU Mihopoulos, PG Suidan, MT Sayles, GD AF Mihopoulos, PG Suidan, MT Sayles, GD TI Complete remediation of PCE contaminated unsaturated soils by sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioventing SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st World Water Congress of the International-Water-Association (IWA) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Water Assoc DE anaerobic; aerobic; bioventing; dechlorination; PCE ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TETRACHLOROETHENE; TRANSFORMATIONS; HYDROGEN; HYDROCARBONS; GROUNDWATER; ETHYLENE AB Bioventing principles have been applied to completely dechlorinate tetrachloroethylene vapors in the unsaturated zone in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic pattern. The aerobic step yields trans-DCE and VC as PCE reductive dechlorination byproducts, while TCE and cis-DCE are observed as intermediates. The aerobic step results in rapid oxidation of the VC and trans-DCE to carbon dioxide. Hydrogen was delivered in the gas phase as a reducing agent for the anaerobic step at levels of 1%, and oxygen at 4.2% was used as an electron acceptor in the aerobic step. PCE and VC half lives in the anaerobic and aerobic steps respectively, where less than 10 min. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Mihopoulos, PG (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 43 IS 5 BP 365 EP 372 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 425YL UT WOS:000168319200044 PM 11379154 ER PT J AU Khodadoust, AP Bagchi, R Suidan, MT Brenner, RC Sellers, NG AF Khodadoust, AP Bagchi, R Suidan, MT Brenner, RC Sellers, NG TI Removal of PAHs from highly contaminated soils found at prior manufactured gas operations SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE co-solvent; 1-pentanol; ethanol; 2-propanol; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); solvent washing ID REMEDIATION; SOLVENT AB Removal of PAHs from highly contaminated soil found at a manufactured gas site was evaluated using solvent washing with mixed solvents. The following solvents were considered as water miscible co-solvents in mixed solvents: ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and 1-pentanol. In batch solvent extraction of soil, ethanol and 2-propanol were selected as primary components of mixed solvents in addition to 1-pentanol. Using ternary solutions containing either ethanol or 2-propanol with a volume fraction of 1-pentanol ranging from 5 to 25% and a water volume fraction ranging from 5 to 30%, ethanol was more effective than 2-propanol in extracting PAHs from soil, A solvent mixture of 5% 1-pentanol, 10% water and 85% ethanol was selected as the extraction solvent. Using a 1 g:4 ml soil:solvent extraction ratio, extraction kinetics showed that from 65 to 90% of the extractable PAHs were removed within an hour of contact between soil and solvent. Using this 1 g:4 ml extraction ratio, PAHs were removed in a three-stage cross-current solvent washing process where the same batch of soil was extracted with clean solvent for Ih in each stage. PAH removals in three-stage cross-current solvent washing were comparable to PAH removals obtained with Soxhlet extraction. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 18 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD DEC 30 PY 2000 VL 80 IS 1-3 BP 159 EP 174 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00286-7 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 377PN UT WOS:000165522300013 PM 11080576 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI A peripheral mechanism of fever: differential sensitivity to the antipyretic action of methyl scopolamine SO AUTONOMIC NEUROSCIENCE-BASIC & CLINICAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fever - The Role of the Vagus Nerve held at the Experimental Biology 2000 Annual Meeting CY APR 16, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE body temperature; fever; chlorpyrifos; circadian rhythm; handling; stress ID CHLORPYRIFOS-INDUCED FEVER; SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC VAGOTOMY; BODY-TEMPERATURE; THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSE; CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS; STRESS HYPERTHERMIA; RAT; CYTOKINES; BRAIN; DRUGS AB The organophosphate pesticide (OP) chlorpyrifos leads to an acute period of hypothermia followed by a delayed fever in the rat. Methyl scopolamine, a peripheral muscarinic antagonist, is thought to have little effect on body temperature of the rat because it does not cross the blood brain barrier. However, administration of methyl scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) during the period of chlorpyrifos-induced fever results in a rapid recovery of core temperature. This indicates a peripheral cholinergic pathway is operative in the febrile response to chlorpyrifos and possibly other modes of fever. In this study, we evaluated the possible antipyretic role of methyl scopolamine (i.p.) to a variety of stimuli that lead to fever-like responses in the rat: stress-induced (handling and cage switch), chlorpyrifos-induced (15 mg/kg, p.o.), nocturnal-induced, and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever (50 mug/kg, i.p.). Methyl scopolamine led to marked reversal in the elevated core temperature caused by handling, cage switch, and during the nocturnal phase. It is of interest to note that all these elevations of core body temperature are prostaglandin mediated and are blocked with the antipyretic drug, sodium salicylate. However, LPS-induced fever, also a prostaglandin dependent fever, was unaffected by methyl scopolamine. Methyl scopolamine also lowered baseline core temperature when administered during the afternoon, but not during the morning in unstressed animals. It is proposed that a peripheral cholinergic pathway, possibly mediated through afferent vagal pathways, is operative in controlling core temperature during fevers associated with stress, nocturnal phase, and a pesticide. During recovery from exposure to a LPS, the fever appears to be mediated independently of peripheral cholinergic activation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Rowsey, PJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM rowsey.pamela@epa.gov NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0702 J9 AUTON NEUROSCI-BASIC JI Auton. Neurosci-Basic Clin. PD DEC 20 PY 2000 VL 85 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 148 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00234-4 PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 386ZM UT WOS:000166095700021 PM 11189022 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Kohan, MJ Hudgens, EE Kleindienst, TE Ball, LM Walsh, D de Boer, JG Lewis-Bevan, L Rabinowitz, JR Claxton, LD Lewtas, J AF DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Kohan, MJ Hudgens, EE Kleindienst, TE Ball, LM Walsh, D de Boer, JG Lewis-Bevan, L Rabinowitz, JR Claxton, LD Lewtas, J TI Mutagenicity in lung of Big Blue (R) mice and induction of tandem-base substitutions in Salmonella by the air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): predicted formation of intrastrand cross-links SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE peroxyacetyl nitrate; Salmonella; mutation; air pollutants ID DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA; SPONTANEOUS MUTATION; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MOLECULAR-MODELS; TRANSGENIC MICE; MOUSE-LIVER; MUTAGENESIS; OZONE AB Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a ubiquitous air pollutant formed from NO2 reacting with acetoxy radicals generated from ambient aldehydes in the presence of sunlight and ozone. It contributes to eye irritation associated with photochemical smog and is present in most urban air. PAN was generated in a chamber containing open petri dishes of Salmonella TA100 (gas-phase exposure). After subtraction of the background mutation spectrum, the spectrum of PAN-induced mutants selected at 3.1-fold above the background mutant yield was 59% GC --> TA, 29% GC --> AT, 2% GC --> CG, and 10% multiple mutations - primarily GG --> TT tandem-base substitutions. Using computational molecular modeling methods, a mechanism was developed for producing this unusual tandem-base substitution. The mechanism depends on the protonation of PAN near the polyanionic DNA to release NO2+ resulting in intrastrand dimer formation. Insertion of AA opposite the dimerized GG would account for the tandem GG --> TT transversions. Nose-only exposure of Big Blue(R) mice to PAN at 78 ppm (near the MTD) was mutagenic at the lacI gene in the lung (mutant frequency +/-S.E. of 6.16 +/- 0.58/10(5) for controls versus 8.24 +/- 0.30/10(5) for PAN, P = 0.016). No tandem-base mutations were detected among the 40 lacI mutants sequenced. Dosimetry with H-3-PAN showed that 24 h after exposure, 3.9% of the radiolabel was in the nasal tissue, and only 0.3% was in the lung. However, based on the molecular modeling considerations, the labeled portion of the molecule would not have been expected to have been bound covalently to DNA. Our results indicate that PAN is weakly mutagenic in the lungs of mice and in Salmonella and that PAN produces a unique signature mutation (a tandem GG --> TT transversion) in Salmonella that is likely due to a GG intrastrand cross-link. Thus, PAN may pose a mutagenic and possible carcinogenic risk to humans, especially at the high concentrations at which it is present in some urban environments. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Victoria, Ctr Environm Hlth, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 77 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD DEC 20 PY 2000 VL 457 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00121-4 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 385CB UT WOS:000165983100004 PM 11106797 ER PT J AU Wolfenbarger, LL Phifer, PR AF Wolfenbarger, LL Phifer, PR TI Biotechnology and ecology - The ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID THURINGIENSIS SUBSP KURSTAKI; TRANSGENIC OILSEED RAPE; COLEOMEGILLA-MACULATA COLEOPTERA; CORN-BORER LEPIDOPTERA; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; BRASSICA-NAPUS; INSECTICIDAL TOXIN; DEVELOPMENT TIME; SNOWDROP LECTIN; RESISTANCE AB Discussions of the environmental risks and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked in this debate. A review of existing scientific literature reveals that key experiments on both the environmental risks and benefits are lacking. The complexity of ecological systems presents considerable challenges for experiments to assess the risks and benefits and inevitable uncertainties of genetically engineered plants. Collectively, existing studies emphasize that these can vary spatially, temporally, and according to the trait and cultivar modified. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Bur Oceans Environm & Sci, US Dept State, Arlington, VA 22206 USA. RP Wolfenbarger, LL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 1200 Penn Ave NW 8601D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 76 TC 319 Z9 397 U1 47 U2 274 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5499 BP 2088 EP 2093 DI 10.1126/science.290.5499.2088 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 383ER UT WOS:000165870600039 PM 11118136 ER PT J AU Crosby, LM Hyder, KS DeAngelo, AB Kepler, TB Gaskill, B Benavides, GR Yoon, L Morgan, KT AF Crosby, LM Hyder, KS DeAngelo, AB Kepler, TB Gaskill, B Benavides, GR Yoon, L Morgan, KT TI Morphologic analysis correlates with gene expression changes in cultured F344 rat mesothelial cells SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE potassium bromate; rat mesothelium; carcinogenesis; oxidative stress; gene expression array; quantitative PCR; p53; heme oxygenase 1; DNA repair ID POTASSIUM BROMATE KBRO3; OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; IN-VIVO; CARCINOGENICITY; GLUTATHIONE; INDUCTION; APOPTOSIS; STRESS; PROLIFERATION AB The gene expression pattern of mesothelial cells in vitro was determined after 4 or 12 h exposure to the rat mesothelial, kidney, and thyroid carcinogen and oxidative stressor potassium bromate (KBrO3). Gene expression changes observed using cDNA arrays indicated oxidative stress, mitotic arrest, and apoptosis in treated immortalized rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Increases occurred in oxidative stress responsive genes HO-1, QR, HSP70, GADD45, GADD153, p21(WAF1/CIP16), GST's, GAPDH, TPX, and GPX-1 degrees; transcriptional regulators c-jun, c-fos, jun B, c-myc, and I kappaB; protein repair components R delta, RC10-II, C3, RC-7, HR6B ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and ubiquitin; DNA repair components PCNA, msh2, and O-6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase; lipid peroxide excision enzyme PLA2; and apoptogenic components TNF alpha, iNOS1 and FasL. Decreases occurred in bcl-2 (antiapoptotic), bar alpha, bad, and bok (proapoptotic) and cell cycle control elements (cyclins). Cyclin G and p14ink4b (which inhibit entry into cell cycle) were increased. Numerous signal transduction, cell membrane transport, membrane-associated receptor, and fatty acid biosynthesis and repair components were altered. Morphologic endpoints examined were number of mitotic figures, number of apoptotic cells, and antibody-specific localization of HO-1 (which demonstrated increased HO-1 protein expression). PCR analysis confirmed HO-1, p21(waf1/cip1), HSP70, GPX1, GADD45, QR, mdr1, PGHS, and cyclin D1 changes. A model for KBrO3-induced carcinogenicity in the F344 rat mesothelium is proposed, whereby KBrO3 generates a redox signal that activates p53 and results in transcriptional activation of oxidative stress and repair genes, dysregulation of growth control, and imperfect DNA repair leading to carcinogenesis, (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Curriculum Toxicol, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Curriculum Toxicol, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Clontech Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Crosby, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Curriculum Toxicol, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Kepler, Thomas/0000-0002-1383-6865 NR 60 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 169 IS 3 BP 205 EP 221 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.9049 PG 17 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 392CR UT WOS:000166393500001 PM 11133343 ER PT J AU Srivastava, RK McRae, DS Odman, MT AF Srivastava, RK McRae, DS Odman, MT TI An adaptive grid algorithm for air-quality modeling SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE grid adaptation; air-quality modeling; advection ID DEFINITE ADVECTION SCHEME; COORDINATE SYSTEMS; EQUATIONS; TRANSPORT; FLOW; FORMULATION; CHEMISTRY; POLLUTION; DIFFUSION AB A new dynamic adaptive grid algorithm has been developed for use in air-quality modeling. This algorithm uses a higher order numerical scheme-the piecewise parabolic method (PPM)-for computing advective solution fields, a weight function capable of promoting grid node clustering by moving grid nodes, and a conservative interpolation equation using PPM fur redistributing the solution field after movement of grid nodes. Applications of the algorithm to model problems show that the algorithm provides solutions more accurate than those obtained with static grids. Performance achieved in model problem simulations indicates that the algorithm has the potential to provide accurate air-quality modeling solutions at costs that may he significantly less than those incurred in obtaining equivalent static grid solutions. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. MCNC, Environm Programs, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Srivastava, RK (reprint author), US EPA, MD-65,86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Odman, Mehmet/L-6218-2013 OI Odman, Mehmet/0000-0002-3947-7047 NR 43 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD DEC 10 PY 2000 VL 165 IS 2 BP 437 EP 472 DI 10.1006/jcph.2000.6620 PG 36 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 393ZY UT WOS:000166500600006 ER PT J AU Johnson, CW Williams, WC Copeland, CB DeVito, MJ Smialowicz, RJ AF Johnson, CW Williams, WC Copeland, CB DeVito, MJ Smialowicz, RJ TI Sensitivity of the SRBC PFC assay versus ELISA for detection of immunosuppression by TCDD and TCDD-like congeners SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TCDD; PCB; PFC; ELISA; antibody response; mouse; immunotoxicity; relative potency ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; MICE; CYP1A1; DIBENZOFURANS; EXPOSURE AB The splenic antibody plaque forming cell (PFC) assay is a widely used assay in immunotoxicity testing. A recent revision of the Federal Insecticide. Fungicide and Rodenticide (FIFRA) Immunotoxicity test guidelines by the EPA recommended that either the PFC assay or the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) specific serum IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) be used to assess the primary humoral response to SRBCs. The PFC assay quantifies the number of plasma cells in the spleen producing SRBC-specific antibody, while the ELISA measures SRBC-specific IgM antibody in the serum. Because these two assays measure different endpoints, there is a need for comparison of their sensitivity and reliability. The purpose of this project was: to determine if these two assays are equally sensitive to suppression of the SRBC response in B6C3F1 female mice. Female B6C3F1 mice were given a single oral exposure to different doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or four TCDD-like congeners. One week later, two sets of mice were immunized with SRBC. The first set was evaluated for the PFC response and the second for the ELISA response, on day 4 or 5 post-immunization, respectively. The four TCDD-like congeners tested were: 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1.2,3.4,7-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4PeCDF), 3,3',4.4'.5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) and 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlrorbiphenyl (PCB118). The results were used to generate dose-response curves for the determination of the ED50 for TCDD and each TCDD-like congener. For all chemicals tested. measuring the level of SRBC-specific IgM antibody by ELISA was more sensitive than the PFC assay to detect immunosuppression. as indicated by lower ED50 values. These results indicate that the SRBC-specific IgM ELISA is a more sensitive assay for detecting the T-cell mediated immunotoxicity of dioxin-like chemicals in this rodent model. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 7 PY 2000 VL 156 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00330-9 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 388WF UT WOS:000166205500001 PM 11162871 ER PT J AU Sharma, R Derr-Yellin, EC House, DE Kodavanti, PRS AF Sharma, R Derr-Yellin, EC House, DE Kodavanti, PRS TI Age-dependent effects of Aroclor 1254(R) on calcium uptake by subcellular organelles in selected brain regions of rats SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aroclor 1254(R); brain regions; calcium uptake; development; gender; microsomes; mitochondria; polychlorinated biphenyls; neurotoxicity ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; INTRACELLULAR CA2+; MESSENGER SYSTEM; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; PCB CONGENERS; EXPOSURE; HOMEOSTASIS AB Earlier reports from our laboratory have indicated that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affect signal transduction mechanisms in brain, including Ca2+ homeostasis, phosphoinositol hydrolysis, and protein kinase C (PKC) translocation in mature neurons and adult brain homogenate preparations. Present studies were designed to investigate whether there were any brain region-, gender-, or age-dependent effects of PCBs on Ca-45(2+)-uptake by two subcellular organelles, microsomes and mitochondria. We have studied in vitro effects of a widely studied commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254(R), on Ca-45(2+)-uptake by microsomes and mitochondria in cerebellum, frontal cortex and hippocampus of postnatal day (PND) 7, 21, and 90-120 (adult) male and female Long-Evans (LE)-rats. In general, microsomal and mitochondrial Ca-45(2+)-uptake in selected brain regions increased with age; PND 7 < PND 21 adults. Among three brain regions, hippocampus had relatively lower microsomal Ca-45(2+)-uptake than cerebellum and frontal cortex throughout the development. Mitochondrial Ca-45(2+)-uptake was comparable in three brain regions of PND 7 and adult animals, but in PND 21 rats, the cerebellum had much higher activity than frontal cortex and hippocampus. No gender-related differences were seen in Ca-45(2+)-uptake by either microsomes or mitochondria in selected brain regions throughout development. Inhibition of Ca-45(2+)-uptake by Aroclor 1254 in a concentration-dependent manner was observed throughout the study. However, the degree of inhibition of microsomal Ca-45(2+)-uptake in these brain regions by Aroclor 1254 increased with age, PND 7 < PND 21 adults (IC(50)s = 21-34, 8-20 and 10-14 muM, respectively). Brain region-specific differential sensitivity to Aroclor 1254 on the inhibition of microsomal Ca-45(2+)-uptake was not seen in PND 7 and adult animals but in PND 21 rats, hippocampus was more sensitive than the other selected brain regions. There were no age-, gender- or brain region-specific differential effects of Aroclor 1254 on mitochondrial Ca-45(2+)-uptake. These results indicate that a commercial PCB mixture. Aroclor 1254, inhibited Ca-45(2+)-uptake by both microsomes and mitochondria uniformly in selected brain regions of males and females during development. However, the inhibition of microsomal Ca-45(2+)-uptake by Aroclor 1254 increased with age. The age- and gender-related differential sensitivity to Aroclor 1254 may be attributed to the changes in calcium homeostasis in various brain regions during development. (C) 2156 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Envirionm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Acad Sci, Natl Res Council, Washington, DC 20418 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Envirionm Effects Res Lab, Biostat & Res Support Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Envirionm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 60 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 7 PY 2000 VL 156 IS 1 BP 13 EP 25 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00328-0 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 388WF UT WOS:000166205500002 PM 11162872 ER PT J AU Smith, WC AF Smith, WC TI The brawl over sprawl SO ABA JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Reg Off, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Smith, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Off, Philadelphia, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BAR ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 750 N LAKE SHORE DR, ATTN:ORDER FULFILLMENT, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0747-0088 J9 ABA J JI ABA J. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 86 BP 48 EP 52 PG 5 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 400GD UT WOS:000166863100023 ER PT J AU De Jong, BHJ Ochoa-Gaona, S Castillo-Santiago, MA Ramirez-Marcial, N Cairns, MA AF De Jong, BHJ Ochoa-Gaona, S Castillo-Santiago, MA Ramirez-Marcial, N Cairns, MA TI Carbon flux and patterns of land-use/land-cover change in the Selva Lacandona, Mexico SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEAST-ASIA; FORESTS; DEFORESTATION; ECOSYSTEMS; CHIAPAS; POOLS AB Based on land-use/land-cover (LU/LC) maps for the 1970s and satellite imagery for the 1990s we estimate LU/LC change and associated C fluxes in 3 subregions of the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. The total area of closed forest was reduced by 31%, whereas secondary forests expanded more than ninefold, secondary shrubs by almost sixfold, and cultivated land and pasture areas expanded 21% and 92%, respectively. However, the LU/ LC change was not uniformly distributed over the entire study area. Total mean C densities ranged from 452 Mg C ha(-1) for closed mature forests to a low of 120 Mg C ha(-1) for pasture. The heavily converted areas lost an estimated 24% of their total 1976 C poets, whereas the low impacted region lost only 3%. C1 ECOSUR, Dept Agroecol, San Cristobal Casas 29200, Chiapas, Mexico. ECOSUR, Dept Biodivers Conservat, San Cristobal Casas 29290, Chiapas, Mexico. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP De Jong, BHJ (reprint author), ECOSUR, Dept Agroecol, Apartado Postal 63, San Cristobal Casas 29200, Chiapas, Mexico. RI Castillo-Santiago, Miguel/B-8371-2014; de Jong, Ben/A-1996-2016; RAMIREZ-MARCIAL, NEPTALI/D-8711-2013 OI Castillo-Santiago, Miguel/0000-0002-3024-5514; de Jong, Ben/0000-0002-3264-2759; RAMIREZ-MARCIAL, NEPTALI/0000-0003-1793-0178 NR 45 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 14 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 8 BP 504 EP 511 DI 10.1639/0044-7447(2000)029[0504:CFAPOL]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 400HL UT WOS:000166866100007 ER PT J AU Fiorino, DJ AF Fiorino, DJ TI Innovation in US environmental policy - Is the future here? SO AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST LA English DT Article ID LAW AB Although the need for environmental protection is generally accepted in the United States, there is debate over what form environmental policies should rake. The articles in this collection offer a variety of perspectives on the need for policy innovation to deal with the challenges of the future. Their common themes are the need for bottom-up problem solving, the value of nonregulatory approaches, the importance of citizen participation, the use of the precautionary principle, and a focus on ecological as well as health issues. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fiorino, DJ (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0002-7642 J9 AM BEHAV SCI JI Am. Behav. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 538 EP 547 DI 10.1177/00027640021956369 PG 10 WC Psychology, Clinical; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Psychology; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 413UY UT WOS:000167631000002 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Becker, P Padnos, B AF Gordon, CJ Becker, P Padnos, B TI Comparison of heat and cold stress to assess thermoregulatory dysfunction in hypothyroid rats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body temperature; thyroxine; triiodothyronine; thyroid-stimulating hormone ID TEMPERATURE AB How borderline impairment of thyroid function can affect thermoregulation is an important issue because of the antithyroidal properties of a many environmental toxicants. This study compared the efficacy of heat and cold stress to identify thermoregulatory deficits in rats subjected to borderline and overt hypothyroidism via subchronic exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU). After 3 wk of exposure to PTU in the drinking water (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 mg/l), rats were subjected to a heat stress challenge (34 degrees C for 2.5 h). After one more week of PTU treatment, the same rats were subjected to a cold stress challenge (7 degrees C for 2.5 h). Core temperature (T-c) was monitored by radiotelemetry. Baseline T-c during the light phase was reduced by treatment with 25 mg/l PTU. The rate of rise and overall increase in Tc during heat stress was attenuated by PTU doses of 10 and 25 mg/l. Cold stress resulted in a 1.0 degrees C increase in Tc regardless of PTU treatment. The rate of rise in T-c during the cold stress challenge was similar in all PTU treatment groups. There was a dose-related decrease in serum thyroxine (T-4) at PTU doses greater than or equal to5 mg/l. Serum triiodothyronine (T-3) was reduced at PTU doses of 5 and 25 mg/l. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was marginally elevated by PTU treatment. Overall, heat stress was more effective than cold stress for detecting a thermoregulatory deficit in borderline (i.e., 10 mg/l PTU) and overtly hypothyroid rats (i.e., 25 mg/l PTU). A significant thermoregulatory deficit is manifested with a 78% decrease in serum T-4. A thermoregulatory deficit is more correlated with a reduction in serum T-4 compared with T-3. Serum levels of TSH are unrelated to thermoregulatory response to heat and cold stress. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 279 IS 6 BP R2066 EP R2071 PG 6 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 374LV UT WOS:000165347400014 PM 11080070 ER PT J AU Parsons, JL Hellgren, EC Lochmiller, RL Leslie, DM Jorgensen, EE AF Parsons, JL Hellgren, EC Lochmiller, RL Leslie, DM Jorgensen, EE TI Protein nutrition of Southern plains small mammals: comparative nitrogen requirements for reproduction. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oklahoma Coop Fish & Wildlife Res Un, Stillwater, OK USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US EPA, Ada, OK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1165 EP 1165 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 422RA UT WOS:000168132000618 ER PT J AU Tuberty, SR Nates, SF McKenney, CL AF Tuberty, SR Nates, SF McKenney, CL TI Polyclonal antisera against estuarine crustacean vitellins: a molecular approach to reproductive endocrinology and toxicology. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ W Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. US EPA, NRC, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 1239 EP 1239 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 422RA UT WOS:000168132000806 ER PT J AU Cantu, R Evans, O Kawahara, FK Shoemaker, JA Dufour, AP AF Cantu, R Evans, O Kawahara, FK Shoemaker, JA Dufour, AP TI An HPLC method with UV detection, pH control, and reductive ascorbic acid for cyanuric acid analysis in water SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ATRAZINE; DEGRADATION AB Every year over 250 million pounds of cyanuric acid (CA) and chlorinated isocyanurates are produced industrially. These compounds are standard ingredients in formulations for household bleaches, industrial cleansers, dishwasher compounds, general sanitizers, and chlorine stabilizers. The method developed for CA using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection simplifies and optimizes certain parameters of previous methodologies by effective pH control of the eluent (95% phosphate buffer: 5% methanol, v/v) to the narrow pH range of 7.2-7.4. UV detection was set at the optimum wavelength of 213 nm where the cyanuric ion absorbs strongly. Analysis at the lower pH range of 6.8-7.1 proved inadequate due to CA keto-enol tautomerism, while at pHs of <6.8 there were substantial losses in analytical sensitivity. In contrast, pHs of >7.4 proved more sensitive but their use was rejected because of CA elution at the chromatographic void volume and due to chemical interferences. The complex equilibria of chlorinated isocyanurates and associated species were suppressed by using reductive ascorbic acid to restrict the products to CA. UV, HPLC-W, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry techniques were combined to monitor the reactive chlorinated isocyanurates and to support the use of ascorbic acid. The resulting method is reproducible and measures CA in the 0.5-125 mg/L linear concentration range with a method detection limit of 0.05 mg/L in water. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cantu, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 50 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 23 BP 5820 EP 5828 DI 10.1021/ac0005868 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 378MA UT WOS:000165587100023 PM 11128942 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Alderisio, K Limor, J Royer, M Lal, AA AF Xiao, LH Alderisio, K Limor, J Royer, M Lal, AA TI Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small-subunit rRNA-based diagnostic and genotyping tool SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS; BETA-TUBULIN GENE; PARVUM OOCYSTS; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; SENSITIVE DETECTION AB The identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental samples is largely made by the use of an immunofluorescent assay. In this study, we have used a small-subunit rRNA-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique to identify species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts present in 29 storm water samples collected from a stream in New York. A total of 12 genotypes were found in 27 positive samples; for 4 the species and probable origins were identified by sequence analysis, whereas the rest represent new genotypes from wildlife. Thus, this technique provides an alternative method for the detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium parasites in environmental samples. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. New York City Dept Environm Protect, Div Drinking Water Qual Control, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Bldg 22,Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 45 TC 181 Z9 195 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 66 IS 12 BP 5492 EP 5498 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.12.5492-5498.2000 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 404QP UT WOS:000167112400061 PM 11097935 ER PT J AU Nates, SF McKenney, CL AF Nates, SF McKenney, CL TI Ontogenetic changes in biochemical composition during larval and early postlarval development of Lepidophthalmus louisianensis, a ghost shrimp with abbreviated development SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidophthalmus louisianensis; ghost shrimp; abbreviated larval development; growth; lipids; fatty acids; elemental composition ID CALLIANASSA-TYRRHENA DECAPODA; PANDALUS-BOREALIS LARVAE; HYAS-ARANEUS DECAPODA; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; CRUSTACEAN LARVAE; FATTY-ACIDS; FACULTATIVE LECITHOTROPHY; SESARMA-CURACAOENSE; LIPID-COMPOSITION; MAJIDAE LARVAE AB Changes in growth and biochemical composition during the transition from egg through zoea to decapodid in the ghost shrimp, Lepidophthalmus louisinnensis (Schmitt, 1935), were documented in terms of dry weight, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios. Larvae of the ghost shrimp were mass-reared in the laboratory (28 degreesC; 20 parts per thousand S) from hatching to the decapodid stage. Iatroscan lipid class analysis revealed that major lipid classes in recently produced eggs were phospholipids (80.8 +/- 1.3%) and triglycerides (16.0 +/- 1.1%), which decreased during the incubation period. Polar lipids (zoea I: 77.4 +/- 1.7%; zoea II: 77.5 +/- 2.1%; decapodid: 80.0 +/- 1.7%) and neutral lipids, of which free fatty acids (zoea I: 10.5 +/- 2.7%; zoea II: 13.1 +/- 5.2%; decapodid: 7.8 +/- 2.1%) were dominant, represented the major lipid classes in the zoeal and decapodid stages. Triglycerides were present in small amounts. The predominant fatty acids of L. louisianensis eggs, zoeae and decapodids were palmitic (16.0), stearic (18.0), eicosapentaenoic (20:5 omega3), oleic (18:1 omega9), and arachidonic (20:4 omega6). Elemental composition of eggs, larvae, and the decapodid stage revealed conspicuous changes in the C:N ratio, with N being relatively stable during larval development but C decreasing during the decapodid stage. These data suggest independence of:newly hatched L. louisianensis on external energy resources. This combined with the ability to incorporate saturated fatty acids into polar lipids provides a selective advantage for fast development of new tissue and growth, characteristic of decapod crustacean larvae with lecithotrophic development. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Nates, SF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 72 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 127 IS 4 BP 459 EP 468 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00283-2 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 384PH UT WOS:000165953700004 PM 11281263 ER PT J AU Zaroogian, G Jackim, E AF Zaroogian, G Jackim, E TI In vivo metallothionein and glutathione status in an acute response to cadmium in Mercenaria mercenaria brown cells SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brown cells; cadmium; glutathione; Mercenaria; metallothionein ID MYTILUS-EDULIS; METAL EXPOSURE; INDUCTION; GALLOPROVINCIALIS; PURIFICATION; ISOFORMS; TOXICITY; BINDING; DEFENSE; MUSSEL AB Brown cells that are found in the red glands of Mercenaria mercenaria accumulate, detoxify and excrete cadmium. Brown cell involvement in metal detoxification was due in part to endogenous glutathione (GSH) and protein sulfhydryl. Metallothionein (MT) and GSH have been shown to play an important role in metal detoxification in bivalve molluscs. This study showed that the protein sulfhydryl in brown cells of Mercenaria was in fact MT, that brown cell GSH functioned in acute protection against Cd2+ toxicity, that GSH provided the initial defense against Cd2+ toxicity prior to MT induction and that MT variants were unequal in response to Cd2+. During treatment of Mercenaria with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm Cd2+, brown cells were analyzed for MT by capillary electrophoresis and GSH colorimetrically after 0.25, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. The data indicated that the cadmium-binding protein was MT with an apparent molecular weight of 9 kDa determined by gel filtration or 6 kDa as indicated by capillary electrophoresis. Glutathione appeared to prevail in the brown cell acute response to 0.5 ppm Cd2+, whereas MT appeared to prevail in the acute response to 1.0 ppm Cd2+. Capillary electrophoresis can be used to monitor and quantify MT and its variants in brown cells without need for prior separation of cytosolic components by chromatography. The change in MT-II was greater relative to the change in MT-I in the brown cell acute response to 0.5 ppm Cd2+, whereas the change in MT-I was greater relative to the change in MT-IT in the acute response to 1.0 ppm Cd2+. The variants of brown cell MT appeared to respond differentially to Cd2+ depending upon the Cd2+ treatment concentration. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Zaroogian, G (reprint author), US EPA, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 127 IS 3 BP 251 EP 261 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(00)00152-3 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 398TU UT WOS:000166773200003 PM 11246496 ER PT J AU Nates, SF McKenney, CL AF Nates, SF McKenney, CL TI Growth, lipid class and fatty acid composition in juvenile mud crabs (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) following larval exposure to Fenoxycarb (R), insect juvenile hormone analog SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhithiopanopeus harrisii; growth; lipids fatty acid; larval development; insect juvenile hormone analog; Fenoxycarb (R) ID SHRIMP PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM; CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; ESTUARINE SHRIMP; CHRONIC TOXICITY; GRASS SHRIMP; ARTEMIA; METABOLISM; REGULATOR; METAMORPHOSIS AB This study examines the effects of Fenoxycarb(R) on larval growth, and lipid class and fatty acid composition in first crabs of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii reared through total larval development in nominal water concentrations from 1 to 100 mug/l. In first crabs of R. harrisii, dry weight (mug) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 228.8 +/- 38.2 g (n = 9) in the controls to 131.8 +/- 10.1 mug (n = 4) in animals exposed throughout larval development to 100 mug/l. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction was found between total lipid content in the controls and first crabs reared at concentrations greater than 50 g/l. In relative terms (% dry weight), different lipid classes predominated in the controls and the various fenoxycarb exposure concentrations. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences among the treatment groups in phospholipid level, while the triglyceride content was significantly lower in crabs exposed to 10 and 100 mug/l. No significant differences in the percent of free fatty acids were found in crabs exposed to 1-10 mug/l and the controls. Free sterols in crabs exposed to concentrations higher than 10 mug/l were below the detection limit. Control animal fatty acid profiles were dominated by palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid, accounting for 48% of total fatty acids (TFA). The fatty acid composition of crabs exposed to 100 mug/l significantly (P < 0.05) differed from the controls. The results suggest that fenoxycarb has substantial effects on growth, lipid class and fatty acid composition in developing larvae of R, harrisii at water concentrations greater than 10 g/l. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Nates, SF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1532-0456 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 127 IS 3 BP 317 EP 325 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(00)00157-2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 398TU UT WOS:000166773200010 PM 11246503 ER PT J AU Mahaffey, KR AF Mahaffey, KR TI Recent advances in recognition of low-level methylmercury poisoning SO CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEYCHELLES CHILD-DEVELOPMENT; METHYL MERCURY EXPOSURE; IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; FISH CONSUMPTION; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; FATTY-ACIDS; NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES; NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS; TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE; PRENATAL EXPOSURE AB Clinically evident neurologic damage from methylmercury exposure was well described following poisoning episodes in Japan and Iraq several decades ago. Paresthesias have been considered to be an early effect; however, additional data raise questions about whether this is the most sensitive adverse effect among adults. Fetuses are considered the most sensitive subpopulation because of the vulnerability of the developing nervous system. Over the past 5 years questions have been raised about what is an appropriate level of exposure for sensitive groups, A recent evaluation by a committee for the US National Research Council found that 0.1 mug/kg body weight per day is a scientifically justified level of methylmercury exposure for maternal-fetal pairs. The conclusions of this report and other issues are discussed in the present review. Because of anthropogenic release of mercury into the environment, methylmercury exposure from fish consumption is a pathway that is of increasing concern, Curr Opin Neurol 13:699-707. :(C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 US EPA, Div Exposure Assessment Coordinat & Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mahaffey, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Div Exposure Assessment Coordinat & Policy, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Mail Stop 7203, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 88 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1350-7540 J9 CURR OPIN NEUROL JI Curr. Opin. Neurol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 13 IS 6 BP 699 EP 707 DI 10.1097/00019052-200012000-00015 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 425HG UT WOS:000168284700015 PM 11148673 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD Buckalew, AR AF Abbott, BD Buckalew, AR TI Placental defects in ARNT-knockout conceptus correlate with localized decreases in VEGF-R2, Ang-1, and Tie-2 SO DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE ARNT; VEGF; vasculogenesis; placenta; angiopoietin; Tie-2 ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; MURINE VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR ARNT; C57BL/6N MOUSE EMBRYO; GROWTH-FACTOR VEGF; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS; VESSEL FORMATION; PROTEIN ARNT; 2 MEMBERS AB The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) is a transcriptional regulator that heterodimerizes with PerARNT-Sim (PAS) proteins. ARNT also dimerizes with hypoxia inducible factor1 alpha (HIF1 alpha), inducing expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) to promote angiogenesis. The angiogenesis/vasculogenesis pathway is required for embryonic survival and includes several receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, Tie2) and ligands (VEGF, Ang1, Ang2, neuropillin), Transgenic knockout of ARNT in mice is lethal due to abnormal placentation, This study examines the VEGF pathway in GD9.5 embryos of wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), or knockout (-/-) ARNT genotype, All genotypes expressed abundant VEGF in trophoblastic giant cells. However, -/- conceptuses had less VEGFR2 in placental labyrinth and trophoblastic giant cells. Ang1 and Tie2 decreased in trophoblastic giant cells and Ang2 was decreased in placental endothelial cells. Abnormal development of the labyrinth correlated with decreased binding of VEGF and decreased expression of VEGFR2, In addition, VEGFR2 seemed to be the primary VEGF binding receptor in the labyrinth and blood lacunae of the placenta, as binding could be eliminated by masking the VEGFR2 receptor with inactive antibody complex. VEGFR1 may be primarily responsible for binding of VEGF to yolk sec and embryonic tissues, as masking VEGFR2 did not reduce VEGF binding in those areas, and it is interesting that major structural defects were also not found in those regions. In summary, in the ARNT knockout conceptus, the impact of ARNT deficiency on placental expression of VEGFR2 seems to provide an explanation for the failure of the placental labyrinth to progress, whereas the vascularization of the yolk sec and embryo appear relatively unaffected on GD9.5. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div MD 67, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 46 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1058-8388 J9 DEV DYNAM JI Dev. Dyn. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 219 IS 4 BP 526 EP 538 DI 10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1080>3.0.CO;2-N PG 13 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology GA 377EE UT WOS:000165498300007 PM 11084652 ER PT J AU O'Connell, TJ Jackson, LE Brooks, RP AF O'Connell, TJ Jackson, LE Brooks, RP TI Bird guilds as indicators of ecological condition in the central Appalachians SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic disturbance; assessment; biotic integrity; bird communities; ecological condition; indicator; landscape; Mid-Atlantic Highlands; response guilds ID HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX; BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY; WATER-QUALITY; FOREST; COMMUNITY; MANAGEMENT; RESPONSES AB We developed an index of biotic integrity based on bird communities in the central Appalachians. As one component of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's (EPA-EMAP) Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment (MAHA), the index is intended to indicate landscape-scale stressors to upland environments in the central Appalachians. The Bird Community Index (BCI) ranks bird communities according to the proportional representation of 16 behavioral and physiological response guilds. We developed the index from 34 sites in central Pennsylvania that represented a gradient of human disturbance from near pristine to degraded. Upon satisfactory demonstration that the BCI could discriminate between categories of biotic integrity identified from the human disturbance gradient, we applied it to an independent, probability-based sample of 126 sites across the MAHA area. Our assessment indicates that 16% of the area is in "excellent" condition, 27% is in "good" condition, 36% is in "fair" condition, and 21% is in "poor" condition. Sites in poor condition were dominated by either urban or agricultural bird communities, but these communities could not be numerically distinguished from each other by BCI score. Forested sites in good and excellent condition supported different bird communities and ground-level vegetation attributes but could not be separated by land cover composition alone. In general, the shift from medium to poor ecological condition defined by bird communities coincided with a shift in land cover composition from forested to nonforested. C1 Penn State Univ, Penn State Cooperat Wetlands Ctr, Forest Resources Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP O'Connell, TJ (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Penn State Cooperat Wetlands Ctr, Forest Resources Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI O'Connell, Timothy/A-2908-2011 OI O'Connell, Timothy/0000-0001-8215-2670 NR 54 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 47 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1706 EP 1721 DI 10.2307/2641233 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 380CG UT WOS:000165680300011 ER PT J AU Brilis, GM Worthington, JC Wait, AD AF Brilis, GM Worthington, JC Wait, AD TI Quality science in the courtroom: US EPA data quality and peer review policies and procedures compared to the Daubert factors SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article DE Daubert; Frye; evidence; admissibility; data quality; US EPA AB Protection of the environment is critically dependent on the quality of data used in decision making. Whether the decisions are part of the scientific process or relate to application of the laws governing people and their living conditions, good quality data are required/needed by two disciplines with distinct differences. This paper examines some differences between science and the law. provides a brief history of science in law, discusses the effects of law on science, compares United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) guidance and U.S. Supreme Court credible science criteria. This paper further speculates on the future use of science data by the courts. (C) 2000 AEHS. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Off Environm Informat, NCERQA Qual Assurance Div 8724R, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Gradient Corp, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. RP Brilis, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD DEC PY 2000 VL 1 IS 4 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.1006/enfo.2000.0019 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 398QY UT WOS:000166768200004 ER PT J AU Barker, LF Rau, EH Pfister, EA Calcagni, J AF Barker, LF Rau, EH Pfister, EA Calcagni, J TI Development of a pollution prevention and energy efficiency clearinghouse for biomedical research facilities SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Leadership Conference on Biomedical Research and the Environment CY NOV 01-02, 1999 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP Natl Assoc Physicians Environm, Assoc Higher Educ Facil Officers, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, W Alton Jones Fdn, Mitchell Kapor Fdn, Shulsky Fdn, Hahn Family Fdn, Baxter Int Inc DE biomedical research facilities; clearinghouse; energy efficiency; laboratory; pollution prevention AB This is the report of the National Association of Physicians for the Environment Committee on Development of a Pollution Prevention and Energy Efficiency Clearinghouse for Biomedical Research Facilities from the Leadership Conference on Biomedical Research and the Environment held at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda. Maryland, on 1-2 November 1999. A major goal of the conference was the establishment of a World Wide Web-based clearinghouse, which would lend tremendous resources to the biomedical research community by providing accessto a database of peer-reviewed articles and references dealing with a host of aspects of biomedical research relating to energy efficiency, pollution prevention, and waste reduction. A temporary website has been established with the assistance of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regions ill and IV, where a pilot site provides access to the EPA's existing databases on these topics. A system of peer review for articles and promising techniques still must be developed, but a glimpse of topics and search engines is available for comment and review on the EPA Region IV-supported website (http://wrrc.p2pays.org/). C1 Sequelle Global TB Fdn, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIH, Off Res Serv, Div Safety, Environm Protect Branch, Bethesda, MD USA. US EPA, Waste Reduct Resource Ctr, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Barker, LF (reprint author), Sequelle Global TB Fdn, 9610 Med Ctr Dr,Suite 220, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 108 SU 6 BP 949 EP 951 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 386TP UT WOS:000166077900004 PM 11121361 ER PT J AU Rau, EH Alaimo, RJ Ashbrook, PC Austin, SM Borenstein, N Evans, MR French, HM Gilpin, RW Hughes, J Hummel, SJ Jacobsohn, AP Lee, CY Merkle, S Radzinski, T Sloane, R Wagner, KD Weaner, LE AF Rau, EH Alaimo, RJ Ashbrook, PC Austin, SM Borenstein, N Evans, MR French, HM Gilpin, RW Hughes, J Hummel, SJ Jacobsohn, AP Lee, CY Merkle, S Radzinski, T Sloane, R Wagner, KD Weaner, LE TI Minimization and management of wastes from biomedical research SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Leadership Conference on Biomedical Research and the Environment CY NOV 01-02, 1999 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP Natl Assoc Physicians Environm, Assoc Higher Educ Facil Officers, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, W Alton Jones Fdn, Mitchell Kapor Fdn, Shulsky Fdn, Hahn Family Fdn, Baxter Int Inc DE biohazardous waste; biomedical research facilities; chemical waste; drug waste; hazardous waste; laboratories; medical waste; minimization; mixed waste; multihazardous waste; pollution prevention; radioactive waste; recycling; solid waste; training; waste disposal ID ISOLATED HEPATIC PERFUSION; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; MEDICAL WASTE; ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; DOMESTIC SEWAGE; WATER SAMPLES; STW EFFLUENT; IDENTIFICATION AB Several committees were established by the National Association of Physicians for the Environment to investigate and report on various topics at the National Leadership Conference on Biomedical Research and the Environment held at the 1-2 November. 1999 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. This is the report of the Committee on Minimization and Management of Wastes from Biomedical Research. Biomedical research facilities contribute a small fraction of the total amount of wastes generated in the United States, and the rate of generation appears to be decreasing. Significant reductions in generation of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes have recently been reported, even at facilities with rapidly expanding research programs. Changes in the focus of research, improvements in laboratory techniques, and greater emphasis on waste minimization (voiume and toxicity reduction) explain the declining trend in generation. The potential for uncontrolled releases of wastes from biomedical research facilities and adverse impacts on the general environment from these wastes appears to be low. Wastes are subject to numerous regulatory requirements and are contained and managed in a manner protective of the environment. Most biohazardous agents, chemicals, and radionuclides that find significant use in research are not likely to be persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic if they are released. Today, the primary motivations for the ongoing efforts by facilities to improve minimization and management of wastes are regulatory compliance and avoidance of the high disposal costs and liabilities associated with generation of regulated wastes. The committee concluded that there was no evidence suggesting that the anticipated increases in biomedical research will significantly increase generation of hazardous wastes or have adverse impacts on the general environment. This conclusion assumes the positive. countervailing trends of enhanced pollution prevention efforts by facilities and reductions in waste generation resulting from improvements in research methods will continue. C1 NIH, Environm Protect Branch, Div Safety, Off Res Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Procter & Gamble Pharmaceut, Norwich, NY USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. NIH, Radiat Safety Branch, Div Safety, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US EPA, Philadelphia, PA USA. NIH, Ctr Clin, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Virginia, MERCI Program, Ctr Hlth Sci Operating Room, Charlottesville, VA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Div Extramural Res & Training, Educ & Training Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Environm Ind Assoc, Washington, DC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Off Management, Safety & Hlth Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Lab, Div Intramural Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. PRIZIM Inc, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RW Johnson Pharmaceut Res Inst, Spring House, PA 19477 USA. RP Rau, EH (reprint author), NIH, Environm Protect Branch, Div Safety, Off Res Serv, 13 South Dr,MSC 5746, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 182 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 9 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 108 SU 6 BP 953 EP 977 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 386TP UT WOS:000166077900005 PM 11121362 ER PT J AU Dufault, R Abelquist, E Crooks, S Demers, D DiBerardinis, L Franklin, T Horowitz, M Petullo, C Sturchio, G AF Dufault, R Abelquist, E Crooks, S Demers, D DiBerardinis, L Franklin, T Horowitz, M Petullo, C Sturchio, G TI Reducing environmental risk associated with laboratory decommissioning and property transfer SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Leadership Conference on Biomedical Research and the Environment CY NOV 01-02, 1999 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP Natl Assoc Physicians Environm, Assoc Higher Educ Facil Officers, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, W Alton Jones Fdn, Mitchell Kapor Fdn, Shulsky Fdn, Hahn Family Fdn, Baxter Int Inc DE assessment; characterization; decommissioning; decontamination; demolition; environmental; laboratory; liability; remediation; renovation AB The need for more or less space is a common laboratory problem. Solutions may include renovating existing space, leaving or demolishing old space, or acquiring new space or property for building. All of these options carry potential environmental risk. Such risk can be the result of activities related to the laboratory facility or property (e.g., asbestos, underground storage tanks, lead paint), or the research associated with it (e.g., radioactive, microbiological, and chemical contamination). Regardless of the option chosen to solve the space problem, the potential environmental risk must be mitigated and the laboratory space and/or property must be decommissioned or rendered safe prior to any renovation, demolition, or property transfer activities. Not mitigating the environmental risk through a decommissioning process can incur significant financial liability for any costs associated with future decommissioning cleanup activities. Out of necessity, a functioning system, environmental due diligence auditing, has evolved over time to assess environmental risk and reduce associated financial liability. This system involves a 4-phase approach to identify, document, manage, and clean up areas of environmental concern or liability, including contamination. Environmental due diligence auditing includes a) historical site assessment, b) characterization assessment, c) remedial effort and d) final status survey. General practice standards from the American Society for Testing and Materials are available for conducting the first two phases. However, standards have not yet been developed for conducting the third and final phases of the environmental due diligence auditing process. Individuals involved in laboratory decommissioning work in the biomedical research industry consider this a key weakness. C1 US FDA, Div Facilities Planning Engn & Safety, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Analog Devices Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ USA. RP Dufault, R (reprint author), US FDA, Div Facilities Planning Engn & Safety, HFA-34,5630 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 108 SU 6 BP 1015 EP 1022 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 386TP UT WOS:000166077900010 PM 11121365 ER PT J AU Dong, WM Kari, FW Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI AF Dong, WM Kari, FW Selgrade, MK Gilmour, MI TI Attenuated allergic responses to house dust mite antigen in feed-restricted rats SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE allergy; asthma; dust mites; eosinophil; feed restriction; IgE; immune response; inflammation; lung; T lymphocyte; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; COLONY-STIMULATING-FACTOR; TNF-ALPHA; FOOD RESTRICTION; CALORIE RESTRICTION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GUINEA-PIG; INFLAMMATION; EXPRESSION; GLUCOCORTICOIDS AB Caloric restriction has been shown to alter a broad range of immunological end points in both experimental animals and humans. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term moderate feed restriction (25% reduction) on allergic immune responses in Brown Norway rats. After 3 weeks of acclimation to their feed regimens, rats were sensitized and 2 weeks later challenged with house dust mite (HDM) antigen via intratracheal instillation. Feed restriction resulted in lower levels of antigen-specific IgE in serum and reduced antigenspecific lymphoproliferative activity in pulmonary lymph nodes. Feed restriction also attenuated pulmonary inflammation, as evidenced by lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase and total protein, decreased infiltration of neutrophils and eosinophils, and reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, feed restriction decreased TNF-alpha secretion in serum and decreased mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 in pulmonary lymph nodes. We conclude that feed restriction strongly dampened the allergic immune responses to HDM in rats and that this attenuation was associated with decreased expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. C1 NIEHS, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kari, FW (reprint author), NIEHS, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, MD F1-05,POB 12233,111 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 108 IS 12 BP 1125 EP 1131 DI 10.2307/3434823 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385LJ UT WOS:000166005700022 PM 11133391 ER PT J AU Wartenberg, D Reyner, D Scott, CS AF Wartenberg, D Reyner, D Scott, CS TI TCE meta-analyses: Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID RENAL-CELL CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; HETEROGENEITY; METAANALYSIS; RISK; HYDROCARBONS; COHORT C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wartenberg, D (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 108 IS 12 BP A543 EP A544 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385LJ UT WOS:000166005700002 ER PT J AU Sickles, JE Suggs, JC Vorburger, LM AF Sickles, JE Suggs, JC Vorburger, LM TI Ozone indicators determined at rural sites in the eastern United States by two monitoring networks SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone ambient concentrations; ozone exposure index; ozone spatial distribution AB Ozone levels at Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) and nearby rurally-designated State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) sites located in the eastern United States (U.S.) are compared using daily indicators (i.e., maximum, range, and SUM06) based on hourly O-3 measurements. Comparisons are also made using monthly and summertime three-month SUM06 determinations aggregated from daily data. Comparison of O-3 indicators at the paired CASTNet-SLAMS sites generally shows better agreement for O-3 maximum than for range or SUM06. The highest correlation of daily O-3 indicators occurs for paired sites that are separated by less than 100 miles, and the correlation diminishes with increasing separation distance. Correlation coefficients exceed 0.70 in 49% of the comparisons of maximum, in 23% of range comparisons and in 5% of SUM06 comparisons, suggesting that substitution of SLAMS for CASTNet O-3 measurements would fail to capture a substantial amount of the variability in O-3 indicators present at the CASTNet sites. Correlations of O-3 indicators at CASTNet and paired nearby SLAMS sites are greater than or equal to0.80 in a relatively small number of cases. Despite the high correlation in even these cases, O-3 behavior at paired sites is not identical and shows systematic differences that are reflected in the O-3 minimum, hourly average concentrations, and the monthly and three-month SUM06. Ozone measurements at nearby rurally-designated SLAMS sites may not capture the 'rural' nature of the air quality being monitored at CASTNet sites and, in most cases, may not be sufficiently representative of the concentration at CASTNet sites to permit O-3 measurements at SLAMS sites to be used in lieu of measurements at CASTNet sites. As a result, if rural O-3 concentration data are needed, then O-3 monitoring at carefully chosen, rurally representative sites is recommended. C1 US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sickles, JE (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 65 IS 3 BP 485 EP 502 DI 10.1023/A:1006397731870 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 379HL UT WOS:000165636400001 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Weber, DE Goodman, LR Stanley, RS Craven, WG Patrick, JM Quarles, RL Roush, TH Macauley, JM AF Lewis, MA Weber, DE Goodman, LR Stanley, RS Craven, WG Patrick, JM Quarles, RL Roush, TH Macauley, JM TI Periphyton and sediment bioassessment in north Florida Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE benthos; bioresidues; Florida Bay; periphyton; sediment toxicity ID SPECIES COMPOSITION; EVERGLADES; TOXICITY; WATER AB Periphyton colonization and sediment bioassessment were used in a survey to compare the relative environmental condition of sampling sites located in Florida Bay and four peripheral slough areas during the summer of 1995. Periphyton biomass, pigment content, tissue quality and community composition were determined. In addition, benthic community composition and the toxicities of whole sediments and associated pore waters were determined for two species of rooted macrophytes, an epibenthic invertebrate and bioluminescent bacteria. Several locational differences were observed for the response parameters. Periphyton biomass was significantly greater in the Taylor River and the least in Shell Creek (P < 0.05). Most sediments were not acutely toxic to mysid shrimp nor phytotoxic. However, sediments from the Taylor River were more phytostimulatory than others (P < 0.05). Contaminant bioresidues were similar at most sites, however, mercury, chromium and nickel concentrations were greater for periphyton colonized in the Taylor River and Trout Creek areas. Structural characteristics of the periphytic algal community usually were statistically similar but a consistent trend of lower density and diversity was evident for Shell Creek. The benthic community was the least diverse and dense in the Canal C-111. The results of this study provide an initial indication of differences in the role of several slough areas as possible sources of bioavailable contaminants to Florida Bay which warrants additional investigation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 55 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 65 IS 3 BP 503 EP 522 DI 10.1023/A:1006367828911 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 379HL UT WOS:000165636400002 ER PT J AU Yeardley, RB AF Yeardley, RB TI Use of small forage fish for regional streams wildlife risk assessment: Relative bioaccumulation of contaminants SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; contaminants; forage fish; regional assessment; streams ID FRESH-WATER FISH; MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS; BIOMONITORING-PROGRAM; LAKE; TRENDS; TROUT; ZINC AB Selection of fish species for sampling to assess extent and potential effects of fish tissue contaminants is a critical consideration in the design of regional probability-design surveys. The ideal species would be ubiquitous, bioaccumulate toxic chemicals, and be prey of consumers of concern (piscivorous wildlife, humans). In first to third order streams, small short-lived forage fish (minnows (F. Cyprinidae), darters (F. Percidae), and sculpins (F. Cottidae), are more frequently found and therefore likely to be prey to more species of wildlife than those of sportfish whose adults grow to a large size (suckers (F. Catostomidae), trout (F. Salmonidae), bass, and sunfish (F. Centrarchidae), and carp). Targeting smaller forage fish should also produce a larger number of individuals per sample on average than may be achieved with the larger species. An analysis of fish collected in 1993 and 1994 as part of the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment (MAHA) showed that, as expected, forage fish were more ubiquitous than sportfish species. Analysis also revealed that, on a regional basis, forage fish bioaccumulated comparable levels to sportfish, of some widely occurring contaminants such as DDT, MeHg, and PCBs. Results indicated that smaller forage fish can be used as indicator species for a regional assessment for most contaminants (Zn being the one clear exception), that was not significantly different from one based on the larger species. Forage fish may therefore be an excellent choice as indicator species for regional streams ecological risk assessment studies. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Yeardley, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 65 IS 3 BP 559 EP 585 DI 10.1023/A:1006304132068 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 379HL UT WOS:000165636400006 ER PT J AU O'Shea, ML Brosnan, TM AF O'Shea, ML Brosnan, TM TI Trends in indicators of eutrophication in Western Long Island sound and the Hudson-Raritan Estuary SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK; DISSOLVED-OXYGEN; SEWAGE ABATEMENT; WATER-QUALITY; RIVER; NUTRIENTS; HYPOXIA; DEPLETION AB Significant improvements in water quality have been observed for several decades throughout much of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, primarily as a result of regional abatement of municipal and industrial discharges. These improvements include area-wide, order-of-magnitude reductions in ambient coliform concentrations and significant increases in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. In contrast to these improvements, DO in bottom waters of the western Long Island Sound (WLIS) appears to have decreased in the last two decades. Although there is no consensus as to why hypoxia in WLIS may have recently become more severe, several related hypotheses have been suggested, including an increase in eutrophication, increased density stratification, and changes in wastewater loads. To determine if eutrophication has increased in WLIS, trends in several indicators of eutrophication were examined from a long-term water quality data set. Since the mid-1980s surface DO supersaturation has increased, bottom minimum DO has decreased, and vertical DO stratification has increased in WLIS. Other areas of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, such as Jamaica Bay and Raritan Bay, exhibit similar evidence of declining water quality and may be experiencing increasing eutrophication. Temporal changes in vertical density stratification indicate that surface to bottom temperature differences have increased to a greater extent and have had a more significant impact on bottom DO depletion in WLIS than in the shallower Jamaica Bay and Raritan Bay. Additional factors contributing to the observed decline in water quality include recent changes in wastewater loads and possible increases in upstream and nonpoint source loads. C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Natl Risk Mangement Res Lab,Agcy Off Res & Dev, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP O'Shea, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resource Div, Natl Risk Mangement Res Lab,Agcy Off Res & Dev, Urban Watershed Management Branch, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 100 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 14 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2000 VL 23 IS 6 BP 877 EP 901 DI 10.2307/1353004 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 400BF UT WOS:000166848200008 ER PT J AU Bowman, CJ Kroll, KJ Hemmer, MJ Folmar, LC Denslow, ND AF Bowman, CJ Kroll, KJ Hemmer, MJ Folmar, LC Denslow, ND TI Estrogen-induced vitellogenin mRNA and protein in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vitellogenin; mRNA; sheepshead minnow; partial vitellogen cDNA sequence; estradiol; ethinyl-estradiol ID RAINBOW-TROUT; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; RECEPTOR; CHEMICALS; ESTRADIOL; XENOBIOTICS; DISRUPTION; INDUCTION AB Many environmentally persistent xenobiotic chemicals appear to disrupt normal endocrine function by acting as ligands for endogenous steroid receptors, including the estrogen receptor. Xenobiotics that bind to the estrogen receptor may elicit several effects, one of which is activating estrogen-responsive genes, such as vitellogenin (Vtg). Primers to vitellogenin mRNA have been used to amplify a portion of the coding sequence in sheepshead minnow (SHM) (Cyprinodon variegatus). Two Vtg cDNA fragments from SHM were isolated exhibiting 72% sequence homology and corresponding to the two Vtg genes identified in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Using these Vtg cDNA fragments as sensitive genetic probes, we evaluated the initial estrogenic response of fish exposed to natural or anthropogenic chemicals. These probes were used to study in vivo gene induction in SHM exposed to 17 beta -estradiol (E-2) and ethinylestradiol (EE,) under controlled laboratory conditions. Hepatic Vtg mRNA was upregulated and plasma Vtg synthesis in estrogen-induced SHM was assessed. Two in vivo timecourse experiments were conducted; a single injection of E-2 followed over 72 h and a double E-2 injection examined for 12 days. These two protocols provided evidence for differential hepatic Vtg mRNA regulation resulting from a single or a double injection. In a separate experiment using an aqueous flowthrough system, constant exposures to low doses of E-2 (200 ng/L) and EE2 (100 ng/L) induced hepatic Vtg mRNA and plasma Vtg to levels comparable with the E-2 injections. Larger aqueous exposure doses (2000 ng/L E-2 or 1000 ng/L EE2) in the flowthrough experiment resulted in greater responses of hepatic Vtg mRNA and plasma Vtg at 7 days. Constant aqueous exposure to E-2 (2000 ng/L) or EE2 (1000 ng/L) may thus be more effective than a single large-dose injection (5 mg/ kg) to stimulate Vtg gene activation and synthesis. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Florida, J Hillis Miller Hlth Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Denslow, ND (reprint author), Univ Florida, J Hillis Miller Hlth Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, POB 100156, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 52 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 120 IS 3 BP 300 EP 313 DI 10.1006/gcen.2000.7565 PG 14 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 388XB UT WOS:000166207400006 PM 11121295 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT Lankey, RL AF Anastas, PT Lankey, RL TI Life cycle assessment and green chemistry: the yin and yang of industrial ecology SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CATALYSIS AB The practice of life cycle assessment has been well documented as a tool for comparing products and processes or comparing various components within a life cycle. This paper addresses the question of how changes can be made once an assessment has been completed, such as identifying the improvements that can be made to address environmental problems and to decrease impacts on human health and the environment. Green chemistry, a fairly recent approach that addresses environmental concerns at a fundamental level, has already demonstrated examples of what we call 'life cycle innovation', that is, improvements at all stages of the product or process life cycle. This paper explores various applications of green chemistry methodologies to all stages of a product or process life cycle. C1 US EPA, Ind Chem Branch, OPPT 7406, Washington, DC 20460 USA. White House Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC USA. Univ Nottingham, Dept Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Lankey, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Ind Chem Branch, OPPT 7406, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 18 TC 106 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 24 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 2 IS 6 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.1039/b005650m PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 382LC UT WOS:000165822900015 ER PT J AU Hamilton, J AF Hamilton, J TI Wellhead protection program implementation progress SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water 4606, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hamilton, J (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water 4606, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 44 EP 47 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00249.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 309HF UT WOS:000086761900002 ER PT J AU Hutchins, SR Acree, SD AF Hutchins, SR Acree, SD TI Ground water sampling bias observed in shallow, conventional wells SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID MONITORING WELLS; BIOREMEDIATION; MASS AB A previous field demonstration project on nitrate-based bioremediation of a fuel-contaminated aquifer used short-screened clustered well points in addition to shallow (10 foot), conventional monitoring wells to monitor the progress of remediation during surface application of recharge. These well systems were placed in the center and at one edge of each of two treatment cells. One cell received recharge amended with nitrate (nitrate cell), and the other received unamended recharge (control cell). Data from the clustered well points were averaged to provide a mean estimate for comparison with the associated conventional monitoring well. Conservative tracer profiles were similar for each of the four systems, with better fits obtained for well systems located at the edge of the treatment cells. However, aromatic hydrocarbon and electron acceptor profiles varied greatly for the two center well systems, with the conventional monitoring well data suggesting that remediation was proceeding at a much more rapid rate than indicated by the cluster well. points. Later tests with an electromagnetic borehole flowmeter demonstrated a significant vertical flow through the well-bore of the conventional monitoring well under simulated operating conditions. This created an artifact during sampling, thought to arise from preferential flow of recharge water from the water table to deeper portions of the contaminated zone resulting in several effects, including an actual decreased residence time of water sampled by the conventional well. These data provide additional evidence that conventional monitoring wells may be inadequate for monitoring remediation in the presence of significant vertical hydraulic gradients, even for fairly shallow homogeneous aquifers. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Hutchins, SR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. EM hutchins.steve@epa.gov; acree.steve@.epa.gov NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00255.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 309HF UT WOS:000086761900008 ER PT J AU Brown, KG Kuo, TL Guo, HR Ryan, LM Abernathy, CO AF Brown, KG Kuo, TL Guo, HR Ryan, LM Abernathy, CO TI Sensitivity analysis of US EPA's estimates of skin cancer risk from inorganic arsenic in drinking water SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE arsenic; skin cancer; drinking water; Taiwan ID DISTRICTS AB The current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) risk analysis on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) for arsenic in drinking water is based on an epidemiological study of skill cancer in Taiwan. Assumptions used in the USEPA application of the multistage-Weibull model for risk estimation were varied to assess the effect on predicted risk of skin cancer to die U.S. population at arsenic concentrations of 1 to 50 mug/L in drinking water. Among the assumptions tested, die only notable change in risk estimates was a reduction when the arsenic concentration used as representative for Taiwan villages in the low range (<300 g/L) was increased to the 75th percentile (245 mug/L) in place of the mean used in the USEPA analysis (170 mug/L), but the representative value for Taiwan villages in the high range (greater than or equal to 600 mug/L) was not increased simultaneously to the 75th percentile. Additionally, a simulation study was conducted using records of arsenic measurements in wells from the same period and region of Taiwan as the original study. The exposure-response curve estimated from 60 villages (60 data points) differed only marginally from the outcome when data were summarized into four data points (as in the USEPA skin cancer analysis). Briefly discussed are differences between the study area of Taiwan and the U.S, in nutritional status and consumption of inorganic arsenic in food that might bias predicted U.S. skin cancer risks. C1 Kenneth G Brown Inc, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Med, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Brown, KG (reprint author), POB 16608, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. RI Ryan, Louise/A-4562-2009 OI Ryan, Louise/0000-0001-5957-2490 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 IS 6 BP 1055 EP 1074 DI 10.1080/10807030091124284 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 392FF UT WOS:000166399800011 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Gonzalez, MA Enriquez, J Zhao, QM AF Sahle-Demessie, E Gonzalez, MA Enriquez, J Zhao, QM TI Selective oxidation in supercritical carbon dioxide using clean oxidants SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids (ISSF 2000) CY APR, 2000 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA ID METAL-CATALYZED OXIDATIONS; SOLVENT; COMPLEXES; EPOXIDATION; CUMENE; WATER; DEHYDROGENATION; CYCLOHEXENE; CHOLESTEROL; REACTIVITY AB We have systematically investigated heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of different substrates in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). Three types of catalysts, a metal complex {cis-[Fe-(dmp)(2)(H2O)(2)] (CF3SO3)(2)} (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), 0.5% platinum gamma -alumina, and 0.5% palladium gamma -alumina, were used at a pressure of 200 bar, at temperatures from 60 to 150 degreesC: and for 3-18 h for partial oxidation of organic substrates. The metal-ore catalyst used gave as high as 3.9% conversion of cycloxene to its oxides and epoxides, with the major products being the ketone and alcohol. The oxidation of cyclohexene strongly depended on the concentration of oxygen, whereas length of reaction (3-18 h) and temperature (60-150 degreesC) were shown to be less significant on the conversion and selectivity of the reaction. Oxidation of cyclohexene over Pd and Pt/Al2O3 catalysts resulted in a mixture of dehydrogenation and oxygenated products. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sahle-Demessie, E (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 68 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 39 IS 12 BP 4858 EP 4864 DI 10.1021/ie000175h PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 381GA UT WOS:000165752900070 ER PT J AU Gil, L King, L Adonis, M AF Gil, L King, L Adonis, M TI Trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and mutagenicity in Santiago's inhalable airborne particles in the period 1992-1996 SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE MATTER; AIR-POLLUTION; ORGANIC EXTRACTS; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; CHILE; BENZOPYRENE; CARCINOGENS; SALMONELLA; DNA; INDUCTION AB Trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 1992-1996 (cold season) and their mutagenic activity were investigated in organic extracts from the Santiago, Chile, inhalable particles (PM10). The highest PAH concentrations were observed in 1992 and declined dramatically in the following years. During this period total PAHs dea-eased 85%, carcinogenic PAHs 82%, and benzo[a]pyrene, the most potent carcinogen, 85%. In spite of this significant decrease, PAH levels in respirable particles were higher than those reported in recent studies in Australia, Europe, and the United States. PAH profiles were analyzed by principal component (PC) analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. PC1 represents 71% of the variance, suggesting that most PAHs might originate predominantly from one main generic source. Higher correlations were obtained for the major carcinogenic PAHs. Most of the samples assayed were highly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium both in the presence and in the absence of metabolic activation system (S9), especially in the coarse fraction, bur direct mutagenicity did not decline significantly. incubation of calf thymus DNA with organic extracts from particulate matter and xanthine oxidase allowed the detection of five nitro-PAH-DNA adducts. Thus, nitroarenes might play an important role in the mutagenic activity of inhalable particles in Santiago, representing a high risk for human health. C1 Univ Chile, Fac Med, Santiago 7, Chile. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gil, L (reprint author), Univ Chile, Fac Med, Independencia 1027,Casilla 70087, Santiago 7, Chile. RI Adonis, Marta/D-2269-2015 NR 62 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 12 IS 12 BP 1185 EP 1204 DI 10.1080/08958370050198539 PG 20 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 382DN UT WOS:000165804500006 PM 11114788 ER PT J AU Nadadur, SS Schladweiler, MCJ Kodavanti, UP AF Nadadur, SS Schladweiler, MCJ Kodavanti, UP TI A pulmonary rat gene array for screening altered expression profiles in air pollutant-induced lung injury SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health CY JUN 06-08, 1999 CL DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SP US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, CA Air Resources Board, Hlth Effects Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, FL Light & Power Co, Ford Motor Co, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci ID OIL FLY-ASH; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PARTICLES; MICROARRAY; PATTERNS; METALS AB Pulmonary tissue injury and repair processes involve complex and coordinated cellular events such as necrosis, inflammation, cell growth/differentiation, apoptosis, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. These processes are regulated by expression of multiple mediator genes. Commercially available microarray blots and slides allow screening of hundreds to thousands of genes in a given tissue or cell preparation. However, often these blots do not contain cDNAs of one's interest and are difficult to interpret. In order to analyze the tissue expression profile of a large number of genes involved in pulmonary injury and pathology, we developed a rat gene array filter using array technology. This array consisted of 27 genes representing inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, stress proteins, transcription factors and antioxidant enzymes; 3 negative controls, and 2 blank spots. Using rat gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs, cDNAs for these genes were amplified and cloned into a TA vector. Plasmids with recombinant cDNA inserts were purified and blotted onto a nylon membrane. Lung total RNA was isolated at 3 or 24 h following intratracheal (IT) exposure of male Sprague Dawley rats to either saline (control), residual oil Ny ash (ROFA; 3.3 mg/kg) or metals found in one instillate of ROFA: nickel (NiSO4; 1.3 mu mol/ kg) or vanadium (VSO4; 2.2 mu mol/kg). P-32-Labeled cDNA was generated from RNA samples in a reverse transcriptase reaction and subsequently hybridized to array blots. Densitometric scans of array blots revealed a twofold induction of interleukin (IL)-6 and TIMP-1 at 24 h post ROFA or Ni exposure. The pulmonary expressions of cellular fibronectin (cFn-EIIIA), ICAM-1, IL-1 beta, and iNOS genes were also increased 24 h post ROFA-, V-, or Ni-exposure. Consistent hybridization of beta -actin in all array blots and absence of hybridization signals in negative controls indicated gene specific hybridization. ROFA or metal-induced increase in the expression of IL-6 observed in array blot was validated by Northern blot hybridization. Developing a pulmonary rat gene array may provide a tool for screening the expression profile of tissue specific markers following exposure to toxic air contaminants. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculm Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Nadadur, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & environm Effects Res Lab, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 12 IS 12 BP 1239 EP 1254 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 382DN UT WOS:000165804500009 PM 11114790 ER PT J AU Gao, JP Garrison, AW Hoehamer, C Mazur, CS Wolfe, NL AF Gao, JP Garrison, AW Hoehamer, C Mazur, CS Wolfe, NL TI Uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorus pesticides by axenically cultivated aquatic plants SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytotransformation; phytoremediation; organophosphorus pesticides; enzymatic degradation; organophosphorus hydrolase ID ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE; METABOLISM; ATRAZINE; PHYTOREMEDIATION; TRANSFORMATION; DEGRADATION; HYDROLYSIS; MALATHION; HYDROLASE; CULTURES AB The uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (malathion, demeton-S-methyl, and crufomate) was investigated in vitro using the axenically aquatic cultivated plants parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), duckweed (Spirodela oligorrhiza L.), and elodea (Elodea canadensis). The decay profile of these OP pesticides from the aqueous medium adhered to first-order kinetics. However, extent of decay and rate constants depended on both the physicochemical properties of the OP compounds and the nature of the plant species. Malathion and demeton-S-methyl exhibited similar transformation patterns in all three plants: 29-48 and 83-95% phytotransformation, respectively, when calculated by mass recovery balance during an 8-day incubation. No significant disappearance and phytotransformation of crufomate occurred in elodea over 14 days, whereas 17-24% degraded in the other plants over the same incubation period. Using enzyme extracts derived from duckweed, 15-25% of the three pesticides were transformed within 24 h of incubation, which provided evidence for the degradation of the OP compounds by an organophosphorus hydrolase (EC 3.1.8.1) or multiple enzyme systems. The results of this study showed that selected aquatic plants have the potential to accumulate and to metabolize OP compounds; it also provided knowledge for potential use in phytoremediation processes. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Wolfe, NL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 59 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 12 BP 6114 EP 6120 DI 10.1021/jf9904968 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 386MV UT WOS:000166066900050 PM 11312784 ER PT J AU Gao, JP Garrison, AW Hoehamer, C Mazur, CS Wolfe, NL AF Gao, JP Garrison, AW Hoehamer, C Mazur, CS Wolfe, NL TI Uptake and phytotransformation of o,p '-DDT and p,p '-DDT by axenically cultivated aquatic plants SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytotransformation; phytoremediation; plant accumulation; elodea; DDT ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; DDT; BIOCONCENTRATION; TRANSFORMATION; METABOLISM; ACCUMULATION; PESTICIDES; DEPURATION; RESIDUES AB The uptake and phytotransformation of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT were investigated in vitro using three axenically cultivated aquatic plants: parrot feather (Mariophyllum aquaticum), duckweed (Spirodela oligorrhiza), and elodea (Elodea canadensis). The decay profile of DDT from the aqueous culture medium followed first-order kinetics for all three plants. During the 6-day incubation period, almost all of the DDT was removed from the medium, and most of it accumulated in or was transformed by these plants. Duckweed demonstrated the greatest potential to transform both DDT isomers; 50-66% was degraded or bound in a nonextractable manner with the plant material after the 6-day incubation. Therefore, duckweed also incorporated less extractable DDT (32-49%) after 6 days than did the other plants. The capacity for phytotransformation/binding by elodea is between that of duckweed and parrot feather; similar to 31-48% of the spiked DDT was degraded or bound to the elodea plant material. o,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDD are the major metabolites in these plants; small amounts of p,p'-DDE were also found in duckweed (7.9%) and elodea (4.6%) after 6 days. Apparently, reduction of the aliphatic chlorine atoms of DDT is the major pathway for this transformation. This study, which provides new information on plant biochemistry as related to pollutant accumulation and phytotransformation, should advance the development of phytoremediation processes. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Garrison, AW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 36 TC 35 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 12 BP 6121 EP 6127 DI 10.1021/jf990956x PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 386MV UT WOS:000166066900051 PM 11312785 ER PT J AU Zeuli, KA Morgan, C Skees, JR AF Zeuli, KA Morgan, C Skees, JR TI Analyzing the impact of a rainfall insurance contract on water market efficiency and water use incentives. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O DEEVON BAILEY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, 3535 OLD MAIN HILL, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 1068-5502 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 717 EP 717 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 371AT UT WOS:000165156000042 ER PT J AU Horikawa, I Yawata, T Barrett, JC AF Horikawa, I Yawata, T Barrett, JC TI Cellular senescence mechanisms independent of telomere shortening and telomerase: Other barriers to cell immortalization and carcinogenesis SO JOURNAL OF ANTI-AGING MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS; HUMAN TUMOR-CELLS; MEDIATED CHROMOSOME TRANSFER; HUMAN CANCER-CELLS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; GROWTH ARREST; DNA-DAMAGE; REPLICATIVE SENESCENCE; PREMATURE SENESCENCE; CATALYTIC SUBUNIT AB Normal human somatic cells stop dividing after a limited number of cell divisions through the process termed "cellular senescence," which may function as a tumor-suppressive mechanism. Although the regulation of telomerase activity and telomere length plays an important role in cellular senescence and immortalization in human cells, recent findings from the telomerase introduction experiment, chromosome transfer experiment and studies on the inducers of premature senescence suggest that there are multiple mechanisms to induce cellular senescence, some of which are independent of telomerase and telomere regulation. Inactivation of the function of cell cycle regulatory p16(INK4A)/Rb pathway is a key event in immortalization. In rodents, which have long telomeres and telomerase activity, telomere shortening is not correlated with cellular senescence. These models may be useful to elucidate telomere-independent pathways in human cells. Studies in this field will clarify the barriers to human cell immortalization and carcinogenesis. C1 NCI, Lab Biosyst & Canc, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, Canc & Aging Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Horikawa, I (reprint author), NCI, Lab Biosyst & Canc, NIH, 900 Rockvolle Pke,Bldg 40,Rm 2607, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 88 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1094-5458 J9 J ANTI-AGING MED JI J. Anti-Aging Med. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 3 IS 4 BP 373 EP 382 DI 10.1089/rej.1.2000.3.373 PG 10 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 397LP UT WOS:000166697400004 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Schock, MR AF Urbansky, ET Schock, MR TI Understanding, deriving, and computing buffer capacity SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID PH; INTENSITY; MUSCLE; SALIVA C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1640 EP 1644 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA 373XR UT WOS:000165315800046 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Carbinolamines and geminal diols in aqueous environmental organic chemistry SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; DRINKING-WATER; ACID CATALYSIS; GENERAL-ACID; FORMALDEHYDE; DEHYDRATION; HYDROCHLORIDE; PHASE C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 78 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1644 EP 1647 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA 373XR UT WOS:000165315800047 ER PT J AU Griffith, MB Barrows, EM Perry, SA AF Griffith, MB Barrows, EM Perry, SA TI Effect of diflubenzuron on flight of adult aquatic insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera) following emergence during the second year after aerial application SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Plecoptera; Trichoptera; Lymantria dispar; diflubenzuron; aquatic insects; steams ID MONONGAHELA-NATIONAL-FOREST; FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; STREAM ECOSYSTEMS; HEADWATER STREAMS; WEST-VIRGINIA; CATCHMENTS; COMMUNITY; DIMILIN AB With Malaise traps, we monitored the flight of adult Plecoptera and Trichoptera following emergence from headwater streams in the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV, during the second year after application of diflubenzuron. We placed five traps at various distances from each stream during May through September of 1991, 1992, and 1993. We collected pretreatment samples during the first year. In May 1992, diflubenzuron was applied to two watersheds, and the other two watersheds were used as untreated references. The 1992 study tested the effects of diflubenzuron that fell directly into the streams or were washed into the stream during the first year. For 1993, we tested the hypothesis that diflubenzuron affected adult flight following emergence during the year following abscission and possible ingestion of the treated leaves. The analysis compared the regressions of the number of adults caught in each trap versus distance of the trap from the stream among years and between treatments for each species. The night of the stonefly Leuctra ferruginea (Walker) was reduced in the treatment watersheds compared with the reference watersheds during the year following abscission of the treated leaves. Adult flight of other species did not decrease in the treatment watersheds during 1993. These results show a relatively small effect of diflubenzuron on these aquatic insects; however, our study involved only a single application of diflubenzuron. Additional research may be needed to predict the possible effects of multiple applications of diflubenzuron over several years as often occurs during actual efforts to suppress gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). C1 W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Serv Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Georgetown Univ, Lab Entomol & Anim Behav, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA. RP Griffith, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MS-642,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1695 EP 1700 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400019 PM 11142300 ER PT J AU Lowe, SA Pettenato, R AF Lowe, SA Pettenato, R TI Reduction of indoor radon by air cleaning - Case study SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID DECAY PRODUCTS; REMOVAL AB A field study was conducted over an intermittent period of 2.5 years to determine whether air cleaning, using a portable high efficiency particulate air filter air cleaner with an activated carbon filter, was a viable method of reducing indoor radon levels. Past studies showed that air cleaners could reduce radon and/or radon progeny concentrations. The data collected in this study showed that the air cleaner did not reduce radon levels and so was not an effective mitigation device. The data also showed that above radon levels of 6 pCi/L there was a strong positive linear correlation to moisture content. Below 6 pCi/L there was essentially no correlation. Radon concentrations were determined using EPA approved commercial test kits that were occasionally run in duplicate. In these cases it was found that there was good reproducibility between the test kits over a range of levels from 1.1 to 14.5 pCi/L, with the average difference being under 10%. C1 Manhattan Coll, Riverdale, NY 10471 USA. US EPA, New York, NY 10007 USA. RP Lowe, SA (reprint author), Manhattan Coll, Riverdale, NY 10471 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 2000 VL 126 IS 12 BP 1125 EP 1130 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1125) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374QZ UT WOS:000165357000009 ER PT J AU Lopes, TJ Fallon, JD Rutherford, DW Hiatt, MH AF Lopes, TJ Fallon, JD Rutherford, DW Hiatt, MH TI Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; UNITED-STATES; AIR; ATMOSPHERE; EMISSIONS; MTBE AB A mass balance approach was used to determine the most important nonpoint source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in storm water from an asphalt parking lot without obvious point sources (e.g., gasoline stations). The parking lot surface and atmosphere are important nonpoint sources of VOCs, with each being important for different VOCs. The atmosphere is an important source of soluble, oxygenated VOCS (e.g., acetone), and the parking lot surface is an important source for the more hydrophobic VOCs(e.g, benzene). VOCs on the parking lot surface appear to be concentrated in oil and grease and organic material in urban particles (e.g., vehicle soot). Except in the case of spills, asphalt does not appear to be an important source of VOCs. The uptake isotherm of gaseous methyl tert-butyl ether on urban particles indicates a mechanism for dry deposition of VOCs from the atmosphere. This study demonstrated that a mass balance approach is a useful means of understanding non-point-source pollution, even for compounds such as VOCs, which are difficult to sample. C1 US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. US Geol Survey, Nat Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Envir Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Lopes, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 333 W Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89706 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 2000 VL 126 IS 12 BP 1137 EP 1143 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 374QZ UT WOS:000165357000011 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Brown, SK AF Urbansky, ET Brown, SK TI Influence of reagent purity on the ion chromatographic determination of bromate in water using 3,3 '-dimethoxybenzidine as a prochromophore for photometric detection SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID POSTCOLUMN AB Variable availability of the purified dihydrochloride salt of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine (DMB; ortho-dianisidine) led us to investigate the effects of reagent purity on the analytical results obtained when this reagent is used in the photometric determination of the disinfection byproduct bromate. After analyte ions are separated by ion chromatography, a solution of DMB (post-column reagent) is added to the eluate and the DMB is oxidized, thereby producing a chromophore detected by its absorbance. Although some commercial products of undefined grade performed well, others did not. Variability was also observed between lots of purified material. Sensitivity at low concentrations (<5 g L-1 BrO3-) varied by a factor of up to 10. In some cases, the lower limit of detection for photometric detection was greater than that obtained using conductivity detection, as high as 5-7 mug L-1 BrO3-. An impurity or several impurities are suspected to be responsible for deviations from linearity at low analyte concentrations. This investigation underscores the need for ensuring reagent purity in environmental analyses. Ideally, chemical manufacturers will meet the needs of analytical chemists who test potable water and begin producing a high grade material in sufficient quantities to meet monitoring requirements. The establishment of third-party standards for a spectrophotometric grade of DMB . 2HCl would be helpful in ensuring that a variety of manufacturers could supply products of uniformly high quality that would be suitable for the measurement of bromate in public drinking water supplies. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 2 IS 6 BP 571 EP 575 DI 10.1039/b006498j PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 385FP UT WOS:000165993200010 PM 11296743 ER PT J AU Leblond, JD Chapman, PJ AF Leblond, JD Chapman, PJ TI Lipid class distribution of highly unsaturated long chain fatty acids in marine dinoflagellates SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dinophyceae; glycolipids; Gymnodinium; highly unsaturated fatty acids; phospholipids ID SUBSTITUTED PYRIDAZINONE; OCTADECAPENTAENOIC ACID; HETEROSIGMA-AKASHIWO; BIOSYNTHESIS; MICROALGAE; ALGA AB The very long chain highly unsaturated C-28 fatty acids, octacosaheptaenoic [28:7(11-6)] and octacosaoctaenoic acid [28:8(n-3)], were found to be associated with phospholipids, obtained by fractionation of total lipid extracts into distinct lipid classes, in 4 and 6, respectively, of 16 examined dinoflagellates, An inter-fraction comparison of fatty acids associated with phospholipids and glycolipids has also shown that the phospholipid fractions contained the majority (over 75% in 12 of 16 strains) of docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] and traces of tetracosanoic acid (24:0), By contrast, the highly unsaturated C-18 fatty acids octa-decatetraenoic [18:4(n-3)] and octadecapentaenoic acid [18:5(n-3)] were primarily recovered from a chloroplast-associated glycolipid fraction comprised of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. In 12 of 16 strains, an interfraction comparison showed that over 90% of 18:5(n-3) was found to be associated with glycolipids, These findings indicate that the C-28 fatty acids are located and probably synthesized in the cytoplasm or in an organelle other than the chloroplast, possibly with 22:6(n-3) and 24:0 as precursors, whereas the C-18 fatty acids 18:4(n-3) and 18:5(n-3) are glycolipid constituents apparently synthesized within the chloroplast, The function(s) of these C-28 fatty acids as components of phospholipids in cellular membranes is currently unknown. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Rds Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Leblond, JD (reprint author), Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA. NR 33 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 33 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1103 EP 1108 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.00018.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 389HE UT WOS:000166231900014 ER PT J AU Volety, AK Fisher, WS AF Volety, AK Fisher, WS TI In vitro killing of Perkinsus marinus by hemocytes of oysters Crassostrea virginica SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Perkinsus marinus; eastern oysters; Crassostrea virginica; bivalve defense; cellular defense; invertebrate immunology; bactericidal activity ID EASTERN OYSTER; IN-VITRO; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; POPULATIONS; PATHOGEN; DISEASE; CULTURE; CHEMILUMINESCENCE; EPIZOOTIOLOGY; APICOMPLEXA AB A colorimetric mirrobicidal assay was adapted, optimized, and applied in experiments to characterize the in vitro capacity of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocytes to kill cultured isolates of Perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite causing a highly destructive disease of oysters in U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal waters. In vitro challenges showed that hemocytes from two geographically distinct oyster stocks (Florida and Rhode Island) were able to reduce viable P. marinus cells by 25% to 90%, depending on the P. marinus isolate. Variability in killing was most likely due to differences in susceptibility among the 7 cultured isolates of P. marinus, which ranged in origin from Long Island Sound (Connecticut) to Laguna Madre (Texas). Hemocytes from oysters collected monthly from Escambia Bay, Florida, exhibited a killing capacity that ranged from 21% to 90% (average 57%) throughout a year-long period, with highest killing measured from October to December. Application of this technique demonstrated the bl vitro capacity of hemocytes to kill cultured P. marinus, but does nor necessarily reflect their ability under natural conditions where the disease is widespread. C1 Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Volety, AK (reprint author), Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, 10501 FGCU Blvd, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 827 EP 834 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 391WW UT WOS:000166380100018 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Lee, CW Ryan, JV AF Lemieux, PM Lee, CW Ryan, JV TI Prediction of dioxin/furan incinerator emissions using low-molecular/weight volatile products of incomplete combustion SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE FORMATION; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; MUNICIPAL WASTE; FLY-ASH; FLAMES; FURAN AB Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-P-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from incinerators and other stationary combustion sources are of environmental concern because of the toxicity of certain PCDD/F congeners. Measurement of trace levels of PCDDs/Fs in combustor emissions is not a trivial matter. Development of one or more simple, easy-to-measure, reliable indicators of stack PCDD/F concentrations not only would enable incinerator operators to economically optimize system performance with respect to PCDD/F emissions, but could also provide a potential technique for demonstrating compliance status on a more frequent basis. This paper focuses on one approach to empirically estimate PCDD/F emissions using easy-to-measure volatile organic C-2 chlorinated alkene precursors coupled with flue gas cleaning parameters. Three data sets from pilot-scale incineration experiments were examined for correlations between C-2 chlorinated alkenes and PCDDs/Fs. Each data set contained one or more C-2 chloroalkenes that were able to account for a statistically significant fraction of the variance in PCDD/F emissions. Variations in the vinyl chloride concentrations were able to account for the variations in the PCDD/F concentrations strongly in two of the three data sets and weakly In one of the data sets. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 50 IS 12 BP 2129 EP 2137 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 383GP UT WOS:000165875000011 PM 11140141 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Reckhow, KH Wade, TG Jones, KB AF Wickham, JD Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Reckhow, KH Wade, TG Jones, KB TI Land cover as a framework for assessing risk of water pollution SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nutrient export; risk analysis; simulation ID NUTRIENT EXPORTS; PHOSPHORUS; MODEL; NITRATE; QUALITY; SYSTEM; LOADS; RIVER AB A survey of numerous field studies shows that nitrogen and phosphorous export coefficients are significantly different across forest, agriculture, and urban land-cover types. We used simulations to estimate the land-cover composition at which there was a significant risk of nutrient loads representative of watersheds without forest cover. The results suggest that at between 20 percent and 30 percent nonforest cover, there is a 10 percent or greater chance of N or P nutrient loads being equivalent to the median values of predominantly agricultural or urban watersheds. The methods apply to environmental management for assessing the risk to increased nonpoint nutrient pollution. Interpretation of the risk measures are discussed relative to their application for a single watershed and across a region comprised of several watersheds. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, UNC Water Resources Res Inst, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1417 EP 1422 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05736.x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700016 ER PT J AU Morrice, JA Dahm, CN Valett, HM Unnikrishna, PV Campana, ME AF Morrice, JA Dahm, CN Valett, HM Unnikrishna, PV Campana, ME TI Terminal electron accepting processes in the alluvial sediments of a headwater stream SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE stream ecosystems; alluvial sediments; hyporheic zone; TEAPs; retention; hydrology ID VERTICAL HYDROLOGIC EXCHANGE; SONORAN DESERT STREAM; HYPORHEIC ZONE; SULFATE REDUCTION; SURFACE-WATER; ECOSYSTEM METABOLISM; METHANE PRODUCTION; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; RIPARIAN FOREST AB Chemical fluxes between catchments and streams are influenced by biogeochemical processes in the groundwater-stream water (GW-SW) ecotone, the interface between stream surface water and groundwater. Terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs) that are used in respiration of organic C in anoxic environments may have a strong effect on nutrient dynamics and water chemistry. Concentrations of oxidized and reduced forms of terminal electron accepters (dissolved O-2, NO3-, Fe2+, SO42-, and CH4) were measured in networks of vertically nested wells installed beneath the surface stream and in the near-stream aquifer of a headwater catchment. Tracer addition experiments were conducted in surface and groundwater environments of a Ist-order montane stream to characterize hydrologic fluxes between the stream and aquifer, and to quantify ecosystem retention of terminal electron accepters (NO3- and SO42-) in the GW-SW ecotone. Sulfate retention was evident in both hyporheic and groundwater environments. Distribution of important redox sensitive solutes varied predictably with changing hydrologic residence time of water in the GW-SW ecotone. Results suggest a strong hydrologic control of TEAPs and ecosystem retention of biologically important solutes in the GW-SW ecotone related to characteristics of GW-SW mixing and residence time of water in the hyporheic zone. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Morrice, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 57 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 16 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 593 EP 608 DI 10.2307/1468119 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 390QM UT WOS:000166307900002 ER PT J AU Walker, K AF Walker, K TI Cost-comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria control SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Anopheles; application rates; bendiocarb; cost; cyfluthrin; DDT; deltamethrin; etofenprox; fenitrothion; house-spraying; indoor residual spraying; insecticide formulations; lambda-cyhalothrin; malaria; malathion; permethrin; price; propoxur; pyrethroids; safety; toxicology; vector control; WHO ID VECTOR CONTROL; ANOPHELES-ALBIMANUS; BREAST-MILK; LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN; SRI-LANKA; MEXICO; RESISTANCE; POPULATIONS; STRATEGIES; PAKISTAN AB In anti-malaria operations the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying has declined substantially over the past 30 years, but this insecticide is still considered valuable for malaria control, mainly because of its low cost relative to alternative insecticides. Despite the development of resistance to DDT in some populations of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), DDT remains generally effective when used for house-spraying against most species of Anopheles, due to excitorepellency as well as insecticidal effects. A 1990 cost comparison by the World Health Organization (WHO) found DDT to be considerably less expensive than other insecticides, which cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house per 6 months of control. To determine whether such a cost advantage still prevails for DDT, this paper compares recent price quotes from manufacturers and WHO suppliers for DDT and appropriate formulations of nine other insecticides (two carbamates, two organophosphates and five pyrethroids) commonly used for residual house-spraying in malaria control programmes. Based on these 'global' price quotes, detailed calculations show that DDT is still the least expensive insecticide on a cost per house basis, although the price appears to be rising as DDT production declines. At the same time, the prices of pyrethroids are declining, making some only slightly more expensive than DDT at low application dosages. Other costs, including operations (labour), transportation and human safety may also increase the price advantages of DDT and some pyrethroids vs. organophosphates and carbamates, although possible environmental impacts from DDT remain a concern. However, a global cost comparison may not realistically reflect local costs or effective application dosages at the country level. Recent data on insecticide prices paid by the health ministries of individual countries showed that prices of particular insecticides can vary substantially in the open market. Therefore, the most cost-effective insecticide in any given country or region must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Regional coordination of procurement of public health insecticides could improve access to affordable products. C1 US EPA, ORD NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Walker, K (reprint author), US EPA, ORD NCEA, Mail Code 8601-D,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 81 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 345 EP 354 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00262.x PG 10 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 376QT UT WOS:000165468800001 PM 11129697 ER PT J AU Schoff, PK Ankley, GT AF Schoff, PK Ankley, GT TI Effects of methoprene and its derivatives on retinoid receptor activation and retinoid metabolism in transfected cell lines. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Res Council, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 SU S MA 80 BP 16A EP 16A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 377QY UT WOS:000165525900081 ER PT J AU Wang, X Blanchard, JP Zhang, J Blackman, CF AF Wang, X Blanchard, JP Zhang, J Blackman, CF TI Temporal changes in gap junction function in primary hepatocytes. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 SU S MA 1715 BP 330A EP 331A PG 2 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 377QY UT WOS:000165525901719 ER PT J AU Grant, DJ Bell, DA AF Grant, DJ Bell, DA TI Bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene polymorphisms: Susceptibility to oxidative damage and cancer? SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE liver enzymes; bilirubin; antioxidants; DNA damage; carcinogenesis ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; GILBERTS-SYNDROME; SERUM BILIRUBIN; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; REACTIVE OXYGEN; NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES; MISSENSE MUTATION; ACTIVE METABOLITE AB The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UCT1A1) gene product catalyzes the glucuronidation of serum bilirubin as part of normal heme catabolism. Recently, TA repeat polymorphisms containing five, six, seven, and eight TA dinucleotides in a putative TATA box in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene have been described. TA repeat number modulates UGT1A1 transcriptional activity and the quantity of enzyme available to conjugate serum bilirubin. Serum bilirubin is a known antioxidant, and low serum bilirubin has been associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage to erythrocytes in vitro. We hypothesize that the UGT1A1 TA repeals or other functional polymorphisms resulting in lower serum bilirubin levels may be predictive of genetic susceptibility to oxidative damage and cancer. Exposure-related or endogenous production of ROS may impact the integrity of cellular macromolecules and infrastructure, lead to DNA base changes or chromosomal aberrations, and induce toxicity or apoptosis. ROS damage to lipoproteins may be a factor in formation of atherogenic plaques in coronary heart disease. Thus, cellular oxidative stress could contribute to tumorigenesis through mutagenic or epigenetic pathways, and higher serum bilirubin levels should inhibit this process. No definitive studies have been performed, but in a small prospective study of colon cancer, serum bilirubin levels were observed to be lower in these cases. Another study has suggested a link between UGT1A1 alleles, estrogen metabolism, and risk in breast cancer. Epidemiologic studies examining variation in ROS metabolism, ROS damage, bilirubin, and cancer risk will demonstrate the value of this hypothesis. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bell, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Computat Biol & Risk Assessment, C3-03,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 61 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-1987 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 198 EP 204 DI 10.1002/1098-2744(200012)29:4<198::AID-MC1001>3.0.CO;2-K PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA 390DW UT WOS:000166281300002 PM 11170257 ER PT J AU Cannon, RE Graves, S Spalding, LW Trempus, CS Tennant, RW AF Cannon, RE Graves, S Spalding, LW Trempus, CS Tennant, RW TI Oral administration of dimethylvinyl chloride increases frequency of forestomach papillomas in Tg.AC mice SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE transgenic; Tg.AC; ras; skin cancer; stomach cancer ID MOUSE SKIN; RAS; EXPRESSION AB This work was initiated to determine the potential for the Tg.AC mouse model to identify chemical carcinogens by an oral route of administration. Tg.AC v-Ha-ras transgenic mice were exposed to dimethyvinyl chloride (DMVC; 1-chloro-2-methylpropene), a structural analog of the human carcinogen vinyl chloride. In the National Toxicology Program 2-yr bioassay, DMVC induced tumors in the oral, nasal, and gastric epithelia of rats and mice, initial studies were performed in female Tg.AC mice to determine an appropriate oral dose of DMVC to evaluate the potential for stratified gastric or oral epi thelia of Tg.AC mice to serve as a target tissue for a transgene-dependent induced tumorigenic response. DMVC was administered to 13- to 14-wk-old Tg.AC mice by gavage at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg five times a week for 20 wk. The forestomachs of DMVC-treated Tg.AC mice had an increasing number of papillomas, which were associated with an increase in the dose of DMVC. The average numbers of papillomas per mouse per dose were 2.4, 7.6, 14.1, and 12.6 for the 0, 50, 100, and 200-mg/kg dose groups, respectively. The optimum papillomagenic dose of 100 mg/kg DMVC was established and administered for 5, 10, and 15 wk to investigate the kinetics of papilloma induction in Tg.AC mice. The average numbers of papillomas per animal were 1.8, 8.8, and 19.0 at 5, 10, and 15 wk, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays determined that the v-Ha-ras transgene was transcriptionally active in all tumor tissues but not in nontumor tissues. In si tu hybridization assays performed in conjunction with bromodeoxyuridine in vivo labeling localized the transgene-expressing cells of the forestomach papillomas to the proliferating cellular component of the tumors, as previously seen in skin papillomas of Tg.AC mice. The present results confirm that DMVC is tumorigenic and that oral routes of administration can be used to rapidly elicit a transgene-associated tumor response in the forestomach of Tg.AC mice. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Cannon, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Lab Environm Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis, POB 1223, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-1987 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.1002/1098-2744(200012)29:4<229::AID-MC1005>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA 390DW UT WOS:000166281300006 PM 11170261 ER PT J AU Dimsoski, P Toth, GP Bagley, MJ AF Dimsoski, P Toth, GP Bagley, MJ TI Microsatellite characterization in central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum (Pisces : Cyprinidae) SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Campostoma anomalum; central stoneroller; Cyprinidae; microsatellites C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Dimsoski, P (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 4 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 9 IS 12 BP 2187 EP 2189 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01053-18.x PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 387FR UT WOS:000166112700040 PM 11123646 ER PT J AU Zoeller, RT Crofton, KM AF Zoeller, RT Crofton, KM TI Thyroid hormone action in fetal brain development and potential for disruption by environmental chemicals SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 17-20, 1999 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, USEPA, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Registry, NICHHD, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Health/CDC, Neurotoxicol Div/NHEERL/US EPA DE thyroid hormone; endocrine disrupters; brain development ID THYROTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY-CELLS; NEUROENDOCRINE-SPECIFIC PROTEIN; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL BLOOD; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RAT-BRAIN; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; (TSH)-RELEASING HORMONE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AB Thyroid hormone is well-known to play essential roles in brain development. Therefore, environmental factors that interfere with thyroid function or thyroid hormone action may produce deleterious effects on brain development by interfering with thyroid hormone action in the developing brain. The purpose of this review is to identify in broad terms the gaps in our knowledge of thyroid hormone action in brain development, to relate these gaps to present information on thyroid disruption, and to review briefly our recent research that is germane to these issues. The endocrinology of the thyroid system is first reviewed briefly with an emphasis on the neuroendocrine and extrathyroidal mechanisms controlling circulating levels of thyroid hormones. The second section reviews the evidence that thyroid hormone is important for fetal, as well as neonatal, brain development. We review the mechanism of thyroid hormone action in the third section and briefly relate this information to information about the mechanism of thyroid hormone action on brain development. In the final section, we review the endocrinology of thyroid disruption with an emphasis on disruption of thyroid hormone action. (C) 2000 Inter Press, Inc. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Morrill Sci Ctr, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Zoeller, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Morrill Sci Ctr, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES10026] NR 135 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 8 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 935 EP 945 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 405TQ UT WOS:000167177000003 PM 11233763 ER PT J AU Moser, VC AF Moser, VC TI The functional observational battery in adult and developing rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 17-20, 1999 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, USEPA, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Registry, NICHHD, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Health/CDC, Neurotoxicol Div/NHEERL/US EPA DE neurobehavioral tests; functional observational battery; preweanling tests ID BEHAVIORAL-EVALUATIONS; NEUROTOXICITY AB Neurobehavioral screening methods, suck as the functional observational battery (FOB), are now widely used to identify potential neurotoxicity of new and existing chemicals. These methods have been validated and a large database now exists for the effects of a wide range of chemicals. Since most of the observations recorded are subjective, the quality of the test data depends largely on the observer's ability to detect and describe changes in the animal's behavior and neurologic function. Efforts are underway to aid in the training of observers and to achieve consistency across laboratories in the use of these methods. With the increasing concern over potential neurotoxicological consequences of chemical exposure in the developing organism, there is growing interest in testing laboratory animals at very young ages. We present here an initial report of the development of an FOE suitable for young rats, using some modifications of the individual adult FOE test measures to make them age-appropriate. We have evaluated pre- and postweanling rats to determine the range of behaviors (as evaluated with the FOB) displayed at each age, develop appropriate scoring criteria, anti collect control data to document the ontogeny of each of the endpoints in the FOE. This revised FOE protocol may be useful for assessing behavioral or neurological changes due to acute chemical exposure in young rats, or following gestational/lactational exposures typical of developmental neurotoxicity studies. (C) 2000 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 25 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 989 EP 996 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 405TQ UT WOS:000167177000008 PM 11233768 ER PT J AU Flynn, KM Ferguson, SA Delclos, KB Newbold, RR AF Flynn, KM Ferguson, SA Delclos, KB Newbold, RR TI Multigenerational exposure to dietary genistein has no severe effects on nursing behavior in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 17-20, 1999 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, USEPA, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Registry, NICHHD, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Health/CDC, Neurotoxicol Div/NHEERL/US EPA DE phytoestrogen; endocrine disrupter; estrogen ID MATERNAL-BEHAVIOR; SHR RATS; PHYTOESTROGENS; ISOFLAVONES; DAIDZEIN; ONSET; CARE; BETA AB The phytoestrogen and principal isoflavone in soy, genistein, has adverse effects on reproductive physiology in rodents. Since physiology and behavior are both sensitive to perturbations by estrogens, genistein may produce behavioral alterations as well. This paper reports one aspect of a study in wh ich several adult rodent behaviors will be assessed following long term multigenerational dietary exposure to genistein. Since maternal care may affect offspring behaviors in adulthood, it is important to determine the potential for genistein to affect maternal behavior. Here, rats (FU generation) were fed soy-free diets containing 0, 5, 100, or 500 ppm genistein (approx. 0, 0.4, 8, and 40 mg/kg/day for an adult) beginning on postnatal day (PND) 42. Two generations of offspring (F1 and F2) were continued on these diets and all treatment groups of the F3 generation were returned to 0 ppm at weaning (PND 22). In the first 3 weeks after parturition (for each generation), darns were assessed on 6 occasions for the presence of the arched back posture with at least one pup nursing. Data were analyzed by 3 way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with generation, treatment, and postnatal day as factors, and p<0.05 required for significance There were no significant interactions among treatment, generation, or day, and no overall effects of treatment or generation. As expected, there was a significant overall effect of day, with animals nursing less on later days (p<0.0001). As assessed here, these results suggest that lifelong and multigenerational exposure to dietary genistein has no severe effects on nursing behavior in rodents. (C) 2000 Inter Press Inc. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Neurotoxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Biochem Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Toxicol Lab, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Flynn, KM (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Neurotoxicol, 3900 NCTR Rd,HFT-132, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 997 EP 1001 PG 5 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 405TQ UT WOS:000167177000009 PM 11233769 ER PT J AU Rice, DC AF Rice, DC TI Identification of functional domains affected by developmental exposure to methylmercury: Faroe Islands and related studies SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 17-20, 1999 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, USEPA, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Registry, NICHHD, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Health/CDC, Neurotoxicol Div/NHEERL/US EPA DE methylmercury neurotoxicity; PCB neurotoxicity; Faroe Islands; cognitive deficits; motor deficits; auditory deficits ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; EVOKED-POTENTIALS; SEAFOOD DIET; CHILDREN; MERCURY; NEUROTOXICITY; SELENIUM AB The Faroe Islands study is a prospective study designed to assess the neurological and behavioral consequences of in utero exposure to methylmercury (meHg). Maternal exposure to meHg was through consumption of fish and intermittent higher-level exposure through pilot whale meat, while consumption of pilot whale blubber resulted in maternal exposure to PCBs. Analysis of the neurobehavioral domains affected revealed impairment in attention, memory, and auditory processing, impairment in primary auditory function, and to a lesser extent motor impairment. For four of the eight endpoints affected by meHg exposure at p <. 10, impairment was also correlated (p<.10) with in utero PCB exposure as measured by cord tissue PCB levels. Further analyses provide evidence for an independent effect of PCBs and meHg on these endpoints. Cross-sectional studies in a smaller number of children in the Amazon and Madeira by the same group of investigators, in which average meHg maternal hair levels were about twice as high those in the Faroe Islands, identified auditory, visual, and/or motor deficits, with little or. no evidence of deficits in attention or memory. However, the results of the cross-sectional studies must be interpreted with caution, due to limited statistical power as well as a lack of opportunity to correlate effects to in utero exposure. (C) 2000 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rice, DC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave,MC-8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1039 EP 1044 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 405TQ UT WOS:000167177000012 PM 11233750 ER PT J AU Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME AF Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME TI Glutamatergic components underlying lead-induced impairments in hippocampal synaptic plasticity SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 17-20, 1999 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, USEPA, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Registry, NICHHD, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Health/CDC, Neurotoxicol Div/NHEERL/US EPA DE lead; glutamate; NMDA receptor; MK-801; long-term potentiation; hippocampus ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; GYRUS IN-VIVO; METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; DENTATE GYRUS; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; RAT HIPPOCAMPUS; ACETYLCHOLINE-RELEASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; MK-801 BINDING; INORGANIC LEAD AB Epidemiological investigations have established the relationship between chronic developmental lead (Pb) exposure and cognitive impairments in young children, defining Pb neurotoxicity as a significant pediatric health problem. Exposed animals have proven to be effective models of this condition, exhibiting similar sensitivity to the actions of Pb and replicating abnormal learning behaviors in exposed children. Research has extended these observations in animals to identifing the processes underlying the cognitive dysfunction, utilizing the long-term potentiation (LTP) paradigm as a correlate of learning ability. Results from these studies have been in widespread agreement in reporting impairments in synaptic plasticity. Exposure-related changes consist of increases in LTP induction threshold, decreases in magnitude of potentiation, and shortened LTP duration. Furthermore, while LTP may be more readily affected by Pb during early development, exposure initiated after weaning also potently affects synaptic plasticity. Biphasic dose-effect relationships also appear in which impaired LTP is observed at intermediate exposure levels (27-62 mug/100 mi), hut not at higher exposures. Investigation of the synaptic processes underlying LTP has provided additional insight into the bases of the impaired potentiation and diminished cognitive ability Biochemical and neurophysiological approaches have found stimulated glutamate release to be diminished in hippocampus at blood Pb values where deficits in LTP have been observed. Multiple actions of Ph may be involved at this exposure level since animals exposed postweaning exhibited similar decrements in evoked glutamate release to those exposed continuously from conception, similar to the observations in measures of LTP. A biphasic dose-effect relationship was also found in which stimulated glutamate release in hippocampus was decreased at intermediate exposures, but not at higher levels. A direct inhibitory effect of Pb+2 on NMDA receptor function does not appear to occur at environmentally relevant exposure levels, but both exposure-induced increases and decreases in receptor density have been reported by different workers. Evidence from behavioral and neurophysiological investigations can be explained by increased NMDA receptor density on the bases of increased sensitivity to agonists and decreased sensitivity to antagonists. From this body of findings it is apparent that decreases in stimulated glutamate release are a significant contributing factor to the exposure-related changes seen in LTP Furthermore, despite general agreement on the actions of Pb on synaptic plasticity, reports of exposure effects on NMDA receptor function have been relatively variable, suggesting either that the nature of the receptor changes are dependent on exposure conditions or that the receptors are secondarily affected by Ph actions produced at signal transduction or cellular loci. (C) 2000 Inter Press, Inc. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Lasley, SM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Biomed & Therapeut Sci, POB 1649, Peoria, IL 61656 USA. NR 52 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1057 EP 1067 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 405TQ UT WOS:000167177000014 PM 11233752 ER PT J AU Mundy, WR Freudenrich, TM AF Mundy, WR Freudenrich, TM TI Sensitivity of immature neurons in culture to metal-induced changes in reactive oxygen species and intracellular free calcium SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Neurotoxicology Conference CY OCT 17-20, 1999 CL LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS SP Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, USEPA, Agcy Toxic Substances & Dis Registry, NICHHD, Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Health/CDC, Neurotoxicol Div/NHEERL/US EPA DE reactive oxygen species; intracellular free calcium; development; cell culture ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RAT HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CORTICAL-NEURONS; GLUTAMATE NEUROTOXICITY; FLUORESCENT INDICATORS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; IN-VITRO AB It is widely recognized that prolonged increases in reactive oxygen-species (ROS) and intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+](i)) are part of a signaling pathway leading to cell death. ROS production resulting in oxidative stress and disruption of calcium homeostasis leading to increases in [Ca2+](i) have been described as early events following exposure to a number of neurotoxicants. In order to determine the intrinsic sensitivity of developing neurons to toxicant-induced oxidative stress and disruption of calcium homeostasis, we exposed immature neurons to iron (Fe2+) or methylmercury (MeHg). Primary cultures of cortical cells (prepared from 1 day old rats) or cerebellar granule cells (prepared from 7 day old rats) were exposed to the toxicants on day in vitro (DIV) I (immature response to receptor agonists) or DIV 7 (mature response to receptor agonists). ROS was measured using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin. In both cerebellar granule cells and cortical cells, Fe2+ or MeHg exposure (0.1-30 muM) produced time- and concentration-dependent increases in ROS. In general, the increase in ROS induced by both metals was greater in immature cells compared to mature cells, except for cerebellar granule cells in which the effects of Fe2+ were similar at DIV 1 and 7. Changes in intracellular cation concentrations (including Ca2+) were measured using the fluorescent probe fluo-3. MeHg exposure produced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in fluo-3 fluorescence in both cerebellar granule cells and cortical cells. In cortical cultures, the fluorescence increase after MeHg exposure was greater in immature cells. In contrast, mature and immature cells were equally sensitive to the effects of MeHg in cerebellar granule cell cultures. These results suggest that there may be inherent differences in the sensitivity of neurons to toxicant-induced increases in ROS and [Ca2+] depending upon age and cell type. (C) 2000 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mundy, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 76 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1135 EP 1144 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 405TQ UT WOS:000167177000022 PM 11233760 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L TI Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - Author's reply SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0194-5998 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 123 IS 6 BP 786 EP 786 DI 10.1067/mhn.2000.110860 PG 1 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA 381PQ UT WOS:000165772400028 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Caughran, TV Poiger, T Guo, YB Crumley, FG AF Richardson, SD Caughran, TV Poiger, T Guo, YB Crumley, FG TI Application of DNPH derivatization with LC/MS to the identification of polar carbonyl disinfection by-products in drinking water SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; ozonation; drinking water; disinfection by-products; polar disinfection by-products; carbonyls; LC/MS; dinitrotrophenylhydrazine; identification ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; NATURAL-WATERS; FULVIC-ACID; AMBIENT AIR; ALDEHYDES; OZONATION; 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZONES; BROMIDE AB A qualitative method using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization followed by analysis with liquid chromatography (LC)/negative ion-electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) was developed for analyzing and identifying highly polar aldehydes and ketones in ozonated drinking water. Using this method, aldehydes could be easily distinguished from ketones by differences in their mass spectra and chromatographic behavior. Results for many polar-substituted aldehyde and ketone standards are presented, as well as the identification of polar disinfection by-products (DBPs) in ozonated drinking water from full-scale plants and laboratory-scale ozonation of humic acid. One polar DBP identified has not been previously reported. This method could also potentially be used as a tool to identify carbonyl-containing DBPs from disinfectants other than ozone. However, the detection limits for the DNPH-LC/MS method are not as low as for the pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine (PFBHA)-gas chromatography (GC)/MS method (LC/MS is typically not as sensitive as GC/MS). Therefore, it is not recommended that this method replace the PFBHA-GC/MS method, but be used as a supplement to enable the identification of highly polar carbonyl-containing DBPs that would not be possible by GC/MS. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 41 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 29 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD, NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 22 IS 6 BP 653 EP 675 PG 23 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 388GZ UT WOS:000166173400008 ER PT J AU Sailstad, DM Boykin, EH Slade, R Doerfler, DL Selgrade, MK AF Sailstad, DM Boykin, EH Slade, R Doerfler, DL Selgrade, MK TI The effect of a vitamin A acetate diet on ultraviolet radiation-induced immune suppression as measured by contact hypersensitivity in mice SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACCESSORY CELL-FUNCTION; EAR SWELLING ASSAY; B RADIATION; MOUSE; SENSITIZERS; RESPONSES; EXPRESSION; EXPOSURE; SKIN; WEAK AB The adverse health effects caused by increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) due to deterioration of stratospheric ozone are of major concern, These health effects include sunburn, skin cancer, cataracts and immune suppression, Immune suppression has been associated with the release of cytokines, a defect in antigen presentation, induction of suppressor T cells and suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CH). CH is typically assessed by the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). Previous studies have demonstrated enhanced CH responses with vitamin A acetate (VAA) dietary supplementation assessed by MST and the loca lymph node assay (LLNA), To determine the effect that VAA has on UVR-induced immune suppression, Re examined both the induction and elicitation phases of CH using murine models, The MEST was used to evaluate the interaction of UVR and VAA on CR elicitation. However, a positive MEST response requires that the induction phase as well as the elicitation phase of CH be functional, The LLNA was used to evaluate the interaction of UVR and VAA only on CH induction. We tested the hypothesis that mice maintained on a VAA-enriched diet are more resistant to UVR-induced immune suppression (CH) than those maintained on a control diet. Mice were maintained on a VAA-enriched or the control diet for 3 weeks and then exposed to UVR 3 days prior to sensitization with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). VAA enhanced the MEST response in both UVR-exposed and non-UVR-exposed mice. The VAA-enriched diet did not significantly alter the LLNA response in either UVR- or non-UVR-exposed mice, However, there was significant suppression in CH by UVR as measured by the LLNA. These results indicate that (1) the VAA-enriched diet does not restore the number of proliferating cells in the CH induction phase of UVR-induced immunosuppression; (2) the immunosuppressive effects of UVR affect the induction phase of CH; and (3) the LLNA should be examined as an alternative to the MEST for measurement of UVR-induced immunosuppression, The data indicate that the VAA-enriched diet enhanced the elicitation response (MEST) but not the earlier induction phase (LLNA). Further studies are necessary to define mechanisms of action, but modulation of cytokines and effects of specific lymphocyte subsets, as well as systemic effects and local modulation at the site of elicitation are possible, Additionally, future studies to evaluate the effect of the VAA-enriched diet when multiple doses of both UVR and DNFB are used would be of interest for both the LLNA and MEST endpoints. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Sailstad, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 72 IS 6 BP 766 EP 771 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0766:TEOAVA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 385WF UT WOS:000166027600007 PM 11140264 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Bailey, GW AF Arnold, JW Bailey, GW TI Surface finishes on stainless steel reduce bacterial attachment and early biofilm formation: Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy study SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biofilm; bacteria; pathogen; poultry processing; stainless steel ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; MYXOCOCCUS-XANTHUS; RESOLUTION; REACTIVITY; SYSTEM; RUBBER AB Three common finishing treatments of stainless steel that are used for equipment during poultry processing were tested for resistance to bacterial contamination. Methods were developed to measure attached bacteria and to identify factors that make surface finishes susceptible or resistant to bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Samples of the treated surfaces (sand-blasted, sanded, and electropolished) were exposed to natural bacterial populations from chicken carcass rinses to allow growth of bacteria and development of biofilms on the surfaces. The kinetics of bacterial growth during surface exposure was followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and counts of bacteria and early biofilm formation were measured following scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface morphology of the samples was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with samples from each of the batches of treatments used in the SEM studies. Relative differences in the surface morphology, including fractal dimensions, Z ranges, roughness, and other measurements corresponded by treatment with the differences in reduction of bacterial counts shown by SEM. The surface types varied in affinity for bacteria, and both physical and electrochemical treatments improved resistance of stainless steel to bacterial attachment. Electropolished stainless steel was the least rough surface and showed significantly fewer bacterial cells and beginning biofilm formations than the other treated surfaces. Food safety could be improved if bacterial populations could be reduced during processing by increasing the use of materials that are resistant to bacterial contamination. These findings will aid equipment manufacturers and processors in selecting materials and finishes that are most resistant to bacteria and biofilm formation. C1 USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 40 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 21 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 79 IS 12 BP 1839 EP 1845 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 385VW UT WOS:000166026700021 PM 11194050 ER PT J AU Puskin, J AF Puskin, J TI Untitled - Discussion SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS; CANADIAN FLUOROSCOPY COHORT; RATE IONIZING-RADIATION; CANCER MORTALITY; EXPOSURE C1 US EPA, Potomac, MD USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 2021 SPRING RD, STE 600, OAK BROOK, IL 60521 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 154 IS 6 BP 739 EP 740 PG 2 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 380MG UT WOS:000165705200043 ER PT J AU Bradbury, S Kamenska, V Schmieder, P Ankley, G Mekenyan, O AF Bradbury, S Kamenska, V Schmieder, P Ankley, G Mekenyan, O TI A computationally based identification algorithm for estrogen receptor ligands: Part 1. Predicting hER alpha binding affinity SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE structure activity relationships; expert systems; human estrogen relative binding affinity; estrogen receptor ligands ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; DYNAMIC QSAR; FLEXIBILITY; CONFORMATIONS; SYSTEM; MODEL; SITE AB The common reactivity pattern (COREPA) approach is a 3-dimensional, quantitative structure activity relationship (3-D QSAR) technique that permits identification and quantification of specific global and local stereoelectronic characteristics associated with a chemical's biological activity. It goes beyond conventional 3-D QSAR approaches by incorporating dynamic chemical conformational flexibility in ligand-receptor interactions. The approach provides flexibility in screening chemical data sets in that it helps establish criteria for identifying false positives and false negatives, and is not dependent upon a predetermined and specified toxicophore or an alignment of conformers to a lead compound. The algorithm was recently used to screen chemical data sets for rat androgen receptor binding affinity. To further explore the potential application of the algorithm in establishing reactivity patterns for human estrogen receptor alpha (hER alpha) binding affinity, the stereoelectronic requirements associated with the binding affinity of 45 steroidal and nonsteroidal ligands to the receptor were defined. Reactivity patterns for relative hER alpha binding affinity (RBA; 17 beta -estradiol = 100%) were established based on global nucleophilicity, interatomic distances between electronegative heteroatoms, and electron donor capability of heteroatoms, These reactivity patterns were used to establish descriptor profiles for identifying and ranking compounds with RBA of > 150%, 100-10%, 10-1%, and 1-0.1%. Increasing specificity of reactivity patterns was detected for ligand data sets with RBAs above 10%. Using the results of this analysis, an exploratory expert system was developed for use in ranking relative ER binding affinity potential for large chemical data sets. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Bourgas Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Dept Phys Chem, Bourgas 118010, Bulgaria. RP Bradbury, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 33 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 58 IS 2 BP 253 EP 269 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.253 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 394ZG UT WOS:000166553800007 PM 11099638 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, OG Kamenska, V Schmieder, PK Ankley, GT Bradbury, SP AF Mekenyan, OG Kamenska, V Schmieder, PK Ankley, GT Bradbury, SP TI A computationally based identification algorithm for estrogen receptor ligands: Part 2. Evaluation of a hER alpha binding affinity model SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE structure activity relationships; expert systems; mammalian estrogen receptors; binding affinity; estrogen receptor ligands ID FLEXIBILITY; ANTIESTROGENS AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of an expert system described in the previous paper (S. Bradbury et al., Toxicol. Sci. 58, 253-269) to identify the potential for chemicals to act as ligands of mammalian estrogen receptors (ERs). The basis of the expert system was a structure activity relationship (SAR) model, based on relative binding affinity (RBA) values for steroidal and nonsteroidal chemicals derived from human ER alpha (hER alpha) competitive binding assays. The expert system enables categorization of chemicals into (RBA ranges of < 0.1, 0.1 to 1, 1 to 10, 10 to 100, and >150% relative to 17 beta -estradiol. In the current analysis, the algorithm was evaluated with respect to predicting RBAs of chemicals assayed with ERs from MCF7 cells, and mouse and rat uterine preparations. The best correspondence between predicted and observed RBA ranges was obtained with MCF7 cells. The agreement between predictions from the expert system and data from binding assays with mouse and rat ER(s) were less reliable, especially for chemicals with RBAs less than 10%. Prediction errors often were false positives, i.e., predictions of greater than observed RBA values. While discrepancies were likely due, in part, to species-specific variations in ER structure and ligand binding affinity, a systematic bias in structural characteristics of chemicals in the hER alpha training set, compared to the rodent evaluation data sets, also contributed to prediction errors. False-positive predictions were typically associated with ligands that had shielded electronegative sites. Ligands with these structural characteristics were not well represented in the training set used to derive the expert system. Inclusion of a shielding criterion into the original expert system significantly increased the accuracy of RBA predictions. With this additional structural requirement, 38 of 46 compounds with measured RBA values greater than 10% in hER alpha, MCF7, and rodent uterine preparations were correctly categorized. Of the remaining 129 compounds in the combined data sets, RBA values for 65 compounds were correctly predicted, with 47 of the incorrect predictions being false positives. Based upon this exploratory analysis, the modeling approach, combined with a high-quality training set of RBA values derived from a diverse set of chemical structures, could provide a credible tool for prioritizing chemicals with moderate to high ER binding affinity for subsequent in vitro or in vivo assessments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Bourgas Univ Prof As Zlatarov, Lab Math Chem, Dept Phys Chem, Bourgas 118010, Bulgaria. RP Bradbury, SP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 21 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 58 IS 2 BP 270 EP 281 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.270 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 394ZG UT WOS:000166553800008 PM 11099639 ER PT J AU Parks, LG Ostby, JS Lambright, CR Abbott, BD Klinefelter, GR Barlow, NJ Gray, LE AF Parks, LG Ostby, JS Lambright, CR Abbott, BD Klinefelter, GR Barlow, NJ Gray, LE TI The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE antiandrogen; phthalate; DEHP; testosterone; testis; sexual differentiation; endocrine disrupters ID BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; DI(N-BUTYL) PHTHALATE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; TESTICULAR ATROPHY; ORAL TOXICITY; ACID ESTERS; IN-VITRO AB Phthalate esters (PE) such as DEHP are high production volume plasticizers used in vinyl floors, food wraps, cosmetics, medical products, and toys. In spite of their widespread and long-term use, most PE have not been adequately tested for transgenerational reproductive toxicity. This is cause for concern, because several recent investigations have shown that DEHP, BBP, DBP, and DINP disrupt reproductive tract development of the male rat in an antiandrogenic manner. The present study explored whether the antiandrogenic action of DEHP occurs by (1) inhibiting testosterone (T) production, or by (2) inhibiting androgen action by binding to the androgen receptor (AR). Maternal DEHP treatment at 750 mg/kg/day from gestational day (GD) 14 to postnatal day (PND)3 caused a reduction in T production, and reduced testicular and whole-body T levels in fetal and neonatal male rats from GD 17 to PND 2. As a consequence, anogenital distance (AGD) on PND 2 was reduced by 36% in exposed male, but not female, offspring. By GD 20, DEHP treatment also reduced testis weight. Histopathological evaluations revealed that testes in the DEHP treatment group displayed enhanced 3 beta -HSD staining and increased numbers of multifocal areas of Leydig cell hyperplasia as well as multinucleated gonocytes as compared to controls at GD 20 and PND 3. In contrast to the effects of DEHP on T levels in vivo, neither DEHP nor its metabolite MEHP displayed affinity for the human androgen receptor at concentrations up to 10 muM in vitro. These data indicate that DEHP disrupts male rat sexual differentiation by reducing T to female levels in the fetal male rat during a critical stage of reproductive tract differentiation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. CIIT, Endocrine Reprod & Dev Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 47 TC 452 Z9 471 U1 13 U2 75 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 58 IS 2 BP 339 EP 349 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.339 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 394ZG UT WOS:000166553800015 PM 11099646 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Price, M Veeramachaneni, DNR Parks, L AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Furr, J Price, M Veeramachaneni, DNR Parks, L TI Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE phthalates; DINP; DEHP; BBP; DOTP; DEP; DMP; abnormal sexual differentiation; hypospadias; risk assessment ID BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE; MALE REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; DI(N-BUTYL) PHTHALATE; MONO-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; EXCHANGE-TRANSFUSION; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE AB In mammals, exposure to antiandrogenic chemicals during sexual differentiation can produce malformations of the reproductive tract. Perinatal administration of AR antagonists like vinclozolin and procymidone or chemicals like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) that inhibit fetal testicular testosterone production demasculinize the males such that they display reduced anogenital distance (AGD), retained nipples, cleft phallus with hypospadias, undescended testes, a vaginal pouch, epididymal agenesis, and small to absent sex accessory glands as adults. In addition to DEHP, di-n-butyl (DBP) also has been shown to display antiandrogenic activity and induce malformations in male rats. In the current investigation, we examined several phthalate esters to determine if they altered sexual differentiation in an antiandrogenic manner. We hypothesized that the phthalate esters that altered testis function in the pubertal male rat would also alter testis function in the fetal male and produce malformations of androgen-dependent tissues. In this regard, we expected that benzyl butyl (BBP) and diethylhexyl (DEHP) phthalate would alter sexual differentiation, while dioctyl tere- (DOTP or DEHT), diethyl (DEP), and dimethyl (DMP) phthalate would not. We expected that the phthalate mixture diisononyl phthalate (DINP) would be weakly active due to the presence of some phthalates with a 6-7 ester group. DEHP, BBP, DINP, DEP, DMP, or DOTP were administered orally to the dam at 0.75 g/kg from gestational day (GD) 14 to postnatal day (PND) 3. None of the treatments induced overt maternal toxicity or reduced litter sizes. While only DEHP treatment reduced maternal weight gain during the entire dosing period by about 15 g, both DEHP and DINP reduced pregnancy weight gain to GD 21 by 24 g and 14 g, respectively. DEHP and BBP treatments reduced pup weight at birth (15%). Male (but not female) pups from the DEHP and BBP groups displayed shortened AGDs (about 30%) and reduced testis weights (about 35%). As infants, males in the DEHP, BBP, and DINP groups displayed femalelike areolas/nipples (87, 70, and 22% (p < 0.01), respectively, versus 0% in other groups). All three of the phthalate treatments that induced areolas also induced a significant incidence of reproductive malformations. The percentages of males with malformations were 82% (p < 0.0001) for DEHP, 84% (p < 0.0001) for BBP, and 7.7% (p < 0.04) in the DINP group. In summary, DEHP, BBP, and DINP all altered sexual differentiation, whereas DOTP, DEP, and DMP were ineffective at this dose. Whereas DEHP and BBP were of equivalent potency, DINP was about an order of magnitude less active. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Colorado State Univ, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epa.gov NR 58 TC 572 Z9 599 U1 18 U2 115 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 58 IS 2 BP 350 EP 365 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.350 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 394ZG UT WOS:000166553800016 PM 11099647 ER PT J AU Laws, SC Ferrell, JM Stoker, TE Schmid, J Cooper, RL AF Laws, SC Ferrell, JM Stoker, TE Schmid, J Cooper, RL TI The effects of atrazine on female Wistar rats: An evaluation of the protocol for assessing pubertal development and thyroid function SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 22, 2000 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Toxicol DE female reproductive toxicology; puberty; rat; atrazine; vaginal opening; estrous cyclicity ID RECEPTOR-MEDIATED RESPONSES; TRIAZINE-DERIVED COMPOUNDS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; FISCHER-344 RATS; FAILURE; STRAIN; ESTRUS; YEAST AB The effects of atrazine (ATR), a chlorotriazine herbicide, on the onset of puberty were evaluated in Wistar rats. Female rats were dosed by oral gavage from postnatal day(s) (PND) 22 through PND 41 with 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg ATR/kg. Vaginal opening (VO) was significantly delayed 3.4, 4.5, or greater than 6.8 days by 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. VO had not occurred in 4 of 15 females in the 200 mg/kg group by the time of necropsies (PND 41). Body weight (bw) at necropsy was reduced in the 200 mg/kg group by 11.6%, but was not different from the control (0) in the 50 and 100 mg/kg groups. To examine the influence of reduced bw on pubertal development, a group of pair-fed controls was included whose daily food intake was dependent upon the amount consumed by their counterpart in the 200 mg/kg group. Although necropsy bw was reduced to the same extent as the ATR females, VO in the pair-fed controls was not significantly delayed. Adrenal, kidney, pituitary, ovary, and uterine weights were reduced by 200 mg/kg ATR. Serum T-3, T-4, and TSH were unaltered by ATR, which was consistent with no histopathologic/morphologic changes in the thyroid. Estrous cyclicity was monitored in a second group of females from VO to PND 149. The number of females displaying regular 4- or 5-day estrous cycles during the first 15-day interval after VO was lower in the 100 and 200 mg/kg ATR and pair-fed controls. Irregular cycles were characterized by extended periods of diestrus. By the end of the second 15-day interval (PND 57-71), no effects on estrous cyclicity were observed. These data show that ATR can delay the onset of puberty and alter estrous cyclicity in the female Wistar rat (NOAEL of 25 mg/kg). Reduced food consumption and bw did not account for the delay in VO, because this effect was not observed in the pair-fed controls. In addition, the effect on estrous cyclicity was observed in the 100 mg/kg ATR group where no significant reduction in bw was observed. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Biostat & Res Support Staff, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Laws, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 97 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 58 IS 2 BP 366 EP 376 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.366 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 394ZG UT WOS:000166553800017 PM 11099648 ER PT J AU Goodrich, DC Chehbouni, A Goff, B MacNish, B Maddock, T Moran, S Shuttleworth, WJ Williams, DG Watts, C Hipps, LH Cooper, DI Schieldge, J Kerr, YH Arias, H Kirkland, M Carlos, R Cayrol, P Kepner, W Jones, B Avissar, R Begue, A Bonnefond, JM Boulet, G Branan, B Brunel, JP Chen, LC Clarke, T Davis, MR DeBruin, H Dedieu, G Elguero, E Eichinger, WE Everitt, J Garatuza-Payan, J Gempko, VL Gupta, H Harlow, C Hartogensis, O Helfert, M Holifield, C Hymer, D Kahle, A Keefer, T Krishnamoorthy, S Lhomme, JP Lagouarde, JP Lo Seen, D Luquet, D Marsett, R Monteny, B Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Pinker, R Peters, C Pool, D Qi, J Rambal, S Rodriguez, J Santiago, F Sano, E Schaeffer, SM Schulte, M Scott, R Shao, X Snyder, KA Sorooshian, S Unkrich, CL Whitaker, M Yucel, I AF Goodrich, DC Chehbouni, A Goff, B MacNish, B Maddock, T Moran, S Shuttleworth, WJ Williams, DG Watts, C Hipps, LH Cooper, DI Schieldge, J Kerr, YH Arias, H Kirkland, M Carlos, R Cayrol, P Kepner, W Jones, B Avissar, R Begue, A Bonnefond, JM Boulet, G Branan, B Brunel, JP Chen, LC Clarke, T Davis, MR DeBruin, H Dedieu, G Elguero, E Eichinger, WE Everitt, J Garatuza-Payan, J Gempko, VL Gupta, H Harlow, C Hartogensis, O Helfert, M Holifield, C Hymer, D Kahle, A Keefer, T Krishnamoorthy, S Lhomme, JP Lagouarde, JP Lo Seen, D Luquet, D Marsett, R Monteny, B Ni, W Nouvellon, Y Pinker, R Peters, C Pool, D Qi, J Rambal, S Rodriguez, J Santiago, F Sano, E Schaeffer, SM Schulte, M Scott, R Shao, X Snyder, KA Sorooshian, S Unkrich, CL Whitaker, M Yucel, I TI Preface paper to the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program special issue SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE interdisciplinary; semi-arid; land-surface-atmosphere; SALSA; water balance; energy balance; ecological diversity AB The Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere Program (SALSA) is a multi-agency, multi-national research effort that seeks to evaluate the consequences of natural and human-induced environmental change in semi-arid regions. The ultimate goal of SALSA is to advance scientific understanding of the semi-arid portion of the hydrosphere-biosphere interface in order to provide reliable information for environmental decision making. SALSA approaches this goal through a program of long-term, integrated observations, process research, modeling, assessment, and information management that is sustained by cooperation among scientists and information users. In this preface to the SALSA special issue, general program background information and the critical nature of semi-arid regions is presented. A brief description of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, the initial location for focused SALSA research follows. Several overarching research objectives under which much of the interdisciplinary research contained in the special issue was undertaken are discussed. Principal methods, primary research sites and data collection used by numerous investigators during 1997-1999 are then presented. Scientists from about 20 US, five European (four French and one Dutch), and three Mexican agencies and institutions have collaborated closely to make the research leading to this special issue a reality. The SALSA Program has served as a model of interagency cooperation by breaking new ground in the approach to large scale interdisciplinary science with relatively limited resources. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. USDA ARS, Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. CESBIO, Toulouse, France. CIRAD, Montpellier, France. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. AUW, Wageningen, Netherlands. CNRS, CEFE, Montpellier, France. USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. INRA, Bordeaux, France. USGS, WRD, Tucson, AZ USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Audubon Res Ranch, Elgin, AZ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Goodrich, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Lo Seen, Danny/C-2679-2008; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; begue, agnes/A-5718-2011; Gupta, Hoshin/D-1642-2010; sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Schaeffer, Sean/G-5071-2012; Elguero, Eric/J-3014-2012; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Williams, David/A-6407-2014; Lhomme, Jean Paul /G-7236-2015; Boulet, Gilles/C-3067-2013; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016; OI Lo Seen, Danny/0000-0002-7773-2109; begue, agnes/0000-0002-9289-1052; Gupta, Hoshin/0000-0001-9855-2839; sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260; Boulet, Gilles/0000-0002-3905-7560; Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382; Schaeffer, Sean/0000-0002-9684-2952 NR 56 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00178-7 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800002 ER PT J AU Chehbouni, A Goodrich, DC Moran, MS Watts, CJ Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Kepner, WG Shuttleworth, WJ Sorooshian, S AF Chehbouni, A Goodrich, DC Moran, MS Watts, CJ Kerr, YH Dedieu, G Kepner, WG Shuttleworth, WJ Sorooshian, S TI A preliminary synthesis of major scientific results during the SALSA program SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE SVAT modeling; remote-sensing; vegetation functioning; hydrology; SALSA; semi-arid; San Pedro River; riparian; ecology ID SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE; HEAT-FLUX; REGIONAL SCALES; SEMIARID LAND; MODELS; SOIL; AREA; EVAPORATION; FIELD; PARAMETERS AB The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the primary results of the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program in the context of improvements to our overall understanding of hydrologic, ecologic, and atmospheric processes and their interactions in a semi-arid basin. The major findings and future research needs associated with the different core components of the program are emphasized. First, remote-sensing investigations are discussed, especially those directed toward taking full advantage of the capabilities of the new generation of satellites (ERS2/ATSR2, VEGETATION, LANDSAT7, NASA-EOS). Second, we discuss parameterization of the water and energy fluxes in arid and semi-arid regions, with special emphasis on methods to aggregate these fluxes from patch scale to grid scale. Third, we address the issues related to grassland ecology and competition for water between native grass and invasive mesquite species. Fourth, findings related to the interactions between surface water, ground water, and vegetation in a semi-arid riparian system are discussed. Next, an assessment of land use and land cover change over the entire basin over a quarter century is reviewed. Finally, unsolved issues and the needs for further research are outlined. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. USDA ARS, Tucson, AZ USA. CESBIO, CNES, CNRS, IRD,UPS, Toulouse, France. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Chehbouni, A (reprint author), IRD, IMADES, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. RI sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 68 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 311 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00179-9 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 377JQ UT WOS:000165510800021 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Tennant, AH Peng, BC AF Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Tennant, AH Peng, BC TI Cytogenetic studies of three triazine herbicides II. In vivo micronucleus studies in mouse bone marrow SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE triazine; micronucleus; mouse; herbicide ID INVIVO; GENOTOXICITY; PESTICIDES; ATRAZINE; INVITRO; DAMAGE; ASSAY; DNA AB Atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine are widely used preemergence and postemergence triazine herbicides that have made their way into the potable water supply of many agricultural communities. Although there are several contradictory genotoxicity studies in the literature, our previous in vitro studies with human lymphocytes showed that atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine did not induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) or chromosome aberrations (CAs) up to the limits of solubility in aqueous medium using 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide. To expand upon these results and to ensure that our in vitro findings could be replicated in an in vivo system, mice were treated with each triazine by two intraperitoneal injections, 24 h apart. The animals were sacrificed and the bone marrow removed for micronucleus (MN) analysis, 24h after the last injection. Two to four independent trials were performed for MN analysis in polychromatic erythrocytes, and in some trials the spleen was removed, cultured, and analyzed for SCEs and CAs. None of the triazines investigated induced MN in the bone marrow, even at doses that caused significant bone marrow suppression and/or death. These results indicate that atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine are not genotoxic as measured by the bone marrow MN assay in mice following high dose exposures. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD NOV 20 PY 2000 VL 471 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00124-8 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 375UC UT WOS:000165418800012 PM 11080666 ER PT J AU Ellington, JJ Evans, JJ AF Ellington, JJ Evans, JJ TI Determination of perchlorate at parts-per-billion levels in plants by ion chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE perchlorate ID INORGANIC-IONS AB A method for the analysis of perchlorate in plants was developed, based on dry weight, and applied to the analysis of plant organs, foodstuffs, and plant products. The method reduced greatly the ionic interferences in water extracts of plant materials. The high background conductivity, due to the plant matrix, was reduced sufficiently to allow quantitation of perchlorate with little or no matrix interference. Ion chromatography (IC) on a microbore AS16 anion-exchange column and a conductivity detector was used for separation and detection of perchlorate from the ionic plant extract. The extract was heated to precipitate proteins, centrifuged, exposed to alumina, and filtered through a cartridge filled with divinylbenzene to yield a water clear extract for IC analysis, even from highly colored solutions. Heating the extract and treatment with alumina reduced substantially the ionic content of the extracts without loss of perchlorate. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Ellington, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 9 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 17 PY 2000 VL 898 IS 2 BP 193 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00842-6 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 372TQ UT WOS:000165250500006 PM 11117417 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP AF Burkhard, LP TI Estimating dissolved organic carbon partition coefficients for nonionic organic chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; HYDROPHOBIC CHEMICALS; INTERSTITIAL WATER; PHASE SEPARATION; CONTACT TIME; BINDING; MATTER; EQUILIBRIUM; POLLUTANTS AB A literature search was performed for dissolved organic carbon/water partition coefficients for nonionic organic chemicals (K-DOC), and K-DOC data were taken from more than 70 references. The K-DOC data were evaluated as a function of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficients (K-OW). A predictive relationship of K-DOC = 0.08K(OW) with 95% confidence limits of a factor of 20 in either direction was developed using K-DOC data based upon naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon. Inclusion of K-DOC data for Aldrich humic acid, a reagent-grade organic carbon, resulted in a slightly different predictive relationship of K-DOC = 0.11K(OW) with 95% confidence limits of a factor of 14 in either direction. The large uncertainties in these relationships are, in part, caused by the variability in structure and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sediments, soils, and surface waters. This variability is not accounted for by the hydrophobicity parameter. For individual chemicals, ranges in K-DOC values approaching 2 orders of magnitude were observed among investigations using Aldrich humic acid as the DOC. These large ranges of K-DOC values suggest that measurement techniques are also, in part, responsible for the large uncertainties in these relationships. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Burkhard, LP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 37 TC 201 Z9 210 U1 4 U2 72 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 22 BP 4663 EP 4668 DI 10.1021/es001269I PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 373XT UT WOS:000165315900001 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Oortgiesen, M Roy, J Carter, JD Simon, SA Gavett, SH AF Veronesi, B Oortgiesen, M Roy, J Carter, JD Simon, SA Gavett, SH TI Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors influence inflammatory sensitivity in response to particulate matter SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; neurogenic inflammation; vanilloid receptor; capsaicin receptor; VR1 receptor; dorsal root ganglion; sensory neurons; strain sensitivity; sensitive sub-populations ID ROOT GANGLION NEURONS; INDUCED AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; H-3 RESINIFERATOXIN BINDING; MURINE STRAIN DIFFERENCES; DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; EPITHELIAL-CELL LINE; GUINEA-PIG LUNG; TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE; SENSORY NEURONS; CIGARETTE-SMOKE AB The signs of airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness that occur in animals exposed to air pollutants are often strain- and species-specific, To investigate the underlying causes of this phenomenon, BALB/c and C57bY6 mice were exposed intratracheally to residual oh fly ash (ROFA, 3 mg/kg) and examined after 24 h for signs of airway inflammation. BALB/c showed significantly higher numbers of neutrophils and increased airway hyperresponsiveness in response to methacholine challenge, whereas B6 mice showed no significant change in either inflammatory endpoint. To determine the underlying cause of this strain specificity, cultures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, which innervate the upper airways in situ, were explanted from both BALB/c and B6 fetal mice. After 5-7 days in culture, they were exposed to ROFA, other urban and industrial particulate matter (PM; e.g., oil by ash, woodstove, Mt. St. Helen, St. Louis, Ottawa, coal fly ash) or to prototype irritants (e.g., capsaicin 3-10 muM, pH 5.0 and 6.5). In all instances (except for woodstove), DRG neurons from BALB/c mice released significantly higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 into their nutrient media relative to neurons from B6 mice. This cytokine release could be significantly reduced for all PM treated cultures (except woodstove) by pretreatment of cultures with capsazepine (CPZ), a competitive antagonist of vanilloid receptors. DRG neurons, cultured from BALB/c and B6 neonates, were loaded with Fluo-3 AM and exposed to the prototype irritants, acid pH (5.0, 6.5), or capsaicin (3, 10 muM). Analysis of their increases in intracellular calcium showed that significantly higher numbers of BALB/c neurons responded to these prototype irritants, relative to B6 neurons. Morphometric analysis of BALB/c neurons, histochemically stained with cobalt to label neurons bearing capsaicin-sensitive receptors, showed a significantly higher level of stained neurons relative to B6 neurons. Finally, semiquantitative RT-PCR showed a higher expression of VRI receptor mRNA in DRG and spinal cord taken from neonatal BALB/c mice relative to B6 mice. Taken together, these data suggest that capsaicin and acid-sensitive irritant receptors, located on somatosensory cell bodies and their nerve fiber terminals, subserve PM-induced airway inflammation and are quantitatively different in responsive and nonresponsive mouse strains, (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Res Council, Washington, DC 20418 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Human Studies, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 RO1-ES-9844] NR 83 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV 15 PY 2000 VL 169 IS 1 BP 66 EP 76 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.9040 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 379EH UT WOS:000165627600009 PM 11076698 ER PT J AU Cirone, PA Duncan, PB AF Cirone, PA Duncan, PB TI Integrating human health and ecological concerns in risk assessments SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE human health risk assessment; ecological risk assessment; integrated assessment; comparative risk; conceptual models; risk assessment case studies ID MANAGEMENT AB The interconnections between ecosystems, human health and welfare have been increasingly recognized by the US government, academia, and the public. This paper continues this theme by addressing the use of risk assessment to integrate people into a single assessment. In a broad overview of the risk assessment process we stress the need to build a conceptual model of the whole system including multiple species (humans and other ecological entities), stressors, and cumulative effects. We also propose converging landscape ecology and evaluation of ecosystem services with risk assessment to address these cumulative responses. We first look at how this integration can occur within the problem formulation step in risk assessment where the system is defined, a conceptual model created, a subset of components and functions selected, and the analytical framework decided in a context that includes the management decisions. A variety of examples of problem formulations (salmon, wild insects, hyporheic ecosystems, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, nitrogen fertilization, toxic chemicals, and oil spills) are presented to illustrate how treating humans as components of the landscape can add value to risk assessments. We conclude that the risk assessment process should help address the urgent needs of society in proportion to importance, to provide a format to communicate knowledge and understanding, and to inform policy and management decisions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Cirone, PA (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 6th Ave,Reg 10, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. EM cirone.patricia@epa.gov NR 34 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD NOV 3 PY 2000 VL 78 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00214-4 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356EN UT WOS:000089423400002 PM 10978558 ER PT J AU Liang, LY Korte, N Gu, BH Puls, R Reeter, C AF Liang, LY Korte, N Gu, BH Puls, R Reeter, C TI Geochemical and microbial reactions affecting the long-term performance of in situ 'iron barriers' SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE in situ barriers; dechlorination; water treatment; geochemical reactions; microbial reactions; long-term performance; precipitation; clogging ID ZERO-VALENT IRON; REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATION; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; REMEDIATION; GROUNDWATER; METALS; DEGRADATION; CORROSION; KINETICS; WATER AB The in situ application of granular iron (Fe-0) has become popular for the destruction of halogenated organic compounds and for the immobilization of specific metals in groundwater. However, a knowledge gap exists concerning the long-term performance of the Fe-0-barriers. The corrosion of Fe-0 may produce mineral precipitates that alter the system's hydraulic integrity. For example, data from existing barriers show varying trends in pH, alkalinity, mineral precipitation, and microbial activity. Although the chemical behaviors are site-specific, this paper discusses the concepts involved in developing a generic approach for predicting the trend of aqueous and surface speciation, and the resulting effects on Fe-0 treatment systems. Observations from existing Fe barriers are summarized, and the chemical and microbial processes that influence chemical speciation, both in water and on surfaces, are reviewed. A conceptual geochemical model is presented, which illustrates the factors that must be considered in developing a quantitative model that can be used to design monitoring plans for timely detection of clogging in Fe-0 reactive barriers. In order to develop quantitative predictive models, field and laboratory research should: (1) assess the extent and rates of media deterioration by analyzing coupled chemical and microbial reactions; and (2) identify the controlling mechanisms for hydraulic alteration within and around Fe-0 barriers. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Grand Junct Off, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Lab, Ada, OK 74821 USA. USN, NFESC, Port Hueneme, CA 93403 USA. RP Korte, N (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Grand Junct Off, Grand Junction, CO 81506 USA. RI Gu, Baohua/B-9511-2012; Liang, Liyuan/O-7213-2014 OI Gu, Baohua/0000-0002-7299-2956; Liang, Liyuan/0000-0003-1338-0324 NR 58 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-0191 J9 ADV ENVIRON RES JI Adv. Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 4 IS 4 BP 273 EP 286 DI 10.1016/S1093-0191(00)00026-5 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 383WC UT WOS:000165906500001 ER PT J AU Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, PF Rooney, BC AF Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, PF Rooney, BC TI Long cancer among workers in chromium chemical production (vol 38, pg 115, 2000) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Correction C1 US EPA, Natl Ct rEnvironm Assessment 8601D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gibb, HJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ct rEnvironm Assessment 8601D, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 5 BP 606 EP 606 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200011)38:5<606::AID-AJIM13>3.0.CO;2-A PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 361CD UT WOS:000089703400013 ER PT J AU Watford, WT Ghio, AJ Wright, JR AF Watford, WT Ghio, AJ Wright, JR TI Complement-mediated host defense in the lung SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; surfactant protein A; C1q; collectin ID SURFACTANT PROTEIN-A; RAT LUNG; OPSONIZATION; C1Q; PHAGOCYTOSIS; MACROPHAGES; COMPONENT; LAVAGE; SERUM AB Complement is a system of plasma proteins that aids in the elimination of pathogens from the body. We hypothesized that there is a functional complement system present in the lung that aids in the removal of pathogens. Western blot analysis revealed complement proteins of the alternative and classical pathways of complement in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from healthy volunteers. Functional classical pathway activity was detected in human BALF, but there was no significant alternative pathway activity in lavage fluid, a finding that correlates with the low level of the alternative pathway protein, factor B, in these samples. Although the classical pathway of complement was functional in lavage fluid, the level of the classical pathway activator C1q was very low. We tested the ability of the lung-specific surfactant proteins, surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D), to substitute for C1q in classical pathway activation, since they have structural homology to C1q. However, neither SP-A nor SP-D restored classical pathway activity to C1q-depleted serum. These data suggest that the classical pathway of complement is functionally active in the lung where it may play a role in the recognition and clearance of bacteria. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Wright, JR (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-51134]; NIGMS NIH HHS [5-T32-GM-07184] NR 31 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 279 IS 5 BP L790 EP L798 PG 9 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 367HT UT WOS:000090056200002 PM 11053012 ER PT J AU Mortimer, KM Tager, IB Dockery, DW Neas, LM Redline, S AF Mortimer, KM Tager, IB Dockery, DW Neas, LM Redline, S TI The effect of ozone on inner-city children with asthma - Identification of susceptible subgroups SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EXPIRATORY FLOW-RATE; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; AIR-POLLUTION; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; INFANT-MORTALITY; SCHOOL-CHILDREN; MEDICATION USE; ASSOCIATION; SYMPTOMS; SEVERITY AB Within a cohort of 846 inner-city asthmatic children aged 4 to 9 yr, we looked for subgroups that were more susceptible to the effects of summer ozone. Daily diaries were compared with ambient ozone levels to evaluate effect modification by demographic and environmental characteristics. Children born > 3 wk prematurely or weighing < 5.5 Ib. had greater declines in morning % peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (1.8% versus 0.3% per 15 ppb ozone, p < 0.05) and a higher incidence of morning symptoms (odds ratio = 1.42 versus 1.09 per 15 ppb ozone, p < 0.05) than did children who had been full-term infants of normal birthweight. Among children who had been of low birthweight (LBW) or had been premature infants, greater declines were seen among those whose reported baseline medication category was "no medication" (3.2% decline) or "steroids" (2.7%) as opposed to beta agonists or xanthines (0.8%) or cromolyn without steroids (0.1%). Among the children who had been normal birthweight and full-term infants, the cromolyn without steroids group had the greatest declines in %PEFR (1.3%, versus < 0.5% in each of the other three groups). Nonatopic children also had greater responses to ozone. We conclude that among an asthmatic cohort, children who had had an LBW or a premature birth showed the greatest responses to ozone. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth MC 7370, Dept Publ Hlth Biol & Epidemiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Epidmeiol & Biometr Branch, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Mortimer, KM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth MC 7370, Dept Publ Hlth Biol & Epidemiol, 1918 Univ Ave, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI30756, AI30752, U01AI30751] NR 40 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 162 IS 5 BP 1838 EP 1845 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 371WU UT WOS:000165202900043 PM 11069823 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Owens, JH Kelty, CA AF Magnuson, ML Owens, JH Kelty, CA TI Characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; OOCYSTS; INFECTIVITY; BACTERIA; ANTIGENS; OZONE; HOST AB Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of Eight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to investigate whole and freeze-thawed Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Whole oocysts revealed some mass spectral features. Reproducible patterns of spectral markers and increased sensitivity were obtained after the oocysts were lysed with a freeze-thaw procedure. Spectral-marker patterns for C. parvum were distinguishable from those obtained for Cryptosporidium muris. One spectral marker appears specific for the genus, while others appear specific at the species level. Three different C. parvum lots were investigated, and similar spectral markers were observed in each. Disinfection of the oocysts reduced and/or eliminated the patterns of spectral markers. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Microbial Contaminants Control Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 66 IS 11 BP 4720 EP 4724 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.11.4720-4724.2000 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 369FM UT WOS:000165055300017 PM 11055915 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Winstead, JT Long, ER AF Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Winstead, JT Long, ER TI A survey of oysters Crassostrea virginica from Tampa Bay, Florida: associations of internal defense measurements with contaminant burdens SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oyster; Crassostrea virginica; internal defense; immune system; chemical contamination; estuarine contamination; Tampa Bay; trace metals; bioaccumulation ID MUSSEL MYTILUS-EDULIS; COMMON MARINE MUSSEL; PERKINSUS-MARINUS; EASTERN OYSTERS; APALACHICOLA BAY; HEMOCYTES WITHDRAWN; EXPOSURE; TRIBUTYLTIN; VARIABILITY; MERCENARIA AB Oysters from 16 sites in Tampa Bay, Florida, were collected during a 6-week period in winter 1993 and analyzed for both biological characteristics and tissue chemical concentrations. Using previous sediment contamination and toxicity data, oyster tissues from the selected sites were expected to exhibit a wide range in both quantity and type of chemicals. Chemical analysis showed tissue concentrations at some of these sites to be greater than national averages, as reported by the National Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program, for total PAH, total PCB, total chlordanes, DDT, Cu, Pb and Zn. Measures of oyster internal defense, including hemocyte density, rate of locomotion and superoxide generation, varied significantly among sites and were generally higher at sites with higher tissue concentrations of xenobiotic chemicals. Potential associations between oyster defense characteristics and accumulated chemical contaminants, either singly or in chemical classes, were explored using correlation analysis and a composited ranking procedure. Positive relationships were found for hemocyte characteristics with certain trace metal (Cu, Sn and Zn) and PAH analytes, whereas negative relationships were found with certain PCB and pesticide analytes. Heightened defenses in contaminated conditions may reflect a hemocyte process for sequestration and detoxification of environmental contaminants. Oysters from four of the 16 sites were additionally collected in June and September 1993 and site-related differences did not closely parallel those obtained in winter. Seasonal environmental factors may have altered contaminant-related differences among sites. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM fisher.william@epa.gov NR 61 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 51 IS 1 BP 115 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00082-5 PG 24 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 358DZ UT WOS:000089543100010 PM 10998504 ER PT J AU Ho, KT Kuhn, A Pelletier, M McGee, F Burgess, RM Serbst, J AF Ho, KT Kuhn, A Pelletier, M McGee, F Burgess, RM Serbst, J TI Sediment toxicity assessment: Comparison of standard and new testing designs SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEDFORD HARBOR; FISH; TOXICANTS; AMMONIA AB Standard methods of sediment toxicity testing are fairly well accepted; however, as with all else, evolution of these methods is inevitable. We compared a standard ASTM 10-day amphipod toxicity testing method with smaller, 48- and 96-h test methods using very toxic and reference sediments. In addition we compared parallel exposures of single species, either the amphipod Ampelisca abdita or the mysid Americamysis bahia, to multiple species, mysid, and amphipod, cohabiting the same types of chambers. These comparisons were performed for both water-only and sediment-water tests. Results of the comparison of the standard ASTM 10-day amphipod test with the smaller, 48- and 96-h test chambers indicate that survival was high in both test designs using the reference sediment. With toxic sediments, complete mortality occurred in less than 48 h using the smaller experimental chambers and only after 96 h in the larger experimental chambers. We concluded that although time to death is shorter in the smaller, shorter exposure chambers, there was no overall change in mortality for the organisms, and that the smaller chambers were predictive of the results obtained with larger chambers and longer exposures. For multiple species testing in whale sediment exposures there was no change in toxicity to either the amphipod or the mysid when they cohabited the same chamber. In contrast, for water-only exposures, A. bahia demonstrated less sensitivity when cohabiting the same chamber as A. abdita. Therefore, during whole sediment: testing we can add A. bahia and A. abdita to the same:test chamber without changing the toxicity to either species; However, in our 10-ml water-only exposures, the species should be tested separately. C1 US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Ho, KT (reprint author), US EPA, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 24 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 39 IS 4 BP 462 EP 468 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 368HM UT WOS:000090111700007 PM 11031306 ER PT J AU Padgett, WT Davis, C Lambert, G Nelson, GB Ross, JA Yacopucci, M Nesnow, S AF Padgett, WT Davis, C Lambert, G Nelson, GB Ross, JA Yacopucci, M Nesnow, S TI Biotransformation of trans-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene to benzo[a]pyrene bis-diols and DNA adducts by induced rat liver microsomes SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZOPYRENE-DNA ADDUCTS; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; C3H10T1/2CL8 CELLS; EPOXIDE HYDROLASE; MOUSE SKIN; DIBENZANTHRACENE; DIBENZANTHRACENE; STEREOSELECTIVITY; TRANSFORMATION; ENHANCEMENT AB The biotransformation of (+/-)-trans-4,5 -dihydroxy-4,5 -dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5-diol), the K-region dihydrodiol of B[alpha ]P, by beta -naphthoflavone (BNF)-induced rat liver microsomes was studied, trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5-diol was metabolized to six major products as characterized by NMR, MS, and UV spectroscopy, and all were identified as bis-diols: two diastereomers of trans,trans-4,5 :7,8-tetrahydroxy-4,5:7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[alpha ]pyrene (trans,trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5:7,8-bis-diol), two diastereomers of trans,trans-4,5:9, 10-tetrahydroxy-4,5:9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo[alpha ]pyrene (trans,trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5:9, 10-bis-diol), and two diastereomers of the somewhat unusual trans,trans-1,2:4, 5 -tetrahydroxy-1,2: 4, 5-tetrahydrobenzo[alpha ]pyrene (trans,trans-B[alpha ]P-1,2 ,4,5-bis-diol). BNF-induced rat liver microsomes also metabolized B [alpha ]P to the same trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5-diol-derived bis-diols. The ability of trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5-diol to form DNA adducts was investigated using P-32-postlabeling techniques specifically designed to detect stable polar DNA adducts. Four DNA adducts were detected after microsomal activation of trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5-diol with calf thymus DNA. Further analyses indicated that each of these stable polar DNA adducts was derived from the further metabolic activation of the trans,trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5: 7,8-bis-diols. We conclude that trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5-diol can be metabolized to a series of B[alpha ]P-bis-diols, and can also be metabolically activated to form stable polar DNA adducts. The trans,trans-B[alpha ]P-4,5:7,8-bis-diols were shown to be metabolic intermediates in the formation of these DNA adducts. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Carcinogenesis Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Carcinogenesis Div, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1125 EP 1134 DI 10.1021/tx000111b PG 10 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 376ML UT WOS:000165461300007 PM 11087434 ER PT J AU Andresen, NA Stoermer, EF Kreis, RG AF Andresen, NA Stoermer, EF Kreis, RG TI New nomenclatural combinations referring to diatom taxa which occur in The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America SO DIATOM RESEARCH LA English DT Article C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Large Lakes Res Stn Grosse Ile, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. RP Stoermer, EF (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU BIOPRESS LIMITED PI BRISTOL PA THE ORCHARD, CLANAGE RD, BRISTOL BS3 2JX, ENGLAND SN 0269-249X J9 DIATOM RES JI Diatom Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 413 EP 418 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 381GG UT WOS:000165753500011 ER PT J AU Ryan, JV Gullett, BK AF Ryan, JV Gullett, BK TI On-road emission sampling of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PCDD AB The first known program to characterize mobile heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) during actual highway and in-city driving was successfully conducted. This technique enables a more representative measurement with reduced uncertainty than dynamometer testing or indirect tunnel emissions characterizations;. The post-muffler exhaust of a diesel tractor hauling a loaded trailer was directly sampled with a modified EPA Method 23 train during on-road operation, and the measured PCDD/F emissions were related to driving conditions. The average emission factor obtained from this work was 0.029 ng international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ)/km. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval provides an estimated emission factor of 0.106 ng I-TEQ/km. These data compare favorably to the limited data available in the literature. Target analyte nondetects were minimal and resulted in little impact on the calculation of I-TEQ levels. No statistical difference in emissions was observed as a function of driving route, largely as a result of the extreme variation in the two valid in-city tests. An a lysis of the tractor emissions data showed no clear relationship between TEQ or total PCDD/F emissions and carbon monoxide or total hydrocarbon emissions. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ryan, JV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 21 BP 4483 EP 4489 DI 10.1021/es991236+ PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370JV UT WOS:000165120800023 ER PT J AU Ferrario, JB Byrne, CJ Cleverly, DH AF Ferrario, JB Byrne, CJ Cleverly, DH TI 2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxins in mined clay products from the United States: Evidence for possible natural origin SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FURANS; CONTAMINATION; BIPHENYLS; PATTERNS; TRENDS; LEVEL; PCBS; SOIL AB Ball clay was the source of dioxin contamination discovered in selected chickens analyzed as part of a joint U.S. Department of Agriculture/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency national survey of the U.S. poultry supply conducted in 1997. The affected animals, which had been raised in the southern United States, represented approximately 5% of the national poultry production. All of these chickens and other animal food sources (i.e., farm-raised catfish), similarly contaminated, were fed a diet of animal feed containing ball clay as an anti-caking additive. The clay was mined in northwestern Mississippi within a geological formation referred to as the Mississippi Embayment. Individual raw and processed ball clay samples were analyzed for the presence of the 2,3,7,8-PCDDs/ -PCDFs. The average toxic equivalents (TEQs) for the raw and processed samples were 1513 and 966 ppt dw, respectively. Other mined clay-based products used in animal feeds revealed lower TEQs. All of the products exhibited either an absence of detectable concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDFs or concentrations 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than the PCDDs. The isomer distribution, specific isomer identification, and congener profile of the PCDDs in the clay were established and compared to known sources of dioxin contamination. Several unique features of this isomer distribution are characteristic of the clays and are distinguishable from those of other known sources. These characteristics found in prehistoric clay deposits in the United States and Germany have led to speculation attributing their presence to natural geologic processes. C1 US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Toxic Subst, OPP BEAD, Environm Chem Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. US EPA, ORD NCEA, Exposure Anal & Risk Characterizat Grp, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ferrario, JB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Prevent Pesticides & Toxic Subst, OPP BEAD, Environm Chem Lab, Bldg 1105, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 46 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 4 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 21 BP 4524 EP 4532 DI 10.1021/es001052r PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370JV UT WOS:000165120800029 ER PT J AU Thursby, GB Stern, EA Scott, KJ Heltshe, J AF Thursby, GB Stern, EA Scott, KJ Heltshe, J TI Survey of toxicity in ambient waters of the Hudson/Raritan Estuary, USA: Importance of small-scale variations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ambient water toxicity; Arbacia; Champia; Hudson Valley, USA AB This study was part of a characterization of the nature and severity of water-quality problems in the Hudson/Raritan Estuary in New York Stale and New Jersey, USA. The toxicity of ambient water was measured at 51 stations in the estuary by using standard tests with the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata and the marine red alga Clampia parvula. Toxicity identification evaluations on samples from two stations suggested that cationic metals were the source of the observed toxicity. Overall results showed that toxicity could vary as much on the small scale, i.e., with depth and tide at a single site, as over several stations within a given subarea of the estuary. Thus, knowing about small-scale variations in toxicity is essential to understanding the significance of the variations from different areas or different sampling events. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Reg 2, Div Environm Protect & Planning, New York, NY 10007 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Newport, RI 02840 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Comp Sci & Stat, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Thursby, GB (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2678 EP 2682 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2678:SOTIAW>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BQ UT WOS:000165268900010 ER PT J AU Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM Cantwell, MG Serbst, JR Ho, KT Ryba, SA AF Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM Cantwell, MG Serbst, JR Ho, KT Ryba, SA TI Importance of maternal transfer of the photoreactive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene from benthic adult bivalves to their pelagic larvae SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phototoxicity; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; marine invertebrates; bivalves; maternal transfer ID PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; ULTRAVIOLET-LIGHT; MARINE SEDIMENT; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; SIGMA-PAH; MIXTURES; PHOTOTOXICITY; MODEL; WATER AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if maternal transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from benthic adult bivalves could result in phototoxicity to their pelagic larvae when exposed to ultraviolet light (UV). In these experiments, adult bivalves were exposed to water or sediments amended with the model photoreactive PAH, fluoranthene. Elevated adult fluoranthene tissue concentrations were correlated with embryo concentrations. Embryonic mortality was enhanced by exposure to ultraviolet light when adult tissue fluoranthene levels were greater than 5,000 mug/g lipid. While the exposure concentrations used in this experimental system were high, ultraviolet light exposure levels were low. Also, some of the PAHs are more potent than the model compound used in this study. These results indicate that maternal transfer of photoactive PAHs from organisms living in contaminated sediments may represent a significant adverse effect to populations of benthic bivalves. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Pelletier, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 11 BP 2691 EP 2698 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2691:IOMTOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BQ UT WOS:000165268900012 ER PT J AU Cox, LH AF Cox, LH TI Statistical issues in the study of air pollution involving airborne particulate matter SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE air quality; particulate matter; NAAQS review; statistical science; epidemiology ID TERM AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS; MORTALITY AB Epidemiological research in the early 1990s focusing on health effects of airborne particulate matter pointed to a statistical association between increases in concentration of particles in ambient air and increases in daily nonaccidental mortality, particularly among the elderly. These results appear consistent across a range of U.S. cities. This and other scientific and policy information formed the basis on which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) promulgated revised, stricter air quality standards for particulate matter in 1997. The schedule for implementing the revised standards is coincident with the completion by USEPA of a Second National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) review for ambient particulate matter by July 2002 based on current science and policy information. Concurrently, the U.S. Congress directed USEPA to seek advice from the National Academy of Sciences, resulting in formation of the National Research Council Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter. In its 1998 report, the Committee identified 10 research priorities for setting regulatory standards for particulate matter. The 10th priority addressed statistical issues. To explore these issues, the National Research Center for Statistics and the Environment and the USEPA organized a 1998 interdisciplinary Workshop on Particulate Methodology. A primary objective of the Workshop was to initiate a statistical research program relevant to setting air quality standards for ambient particulate matter pollution to be completed during the second NAAQS review. This paper reports findings and recommendations from the Workshop and an agenda for statistical research motivated therefrom relevant to the study of air pollution involving particulate matter and to setting particulate matter air quality standards. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD75, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cox, LH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab MD75, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 611 EP 626 DI 10.1002/1099-095X(200011/12)11:6<611::AID-ENV443>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 382XK UT WOS:000165852500003 ER PT J AU Sun, L Zidek, JV Le, ND Ozkaynak, H AF Sun, L Zidek, JV Le, ND Ozkaynak, H TI Interpolating Vancouver's daily ambient PM10 field SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE PM10; space-models; autoregressive processes; spatial interpolation; monitoring networks; spatial correlation ID MULTIVARIATE SPATIAL INTERPOLATION AB In this article we develop a spatial predictive distribution for the ambient space-time response held of daily ambient PM10 in Vancouver, Canada. Observed responses have a consistent temporal pattern from one monitoring site to the next. We exploit this feature of the field by adopting a response model with two components, a common deterministic trend across all sites plus a stochastic residual. We are thereby able to whiten the temporal residuals without losing much of the spatial correlation in the original log-transformed series. This in turn enables us to develop an effective spatial predictive distribution for these residuals at unmonitored sites. By transforming the predicted residuals back to the original data scales, we can impute Vancouver's daily PM10 field for purposes such as human exposure and health impacts analysis. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Stat, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. British Columbia Canc Agcy, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Zidek, JV (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Stat, 6356 Agr Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 651 EP 663 DI 10.1002/1099-095X(200011/12)11:6<651::AID-ENV440>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 382XK UT WOS:000165852500005 ER PT J AU Homann, PS McKane, RB Sollins, P AF Homann, PS McKane, RB Sollins, P TI Belowground processes in forest-ecosystem biogeochemical simulation models SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th North-American-Forest-Soils Conference CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL TAHOE CITY, CALIFORNIA SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Forest Serv, USDA, Soc Amer Foresters, Canadian Soil Sci Soc, Canadian Inst Forestry, Desert Res Inst, Calif Forest Soil Council DE forest models; biogeochemical models; soil models; soil processes; nutrient dynamics; carbon dynamics ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; SOLLING SPRUCE SITE; 3-DIMENSIONAL STOCHASTIC-MODEL; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; CARBON STORAGE; NITROGEN SATURATION; ATMOSPHERE MODELS; N-DEPOSITION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AB Numerical simulation models of forest ecosystems synthesize a broad array of concepts from tree physiology, community ecology, hydrology, soil physics, soil chemistry and soil microbiology. Most current models are directed toward assessing natural processes or existing conditions, nutrient losses influenced by atmospheric deposition, C and N dynamics related to climate variation, and impacts of management activities. They have been applied mostly at the stand or plot scale, but regional and global applications are expanding. Commonly included belowground processes are nutrient uptake by roots, root respiration, root growth and death, microbial respiration, microbial mineralization and immobilization of nutrients, nitrification, denitrification, water transport, solute transport, cation exchange, anion sorption, mineral weathering and solution equilibration. Models differ considerably with respect to which processes and associated chemical forms are included, and how environmental and other factors influence process rates. Recent models demonstrated substantial discrepancies between model output and observations for both model verification and validation. The normalized mean absolute error between model output and observations of soil solution solute concentrations, solid phase characteristics, and process rates ranged from 0 to >1000%. There were considerable differences among outputs from models applied to the same situation, with process rates differing by as much as a factor of 4, and changes in chemical masses differing in both direction and magnitude. These discrepancies are attributed to differences in model structure, specific equations relating process rates to environmental factors, calibration procedures, and uncertainty of observations. Substantial improvement in the capability of models to reproduce observed trends is required for models to be generally applicable in public-policy decisions. Approaches that may contribute to improvement include modularity to allow easy alteration and comparison of individual equations and process formulations; hierarchical structure to allow selection of level of detail, depending on availability of data for calibration and driving variables; enhanced documentation of all phases of model development, calibration, and evaluation; and continued coordination with experimental studies, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm Studies, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Homann, PS (reprint author), Western Washington Univ, Huxley Coll Environm Studies, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. NR 97 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 3 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00408-4 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900002 ER PT J AU Canary, JD Harrison, RB Compton, JE Chappell, HN AF Canary, JD Harrison, RB Compton, JE Chappell, HN TI Additional carbon sequestration following repeated urea fertilization of second-growth Douglas-fir stands in western Washington SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th North-American-Forest-Soils Conference CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL TAHOE CITY, CALIFORNIA SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Forest Serv, USDA, Soc Amer Foresters, Canadian Soil Sci Soc, Canadian Inst Forestry, Desert Res Inst, Calif Forest Soil Council DE forest fertilization; urea; carbon sequestration; Douglas-fir ID ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; SOIL; NUTRIENTS; STORAGE; BIOMASS; FORESTS; OREGON; CYCLE; PINE AB We examined whether N fertilization of Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)) plantations in western Washington State could affect C sequestration in both the vegetation and soils, Three sites, which received a total of 896-1120 kg ha(-1) over a 16-year-period, were compared with adjacent unfertilized control sites. Carbon contained in the soil, understory vegetation and snags was measured in 1993, Since the tree biomass started at different levels (treated versus controls), C biomass and increment was analyzed dynamically from 1969-1993. There was 6.2% more C (8 Mg ha(-1)) stored in the sum of non-tree components, but the difference was not statistically significant. The N treatment added an average of 26.7 Mg ha(-1) (significant at 0.01 level) to the live tree component. On average, the entire forest system of the fertilized plots added 34.7 Mg C ha(-1). When considered individually, there was no significant difference between the amount of C stored in the snags, understory vegetation and all sampled soil horizons and depths to 85 cm in the control and fertilized plots. However, the urea-treated plots did contain on average 34% more C in the O horizon (20 versus 15 Mg of C ha(-1)). A large portion of the soil C was found in deeper horizons. When sampling to a depth of 85 cm, 75% of soil C was found below the A horizon and 40% below 25 cm. This result illustrates how failing to sample below surface horizons can cause soil C to be underestimated in these forest ecosystems. However, these soil layers changed little in C concentration due to the treatment, This study suggests that N fertilization of commercial forests in western Washington could increase C stored in these forest ecosystems, though the absolute effect of widespread fertilization on stands of varying properties was not evaluated in this study. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US EPA, Western Ecol Div, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Potlatch Corp, Warren, AR 71671 USA. RP Harrison, RB (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 138 IS 1-3 BP 225 EP 232 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00398-4 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389ML UT WOS:000166241900016 ER PT J AU Dawson, TD Jenson, JJ Norberg-King, TJ AF Dawson, TD Jenson, JJ Norberg-King, TJ TI Laboratory culture of Chironomus tentans for use in toxicity testing: optimum initial egg-stocking densities SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Chironomus tentans; culture; toxicity testing; growth; emergence; density ID DESIGN; GROWTH AB The midge Chironomus tentans Fabricius is a commonly used freshwater invertebrate in sediment toxicity tests. Rigorous laboratory culturing techniques are needed to provide organisms of uniform quality and known age for use in testing and for the continuation of the culture itself. This study was conducted to determine the effect of initial culture stocking density on: (1) post-hatch (larval) dry weight, body length and head-capsule width at 10 and 20 days; (2) time to emergence; (3) number and sex of emergent adults; (4) number of larvae and pupae at test termination (day 42 post hatch); and (5) adult dry weight. Three egg stocking densities were used 690 (1.1 eggs cm(-)2), 1043 (1.7 eggs cm(-2)) and 1463 (2.4 eggs cm(-2)). Mean weight of larvae at 10 days in high density tanks (0.13 mg/organism) was significantly higher (P=0.003) than both the medium and low density tanks (0.10 and 0.09 mg/organism, respectively). No significant differences between the three stocking densities were observed for the body length or head-capsule width at either 10 or 20 days post-hatch. Although not statistically significant, larval dry weight decreased with increased stocking density at day 20. A significantly ( P=0.02) greater number of females (173 +/- 28) emerged from the low stocking density compared to both the medium and high stocking densities (123 +/- 45 and 118 +/- 54, respectively). Peak adult emergence for the low and medium stocking densities occurred between days 22 and 25 post-hatch, whereas peak adult emergence occurred between days 30 and 33 for the high stocking density. Survival relative to the initial number of eggs stocked was significantly greater (P=0.007) in the low density treatment compared to that in either the medium or the high density treatments. Mean adult weight exhibited an inverse relationship with initial stocking densities. At test end, there was not a significant difference in the mean number of organisms surviving and emerging in the three density levels. The central tendency for number of organisms surviving for all three treatments was 504 organisms per tank (0.82 organisms cm(-2)). The results of this experiment suggest that an optimal egg stocking density of 1.0 egg cm(-2) (similar to 600 eggs/tank) be used with the feeding rate identified. This would ensure uniform larvae at the appropriate developmental stage (2nd-3rd instar) needed for toxicological research/testing (e.g. 10 days post-hatch), as well as producing sufficient emergence of males and females for future culture establishment. C1 SoBran Inc, Duluth, MN 55802 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Dawson, TD (reprint author), SoBran Inc, 205 W 2nd St,Suite 502, Duluth, MN 55802 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV PY 2000 VL 438 IS 1-3 BP 251 EP 256 DI 10.1023/A:1004187505198 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 386EU UT WOS:000166048100022 ER PT J AU Bare, JC Hofstetter, P Pennington, DW de Haes, HAU AF Bare, Jane C. Hofstetter, Patrick Pennington, David W. de Haes, Helias A. Udo TI Life Cycle Impact Assessment Workshop Summary Midpoints versus Endpoints: The Sacrifices and Benefits SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Categories of impact; cause-effect chain; decision making; endpoint modeling; global warming potentials; ISO 14042; LCA; LCIA; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA); midpoint modeling; ozone depletion potentials; photochemical ozone (smog) creation potentials AB On May 25-26, 2000 in Brighton (England), the third in a series of international workshops was held under the umbrella of UNEP addressing issues in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). The workshop provided a forum for experts to discuss midpoint vs. endpoint modeling. Midpoints are considered to be links in the cause-effect chain (environmental mechanism) of an impact category, prior to the endpoints, at which characterization factors or indicators can be derived to reflect the relative importance of emissions or extractions. Common examples of midpoint characterization factors include ozone depletion potentials, global warming potentials, and photochemical ozone (smog) creation potentials. Recently, however, some methodologies have adopted characterization factors at an endpoint level in the cause-effect chain for all categories of impact (e. g., human health impacts in terms of disability adjusted life years for carcinogenicity, climate change, ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation; or impacts in terms of changes in biodiversity, etc.). The topics addressed at this workshop included the implications of midpoint versus endpoint indicators with respect to uncertainty (parameter, model and scenario), transparency and the ability to subsequently resolve trade-offs across impact categories using weighting techniques. The workshop closed with a consensus that both midpoint and endpoint methodologies provide useful information to the decision maker, prompting the call for tools that include both in a consistent framework. C1 [Bare, Jane C.; Hofstetter, Patrick] US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. [Pennington, David W.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Ecosyst Management, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [de Haes, Helias A. Udo] Leiden Univ, Ctr Environm Sci CML, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. RP Bare, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM bare.iane@epa.gov NR 10 TC 157 Z9 158 U1 3 U2 15 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0948-3349 EI 1614-7502 J9 INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS JI Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 5 IS 6 BP 319 EP 326 DI 10.1007/BF02978665 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V32UW UT WOS:000208977100002 ER PT J AU Moser, VC AF Moser, VC TI Observational batteries in neurotoxicity testing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Primedica Neurotoxicity Workshop CY SEP 13-14, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA DE clinical observations; functional observational battery; motor activity; neurotoxicity; rats; screening ID NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING METHODS; RATS; CHLORPYRIFOS AB Behavioral evaluations are emerging as a key component in neurotoxicity testing. A neurobehavioral screening battery that is most often used for hazard identification consists of a functional observational battery (FOB) and motor activity. The FOB was developed as an improvement over routine cageside observations: major differences include the specification of observations, operational definitions of the behaviors to be observed, grading the severity of effect, and location of observations (open arena vs. home cage). A typical FOB protocol consists of approximately 20 to 30 end points, allowing for the detection and description of a range of neurobehavioral changes. We have focused on assessing critical characteristics (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, validity, and reproducibility) of these tests. Concerns have been raised as to the validity and reliability of observational methods for neurotoxicity screening. These tests were therefore the focus of an international collaborative study, sponsored by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). The purpose of the IPCS study was to assess the general utility and reliability of neurobehavioral screening procedures in a diversity of testing situations, The test protocol was essentially that described in current United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) guidelines. The resultant data indicated that all participants could detect and characterize the effects of known neurotoxicants, and the divergent profiles of effect obtained for different chemicals demonstrated the specificity of the methods. One conclusion, therefore, was that behavior can be a useful tool for assessing neurotoxicity. In addition, the study also provided a wealth of control data, examination of which provides evidence for the consistency and baseline values of behavioral measures. Reliability estimates were statistically established, providing a measure of the usefulness of individual end points for detecting chemical-induced toxicity. Another conclusion of the IPCS collaborative study was that the application of these methods requires careful attention to details of experimental design, observer training, and experience; these capabilities should be adequately documented by the use of proficiency studies. Recently, modifications of the standard FOB have been introduced, including expanded clinical observations (ECO) for standard toxicity studies. Although there are end points common between the FOB and ECO, it is not known if the latter is sufficient for neurotoxicity screening. Appropriate validation studies have not been conducted on these expanded observations. With the increasing dependency on these methods for neurotoxicity testing, and the number of studies that will be incorporating these methods, issues of test validity as well as data interpretation are becoming more critical. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1091-5818 J9 INT J TOXICOL JI Int. J. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 407 EP 411 DI 10.1080/109158100750058767 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 390GD UT WOS:000166286600005 ER PT J AU Utgikar, V AF Utgikar, V TI Interpretation of second virial coefficient SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, NRMRL, Natl Res Council, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Utgikar, V (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, Natl Res Council, 26 W Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 77 IS 11 BP 1409 EP 1409 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA 362MT UT WOS:000089782300008 ER PT J AU Rice, EW Reasoner, DJ Johnson, CH DeMaria, LA AF Rice, EW Reasoner, DJ Johnson, CH DeMaria, LA TI Monitoring for methylobacteria in water systems SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID MESOPHILICUM; INFECTION; BACTERIA C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rice, EW (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4296 EP 4297 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900075 PM 11185064 ER PT J AU Gnanapragasam, EK Yu, C Whelan, G Mills, WB McDonald, JP Lew, CS Hung, CY Hoffmeyer, D AF Gnanapragasam, EK Yu, C Whelan, G Mills, WB McDonald, JP Lew, CS Hung, CY Hoffmeyer, D TI Comparison of multimedia model predictions for a contaminant plume migration scenario SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE contaminant transport; groundwater; saturated zone; dispersion; retardation; progeny transport; model comparison ID RISK ASSESSMENT MODELS; BENCHMARKING ANALYSIS; MMSOILS; RESRAD; MEPAS AB Predictions of four risk assessment models - RESRAD, PRESTO, MMSOILS, and MEPAS for a test scenario involving the migration of a single, rapidly transforming radionuclide, Sr-90, and a persistent, long radionuclide chain, U-234 and its progeny, in groundwater are compared. All four models make comparable predictions for the plume centerline concentrations of the primary contaminants in the aquifer for a distance of up to about 300 m from the source. MEPAS, MMSOILS, and RESRAD make similar predictions for the transverse concentration profiles in the aquifer. The four models make considerably different predictions for the temporal concentration profiles of the progeny in the aquifer. The profiles differ in shape, magnitude of the peak, and in width. The differences are a result of the simplifying assumptions underlying each of the models. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Environm Assessment Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Technol Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Tetra Tech Inc, Lafayette, CA 94549 USA. US EPA, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Gnanapragasam, EK (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Environm Assessment Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00128-5 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 374NA UT WOS:000165350200002 ER PT J AU Williams, R Suggs, J Zweidinger, R Evans, G Creason, J Kwok, R Rodes, C Lawless, P Sheldon, L AF Williams, R Suggs, J Zweidinger, R Evans, G Creason, J Kwok, R Rodes, C Lawless, P Sheldon, L TI The 1998 Baltimore particulate matter Epidemiology-Exposure Study: Part 1. Comparison of ambient, residential outdoor, indoor and apartment particulate matter monitoring SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ambient concentrations; elderly population; exposure assessment; particulate matter; residential monitoring ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; DATA QUALITY; PARTICLES; CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY AB A combined epidemiological-exposure panel study was conducted during the summer of 1998 in Baltimore, Maryland. The objectives of the exposure analysis component of the 28-day study were to investigate the statistical relationships between particulate matter (PM) and related co-pollutants from numerous spatial boundaries associated with an elderly population, provide daily mass concentrations needed for the epidemiological assessment, and perform an extensive personal exposure assessment. Repeated 24-h integrated PM2.5 (n=394) and PM10 (n=170) data collections corresponding to stationary residential central indoor, individual apartment, residential outdoor and ambient monitoring were obtained using the same sampling methodology An additional 325 PM2.5 personal air samples were collected from it pool of 21 elderly (65+ years of age) subjects. These subjects were residents of the 18-story retirement facility where residential monitoring was conducted. hi ean daily central indoor and residential apartment ment concentrations were approximately 10 mug/m(3). Outdoor and ambient PM2.5 concentrations averaged 22 mug/mg with a daily range of 6.7-59.3 mug/m(3). The slope of the central indoor/outdoor PM2.5 mass relationship was 0.38. The average daily ratio of PM2.5/PM10 mass concentrations across the measurement sites ranged from 0.73 to 0.92. Both the central indoor and mean apartment PM2.5 mass concentrations were highly correlated with the outdoor variables (r > 0.94). The lack of traditionally recognized indoor sources of PM present within the facility might have accounted for the high degree of correlation observed between the variables. Results associated with the personal monitoring effort are discussed in depth in Part 2 of this article. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Williams, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Kwok, Richard/B-6907-2017 OI Kwok, Richard/0000-0002-6794-8360 NR 19 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 6 U2 14 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 518 EP 532 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500107 PN 1 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PX UT WOS:000166013800002 PM 11140436 ER PT J AU Williams, R Suggs, J Creason, J Rodes, C Lawless, P Kwok, R Zweidinger, R Sheldon, L AF Williams, R Suggs, J Creason, J Rodes, C Lawless, P Kwok, R Zweidinger, R Sheldon, L TI The 1998 Baltimore particulate matter Epidemiology-Exposure Study: Part 2. Personal exposure assessment associated with an elderly study population SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activity profile; elderly population; exposure assessment; particulate matter; personal exposures ID PARTICLES; INDOOR; CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY AB An integrated epidemiological-exposure panel study was conducted during the summer of 1998 which focused upon establishing relationships between potential human exposures to particulate matter (PM) and related co-pollutants with detectable health effects. The study design incorporated repeated individual 24-h integrated PM2.5 personal exposure monitoring. A total of 325 PM2.5 personal exposure samples were obtained during a 28-day study period using a subject pool of 21 elderly (65+ years of age) residents of an 18-story retirement facility near Baltimore, Maryland. Each sample represented a unique 24-h breathing zone measurement of PM2.5 mass concentration PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations collected from the apartments of the subjects as well as residential and ambient sites were compared to individual and mean PM2.5 personal exposures. Daily PM2.5 personal exposure concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 47.8 mug/m(3) with an overall individual study mean of 12.9 mug/m(3). Mean PM2.5 personal exposures were determined to be highly correlated to those representing the central indoor (r=0.90) and ambient sites (r=0.89). Subjects reported spending an average of 92% of each day within the confines of the retirement center. Based upon measured and modeled exposures, a mean PM2.5 personal cloud of 3.1 mug/m(3) was estimated. Data collected from these participants may be unique with respect to the general elderly population due to the communal lifestyle within the facility and reported low frequency of exposure to sources of PM. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NAtl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Williams, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Kwok, Richard/B-6907-2017 OI Kwok, Richard/0000-0002-6794-8360 NR 19 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 533 EP 543 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500108 PN 1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PX UT WOS:000166013800003 PM 11140437 ER PT J AU Naeher, LP Smith, KR Leaderer, BP Mage, D Grajeda, R AF Naeher, LP Smith, KR Leaderer, BP Mage, D Grajeda, R TI Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and CO in high- and low-density Guatemalan villages SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; biomass fuel; developing world; respiratory health ID AIR-POLLUTION; FUEL COMBUSTION; EXPOSURE; HEALTH; WOMEN AB Continuous particles less than 2.5 mum in diameter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored during breakfast, lunch, and dinner in three high-density and four low-density villages near Quetzaltenango, Guatemala a to help assess the viability of this region for a proposed respiratory health and stove intervention study. Approximately 15 homes were visited during each mealtime in each of the seven villages; in all, 98 homes were visited, with a sampling duration of 2-3 min per home per meal. For each village, a line (transect) was drawn on a village map along existing roads from one end of the village to the other; homes and between-home outside locations along the transect were monitored. Although the predominant stove type was the open fire, several other stoves, in various levels of disrepair, were observed frequently. The highest indoor concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in homes using the open fire (avg.= 5.31 mg/m(3): SD = 4.75 mg/m(3)) or equivalent, although homes using the plancha - indigenous wood-burning stove with chimney - also had measurements >13.8 mg/m(3), PM2.5 limit of detection. The highest indoor concentrations of CO were also observed in homes using the open fire (avg.=22.9 ppm; SD=28.1 ppm),with a maximum measurement of >250 ppm. For both PM2.5 and CO, levels measured in homes with plancha, lorena, or open fire were significantly higher than levels taken in the street or in homes using a gas stove. The Spearman correlation coefficient between PM2.5 and CO for all data combined was 0.81, and ranged from 0.30 for the lorena to 0.68 for the plancha in homes using wood-fueled stoves. Although indoor PM2.5 and CO levels were not significantly different between high- and low-density villages, street-level PM2.5, (p = 0.002) and CO (p = 0.002), were significantly higher in the high-density villages. These data provide a useful picture of the pollution levels coming from a range of cooking stoves in various levels of disrepair, as well as a representation of how outdoor particle moss and CO levels vary from high- versus low -density villages. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Div Nutr & Hlth, Human Nutr Program, Guatemala City, Guatemala. RP Naeher, LP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS-E23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05410] NR 18 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 544 EP 551 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500113 PN 1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PX UT WOS:000166013800004 PM 11140438 ER PT J AU McCurdy, T Glen, G Smith, L Lakkadi, Y AF McCurdy, T Glen, G Smith, L Lakkadi, Y TI The National Exposure Research Laboratory's consolidated human activity database SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE CHAD (Consolidated Human Activity Database); energy expenditure; EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption); human activity patterns; METS (metabolic equivalents of work) ID ESTIMATING ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; DAILY PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; HEART-RATE; HEALTH; ASTHMATICS; PEDOMETER; ACTOMETER; POLLUTION; CHILDREN AB EPA's National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) has combined data from 12 U.S. studies related to human activities into one comprehensive data system that can be accessed vis the Internet. The data system is called the Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD) and is available at http://www.epa.gov/nerl/. CHAD contains 22,968 person days of activity and is designed to assist exposure assessors and modelers in constructing population "cohorts" of people with specified characteristics that are suitable for subsequent analysis or modeling. This paper describes the studies comprising CHAD and the various intellectual foundations that underlay the gathering of human activity pattern data. Next, it provides a brief overview of the Internet version of CHAD, and discusses how the program was formulated. Emphasis is placed on how activity-specific energy expenditure estimates were developed. Finally, the paper recommends steps that should be taken to improve the collection of activity data that would improve energy expenditure estimates and related information needed for physiologically based exposure-dose modeling efforts. C1 US EPA, HEASD EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP McCurdy, T (reprint author), US EPA, HEASD EPA, Off Res & Dev, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 88 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 566 EP 578 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500114 PN 1 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PX UT WOS:000166013800006 PM 11140440 ER EF