FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Hubal, EAC Sheldon, LS Zufall, MJ Burke, JM Thomas, KW AF Hubal, EAC Sheldon, LS Zufall, MJ Burke, JM Thomas, KW TI The challenge of assessing children's residential exposure to pesticides SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE aggregate exposure; children; exposure assessment; exposure pathways; FQPA; pesticide exposure AB In implementing the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has adopted a policy that the exposure factors and models used to assess and predict exposure to pesticides should generally be conservative. Some elements of exposure assessments for FQPA are screening level - they are both uncertain and conservative. if more realistic assessments are to be conducted, then research is required to reduce uncertainty associated with the factors and models used in the exposure assessments. To develop the strategy for conducting this research, critical exposure pathways and factors were identified, and the quality and quantity of data associated with default assumptions for exposure factors were evaluated. Then, based on our current understanding of the pathways that are potentially most important and most uncertain, significant research requirements were identified and prioritized to improve the data available and assumptions used to assess children's aggregate exposure to pesticides. Based on the results of these efforts, four priority research areas were identified: ( I) pesticide use patterns in microenvironments where children spend time, (2) temporal and spatial distribution of pesticides following application in a residential setting, (3) dermal and nondietary ingestion exposure assessment methods and exposure factors, (4) dietary exposure assessment methods and exposure factors for infants and young children. The National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) research strategy in support of FQPA is designed to address these priority research needs. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hubal, EAC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, HEAB MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 11 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 638 EP 649 PN 2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PY UT WOS:000166013900003 PM 11138656 ER PT J AU Melnyk, LJO Berry, MR Sheldon, LS Freeman, NCG Pellizzari, ED Kinman, RN AF Melnyk, LJO Berry, MR Sheldon, LS Freeman, NCG Pellizzari, ED Kinman, RN TI Dietary exposure of children in lead-laden environments SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE children; dietary intake; exposure; lead; lead intake ID BLOOD AB Children are the most susceptible population to lead exposure because of three interacting factors; they have more opportunity for contact with lead sources due to their activities, lead absorption occurs more readily in a child compared to an adult, and the child's development is more vulnerable to lead than adults. Low levels of lead in the blood have been shown to cause adverse health effects; the level of concern for children is currently 10 mug/dl. The contribution of dietary exposure of lead to increased blood lead levels (PbB) is not well characterized. This study was conducted to measure potential dietary lead intakes of children 2 to 3 years of age who live in homes contaminated with environmental lead. Objectives were to estimate lead intakes for children consuming food in contaminated environments, recognizing unstructured eating patterns and to investigate if correlations exist between daily dietary exposure and measured PbB. Dietary exposure was evaluated by collecting samples that were typical of the foods the young children ate in their homes. A 24-h duplicate of all foods plus sentinel foods, i.e., individual items used to represent foods contaminated during handling, were collected from 48 children. Ten homes were revisited to obtain information on the variation in daily dietary intakes. Drinking water was evaluated both as part of the segregated beverage sample composite and by itself. Additional information collected included lead concentrations from hand wipes, floor wipes, and venous blood, and questionnaire responses from the caregiver on activities potentially related to exposure. Activities and hygiene practices of the children and contamination of foods in their environment influences total dietary intake. Estimated mean dietary intakes of lead (29.2 mug Pb/day) were more than three times the measured 24-h duplicate-diet levels (8.37 mug Pb/day), which were almost six times higher than current national estimates (1.40 mug Pb/day). Statistically significant correlations were observed between floor wipes and foods contacting contaminated surfaces, hand wipes and foods contacting contaminated hands and surfaces, and hand wipes and floor wipes. This study indicates that the dietary pathway of exposure to lead is impacted by eating activities of children living in lead-contaminated environments and that analysis of foods themselves is not enough to determine excess dietary exposures that are occurring. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Melnyk, LJO (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 723 EP 731 PN 2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PY UT WOS:000166013900011 PM 11138664 ER PT J AU Britton, PW AF Britton, PW TI Method-specific precision and bias relationships developed from data submitted during USEPA wastewater laboratory performance evaluation studies SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE wastewater analytical methods; interlaboratory studies; statistical relationships; analytical quality; performance evaluation AB This paper documents the process used the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to estimate the mean and standard deviation of data reported by in-control wastewater laboratories during Water Pollution (WP) studies. This process is then applied to the data reported for each specific sample, analyte, and method in ten WP studies and linear relationships between the mean response and true analyte concentration, and between the interlaboratory standard deviation of responses and true analyte concentration, are presented. Such relationships can be invaluable as background information for anyone who must conduct an interlaboratory study using the same methods to analyze similar interference-free samples, or who must evaluate the analytical quality of such data. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Water Qual Assurance Programs Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 28 IS 6 BP 526 EP 545 PG 20 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 380JE UT WOS:000165697400014 ER PT J AU Evans, GF Highsmith, RV Sheldon, LS Suggs, JC Williams, RW Zweidinger, RB Creason, JP Walsh, D Rodes, CE Lawless, PA AF Evans, GF Highsmith, RV Sheldon, LS Suggs, JC Williams, RW Zweidinger, RB Creason, JP Walsh, D Rodes, CE Lawless, PA TI The 1999 Fresno particulate matter exposure studies: Comparison of community, outdoor, and residential PM mass measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; AIR-POLLUTION; DAILY MORTALITY; BIRMINGHAM; ADMISSIONS; PARTICLES; ALABAMA; INDOOR; HEALTH AB Two collaborative studies have been conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) and National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory to determine personal exposures and physiological responses to particulate matter (PM) of elderly persons living in a retirement facility in Fresno, CA. Measurements of PM and other criteria air pollutants were made inside selected individual residences within the retirement facility and at a central outdoor site on the premises. In addition, personal PM exposure monitoring was conducted for a subset of the participants, and ambient PM monitoring data were available for comparison from the NERL PM research monitoring platform in central Fresno. Both a winter (February 1-28, 1999) and a spring (April 19-May 16, 1999) study were completed so that seasonal effects could be evaluated. During the spring study, a more robust personal exposure component was added, as well as a more detailed evaluation of physical factors, such as air-exchange rate, that are known to influence the penetration of particles into the indoor environment. In this paper, comparisons are made among measured personal PM exposures and PM mass concentrations measured at the NERL Fresno Platform site, outside on the premises of the retirement facility, and inside selected residential apartments at the facility during the two 28-day study periods. The arithmetic daily mean personal PM2.5 exposure during the winter study period was 13.3 mug/m(3), compared with 9.7, 20.5, and 21.7 mug/m(3) for daily mean overall apartment, outdoor, and ambient (i.e., platform) concentrations, respectively. The daily mean personal PM2.5 exposure during the spring study period was 11.1 mug/m(3), compared with 8.0, 10.1, and 8.6 mug/m(3) for the daily mean apartment, outdoor, and ambient concentrations, respectively. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Evans, GF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Mail Drop 76, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 50 IS 11 BP 1887 EP 1896 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 375GF UT WOS:000165390600003 PM 11111333 ER PT J AU Kirchgessner, DA Piccot, SD Masemore, SS AF Kirchgessner, DA Piccot, SD Masemore, SS TI An improved inventory of methane emissions from coal mining in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PATH FTIR SPECTROSCOPY; MODELING TECHNIQUES; RATES AB Past-efforts to estimate methane emissions from underground mines, surface mines, and other coal mine operations have been hampered, to different degrees, by a lack of direct emissions data. Direct measurements have been completely unavailable for several important coal mining operations. A primary goal of this study was to collect new rr:ethane emissions measurements and other data for the most poorly characterized mining operations and use these data to develop an improved methane emission inventory for the U.S. coal mining industry. This required the development and verification of measurement methods for surface mines, coal handling operations, and abandoned underground mines and the use of these methods at about 30 mining sites across the United States. Although the study's focus was on surface mines, abandoned underground mines, and coal handling operations, evaluations were also conducted to improve our understanding of underground mine emission trends and to develop improved national data sets of coal properties. Total U.S. methane emissions are estimated to be 4.669 million tons, and as expected, emissions from underground mine ventilation and methane drainage systems dominate (74% of the total emissions). On the other hand, emissions from coal handling, abandoned underground mines, and surface mines are significant, and collectively they represent similar to 26% of the total emissions. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. So Res Inst, Div Environm Studies, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kirchgessner, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, MD-63, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 13 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 50 IS 11 BP 1904 EP 1919 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 375GF UT WOS:000165390600005 PM 11111335 ER PT J AU Singh, RB Huber, AH AF Singh, RB Huber, AH TI Development of a microscale emission factor model for CO for predicting real-time motor vehicle emissions SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE EMISSIONS; AIR-QUALITY; INSPECTION AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Exposure Research Laboratory has initiated a project to improve the methodology for modeling human exposure to motor vehicle emissions. The overall project goal is;to develop improved methods for modeling the source through the air pathway to human exposure in significant microenvironments of exposure. This paper presents the technical description of a newly developed model for CO emissions. The sensitivity analysis and evaluation of this emission model is presented in a companion paper titled "Sensitivity Analysis and Evaluation of MicroFacCO: A Microscale Motor Vehicle Emission Factor Model for CO Emissions."(1) The MOBILE models (used in the United States, except California) and EMFAC models (used in California only) used to estimate emissions are suitable for supporting mostly regional (county)-scale modeling and emission inventory because of their dependence on vehicle-miles-traveled aggregate data. These emission models are not designed to estimate real-time emissions needed for human exposure studies near roadways. A number of independent studies have found that current mobile source emission factor models are not very reliable at estimating microscale emissions and are, therefore, inappropriate for use with microscale modeling necessary to estimate human exposures near roadways. A microscale emission factor model for predicting real-world real-time motor vehicle CO emissions (MicroFacCO) has been developed. It uses available information on the vehicle fleet composition. The algorithm used to calculate emission factors in MicroFacCO is disaggregated based on the on-road vehicle fleet. The emission factors are calculated from a real-time fleet rather than from a fleet-wide average estimated by a vehicle-miles-traveled weighting of the emission factors for different vehicle classes. MicroFacCO uses the same database used to develop the MOBILE6 model. As compared with MOBILE emission models, MicroFacCO requires only a few input variables, which are necessary to characterize the real-time fleet being modeled. The main input variables required are on-road vehicle fleet, time and day of year, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Singh, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 55 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 50 IS 11 BP 1980 EP 1991 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 375GF UT WOS:000165390600012 PM 11111342 ER PT J AU Krewski, D Snyder, R Beatty, P Granville, G Meek, B Sonawane, B AF Krewski, D Snyder, R Beatty, P Granville, G Meek, B Sonawane, B TI Assessing the health risks of benzene: A report on the benzene state-of-the-science workshop SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Benzene State-of-the-Science Workshop CY DEC 16-17, 1998 CL UNIV OTTAWA, OTTAWA, CANADA SP Amer Petr Inst, Canadian Petr Prod Inst, NIEHS, US EPA, Western States Petr Assoc HO UNIV OTTAWA ID PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION WORKERS; ACUTE NONLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; INDUSTRY WIDE MORTALITY; ACUTE MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES; PLIOFILM COHORT; UNITED-KINGDOM; RETROSPECTIVE COHORT; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; PARA-BENZOQUINONE C1 Univ Ottawa, Fac Med, Dept Epidemiol & Community Med, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ USA. Chevron Res & Technol Co, Amer Petr Inst Benzene Task Force, Richmond, CA 94802 USA. Shell Canada Ltd, Toxicol & Mat Safety, Calgary, AB, Canada. Hlth Canada, Ctr Environm Hlth, Prior Subst Sect, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. US EPA, Effects Identificat & Characterizat Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment Washington, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Krewski, D (reprint author), Univ Ottawa, Fac Med, Dept Epidemiol & Community Med, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada. NR 100 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV PY 2000 VL 61 IS 5-6 BP 307 EP 338 DI 10.1080/00984100050166325 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 369VA UT WOS:000165086700002 PM 11086936 ER PT J AU Bayliss, D Sonawane, B AF Bayliss, D Sonawane, B TI Issues for discussion: Benzene-induced leukemia-human studies SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Benzene State-of-the-Science Workshop CY DEC 16-17, 1998 CL UNIV OTTAWA, OTTAWA, CANADA SP Amer Petr Inst, Canadian Petr Prod Inst, NIEHS, US EPA, Western States Petr Assoc HO UNIV OTTAWA ID RETROSPECTIVE COHORT; EXPOSED WORKERS; CHINA; MORTALITY C1 NCI, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, Chinese Epidemiol Study, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Bayliss, D (reprint author), NCI, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, Chinese Epidemiol Study, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV PY 2000 VL 61 IS 5-6 BP 467 EP 470 DI 10.1080/00984100050166497 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 369VA UT WOS:000165086700019 PM 11086953 ER PT J AU Sonawane, B Bayliss, D Valcovic, L Chen, C Rodan, B Farland, W AF Sonawane, B Bayliss, D Valcovic, L Chen, C Rodan, B Farland, W TI Carcinogenic effects of benzene - A status update and research needs to improve risk assessment: US EPA perspective SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Benzene State-of-the-Science Workshop CY DEC 16-17, 1998 CL UNIV OTTAWA, OTTAWA, CANADA SP Amer Petr Inst, Canadian Petr Prod Inst, NIEHS, US EPA, Western States Petr Assoc HO UNIV OTTAWA C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Sonawane, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV PY 2000 VL 61 IS 5-6 BP 471 EP 472 DI 10.1080/00984100050166505 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 369VA UT WOS:000165086700020 PM 11086954 ER PT J AU Chen, C AF Chen, C TI Review of the Cox model SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Hematotoxicity Modeling Workshop CY DEC 15, 1998 CL UNIV OTTAWA, OTTAWA, CANADA SP Amer Petr Inst HO UNIV OTTAWA C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chen, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD NOV PY 2000 VL 61 IS 5-6 BP 521 EP 523 DI 10.1080/00984100050166587 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 369VA UT WOS:000165086700028 PM 11086962 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Devlin, RB Miller, FJ AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Devlin, RB Miller, FJ TI Respiratory tract pathology and cytokine imbalance in clinically healthy children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pollutants SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID TNF-ALPHA PRODUCTION; MEXICO-CITY; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; INHALABLE PARTICLES; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; VENTILATORY UNIT; URBAN POLLUTION; OZONE EXPOSURE; GROWTH-FACTOR; RAT LUNG AB Chronic exposure of children to a complex mixture of air pollutants leads to recurrent episodes of upper and lower respiratory tract injury. An altered nasal mucociliary apparatus leaves the distal acinar airways more vulnerable to reactive gases and particulate matter. The heterogeneity of structure in the human lung can impart significant variability in the distribution of ozone dose and particle deposition; this, in turn, influences the extent of epithelial injury and repair in chronically exposed children, Cytokines are low-molecular-weight proteins that act as intercellular mediators in inflammatory reactions, including lung injury of various etiologies. Cytokines are involved in generating inflammatory responses that contribute to injury at the lung epithelial and endothelial barriers. Mexico City is a 20-million-person megacity with severe air pollution problems. Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) atmosphere is characterized by a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter (PM), and aldehydes, There is radiological evidence that significant lower respiratory tract damage is taking place in clinically healthy children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pollutants while growing up in SWMMC. We hypothesize that there is an imbalanced and dysregulated cytokine network in SWMMC children with overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokines involved in lung tissue repair and fibrosis. The nature of the sustained imbalance among the different cytokines ultimately determines the final lung histopathology, which would include subchronic inflammation, emphysema, and fibrosis, Cytokines likely reach the systemic circulation and produce systemic effects, Individuals with an underlying respiratory or cardiovascular disease are less able to maintain equilibrium of the precarious cytokine networks, 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Miller, FJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 67 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0306-9877 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PD NOV PY 2000 VL 55 IS 5 BP 373 EP 378 DI 10.1054/mehy.2000.1070 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 378XK UT WOS:000165610500002 PM 11186871 ER PT J AU Reagan, KE Jensen, KF Friedman, MA Abou-Donia, MB AF Reagan, KE Jensen, KF Friedman, MA Abou-Donia, MB TI Patterns of GAP-43 (B-50) expression and accumulation in subchronic acrylamide neurotoxicity SO NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE peripheral neuropathy, nerve crush; axon; degeneration; regeneration ID RAT SCIATIC-NERVE; GROWTH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; UNMYELINATED AXON SHAFTS; SCHWANN-CELLS; B-50/GROWTH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-43; PHOSPHOLIPID-METABOLISM; NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS; TRANSPORTED PROTEINS; B-50/GAP-43; NEUROPATHY AB The expression and accumulation of GAP-43 was characterized by immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization in the dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve of rats exposed to 0.05% acrylamide in drinking water for 14 days. Animals were sacrificed on 2, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, or 80 days after the initiation of exposure. GAP-43 mRNA expression in the dorsal root ganglia increased at 14 days and GAP-43 protein in sciatic nerve increased at 24 days. The peak of GAP-43 expression corresponded to the time of the maximal rate of clinical recovery, consistent with the hypothesis that GAP-43 is involved aspects of neurological recovery in addition to axonal regeneration. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Nickel Producers Environm Res Assoc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Abou-Donia, MB (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 54 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0893-6609 J9 NEUROSCI RES COMMUN JI Neurosci. Res. Commun. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 27 IS 3 BP 199 EP 212 DI 10.1002/1520-6769(200011/12)27:3<199::AID-NRC7>3.0.CO;2-X PG 14 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 387JH UT WOS:000166119100007 ER PT J AU Balchak, SK Hedge, JM Murr, AS Mole, ML Goldman, JM AF Balchak, SK Hedge, JM Murr, AS Mole, ML Goldman, JM TI Influence of the drinking water disinfection by-product dibromoacetic acid on rat estrous cyclicity and ovarian follicular steroid release in vitro SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dibromoacetic acid; estrous cyclicity; ovaries; hCG; TNF-alpha; progesterone; estradiol; female reproduction ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN; FACTOR-ALPHA; DICHLOROACETIC-ACID; PREOVULATORY FOLLICLES; CELL STEROIDOGENESIS; TNF-ALPHA; IN-VITRO; GRANULOSA; SPERMATOTOXICITY AB The drinking water disinfection by-product, dibromoacetic acid (DBA) has been reported to affect gonadal functions in the male rat. However, there is little information regarding the influence of DBA on female reproductive activity. Consequently, the present study investigated the effects of DBA on estrous cyclicity and the impact in vitro of DBA on ovarian follicular steroid secretion. Regularly cycling animals were dosed with DBA (0 to 270 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and estrous cyclicity was monitored during treatment and for an additional 2-week posttreatment interval. A dose-related alteration in cyclicity was observed at 90 and 270 mg/kg/day, which persisted through the posttreatment monitoring in the high dose group. An in vitro exposure of preovulatory follicles to DBA was then used to assess the influence of DBA on steroid release. To select a concentration for use, a single oral exposure to 270 mg/kg was administered, and the mean blood levels were determined over a 5-h interval. For this in vitro work, pairs of preovulatory follicles from PMSG-primed immature rats were exposed to 0 or 50 mug/mL DBA over a 24-h period and evaluated for estradiol and progesterone release under baseline and hCG-stimulated conditions. The influence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) exposures under these conditions was also determined. In the nonstimulated condition, DBA was found to increase the release of estradiol, but had no detectable effect in response to hCG. Progesterone, however, showed marked suppression under hCG stimulation following exposure to DBA, while nonstimulated secretion was unaffected. TNF alpha by itself also suppressed stimulated progesterone release, but had no additional effect in combination with DBA. The data suggest that one factor in the disruption in estrous cyclicity could be an alteration in steroid production, which was characterized by separate effects on both estradiol and progesterone secretion. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Dev Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Goldman, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 BP 533 EP 539 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00104-0 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 379DM UT WOS:000165625700005 PM 11099878 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S Monasmith, T AF Jorgensen, EE Demarais, S Monasmith, T TI Rodent habitats in a Chihuahuan Desert/desert plains grassland ecotone SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SONORAN DESERT; VEGETATION CHANGE; CALIFORNIA AB Habitat associations and diversity of rodents were studied in four vegetation types associated with a Chihuahuan Desert/desert plains grassland ecotone in southern New Mexico during spring 1993 and 1994. Vegetation types included two types of draw (i.e., wide bottomed vegetated drainage) (Rhus and grass) and two types of upland (Acacia and mesa relic) characterized by occurrence of unique shrub and/or grass species. In 14,400 trap nights 1,314 individuals of 16 species ware collected. Of these, 13 demonstrated associations with vegetation types that remained constant even as rodent populations increased 99% from 1993 to 1994. Only a population increase of 1,309% for Perognathus flavus in grass draws was sufficient to cause a vegetation type x year interaction. Diversity measurements also remained consistent among vegetation types. This suggests that within the ecotone studied, vegetation types support consistent rodent populations when compared to other nearby vegetation types. Ecotones are probably important reservoirs of biodiversity within landscapes. whereas the prevailing view of ecotones is that they comprise edges or regions of intergradation between habitats, data from this suggest that (for rodents) ecotones such as those investigated may be more appropriately understood to comprise a patchwork of adjacent discrete habitats. Under this view, habitats within ecotonas can be identified and classified on their own merit without specific reference to the biomas that border the ecotone. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA BOX 43151, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3151 USA SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 52 IS 4 BP 303 EP 312 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 390GM UT WOS:000166287400004 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Laws, SC Guidici, DL Cooper, RL AF Stoker, TE Laws, SC Guidici, DL Cooper, RL TI The effect of atrazine on puberty in male Wistar rats: An evaluation in the protocol for the assessment of pubertal development and thyroid function SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE atrazine; preputial separation; hormones; puberty; aromatase; reproductive tract ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; RECEPTOR-MEDIATED RESPONSES; TRIAZINE-DERIVED COMPOUNDS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; SEXUAL-MATURATION; SERUM PROLACTIN; FEMALE RATS; LH; TESTOSTERONE; SECRETION AB Since atrazine (ATR), a chlorotriazine herbicide, has been shown previously to alter the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) through a direct effect on the central nervous system (CNS), we hypothesized that exposure to ATR in the EDSTAC male pubertal protocol (juvenile to peripubertal) would alter the development of the male rat reproductive system. We dosed intact male Wistar rats from postnatal day (PND) 23 to 53 and examined several reproductive endpoints. ATR (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg) was administered by gavage and an additional pair-fed group was added to compare the effects of any decreased food consumption in the high dose group. Preputial separation (PPS) was significantly delayed in the 12.5, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg ATR dose groups. PPS was also delayed in the pair-fed group, although significantly less than in the high dose-ATR group. The males were killed on PND 53 or 54, and pituitary, thyroid, testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, and ventral and lateral prostates were removed. ATR (50 to 200 mg/kg) treatment resulted in a significant reduction in ventral prostate weights, as did the reduced food consumption of the pair-fed group. Testes weights were unaffected by atrazine treatment. Seminal vesicle and epididymal weights were decreased in the high dose-ATR group and the control pair-fed group. However, the difference in epididymal weights was no longer significantly different when body weight was entered as a covariable. Intratesticular testosterone was significantly decreased in the high dose-ATR group on PND 45, but apparent decreases in serum testosterone were not statistically significantly on PND 53. There was a trend for a decrease in luteinizing hormone (LH) as the dose of ATR increased; however, dose group mean LH was not different from controls. Due to the variability of serum prolactin concentrations on PND 53, no significant difference was identified. Although prolactin is involved in the maintenance of LH receptors prior to puberty, we observed no difference in LH receptor number at PND 45 or 53. Serum estrone and estradiol showed dose-related increases that were significant only in the 200 mg/kg-ATR group. No differences were observed in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) between the ATR groups and the control; however triiodothyronine (T3) was elevated in the high dose-ATR group. No differences in hormone levels were observed in the pair-fed animals. These results indicate that ATR delays puberty in the male rat and its mode of action appears to be altering the secretion of steroids and having subsequent effects on the development of the reproductive tract, which appear to be due to ATR's effects on the CNS. Thus, ATR tested positive in the pubertal male screen that the Endocrine-Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) is considering as an optional screen for endocrine disrupters. C1 US EPA, Nalt Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Nalt Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stoker, TE (reprint author), US EPA, Nalt Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Gamete & Early Embryo Biol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 50 TC 158 Z9 166 U1 2 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 58 IS 1 BP 50 EP 59 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.1.50 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 368MZ UT WOS:000090122500009 PM 11053540 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Rhodes, BE Cooper, RL AF Cummings, AM Rhodes, BE Cooper, RL TI Effect of atrazine on implantation and early pregnancy in 4 strains of rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE atrazine; rat; early pregnancy; embryo implantation; strain difference; progesterone; prolactin; hormones ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; PSEUDOPREGNANCY; PROLACTIN AB Atrazine (ATR) is an herbicide that has been shown to have adverse reproductive effects including alterations in levels of pituitary hormones such as prolactin (prl) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in female LE rats when administered at doses of 200 mg/kg/day for 1 and 3 days. Because the action of prl in promotion of progesterone secretion is essential for the initiation of pregnancy in rats, this study was designed to examine the effect of exposure to ATR during early pregnancy on implantation and short-term pregnancy maintenance. Rats were divided into two groups representing periods of dosing with ATR prior to the diurnal or nocturnal surges of prl. Within each group, four groups consisting of four strains of rats [Holtzman (HLZ); Sprague Dawley (SD); Long Evans (LE); Fischer 344 (F344)] were each further subdivided into four ATR dosages. Rats were dosed by gavage with 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day ATR on days 1-8 of pregnancy (day 0 sperm +). All animals were necropsied on day 8 or 9 of pregnancy. The 200 mg/kg dose of ATR reduced body weight gain in all but one group. Two groups of animals dosed at 100 and 200 mg/kg/day in the nocturnal dosing period showed an increase in percent preimplantation loss, and both of these were F344 rats. HLZ rats were the only strain to show a significant level of postimplantation loss and a decrease in serum progesterone at 200 mg/kg/day both following diurnal and nocturnal dosing. Doses of 100 mg/kg/day also produced postimplantation loss following diurnal and nocturnal dosing, but progesterone levels were decreased only after nocturnal dosing. Alterations in serum LH were seen in several groups. Serum estradiol was significantly increased only in SD rats dosed at the diurnal interval with 200 mg/kg ATR. We conclude that F344 rats are most susceptible to preimplantation effects of ATR and that HLZ rats appear most sensitive to the postimplantation effects of the chemical. LE and SD rats were least sensitive to effects of ATR during very early pregnancy. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 10 U2 24 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 58 IS 1 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.1.135 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 368MZ UT WOS:000090122500019 PM 11053550 ER PT J AU Spruill, CA Workman, SR Taraba, JL AF Spruill, CA Workman, SR Taraba, JL TI Simulation of daily and monthly stream discharge from small watersheds using the SWAT model SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE watershed models; SWAT; hydrology; runoff; water quality; KARST ID HYDROLOGY; GIS AB The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was evaluated and parameter sensitivities were determined while modeling daily streamflows in a small central Kentucky watershed over a two-year period. Streamflow data from 1996 were used to calibrate the model and streamflow data from 1995 were used for evaluation. The model adequately predicted the trends in daily streamflow during this period although Nash-Sutcliffe R-2 values were -0.04 and 0.19 for 1995 and 1996, respectively The model poorly predicted the timing of some peak flow values and recession rates during the last half of 1995. Excluding daily peak flow values from August to December improved the daily R-2 to 0.15, which was similar to the 1996 daily R2 value. The Nash-Sutcliffe R-2 for monthly total flows were 0.58 for 1995 and 0.89 for 1996 which were similar to values found in the literature. Since very little information was available on the sensitivity of the SWAT model to various inputs, a sensitivity analysis/calibration procedure was designed to evaluate parameters that were thought to influence stream discharge predictions. These parameters included, drainage area, slope length, channel length, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and available water capacity. Minimization of the average absolute deviation between observed and simulated streamflows identified optimum values/ranges for each parameter. Saturated hydraulic conductivity alpha baseflow factor; drainage area, channel length, and channel width were the most sensitive parameters in modeling the karst influenced watershed. The sensitivity analysis process confirmed die trace studies in the karst watershed that a much larger area contributes to streamflow than can be described by the topographic boundaries. Overall, the results indicate that the SWAT model can be an effective tool for describing monthly, runoff from small watersheds in central Kentucky that have developed on karat hydrology however calibration data are necessary to account for solution channels draining into or out of the topographic watershed. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Coll Agr, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. US EPA, Water Management Div, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Workman, SR (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Coll Agr, 105 Agr Eng Bldg, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 33 TC 123 Z9 128 U1 4 U2 41 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1431 EP 1439 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 402EJ UT WOS:000166972800015 ER PT J AU Laitner, S AF Laitner, S TI Internet misinformation SO CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Laitner, S (reprint author), US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2347 J9 CHEM ENG NEWS JI Chem. Eng. News PD OCT 30 PY 2000 VL 78 IS 44 BP 4 EP 4 DI 10.1021/cen-v078n044.p004 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 369HM UT WOS:000165059900001 ER PT J AU Hamm, CW Ali, JS Herr, DW AF Hamm, CW Ali, JS Herr, DW TI A system for simultaneous multiple subject, multiple stimulus modality, and multiple channel collection and analysis of sensory evoked potentials SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS LA English DT Article DE data acquisition; waveform analysis; BAER; CNAP; FEP; PEP; SEP ID METHYLATED BENZENE-DERIVATIVES; NERVE-CONDUCTION VELOCITY; TERM COMBINED EXPOSURE; PERIPHERAL-NERVE; 3,3'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE IDPN; NEUROTOXICOLOGIC EXAMINATION; VISUAL SYSTEMS; PEAK N160; N-HEXANE; RATS AB A system has been developed for collecting sensory evoked potentials simultaneously from multiple channels for multiple subjects at up to 80 kHz sample rate per channel. Sample rates up to 200 kHz are available for four or less chambers and a single channel per chamber. A variety of visual, somatosensory, and auditory stimuli may be presented singly or simultaneously. Collected waveforms are associated with searchable text (metadata) to allow convenient selection from a relational database. Multiple waveforms can then be easily grouped for analysis and processed. Results can be exported to other software for further graphics or statistical processing. Scripting and event logging are available to provide automation and improve data confidence. Sample data are presented from control animals for each of the sensory modalities for comparison with historical data collected from other systems. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hamm, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0270 J9 J NEUROSCI METH JI J. Neurosci. Methods PD OCT 30 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 95 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00279-X PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 369YF UT WOS:000165094800002 PM 11040406 ER PT J AU Falcetta, MF Choi, Y Jordan, KD AF Falcetta, MF Choi, Y Jordan, KD TI Ab initio investigation of the temporary anion states of perfluoroethane SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-ORBITAL METHODS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; STABILIZATION METHOD; 1ST-ROW ELEMENTS; RESONANCE STATES; CROSS-SECTIONS; HYDROCARBONS; SCATTERING; ENERGIES AB The stabilization method is used to characterize the temporary anion states of C2F6. Based on the theoretical results, we assign the lowest-energy feature in the electron transmission spectrum of C2F6 to the E-2(u) groundstate anion and the second feature to overlapping 1(2)A(u), 1(2)A(1g), 2(2)A(u), and 1(2)E(g) anion states. It is also proposed that the bimodal kinetic energy distribution of the F- ions produced in the dissociative attachment of near 5 eV electrons on C2F6 is due to the Jahn-Teller effect. C1 Anderson Univ, Dept Chem, Anderson, IN 46012 USA. US EPA, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Mol & Mat Simulat, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Falcetta, MF (reprint author), Roberts Wesleyan Coll, Div Nat Sci & Math, 2301 Westside Dr, Rochester, NY 14624 USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 26 PY 2000 VL 104 IS 42 BP 9605 EP 9612 DI 10.1021/jp001782l PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 369QD UT WOS:000165077700028 ER PT J AU Pitt, JA Buckalew, AR House, DE Abbott, BD AF Pitt, JA Buckalew, AR House, DE Abbott, BD TI Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone secretion by perifused pituitary and adrenal glands from rodents exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TCDD; pituitary; adrenal; perifusion; pregnancy ID PRENATALLY STRESSED MALE; MALE-RATS; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; COMPARATIVE TOXICITY; HORMONE LEVELS; IN-VITRO; MICE; DIOXINS; ALDOSTERONE AB Although in utero maternal stress has been shown to have lasting effects on rodent offspring, fetal effects of chemically-induced alterations of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) have not been well studied. This study examined the effects of in vivo 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure on pituitary-adrenal function in the male rat, pregnant female rat and pregnant female mouse. The secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) in pituitary and adrenal glands, respectively, was assessed in ex vivo perifusion cultures. Mali and pregnant female (gestation day 8) Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged once with 10 mug/kg TCDD, pregnant female mice once with 24 mug/kg TCDD, and euthanized 10 days later. Hemi-pituitary (rat) or whole anterior pituitaries (mice) and right adrenal glands from the same animal were quartered. perifused under baseline and stimulated conditions. In both males and pregnant females, TCDD did not affect corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-stimulated ACTH secretion. Neither total pituitary ACTH nor plasma ACTH was altered in either sex or species by TCDD treatment. ACTH-stimulated CORT secretion was not affected by TCDD in either sex or species, and adrenal tissue and plasma CORT levels were unchanged in males and pregnant females by TCDD. However, the plasma ACTH:CORT ratio was decreased about 46% in male rats treated with TCDD. Plasma CORT levels were 23-fold higher and plasma ACTH levels were 1.5-fold higher in pregnant females than in male rats. In male versus female rats, adrenal CORT and anterior pituitary ACTH tissue levels were about 7.5- and 1.75-fold higher and ACTH, respectively. Female mouse adrenal tissue CORT was about 4-fold greater than female rat. The reduced plasma ACTH:CORT ratio in the male rat suggests that TCDD disturbs HPA function. Exposure of male rat to a 5-fold higher dose in earlier studies clearly demonstrated effects of TCDD on male rat HPA. The present study identified substantial HPA performance differences between male and pregnant female rats. The failure to detect a response to TCDD in pregnant female rat and mouse could be a function of both TCDD dose and the high level of secretion of both ACTH and CORT in pregnant animals. For the rat or mouse, a single exposure to TCDD during pregnancy does not appear sufficient to induce maternally-mediated developmental. reproductive and behavioral toxicity via the HPA axis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Dev Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Off Associate Director Hlth Biostat & Res Support, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Dev Biol Branch, 2525 NC Highway 54, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 66 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD OCT 26 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 1-3 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00257-2 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 374YK UT WOS:000165372400003 PM 11074297 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL Jeffries, DS Lukewille, A Forsius, M Mannio, J Wilander, A AF Stoddard, JL Jeffries, DS Lukewille, A Forsius, M Mannio, J Wilander, A TI Environmental chemistry - Is acidification still an ecological threat? Reply SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TRENDS C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 19 PY 2000 VL 407 IS 6806 BP 857 EP 858 DI 10.1038/35038161 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 364PZ UT WOS:000089901900038 ER PT J AU Wartenberg, D Calle, EE Thun, MJ Heath, CW Lally, C Woodruff, T AF Wartenberg, D Calle, EE Thun, MJ Heath, CW Lally, C Woodruff, T TI Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; PREVENTION STUDY-II; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; LUNG-CANCER; HEART-DISEASE; YOUNG-WOMEN; RISK; ALCOHOL; COHORT AB Background: Several studies have reported positive associations between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and increased risk of breast cancer. However, studies of active smoking and risk of breast cancer are equivocal and in general do not support a positive association. To try to resolve this paradox, we examined the association between breast cancer mortality and potential ETS exposure from spousal smoking in an American Cancer Society prospective study of U,S, adult women. Methods: We assessed breast cancer death rates in a cohort of 146 488 never-smoking, single-marriage women who were cancer free at enrollment in 1982, Breast cancer death rates among women whose husbands smoked were compared with those among women married to men who had never smoked. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to control for potential risk factors other than ETS exposure. Results: After 12 years of follow-up, 669 cases of fatal breast cancer were observed in the cohort. Overall, we saw no association between exposure to ETS and death from breast cancer (rate ratio [RR] = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8-1.2). We did, however, find a small, not statistically significant increased risk of breast cancer mortality among women who were married before age 20 years to smokers (RR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.8-1,8). Conclusions: In contrast to the results of previous studies, this study found no association between exposure to ETS and female breast cancer mortality. The results of our study are particularly compelling because of its prospective design as compared with most earlier studies, the relatively large number of exposed women with breast cancer deaths, and the reporting of exposure by the spouse rather than by proxy. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wartenberg, D (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES0502209] NR 41 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD OCT 18 PY 2000 VL 92 IS 20 BP 1666 EP 1673 DI 10.1093/jnci/92.20.1666 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 363HW UT WOS:000089830600011 PM 11036112 ER PT J AU Ahmad, S Kitchin, KT Cullen, WR AF Ahmad, S Kitchin, KT Cullen, WR TI Arsenic species that cause release of iron from ferritin and generation of activated oxygen SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; dimethylarsinic acid; ferritin; iron; ascorbic acid; reactive oxygen species ID DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; INORGANIC ARSENICS; DNA-DAMAGE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; FREE-RADICALS; BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; MAIN METABOLITE; REACTIVE OXYGEN; VITAMIN-C AB The in vitro effects of four different species of arsenic (arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid) in mobilizing iron from horse spleen ferritin under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were investigated. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA((V))) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA((III))) significantly released iron from horse spleen ferritin either with or without the presence of ascorbic acid, a strong synergistic agent. Ascorbic acid-mediated iron release was time-dependent as well as both (DMA((III))) and ferritin concentration-dependent. Iron release from ferritin by DMA((III)) alone or with ascorbic acid was not significantly inhibited by superoxide dismutase (150 or 300 units/ml). However, the iron release was greater under anaerobic conditions (nitrogen gas), which indicates direct chemical reduction of iron from ferritin by DMA((III)), with or without ascorbic acid. Both DMA((V)) and DMA((III)) released iron from both horse spleen and human liver ferritin. Further, the release of ferritin-iron by DMA((III)) with ascorbic acid catalyzed bleomycin-dependent degradation of calf thymus DNA. These results indicate that exogenous methylated arsenic species and endogenous ascorbic acid can cause (a) the release of iron from ferritin, (b) the iron-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species, and (c) DNA damage. This reactive oxygen species pathway could be a mechanism of action of arsenic carcinogenesis in man. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 61 TC 125 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 382 IS 2 BP 195 EP 202 DI 10.1006/abbi.2000.2023 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 367PN UT WOS:000090070800005 PM 11068869 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Gu, B Brown, GM AF Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Gu, B Brown, GM TI Comment on "Perchlorate identification in fertilizers" and the subsequent addition/correction SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Gu, Baohua/B-9511-2012 OI Gu, Baohua/0000-0002-7299-2956 NR 9 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 20 BP 4452 EP 4453 DI 10.1021/es0011515 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 365UZ UT WOS:000089970000031 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Collette, TW Garrison, AW Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC AF Susarla, S Collette, TW Garrison, AW Wolfe, NL McCutcheon, SC TI Response to comment on "perchlorate identification in fertilizers" and the subsequent addition/correction SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP McCutcheon, SC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 20 BP 4454 EP 4454 DI 10.1021/es0020097 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 365UZ UT WOS:000089970000032 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Jaques, PA AF Kim, CS Jaques, PA TI Respiratory dose of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy adults SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ultrafine aerosol; regional lung deposition; respiratory dose; particulate matter; ambient aerosol ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; REGIONAL DEPOSITION; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; HUMAN LUNGS; MORTALITY; DISEASE; TRACT AB Ultrafine particles (less than 0.10 mum in diameter) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and possess unique physicochemical characteristics that may pose a potential health risk. To help elucidate the potential health risk, we measured respiratory dose of ultrafine particles (0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 mum in diameter) in healthy young adults using a novel serial bolus-delivery method. Under normal breathing conditions (i.e. tidal volume of 500 mi and respiratory flow rate of 250 ml s(-1)), bolus aerosols were delivered sequentially to a lung depth ranging from 50-500 mi in 50 mi increments and deposition was measured for each of ten equal-volume compartments. Results show that regional deposition varies widely along the depth of the lung regardless of the particle sizes used. Peak deposition was found in the lung regions situated between 150 and 200 mi from the mouth. Sites of peak deposition shifted proximally with a decrease in particle size. Deposition dose per unit surface area was largest in the proximal lung regions and decreased rapidly with an increase in lung depth. Peak surface dose was 5-7 times greater than the average lung dose. The results indicate that local enhancement of dose occurs in normal lungs, and such a dose enhancement may play an important role in the potential health effects of ultrafine aerosols. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Jaques, Peter/0000-0002-4714-4082 NR 19 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1775 BP 2693 EP 2705 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 368DH UT WOS:000090102100018 ER PT J AU Maynard, RL Gehr, P Kim, C Rees, H AF Maynard, RL Gehr, P Kim, C Rees, H TI Surfactant-ultrafine particle interactions: what we can learn from PM10 studies - Discussion SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Dept Hlth, London, England. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Llandough Hosp, UWCM Acad Ctr, Therapeut & Toxicol Ctr, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. RP Maynard, RL (reprint author), Dept Hlth, 80 London Rd,Skipton Hse, London, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1775 BP 2717 EP 2718 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 368DH UT WOS:000090102100020 ER PT J AU Bingley, MS Oberdorster, G Costa, D AF Bingley, MS Oberdorster, G Costa, D TI Toxicology of ultrafine particles: in vivo studies - Discussion SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, NC, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1775 BP 2739 EP 2740 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 368DH UT WOS:000090102100022 ER PT J AU Anderson, HR Wichmann, HE Costa, D AF Anderson, HR Wichmann, HE Costa, D TI Epidemiological evidence of the effects of ultrafine particle exposure - Discussion SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 St Georges Hosp Med Sch, London, England. US EPA, NC, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Anderson, HR (reprint author), St Georges Hosp Med Sch, Cranmer Terrace, London, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1775 BP 2768 EP 2769 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 368DH UT WOS:000090102100026 ER PT J AU Madden, MC Richards, JH Dailey, LA Hatch, GE Ghio, AJ AF Madden, MC Richards, JH Dailey, LA Hatch, GE Ghio, AJ TI Effect of ozone on diesel exhaust particle toxicity in rat lung SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diesel exhaust particles; ozone; inflammation; lung injury; particulate matter ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AIR-POLLUTION; DAILY MORTALITY; PARTICULATE MATTER; EXPOSURE; PRODUCTS; INFLAMMATION; CHILDREN; HEALTH; CELLS AB Ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations have been associated with mortality and morbidity, Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are present in ambient urban air PM. Coexisting with DEP (and PM) is ozone (O-3), which has the potential to react with some components of DEP. Some reports have shown increased lung injury in rats coexposed to PM and O-3, but it is unclear whether this increased injury was due to direct interaction between the pollutants or via of her mechanisms. To examine whether O-3 can directly react with and affect PM bioactivity, we exposed DEP to O-3 in a cell-free in vitro system and then examined the bioactivity of the resultant DEP in a rat model of lung injury. Standard Reference Material 2975 (diesel exhaust PIM) was initially exposed to 0.1 ppm O-3 for 48 h and then instilled intratracheally in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rat lung inflammation and injury was examined 24 h after instillation by lung lavage. The DEP exposed to 0.1 ppm O-3 was more potent in increasing neutrophilia, lavage total protein, and LDH activity compared to unexposed DEP, The increased DEP activity induced by the O-3 exposure was not attributable to alteration by air that was also present during the O-3 exposure. Exposure of DEP to a higher O-3 concentration (1.0 ppm) led to a decreased bioactivity of the particles. In contrast, carbon black particles, low in organic content relative to DEP, did not exhibit an increase in any of the bioactivities examined after exposure to 0.1 ppm O-3. DEP incorporated O-3 (labeled with O-18) in a linear fashion. These data suggest that ambient concentrations of O-3 can increase the biological potency of DEP. The ozonized DEP may play a role in the induction of lung responses by ambient PM. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Madden, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 36 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 168 IS 2 BP 140 EP 148 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.9024 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 371YQ UT WOS:000165207200007 PM 11032769 ER PT J AU Labarre, M Butterworth, J St-Onge, S Payza, K Schmidhammer, H Salvadori, S Balboni, G Guerrini, R Bryant, SD Lazarus, LH AF Labarre, M Butterworth, J St-Onge, S Payza, K Schmidhammer, H Salvadori, S Balboni, G Guerrini, R Bryant, SD Lazarus, LH TI Inverse agonism by Dmt-Tic analogues and H5 378, a naltrindole analogue SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dmt-Tic; inverse agonism; antagonism ID DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTOR; ANTAGONISTS; PHARMACOPHORE; PEPTIDES AB The potent delta-opioid receptor antagonist H-2',6-L-tyrosine(Dmt)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic-OH) exhibited partial inverse agonism (EC(50) = 6.35 nM, E(max) = - 18.87%) for [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding and H-Dmt-Tic-NH(2) was a neutral antagonist (no effect up to 30 mu M). In contrast N,N(CH(3))(2)-Dmt-Tic-NH(2) was a full inverse agonist (EC(50) = 2.66 nM, E(max) = -35.95%) similar to ICI 174864 ([N,N-diallyl-Tyr(1),Aib(2,3),Leu(5)]enkephaline) but with a 3.5-fold higher EC(50) In comparison, naltrindole was a neutral antagonist while its analogue HS 378 was a partial inverse agonist (E(max) = - 12.99%). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, LCBRA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. AstraZeneca R&D, Dept Pharmacol, St Laurent, PQ H4S 1Z9, Canada. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Pharmaceut Chem, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Univ Ferrara, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Univ Ferrara, Ctr Biotechnol, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Univ Cagliari, Dept Toxicol, I-09126 Cagliari, Italy. RP Lazarus, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, LCBRA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM lazarus@niehs.nih.gov NR 8 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2999 J9 EUR J PHARMACOL JI Eur. J. Pharmacol. PD OCT 6 PY 2000 VL 406 IS 1 BP R1 EP R3 DI 10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00636-1 PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 360YB UT WOS:000089694000024 PM 11011049 ER PT J AU Wilkening, KE Barrie, LA Engle, M AF Wilkening, KE Barrie, LA Engle, M TI Atmospheric science - Trans-Pacific air pollution SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ No British Columbia, Int Studies Program, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. US EPA, Off Int Act, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wilkening, KE (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Int Studies Program, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. NR 16 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 6 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5489 BP 65 EP + DI 10.1126/science.290.5489.65 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 361LP UT WOS:000089724800031 PM 11183151 ER PT J AU Roulier, M Kemper, M Al-Abed, S Murdoch, L Cluxton, P Chen, JL Davis-Hoover, W AF Roulier, M Kemper, M Al-Abed, S Murdoch, L Cluxton, P Chen, JL Davis-Hoover, W TI Feasibility of electrokinetic soil remediation in horizontal Lasagna (TM) cells SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Lasagna (TM) process; electrokinetics; soil; remediation; hydraulic fracturing ID FIELD-TEST; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; TECHNOLOGY; ELECTROOSMOSIS; FRACTURES AB An integrated soil remediation technology called Lasagna(TM) has been developed that combines electrokinetics with treatment zones for use in low permeability soils where the rates of hydraulic and electrokinetic transport are too low to be useful for remediation of contaminants. The technology was developed by two groups, one involving industrial partners and the DOE and another involving US EPA and the University of Cincinnati, who pursued different electrode geometries. The Industry/DOE group has demonstrated the technology using electrodes and treatment tunes installed vertically from the soil surface. We have demonstrated the feasibility of installing horizontal electrodes and treatment zones in subsurface soils by hydraulic fracturing, a process that we adapted from petroleum industry practices. When horizontal electrodes were connected to a de power supply, uniform electrical potential gradients of 10-40 V/m were created in soil between the electrodes, inducing electroosmotic flow that facilitated movement of water and contaminants into treatment zones between the electrodes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Cluxton Instruments Inc, Martinsville, OH 45146 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Roulier, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD OCT 2 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 1-3 BP 161 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00241-7 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 353WJ UT WOS:000089298200012 PM 10946126 ER PT J AU Wilkin, RT Barnes, HL AF Wilkin, RT Barnes, HL TI Nucleation and growth kinetics of analcime from precursor Na-clinoptilolite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID ZEOLITE FORMATION; K-CLINOPTILOLITE; SOLUBILITY; 300-DEGREES-C; EQUILIBRIUM AB The kinetics and mechanism of analcime formation from precursor Na-clinoptilolite (Cpt-Na) and Na-mordenite (Mor-Na) were investigated from 125-225 degrees C, pressures up to 34.5 MPa, and pH = 9.2-10.7. By using batch and flow-through experimental methodologies, compositions of solids and solutions were monitored to track reaction progress, determine rates of analcime nucleation and growth, and evaluate the rate dependency of these processes on aqueous supersaturation. Analcime formation proceeds via a clinoptilolite (or mordenite) dissolution->analcime nucleation-->analcime growth sequence. Synthetic analcime crystals are similar in morphology (trapezohedron to cubic trapezohedron) and composition (Si/Al = 2.1-2.7) to sedimentary analcimes formed during the low-grade alteration of crustal rocks, evidence that the experimental reaction mechanism is similar to that in natural environments. Rates of analcime nucleation were approximated by evaluating the time-dependence of the size and number of particles and range between 10(9.80) and 10(11.88) per h per cm(3) at 150 degrees and 225 degrees C, respectively. The nucleation rate is a function of temperature and degree of supersaturation: In rate = 56.76 - 15978.9/T + 2.99 x 10(-4) Delta G(r), where Delta G(r) is the free energy change of analcime precipitation and Tis temperature in Kelvins. This rate equation is consistent with an apparent activation energy of analcime nucleation (E-a,E-n) of 132.8 +/- 8.3 kJ/mol. Although conditions were thermodynamically favorable for analcime formation at 125 degrees C, nucleation was not detected after 144 hours. These data suggest that diagenetic timing of the clinoptilolite to analcime transformation is principally controlled by kinetics rather than by thermodynamic equilibrium. Rates of analcime growth were estimated by measuring particle size distributions. Average growth rates ranged from 0.15 mu m/h at 150 degrees C to 0.396 mu m/h at 225 degrees C, and are consistent with an apparent activation energy of analcime growth (E-a,E-g) of 77.1 +/- 9.4 kJ/mol. These nucleation and growth parameters are combined to successfully model the evolution of analcime particle size distributions. The experimental methods developed in this study demonstrate the use of hydrothermal flow-through methods in the study of zeolite transformations. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Wilkin, RT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1329 EP 1341 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 361NJ UT WOS:000089728900001 ER PT J AU Prahalad, AK Inmon, J Ghio, AJ Gallagher, JE AF Prahalad, AK Inmon, J Ghio, AJ Gallagher, JE TI Enhancement of 2 '-deoxyguanosine hydroxylation and DNA damage by coal and oil fly ash in relation to particulate metal content and availability SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FREE-RADICAL GENERATION; AIR-POLLUTION; OXIDANT GENERATION; CHELATING-AGENTS; NICKEL COMPOUNDS; OXIDATIVE DNA; IRON; VANADATE; LUNG; VANADIUM AB Epidemiologic studies have shown causal relationships between air pollution particles and adverse health effects in susceptible subpopulations. Fly ash particles (containing water-soluble and insoluble metals) are a component of ambient air particulate pollution and may contribute to particulate-induced health, effects. Some of the pathological effects after inhalation of the particles may be due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by metal-catalyzed reactions. In this investigation, we analyzed emission source particulates oil fly ash (OFA) and coal fly ash (CFA) for metal content and solubility in relation to their ability to induce 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) hydroxylation and DNA damage as measured by 8-oxo-dG formation by HPLC/UV-electrochemical detection (ECD). Water-soluble vanadium and nickel were present at the highest concentrations, and iron was present in trace amounts in OFA (5.1% V, 1.0% Ni, and 0.4% Fe by weight), In contrast, CFA comprised mostly of water-insoluble aluminosilicates and iron (9.2% Al, 12.2% Si, and 2.8% Fe by weight). As a first approach to gain insight into the mode of action of these particulates, we examined metal species-catalyzed kinetics of dG hydroxylation. Metal species at a concentration of 0.1 mM in the incubation mixture containing 0.1 mM dG under ambient air at room temperature catalyzed maximum 8-oxo-dG formation at 15 min with yields ranging from 0.05 to 0.17%, decreasing in the following order: vanadium(IV) > iron(II) > vanadium(V) > iron(III) greater than or equal to nickel(II). Insoluble Fe(III) oxide (Fe2O3) under similar conditions had no effect. Consistent with these results, OFA rich in vanadium and nickel concentrations showed a dose-dependent increase in the level of dG hydroxylation to 8-oxo-dG; formation at particulate concentrations of 0.1-1 mg/mL (p < 0.05). In contrast, CFA with high concentrations of aluminosilicates and iron did not result in a significant increase in the level of 8-oxo-dG over that of the control, i.e., dG (p > 0.05). DMSO, a (OH)-O-. scavenger, inhibited OFA-induced 8-oxo-dG formation, and metal ion chelators, deferoxamine (DFX), DTPA, and ferrozine blocked OFA-induced 8-oxo-dG formation. OFA and CFA induced 8-oxo-dG formation in a pattern similar to that observed for dG hydroxylation when calf thymus DNA was used as a substrate. Treatment of OFA particles with DFX before reacting with DNA or addition of a catalase in the incubation mixture significantly suppressed 8-oxo-dG formation (p < 0.05). These results suggest that metal availability, but not the concentration of metals present in CFA and OFA, is critical in mediating molecular oxygen-dependent dG; hydroxylation and DNA base damage. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Gallagher, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, MD-58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 49 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 13 IS 10 BP 1011 EP 1019 DI 10.1021/tx000110j PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA 366MK UT WOS:000090009000016 PM 11080050 ER PT J AU Alexis, N Soukup, J Ghio, A Becker, S AF Alexis, N Soukup, J Ghio, A Becker, S TI Sputum phagocytes from healthy individuals are functional and activated: A flow cytometric comparison with cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sputum; phagocytes; functional flow cytometry ID ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HUMAN NEUTROPHILS; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION; AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; BRONCHIAL BIOPSIES; INHALED ENDOTOXIN; INTERFERON-GAMMA; ASTHMA AB Cells in the bronchial airways of healthy individuals are continuously exposed to inhaled particulates in the size range 2-5 mu m, which preferentially deposit in the bronchial rather than the alveolar lung. Induced sputum obtains cells primarily from the surfaces of bronchial airways. Using how cytometry, we investigated whether sputum phagocytes demonstrate phenotypes indicative of increased functional activation and inflammation compared to phagocytes from the alveolar airways and peripheral blood (PB) in healthy subjects (N = 17). Sputum macrophages demonstrated increased levels of CD11b, increased oxidative burst, and greater phagocytosis than autologous alveolar macrophages. Expression of CD11b, CD64, and HLA-DR in sputum monocytes was upregulated compared to that in PB monocytes. Sputum neutrophils showed increased expression of CD11b, CD64, CD14, and HLA-DR and were more phagocytic than PB neutrophils. In conclusion sputum/bronchial phagocytes from healthy individuals express an inflammatory phenotype and are functionally more active than phagocytes from the alveolar airways and peripheral blood. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Clin Res Branch, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Alexis, N (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 60 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1521-6616 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL JI Clin. Immunol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1 BP 21 EP 32 DI 10.1006/clim.2000.4911 PG 12 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 360YP UT WOS:000089695200003 PM 10998314 ER PT J AU Noah, TL Becker, S AF Noah, TL Becker, S TI Chemokines in nasal secretions of normal adults experimentally infected with respiratory syncytial virus SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RSV; IL-8; RANTES; MCP-1; MIP-1 alpha ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; MESSENGER-RNAS; KAPPA-B; SEQUENCE; CHILDREN; PROTEIN; ASTHMA; RANTES; TRACT AB The goal of this study was to determine time courses of upregulation of several chemokines in nasal secretions after inoculation of human subjects with a low dose of live respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Healthy, nonsmoking young adults were admitted to an inpatient clinical research unit. After baseline studies, subjects were nasally inoculated with approximately 103 plaque-forming units of RSV (strain A2), followed by daily nasal lavages. Nasal lavage fluid (NLF) was assayed for chemokines by specific ELISA. Of 10 subjects inoculated with RSV, 3 developed clinical symptoms of upper respiratory infection and also shed virus. Among infected subjects, there was a transient postinoculation increase in interleukin-8 (IL-8) in NLF to an average of 2.7-fold compared to baseline, followed by a prolonged increase (maximum mean 5.4-fold) during virus shedding. RANTES, MLP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 all increased during virus shedding only (maximum mean increases of 5.3-fold, 13-fold, and 7.2-fold, respectively). Semiquantitative RT-PCR in brushed nasal epithelial cells on day 6 after inoculation suggested upregulation of RANTES, but not IL-8, mRNA during virus shedding. We conclude that chemokines IL-8, RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 are all increased in nasal secretions in human RSV infection at the time of virus shedding and symptomatic illness and that the epithelium lining the nasal turbinate contributes to the increase in RANTES. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Div Pulm Med & Allergy, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Ling Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Noah, TL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Div Pulm Med & Allergy, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00046]; NHLBI NIH HHS [1 P50 HL56395-01] NR 29 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1521-6616 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL JI Clin. Immunol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1006/clim.2000.4914 PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 360YP UT WOS:000089695200005 PM 10998316 ER PT J AU Cairns, MA Haggerty, PK Alvarez, R De Jong, BHJ Olmsted, I AF Cairns, MA Haggerty, PK Alvarez, R De Jong, BHJ Olmsted, I TI Tropical Mexico's recent land-use change: A region's contribution to the global carbon cycle SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE agricultural expansion; carbon flux; deforestation in tropical Mexico; forests; decline in area; global carbon cycle; greenhouse gases; land cover and global C cycle; land-use changes; Mexico tropical ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SECONDARY FORESTS; EASTERN AMAZONIA; SOUTHEAST-ASIA; DEGRADED LANDS; LATIN-AMERICA; ROOT BIOMASS; COVER CHANGE AB We applied modeled biomass density estimates to changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) statistics for the intensively impacted and highly fragmented landscape of tropical Mexico to estimate the flux of carbon (C) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere between 1977 and 1992. Biomass densities were assigned to hybrid LU/LC classes on vegetation maps produced by Mexican governmental organizations and, by differencing areas and biomass C pools, net C flux was calculated in the eight-state tropical region of southeast Mexico. These states, representing tropical Mexico, experienced a mean annual deforestation rate of nearly 559 000 ha/yr, or 1.9%, between 1977 and 1992. The total area of closed forests decreased by 26%, open/fragmented forests decreased by 31%, and agroecosystem areas increased by 64%. Total mean biomass densities ranged from a high of 265 Mg/ha in the Veracruz state tall/medium tropical evergreen forest class to a low of 12 Mg/ha in the cultivated land class (several states). We estimate that a total of 280 Tg C were released from the terrestrial biosphere during the 15-yr period covered by our study, equal to nearly 20% of the region's 1977 biomass C pool. The study region, while comprising just 24% of Mexico's surface area, contributed 36% of the net national C emissions from LU/LC change. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OAO Corp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geog, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. El Colegio Frontera Sur, Div Sistemas Prod Alternat, San Cristobal De Las Cas 29200, Chiapas, Mexico. Ctr Invest Cient Yucatan, Dept Recursos Nat, Cordemex 97310, Yucatan, Mexico. RP Cairns, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI de Jong, Ben/A-1996-2016 OI de Jong, Ben/0000-0002-3264-2759 NR 106 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1426 EP 1441 DI 10.2307/2641296 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 361VK UT WOS:000089744800018 ER PT J AU Knuth, ML Heinis, LJ Anderson, LE AF Knuth, ML Heinis, LJ Anderson, LE TI Persistence and distribution of azinphos-methyl following application to littoral enclosure mesocosms SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION; ECOSYSTEM; RESPONSES AB The organophosphorus insecticide azinphos-methyl was applied once to the surface of 12 of 18 littoral enclosure mesocosms (5x10 m) constructed in a 2-ha pond near Duluth, Minnesota. Water, sediment, macrophytes, and adult fathead minnows were analyzed for residue to determine the persistence, distribution, and mass balance of azinphos-methyl, Nominal treatment concentrations were 0, 0.2, 1, 4, and 20 mug/liter active ingredient. The maximum residue concentration in the mater was measured Ih after treatment. The half-life in the water column ranged from 1.2 to 2 days and 95% of the residue dissipated in 5.4 to 10.2 days. Measurable residues were found in the sediment, macrophytes, and fish, Maximum residues in these media were measured at 4, 1, and 0.12 days, respectively. The water and sediment were the most important sorptive compartments for azinphos-methyl residue. The macrophytes and fish were of minor importance, containing only trace amounts of the mass applied. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Knuth, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. EM knuth.michael@epa.gov NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 167 EP 177 DI 10.1006/eesa.2000.1945 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 365QW UT WOS:000089962800009 PM 11023695 ER PT J AU Laden, F Neas, LM Dockery, DW Schwartz, J AF Laden, F Neas, LM Dockery, DW Schwartz, J TI Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six US cities SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; coal combustion; fine particles; mobile sources; mortality; PM2.5; source apportionment ID UNITED-STATES CITIES; AIR-POLLUTION; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; ALTERNATIVE MEASURES; ACID AEROSOLS; PARTICLES; EXPOSURE; CHILDREN; HEALTH; METALS AB Previously we reported that fine particle mass (particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 mum; PM2.5), which is primarily from combustion sources, but not coarse particle mass, which is primarily from crustal sources, was associated with daily mortality in six eastern U.S. cities (1). In this study, we used the elemental composition of size-fractionated particles to identify several distinct source-related fractions of fine particles and examined the association of these fractions with daily mortality in each of the six cities. Using specific rotation factor analysis for each city, we identified a silicon factor classified as soil and crustal material, a lead factor classified as motor vehicle exhaust, a selenium factor representing coal combustion, and up to two additional factors. We extracted daily counts of deaths from National Center for Health Statistics records and estimated city-specific associations of mortality with each source factor by Poisson regression, adjusting for time trends, weather, and the other source factors. Combined effect estimates were calculated as the inverse variance weighted mean of the city-specific estimates. In the combined analysis, a 10 mug/m(3) increase in PM2.5 from mobile sources accounted for a 3.4% increase in daily mortality [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-5.2%], and the equivalent increase in fine particles from coal combustion sources accounted for a 1.1% increase [CI, 0.3-2.0%). PM2.5 crustal particles were not associated with daily mortality. These results indicate that combustion particles in che fine fraction from mobile and coal combustion sources, but not fine crustal particles, are associated with increased mortality. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med,Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Environm Epidemiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Laden, F (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med,Channing Lab, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [T32HL07427]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES000002] NR 43 TC 755 Z9 789 U1 28 U2 326 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 108 IS 10 BP 941 EP 947 DI 10.1289/ehp.00108941 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 367ZP UT WOS:000090093000020 PM 11049813 ER PT J AU Dougherty, CP Holtz, SH Reinert, JC Panyacosit, L Axelrad, DA Woodruff, TJ AF Dougherty, CP Holtz, SH Reinert, JC Panyacosit, L Axelrad, DA Woodruff, TJ TI Dietary exposures to food contaminants across the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE consumption; contaminant; cumulative; data base; exposure; food ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; TRENDS; PESTICIDES; REDUCTION; PCB AB Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to pesticides and industrial pollutants. Average dietary exposures to 37 pollutants were calculated for the whole United States population and for children under age 12 years by combining contaminant data with food consumption data and summing across food types. Pollutant exposures were compared to benchmark concentrations, which are based on standard toxicological references, for cancer and noncancer health effects. Average food ingestion exposures for the whole population exceeded benchmark concentrations for arsenic, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls, when nondetects were assumed to be equal to zero. For each of these pollutants, exposure through fish consumption accounts for a large percentage of food exposures. Exposure data for childhood age groups indicated that benchmark concentrations for the six identified pollutants are exceeded by the time age 12 years is reached. The methods used in this analysis could underestimate risks from childhood exposure, as children have a longer time to develop tumors and they may be more susceptible to carcinogens; therefore, there may be several additional contaminants of concern. In addition, several additional pollutants exceeded benchmark levels when nondetects were assumed to be equal to one half the detection limit. Uncertainties in exposure levels may be large, primarily because of numerous samples with contaminant levels below detection limits. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Ind Econ Inc, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. US EPA, Off Policy Econ & Innovat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dougherty, CP (reprint author), Ind Econ Inc, 2067 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. NR 31 TC 125 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 26 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 84 IS 2 BP 170 EP 185 DI 10.1006/enrs.2000.4027 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 365RE UT WOS:000089963600012 PM 11068931 ER PT J AU Heil, MT Wodon, QT AF Heil, MT Wodon, QT TI Future inequality in CO2 emissions and the impact of abatement proposals SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE carbon emissions inequality; climate change; global warming AB This paper analyzes future carbon emissions inequality using a group decomposition of the Gini index. Business-as-usual projections to the year 2100 for 135 countries show inequality in per capita emissions declines slowly. Next, the impact on emissions levels and inequality of the Kyoto Protocol and other abatement proposals for Annex II countries in 2010 are measured, with a focus on the gap-narrowing and reranking effects. Substantial reranking of per capita emissions between Annex II and non-Annex II countries will not occur unless the former reduce their emissions by at least 50% (versus 1990 levels) and the latter continue growing unabated. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Heil, MT (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW 6609J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 37 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 17 IS 2 BP 163 EP 181 DI 10.1023/A:1008326515058 PG 19 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355XU UT WOS:000089414500003 ER PT J AU Griffiths, R Allison, CR AF Griffiths, R Allison, CR TI Comment on "Irreversible adsorption of chlorinated benzenes to natural sediments: Implications for sediment quality criteria" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Senior Environm Employment Program, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Griffiths, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Senior Environm Employment Program, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 19 BP 4249 EP 4249 DI 10.1021/es001138k PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359HB UT WOS:000089604500045 ER PT J AU Tunkel, J Howard, PH Boethling, RS Stiteler, W Loonen, H AF Tunkel, J Howard, PH Boethling, RS Stiteler, W Loonen, H TI Predicting ready biodegradability in the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry test SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ready biodegradation; prediction; MITI; structure/activity relationships ID CHEMICALS; MODEL AB Two new predictive models for assessing a chemical's biodegradability in the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) ready biodegradation test have been developed. The new methods use an approach similar to that in the existing BIOWIN(C) program, in which the probability of rapid biodegradation is estimated by means of multiple linear or nonlinear regression against counts of 36 chemical substructures (molecular fragments) plus molecular weight (mol wt). The data set used to develop the new models consisted of results (pass/no pass) from the MITI test for 884 discrete organic chemicals. This data set was first divided into randomly selected training and validation sets, and new coefficients were derived for the training set using the BIOWIN fragment library and mol wt as independent variables. Based on these results, the fragment library was then mollified by deleting some fragments and adding or refining others, and the new set of independent variables (42 substructures and mol wt) was fit to the MITI data. The resulting linear and nonlinear regression models accurately classified 81% of the chemicals in an independent validation set. Like the established BIOWIN models, the MITI models are intended for use in chemical screening and in setting priorities for further review. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, Ctr Environm Sci, N Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Boethling, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM boethling.bob@epa.gov NR 23 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 10 BP 2478 EP 2485 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2478:PRBITJ>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 360PN UT WOS:000089676600013 ER PT J AU Williamson, TC Kirchhoff, M Anastas, PT AF Williamson, TC Kirchhoff, M Anastas, PT TI Advances in green chemistry recognized in the United States SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. White House Off Sci & Technol, Washington, DC USA. RP Williamson, TC (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 2 IS 5 BP G85 EP G87 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 362XQ UT WOS:000089803900002 ER PT J AU Lu, T Liu, J LeCluyse, E Mumford, J Cheng, ML Waalkes, MP AF Lu, T Liu, J LeCluyse, E Mumford, J Cheng, ML Waalkes, MP TI Applications of cDNA microarray to the study of arsenic-induced liver injury in the population of Guizhou, China. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Guiyang Med Coll Hosp, Guiyang, Peoples R China. NCI, NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 1241 BP 470A EP 470A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622401227 ER PT J AU DeAngelo, AB AF DeAngelo, AB TI Response to "Epigenetic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis" by James E. Klaunig, Lisa M. Kamendulis, and Xu Yong SO HUMAN & EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID DICHLOROACETIC ACID; LIVER C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeAngelo, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0144-5952 J9 HUM EXP TOXICOL JI Hum. Exp. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 10 BP 561 EP 562 DI 10.1191/096032700701546460 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 394HF UT WOS:000166517400004 PM 11211993 ER PT J AU Preston, RJ AF Preston, RJ TI Response to Klaunig J.E. et al.'s "Epigenetic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis" SO HUMAN & EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Preston, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0144-5952 J9 HUM EXP TOXICOL JI Hum. Exp. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 10 BP 569 EP 570 DI 10.1191/096032700701546497 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 394HF UT WOS:000166517400007 PM 11211996 ER PT J AU Engle, VD Summers, JK AF Engle, VD Summers, JK TI Biogeography of benthic macroinvertebrates in estuaries along the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic coasts SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biogeography; estuary; benthic; invertebrate; province ID SIMILARITY ANALYSIS; OF-MEXICO; ASSEMBLAGES; MARINE AB The community composition of benthic macroinvertebrates from 870 estuarine sites was examined in order to either confirm or challenge established boundaries of biogeographical provinces along the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic coasts of the United States. The objective was two-fold: (1) to demarcate boundaries that separate dissimilar fauna in the Gulf of Mexico, and (2) to compare the Gulf of Mexico biogeographically with other well-known provinces. We segmented the coastline into grid cells with dimensions of 1 degrees latitude and 2-4 degrees longitude. Using the descriptive techniques of cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, we determined the similarities in benthic community composition between sites within grid cells in the Gulf of Mexico and compared the biotic ordinations to natural habitat characteristics such as salinity, sediment type, and depth. We then evaluated the overall community composition within each grid cell in the Gulf of Mexico and established whether or not similarities existed between adjacent grid cells. In this manner, we confirmed that an east-west gradient existed in estuarine benthic community composition along the Gulf of Mexico coast. This information was combined with our previous work in the western Atlantic coast to discern biogeographical provinces. Based on cluster analyses and an analysis of endemic benthic species the following provinces are proposed: (1) the Virginian province, from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Wilmington, North Carolina, (2) the Gulf of Mexico, from Rio Grande, Texas to Cape Romano, Florida, and (3) south Florida, south of latitude 26 degrees N. The region encompassing South Carolina, Georgia and northern Florida represents a transitional area between temperate and tropical provinces. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Engle, VD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 38 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2000 VL 436 IS 1-3 BP 17 EP 33 DI 10.1023/A:1026572601578 PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 379FX UT WOS:000165632300002 ER PT J AU Connell, K Rodgers, CC Shank-Givens, HL Scheller, J Pope, ML Miller, K AF Connell, K Rodgers, CC Shank-Givens, HL Scheller, J Pope, ML Miller, K TI Building a better protozoa data set SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The Information Collection Rule Supplemental Surveys (ICRSS) were designed to supplement the ICR with more reliable information on protozoa occurrence. The surveys benefitted from measures that were not part of the ICR, notably an improved protozoa detection method, an expanded quality control (QC) program, and a centralized sample control center. Based on analyses of data from the protozoa monitoring portion, the ICRSS have yielded measurable improvements in the quality of protozoa occurrence data available to support current rulemaking efforts. Compared with ICR results, ICRSS field sample data are characterized by higher detection rates and fewer potential false-positive results. Data from more than 400 source water QC samples analyzed during the surveys indicated mean Cryptosporidium recoveries of 43 percent and mean Giardia recoveries of 53 percent from field samples spiked with laboratory strains of these organisms. Results confirmed that the performance of methods 1622 and 1623 during monitoring of 87 US source waters was consistent with their anticipated performance, demonstrated through interlaboratory validation studies conducted before surveys began. C1 DynCorp I&ET, Biol Studies Grp, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Connell, K (reprint author), DynCorp I&ET, Biol Studies Grp, 6101 Stevenson Ave, Alexandria, VA 22304 USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 92 IS 10 BP 30 EP 43 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VH UT WOS:000168836200013 ER PT J AU Fleming, JS Conway, JH Holgate, ST Bailey, AG Martonen, TB AF Fleming, JS Conway, JH Holgate, ST Bailey, AG Martonen, TB TI Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol deposition by airway generation from three-dimensional radionuclide imaging SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY DEPOSITION; PENETRATION; MORPHOLOGY; PLANAR; MODEL; TREE AB Three-dimensional radionuclide imaging provides information on the intra-pulmonary spatial deposition of inhaled aerosol. Conversion of this data to provide the airway deposition pattern is valuable to clinical researchers in inhalation therapy and mathematical modellers of aerosol deposition. An iterative technique for performing this process is described and evaluated on simulated image data in which the 'true' distribution by airway generation is known. It is compared to three previously described methods and shown to have better accuracy and precision in estimating airway distribution. The coefficient of Variation for estimating the bronchial airways deposition using the new technique of 13% is superior to that for the whole conducting airway at 20%. In conclusion a new method for converting spatial imaging data on inhaled aerosol deposition to a description by airway generation is presented and shown to be superior to three alternative approaches. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Southampton Univ Hosp NHS Trust, Dept Med Phys & Bioengn, Southampton, Hants, England. Univ Southampton, Dept Elect Engn, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. US EPA, Hlth Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Fleming, JS (reprint author), Southampton Gen Hosp, Dept Nucl Med, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England. OI Conway, Joy/0000-0001-6464-1526 NR 16 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1251 EP 1259 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(00)00021-5 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 345RD UT WOS:000088828200009 ER PT J AU Kholmurodov, K Smith, W Yasuoka, K Darden, T Ebisuzaki, T AF Kholmurodov, K Smith, W Yasuoka, K Darden, T Ebisuzaki, T TI A smooth-particle mesh Ewald method for DL_POLY molecular dynamics simulation package on the Fujitsu VPP700 SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE molecular dynamics; DL_POLY code; smooth-particle mesh Ewald; fast Fourier transforms; Fujitsu vector machine AB An N . log(N) smooth-particle mesh Ewald method has been incorporated into the DL_POLY molecular dynamics simulation package. The performance of the new code has been tested on a Fujitsu VPP700 for several DL_POLY-specific benchmark systems. The new method is highly vectorizable, and makes use of the extremely efficient Fast Fourier Transforms on the Fujitsu vector machine. In calculations of the coulombic forces in periodic systems requiring large reciprocal space vectors, the new code was found to be considerably faster than the conventional Ewald method. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Adv Comp Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. Daresbury Lab, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England. Keio Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kholmurodov, K (reprint author), RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Adv Comp Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. RI Yasuoka, Kenji/F-7643-2014; Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu/N-6998-2014 OI Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu/0000-0002-3918-1166 NR 8 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0192-8651 J9 J COMPUT CHEM JI J. Comput. Chem. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 21 IS 13 BP 1187 EP 1191 DI 10.1002/1096-987X(200010)21:13<1187::AID-JCC7>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 360UP UT WOS:000089685900007 ER PT J AU Inglefield, JR Shafer, TJ AF Inglefield, JR Shafer, TJ TI Polychlorinated biphenyl-stimulation of Ca2+ oscillations in developing neocortical cells: A role for excitatory transmitters and L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; RAT HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; CORTICAL-NEURONS; CALCIUM OSCILLATIONS; INTRACELLULAR CA2+; GENE-EXPRESSION; NMDA RECEPTORS; GABA; CULTURE; BRAIN AB Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), environmental toxicants found throughout the world, results in neurodevelopmental delays and/or deficits. Previous mechanistic studies have demonstrated that PCBs elicit a broad spectrum of biochemical responses that include slow, graded increases in intracellular Ca2+. Acute exposure of cultures of newborn rodent cortical neurons to the commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 [A1254; 1-20 mu M (0.3-6 ppm)], induced recurring oscillations of intracellular Ca2+ concentration (individual Ca2+ amplitudes of 200-600 nM). This oscillatory activity was absent in control (0.5 mM Mg2+-containing) solution. Ca2+ oscillations induced by a 1-h exposure to A1254 were concentration dependent, as measured by cell recruitment (proportion of responding cells) as well as by Ca2+ oscillation frequency and amplitude. Extracellular Ca2+ entry via L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs) was required to elicit the Ca2+ oscillations because oscillations induced by A1254 were blocked in Ca2+-deficient solution or by addition of 1 mu M nifedipine. Tetrodotoxin also blocked the Ca2+ oscillations, suggesting that synaptic activity may activate VSCCs. To examine this further, the role of postsynaptic receptors that indirectly activate L-type VSCCs was examined. At 4 to 5 days in vitro, when GABA exerts a depolarizing action and activates L-type channels, addition of bicuculline blocked Ca2+ oscillations induced by A1254. After longer maintenance of the cells in vitro (7 days), A1254-induced Ca2+ oscillations were selectively blocked by a combination of N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists (D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxy-6,7-dinitroquinoxaline, respectively). These novel findings show the induction of network activity in an in vitro model by A1254 via activation of excitatory GABAergic and/or glutamatergic synaptic activity, depending on the stage of maturation. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Inglefield, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 42 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 295 IS 1 BP 105 EP 113 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 354AA UT WOS:000089306600015 PM 10991967 ER PT J AU Nadeau, TL Castenholz, RW AF Nadeau, TL Castenholz, RW TI Characterization of psychrophilic oscillatorians (cyanobacteria) from Antarctic meltwater ponds SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; benthic cyanobacteria; photosynthesis; psychrophile; psychrotolerance ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; LOW-TEMPERATURE; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; DIVERSITY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ENVIRONMENT; BACTERIA; GROWTH; BIODIVERSITY; STREAMS AB Oscillatorian cyanobacteria dominate benthic microbial mat communities in many polar freshwater ecosystems. Capable of growth at low temperatures, all benthic polar oscillatorians characterized to date are psychrotolerant (growth optima > 15 degrees C) as opposed to psychrophilic (growth optima less than or equal to 15 degrees C). Here, psychrophilic oscillatorians isolated from meItwater ponds on Antarctica's Il MchMurdo Ice Shelf are described. Growth and photosynthetic rates were investigated at multiple temperatures, and compared with those of a psychrotolerant isolate from the same region. Two isolates showed a growth maximum at 8 degrees C, with rates of 0.12 and 0.08 doublings d(-1), respectively. Neither displayed detectable growth at 24 degrees C. The psychrotolerant isolate showed almost imperceptible growth at 4 degreesC and a rate of 0.9 doublings d(-1) at its optimal temperature of similar to 23 degreesC. In both photosynthesis versus irradiance and photosynthesis versus temperature experiments, exponentially growing cultures were acclimated for 14 days at 3, 8, 12, 20, and 24 degrees C under saturating light intensity, and [C-14] photoincorporation rates were measured. Psychrophilic isolates acclimated at 8 degrees C showed greatest photosynthetic rates; those acclimated at 3 degrees C were capable of active photosynthesis, but photoincorporation was not detected in cells acclimated at 20 and 24 degrees C, because these isolates were not viable after 14 days at those temperatures. The psychrotolerant isolate, conversely, displayed maximum photosynthetic rates at 24 degrees C, though photoincorporation was actively occurring at 3 degrees C. Within acclimation temperature treatments, short-term photosynthetic rates increased with increasing incubation temperature for both psychrophilic and psychrotolerant isolates. These results indicate the importance of temperature acclimation before assays when determining optimal physiological temperatures. All isolates displayed photosynthetic saturation at low light levels (<128 mol.m(-2).s(-1)) but were not photoinhibited at the highest light treatment (233 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1)). Field studies examining the impact of temperature on photosynthetic responses of intact benthic mats, under natural solar irradiance, showed the mat communities to be actively photosynthesizing from 2 to 20 degreesC, with maximum photoincorporation at 20 degreesC, as well as capable of a rapid response to an increase in temperature. The rarity of psychrophilic cyanobacteria, relative to psychrotolerant strains, may be due to their extremely slow growth rates and inability to take advantage of occasional excursions to higher temperatures. We suggest an evolutionary scenario in which psychrophilic strains, or their most recent common ancestor, lost the ability to grow at higher temperatures while maintaining a broad tolerance for fluctuations in other physical and chemical parameters that define shallow meltwater Antarctic ecosystems. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Nadeau, TL (reprint author), US EPA, Wetlands Div, 4502-F, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 5 BP 914 EP 923 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99201.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 375NY UT WOS:000165409200015 ER PT J AU Sin, Y Wetzel, RL Anderson, IC AF Sin, Y Wetzel, RL Anderson, IC TI Seasonal variations of size-fractionated phytoplankton along the salinity gradient in the York River estuary, Virginia (USA) SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN UPTAKE; CHESAPEAKE BAY; NUTRIENT; CHLOROPHYLL; PICOPLANKTON; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; BIOMASS; GROWTH; FLUX AB The dynamics of phytoplankton size structure were investigated in the freshwater, transitional and estuarine zones of the York River over an annual cycle. The contribution of large cells (microplankton, >20 mu m) to total concentrations of chlorophyll a increased downstream during winter, whereas that of small cells (nanoplankton, 3-20 mu m; picoplankton, <3 mu m) increased downstream during summer. In the freshwater region, the contribution of micro phytoplankton to total concentrations of chlorophyll a was significant during warm seasons (spring and summer) but not during colder seasons (winter), whereas the contribution of small-sized cells (especially picoplankton) increased during cold seasons. Temperature, light and high flushing rate appear to control phytoplankton community structure in the freshwater region. In the transitional region, nano-sized cells dominated the phytoplankton population throughout all seasons except during the spring bloom (April) when the chlorophyll a concentration of micro playtoplankton increased. Size structure in the transitional region is most likely regulated by light availability. In the mesohaline region, nano- and pico-sized cells dominated the phytoplankton population during the summer bloom, whereas micro-sized cells dominated during the winter bloom. Factors controlling phytoplankton community Size structure in the mesohaline zone may be riverine nitrogen input, temperature and/or advective transport from up-river. Based on these results, the spatial and seasonal variations in size structure of phytoplankton observed on the estuarine scale may be determined both by the different preferences for nutrients and by different light requirements of micro-, nano- and picoplankton. The results suggest that analyses of phytoplankton size structure are necessary to better understand controls on phytoplankton dynamics and to better manage water quality in river-dominated, estuarine systems. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Sin, Y (reprint author), US EPA, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 40 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1945 EP 1960 DI 10.1093/plankt/22.10.1945 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 363GU UT WOS:000089827800009 ER PT J AU Sigleo, AC Neale, PJ Spector, AM AF Sigleo, AC Neale, PJ Spector, AM TI Phytoplankton pigments at the Weddell-Scotia confluence during the 1993 austral spring SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ICE-EDGE ZONE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; THALASSIOSIRA-PSEUDONANA; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; RAPID-DETERMINATION; B RADIATION; BLOOM; SEA AB During a 1995 austral spring cruise, a complex biomass was encountered near South Orkney Island that ranged from a low-biomass, Chaetoceros tortissimus assemblage south of the front towards the ice edge, to a high-biomass, Thalassiosira gravida-dominated assemblage at the northern edge. The maximum levels of chlorophyll (Chl) a (up to 6 mg m(-3)) were higher than those observed in previous high-performance liquid chromatography-based studies of pigments in the pelagic Southern Ocean. The non-photosynthetic pigment chlorophyllide a comprised up to 75% of the chlorophyllous pigments in the southern assemblage, but < 5% in the northern assemblage. Concentrations of the xanthophylls diadinoxanthin (DD) and diatoxanthin (DT), used as indicators of mean irradiance, indicated low-light-adapted populations. Low-light DD + DT/Chl a ratios in surface waters indicated that vertical mixing limited phytoplankton residence time in the near-surface layer, and thus limited exposure to maximum irradiance. Deck incubations of natural assemblages indicated that the dark epoxidation reaction (i.e. the return of DT to DD) was a two-step reaction with the initial rate being more rapid (t(1/2) = 9.5 min) than the second (t(1/2) = 55 min). Fucoxanthin, a major diatom pigment, was more stable chemically in the water column than Chi a, and the vertical profiles of fucoxanthin followed those of chlorophyllide a in some cases. The formation and apparent stability of chlorophyllide a and fucoxanthin are important considerations when estimating photosynthetically active biomass over large regions of the ocean. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 20715 USA. RP Sigleo, AC (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Neale, Patrick/A-3683-2012 NR 46 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1989 EP 2006 DI 10.1093/plankt/22.10.1989 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 363GU UT WOS:000089827800012 ER PT J AU Singh, RB Colls, JJ AF Singh, RB Colls, JJ TI Development and preliminary evaluation of a particulate matter emission factor model for European motor vehicles SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SPARK-IGNITION VEHICLES; RATES AB Although modeling of gaseous emissions from motor vehicles is now quite advanced, prediction of particulate emissions is still at an unsophisticated stage. Emission factors for gasoline vehicles are not reliably available, since gasoline vehicles are not included in the European Union (EU) emission test procedure. Regarding diesel vehicles, emission factors are available for different driving cycles but give little information about change of emissions with speed or engine load. We have developed size-specific speed-dependent emission factors for gasoline and diesel vehicles. Other vehicle-generated emission factors are also considered and the empirical equation for re-entrained road dust is modified to include humidity effects. A methodology is proposed to calculate modal (accelerating, cruising, or idling) emission factors. The emission factors cover particle size ranges up to 10 mum, either from published data or from user-defined size distributions. A particulate matter emission factor model (PMFAC), which incorporates virtually all the available information on particulate emissions for European motor vehicles, has been developed. PMFAC calculates the emission factors for five particle size ranges [i.e., total suspended particulates (TSP), PM10, PM5, PM2.5, and PM1] from both vehicle exhaust and nonexhaust emissions, such as tire wear, brake wear, and re-entrained road dust. The model can be used for an unlimited number of roads and lanes, and to calculate emission factors near an intersection in user-defined elements of the lane. PMFAC can be used for a variety of fleet structures. Hot emission factors at the user-defined speed can be calculated for individual vehicles, along with relative cold-to-hot emission factors. The model accounts for the proportions of distance driven with cold engines as a function of ambient temperature and road type (i.e., urban, rural, or motorway). A preliminary evaluation of PMFAC with an available dispersion model to predict the airborne concentration in the urban environment is presented. The trial was on the A6 trunk road where it passes through Loughborough, a medium-size town in the English East Midlands. This evaluation for TSP and PM(10)was carried out for a range of traffic fleet compositions, speeds, and meteorological conditions. Given the limited basis of the evaluation, encouraging agreement was shown between predicted and measured concentrations. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, England. RP Singh, RB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Mail Drop 56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 IS 10 BP 1805 EP 1817 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 366WU UT WOS:000090029900012 PM 11288309 ER PT J AU Lytle, DA Schock, MR AF Lytle, DA Schock, MR TI Impact of stagnation time on metal dissolution from plumbing materials in drinking water SO JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article DE brass; copper; corrosion; diffusion; lead; stagnation time ID SOLUBILITY; CARBONATE AB Studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of stagnation period on the metal dissolution from plumbing materials including lead, copper and brass. Experimental data showed that metal levels increased exponentially with time, with the sharpest increase occurring over the first 20-24 h. Metal levels may continue to increase following well beyond 24 h of stagnation. Copper levels increased until dissolved oxygen fell below 1 mg l(-1) after which copper levels fell. Results showed that stagnation behaviour is complex in nature, difficult to predict and dependent on water chemistry. Experimental data fit well to a radial diffusion model when a diffusion barrier term is considered. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lytle, DA (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 5 U2 17 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SUPPLY RES T JI J. Water Supply Res Technol.-Aqua PD OCT PY 2000 VL 49 IS 5 BP 243 EP 257 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 374HY UT WOS:000165340800003 ER PT J AU Lesnik, B AF Lesnik, B TI Method validation issues for the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Program SO LC GC NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Methods Team, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lesnik, B (reprint author), US EPA, Off Solid Waste, Methods Team, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1527-5949 J9 LC GC N AM JI LC GC N. AM. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 18 IS 10 BP 1048 EP + PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 365UT UT WOS:000089969400005 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Girls: Ordinary girls and their extraordinary pursuits. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA, OAO, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 125 IS 16 BP 130 EP 130 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 362FL UT WOS:000089767900170 ER PT J AU Waters, MD DeMarini, DM AF Waters, MD DeMarini, DM TI Introduction to a new review category SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Waters, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 463 IS 3 BP 179 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00055-7 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 362KN UT WOS:000089777300002 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA Stack, HF Rice, JM Waters, MD AF Jackson, MA Stack, HF Rice, JM Waters, MD TI A review of the genetic and related effects of 1,3-butadiene in rodents and humans SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE 1,3-butadiene; oxidative metabolites; human versus rodent; genetic activity; DNA adducts; carcinogenic risk ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; CULTURED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; BONE-MARROW CELLS; PHOTOCHEMICAL-REACTION PRODUCTS; LEVEL INHALATION EXPOSURE; S-TRANSFERASE-THETA; LUNG IN-VITRO; BUTADIENE MONOEPOXIDE; DNA-ADDUCTS AB In this paper, the metabolism and genetic toxicity of 1,3-butadiene (BD) and its oxidative metabolites in humans and rodents is reviewed with attention to newer data that have been published since the latest evaluation of ED by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The oxidative metabolism of ED in mice, rats and humans is compared with emphasis on the major pathways leading to the reactive intermediates 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBdiol). Results from recent studies of DNA and hemoglobin adducts indicate that EBdiol may play a more significant role in the toxicity of ED than previously thought. All three metabolites are capable of reacting with macromolecules, such as DNA and hemoglobin, and have been shown to induce a variety of genotoxic effects in mice and rats as well as in human cells in vitro. DEE is clearly the most potent of these genotoxins followed by EB, which in turn is more potent than EBdiol. Studies of mutations in lacI and lacZ mice and of the Hprt mutational spectrum in rodents and humans show that mutations at G:C base pairs are critical events in the mutagenicity of BD. In-depth analyses of the mutational spectra induced by ED and/or its oxidative metabolites should help to clarify which metabolite(s) are associated with specific mutations in each animal species and which mutational events contribute to ED-induced carcinogenicity. While the quantitative relationship between exposure to ED, its genotoxicity, and the induction of cancer in occupationally exposed humans remains to be fully established, there is sufficient data currently available to demonstrate that 1,3-butadiene is a probable human carcinogen. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Alpha Gamma Technol Inc, Raleigh, NC 27609 USA. Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. RP Waters, MD (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 173 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 463 IS 3 BP 181 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00056-9 PG 33 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 362KN UT WOS:000089777300003 PM 11018742 ER PT J AU Landi, S AF Landi, S TI Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens: a review SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE genetic susceptibility; GST theta; review; GSTTI-1; GSTT2-2 ID GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; CULTURED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; BASAL-CELL CARCINOMAS; DNA ADDUCT LEVELS; BACTERIAL DICHLOROMETHANE DEHALOGENASE; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; AERODIGESTIVE TRACT CANCERS; EXPOSED GREENHOUSE WORKERS; EPITHELIAL OVARIAN-CANCER AB Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are an important part of the cellular detoxification system and, perhaps, evolved to protect cells against reactive oxygen metabolites. Theta is considered the most ancient among the GSTs and theta-like GSTs are found in mammals, fish, insects, plants, unicellular algae, and bacteria. It is thought that an ancestral theta-gene underwent an early duplication before the divergence of fungi and animals and further duplications generated the variety of the other classes of GSTs (alpha, mu, phi, etc.). The comparison of the aminoacidic homologies among mammals suggests that a duplication of an ancient GST theta occurred before the speciation of mammals and resulted in the subunits GSTT1 and GSTT2. The ancestral GST theta has a dehalogenase activity towards several halogenated compounds, such as the dichloromethane. In fact, some aerobic and anaerobic methylotrophic bacteria can use these molecules as the sole carbon and energy source. The mammalian GST theta cannot sustain the growth of bacteria but still retains the dehalogenating activity. Therefore, although mammalian GST theta behaves as a scavenger towards electrophiles, such as epoxides, it acts also as metabolic activator for halogenated compounds, producing a variety of intermediates potentially dangerous for DNA and cells. For example, mice exposed to dichloromethane show a dose-dependent incidence of cancer via the GSTT1-1 pathway. Because GSTT1-1 is polymorphic in humans, with about 20% of Caucasians and 80% of Asians lacking the enzyme, the relationship between the phenotype and the incidence of cancer has been investigated extensively in order to detect GSTT1-1-associated differential susceptibility towards endogenous or exogenous carcinogens. The lack of the enzyme is related to a slightly increased risk of cancer of the bladder, gastro-intestinal tract, and for tobacco-related tumors (lung or oral cavity). More pronounced risks were found in males with the GSTT1-null genotype for brain diseases and skin basal cell carcinomas not related to sunlight exposures. Moreover, there was an increased risk of kidney and liver tumors in humans with the GSTT1-1 positive genotype following exposures to halogenated solvents. Interestingly, the liver and kidney are two organs that express the highest level of GST theta in the human body. Thus, the GSTT1-1 genotype is suspected to confer decreased or increased risk of cancer in relation to the source of exposure; in vitro studies, mostly conducted on metabolites of butadiene, confirm the protective action of GSTT1-1, whereas, thus far, experimental studies prove that the increasing risk is limited. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Landi, S (reprint author), Int Agcy Res Canc, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon 08, France. RI Kalev, Ingrid/H-4315-2012; OI Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 NR 238 TC 315 Z9 335 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 463 IS 3 BP 247 EP 283 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00050-8 PG 37 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 362KN UT WOS:000089777300005 PM 11018744 ER PT J AU Ravallion, M Heil, M Jalan, J AF Ravallion, M Heil, M Jalan, J TI Carbon emissions and income inequality SO OXFORD ECONOMIC PAPERS-NEW SERIES LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-QUALITY; DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; KUZNETS CURVE; POLLUTION; SET AB We find that the distribution of income matters to aggregate carbon dioxide emissions and hence global warming. Higher inequality, both between and within countries is associated with lower carbon emissions at given average incomes. We also confirm that economic growth generally comes with higher emissions. Thus our results suggest that trade-offs exist between climate control ton the one hand) and both social equity and economic growth ton the other). However, economic growth improves the trade off with equity, and lower inequality improves the trade off with growth. By combining growth with equity, more pro-poor growth processes yield better longer-term trajectories of carbon emissions. C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Indian Stat Inst, New Delhi 110016, India. RP Ravallion, M (reprint author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. NR 30 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0030-7653 J9 OXFORD ECON PAP JI Oxf. Econ. Pap.-New Ser. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 52 IS 4 BP 651 EP 669 DI 10.1093/oep/52.4.651 PG 19 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 364AJ UT WOS:000089869600002 ER PT J AU Owens, JH Miltner, RJ Rice, EW Johnson, CH Dahling, DR Schaefer, FW Shukairy, HM AF Owens, JH Miltner, RJ Rice, EW Johnson, CH Dahling, DR Schaefer, FW Shukairy, HM TI Pilot-scale ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium and other microorganisms in natural water SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; Cryptosporidium; Giardia; endospores; Bacillus subtilis; poliovirus; heterotrophic bacteria; coliform bacteria; bromate; biological activated carbon filtration; aldehydes; keto acids; Ohio River water ID GIARDIA-MURIS-CYSTS; DRINKING-WATER; DISCONTINUOUS SUCROSE; INDICATOR ORGANISMS; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; PARVUM OOCYSTS; DISINFECTION; PURIFICATION; EXCYSTATION; INFECTIVITY AB A pilot-scale study was conducted to evaluate the inactivation by ozone against Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, poliovirus, and B. subtilis endospores spiked into Ohio River water. The indigenous Ohio River populations of total coliform bacteria, heterotrophic plate count bacteria and endospores of aerobic spore forming bacteria were also evaluated. Endospores were the only organisms found to be more resistant to ozone than Cryptosporidium oocysts. Endospores may serve as an indicator of microbial treatment efficiency. Cryptosporidium oocysts were more resistant than Giardia cysts or poliovirus. Although HPC bacteria were less resistant than Cryptosporidium oocysts, variability limits their usefulness as an indicator of treatment efficiency. Ozone inactivation data generated in a pilot-scale study employing natural surface waters were comparable to inactivation data derived from previously published bench-scale studies using laboratory waters. The ozone requirements for inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts may produce elevated levels of bromate and ozone byproducts. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Owens, JH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD, NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 22 IS 5 BP 501 EP 517 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 369VP UT WOS:000165088700006 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Elovitz, MS Freeman, D Shauntee, J AF Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Elovitz, MS Freeman, D Shauntee, J TI Interferences due to ozone-scavenging reagents in the GC-ECD determination of aldehydes and ketones as the O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oximes SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; pentafluorobenzyloxylamine; pentafluorophenylmethyloxylamine; pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine; pentafluorobenzyloxime; disinfection byproducts analysis; ozonation byproducts analysis; ozone scavenger; nitrite; cyanide; formate; indigo carmine; indigodisulfonate; indigotrisulfonate; aldehyde; ketone ID CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; DRINKING-WATER; KINETICS; MECHANISM; HYDROXYLAMINE; OXIDATION; THERMODYNAMICS; DERIVATIZATION; IDENTIFICATION AB In order to study ozonation byproduct (OBP) formation as a function of time, it is necessary to quench ozone and thereby fix the concentrations of the byproducts. Reagents chosen for this purpose must not react with the OBPs or otherwise adversely impact the analysis. Six potential ozone-scavenging reagents were tested for possible interference in the GC-ECD determination of aldehydes and ketones after derivatization with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxylamine (PFBOA). All six- sodium nitrite, sodium cyanide, sodium methanoate (formate), indigo-5,5'-disulfonate disodium (Indigo Carmine), indigo-5,5',7-trisulfonate tripotassium, and tin(II) chloride-were found to interfere in the analysis. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div,Treatment Tech, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 5 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD, NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 22 IS 5 BP 551 EP 561 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 369VP UT WOS:000165088700009 ER PT J AU Ryan, LK Neldon, DL Bishop, LR Gilmour, MI Daniels, MJ Sailstad, DM Selgrade, MJK AF Ryan, LK Neldon, DL Bishop, LR Gilmour, MI Daniels, MJ Sailstad, DM Selgrade, MJK TI Exposure to ultraviolet radiation enhances mortality and pathology associated with influenza virus infection in mice SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; UV-B RADIATION; CONTACT HYPERSENSITIVITY; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; HOST-RESISTANCE; IRRADIATION; IMMUNITY; LIGHT; RESPONSES; UNRESPONSIVENESS AB Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes systemic immune suppression, decreasing the delayed type and contact hypersensitivity responses in animals and humans and enhancing certain mycobacterial, parasitic and viral infections in mice. This study tests the hypothesis that prior exposure to UVR enhances influenza infections in mice. BALB/c female mice were exposed to 0-8.2 kJ/m(2) of UVR, Exposed and unexposed mice were infected intranasally three days later with 150-300 plaque-forming units/mouse (lethal dose (LD)(20)-LD40) of mouse-adapted Hong Kong Influenza A/68 (H2N2) virus or sham infected with 50 muL Hanks' balanced salt solution/mouse. Mortality from viral infection ranged from 25-50%, UVR exposure increased virus-associated mortality in a dose-dependent manner (up to a two-fold increase at 8.2 kJ/m(2)). The increased mortality was not associated with bacterial pneumonia, The highest dose of UVR also accelerated the body weight loss and increased the severity and incidence of thymic atrophy associated with influenza infection, However, UVR treatment had little effect on the increase in lung wet weight seen with viral infection, and, to our surprise, did not cause an increase in virus titers in the lung or dissemination of virus. The mice died 5-6 days after infection, too early for adaptive immune responses to have much impact. Also, UVR did not interfere with the development of protective immunity to influenza, as measured by reinfection with a lethal challenge of virus. Also, cells adoptively transferred from UVR or untreated mice were equally protective of recipient mice challenged with a lethal dose of virus. The mice resemble mice succumbing to endotoxin, and influenza infection increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor or (TNF-alpha) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum cortisol levels; however, UVR preexposure did not increase either of these responses to the virus. The results show that UVR increased the morbidity, mortality and pathogenesis of influenza virus in mice without affecting protective immunity to the virus, as measured by resistance to reinfection. The mechanism of enhanced mortality is uncertain, but the data raises concerns that UVR may exacerbate early responses that contribute to the pathogenesis of a primary viral infection. C1 US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ryan, LK (reprint author), US EPA, Immunotoxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 4 BP 497 EP 507 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0497:ETUREM>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 366VU UT WOS:000090027600012 PM 11045721 ER PT J AU Snawder, JE Lipscomb, JC AF Snawder, JE Lipscomb, JC TI Interindividual variance of cytochrome P450 forms in human hepatic microsomes: Correlation of individual forms with xenobiotic metabolism and implications in risk assessment SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; uncertainty factors; cytochrome P450; human variance; microsomes; ELISA metabolism ID TRICHLOROETHYLENE METABOLISM; P450-DEPENDENT METABOLISM; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; LIVER-MICROSOMES; DOG LIVER; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; RAT; EXTRAPOLATION; CARCINOGENS AB Differences in biotransformation activities may alter the bioavailability or efficacy of drugs, provide protection from certain xenobiotic and environmental agents, or increase toxicity of others. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are responsible for the majority of oxidation reactions of drugs and other xenobiotics and differences in their expression may directly produce interindividual differences in susceptibility to compounds whose toxicity is modulated by these enzymes. To rapidly quantify CYP450 forms in human hepatic microsomes, we developed, and applied, an ELISA to 40 samples of microsomes from adult human organ donors. The procedure was reliable and the results were reproducible within normal limits. Protein content for CYP1A, CYP2E1, and CYP3A positively correlated with suitable marker activities. CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C6, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A protein content demonstrated 36-, 13-, 11-, 2-, 12-, and 22-fold differences between the highest and lowest samples and the values were normally distributed. Of the forms examined, CYP3A was expressed in the highest amount and it was the only form whose content was correlated with total CYP450 content. Content of other forms was independent of total CYP450. We further determined the contribution of specific forms to the biotransformation of trichloroethylene as a model substrate. CYP2E1 was strongly correlated with chloral hydrate formation from trichloroethylene; CYP2B displayed the strongest correlation with trichloroethanol formation. These data describing the expression and distribution of these forms in human microsomes can be used to extrapolate in vitro derived metabolic rates for toxicologically important reactions, when form selectivity and specific activity are known. This approach may be applied to refine estimates of human interindividual differences in susceptibility for application in human health risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NIOSH, Taft Lab, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-190,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 200 EP 209 DI 10.1006/rtph.2000.1424 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 379DU UT WOS:000165626300007 PM 11067776 ER PT J AU Hunter, ES AF Hunter, ES TI Role of oxidative damage in arsenic-induced teratogenesis SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NIEHS Symposium Reports on Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Abnormal Development CY 1999 CL KEYSTONE, COLORADO SP NIEHS C1 US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Hunter, ES (reprint author), US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, MD 67, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 62 IS 4 BP 240 EP 240 DI 10.1002/1096-9926(200010)62:4<240::AID-TERA14>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 362MV UT WOS:000089782500014 PM 10992270 ER PT J AU Degitz, SJ Kosian, PA Makynen, EA Jensen, KM Ankley, GT AF Degitz, SJ Kosian, PA Makynen, EA Jensen, KM Ankley, GT TI Stage- and species-specific developmental toxicity of all-trans retinoic acid in four native North American ranids and Xenopus laevis SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE all-trans retinoic acid (RA); hindlimb malformation; Rana clamitans; Rana pipiens; Rana septentrionalis; Rana sylvatica; Xenopus laevis ID LIMB DEVELOPMENT; VITAMIN-A; LOCAL APPLICATION; MODEL SYSTEM; REGENERATION; EMBRYOS; PATTERN; MALFORMATIONS; DEFORMITIES; METABOLISM AB Within the-last decade, there have been increasing reports of malformed amphibians across North America. Recently, it has been suggested that hind-limb malformations are a consequence of xenobiotic disruption of developmental pathways regulated by retinoids. To assess the validity of this hypothesis, the developmental toxicity of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) was examined in Xenopus laevis and four North American anurans, at several life stages. To determine the effects of RA on embryogenesis, midblastula stage embryos were exposed to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 ng RA/ml for 24 h. To evaluate the effects of RA on hind-limb development, early- and mid-limb bud stage tadpoles were exposed to RA concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 1250 ng RA/ml for 24 h. Mid-blastula RA exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in dysmorphogenesis and mortality in the three species examined (R. clamitans, R. septentrionalis and X. laevis). RA exposure at stage 51 in X. laevis and stage 28 in R. sylvatica resulted in concentration-dependent increases in reductions and deletions of the hind limb. However, RA was ineffective at inducing hind-limb abnormalities in stages 26 and 28 of R. pipiens, stage 28 in R. clamitans, or stage 48 in X. laevis tadpoles. These results indicate that mid-blastula stage embryos are more sensitive to RA-induced dysmorphogenesis and mortality than limb-bud stage tadpoles. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of the possible occurrence of retinoid mimics in the environment. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Degitz, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 31 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 57 IS 2 BP 264 EP 274 DI 10.1093/toxsci/57.2.264 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 361UG UT WOS:000089742100009 PM 11006356 ER PT J AU Hurst, CH DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS AF Hurst, CH DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS TI Tissue disposition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in maternal and developing Long-Evans rats following subchronic exposure SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); disposition; body burden; embryo; fetus ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; DUTCH CHILDREN; DIOXINS; CYP1A2; EXCRETION; INFANTS AB Prenatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces alterations in the reproductive system of the developing pups. The objective of this study was to determine the disposition of TCDD in maternal and fetal Long-Evans (LE) rats following subchronic exposure, since the adverse reproductive and developmental effects have been extensively characterized in this strain of rat. LE rats were dosed by gavage with 1, 10, or 30 ng [(3)H]TCDD/kg in corn oil, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. At the end of 13 weeks, females were mated and dosing continued every day throughout gestation. Darns were sacrificed on gestation day (GD) 9, GD16, GD21, and post-natal day 4 and analyzed for [(3)H]TCDD-derived activity in maternal and fetal tissues. Maternal body burdens were equivalent at different time points, indicating that the dams were at steady state. Maternal body burdens were approximately 19, 120, and 300 ng TCDD/kg following doses of 1, 10, and 30 ng TCDD/kg, respectively. Individual embryo concentrations on GD9 were 1.6, 7, and 16 pg TCDD/g after maternal exposure of 1, 10, and 30 ng/kg/d, respectively. On GD 16, fetal liver, urogenital tract, head, and body concentrations were similar and averaged 1.4, 7.8, and 16.4 pg TCDD/g after administration of 1, 10, or 30 ng TCDD/kg, respectively, indicating no preferential sequestration within the different fetal tissues. These concentrations of TCDD within fetal tissues after subchronic exposure are comparable to those seen after a single dose of 50, 200, or 1000 ng TCDD/kg administered on GD15, a critical period of gestation. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curr Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP DeVito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM devito.mike@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07126] NR 48 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 57 IS 2 BP 275 EP 283 DI 10.1093/toxsci/57.2.275 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 361UG UT WOS:000089742100010 PM 11006357 ER PT J AU Brass, HJ AF Brass, HJ TI Status of the drinking water standards program in the United States SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE maximum contaminant level; regulations; Safe Drinking Water Act; standards; treatment AB The 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act permit standards to be set on a risk management basis. They are driven by: sound peer reviewed science; availability of adequate data and information; prioritized rule making based on risk; increased stakeholder involvement and regulatory negotiations; cost-benefit analysis; better clarity; timely guidance as to provisions of the standards; and implementation assistance though training and guidance materials. The priority rulemaking activities include: standards for harmful microbiological contaminants, disinfectants and disinfectant byproducts; a ground water rule to protect ground water systems from microbiological pathogens; and standards for radon, radionuclides, and arsenic. Additionally, a contaminant candidate list (CCL) must be published every five years to identify potential substances for subsequent regulation. From the CCL, at least five candidates must be identified to consider for regulation within a five year period. A maximum of thirty contaminants for monitoring by water systems must be published by 1999 and every five years thereafter. Monitoring information derived serves as a basis for future standard setting activities. Drinking water standards are set based on health effects and occurrence information through a two step process. First USEPA establishes a non-enforceable maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) which is the maximum permissible level of a contaminant where no adverse health effects occur. Once the MCLG is established, a maximum contaminant level (MCL) is promulgated as close to the MCLG as feasible. C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Brass, HJ (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Tech Support Ctr, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 123 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1023/A:1005294019383 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 364FH UT WOS:000089881000002 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Chen, PH Collette, TW Schenck, KM Lykins, BW Rav-Acha, C Glezer, V AF Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Caughran, TV Chen, PH Collette, TW Schenck, KM Lykins, BW Rav-Acha, C Glezer, V TI Identification of new drinking water disinfection by-products from ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, and chlorine SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE chloramine; chlorine; chlorine dioxide; disinfection by-products; drinking water; ozone AB Many drinking water treatment plants are currently using alternative disinfectants to treat drinking water, with ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine being the most popular. However, compared to chlorine, which has been much more widely studied, there is little information about the disinfection by-products (DBPs) that these alternative disinfectants produce. Thus, it is not known if the DBPs from alternative disinfectants are safer or more hazardous than those formed by chlorine. To answer this question, we have set out to comprehensively identify DBPs formed by these alternative disinfectants, as well as by chlorine. The results presented here represent a compilation of the last 8 years of our research in identifying new DBPs from ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, and chlorine. We also include results from recent studies of Israel drinking water disinfected with both chlorine dioxide and chloramine. Over 200 DBPs were identified, many of which have never been reported. In comparing by-products formed by the different disinfectants, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine formed fewer halogenated DBPs than chlorine. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Israel Minist Hlth, Res Lab Water Qual, IL-61082 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Richardson, SD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 7 TC 103 Z9 117 U1 10 U2 69 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 123 IS 1-4 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1023/A:1005265509813 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 364FH UT WOS:000089881000010 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Chesser, KL AF Jorgensen, EE Chesser, KL TI Interspecific differences in grass seed imbibition SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE consumers; depredation; detectability; grass seed; imbibition; olfaction; volatile compounds ID SONORAN DESERT SOILS; MOJAVE-DESERT; WATER; TRIDENTATA; GRANIVORES; DISPERSAL AB Seeds from 12 grass species were studied relative to mode of wetting and time of exposure to water to document interspecific differences in imbibition characteristics. Imbibition causes seeds to become wet, and wet seeds are more detectable to consumers than dry seeds. Thus, germination potential and ability to remain undetected by consumers may represent an important trade-off Seeds wetted for 0-192 h in vials imbibed water at rates equivalent to seeds wetted by contact with wet paper towels pressing against their seed coat, except for seeds of Avena sativa, which weighed more after wetting in 2-mL vials with free water (0.471 g vs. 0.432 g). Seeds from different species imbibed water at different rates. These data show that interspecific variation in imbibition for seeds is high and support an expectation that imbibition potential can interact with detectability to consumers in an evolutionary trade-off. C1 US EPA, Ada, OK 74820 USA. E Cent Univ, McNair Scholars Program, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, Box 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 EI 1944-8341 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD OCT PY 2000 VL 60 IS 4 BP 433 EP 438 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 371BD UT WOS:000165157000010 ER PT J AU Gupta, RP Abdel-Rahman, A Jensen, KF Abou-Donia, MB AF Gupta, RP Abdel-Rahman, A Jensen, KF Abou-Donia, MB TI Altered expression of neurofilament subunits in diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate-treated hen spinal cord and their presence in axonal aggregations SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE neurofilament proteins; diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate; chicken; spinal cord; neurotoxicity; organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neuropathy ID INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEINS; INDUCED DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY; NF-H; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; (DFP)-TREATED HEN; MOTOR-NEURONS; RADIAL GROWTH; PHOSPHORYLATION; BINDING; DISEASE AB Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) is an organophosphorus ester, which produces organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in hen and other sensitive species. A single dose of DFP (1.7 mg/kg, sc.) produces mild ataxia in 7-14 days in hens, which develops into severe ataxia or paralysis with the progression of disease. OPIDN is associated with axonal swellings and degeneration of axons. This study was carried out to investigate the expression of neurofilament (NF) subunits in the spinal cord of DFP-treated hens. Hens were treated with a single dose of DFP and sacrificed 1, 5, 10, and 20 days post-treatment. Western blot analysis showed increased expression of middle molecular weight neurofilament protein (NF-M), and decreased expression of high molecular weight (NF-H) and low molecular weight (NF-L) neurofilament proteins in the 2 M urea extracts of spinal cord particulate fraction. These changes were observed within 24 h of DFP administration and persisted for 10-20 days. Thus, there was increase in the stoichiometry of NF-M:NF-L in the spinal cord of DFP-treated hens. Immunoprecipitation, cross-linking, and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of heterodimers, but not heterotetramers, in the hen spinal cord extract. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of all three NF subunits in the cytoskeletal inclusions in DFP-treated hen spinal cord cross-sections. The results suggested that each NF subunit might be accumulated by a different mechanism in the axonal aggregations of DFP-treated hen. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Abou-Donia, MB (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, POB 3813, Durham, NC 27706 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ESO5154] NR 35 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD SEP 29 PY 2000 VL 878 IS 1-2 BP 32 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02642-1 PG 16 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 358FN UT WOS:000089547900004 PM 10996134 ER PT J AU Stimson, J Larned, ST AF Stimson, J Larned, ST TI Nitrogen efflux from the sediments of a subtropical bay and the potential contribution to macroalgal nutrient requirements SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; efflux; sediment; coral reef; porewater; macroalgae ID CORAL-REEF SEDIMENTS; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; PARTICULATE ORGANIC-MATTER; NEW-CALEDONIA LAGOON; LIMITED PRODUCTIVITY; FLORIDA-KEYS; KANEOHE-BAY; GROWTH-RATE; DICTYOSPHAERIA-CAVERNOSA; FRENCH-POLYNESIA AB The concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the porewaters of shallow-water tropical marine sediments can be as high as 50-100 mu M, at sediment depths of shallow as 20 cm. These concentrations are at least two-orders of magnitude greater than the DIN concentration in the overlying water. High porewater concentrations, and the resulting concentration gradient, result in substantial afflux of DIN from the sediments to the water column. This sediment-derived DIN may be an important nutrient source for benthic algae. In Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, a mean ammonium efflux rate of 490 mu mol m(-2) day(-1) and a mean nitrate + nitrite efflux rate of 123 mu mol m(-2) day(-1) were measured on reef slopes in the habitat occupied by benthic algae. It has been demonstrated that this nutrient source is essential for the growth of at least one abundant alga, Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, and possibly others. The DIN concentrations in Kaneohe Bay sediment porewaters, and the rates of DIN efflux from those sediments, are greater than porewater concentrations and efflux rates reported fur other, mon pristine tropical sites. The rate of sedimentation of particulate nitrogen is similar to rates reported from other tropical lagoons, and about twice as high as the efflux rate of total dissolved nitrogen. Given the present low nutrient concentrations in the water column of the Bay, these results support the view that nutrient efflux from the benthos is in part responsible for the persistence of D. cavernosa on these reefs. It is possible that efflux of DIN from sediments may be responsible for sustained benthic algal productivity in similar habitats on other tropical reefs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Stimson, J (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 73 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 20 PY 2000 VL 252 IS 2 BP 159 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00230-6 PG 22 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 355AU UT WOS:000089364100002 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Landi, S Ohe, T Shaughnessy, DT Franzen, R Richard, AM AF DeMarini, DM Landi, S Ohe, T Shaughnessy, DT Franzen, R Richard, AM TI Mutation spectra in Salmonella of analogues of MX: implications of chemical structure for mutational mechanisms SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE mutation spectra; Salmonella; MX analogues ID OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE COLONY HYBRIDIZATION; CHLORINATED BUTENOIC ACIDS; TYPHIMURIUM STRAIN TA100; POTENT BACTERIAL MUTAGEN; DRINKING-WATER EXTRACTS; PULP BLEACHING LIQUOR; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE MX; FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB We determined the mutation spectra in Salmonella of four chlorinated butenoic acid analogues (BA-1 through BA-4) of the drinking water mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and compared the results with those generated previously by us for MX and a related compound, MCF We then considered relationships between the properties of mutagenic potency and mutational specificity for these six chlorinated butenoic acid analogues. In TA98, the three most potent mutagens, BA-3, BA-4, MX, and the organic extract, all induced large percentages of complex frameshifts (33-67%), which distinguish these agents from any other class of compound studied previously. In TA100, which has only GC sites for mutation recovery, >71% of the mutations induced by all of the agents were GC-->TA transversions. The availability of both GC and TA. sites for mutation in TA104 resulted in greater distinctions in mutational specificity than in TA100. MX targeted GC sites almost exclusively (98%); the structurally similar BA-4 and BA-2 produced mutations at similar frequencies at both GC and AT sites; and the structurally similar BA-3 and BA-1 induced most mutations at AT sites (69%). Thus, large variations in structural properties influencing relative mutagenic potency appeared to be distinct from the more localized similar structural features influencing mutagenic specificity in TA104. Among a set of physicochemical properties examined for the six butenoic acids, a significant correlation was found between pK(a) and mutagenic potency in TA100, even when the unionized fraction of the activity dose was considered. In addition, a correlation in CLOGP for BA-1 to BA-4 suggested a role for bioavailability in determining mutagenic potency. These results illustrate the potential value of structural analyses for exploring the relationship between chemical structure and mutational mechanisms. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which such analyses have been applied to structural analogues for which both mutagenic potency and mutation spectra date were available. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Kyoto Womens Univ, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, Kyoto 6058501, Japan. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Pharm, Div Pharmaceut Chem, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Franzen, Robert/G-4226-2014; OI Landi, Stefano/0000-0001-8364-6357 NR 43 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD SEP 20 PY 2000 VL 453 IS 1 BP 51 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00084-1 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 365RD UT WOS:000089963500007 PM 11006412 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD AF Richardson, SD TI Environmental mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PRESSURE CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION; GC-MS ANALYSIS; FIELD ICP-MS; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 529 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 EI 1520-6882 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 18 BP 4477 EP 4496 DI 10.1021/ac000755o PG 20 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 354AU UT WOS:000089308300031 PM 11008787 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Gu, BH Magnuson, ML Brown, GM Kelty, CA AF Urbansky, ET Gu, BH Magnuson, ML Brown, GM Kelty, CA TI Survey of bottled waters for perchlorate by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE bottled water; perchlorate; ion chromatography; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; drinking water ID DRINKING-WATER AB Perchlorate has been identified in ground and surface waters around the USA including some that serve as supplies for drinking water. Because perchlorate salts are used as solid oxidants in rockets and ordnance, water contamination may occur near military or aerospace installations or defense industry manufacturing facilities. This ion has been added to the Environmental Protection Agency's Contaminant Candidate List and the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Concern over perchlorate has prompted many residents in affected areas to switch to bottled water; however, bottled waters have not previously been examined for perchlorate contamination. Should the EPA promulgate a regulation for municipal water systems, US law requires the Food and Drug Administration to take action on bottled water. Methods will therefore be required to determine perchlorate concentrations not only in tap water, but also in bottled waters. Ion chromatography (IC) is the primary technique used for its analysis in drinking water, but it does not provide a unique identification. Confirmation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) can serve in this capacity. The ESI-MS method can be applied to these products, but it requires an understanding of matrix effects, especially of high ionic strength that can suppress electrospray. When using methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as the extraction solvent, the ESI-MS method can reach lower limits of detection of 6 ng ml(-1) for some bottled waters. However, dilution required to negate ionic strength effects in mineral waters can raise this by a factor of 10 or more, depending on the sample. Decyltrimethylammonium cation (added as the bromide salt) is used to produce an ion pair that is extracted into MIBK. After extraction, the sum of the peak areas of the ions C10H21NMe3(Br)(ClO4)(-) (m/z = 380) and C10H21NMe3(ClO4)(2)(-) (m/z = 400) is used to quantitate perchlorate. Standard additions are used to account for most of the matrix effects. In this work, eight domestic brands and eight imported brands of bottled water were comparatively analyzed by the two techniques. For comparison, a finished potable water known to contain perchlorate was also tested. None of the bottled waters were found to contain any perchlorate within the lower limit of detection for the IC method. Recoveries on spiked samples subjected to the IC method were greater than or equal to 98%. Published in 2000 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Gu, Baohua/B-9511-2012 OI Gu, Baohua/0000-0002-7299-2956 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 80 IS 12 BP 1798 EP 1804 DI 10.1002/1097-0010(20000915)80:12<1798::AID-JSFA723>3.0.CO;2-J PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 349BR UT WOS:000089024400013 ER PT J AU Ross, PS Vos, JG Birnbaum, LS Osterhaus, ADME AF Ross, PS Vos, JG Birnbaum, LS Osterhaus, ADME TI PCBs are a health risk for humans and wildlife SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID HARBOR SEALS C1 Fisheries Oceans Canada Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Erasmus Univ, Inst Virol, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands. RP Fisheries Oceans Canada Inst Ocean Sci, POB 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. EM rosspe@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca NR 7 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5486 BP 1878 EP 1879 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 354XD UT WOS:000089355800022 PM 11012359 ER PT J AU DeVito, MJ Menache, MG Diliberto, JJ Ross, DG Birnbaum, LS AF DeVito, MJ Menache, MG Diliberto, JJ Ross, DG Birnbaum, LS TI Dose-response relationships for induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzyme activity in liver, lung, and skin in female mice following subchronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxic Equivalency Factors; dioxins; polychlorinated biphenyls; relative potency ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; KNOCK-OUT MICE; RISK ASSESSMENT; AH RECEPTOR; HEPATIC SEQUESTRATION; CYTOCHROME P-450D; RELATIVE POTENCY; MALE-RATS; DISPOSITION AB The Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) method is used to estimate potential health risks associated with exposure to dioxin-like chemicals. The TEF method is a relative potency (REP) scheme that assumes dose additivity, that the chemicals produce the same response through the same mechanism, and that the REP of a chemical is equivalent for all responses. The present study estimates the REP for five PCBs with dioxin-like activity. Mice were exposed to either 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl (105), 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (118), 3,3',4,4',5pentachlorobiphenyl (126), or 2,3,3',4,4'-,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (156), five days/week for 13 weeks by oral gavage in a corn oil vehicle. Three days after the last dose, animals were euthanized and the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was determined in liver, lung, and skin. Acetanilide-4-hydroxylase activity was determined in fiver. In addition, liver and skin disposition of the chemicals were determined. REPs were estimated using a statistical method previously described (DeVito et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.147, 267-280, 1997). For any given compound, the REP generally varied by less than a factor of four across endpoints when calculated based on an administered dose. However, typically there was one response for every chemical in which the REP was different by an order of magnitude or more from the other responses. There was some evidence that the REPs may be dose-dependent. While, in general, these data support the use of a single point estimate of the REP, the issue of dose-dependency requires targeted investigation. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Ctr Extrapolat Modeling, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP DeVito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 167 IS 3 BP 157 EP 172 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.9010 PG 16 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 361FC UT WOS:000089711500001 PM 10986007 ER PT J AU Antley, JT Vanderpool, RW Harper, SL AF Antley, JT Vanderpool, RW Harper, SL TI An automated system for producing uniform surface deposits of dry particles SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE distribution; laboratory method; particle; surface loading; uniform deposition ID DUST AB A laboratory system has been constructed that uniformly deposits dry particles onto any type of test surface. Devised as a quality assurance tool for the purpose of evaluating surface sampling methods for lead, it also may be used to generate test surfaces for any contaminant that uses particles or dust as a transport mechanism. Additionally, it may be used to spike surfaces for studies concerning particle transport, resuspension, reentrainment, and exposure. The electromechanical system includes a rugged aluminum chamber housing deposition equipment, a computer-controlled positioning system, and a 0.61 x 0.61 m target surface area (2 x 2 ft). Media used to evaluate the system have included glass beads of various size fractions (physical diameters between 30 and 500 mum), and Arizona Test Dust (aerodynamic diameters between 1 and 80 mum). Presieved particle size fractions may be used individually to study the effects of monodisperse particles, or may be mixed to create custom polydisperse size distributions, Using arrays of 16 coupons placed on the surface to collect representative samples from every test, the uniformity of the particle deposition can be quantified. The system achieved an average coefficient of variation of less than 20% for the 16 coupons for the particle types and sizes mentioned above and for a variety of total surface loadings (0.3-19 g/m(2)). Calculations of the system's repeatability (as the average coefficient of variation of mass gains for individual coupon locations compared across multiple identically configured runs) yielded approximately 10 +/- 5% (one standard deviation). Tests of the system's accuracy, defined as the absolute percentage difference between predicted surface loadings and actual loadings, yielded 3.7 +/- 1.3% (one standard deviation). C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Antley, JT (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Engn & Environm Technol, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 61 IS 5 BP 669 EP 677 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368JH UT WOS:000090113500006 PM 11071418 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Kim, C Devlin, RB AF Ghio, AJ Kim, C Devlin, RB TI Concentrated ambient air particles induce mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy human volunteers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; INHALABLE PARTICLES; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; EXPOSURE; POLLUTION; CHILDREN; FIBRINOGEN; VISCOSITY; BLOOD; RISK AB We tested the hypothesis that exposure of healthy volunteers to concentrated ambient particles (CAPS) is associated with an influx of inflammatory cells into the lower respiratory tract. Thirty-eight volunteers were exposed to either filtered air or particles concentrated from the immediate environment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Human Studies Facility in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Particle concentrations in the chamber during the exposures ranged from 23.1 to 311.1 mu g/m(3). While in the exposure chamber, volunteers alternated between moderate exercise (15 min) and rest (15 min) for a total exposure time of 2 h. There were no symptoms noted by volunteers after the exposure. Similarly, there were no decrements in pulmonary function. Eighteen hours after exposure, analysis of cells and fluid obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage showed a mild increase in neutrophils in both the bronchial and alveolar fractions in those individuals exposed to CAPS (8.44 +/- 1,99 and 4.20 +/- 1.69%, respectively, in those with the greatest exposure) relative to filtered air (2.69 +/- 0.55 and 0.75 +/- 0.28%, respectively). Blood obtained 18 h after exposure to CAPS contained significantly more fibrinogen relative to samples obtained before exposure. We conclude that ambient air particles are capable of inducing a mild inflammation in the lower respiratory tract, as well as an increased concentration of blood fibrinogen. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, HSF, CB 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 26 TC 282 Z9 296 U1 5 U2 17 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 162 IS 3 BP 981 EP 988 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 355AM UT WOS:000089363500040 PM 10988117 ER PT J AU Yang, FM Ghio, AJ Herbert, DC Weaker, FJ Walter, CA Coalson, JJ AF Yang, FM Ghio, AJ Herbert, DC Weaker, FJ Walter, CA Coalson, JJ TI Pulmonary expression of the human haptoglobin gene SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN; HUMAN NEUTROPHILS; IDENTIFICATION; HEMOGLOBIN; BINDING; ALLERGY; LEVEL AB Haptoglobin (Hp), a member of the acute-phase reactants, has long been known as a major hemoglobin-binding protein associated with hemoglobin catabolism. Recent studies indicate that another important biologic function of Hp is the modulation of the immune response. We found that Hp is expressed at high levels in specific cells, including alveolar macrophages and eosinophils in diseased or inflamed human lung tissues, but not in the normal lung. Expression of the human Hp gene was studied in two transgenic mouse lines carrying a 9-kb human Hp 2 gene. In both lines, the human Hp transgene was expressed constitutively in alveolar macrophages at a high level, whereas the endogenous mouse Hp was synthesized in airway epithelial cells. Expression of the human Hp transgene in lung cells was upregulated when the transgenic mice were treated with endotoxin. In humans and in Hp transgenic mice, human Hp messenger RNA was also detected in circulating eosinophils, but not in other blood cells. Our findings suggest that Hp is involved in a variety of lung inflammatory diseases, including respiratory allergy and asthma. The transgenic mouse line that overexpresses the human Hp gene in alveolar macrophages and eosinophils is a promising system for investigating the function of Hp in vivo during lung inflammation. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Yang, FM (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. EM YangF@ythscsa.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-36536]; NIA NIH HHS [AG-06872] NR 30 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 23 IS 3 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 358MD UT WOS:000089561100004 PM 10970816 ER PT J AU Perreault, SD Rubes, J Robbins, WA Evenson, DP Selevan, SG AF Perreault, SD Rubes, J Robbins, WA Evenson, DP Selevan, SG TI Evaluation of aneuploidy and DNA damage in human spermatozoa: applications in field studies SO ANDROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Molecular Aspects of Male Reproductive Toxicology CY NOV 13-14, 1999 CL CASTLE RAUISCHHOLZHAUSEN, GERMANY DE air pollution; aneuploidy; chromatin; human; spermatozoa ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE ASSAY; CHROMOSOME-X; INFERTILE COUPLES; STRAND BREAKS; AIR-POLLUTION; HEALTHY-MEN; SMOKING; FISH AB With the goal of incorporating measures of sperm nuclear integrity in an epidemiology study, semen samples from young Czech men were analysed for sperm aneuploidy and sperm chromatin structure in addition to routine measures of sperm production and quality. The exposure in question was to high seasonal air pollution containing reactive polyaromatic hydrocarbons potentially capable of affecting spermatogenesis and damaging sperm DNA. The sperm aneuploidy assay uses fluorescence in situ hybridization to label selected sperm chromosomes; as applied in this study, the sex chromosomes (X,Y) and chromosome 8 were targeted. The sperm chromatin structure assay detects sperm nuclei with increased susceptibility to denaturation, a feature that is associated with DNA damage. Logistically, these assays were relatively easy to incorporate into the study design. The aneuploidy assay provided information suggesting that exposure to high levels of air pollution may increase the risk of sperm aneuploidy and that it is important to control for exposure to cigarette smoke and/or alcohol in such studies. The sperm chromatin structure assay provided valuable baseline information about Czech semen donors and data suggestive of an adverse effect of smoking and air pollution on spermatozoa that merits further investigation. C1 US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Vet Res Inst, Dept Vet Genet, CS-62132 Brno, Czech Republic. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Perreault, SD (reprint author), 2525 NC Highway 54, Durham, NC 27713 USA. EM darney.sally@epa.gov NR 41 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0303-4569 J9 ANDROLOGIA JI Andrologia PD SEP PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4-5 BP 247 EP 254 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2000.00392.x PG 8 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 359KC UT WOS:000089609200009 PM 11021516 ER PT J AU Huszar, G Stone, K Dix, D Vigue, L AF Huszar, G Stone, K Dix, D Vigue, L TI Putative creatine kinase M-isoform in human sperm is identified as the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein HspA2 SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE fertilization; gametogenesis; meiosis; sperm; sperm maturation; spermatid; spermatogenesis ID MOUSE SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; HSP70 GENE FAMILY; MALE GERM LINE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; OLIGOSPERMIC MEN; EXPRESSION; PHOSPHOKINASE; APOPTOSIS; P70; DIFFERENTIATION AB We previously described a putative creatine kinase M isoform in human sperm that is developmentally regulated and expressed during late spermiogenesis, simultaneous with cytoplasmic extrusion. We have now identified this protein as the testis-expressed 70-kDa heat shock protein chaperone known as HspA2 (the human homologue of mouse Hsp70-2). We have isolated and characterized HspA2 (formerly CK-M) by amino acid sequencing and have localized it by immunocytochemistry to spermatocytes at low levels, to spermatids, and in the tail of mature sperm. The specificity of the CK-M/HspA2 antiserum to HspA2 was demonstrated on immunoblots of one- and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE. In agreement with our earlier biochemical data, immunocytochemistry of testicular tissue indicated that HspA2 is selectively expressed in mature spermatids and in sperm about to be released in the seminiferous tubuli. The identity of HspA2 has been further confirmed by cross-absorption of the mouse HSP70-2 antibody by the HspA2/CK-M fraction, and by identical immunostaining patterns of human testicular tissue using either the anti-CK-M/HspA2 or an anti-mouse Hsp70-2 antisera. During spermiogenesis, both cytoplasmic extrusion and plasma membrane remodeling, which facilitate the formation of the zona pellucida binding site, involve major intrasperm protein transport, which may be chaperoned by HspA2. Accordingly, in immature human sperm, which fail to express HspA2, there is cytoplasmic retention and lack of zona pellucida binding. The present findings provide the biological rationale for the role of the human HspA2 as an objective biochemical marker of sperm function and male fertility, which we have established in earlier clinical studies. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Sperm Physiol Lab, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, WM Keck Fdn Biotechnol Resources Lab, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Huszar, G (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Sperm Physiol Lab, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD32902] NR 47 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3 BP 925 EP 932 DI 10.1095/biolreprod63.3.925 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 348EK UT WOS:000088972400036 PM 10952940 ER PT J AU London, SJ Yuan, JM Coetzee, GA Gao, YT Ross, RK Yu, MC AF London, SJ Yuan, JM Coetzee, GA Gao, YT Ross, RK Yu, MC TI CYP1A1 I462V genetic polymorphism and lung cancer risk in a cohort of men in Shanghai, China SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID S-TRANSFERASE GENES; METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; JAPANESE POPULATION; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; GLUTATHIONE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GSTM1; ASSOCIATION; CARCINOMAS; BIOMARKERS AB Cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP1A1 activates tobacco-related carcinogens, A point mutation at codon 462 in exon 7 of CYP1A1 results in a substitution of isoleucine by valine near the heme binding site, This mutation is rare in Caucasians but common in Japanese populations, in which association with increased risk of lung cancer has been reported. There are few data in other Asian populations. We investigated this I462V polymorphism using DNA from 214 incident cases of lung cancer and 669 controls in a prospective cohort study of 18,244 middle-aged and older men in Shanghai, China, The valine allele frequency was 0.138 among the control population. The I462V genotype was not appreciably associated with lung cancer risk overall. There was some suggestion that having at least one valine allele might be related to increased risk of lung cancer among smokers of <20 cigarettes/day (odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-3.62), particularly among those with homozygous deletion of GSTM1 (odds ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-7.33), which is involved in the detoxification of activated tobacco carcinogens. In this Chinese cohort, with CYP1A1 valine allele frequency intermediate between Japanese and Caucasian populations, the I462V polymorphism is not related to lung cancer overall, but it might play a role at lower levels of cigarette smoking among subjects with impaired carcinogen detoxification as assessed by the GSTM1-null genotype. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Kenneth Norris Jr Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Shanghai Canc Inst, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China. RP London, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, POB 12233,MD A3-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Yuan, Jian-Min/0000-0002-4620-3108; London, Stephanie/0000-0003-4911-5290 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA043092, R01 CA043092-20, R01 CA43092, R35 CA53890]; NIEHS NIH HHS [5P30 ES07048] NR 24 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 9 IS 9 BP 987 EP 991 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 355NW UT WOS:000089392600020 PM 11008920 ER PT J AU Lorber, M Pinsky, P AF Lorber, M Pinsky, P TI An evaluation of three empirical air-to-leaf models for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE air-to-leaf vapor transfer; dioxins; furans; scavenging model ID DRY DEPOSITION; CHLORINATED DIOXINS; GRASS; PHOTODEGRADATION; ATMOSPHERE; VALIDATION; PARTICLE; WET; GAS AB Three empirical air-to-leaf models for estimating grass concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (abbreviated dioxins and furans) from air concentrations of these compounds are described and tested against two field data sets. All are empirical in that they are founded on simplistic bioconcentration and related approaches which rely on field data for their parameterization. One of the models, identified as the EPA Model, partitions the total air concentration into vapor and particle phases, and separately models the impact of both. A second model addresses only the vapor phase: grass concentrations are modeled as a function of vapor deposition. For the third model, it is assumed that the grass plants "scavenge" a fixed Volume of air of dioxins, and hence grass concentrations are modeled as a simple product of total air concentration and a constant scavenging coefficient. Field data from two sites, a rural and an industrial site in the United Kingdom, included concurrent measurements of dioxins in air and field grass, and dioxin and furan depositions, for one 6-week sampling period. Principal findings include: (1) the EPA Model underpredicted grass concentrations at the rural field site by a factor of 2, while the Scavenging Model underpredicted grass concentrations by a factor of 3.8, and the Vapor Deposition Model significantly underpredicted grass concentrations (by a factor greater than 10), (2) the presence of high soil concentrations for some of the dioxins and furans at the industrial sire appears to have caused higher grass concentrations and confounded the air-to-plant modeling exercise, (3) the Scavenging Model could be calibrated to the data set; however, a key premise of this model - that vapor and particle phase dioxins equally impact the plants, is nor supported by the field data, (4) measured depositions are highly correlated to but systematically lower than modeled depositions, which could be due ro modeling assumptions or a systematic measurement bias. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Lorber, M (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2000 VL 41 IS 6 BP 931 EP 941 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00318-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 317VU UT WOS:000087248300018 PM 10864167 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Richards, JH Crissman, KM Carter, JD AF Ghio, AJ Richards, JH Crissman, KM Carter, JD TI Iron disequilibrium in the rat lung after instilled blood SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE erythrocyte; hemoptysis; hemorrhage; lung diseases; oxidants ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CELLS; ERYTHROCYTES; GLUTATHIONE; EXPRESSION; MACROPHAGE; HEMOGLOBIN; METABOLISM; FERRITIN; GENE AB Study objectives: The extravasation of erythrocytes into the human lung occurs in a myriad of pulmonary disorders, Metal that is initially included in hemoglobin has been postulated to precipitate a disequilibrium in iron metabolism, to present an oxidative stress, and to contribute to tissue injury in several lung diseases, The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that the tracheal instillation of blood in an animal model would have significant effects on iron equilibrium and would be associated with an injury to the lower respiratory tract. Design: Rats were intratracheally instilled with either 1.0 mL saline solution (n = 30) or 1.0 mL blood (n = 36), Biochemical end points and histochemistry were obtained at times between 20 min and 14 days after the exposure to saline solution or blood. Results: Total and nonheme iron concentrations in tracheal lavage fluid increased after the instillation of the blood, The percentage of neutrophils in the lavage fluid was elevated 1 day after the instillation of blood and remained at that level for at least 4 days following exposure, while protein concentrations were significantly increased at I day and 2 days only. Erythrocytes in the lung tissue mere stained for hemoglobin immediately after exposure, but by 4 days after exposure, there was none, Ferritin was elevated between 1 day and 4 days after exposure, but by 7 days after exposure, the expression of this storage protein had returned to baseline values. Conclusions: We conclude that intratracheal instillation of whole blood in the rat can induce a neutrophilic lung injury that is associated with a disruption of normal iron metabolism. This disruption of the iron equilibrium is made evident by quantifying iron and staining for hemoglobin and ferritin, All indexes of biological effect had corrected by 7 days after exposure. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD SEP PY 2000 VL 118 IS 3 BP 814 EP 823 DI 10.1378/chest.118.3.814 PG 10 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 355KA UT WOS:000089383800039 PM 10988207 ER PT J AU Speth, TF Gusses, AM Summers, RS AF Speth, TF Gusses, AM Summers, RS TI Evaluation of nanofiltration pretreatments for flux loss control SO DESALINATION LA English DT Article DE nanofiltration; membranes; flux; foulants; drinking water; autopsy; biofouling ID REVERSE-OSMOSIS MEMBRANES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SURFACE-WATER; MICROFILTRATION; ULTRAFILTRATION AB The loss of membrane flux due to fouling is a major impediment to the development of membrane processes for use in drinking water treatment. The objective of this work was to evaluate fouling in nanofiltration (NF) pilot systems fed conventionally-treated (coagulation/sedimentation/filtration) Ohio River water (CT-ORW) with various additional levels of pretreatment. The chosen additional pretreatments were intended to produce waters with varying biological-fouling potential. Five parallel membranes were fed CT-ORW, ozonated CT-ORW, ozonated/biofiltered CT-ORW, CT-ORW reduced to 7 degrees C, and chloraminated CT-ORW. All systems showed significant flux decline indicating that methods beyond those needed for just biogrowth control are required for NF systems treating conventionally-treated surface waters. The NF systems fed ozonated, ozonated/biofiltered, and untreated CT-ORW had the least amount of flux decline over the course of the study; however, they had significant amounts of biological growth. Fouling in these systems was attributed to the deposition of extracellular material (polysaccharides) in the cake layer, either from the biogrowth on the membrane or carryover from the pretreatment. The low-temperature system had greater flux decline, but it had lower biogrowth than the ozonated, and ozonated/biofiltered and untreated CT-ORW systems. Although lower in biogrowth, the deposited organic material in the low-temperature system still showed a strong biological signature (polysaccharides and aminosugars). The chloraminated system had the greatest flux decline, but the least amount of biogrowth. The organic material deposited in the chloraminated system showed a high level of proteinaceous character. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Speth, TF (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 33 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0011-9164 J9 DESALINATION JI Desalination PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 130 IS 1 BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00072-2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 352FB UT WOS:000089202900003 ER PT J AU Campbell, DE AF Campbell, DE TI Using energy systems theory to define, measure, and interpret ecological integrity and ecosystem health SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID STRESS; ORGANIZATION AB Energy systems theory provides a theoretical basis for defining, measuring, and interpreting the concepts of ecological integrity and ecosystem health. Ecological integrity is defined as an emergent property of ecosystems operating at maximum power that can be quantified using validated Energy Systems models. The cumulative empower production (emergy) calculated using these models is proposed as a measure of ecological integrity. Ecological integrity must be interpreted within the context of an ecosystem's position within the relevant hierarchies of organization and cycles of change that control system behavior. The local integrity and health of an ecosystem are normative concepts because they are evaluated relative to a standard or reference state. The underlying emergy signature responsible for generating ecosystem organization provides an expectation for this reference state. Ecosystems also have global integrity, which is manifested as the flexibility to maximize empower over time in the face of changing external forcing functions. Global integrity has no fixed reference but can be evaluated by comparing alternative system designs. Because the maximum empower principle is a general law that applies to all self-organizing systems on all scales, these definitions for ecological integrity and ecosystem health apply to both natural ecosystems and ecosystems dominated by human activities. Human-dominated ecosystems with the highest integrity will be those in which the sum of the empower produced by the economy and its supporting ecosystems is close to a maximum. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Campbell, DE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 88 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 6 IS 3 BP 181 EP 204 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2000.006003181.x PG 24 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 410EF UT WOS:000167426500003 ER PT J AU Moline, JM Golden, AL Bar-Chama, N Smith, E Rauch, ME Chapin, RE Perreault, SD Schrader, SM Suk, WA Landrigan, PJ AF Moline, JM Golden, AL Bar-Chama, N Smith, E Rauch, ME Chapin, RE Perreault, SD Schrader, SM Suk, WA Landrigan, PJ TI Exposure to hazardous substances and male reproductive health: A research framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE hazardous substances; male reproductive health; research; semen quality ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GERM-CELL CANCER; TESTICULAR CANCER; SEMEN QUALITY; SPERM COUNTS; DANISH MEN; CHROMOSOMAL-ABNORMALITIES; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS; INCREASING INCIDENCE; EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AB 0The discovery in the mid-1970s that occupational exposures to pesticides could diminish or destroy the fertility of workers sparked concern about the effects of hazardous substances on male reproductive health. More recently, there is evidence that sperm quantity and quality may have declined worldwide, that the incidence of testicular cancer has progressively increased in many countries, and that other disorders of the male reproductive tract such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism mw have also increased. There is growing concern that occupational factors and environmental chemical exposures, including in utero and childhood exposures to compounds with estrogenic activity, may be correlated with these observed changes in male reproductive health and fertility. We review the evidence and methodologies that have contributed to our current understanding of environmental effects on male reproductive health and fertility and discuss the methodologic issues which confront investigators in this area. One of the greatest challenges confronting researchers in this area is assessing and comparing results from existing studies. We elaborate recommendations for future research. Researchers in the field of male reproductive health should continue working to prioritize hazardous substances; elucidate the magnitude of male reproductive health effects, particularly in the areas of testicular cancer, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism; develop biomarkers of exposure to reproductive toxins and of reproductive health effects for research and clinical use; foster collaborative interdisciplinary research; and recognize the importance of standardized laboratory methods and sample archiving. C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Urol, New York, NY USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Moline, JM (reprint author), Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, Box 1057,1 Gustave Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07198] NR 112 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 108 IS 9 BP 803 EP 813 DI 10.1289/ehp.00108803 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 360BW UT WOS:000089647400017 PM 11017884 ER PT J AU Childers, JW Witherspoon, CL Smith, LB Pleil, JD AF Childers, JW Witherspoon, CL Smith, LB Pleil, JD TI Real-time and integrated measurement of potential human exposure to particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aircraft exhaust SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE engine exhaust; human exposure; integrated-air samplers; JP-8 fuel; PAH; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; real-time PAH monitors ID AEROSOL PHOTOEMISSION; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; AIR; SENSOR AB We used real-time monitors and low-volume air samplers to measure the potential human exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations during various flight-related and ground-support activities of C-130H aircraft at an Air National Guard base. We used three types of photoelectric aerosol sensors (PASs) to measure real-time concentrations of particle-bound PAHs in a break room, downwind from a C-130H aircraft during a four-engine run-up test, in a maintenance hangar, in a C-130H aircraft cargo bay during cargo-drop training, downwind from aerospace ground equipment (AGE), and in a C-130H aircraft cargo bay during engine running on/off (ERO) loading and backup exercises. Two low-volume air samplers were collocated with the real-time monitors for all monitoring events except those in the break room and during in-flight activities, Total PAH concentrations in the integrated-air samples followed a general trend: downwind from two AGE units > ERO-loading exercise > four-engine run-up test > maintenance hangar during taxi and takeoff > background measurements in maintenance hangar. Each PAH profile was dominated by naphthalene, the alkyl-substituted naphthalenes, and other PAHs expected to be in the vapor phase. We also found particle-bound PAHs, such as fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene in some of the sample extracts. During flight-related exercises, total PAH concentrations in the integrated-air samples were 10-25 times higher than those commonly found in ambient air. Real-time monitor mean responses generally followed the integrated-air sample trends. These monitors provided a semiquantitative temporal profile of ambient PAH concentrations and showed that PAH concentrations can fluctuate rapidly front a baseline level < 20 to > 4,000 ng/m(3) during flight-related activities. Small handheld models of the PAS monitors exhibited potential for assessing incidental personal exposure to particle-bound PAHs in engine exhaust and for serving as a real-time dosimeter to indicate when respiratory protection is advisable. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. USAF, IERA, RSHI, Brooks AFB, TX USA. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-44, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 108 IS 9 BP 853 EP 862 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 360BW UT WOS:000089647400023 PM 11017890 ER PT J AU Schreinemachers, DM AF Schreinemachers, DM TI Cancer mortality in four northern wheat-producing states SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE adults; agriculture; cancer mortality; children; chlorophenoxy herbicides; 2,4-D; herbicides; human; MCPA; pesticides; wheat ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; PROSTATE-CANCER; PHENOXY HERBICIDES; PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; CHILDHOOD-CANCER; RISK-FACTORS; COHORT; FARMERS; FLORIDA; WORKERS AB Chlorophenoxy herbicides are used both in cereal grain agriculture and in nonagricultural settings such as right-of-ways, lawns, and parks. Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana grow most of the spring and durum wheat produced in the United States. More than 90% of spring and durum wheat is treated with chlorophenoxy herbicides, in contrast to treatment of approximately 30% of winter wheat. In this ecologic study I used wheat acreage as a surrogate for exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides. I investigated the association of chlorophenoxy herbicides with cancer mortality during 1980-1989 for selected counties based on level of agriculture (greater than or equal to 20%) and rural population (greater than or equal to 50%). Age-standardized cancer mortality rates were determined for grouped counties based on tertiles of wheat acreage per county or for individual counties for frequently occurring cancers. The cancer sites that showed positive trends of increasing cancer mortality with increasing wheat acreage were esophagus, stomach, rectum, pancreas, larynx, prostate, kidney and meter, brain, thyroid, bone, and all cancers (men) and oral cavity and tongue, esophagus, stomach, liver and gall bladder and bile ducts, pancreas, cervix, ovary, bladder, and other urinary organs, and all cancers (women). Rare cancers in men and women and cancers in boys and girls were studied by comparing counties above and below the median of wheat acreage per county. There was increased mortality for cancer of the nose and eye in both men and women, brain and leukemia in both boys and girls, and all cancers in boys. These results suggest an association between cancer mortality and wheat acreage in counties of these four states. C1 US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Schreinemachers, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, NHEERL, MD 58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 52 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 108 IS 9 BP 873 EP 881 DI 10.1289/ehp.00108873 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 360BW UT WOS:000089647400026 PM 11017893 ER PT J AU Selevan, SG Borkovec, L Slott, VL Zudova, Z Rubes, J Evenson, DP Perreault, SD AF Selevan, SG Borkovec, L Slott, VL Zudova, Z Rubes, J Evenson, DP Perreault, SD TI Semen quality and reproductive health of young Czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; epidemiology; human; semen; sperm chromatin; sperm count; sperm morphology; sperm motility ID SPERM CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; STRUCTURE ASSAY; INFERTILE COUPLES; FERTILITY; MOTILITY; SMOKING; SPERMATOZOA; PARAMETERS; MORPHOLOGY; PREGNANCY AB This study of male reproductive health in the Czech Republic resulted from community concern about potential adverse effects of air pollution. We compared young men (18 years of age) living in Teplice, a highly industrialized district with seasonally elevated levels of air pollution, to those from Prachatice, a rural district with relatively clean air. Surveys were scheduled for either late winter, after the season of higher air pollution, or at the end of summer, when pollution was low. Participation included a physical examination, donation of a semen sample, and completion of a questionnaire on health, personal habits, and exposure to solvents and metals through work or hobby. Analysis of data from 408 volunteers shelved that the men from Teplice and Prachatice were similar in physical characteristics, personal habits, and work- or hobby-related exposures. Sixty-six percent (272) of these men donated a single semen sample for routine semen analysis, computer-aided sperm motion analysis, and sperm chromatin structure assay. The mean (median) sperm concentration and sperm count were 61.2 (44.0) million/mL semen and 113.3 (81.5) million, respectively, and were not associated with district of residence or period of elevated air pollution. However, periods of elevated air pollution in Teplice were significantly associated with decrements in other semen measures including proportionately fewer motile sperm, proportionately fewer sperm with normal morphology or normal head shape, and proportionately more sperm with abnormal chromatin. These results suggest that young men may experience alterations in sperm quality after exposure to periods of elevated air pollution, without changes in sperm numbers. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Vet Res Inst, CS-62132 Brno, Czech Republic. Parexel, Durham, NC USA. Inst Hyg, Brno, Czech Republic. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Selevan, SG (reprint author), US EPA, 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 54 TC 103 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 11 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 108 IS 9 BP 887 EP 894 DI 10.1289/ehp.00108887 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 360BW UT WOS:000089647400028 PM 11017895 ER PT J AU McDonald, ME AF McDonald, ME TI Monitoring ecological condition in the western United States - Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), San Francisco, CA, April 6-8, 1999 - Preface SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP McDonald, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1023/A:1006304025103 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600001 ER PT J AU McDonald, ME AF McDonald, ME TI EMAP overview: Objectives, approaches, and achievements SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE assessment; ecology; estuaries; indicators; mid-Atlantic; monitoring; scale; trends; West AB Management for the future sustainability and integrity of our nation's ecological resources requires concepts and tools for measuring status and trends in these resources at multiple spatial and temporal scales and at multiple levels of biological organization. Key elements of this process are ecologically meaningful indicators and cost-effective monitoring designs. The Environ mental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) advances the science needed for measuring ecosystem condition and trends. Most recently the EMAP approach has been successfully used by participants in the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA), including EPA's Office of Research and Development, EPA's Region III, and the States of the Mid-Atlantic. The participants in MAIA have produced a regional landscape atlas, state of the estuaries report, and state of the streams report. The work in MAIA is currently moving from monitoring into the assessment phase. The Western EMAP Pilot (Western Pilot), will be a test of our current MAIA indicators and technology for applicability in western ecosystems. New indicators and designs may be needed in the Western Pilot for assessments at the level of EPA's Regions, of the states, and of the Tribes; these assessments will be done so that they can be combined to provide regional assessments. Our coastal monitoring program in the Western estuaries will also be initiated shortly. Subsequently, this will be expanded to the Gulf and Atlantic coasts to provide the current condition of our national estuaries. By continuing to improve the science of monitoring, EMAP researchers will remove data gaps and allow the unequivocal assessment of the health of the nation's resources. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McDonald, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Environm Monitoring & Assessment Program, MD-87, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 3 EP 8 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600002 ER PT J AU Smith, ER AF Smith, ER TI An overview of EPA's Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) Program SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE regional vulnerability; comparative risk assessment; place-based risk assessment; early warning; integrated assessment AB Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) is an approach to place-based ecological risk assessment that is currently under development by EPA's Office of Research and Development. The pilot assessment will be done for the mid-Atlantic region and builds on data collected for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. ReVA is being developed to identify those ecosystems most vulnerable to being lost or degraded in the next 5 to 50 years and to elucidate which stressors cause the greatest risk to ecosystem goods and services. The goal here is not exact predictions, but an early warning system to identify and prioritize the undesirable environmental changes we should expect over the next few decades. As such, ReVA represents a new risk paradigm for EPA that will require innovative approaches to combine existing knowledge, focus new research, and synthesize many types of information into a meaningful assessment designed to inform environmental decision-makers about future environmental risk. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Smith, ER (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1023/A:1006465814700 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600003 ER PT J AU Hall, RK Wolinsky, GA Husby, P Harrington, J Spindler, P Vargas, K Smith, G AF Hall, RK Wolinsky, GA Husby, P Harrington, J Spindler, P Vargas, K Smith, G TI Status of aquatic bioassessment in US EPA region IX SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE bioassessment; biological assessments; biocriteria; indices; Index of Biological Integrity (IBI); macroinvertebrate community; US EPA region IX; Arizona; ADEQ; California; CDFG; Hawaii; DoH; Nevada; NDEP; water quality; R-EMAP AB U.S, EPA Region IX is supporting bioassessment programs in Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada using biocriteria program and Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP) resources. These programs are designed to improve the state, tribal and regional ability to determine the status of water quality. Biocriteria program funds were used to coordinate with Arizona, California and Hawaii which resulted in these states establishing reference conditions and in developing biological indices. U.S, EPA Region IX has initiated R-EMAP projects in California and Nevada. These U.S. EPA Region IX sponsored programs have provided an opportunity to interact with the States and provide them with technical and management support. In Arizona, several projects are being conducted to develop the State's bioassessment program. These include the development of a rotational random monitoring program; a regional reference approach for macroinvertebrate bioassessments; ecoregion approach to testing and adoption of an alternate regional classification system; and development of warm-water and cold-water indices of biological integrity. The indices are projected to be used in the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) 2000 water quality assessment report. In California, an Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) has been developed for the Russian River Watershed using resources from U.S. EPA's Non-point Source (NPS) Program grants. A regional IBI is under development for certain water bodies. in the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board. Resources from the U.S. EPA Biocriteria program are being used to support the California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) in conjunction with the California Department of Fish & Game (CDFG), and to support the Hawaii Department of Health (DoH) Bioassessment Program to refine biological metrics. In Nevada, R-EMAP resources are being used to create a baseline of aquatic information for the Humboldt River watershed. U.S. EPA Region IX is presently working with the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) to establish a Nevada Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup. Future R-EMAP studies will occur in the Calleguas Creek watershed in Southern California, and in the Muddy and Virgin River watersheds in southern Nevada, and the Walker River watershed in eastern California and west-central Nevada. C1 US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Hall, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Reg LX,75 Hawthorne St, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 17 EP 30 DI 10.1023/A:1006430231539 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600004 ER PT J AU Heggem, DT Edmonds, CM Neale, AC Bice, L Jones, KB AF Heggem, DT Edmonds, CM Neale, AC Bice, L Jones, KB TI A landscape ecology assessment of the Tensas River Basin SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE landscape assessment; landscape indicators; remote sensing; ecological change; detection ID PATTERN; SCALE AB A group of landscape ecological indicators were applied to biophysical data masked to the Tensas River Basin. The indicators were used to identify and prioritize sources of nutrients in a Mississippi/Atchafalaya River System sub-basin. Remotely sensed data were used for change detection assessment. With these methods, we were able to look at land use practices over the past twenty years in the Tensas River Basin of Louisiana. A simple land use classification was applied to multispectral scanner (MSS) data from 1972 and 1991. The landscape analysis methods described in this paper will show how to use these methods to assess the impact of human land use practices that are bring implemented to improve environmental quality. Landscape assessment methods can be used as a simple, timely, cost effective approach for monitoring, targeting, and modeling ecosystem health in watersheds. Although this study was conducted in the southeast, the methods described in this paper may be applicable to western landscapes. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Heggem, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Landscape Ecol Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. OI Heggem, Daniel/0000-0001-9238-3368 NR 10 TC 6 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 41 EP 54 DI 10.1023/A:1006486316518 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600006 ER PT J AU Hale, SS Buffum, HW AF Hale, SS Buffum, HW TI Designing environmental databases for statistical analyses SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE database design; information management; statistical analysis; environmental assessments ID SCIENTIFIC-DATA AB The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment program (EMAP) collects data that are used to statistically assess the environmental condition of large geographic regions. These data are then posted on the EMAP web site so that anyone can use them. Databases used for the statistical analyses, "analytical" databases, differ in design from the "general-use" databases used by a secondary audience. Their scope is usually restricted in time, in geographic extent: and in type and content of data. often being limited to a single scientific discipline. Their structure may be more horizontal than vertical, so that statistical programs can import the data easily. Their design is strongly influenced by the nature of the scientific analysis because the goal is to create a good computing environment for that analysis. We illustrate these aspects of design with an analytical database for estuaries in the U.S. mid-Atlantic region. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Hale, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 55 EP 68 DI 10.1023/A:1006438401496 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600007 ER PT J AU Hall, RK Olsen, A Stevens, D Rosenbaum, B Husby, P Wolinsky, GA Heggem, DT AF Hall, RK Olsen, A Stevens, D Rosenbaum, B Husby, P Wolinsky, GA Heggem, DT TI EMAP design and River Reach File 3 (RF3) as a sample frame in the Central Valley, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA AB The Central Valley, California, R-EMAP project assessed the effects of highly modified, agriculturally dominated landuse on the aquatic resources of the lower portion of the Central Valley watersheds. The focus of this paper is to assess the utility of the EMAP design and the River Reach File version 3 (RF3) 1:100,000 scale Digital Line Graph (DLG) as a sampling frame. The study area is 34.099 mi(2) (88,316 km(2)) and comprises the lower reaches of the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River watersheds to the 1000 ft. (305 m) elevation, Sampling sites are selected using a tessellation stratified design to represent the two main populations of interest: natural streams and man-made waterways, Sites are selected to represent 13,226 miles of streams and sloughs, and 14,648 miles of irrigation canals, ditches and drains. To achieve an approximately equal sample size across stream orders and basins. the sample design was weighted by Strahler order categories to ensure sampling occurred in the higher order streams. Based on office and field reconnaissance, the study provided information on the quality of RF3 as a sampling frame. Site selection using RF3 had a success rate of approximately 44%. The RF3 database has an error rate of approximately 7%. When human influence factors were included, the error rate increased to 16%. There was an 11% error rate when selecting sites for natural streams, and approximately a 14% error rate for man-made waterways. The reconnaissance information indicated that presence or absence of irrigation ditches and return drains depends on changing agricultural uses. Some of the error in the RF3 for natural streams and man-made waterways can be attributed to rapid urban expansion, especially in the San Joaquin basin. C1 US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Hall, RK (reprint author), US EPA, Reg IX,75 Hawthorne St, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. OI Heggem, Daniel/0000-0001-9238-3368 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1023/A:1006494602405 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600008 ER PT J AU White, D AF White, D TI Global grids from recursive diamond subdivisions of the surface of an octahedron or icosahedron SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE global grids; geometric models; sampling grids; hierarchical spatial sampling ID DESIGN AB In recent years a number of methods have been developed for subdividing the surface of the earth to meet the needs of applications in dynamic modeling, survey sampling, and information storage and display. One set of methods uses the surfaces of Platonic solids, or regular polyhedra, as approximations to the surface of the earth, Diamond partitions are similar to recursive subdivisions of the triangular faces of either the octahedron or icosahedron. This method views the surface as either four (octahedron) or ten (icosahedron) tessellated diamonds, where each diamond is composed of two adjacent triangular faces of the figure. The method allows for a recursive partition on each diamond, creating nested sub-diamonds, that is implementable as a quadtree, including the provision for a Peano or Morton type coding system for addressing the hierarchical pattern of diamonds and their neighborhoods, and for linearizing storage. Furthermore, diamond partitions, in an aperture-4 hierarchy, provide direct access through the addressing system to the aperture-4 hierarchy of hexagons developed on the figure. Diamond partitions provide a nested hierarchy of grid cells for applications that require nesting and diamond cells have radial symmetry for those that require this property. Finally, diamond partitions can be cross-referenced with hierarchical triangle partitions used in other methods. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP White, D (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 23 TC 25 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 93 EP 103 DI 10.1023/A:1006407023786 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600010 ER PT J AU Kepner, WG Watts, CJ Edmonds, CM Maingi, JK Marsh, SE Luna, G AF Kepner, WG Watts, CJ Edmonds, CM Maingi, JK Marsh, SE Luna, G TI Landscape approach for detecting and evaluating change in a semiarid environment SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE landscape characterization; remote sensing; change detection; regional vulnerability; accuracy assessment; San Pedro River ID ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; CLASSIFICATION; DESERTIFICATION; SOUTHWEST; LANDSAT; SCALE AB Vegetation change in the American West has been a subject of concern throughout the twentieth century. Although many of the changes have been recorded qualitatively through the use of comparative photography and historical reports, little quantitative information has been available on the regional or watershed scale. It is currently possible to measure change over large areas and determine trends in ecological and hydrological condition using advanced space-based technologies. Specifically, this process is being tested in a community-based watershed in southeast Arizona and northeast Sonora, Mexico using a system of landscape pattern measurements derived from satellite remote sensing, spatial statistics, process modeling, and geographic information systems technology. These technologies provide the basis for developing landscape composition and pattern indicators as sensitive measures of large-scale environmental change and thus may provide an effective and economical method for evaluating watershed condition related to disturbance from human and natural stresses. The project utilizes the database from the North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) project which incorporates triplicate Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) imagery from the early 1970s, mid 1980s, and the 1990s. Landscape composition and pattern metrics have been generated from digital land cover maps derived from the NALC images and compared across a nearly 20-year period. Results about changes in land cover for the study period indicate that extensive, highly connected grassland and desertscrub areas are the most vulnerable ecosystems to fragmentation and actual loss due to encroachment of xerophytic mesquite woodland. In the study period, grasslands and desertscrub not only decreased in extent but also became more fragmented. That is, the number of grassland and desertscrub patches increased and their average patch sizes decreased. In stark contrast, the mesquite woodland patches increased in size, number, and connectivity. These changes have important impact for the hydrology of the region, since the energy and water balance characteristics for these cover types are significantly different. The process demonstrates a simple procedure to document changes and determine ecosystem vulnerabilities through the use of change detection and indicator development, especially in regard to traditional degradation processes that have occurred throughout the western rangelands involving changes of vegetative cover and acceleration of water and wind erosion. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Kepner, WG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 40 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 44 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 179 EP 195 DI 10.1023/A:1006427909616 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600017 ER PT J AU Jones, KB Heggem, DT Wade, TG Neale, AC Ebert, DW Nash, MS Mehaffey, MH Hermann, KA Selle, AR Augustine, S Goodman, IA Pedersen, J Bolgrien, D Viger, JM Chiang, D Lin, CJ Zhong, YH Baker, J Van Remortel, RD AF Jones, KB Heggem, DT Wade, TG Neale, AC Ebert, DW Nash, MS Mehaffey, MH Hermann, KA Selle, AR Augustine, S Goodman, IA Pedersen, J Bolgrien, D Viger, JM Chiang, D Lin, CJ Zhong, YH Baker, J Van Remortel, RD TI Assessing landscape condition relative to water resources ly the western United States: A strategic approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE landscape ecology; watershed analysis; landscape metrics; water quality ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; STREAM ECOSYSTEMS; LAND-USE; QUALITY; FOREST; MODELS; CALIFORNIA; POLLUTION; SOUTHWEST AB The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) is proposing an ambitious agenda to assess the status of streams and estuaries in a 12-State area of the western United States by the end of 2003. Additionally, EMAP is proposing to access landscape conditions as they relate to stream and estuary conditions across the west. The goal of this landscape project is to develop a landscape model that can be used to identify the relative risks of streams and estuaries to potential declines due to watershed-scale, landscape conditions across the west. To do so, requires an understanding of quantitative relationships between landscape composition and pattern metrics and parameters of stream and estuary conditions. This paper describes a strategic approach for evaluating the degree to which landscape composition and pattern influence stream and estuary condition, and the development and implementation of a spatially-distributed, landscape analysis approach. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Jones, KB (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 71 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 227 EP 245 DI 10.1023/A:1006448400047 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600020 ER PT J AU Summers, K Robertson, A Levinson, B AF Summers, K Robertson, A Levinson, B TI Development of the coastal intensive site network (CISNET) SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE monitoring; research; CISNet; environmental stressors ID PROGRAM; TRENDS AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have fanned a partnership to establish pilot sites for the development of a network known as the Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet). CISNet is composed of intensive, long-term monitoring and re search sites around the U.S. marine and Great Lakes coasts. In this partnership, EPA and NOAA are funding research and monitoring programs at pilot sites that utilize ecological indicators and investigate the ecological effects of environmental stressors. NASA is funding research aimed at developing a remote sensing capability that will augment or enhance in situ research and monitoring programs selected by EPA and NOAA. CISNet has three objectives: 1) to develop a sound scientific basis for understanding ecological responses to anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments, including the interaction of exposure, environment/climate, and biological/ecological factors in the response, and the spatial and temporal nature of these interactions, 2) to demonstrate the value of developing data from selected sires intensively monitored to examine the relationships between changes in environmental stressors, including anthropogenic and natural stresses, and ecological response, and 3) to provide intensively monitored sites for development and evaluation of indicators of change in coastal systems. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Summers, K (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 379 EP 390 DI 10.1023/A:1006455505015 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 352XL UT WOS:000089244600029 ER PT J AU Schumacher, BA Minnich, MM AF Schumacher, BA Minnich, MM TI Extreme short-range variability in VOC-contaminated soils SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY AB To accurately characterize Volatile organic compound (VOC) distribution in contaminated soils for the purpose of ascertaining the need for site remediation, horizontal and vertical concentration fluctuations must be taken into account when designing the sampling program. Soils at two Supelfund sites were collected to examine VOC concentration and soil property variability over extremely short distances (less than or equal to 15 cm). Differences in VOC concentrations between the upper and lower core sections (15 cm apart) were generally on the same order (1 to 4 times different) as the differences found for the TOC, sand, and clay contents; however, several notably larger variations in VOC concentrations were found. Relative percent differences (RPDs) up to 161, 96, 117, and 191% were found for TOC, sand content, clay content, and VOC concentrations between upper and lower core sections, respectively, These elevated RPDs correspond to maximum concentration differences between upper and lower core sections of 25.5 and 72.5%, 5.8 and 22.0%, 0.29 and 2.71%, and 78 and 3371 ng/g for TOC, sand content, clay content, and VOC concentrations, respectively. The large differences in soil properties and VOC concentrations that can occur over extremely short distances must be taken into account during site characterization. Without knowing the magnitude of the extreme short-range variability, erroneous interpretations of contaminant concentrations and distributions can lead to costly remediation when it is not necessary (i.e., false positives) or the leaving behind of a significant threat to human health and the environment when not detected (i.e., false negatives). C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Environm Sci Div Las Vegas, Characterizat & Monitoring Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Environm Serv, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Schumacher, BA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Environm Sci Div Las Vegas, Characterizat & Monitoring Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 17 BP 3611 EP 3616 DI 10.1021/es0008719 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 349RQ UT WOS:000089059700025 ER PT J AU Simon, R Colon, D Tebes-Stevens, CL Weber, EJ AF Simon, R Colon, D Tebes-Stevens, CL Weber, EJ TI Effect of redox zonation on the reductive transformation of p-cyanonitrobenzene in a laboratory sediment column SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COVALENT BINDING; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SUBSTITUTED NITROBENZENES; NUCLEOPHILIC-ADDITION; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; MEDIATED REDUCTION; IRON SULFIDE; N-15 NMR; GROUNDWATER; ANILINE AB The reductive transformation of a model compound, p-cyanonitrobenzene (pCNB), was investigated in a laboratory sediment column that had been characterized with respect to redox zonation. Characterization of the redox zones was assessed by measurement of the solution phase concentrations of NO(3)(-), NO(2)(-), Mn(ll), Fe(ll), and SO(4)(2-). Monitoring iron concentrations over time showed that the redox zones were not under steady-state conditions. The iron-reducing zone migrated in the direction of the flow at an initial rate of about 0.2 cm per pore volume resulting in more oxidizing conditions with time, pCNB was rapidly reduced at the head of the column to p-cyano-N-hydroxylaniline (pCNH), which was reduced further to p-cyanoaniline (pCNA) in the iron-reducing zone. The same reaction-product distribution was observed in batch experiments with Fe(ll)/goethite. Modeling of the column reaction kinetics demonstrated, however, that reduction of pCNB occurred at least an order of magnitude faster on the column than predicted by reaction parameters from the batch experiment. Aging of the column had a significant effect on the reduction kinetics of pCNB. After elution of 240 pore volumes, pCNB underwent facile reduction directly to pCNA under nitrate-reducing conditions suggesting a change in reaction mechanism from a chemical to a biological process. After elution of 283 pore volumes, the column was completely oxic, and reduction of pCNB was no longer observed. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM weber.eric@epa.gov NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 17 BP 3617 EP 3622 DI 10.1021/es000960l PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 349RQ UT WOS:000089059700026 ER PT J AU Susarla, S Bacchus, ST Harvey, G McCutcheon, SC AF Susarla, S Bacchus, ST Harvey, G McCutcheon, SC TI Phytotransformations of perchlorate contaminated waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE perchlorate; phytotransformation; kinetics; ion-chromatography; plants ID REDUCTION AB Six vascular plant species (sweet gum, black willow, pickleweed, smartweed, water-lily and duckmeat) were used to determine the uptake and transformation of perchlorate at three concentrations (0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 mgl(-1)) for 10 days under laboratory conditions. Perchlorate uptake followed a first-order reaction, with rate constants ranging between 0.001 to 0.007 h(-1). Accumulation of perchlorate was between 0 to 981 mg kg(-1) of plant weight for various plants. Based on the results the accumulation of perchlorate was in the order: smartweed > pickleweed > sweet gum > water-lily > willow. Analysis of plant tissues (roots, stems, and leaves) confirmed the presence of transformation products, chlorate, chlorite and chloride. The distribution of perchlorate and its products indicate that the transformation reaction occurred in each tissue independently of the other and accumulation of byproducts was significantly higher in leaves than in roots or stem. No external signs of perchlorate toxicity were observed at these high concentrations in plant tissues suggesting that these plant species show potential for phytoremediation. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Susarla, S (reprint author), 1100 Lake Hearn Dr,Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30342 USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 5 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1055 EP 1065 DI 10.1080/09593332108618049 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 366LA UT WOS:000090005800011 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP Nichols, JW Cook, PM AF Burkhard, LP Nichols, JW Cook, PM TI Comments on biota-sediment accumulation and trophic transfer factors for extremely hydrophobic polychlorinated biphenyls SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; BIOACCUMULATION; CONGENERS; MODEL C1 US EPA, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Burkhard, LP (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2164 EP 2165 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800002 ER PT J AU Bergen, BJ Quinn, JG Parrish, CC AF Bergen, BJ Quinn, JG Parrish, CC TI Quality-assurance study of marine lipid-class determination using chromarod/Iatroscan((R)) thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detector SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Iatroscan((R)); chromatography; ionization detector; marine lipids; quality assurance ID BIOCHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; BIOACCUMULATION; SEPARATION; NORMALIZATION; CHROMARODS; STORAGE; GROWTH; SYSTEM; ZEBRA; OIL AB An Iatroscan(R) thin-layer chromatography-fame ionization detector has been utilized to quantify lipid classes in marine samples. This method was evaluated relative to established quality-assurance (QA) procedures used for the gas chromatographic analysis of PCBs. A method for extracting and analyzing eight major lipid classes in the ribbed mussel (Guekensia demissus) was developed. The analytical method met the QA criteria prescribed for consistent external calibrations, low blanks, complete extraction of all lipid classes, and precise replicate analysis. Matrix and blank spikes were satisfactorily recovered (50-130%), provided that the samples contained a large enough mass (>4% dry weight) of total lipids to overcome the absorption of polar lipids on glassware. The use of frozen mussel homogenate as a standard reference material was not possible because of lipid degradation, particularly of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Also, total lipids measured gravimetrically significantly decreased in frozen samples, which could influence bioaccumulation predictions. A laboratory intercalibration was performed using a mussel homogenate and chloroform extract, which verified the accuracy of the method and the lipid-class identification. Characterizing the structure of one class of polar lipids, the acetone mobile polar lipid (AMPL), showed that it contained no ester linkages or free/sterically unhindered -OH groups; however, the AMPL did contain an ether linkage. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St Johns, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Chem, St Johns, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. RP Bergen, BJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2189 EP 2197 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2189:QASOML>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800007 ER PT J AU Maruya, KA Wakeham, SG Vetter, W Francendese, L AF Maruya, KA Wakeham, SG Vetter, W Francendese, L TI Prominent chlorobornane residues in estuarine sediments contaminated with toxaphene SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE toxaphene; contaminated sediments; reductive dechlorination; risk reduction ID CONGENER-SPECIFIC DETERMINATION; SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; ANAEROBIC SOIL; SALT-MARSH; COMPONENTS; PRODUCTS; CTTS; DEGRADATION; TOXICITY AB Soils and sediments contaminated with residues of technical toxaphene may require remedial action to reduce human health and ecological risks. Sediments were collected from a coastal wetland impacted by discharge from a former toxaphene production facility and analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection and conventional and enantioselective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ion mode. The prominent chlorobornanes (CHBs) in all samples were 2-exo,3-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-hexachlorobornane (B6-923 or Hx-Sed) and 2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-heptachlorobornane (B7-1001 or Hp-Sed), metabolites of higher chlorinated components of technical toxaphene (CTTs). Pentachlorobornanes, toxaphene homologs not previously reported in environmental samples, and likely precursor CTTs were also detected. Several CHB congeners were enantioresolved, the majority of which exhibited racemic composition. These results indicate that the profile of CHBs persisting in estuarine sediment is highly modified relative to the technical mixture, and also provides strong evidence of in situ reductive dechlorination, a process that if enhanced could act to reduce bioaccumulation and toxicity of sediment-bound CTTs at toxaphene-contaminated sites. C1 Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. Univ Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany. US EPA, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Maruya, KA (reprint author), Skidaway Inst Oceanog, 10 Ocean Sci Circle, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. NR 33 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2198 EP 2203 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2198:PCRIES>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800008 ER PT J AU Silva-Wilkinson, RA DeGraeve, GM Burkhard, LP Tholen, DW Sheedy, BR AF Silva-Wilkinson, RA DeGraeve, GM Burkhard, LP Tholen, DW Sheedy, BR TI Results of an interlaboratory evaluation of an analytical screening method for assessing persistent bioaccumulative toxic chemicals in sediment samples SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE persistent bioaccumulative toxins; sediments; interlaboratory variability ID EFFLUENTS AB An inter- and intralaboratory evaluation was performed on a recently developed sediment screening method designed to detect a wide range of persistent bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs). Ten participating laboratories analyzed sediment samples, and their results were evaluated. The analyses demonstrated that laboratories that were better prepared to perform the screening method generally characterized each of the sediment samples in a similar fashion and had 80% average interlaboratory agreement in reporting the presence or absence of chemical classes in the samples. The results of this study suggest that the sediment screening method for PBTs is reasonably reproducible when performed by properly prepared and experienced laboratories. C1 Great Lakes Environm Ctr, Traverse City, MI 49686 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Silva-Wilkinson, RA (reprint author), Great Lakes Environm Ctr, 739 Hastings St, Traverse City, MI 49686 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2218 EP 2223 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800011 ER PT J AU Kuhn, A Munns, WR Poucher, S Champlin, D Lussier, S AF Kuhn, A Munns, WR Poucher, S Champlin, D Lussier, S TI Prediction of population-level response from mysid toxicity test data using population modeling techniques SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Americamysis; Mysidopsis; population model; exposure-response models; toxicity tests ID LIFE TABLE EVALUATION; CHRONIC LETHALITY; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; FISH; CONTAMINANTS; POLLUTANTS; CHEMICALS; DAPHNIA; STRESS; BAHIA AB Acute and chronic bioassay statistics are used to evaluate the toxicity and risks of chemical stressors to the mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia). These include LC50 values from acute tests, chronic values (the geometric mean of the no-observed-effect concentration and the lowest-observed-effect concentration from 7-d and life-cycle tests), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality criterion continuous concentration (CCC). Because these statistics are generated from responses of individual organisms, the relationships of these statistics to significant effects at higher levels of ecological organization are unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the quantitative relationships between toxicity test statistics and a concentration-based statistic derived from exposure-response models relating projected population growth rate to stressor concentration. This statistic, C*, describes the concentration above which mysid populations are projected to decline in abundance as determined using population modeling techniques. An analysis of responses of A. bahia to 10 metals, nine organic compounds, and ammonia surprisingly indicated the acute LC50 to be the best predictor of C*, followed by the chronic value from life-cycle tests, which predicted population-level response almost equally as well. The chronic value for the 7-d test was less predictive of population-level effects. The CCC was lower than C* for 94% of the compounds evaluated, indicating the criterion value to be protective of population-level effects for A. bahia, as intended. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Newport, RI 02840 USA. RP Kuhn, A (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 63 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 11 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2364 EP 2371 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2364:POPLRF>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800029 ER PT J AU Ozretich, RJ Ferraro, SP Lamberson, JO Cole, FA AF Ozretich, RJ Ferraro, SP Lamberson, JO Cole, FA TI Test of Sigma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon model at a creosote-contaminated site, Elliott Bay, Washington, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; sediment; mortality; toxic unit model ID MARINE SEDIMENT; RHEPOXYNIUS-ABRONIUS; INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; PHASE SEPARATION; ACUTE TOXICITY; MIXTURES; PAH; POLLUTANTS; WATERS; HARBOR AB At a creosote-contaminated site, 33 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were quantified in sediment and interstitial water (IW) at 30 stations. These compounds included the 13 parent PAHs from the Sigma PAH model, 7 additional parent, and 13 alkylated compounds. Fourteen groups of alkylated compounds were also quantified in sediment extracts. Amphipod mortality using the Sigma PAH model was predicted within +/-10% of the observed when freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs with log K(ow)s < 6.0 were used in the calculation of toxic units (TUs). The TUs computed from bulk sediment tended to overestimate the observed distribution of mortality. Although present, alkylated PAHs did not contribute significantly to the observed toxicity that was dominated by parent PAHs. The dominant parent compounds were in equilibrium with the interstitial water and sediment at the most contaminated stations (>500 ppm dry). However, most compounds were not in equilibrium with the sediment at stations with lower bulk concentrations but were in equilibrium with dissolved organic matter throughout the study area. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ozretich, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 2378 EP 2389 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2378:TOPAHM>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 373BP UT WOS:000165268800031 ER PT J AU Duell, EJ Millikan, RC Savitz, DA Newman, B Smith, JC Schell, MJ Sandler, DP AF Duell, EJ Millikan, RC Savitz, DA Newman, B Smith, JC Schell, MJ Sandler, DP TI A population based case-control study of farming and breast cancer in North Carolina SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE agriculture; breast neoplasms; environment; pesticides; DDT; women's health ID UNITED-STATES; FEMALE FARMERS; PESTICIDE USE; VITAMIN-D; RISK; MORTALITY; WOMEN; EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; AGRICULTURE AB We examined the role of farming and pesticide exposure among 862 cases and 790 controls in a population-based, case control study of breast cancer conducted in North Carolina between 1993 and 1996. We obtained exposure information through personal interview. Increasing duration of farming was inversely associated with breast cancer risk; odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.2 (0.8-1.7), 0.8 (0.5-1.2), 0.7 (0.5-1.1), and 0.6 (0.4-0.9) for 1-10, 11-17, 18-23, and >23 years of farming, respectively, relative to nonfarmers. Inverse associations persisted when farming was restricted to calendar time periods of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) use or to farming at ages 9-16. Among women who farmed, odds ratios (ORs) were elevated for those who reported being present in fields during or shortly after pesticide application (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-2.8) and for those who reported not using protective clothing while applying pesticides (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.0-4.3), but not among those who reported using protective clothing (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.4-1.8). We conclude that residence or work on farms may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Nevertheless, our results suggest a possible increased risk of breast cancer among a subgroup of farming women who were most likely to be exposed to pesticides. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Millikan, RC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA09330, CA58223]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07128] NR 48 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2000 VL 11 IS 5 BP 523 EP 531 DI 10.1097/00001648-200009000-00007 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 346DB UT WOS:000088854500007 PM 10955404 ER PT J AU Job, C AF Job, C TI Ground water supplied water systems - By the numbers SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Drinking Water Protect Div, Infrastruct Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Drinking Water Protect Div, Infrastruct Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 48 EP + DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00288.x PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 375UM UT WOS:000165419700003 ER PT J AU Baca, RM Threlkeld, ST AF Baca, RM Threlkeld, ST TI Using size distributions to detect nutrient and sediment effects within and between habitats SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE size distributions; mesocosms; benthic-pelagic linkage ID PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SUSPENDED CLAY; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH; SPECTRA; LAKE; BIOMASS; PHOSPHORUS; ZOOPLANKTON AB We studied the use of size distributions as a response variable in limnological experiments. Previous quantifications of size distributions were incomplete or difficult to use in experimental settings, and we developed a multivariate approach that more fully describes the shape and biomass of planktonic and benthic size distributions. We re-evaluate the hypothesis that fish affect the shape and nutrients affect the biomass of size distributions, and show that the multivariate approach is more responsive to detecting treatment effects. In a mesocosm experiment, we use this new quantification and analysis of size distributions to detect the main and interactive effects of nutrient addition and sediment type on both benthic and pelagic size distributions. Size distributions in both habitats responded to the nutrient and sediment treatments, indicating linkage since a treatment applied in one habitat affected the size distribution in the opposite habitat. Since size distributions reduce each habitat into a common currency, we were able to examine the nature of the linkage. The relative response of each habitat to the nutrient treatment was different with regard to the shape of the distributions, while the relative response to the sediment treatment was different with regard to the biomass in the distributions. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Baca, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 58 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2000 VL 435 IS 1-3 BP 197 EP 211 DI 10.1023/A:1004118000669 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 372VB UT WOS:000165253800019 ER PT J AU Chong, CT Larned, ST Covich, AP Kinzie, RA AF Chong, CT Larned, ST Covich, AP Kinzie, RA TI Species interactions between estuarine detritivores: inhibition or facilitation? SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE ecological redundancy; competition; detritus processing; species interactions; tropical estuaries ID LITTER DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; STREAM; REDUNDANCY; CLIMATE AB Native Hawaiian estuarine detritivores; the prawn Macrobrachium grandimanus, and the neritid gastropod Neritina vespertina, were maintained in flow-through microcosms with conditioned leaves from two riparian tree species, Hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) and guava (Psidium guajava). Their ability to beak down leaf detritus was determined when alone and when they were together. In single-species treatments, N. vespertina processed leaves from both trees at higher rates than M. grandimanus, but in combined treatments, facilitation occurred when the substrate consisted of Hau leaves, and interference occurred when the substrate consisted of guava leaves. From this, we conclude that whether detritivore species are functionally redundant, facilitating or inhibiting in their processing of detritus depends not only on the detritivore species, but also on the species composition of the detritus food source. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Kinzie, RA (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM rkinzie@zoology.hawaii.edu NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP PY 2000 VL 434 IS 1-3 BP 11 EP 16 DI 10.1023/A:1004098425855 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 366AN UT WOS:000089982800002 ER PT J AU Allen, MJ Clancy, JL Rice, EW AF Allen, MJ Clancy, JL Rice, EW TI The plain, hard truth about pathogen monitoring SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PLANT PERFORMANCE AB Pathogen monitoring has concerned microbiologists for nearly a century. Over several years, numerous factors have inflated the value of pathogen monitoring for public health protection and led to such developments as the promulgation of the information Collection Rule (ICR). Eighteen months of ICR data have only served to underscore the monitoring method's limitations. Methods 1622 and 1623 represent significant improvements but still fall short of providing information useful for compliance monitoring or public health decision-making. To illustrate the shortcomings of pathogen. monitoring, the authors cite recent cases in which poor-quality analyses contributed to the creation. of drinking water crises where none, In fact, existed. The authors propose that pathogen monitoring for protecting public health be replaced by alternative strategies such as optimizing treatment, and maintaining water quality throughout storage and distribution. C1 AWWA Res Fdn, Technol Transfer, Denver, CO 80235 USA. Clancy Environm Consultants, St Albans, VT 05478 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Allen, MJ (reprint author), AWWA Res Fdn, Technol Transfer, 6666 W Quincy Ave, Denver, CO 80235 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 92 IS 9 BP 64 EP 76 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VG UT WOS:000168836100006 ER PT J AU Moulton-Hancock, C Rose, JB Vasconcelos, GJ Harris, SI Klonicki, PT Sturbaum, GD AF Moulton-Hancock, C Rose, JB Vasconcelos, GJ Harris, SI Klonicki, PT Sturbaum, GD TI Giardia and Cryptosporidium occurrence in groundwater SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER AB A total of 383 groundwater samples from 166 different sites were analyzed for Crygtosporidium, Giardia, and other microbiota (1-500 pm) using Immunofluorescence assay and light microscopy procedures. Analysis of the data showed 11 percent of the sites (19 of 156) were sometimes positive for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, or both. Statistical analyses determined that microbiota in eight major groups were indicative of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination. These groups include algae, arthropods, rotifers, fungi, nematodes, colorless flagellates, amoebae, and gastrotrichs. Crygtosporidium and Giardia occurrence also correlated positively with the three risk categories developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency to rank direct surface water influence on groundwaters (p = 0.001). However, the specific numerical scores used to determine risk categories provided no better prediction of the pathogens than the three general categories. To determine vulnerability to contamination, researchers first should investigate those groundwater sources with a diversity of microbiota. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US EPA, Reg 10 Lab, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. CH Diagnost & Consulting Serv Inc, Loveland, CO 80537 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Vet Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Moulton-Hancock, C (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 92 IS 9 BP 117 EP 123 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VG UT WOS:000168836100011 ER PT J AU Brumley, WC Grange, AH Kelliher, V Patterson, DB Montcalm, A Glassman, J Farley, JW AF Brumley, WC Grange, AH Kelliher, V Patterson, DB Montcalm, A Glassman, J Farley, JW TI Environmental screening of acidic compounds based on capillary zone electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence detection with identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER MIGRATION; EXTRACTION; SEPARATION; SEDIMENT; SAMPLES; SOIL AB This paper describes the application of capillary zone electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence detection (CZE/LIF) to the discovery of acidic compounds in environmental matrixes or the screening of extracts for acidic components. Published studies indicate that coal-derived materials contain a significant fraction of acidic compounds relative to materials derived from petroleum and shales, Such compounds may be useful as marker compounds for site assessment and source apportionment issues, and their identification may be important in toxicological and other health issues. We used deep-UV light from the frequency-doubled Ar ion laser at 244 and 257 nm to study extracts of samples. The CZE/LIF technique possesses good sensitivity and therefore overcomes one of the limitations of CZE with UV detection. The present work depends on high pressure/temperature solvent extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA)-contaminated soil, followed by separation using CZE, The anionic analytes were separated by using berate or phosphate buffer (pH 9.2-12.3) after a chemical class separation, Samples were also characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using full scans at low resolution, and elemental compositions were determined unequivocally by GC/high-resolution MS (GC/HRMS) using mass peak profiling (MPP), The similarity of low-resolution electron ionization mass spectra for a standard, 1-hydroxypyrene, and for a series of compounds in a contaminated-soil extract suggested that several types of phenolic and hydroxy-PNAs were present, including hydroxylated derivatives of fluorenes, fluoranthenes, and pyrenes, GC/HRMS using MPP confirmed the elemental compositions of the hydroxyfluorenes and hydroxypyrenes (and presumably hydroxyfluouanthenes) as [C13H10O] and [C16H10O], respectively. A new version of the MPP software was written for the Finnigan-MAT 900S-Trap and was similar to that developed previously for the VG 250SE, Inclusion of a calibration ion in addition to a lock mass ion in the multiple-ion detection descriptor provided errors of <1 ppm for the 3 partial profiles of the analytes, A mass resolution of 31 000 was used to resolve the analyte signals from interferences evident in the full M+1 and M+2 profiles in the case of the hydroxyfluorenes, Derivatization was also performed to form the tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of phenolic hydroxy groups as a further confirmation of structure. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Brumley, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1067 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 360KT UT WOS:000089667400005 PM 11048845 ER PT J AU Sinclair, JL AF Sinclair, JL TI Enumeration of Cryptosporidium spp. in water with US EPA Method 1622 SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID GIARDIA CYSTS; PARVUM OOCYSTS; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; DRINKING-WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; CARTRIDGE FILTERS; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; CELL-CULTURE; VIABILITY; IDENTIFICATION AB The occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum or other pathogenic Cryptosporidium species in water must be known in order to assess risk and determine the treatment needed to reduce Cryptosporidium oocysts to acceptable levels in finished drinking water. Because Cryptosporidium oocyst occurrence may be sparse, methods must concentrate a large volume of water and correctly identify oocysts in the concentrate. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Information Collection Rule (ICR) protozoan method gives low and variable recoveries of Cryptosporidium oocysts, making risk assessment difficult. Therefore, a method giving better oocyst recovery and more consistent results was needed. Method 1622 was developed with existing materials and procedures, and improvements were made in filtration, cleanup, and detection. Absolute porosity filters were used, with cleanup by immunomagnetic separation and detection by direct fluorescent antibody stain with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining for additional cell structures. Both the level and consistency of oocyst recovery were improved compared to recovery with the ICR method. C1 US EPA, Tech Support Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Sinclair, JL (reprint author), US EPA, Tech Support Ctr, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS-140, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 83 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1108 EP 1114 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 360KT UT WOS:000089667400011 PM 11048851 ER PT J AU Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Knezetic, JA Kinyamu, HK AF Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Knezetic, JA Kinyamu, HK TI Association between bone loss and VDR polymorphism - Importance of environmental and life style factors. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Creighton Univ, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 15 SU 1 MA SU135 BP S364 EP S364 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 346YJ UT WOS:000088898400908 ER PT J AU Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Knezetic, JA Kinyamu, HK AF Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Knezetic, JA Kinyamu, HK TI Vitamin D receptor genotypes are associated with different responses in BMD to estrogen and calcitriol in elderly women. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Creighton Univ, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 15 SU 1 MA SU124 BP S361 EP S361 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 346YJ UT WOS:000088898400897 ER PT J AU Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Knezetic, JA Kinyamu, HK AF Rapuri, PB Gallagher, JC Knezetic, JA Kinyamu, HK TI The association between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and bone loss in elderly women. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Creighton Univ, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 15 SU 1 MA SA165 BP S263 EP S263 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 346YJ UT WOS:000088898400498 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI The permanental polynomial SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FACILE CALCULATIONS; GRAPHS AB This study identifies properties and uses of the permanental polynomial of adjacency matrixes of unweighted chemical graphs. Coefficients and zeroes of the polynomial for several representative structures are provided, and their properties are discussed. A computer program for calculating the permanental polynomial from the adjacency matrix is also described. C1 US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 24 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1203 EP 1206 DI 10.1021/ci000031d PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 358NG UT WOS:000089563700015 PM 11045814 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Permanental polynomials of the smaller fullerenes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RESONANCE AB Using a general computer code developed previously, permanental polynomials were computed for all fullerenes C-less than or equal to 36 Mathematical properties of the coefficients and zeroes were investigated. For a given isomer series of constant n, the n/2 independent zeroes appear to consist of a set of 10 that are nearly constant within the series and a set of n/2-10 that differ greatly with structure. C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Risk Assessment Div 7403, New Chem Screening & Assessment Branch, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1207 EP 1209 DI 10.1021/ci0000326 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 358NG UT WOS:000089563700016 PM 11045815 ER PT J AU Blowes, DW Ptacek, CJ Benner, SG McRae, CWT Bennett, TA Puls, RW AF Blowes, DW Ptacek, CJ Benner, SG McRae, CWT Bennett, TA Puls, RW TI Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IAH Groundwater Quality 1998 Conference (GQ98) CY 1998 CL TUBINGEN, GERMANY DE remediation; groundwater; metals; nutrients; radionuclides ID IN-SITU REMEDIATION; ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; ZERO-VALENT IRON; GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION; SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION; CHROMATE REDUCTION; REMOVAL; METALS; DENITRIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS AB Permeable reactive barriers are an emerging alternative to traditional pump and treat systems for groundwater remediation. This technique has progressed rapidly over the past decade from laboratory bench-scale studies to full-scale implementation. Laboratory studies indicate the potential for treatment of a large number of inorganic contaminants, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Tc, U, V, NO3, PO4 and SO4. Small-scale field studies have demonstrated treatment of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, NO3, PO4 and SO4. Permeable reactive barriers composed of zero-valent iron have been used in fill-scale installations for the treatment of Cr, U, and Tc. Solid-phase organic carbon in the form of municipal compost has been used to remove dissolved constituents associated with acid-mine drainage, including SO4, Fe, Ni, Co and Zn. Dissolved nutrients, including NO3 and PO4, have been removed from domestic septic-system effluent and agricultural drainage. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, RS Kerr Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Waterloo, Dept Earth Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RP Puls, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, RS Kerr Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Benner, Shawn/A-2557-2012 OI Benner, Shawn/0000-0003-4024-5777 NR 38 TC 313 Z9 342 U1 7 U2 104 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00122-4 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 360DQ UT WOS:000089651500007 ER PT J AU Rice, EW Johnson, CH AF Rice, EW Johnson, CH TI Short communication: Survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in dairy cattle drinking water SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WISCONSIN; FARMS AB Cattle drinking water from two dairy farms was used in a study to determine the survival characteristics of the bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 and wild-type E. coli. The E. coli O157:H7 inoculum consisted of a consortium of isolates obtained from dairy cattle. Fresh manure was used as the source for the wild-type E. coli. In the water source from farm 1 the pathogens were present at both 5 and 15 degrees C during the 16-d duration of the study. In the water source from farm 2, the pathogens were detected at 5 degrees C through d 8 and through d 4 at 15 degrees C. The fecal indicator, wild-type E. coli, was always present when the pathogens were present. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rice, EW (reprint author), US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 83 IS 9 BP 2021 EP 2023 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 353VB UT WOS:000089295200018 PM 11003233 ER PT J AU Rutstrom, EE Williams, MB AF Rutstrom, EE Williams, MB TI Entitlements and fairness: an experimental study of distributive preferences SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE equity; distribution; justice; fairness; experiments ID JUSTICE; PRINCIPLES; RIGHTS; GAME AB Under three different rules for allocation of initial income we elicit experimental subjects' preferences for income redistribution using an incentive compatible elicitation mechanism. The three income allocation rules are designed to capture preferences for distributive justice among subjects. The concern is motivated by claims in some of the experimental economics literature that non-self-interested motives often underlie individual behavior. We cannot reject self-interest in favor of any redistribution motives based on our observations. Almost all individuals chose the income distribution which maximized their own income - high income individuals chose no redistribution and low income individuals chose perfect equality in income distribution. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: D3; D63. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ S Carolina, Darla Moore Sch Business, Dept Econ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Williams, MB (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 2172,Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 27 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2681 J9 J ECON BEHAV ORGAN JI J. Econ. Behav. Organ. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 75 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0167-2681(00)00109-8 PG 15 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 350BT UT WOS:000089081400004 ER PT J AU Brown, KM Taylor, LO AF Brown, KM Taylor, LO TI Do as you say, say as you do: evidence on gender differences in actual and stated contributions to public goods SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE public goods valuation; gender; contingent valuation; experimental economics ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS AB Recent work on public goods contributions has examined the relationship between gender and free-riding behavior in studies using laboratory public goods. This research furthers this line of inquiry by examining gender as a possible explanation of hypothetical bias, which occurs in valuation studies using real world public goods. Results show that gender differences exist in hypothetical valuation exercises, but not in real valuation exercises. Further, the results show that hypothetical bias is almost three times larger for males than for females, an important result for researchers investigating the source of, and solutions for, hypothetical bias. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: H41. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Georgia State Univ, Andrew Young Sch Policy Studies, Dept Econ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Brown, KM (reprint author), US EPA, 1200 Penn Ave NW,Mail Code 2172, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 9 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2681 J9 J ECON BEHAV ORGAN JI J. Econ. Behav. Organ. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 127 EP 139 DI 10.1016/S0167-2681(00)00113-X PG 13 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 350BT UT WOS:000089081400008 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Roose, DL Shanklin, DR AF Sidle, WC Roose, DL Shanklin, DR TI Isotopic evidence for naturally occurring sulfate pollution of ponds in the Kankakee River Basin, Illinois-Indiana SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SULFUR ISOTOPES; STABLE SULFUR; WATER; CATCHMENTS; BACTERIAL; OXIDATION; RATIOS AB Ecosystem restoration surveys across the Kankakee River Basin indicate that ponds in riparian zones contain elevated sulfate concentrations. The sources of high sulfate in many ponds were investigated by sampling ground waters, precipitation, and applied fertilizers in the Kankakee and Iroquois subwatersheds of the basin. The S-34(SO4) and O-18(SO4), analyses discriminated among possible regional anthropogenic and natural sources. Some sulfate-bearing fertilizers may have contributed to elevated SO42- in ponds but there is isotopic evidence suggesting that pyritic glaciofluvial sediments in the surficial aquifer may be the source of larger SO42- concentrations in ponds, An isotopic analysis of one SO42--H2O system in a riparian zone revealed that FeS2 oxidation reactions are possible processes leading to local sulfate pollution in riverine ponds. C1 US EPA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. FluorDaniel Corp, Fernald Environm Management Project, Cincinnati, OH 45239 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1594 EP 1603 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356RX UT WOS:000089457600028 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF Nishino-Ishikawa, N Petersen, FF Chen, LH Abbey, DE AF McDonnell, WF Nishino-Ishikawa, N Petersen, FF Chen, LH Abbey, DE TI Relationships of mortality with the fine and coarse fractions of long-term ambient PM10 concentrations in nonsmokers SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; fine particles; mortality; particulate matter; PM10; PM2.5; proportional hazards models ID AIR-POLLUTION; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; ACID AEROSOLS; MEXICO-CITY; PARTICULATE; POPULATION; POLLUTANTS; CHILDREN; OZONE AB In a cohort of 6338 'Califomia Seventh - day Adventists, we previously observed for males associations between long-term concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 mum (PM10) and 15-year mortality due to all natural causes (ANC) and lung cancer (LC) listed as underlying causes of death and due to nonmalignant respiratory disease listed as either the underlying or a contributing (CRC) cause of death. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether these outcomes were more strongly associated with the fine (PM2.5) or the coarse (PM2.5-10) fractions of PM10. For participants who lived near an airport (n = 3769), daily PM2.5 concentrations were estimated from airport visibility, and on a monthly basis, PM2.5-10 concentrations were calculated as the differences between PM10 and PM2.5. Associations between ANC, CRC, and LC mortality (1977-1992) and mean PM10, PM2.5, and PM2.5-10 concentrations at study baseline ( 1973-1977) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Magnitudes of the PM10 associations for the males of this subgroup were similar to those for the males in the entire cohort although not statistically significant due to the smaller numbers. In single-pollutant models, for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM10 (29.5 mug/m(3)), the rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.15 (0.94, 1.41) for ANC, 1.48 (0.93, 2.34) for CRC, and 1.84 (0.59, 5.67) for LC. For an IQR increase in PM2.5 (24.3 mug/m(3)), corresponding RRs (95% CI) were 1.22 (0.95, 1.58), 1.64 (0.93, 2.90), and 2.23 (0.56, 8.94), and for an IQR increase in PM2.5-10 (9.7 mug/m(3)), corresponding RRs (95% CI) were 1.05 (0.92, 1.20), 1.19 (0.88, 1.62), and 1.25 (0.63, 2.49), respectively. When both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were entered into the same model, the PM2.5 estimates remained stable while those of PM2.5-10 decreased. We concluded that previously observed associations of long-term ambient PM10 concentration with mortality for males were best explained by a relationship of mortality with the fine fraction of PM10 rather than with the coarse fraction of PM10. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, 104 Mason Farm Rd,UNC CB-7315, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 20 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 20 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 427 EP 436 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500095 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 365NG UT WOS:000089956900004 PM 11051533 ER PT J AU Williams, R Suggs, J Rodes, C Lawless, P Zweidinger, R Kwok, R Creason, J Sheldon, L AF Williams, R Suggs, J Rodes, C Lawless, P Zweidinger, R Kwok, R Creason, J Sheldon, L TI Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 monitors SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ambient monitoring; continuous measurements; integrated measurements; particulate matter; residential monitoring ID DATA QUALITY; PARTICULATE AB An extensive PM monitoring study was conducted during the 1998 Baltimore PM Epidemiology - Exposure Study of the Elderly. One goal was to investigate the mass concentration comparability between various monitoring instrumentation located across residential indoor, residential outdoor, and ambient sites. Filter-based (24-h integrated) samplers included Federal Reference Method Monitors (PM2.5-FRMs), Personal Environmental Monitors (PEMs), Versatile Air Pollution Samplers (VAPS), and cyclone-based instruments. Tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOMs) collected real-time data. Measurements were collected on a near-daily basis over a 28-day period during July-August, 1998. The selected monitors had individual sampling completeness percentages ranging from 64% to 100%. Quantitation limits varied from 0.2 to 5.0 mug/m(3). Results from matched days indicated that mean individual PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations differed by less than 3 mug/m(3) across the instrumentation and within each respective size fraction. PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration regression coefficients of determination between the monitors often exceeded 0.90 with coarse (PM10-2.5) comparisons revealing coefficients typically well below 0.40. Only one of the outdoor collocated PM2.5 monitors (PEM) provided mass concentration data that were statistically different from that produced by a protoype PM2.5 FRM sampler. The PEM had a positive mass concentration bias ranging up to 18% relative to the FRM prototype. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Williams, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Kwok, Richard/B-6907-2017 OI Kwok, Richard/0000-0002-6794-8360 NR 23 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 497 EP 505 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500138 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 365NG UT WOS:000089956900010 PM 11051539 ER PT J AU Nebeker, AV Bury, RB AF Nebeker, AV Bury, RB TI Temperature selection by hatchling and yearling Florida red-bellied turtles (Pseudemys nelsoni) in thermal gradients SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHELYDRA-SERPENTINA; BASKING BEHAVIOR; SNAPPING TURTLES; SCRIPTA; GROWTH C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nebeker, AV (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 34 IS 3 BP 465 EP 469 DI 10.2307/1565373 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 356ND UT WOS:000089448600020 ER PT J AU Englehardt, JD Simon, TW AF Englehardt, JD Simon, TW TI Bayesian statistics in environmental engineering planning SO JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. US EPA, Reg 4, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Englehardt, JD (reprint author), Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RI Simon, Ted/M-9188-2013 OI Simon, Ted/0000-0001-9405-3020 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0742-597X J9 J MANAGE ENG JI J. Manage. Eng. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 16 IS 5 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2000)16:5(21) PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 346JH UT WOS:000088866900011 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS AF Zhang, Z Kleinstreuer, C Kim, CS TI Effects of asymmetric branch flow rates on aerosol deposition in bifurcating airways SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE DEPOSITION; MODELS AB Representative double bifurcation airway models with asymmetric branch ? ow rate ratios, caused by spatially different downstream impedances or a carinal tumour in one branch, have been considered. For steady laminar inhalation of a dilute micron-particle suspension, i. e. 500 less than or equal to Re less than or equal to 2000 and 0.02 less than or equal to St less than or equal to0.12, air flow fields, aerosol distributions, and wall particle concentrations have been simulated with a user-enhanced finite-volume code and an off-line particle tracking routine. Particle deposition efficiencies are shown for both asymmetric branch flow rate cases, i. e. unobstructed and tumour-induced. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. UNC, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, NHEER Lab, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kleinstreuer, C (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Zhang, Zhe/B-3769-2012 NR 28 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0309-1902 J9 J MED ENG TECHNOL JI J. Med. Eng. Technol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 24 IS 5 BP 192 EP 202 PG 11 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics; Medical Laboratory Technology SC Engineering; Medical Informatics; Medical Laboratory Technology GA 380ZC UT WOS:000165736800002 PM 11204242 ER PT J AU Debre, O Budde, WL Song, XB AF Debre, O Budde, WL Song, XB TI Negative ion electrospray of bromo- and chloroacetic acids and an evaluation of exact mass measurements with a bench-top time-of-flight mass spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION AB The negative ion electrospray mass spectra of six bromo- and chloroacetic acids were measured using two different electrospray interfaces and single quadrupole and bench-top time-of-flight mass spectrometers. With each acid at 50 mu g/mL in aqueous methanol at pH 10, the anions observed included deprotonated molecules, adducts, and fragment ions. With each acid at 100 ng/mL in aqueous acetonitrile at pH 10, mainly deprotonated molecules are observed. The exact m/z measuring capability of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer was evaluated to assess the potential for the determination of the individual acids in mixtures without an on-line separation Mean measurement errors were nearly always less than +/- 9 ppm and the majority were less than +/- 5 ppm. Potential interferences by substances having similar exact: masses and the ability to form anions in aqueous solutions were evaluated. The estimated detection limits of the five regulated haloacetic acids in drinking water, without a sample preconcentration step, are in the range of 24-86 ng/mL, which is within about a factor of 10 of the levels required for routine monitoring of the acids. Actual drinking water samples were not. analyzed pending the development of slightly more sensitive techniques and quantitative analytical procedures. (C) 2000 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Res Council, Cincinnati, OH USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ Postdoctoral Res, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, 26 W Martin L King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 11 IS 9 BP 809 EP 821 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(00)00147-1 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 349JB UT WOS:000089041000008 ER PT J AU Van Sickle, J Hughes, RM AF Van Sickle, J Hughes, RM TI Classification strengths of ecoregions, catchments, and geographic clusters for aquatic vertebrates in Oregon SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE streams; fish; amphibians; assemblages; communities; ecoregions; catchments; classification; western Oregon; cluster analysis; dendrogram; similarity ID STREAM-FISH COMMUNITIES; FRESH-WATER FISHES; ENVIRONMENTAL DATA; SPECIES RICHNESS; SIMILARITY; QUALITY; MODEL; MANAGEMENT; INTEGRITY; INDEXES AB The usefulness of ecoregions and catchments (hydrologic units) as bases for classifying aquatic vertebrate assemblages in western Oregon was compared using samples collected by electro-fishing from 137 wadeable stream sites distributed evenly throughout the region. The classification strengths of these regionalizations were also compared with neutral-model classifications that were based either on intersite proximities in geographic distance or on intersite similarities in the sampled vertebrate assemblages. The strength of each classification was assessed by the extent to which average within-class assemblage similarities exceeded the average similarity between classes. Mean similarity dendrograms were used as a concise graphical comparison of between and within-class similarities for alternative classifications, whether they were specified a priori or constructed by clustering. For each a priori classification, a permutation test of the no class structure hypothesis was performed. Classification strengths were assessed using the Sorenson-Dice (presence/absence) and Bray-Curtis (relative abundance) similarity measures, applied to both species-level and family-level assemblage characterizations, as well as for the Bray-Curtis measure applied to a set of 5 assemblage metrics that were designed to reflect stream impairment. For all 5 measures of assemblage similarity, ecoregions had higher classification strengths than did large catchments, and large catchments had about the same strength as a stream-order classification A catchment classification with 1 of the 3 catchments split into 2 ecoregions separated assemblages as strongly as ecoregions alone. A neutral-model classification based solely on geographic site proximity classified assemblages with about the same strength as ecoregions. Another neutral-model classification of sites, based solely on their sampled assemblages, was at least twice as strong as any of the geographic classifications. Intermediate strength was seen in site groupings derived from a composite measure of between-site assemblage and geographic dissimilarities. Our results suggest that ecoregions and large catchments do indeed have utility for classifying stream vertebrate assemblages. However, much of their classification strength may be a result of spatial autocorrelation effects, rather than ecological factors that determine their particular boundaries. Our similarity analyses also suggest that geographic partitions can be expected to account for only a minor portion of the total variation seen in stream vertebrate assemblages across a large region. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Van Sickle, J (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 59 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 17 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 370 EP 384 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 364ML UT WOS:000089896100002 ER PT J AU McCormick, FH Peck, DV Larsen, DP AF McCormick, FH Peck, DV Larsen, DP TI Comparison of geographic classification schemes for Mid-Atlantic stream fish assemblages SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Mid-Atlantic Highlands; streams; classification; mean similarity analysis; ecoregions; catchments; fish assemblages ID AQUATIC ECOREGIONS; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; UNITED-STATES; PATTERNS; COMMUNITIES; MANAGEMENT; DIVERSITY; INDEX AB Understanding the influence of geographic factors in structuring fish assemblages is crucial to developing a comprehensive assessment of stream conditions. We compared the classification strengths (CS) of geographic groups (ecoregions and catchments), stream order, and groups based on cluster analysis of fish assemblage data from 200 wadeable streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands. We 1st calculated intersite similarity indices (Bray-Curtis on relative abundance; Dice-Sorensen on presence/absence), then compared overall mean within-group similarities ((W) over bar) with among-group similarities ((B) over bar). We used subsets of the data to test CS from: 1) 31 reference sites defined on chemistry and habitat criteria, and 2) 21 samples from 8 sites that had been resampled within and between years to estimate the maximum similarity expected for any of the classifications. We assessed the strength of each classification by determining the degree to which (W) over bar was greater than (B) over bar. Sites classified by taxonomic clusters had higher CS than did sites grouped by stream order, US Geological Survey 4-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) catchments, and ecoregions. Except for taxonomic clusters, the CS values were greater when all sites were used in the analysis than when only reference sites were used. The mean similarities for the revisits were 2 to 3 times greater than for all other classifications. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling as an alternative approach to detecting geographic structure in the data. We found little separation of ecoregion or catchment groups except at very broad spatial scales. The relatively weak CS of any of the geographic groups suggests that the interaction of complex zoogeographic patterns and a long history of human disturbance has masked any fine-scale structure of regional fish assemblages. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP McCormick, FH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 59 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 6 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 385 EP 404 DI 10.2307/1468102 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 364ML UT WOS:000089896100003 ER PT J AU Waite, IR Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Klemm, DJ AF Waite, IR Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Klemm, DJ TI Comparing strengths of geographic and nongeographic classifications of stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE streams; macroinvertebrates; ecoregions; habitat; classification; gradient analyses; Mid-Atlantic; similarity measures ID RUNNING-WATER SITES; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; TAXONOMIC RESOLUTION; GREAT-BRITAIN; COMMUNITIES; RIVER; ASSEMBLAGES; ORDINATION; CATCHMENT; CALIFORNIA AB The US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampled similar to 500 wadeable streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands region of the US during the late spring of 1993 to 1995 for a variety of physical, chemical, and biological indicators of environmental condition. Eighty-eight sites that were minimally affected by human activities were chosen to determine the extent to which geographic and stream-based classifications accounted for variation in the composition of riffle macroinvertebrate assemblages. Bray-Curtis similarities among sites were calculated from the relative abundance of macroinvertebrates to assess the strength of classifications based on geography (ecoregions and catchments), habitat (slope and stream order), and water chemistry (conductivity). For comparison a taxonomic classification (two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN) and a gradient analysis (correspondence analysis, CA) were performed on the macroinvertebrate data. To assess the effect of taxonomic resolution, all analyses were completed at the family level and to lowest practical taxon. The large overall variation within and among ecoregions resulted in a low average classification strength (CS) of ecoregions, although some ecoregions had high CS. Stream order had the highest CS of the habitat and water chemistry classifications. Ecoregion CS increased, however, when stream sites were 1(st) stratified by stream order (ecoregions nested within stream order). Nested ecoregion CS did not increase within 1(st)-order streams, yet increased within 2(nd)- and 3(rd)-order streams. CA ordinations and TWINSPAN classification showed a clear gradient of streams along stream size (order), with a clear separation of 1(st)- and 3(rd)-order streams based on macroinvertebrate composition. The ordinations did not, however, show a distinct clustering of sites on the basis of ecoregions. Overall, the lowest practical taxon level of identification resulted in a clearer pattern of sites in ordination space than did family-level identification, yet only a slight improvement in the different classifications (geographic, habitat, and water chemistry) based on average similarity. C1 US Geol Survey, Portland, OR 97216 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US EPA, WED,NHEERL, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, NEERL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Waite, IR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. NR 42 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 11 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 429 EP 441 DI 10.2307/1468105 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 364ML UT WOS:000089896100006 ER PT J AU Pan, YD Stevenson, RJ Hill, BH Herlihy, AT AF Pan, YD Stevenson, RJ Hill, BH Herlihy, AT TI Ecoregions and benthic diatom assemblages in Mid-Atlantic Highlands streams, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE benthic diatom; catchment; ecoregion; index; Mid-Atlantic Highlands; multivariate analysis; probability sites; reference sites ID FISH ASSEMBLAGES; SPECIES TRAITS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; REGIONAL PROCESSES; SPATIAL PATTERNS; UNITED-STATES; HABITAT; CLASSIFICATION; INDICATORS; INTEGRITY AB Ecoregional differences in geology and hydrology may affect physical and chemical conditions in streams and, consequently, the species composition of algal assemblages. Stresses resulting from human disturbance, however, may constrain species membership in algal assemblages and reduce regional diversity. We expected that ecoregional differences in diatom assemblages, if they were present, would be more evident in relatively undisturbed sites than in randomly selected sites. Benthic diatom and water chemistry samples were collected from streams in 7 ecoregions of the Mid-Atlantic Highlands to evaluate correspondence between ecoregional classification and diatom assemblages. Ecoregional differences were assessed using 196 randomly selected stream sites (probability sites) and 60 sites with less disturbance by humans (reference sites). Multivariate analyses showed that significant ecoregional differences in diatom assemblages were observed only in probability sites and not in reference sites. Water chemistry was significantly different among ecoregions, both for probability sites and for reference sites. Significant differences in diatom assemblages and water chemistry were, however, evident only among ecoregions grouped by topography (i.e., montane, high plateau, and low plateau/valley). Ecoregional differences between montane regions or low plateau/valley regions were subtle. Stream sites grouped by catchments were also significantly different in water chemistry but not in diatom assemblages, both for probability sites and for reference sites. Our data suggest that diatom assemblages respond to land use, especially agricultural activities, and thus may correspond to the ecoregional classification when land use differs significantly among these ecoregions (e.g, montane vs valley ecoregions). Diatom assemblages that lack a region-specific feature may be ideal as unbiased indicators of stream water quality. C1 Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Biol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Pan, YD (reprint author), Portland State Univ, Portland, OR 97207 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 46 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 12 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 518 EP 540 DI 10.2307/1468112 PG 23 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 364ML UT WOS:000089896100013 ER PT J AU Hawkins, CP Norris, RH Gerritsen, J Hughes, RM Jackson, SK Johnson, RK Stevenson, RJ AF Hawkins, CP Norris, RH Gerritsen, J Hughes, RM Jackson, SK Johnson, RK Stevenson, RJ TI Evaluation of the use of landscape classifications for the prediction of freshwater biota: synthesis and recommendations SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE classification bioassessment; monitoring; streams; lakes; habitat; fish; invertebrates; algae ID BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; LAND-USE; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; FISH COMMUNITIES; STREAM ECOLOGY; SPECIES TRAITS; NEW-ZEALAND; SCALE; INTEGRITY AB This paper summarizes and synthesizes the collective results that emerged from the series of papers published in this issue of J-NABS, and places these results in the context of previously published literature describing variation in aquatic biota at landscape spatial scales. Classifications based on landscape spatial scales are used or are being evaluated for use in several countries for aquatic bioassessment programs. Evaluation of the strength of classification of different approaches should provide insight for refinement of existing bioassessment programs and expedite the development of new programs. The papers in this series specifically addressed the degree to which descriptions and classification of landscape features allow us to account for, and thus predict, variation in the composition of biota among individual sites. In general, we found that although landscape classifications accounted for more biotic variation than would be expected by chance, the amount of variation related to landscape features was not large. Thus, large-scale regionalizations, if used alone to specify expected biotic conditions, will likely have limited use in aquatic bioassesments, where it is critical to specify expected conditions as accurately and precisely as possible. Landscape classifications can play an important additional role, however, by providing an initial stratification of site locations to ensure that different landscape features are adequately represented in a sampling program. In general, we believe a tiered classification based on both reach-level and larger-scale landscape features is needed to accurately predict the composition of freshwater fauna. One potential approach entails use of landscape classifications as a means of refining or augmenting classifications based on local habitat features, which appear to account for substantially more biotic variation than larger-scale environmental features. These results have significant implications for how assessment and monitoring programs at local, state/province, and national levels should be designed. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Watershed Sci Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Canberra, Cooperat Res Ctr Freshwater Ecol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Tetra Tech Inc, Owings Mills, MD 21117 USA. Dynamac Inc, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Environm Assessment, Biodivers Sect, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Hawkins, CP (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Watershed Sci Unit, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Norris, Richard/D-2741-2009; Hawkins, Charles/A-4530-2008 OI Hawkins, Charles/0000-0003-1247-0248 NR 78 TC 179 Z9 188 U1 2 U2 52 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 541 EP 556 DI 10.2307/1468113 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 364ML UT WOS:000089896100014 ER PT J AU Moran, MA Sheldon, WM Zepp, RG AF Moran, MA Sheldon, WM Zepp, RG TI Carbon loss and optical property changes during long-term photochemical and biological degradation of estuarine dissolved organic matter SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES; TERRESTRIAL INPUTS; MARINE; FLUORESCENCE; ABSORPTION; RADIATION; SEAWATER; RIVER; DOC AB Terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) impacts the optical properties of coastal seawater and affects carbon cycling on a global scale. We studied sequential long-term photochemical and biological degradation of estuarine dissolved organic matter from the Satilla River, an estuary in the southeastern United States that is dominated by vascular plant-derived organic matter. During photodegradation, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loss (amounting to 31% of the initial DOC) was much less extensive than colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) or fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) loss (50% and 56% of the initial CDOM and FDOM), and analysis of kinetics suggested a reservoir of DOC that was resistant to photodegradation. In contrast, CDOM photodegradation closely followed first-order kinetics over two hall-lives with no indication of a nondegradable component. FDOM loss was slightly biased toward fluorophores considered representative of terrestrial humic substances. Additional changes in optical properties included increases in spectral slope and shifts in fluorescence excitation/emission maxima that were generally consistent with previous observations from field studies of photobleached DOM. Biological degradation of photobleached DOM was more rapid than that of unbleached material, and this net positive effect was evident even for extensively photodegraded material. Bacterial degradation caused shifts in the opposite direction from photochemical degradation for both spectral slope and excitation/emission maxima and thus dampened but did not eliminate changes in optical properties caused by photobleaching. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Moran, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Moran, Mary Ann/0000-0002-0702-8167 NR 42 TC 362 Z9 380 U1 11 U2 111 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 EI 1939-5590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1254 EP 1264 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 355QN UT WOS:000089396500005 ER PT J AU Moser, VC AF Moser, VC TI Dose-response and time-course of neurobehavioral changes following oral chlorpyrifos in rats of different ages SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; functional observational battery; age differences; behavior ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; ADULT-RATS; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; ESTERASE-ACTIVITIES; SCREENING BATTERY; HIGH-AFFINITY; HEALTH RISKS; TOXICITY AB Young rats have been shown in several laboratories to be more sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of acute exposure to chlorpyrifos. To examine the neurobehavioral effects of chlorpyrifos as a function of age and dose, we conducted dose-response and time-course assessments in rats of three different ages (postnatal day, or PND, 17, 27, and adults). Doses were selected to span the effective dose range in each age group: PND17-4, 10, 20 mg/kg; PND27-10, 25, 50 mg/kg; adult-10, 50, 100 mg/kg. Rats were tested at the time of peak effect on the day of dosing, and again at 1 and 3 days, and at 1 and 2 weeks after a single oral dose. There were age- and sex-related differences in the recovery of these behavioral effects; the adult males recovered from the behavioral effects more quickly than the other age groups, and the adult females showed the slowest recovery (up to at least 3 days). Although these doses had been shown previously to produce a similar degree of cholinesterase inhibition, the neurobehavioral alterations fell into the following three patterns of effect as a function of age. (1) Some endpoints (e.g., gait abnormalities, tremor) showed a dose-response curve that was shifted to the right in the older animals. Calculated ED50 values indicated that the PND17 rats were three- to five-fold more sensitive than the adults. (2) Some measures showed less effect in the youngest rats; for example, maximal motor activity decreases were half as great as with adults. (3) A few effects that were typically observed in adults, e.g., salivation, were not seen at all in the PND17 rats. Thus, differential responses on these neurobehavioral endpoints were observed as a function of age. These data suggest that, for some endpoints, young rats are more sensitive to a range of chlorpyrifos doses; however, the magnitude of age-related differences depends on the specific endpoint and time of assessment, as well as age and sex of the test subject. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Neurotoxicol Div MD 74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 47 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 22 IS 5 BP 713 EP 723 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(00)00087-8 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 381NR UT WOS:000165769900010 PM 11106864 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Mundy, WR Crofton, KM AF Gilbert, ME Mundy, WR Crofton, KM TI Spatial learning and long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in animals developmentally exposed to Aroclor 1254 SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Aroclor 1254; Long-Evens rats; spatial learning; hippocampus; long-term potentiation (LTP); polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); rat; dentate gyrus ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AROCLOR-1254; ASPARTATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; THYROID-HORMONE STATUS; PCB MIXTURE; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; IN-VIVO; LEAD-EXPOSURE; DISCRIMINATION REVERSAL; SELECTIVE IMPAIRMENT; SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AB Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with cognitive deficits in children. Rodent studies have revealed impairments in learning tasks involving the hippocampus. The present study sought to examine hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus and spatial learning in animals exposed to PCBs early in development. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were administered either corn oil (control) or 6 mg/kg/day of a commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254) by gavage from gestational day (GD)6 until pups were weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21. Spatial learning was assessed at 3 months of age in male and female offspring using the Morris water maze. Latency to find a hidden platform that remained in the same position over 20 days of testing did not differ between control and PCB-exposed groups. Neither were group differences evident in a repeated acquisition version of the task in which the platform remained in the same position over the 2 daily trials but was moved to a new spatial location each day. Male littermates of animals in the behavioral study were tested electrophysiologically at 5-7 months of age. Field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus under urethane anesthesia. Input/output (I/O) functions were assessed by averaging the response evoked in the dentate gyrus to stimulus pulses delivered to the perforant path in an ascending intensity series. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by delivering a series of brief, high-frequency train bursts to the perforant path at increasing stimulus intensities, and I/O functions were reassessed 1 h Later. No differences in baseline synaptic population spike (PS) and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope amplitudes were discerned between the groups prior to train delivery. Post-train I/O functions, however, revealed a decrement in the magnitude of evoked LTP in PCB-exposed animals, and an increase in the train intensity required to induce LTP. The observed dissociation between impaired hippocampal plasticity, in the absence of a detectable deficit in performance of a hippocampal-dependent task, may be due to task complexity, the maintenance of some degree of plasticity in the PCB-exposed animals, or the possibility that intact dentate gyrus LTP may not be requisite for water-maze learning. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 68 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 57 IS 1 BP 102 EP 111 DI 10.1093/toxsci/57.1.102 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 377BU UT WOS:000165492700013 PM 10966516 ER PT J AU Roegge, CS Seo, BW Crofton, KM Schantz, SL AF Roegge, CS Seo, BW Crofton, KM Schantz, SL TI Gestational-lactational exposure to Aroclor 1254 impairs radial-arm maze performance in male rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE PCB; Aroclor 1254; gestational-lactational exposure; spatial learning and memory; radial-arm maze; rats; drug challenges ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; INTERVAL-FIXED-RATIO; REFERENCE MEMORY; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; THYROID-HORMONE; SPATIAL MEMORY; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; 3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL PCB-126; DISCRIMINATION REVERSAL AB Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with cognitive deficits in children. The current study assessed effects of gestational and lactational exposure to a commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254), on spatial learning and memory in rats, using the radial-arm maze (RAM). Pregnant Long-Evans females (10/dose group) were exposed to 0 or 6-mg/kg/day A1254 (po in corn oil) from gestation day (GD)6 to weaning at postnatal day (PND) 21, After they reached adulthood, 1 male and 1 female from each litter were tested on a working/reference memory task using a 12-arm RAM. Eight of the 12 arms were baited, with the pattern of baited arms remaining the same on every trial for each rat. Compared to control males, the A1254-exposed males made significantly more working memory errors (2.15 +/- 0.13 and 3.20 +/- 0.18 errors +/- SEM for control and A1254 males, respectively) and reference memory errors (3.17 +/- 0.10 and 4.13 +/- 0.14 errors +/- SEM for control and A1254 males, respectively) on the RAM. In contrast, A1254-exposed females were not impaired relative to control females on the RAM. Drug challenges with dizocilpine (MK-801) and scopolamine did not differentially affect working or reference memory of control and exposed rats. These data suggest that perinatal exposure to A1254 may cause sex-specific deficits in spatial learning and memory, and that NMDA-mediated and muscarinic neurotransmission, as assessed with the drug challenges, were not markedly impaired in the A1254-exposed animals. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Coll Vet Med, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Univ Illinois, Program Neurosci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. GD Searle & Co, Global Healthcare Resources, Skokie, IL 60077 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Schantz, SL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Coll Vet Med, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 87 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 57 IS 1 BP 121 EP 130 DI 10.1093/toxsci/57.1.121 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 377BU UT WOS:000165492700015 PM 10966518 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM Kodavanti, PRS Derr-Yellin, EC Casey, AC Kehn, LS AF Crofton, KM Kodavanti, PRS Derr-Yellin, EC Casey, AC Kehn, LS TI PCBs, thyroid hormones, and ototoxicity in rats: Cross-fostering experiments demonstrate the impact of postnatal lactation exposure SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons; polychlorinated biphenyls; thyroid-axis development; circulating T-4 concentrations; lactation exposure; maternal exposure ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE INDUCERS; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION; CHLORINATED DIOXINS; AUDITORY FUNCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; THYROXINE AB Previous research has demonstrated the sensitivity of the developing rat to the hypothyroxinemic and ototoaic effects of perinatal exposure to Aroclor 1254 (A1254). We tested the hypothesis that postnatal exposure via lactation is the major cause of the ototoxicity by cross fostering animals at birth. Primiparous rats (22-24/dose) received 0 or 6 mg/kg A1254 (po in corn oil) from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. On the day of birth, half of the treated litters and half of the control litters were cross-fostered, resulting in the following groups: Ctrl/Ctrl (controls); A1254/A1254 (perinatal exposure); A1254/Ctrl (prenatal exposure only); and Ctrl/A1254 (postnatal exposure only). We assessed offspring at a number of ages for: serum thyroid hormone concentrations, liver and brain concentrations of PCBs, body weight, mortality, age of eye opening, auditory startle amplitudes, and auditory thresholds for 1 kHz and 40 kHz tones. Circulating thyroxine (T-4) concentrations were sharply reduced at GD 21 in the A1254-exposed group, and on PND 3, 7, 14, and 21 in the A1254/A1254 and the Ctrl/A1254 groups. Smaller decreases in T-4 were observed in the A1254/Ctrl group on PND 3, 7, and 14. PCB concentrations in the liver on PND 21 were sharply elevated in the A1254/A1254 and Ctrl/A1254 groups. Much smaller increases were seen in the A1254/Ctrl group. Age of eye-opening and startle amplitudes were unaffected by treatment. A1254 exposure caused permanent hearing deficits (20 dB increase) at the low frequency (1 kHz) in the A1254/A1254 and Ctrl/A1254 groups. The present findings demonstrated that the critical period for the ototoxicity of developmental A1254 exposure is within the first few postnatal weeks in the rat. This effect is consistent with the greater degree of postnatal hypothyroxinemia resulting from the greater magnitude of exposure that occurs postnatally via lactation. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 80 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 57 IS 1 BP 131 EP 140 DI 10.1093/toxsci/57.1.131 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 377BU UT WOS:000165492700016 PM 10966519 ER PT J AU Steed, VS Suidan, MT Gupta, M Miyahara, T Acheson, CM Sayles, GD AF Steed, VS Suidan, MT Gupta, M Miyahara, T Acheson, CM Sayles, GD TI Development of a sulfate-reducing biological process to remove heavy metals from acid mine drainage SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acid mine drainage; sulfate-reducing bacteria; anaerobic reactors; metal sulfide precipitation ID REDUCTION; WATER AB The feasibility of using sulfate-reducing bacteria to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams such as acid mine drainage was evaluated using three anaerobic reactors: an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, a packed filter reactor, and a filter reactor that was partially packed with floating plastic pall rings. The packed filter reactors removed more than 99% of the influent metals. The performance of the partially packed reactor was superior based on effluent metal and sludge concentrations. Although the UASB reactor reduced the concentration of dissolved iron, the effluent concentration of total suspended solids remained greater than 18 g/L. This elevated solids concentration indicated that the UASB reactor was not operating as an effective clarifier, and, as a result, UASB reactor operation was discontinued after 4 months. The packed filter reactors were operated in parallel and received influent containing a combination of heavy metals. By withdrawing sludge from the bottom of these reactors, the accumulation of solids such as metal precipitates and biomass was controlled. The effluent concentrations of most metals were low, often less than drinking water standards, with the exception of manganese. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Parsons Engineering Sci, Atlanta, GA USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Tohoku Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 11 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 14 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 530 EP 535 DI 10.2175/106143000X138102 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 487HV UT WOS:000171869500004 ER PT J AU Field, R Lai, DF O'Connor, T Fan, CY AF Field, R Lai, DF O'Connor, T Fan, CY TI Design of a sand filter for stormwater quality enhancement - B.R. Urbonas, 71, 102 (1999) - Discussion SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Field, R (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 2890 Woodbridge Ave,Bldg 10,MS-104, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 631 EP 631 DI 10.2175/106143000X138229 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 487HV UT WOS:000171869500016 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Huffman, CL Mao, YL AF Lee, CC Huffman, CL Mao, YL TI Regulatory framework for the thermal treatment of various waste streams SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE regulations; thermal treatment; various wastes AB Since 1990, regulations and standards have changed considerably. This article is an update of the regulatory requirements for the thermal treatment of various waste streams. The waste categories covered, along with the laws they are governed under, include: Hazardous waste under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and under the Clean Air Act (CAA); Municipal solid waste under Subtitle D of the RCRA; Medical waste under Subtitle J of the RCRA; Superfund waste under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA); Toxic waste under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); Sludge waste under the Clean Water Act (CWA). Published by Elsevier Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Soochow Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Huffman, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD AUG 28 PY 2000 VL 76 IS 1 BP 13 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00186-2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 333HE UT WOS:000088124200002 PM 10863011 ER PT J AU Piccot, SD Kirchgessner, DA AF Piccot, SD Kirchgessner, DA TI EPA group verifies performance of greenhouse gas emissions-mitigation technologies SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD AUG 28 PY 2000 VL 98 IS 35 BP 64 EP + PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 349FJ UT WOS:000089032700018 ER PT J AU Frederick, J Phillips, M Smith, GR Henderson, C Carlisle, B AF Frederick, J Phillips, M Smith, GR Henderson, C Carlisle, B TI STAR partners cutting methane emissions via cost-effective management SO OIL & GAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Spirit Energy 76, Sugar Land, TX USA. Enron Corp, Houston, TX USA. BP Amoco, Houston, TX USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Eastern Res Grp Inc, Lexington, MA USA. RP Frederick, J (reprint author), Spirit Energy 76, Sugar Land, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO ENERGY GROUP PI TULSA PA 1421 S SHERIDAN RD PO BOX 1260, TULSA, OK 74101 USA SN 0030-1388 J9 OIL GAS J JI Oil Gas J. PD AUG 28 PY 2000 VL 98 IS 35 BP 75 EP 80 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Petroleum SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 349FJ UT WOS:000089032700019 ER PT J AU Thompson, RS Snyder, WH Weil, JC AF Thompson, RS Snyder, WH Weil, JC TI Laboratory simulation of the rise of buoyant thermals created by open detonation SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article AB Laboratory experiments were conducted in a water tank to investigate the rise through the atmosphere of thermals generated by the detonation of surplus military munitions. The fall of a dense volume of fluid through the water in the tank follows the same governing equations as the rise of a buoyant volume of gas in the atmosphere. By filling the tank with a layer of water and a layer of salt water, an elevated step change in density was obtained, simulating a temperature inversion or jump in the atmosphere. The growth of the linear dimensions of the thermal and its volume were determined and used in the development of a criterion for predicting when a thermal will fully penetrate the inversion. Replacing the second layer of fluid with water of gradually increasing salinity, an elevated constant density gradient was obtained. In these cases, the maximum penetration distance of the thermal was observed and the equilibrium position and vertical spread were determined experimentally. These observations and the empirical relationships determined from them should prove useful in the development and evaluation of air pollution dispersion models for predicting the atmospheric transport and diffusion of material released during such detonations. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Thompson, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD AUG 25 PY 2000 VL 417 BP 127 EP 156 DI 10.1017/S0022112000001191 PG 30 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 355NT UT WOS:000089392300005 ER PT J AU Adair, BM McBride, TJ McMurry, ST Hooper, MJ Hoff, D Olsen, B Cobb, GP AF Adair, BM McBride, TJ McMurry, ST Hooper, MJ Hoff, D Olsen, B Cobb, GP TI Trophic transport of heavy metals in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) inhabiting a superfund site in the mountian west. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA. US EPA, Reg 8, Denver, CO USA. US Geol Survey, Wildlife & Fish Serv, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 343-ENVR BP U369 EP U369 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201965 ER PT J AU Alter, J Breedlove, A Dominiak, M AF Alter, J Breedlove, A Dominiak, M TI Consumer Labeling Initiative. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 80-CINF BP U206 EP U206 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201058 ER PT J AU Bergen, BJ Nelson, WG Mackay, J Dickerson, D AF Bergen, BJ Nelson, WG Mackay, J Dickerson, D TI Environmental monitoring of remedial dredging at the New Bedford Harbor, Mass, superfund site. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, N Atlantic Div New England Dist, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Reg 1, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 140-ENVR BP U338 EP U338 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201762 ER PT J AU Bouve, KS AF Bouve, KS TI Electronic data submission: Pilot efforts in the Office of Pesticide Programs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 61-AGRO BP U56 EP U56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200214 ER PT J AU Bouwes, NW Engler, RE Hassur, SM Lehman, T Fechner-Levy, EJ Firlie, B Keane, S AF Bouwes, NW Engler, RE Hassur, SM Lehman, T Fechner-Levy, EJ Firlie, B Keane, S TI Beyond pounds: RSEI - A new tool that incorporates toxicity and exposure in screening-level estimates of risk. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 86-CINF BP U206 EP U207 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201064 ER PT J AU Brilis, GM AF Brilis, GM TI Importance of spatial accuracy for chemical information management. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 85-CINF BP U206 EP U206 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201063 ER PT J AU Brilis, GM AF Brilis, GM TI Auditing framework to substantiate electronic recordkeeping practices. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 77-CINF BP U205 EP U205 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201055 ER PT J AU Brinkhuis, R AF Brinkhuis, R TI Panel presentation. The US High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical Voluntary Challenge Program. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 79-CINF BP U205 EP U206 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201057 ER PT J AU Cantu, R Evans, O Kawahara, FK Dufour, AP AF Cantu, R Evans, O Kawahara, FK Dufour, AP TI Enhanced retention and sensitivity in the analysis of cyanuric acid in water using porous graphitic carbon and UV detection in HPLC. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 64-ANYL BP U88 EP U88 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200391 ER PT J AU Chattopadyay, S Breidenbach, GP Lyon, WG Wilson, JT AF Chattopadyay, S Breidenbach, GP Lyon, WG Wilson, JT TI Effect of environmental factors on the transport of viruses insubsurface systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 150-ENVR BP U339 EP U339 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201772 ER PT J AU Chen, JL Al-Abed, S Ryan, J Li, Z AF Chen, JL Al-Abed, S Ryan, J Li, Z TI Electrochemical dechlorination of trichloroethylene using granular-graphite electrodes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 363-ENVR BP U373 EP U373 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201985 ER PT J AU Collette, TW Williams, TL AF Collette, TW Williams, TL TI Perchlorate in fertilizers? Analysis by raman spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 13-FERT BP U377 EP U377 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202008 ER PT J AU Copley, M AF Copley, M TI Electronic data submission in the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs: Supplemental files. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 62-AGRO BP U56 EP U56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200215 ER PT J AU Dary, CC Knaak, JB Rigas, ML Power, FW Blancato, JN AF Dary, CC Knaak, JB Rigas, ML Power, FW Blancato, JN TI Use of PBPK/PD models in support of FQPA for assessing cumulative risk from aggregate exposure of infants and children to organophosphorus insecticides used in residential environments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Human Exposure & Atmospher Sci Div, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Anteon Corp, Dayton, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 59-AGRO BP U56 EP U56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200212 ER PT J AU Donnelly, KC Reeves, WR Bordelon, NR George, SE AF Donnelly, KC Reeves, WR Bordelon, NR George, SE TI Evaluation of the bioavailability of coal tar PAHs on soil with in vivo and in vitro methods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 324-ENVR BP U366 EP U366 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201946 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, AM AF Ehrlich, AM TI Chemist in a regulatory agency. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Gen Counsel, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 37-CHAL BP U219 EP U220 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201123 ER PT J AU Falconer, RL Lewis, RG Fortune, CR Blanchard, FT Yau, A AF Falconer, RL Lewis, RG Fortune, CR Blanchard, FT Yau, A TI Post-application exposure potential to pesticides in the residential environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 56-AGRO BP U55 EP U55 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200209 ER PT J AU Goldade, MP Drexler, JW Lavelle, BE Brattin, WJ AF Goldade, MP Drexler, JW Lavelle, BE Brattin, WJ TI Physico-chemical characterization of soils used in identification of potential source contamination: A case study at a National Priorities List site in Denver, Colorado. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ISSI Consulting Grp Inc, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 488-INOR BP U525 EP U525 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202849 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, MA Zhao, AQ AF Gonzalez, MA Zhao, AQ TI Synthesis of partially-oxygenated hydrocarbons using photocatalysis in a laminar falling film slurry reactor. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 111-IEC BP U429 EP U429 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202288 ER PT J AU Gu, BH Brown, GM Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML AF Gu, BH Brown, GM Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML TI Determination of perchlorate in fertilizers by ion chromatography. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 16-FERT BP U378 EP U378 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202011 ER PT J AU Harris, TC AF Harris, TC TI Electronic pesticide labeling: Creation, submission, review, dissemination. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 80-AGRO BP U59 EP U59 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200233 ER PT J AU Heithmar, E Momplaisir, GM Rosal, C AF Heithmar, E Momplaisir, GM Rosal, C TI Arsenic speciation methods for studying the environmental fate of organoarsenic animal-feed additives. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RI ramirez, jaime/H-6058-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 161-ENVR BP U341 EP U341 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201783 ER PT J AU Huffer, E AF Huffer, E TI Legal and policy framework for electronic reporting of environmental compliance reports. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Environm Informat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 124-AGRO BP U66 EP U66 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200277 ER PT J AU Huffman, GP Huggins, FE Shah, N Pattanaik, S Linak, WP Miller, CA Harris, B Smith, ND Meuzelaar, HLC Pugmire, R Seehra, MS Manivannan, A AF Huffman, GP Huggins, FE Shah, N Pattanaik, S Linak, WP Miller, CA Harris, B Smith, ND Meuzelaar, HLC Pugmire, R Seehra, MS Manivannan, A TI Structure of primary PM2.5 derived from petroleum. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Kentucky, CME, CFFLS, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. Univ Utah, Ctr MicroAnal & React Chem, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Univ Utah, Dept Chem & Fuels Engn, Salt Lake City, UT USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Phys, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009; Manivannan, Ayyakkannu/A-2227-2012 OI Manivannan, Ayyakkannu/0000-0003-0676-7918 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 10-FUEL BP U386 EP U386 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202041 ER PT J AU Kenneke, JF Weber, EJ AF Kenneke, JF Weber, EJ TI Reductive dehalogenation of halomethanes in natural and model systems: QSAR analysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 67-ENVR BP U326 EP U326 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201689 ER PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ Cavalier, T Nejad, H Hickes, HA AF Krynitsky, AJ Cavalier, T Nejad, H Hickes, HA TI Analysis of the more polar pesticides by capillary electrophoresis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, EPA Environm Sci Ctr, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. Amer Cyanamid Co, Div Agr Res, Wayne, NJ 07470 USA. Montana Dept Agr, Agr Sci Div, Lab Bur, Helena, MT USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 10-AGRO BP U48 EP U48 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200163 ER PT J AU Latimer, JS Boothman, WS Jayaraman, S McKinney, RA Cobb, DJ AF Latimer, JS Boothman, WS Jayaraman, S McKinney, RA Cobb, DJ TI Historical reconstruction of pollution stress and recovery in an urban estuary. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Atlantic Ecol Div, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 138-ENVR BP U337 EP U338 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201760 ER PT J AU Li, MR Harten, PF Cabezas, H Zhao, RH Green, MR AF Li, MR Harten, PF Cabezas, H Zhao, RH Green, MR TI Designing greener solvents for various environmental requirements. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Syst Anal Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 89-IEC BP U425 EP U425 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202266 ER PT J AU Li, ZB Ryan, JA Chen, JL Al-Abed, S AF Li, ZB Ryan, JA Chen, JL Al-Abed, S TI Immobilization of heavy metals in soils and water by a manganese mineral. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 7-IEC BP U413 EP U413 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202185 ER PT J AU Liem, FE AF Liem, FE TI Applications of EPA's "Electronic Data Interchange" to Good Laboratory Practice Standards. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Lab Data Integr Branch, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 124-AGRO BP U66 EP U66 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200278 ER PT J AU Liu, SL Libelo, EL Shamim, MT Holmes, J Pisigan, R Nguyen, T Clem, A Abdel-Saheb, I Shamim, N AF Liu, SL Libelo, EL Shamim, MT Holmes, J Pisigan, R Nguyen, T Clem, A Abdel-Saheb, I Shamim, N TI New EPA pesticide database for environmental fate and chemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 102-AGRO BP U62 EP U62 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200255 ER PT J AU Machemer, SD Hosick, TJ Ingamells, RL AF Machemer, SD Hosick, TJ Ingamells, RL TI Forensic investigations in environmental enforcement: Source-receptor studies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Denver Fed Ctr, US EPA, Natl Enforcement Invest Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 253-ENVR BP U355 EP U356 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201875 ER PT J AU Malak, SH McCall, D AF Malak, SH McCall, D TI Product chemistry data requirements for registration of pesticide chemicals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Registrat Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 27-AGRO BP U51 EP U51 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200180 ER PT J AU Matthiessen, C AF Matthiessen, C TI Panel presentation. Chemical accident risks: Balancing the public's right-to-know against misuse of accidental release scenario data. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Solid Waste & Emergency Response, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 83-CINF BP U206 EP U206 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201061 ER PT J AU Mazur, CS Jones, WJ AF Mazur, CS Jones, WJ TI Comparison of hydrogen concentrations in PCE-dehalogenating and sulfate-reducing estuarine sediments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Exposure Res Lab, US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 91-ENVR BP U330 EP U330 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201713 ER PT J AU Nabholz, JV AF Nabholz, JV TI Uncertainties in assessing new chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Risk Assessment Div, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 20-ENVR BP U319 EP U319 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201642 ER PT J AU Ozretich, RJ Young, DR Chadwick, DB AF Ozretich, RJ Young, DR Chadwick, DB TI Comparison of measured and computed interstitial water concentrations in the assessment of PAH and PCB contamination at an industrial waterway. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. USN, SPAWAR Syst Ctr, Div Environm Sci, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 339-ENVR BP U369 EP U369 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201961 ER PT J AU Ravichandran, M Araujo, R Zepp, R AF Ravichandran, M Araujo, R Zepp, R TI Role of humic substances on the photochemical reduction of mercury. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NERL, ERD, US EPA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 297-ENVR BP U362 EP U362 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201919 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Mishra, NN AF Rogers, KR Mishra, NN TI Highly sensitive assay for anticholinesterase compounds using 96 well plate format. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 344-ENVR BP U369 EP U370 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201966 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Pearson, R AF Rogers, KR Pearson, R TI Electrochemical technique for TNT using disposable screen-printed electrode. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL LV, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 335-ENVR BP U368 EP U368 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201957 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Gonzalez, M Enriquez, J AF Sahle-Demessie, E Gonzalez, M Enriquez, J TI Use of supercritical carbon dioxide for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons using clean oxidants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Sustainable Technol Div, ORD, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Clean Proc & Prod Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 167-IEC BP U437 EP U437 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202343 ER PT J AU Sahle-Demessie, E Enriquez, J Almquist, C Zhao, QM AF Sahle-Demessie, E Enriquez, J Almquist, C Zhao, QM TI Photocatalysis for the removal of MTBE from drinking water supplies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Clean Proc & Prod Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 28-IEC BP U416 EP U417 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202205 ER PT J AU Sanders, F AF Sanders, F TI Registration of antimicrobial chemicals with EPA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 120-AGFD BP U38 EP U39 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200120 ER PT J AU Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW AF Sawunyama, P Bailey, GW TI Quantum mechanical study of the protonation and covalent hydration of quinazoline in the presence of metal cations. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 486-PHYS BP U227 EP U228 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XV UT WOS:000166091301301 ER PT J AU Schwarz, D AF Schwarz, D TI Electronic record-keeping: The challenges of imposing standards by regulation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Off Regulatory Management & Informat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 74-CINF BP U205 EP U205 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201053 ER PT J AU Stout, DM Morgan, MK Wilson, NK AF Stout, DM Morgan, MK Wilson, NK TI Feasibility study examining translocation pathways and potential human exposures following a granular diazinon application to residential turf. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 55-AGRO BP U55 EP U55 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200208 ER PT J AU Tebes-Stevens, CL Jones, WJ AF Tebes-Stevens, CL Jones, WJ TI QSAR analysis of sorption-corrected rate constants for reductive biotransformation of halogenated aromatics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 69-ENVR BP U326 EP U326 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201691 ER PT J AU Thomas, KW Sheldon, LS Steen, WC Sandler, DP Blair, A Dosemeci, M Alavanja, MCR AF Thomas, KW Sheldon, LS Steen, WC Sandler, DP Blair, A Dosemeci, M Alavanja, MCR TI Agricultural Health Study/pesticide exposure study design. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 53-AGRO BP U55 EP U55 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200206 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Gu, BH Brown, GM Kelty, CA AF Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Gu, BH Brown, GM Kelty, CA TI Development of an electrospray mass spectrometric method for determining perchlorate in fertilizers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Gu, Baohua/B-9511-2012 OI Gu, Baohua/0000-0002-7299-2956 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 15-FERT BP U378 EP U378 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202010 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Kelty, CA Brown, SK Magnuson, ML AF Urbansky, ET Kelty, CA Brown, SK Magnuson, ML TI Distribution of perchlorate in samples of sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) fertilizer derived from natural caliche. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 14-FERT BP U377 EP U378 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202009 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Case study in risk management issues: Perchlorate in potable water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 19-ENVR BP U318 EP U318 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201641 ER PT J AU Varma, R AF Varma, R TI Microwave-facilitated multicomponent reactions under solvent-free conditions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 121-IEC BP U430 EP U430 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202405 ER PT J AU Washington, JW AF Washington, JW TI Near-equilibrium of microbially mediated redox couples in reducing groundwater environments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 146-ENVR BP U339 EP U339 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201768 ER PT J AU Weber, EJ Colon, D Baughman, GL AF Weber, EJ Colon, D Baughman, GL TI Sediment-associated reactions of aromatic amines: QSAR development. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Text Merchandising & Interiors, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 298-ENVR BP U362 EP U362 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201920 ER PT J AU Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Lyu, C AF Wilson, NK Chuang, JC Lyu, C TI Studies of preschool children's exposures to persistent pesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Human Exposure Anal Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 57-AGRO BP U55 EP U55 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200210 ER PT J AU Wolfe, NL Ellington, JJ Garrison, W Evans, JJ Avants, J Teng, Q AF Wolfe, NL Ellington, JJ Garrison, W Evans, JJ Avants, J Teng, Q TI Accumulation of perchlorate in tobacco plants and tobacco products. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NERL, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 18-FERT BP U378 EP U378 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091202013 ER PT J AU Woodrow, JE Dary, C AF Woodrow, JE Dary, C TI Chemical property estimation methods as a source of input data to pesticide emissions models. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 24-AGRO BP U50 EP U50 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091200177 ER PT J AU Yan, LB Bailey, GW AF Yan, LB Bailey, GW TI Molecular dynamics modeling of sorption of pesticides onto the surfaces of kaolinite. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 128-COMP BP U295 EP U296 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201579 ER PT J AU Young, DR Ozretich, RJ Chadwick, DB AF Young, DR Ozretich, RJ Chadwick, DB TI GC/MS measurement of PAH and PCB in small-volume samples of water overlying contaminated sediment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. USN, SPAWAR Syst Ctr, Div Environm Sci, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 2000 VL 220 MA 334-ENVR BP U368 EP U368 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 386XU UT WOS:000166091201956 ER PT J AU Ross, MA Curtis, L Scheff, PA Hryhorczuk, DO Ramakrishnan, V Wadden, RA Persky, VW AF Ross, MA Curtis, L Scheff, PA Hryhorczuk, DO Ramakrishnan, V Wadden, RA Persky, VW TI Association of asthma symptoms and severity with indoor bioaerosols SO ALLERGY LA English DT Article DE allergens; asthma; bacteria; dampness; dust mites; flooding; mold spores ID DUST-MITE-ALLERGEN; ENDOTOXIN EXPOSURE; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; CONTROL CHILDREN; RISK FACTOR; HOUSE; HOME; CHILDHOOD; FUNGI AB Background: In this study, repeated measurements were made of levels of mold spores, bacteria, and dust-mite allergens over a 7-month period in the homes of asthmatics, and relationships with measures of asthma severity were evaluated. Methods: A sample of 57 asthmatic individuals, living in 44 homes in East Moline, Illinois, and nearby communities, participated in a panel study. The homes were visited up to nine times during the study to collect air and dust samples. Asthma severity indicators were derived from questionnaire data and from the daily health records from the panel study. Associations between indoor levels of mold spores, bacteria, and dust-mite allergens were tested with several asthma severity indicators. Results: There was evidence of associations between all asthma severity measures and levels of total and Gram-negative bacteria, but mold-spore abundance was associated only with emergency room (ER) visits for asthma. No significant associations were found with house-dust-mite allergen and any of the asthma severity indicators, but the levels of dust-mite allergen were low, with median concentrations of 0.18 mu g/g dust Der f 1 and 0.19 mu g/g dust Der p 1. Conclusions: Some evidence was found for associations of increased concentrations of Gram-negative bacteria and mold spores with asthma severity, particularly with ER visits. No association was found between house-dust-mite allergen and asthma severity indicators; however, the mite-allergen levels in the study homes were generally well below the proposed threshold level of 2 mu g/g dust. C1 US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Hlth & Ecosyst Effects Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. RP Ross, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Hlth & Ecosyst Effects Grp, Mail Code 15, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIOSH CDC HHS [2T15OH07104]; PHS HHS [94IA0025] NR 23 TC 88 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 6 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0105-4538 J9 ALLERGY JI Allergy PD AUG PY 2000 VL 55 IS 8 BP 705 EP 711 DI 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00551.x PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 341JE UT WOS:000088586600004 PM 10955695 ER PT J AU Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, PF Rooney, BC AF Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, PF Rooney, BC TI Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hexavalent chromium; chromate; lung cancer; smoking; trivalent chromium; exposure response ID INDUSTRIAL CARCINOGEN AB Background An elevated risk of lung cancer among workers in chromate production facilities has previously beer? reported. This excess risk is believed to be the result of exposure to hexavalent chromium, There have been mixed reports about whether trivalent chromium exposure is also associated with an excess lung cancer risk. Previous studies of measured hexavalent chromium exposure and lung cancer risk have not examined cigarette smoking as a risk factor: Methods ii cohort of 2,357 workers first employed between 1950 and 1974 at a chromate production plant was identified. Vital status of the workers was followed until December 31, 1992. Work histories of cohort members were compiled from the beginning of employment through 1985, the year the plant closed. Annual average exposure estimates, based on historical exposure measurements, were made for each job title in the plant for the years 1950-1985. These exposure estimates were used to calculate the cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure of each member of the study population. Following closure of the plant, settled dust samples were collected and analyzed for hexavalent and trivalent chromium. The trivalent/hexavalent concentration ratios in each plant area were combined with historic air-sampling data to estimate cumulative trivalent chromium exposure for each individual in the study? cohort. Smoking status (yes/no) as of the beginning of employment and clinical signs of potential chromium irritation were identified from company records. Results Cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure showed a strong dose-response relationship for lung cancel: Clinical signs of irritation, cumulative trivalent chromium exposure, and duration of work were not found to be associated with a risk of lung cancer when included in a proportional hazards model with cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure and smoking. Age-specific data on cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure, observed and expected numbers of lung cancer cases, and person-years of observation are provided Conclusion Cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure was associated with an increased lung cancer risk; cumulative trivalent chromium exposure was not. The excess risk of lung cancer associated with cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure was not confounded by smoking status. The current study offers the best quantitative evidence to date of the relationship between hexavalent chromium exposure and lung cancel: Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Gibb, HJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601D, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 23 TC 212 Z9 222 U1 4 U2 26 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200008)38:2<115::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 331HJ UT WOS:000088012600001 PM 10893504 ER PT J AU Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, PF Rooney, BC AF Gibb, HJ Lees, PSJ Pinsky, PF Rooney, BC TI Clinical findings of irritation among chromium chemical production workers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hexavalent chromium; chromate; irritation; nasal; ulceration; perforation; dermatitis AB Background Several reports of workers in chromate production and chromeplating have indicated that exposure to he,hexavalent chromium is associated with skin and nasal irritation. Methods A cohort of 2,357 workers first employed between 1950 and 1974 at a chromate production plant was identified. Clinical findings of irritation were identified by a physician as a result of routine examinations or visits to the medical clinic by members of rite cohort. Percentages of the cohort with various clinical findings, the time from hire to occurence of the first finding, and the mean and median annual hexavalent chromium (measured as CrO3) concentration for the job title where the clinical finding first occurred were determined. A proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the relationship between hexavalent chromium exposure and first occurrence of each of the clinical findings, Results Nasal irritation and nasal ulceration were the most common clinical findings reported, occurring in more than 60% of the cohort, The average time to first occurrence of these findings was less than 3 months, whereas the time to first occurrence of the other findings ranged from 10 to 22 months. Median exposure To hexavalent chromium at the time of occurrence for most of the findings was about 20 mu g/m(3). The proportional hazards model indicated that ulcerated nasal septum, irritated skin, and perforated eardrum were significantly associated with ambient hexavalent chromium exposure; all clinical findings with the exception of conjunctivitis and irritated skin were associated with the calendar year of hire, with the risk being lower as the calendar year of hire became more recent. Annual average ambient hexavalent chromium concentrations generally dropped in the plant over the period of the study. Conclusion Workers in the chromate production plant in this study experienced a variety of nasal and skin irritations. Irritated and ulcerated nasal septa, in particular were quite common clinical findings, occurring in over 60% of the cohort, and they occurred in relatively short periods of time-less than 3 months from dare of hire. Annual average concentrations of chromium may not be a good predictor of clinical findings of irritation. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Gibb, HJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8601D, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 8 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 127 EP 131 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200008)38:2<127::AID-AJIM2>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 331HJ UT WOS:000088012600002 PM 10893505 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Del Razo, LM Vega, L Germolec, DR LeCluyse, EL Hamilton, GA Reed, W Wang, C Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Del Razo, LM Vega, L Germolec, DR LeCluyse, EL Hamilton, GA Reed, W Wang, C Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells SO ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; toxicity; methylation; cell culture; liver; skin; lung; bladder; arsenate; arsenite; methylarsonic acid; methylarsonous acid; dimethylarsinic acid; dimethylarsinous acid ID IN-VITRO METHYLATION; DRINKING-WATER; ENZYMATIC METHYLATION; HUMAN HEPATOCYTES; CELLULAR UPTAKE; RABBIT LIVER; GLUTATHIONE; METABOLISM; ARSENATE; BINDING AB Biomethylation is considered a major detoxification pathway for inorganic arsenicals (iAs). According to the postulated metabolic scheme, the methylation of iAs yields methylated metabolites in which arsenic is present in both pentavalent and trivalent forms. Pentavalent mono- and dimethylated arsenicals are less acutely toxic than iAs. However, little is known about the toxicity of trivalent methylated species. In the work reported here the toxicities of iAs and trivalent and pentavalent methylated arsenicals were examined in cultured human cells derived from tissues that are considered a major site for iAs methylation (liver) or targets for carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to iAs (skin, urinary bladder, and lung). To characterize the role of methylation in the protection against toxicity of arsenicals, the capacities of cells to produce methylated metabolites were also examined. In addition to human cells, primary rat hepatocytes were used as methylating controls. Among the arsenicals examined, trivalent monomethylated species were the most cytotoxic in all cell types. Trivalent dimethylated arsenicals were at least as cytotoxic as trivalent iAs (arsenite) for most cell types. Pentavalent arsenicals were significantly less cytotoxic than their trivalent analogs. Among the cell types examined, primary rat hepatocytes exhibited the greatest methylation capacity for iAs followed by primary human hepatocytes, epidermal keratinocytes, and bronchial epithelial cells. Cells derived from human bladder did not methylate iAs. There was no apparent correlation between susceptibility of cells to arsenic toxicity and their capacity to methylate iAs. These results suggest that (1) trivalent methylated arsenicals, intermediary products of arsenic methylation, may significantly contribute to the adverse effects associated with exposure to iAs, and (2) high methylation capacity does not protect cells from the acute toxicity of trivalent arsenicals. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. IPN, CINVESTAV, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Environm Toxicol Sect, Mexico City 07738, DF, Mexico. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Immunol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Div Drug Delivery & Disposit, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. US EPA, NHEERL, Expt Toxicol Div, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Styblo, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, CB 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Vega, Libia/C-3391-2013; OI Vega, Libia/0000-0002-4993-5267; LeCluyse, Edward/0000-0002-2149-8990 NR 37 TC 584 Z9 604 U1 5 U2 95 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-5761 J9 ARCH TOXICOL JI Arch. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 6 BP 289 EP 299 DI 10.1007/s002040000134 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 349ZA UT WOS:000089074500001 PM 11005674 ER PT J AU Jackson, LJ Trebitz, AS Cottingham, KL AF Jackson, LJ Trebitz, AS Cottingham, KL TI An introduction to the practice of ecological modeling SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS; INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL; PELAGIC FOOD-WEB; LAKE-ONTARIO; ENVIRONMENTAL-MODELS; FOREST SUCCESSION; SIMULATION-MODEL; PCB ACCUMULATION; BROOK TROUT; MANAGEMENT C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, 2500 Univ Dr 1 NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RI Cottingham, Kathryn/H-1593-2012 NR 88 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 32 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0006-3568 EI 1525-3244 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 694 EP 706 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0694:AITTPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 343QE UT WOS:000088712400010 ER PT J AU Wolf, DC Goldsworthy, TL Janszen, DB Harden, R Donner, EM David, CS Everitt, JI AF Wolf, DC Goldsworthy, TL Janszen, DB Harden, R Donner, EM David, CS Everitt, JI TI Promotion by sodium barbital induces early development but does not increase the multiplicity of hereditary renal tumors in Eker rats SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID MALE F344/NCR RATS; SCLEROSIS TSC2 GENE; CANCER RISK MODELS; CELL-PROLIFERATION; INHERITED CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA; NEPHROPATHY; LIVER; PREDISPOSITION AB Induced cell proliferation is important in the mode of action of many non-genotoxic renal carcinogens. Since Tsc2 mutant (Eker) rats are genetically predisposed to the development of renal cell tumors, they provide a useful animal model in which to study the action of renal carcinogens. Sodium barbital was used as a model non-genotoxic renal carcinogen to test whether a concentration that increased renal tubular proliferation without severe nephrotoxicity would enhance tumor induction in a hereditary tumor model. First, a subchronic concentration-response study was conducted in wild-type male Long-Evans rats to determine increased cell proliferation without severe nephrotoxicity, Rats were dosed with sodium barbital in the feed at 0, 50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 or 4000 p.p.m. for 3 or 8 weeks. Cell proliferation within the cortex and nephrotoxicity were quantitated, Enhanced proliferation with minimal nephrotoxicity occurred at 500 p.p.m., A second study was conducted in male Tsc2 mutant rats given sodium barbital in the feed at 0, 100 or 500 p.p.m. from 9 weeks of age to either 6 or 12 months of age. An additional group of rats was treated with sodium barbital for 6 months and then provided control feed until 12 months of age, Rats necropsied at 6 months of age had a concentration-dependent increase in preneoplastic and total renal lesions. Sodium barbital-treated rats necropsied at 12 months of age had numbers of lesions that were not different from controls. Total combined preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the 6 month, high dose group was the same as the 12 month control group, These data show that sodium barbital caused progression to the stage of spontaneous renal lesions in Tsc2 mutant rats but did not increase their overall number. These data suggest that enhanced cell proliferation without significant cytotoxicity exerted a promotional influence in this hereditary model. C1 Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wolf, DC (reprint author), US EPA, MD-68,86 TW Alexander, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 2000 VL 21 IS 8 BP 1553 EP 1558 DI 10.1093/carcin/21.8.1553 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 340XM UT WOS:000088561800014 PM 10910958 ER PT J AU Carlin, FJ Revells, HL Reed, DL AF Carlin, FJ Revells, HL Reed, DL TI The application of standard methods for the determination of toxaphene in environmental media SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE toxaphene; US EPA SW-846; method 8080; method 8081; sulfuric acid cleanup ID RELEVANT CHLOROBORNANES; HRGC-ECD; RESIDUES; QUANTIFICATION AB In the United States, it is necessary to analyze for toxaphene using approved, validated methods acceptable to the regulatory agencies. As a result of an interlaboratory study and technical exchanges among the US EPA Region IV (EPA), the State of Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD), and Hercules Incorporated, guidelines for the application of SW-846 Method 8080 were developed. Results of analyses for sludge, soil, and water samples agreed within a percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) range of 6.9-20%. Through continued technical interchanges, guidance for the application of. SW-846 Method 8081 has been developed. The results of analyses of fourteen split samples of soil and sediment produced a percent relative standard deviation that ranged from 1.6% to 127%, with an average of 38%, When two unusually divergent results were removed from consideration, the average % RSD reduced to 26%. The results of analyses of split samples show agreement between the EPA laboratory and a Hercules contract laboratory. Therefore, the guidance has achieved its purpose of producing agreement among data from different laboratories so that data reviewers may have assurance that the analytical method has been applied correctly and consistently for the determination of toxaphene in environmental samples. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hercules Inc, Analyt Sci Div, Res Ctr, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA. US EPA, Reg 4 Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. State Georgia Environm Protect Div, Organ Lab, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA. RP Carlin, FJ (reprint author), FJC Analyt Consulting Inc, 136 Timberline Dr, Newark, DE 19711 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 2000 VL 41 IS 4 BP 481 EP 486 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00473-7 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 310DW UT WOS:000086812100005 PM 10819217 ER PT J AU Bench, DW AF Bench, DW TI PCBs, mining, and water pollution SO E&MJ-ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Bench, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRIMEDIA BUSINESS MAGAZINES & MEDIA INC PI OVERLAND PK PA 9800 METCALF, OVERLAND PK, KS 66212-2216 USA SN 0095-8948 J9 ENG MIN J JI E&MJ-Eng. Min. J. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 201 IS 8 BP 36 EP 38 PG 3 WC Mining & Mineral Processing SC Mining & Mineral Processing GA V3361 UT WOS:000183350200014 ER PT J AU Schweiger, EW Diffendorfer, JE Holt, RD Pierotti, R Gaines, MS AF Schweiger, EW Diffendorfer, JE Holt, RD Pierotti, R Gaines, MS TI The interaction of habitat fragmentation plant, and small mammal succession in an old field SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE community structure; habitat accommodation model; habitat fragmentation; habitat selection; interspecific competition; patch size; small mammals; spatial dynamics; succession ID VOLES MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS; WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SECONDARY SUCCESSION; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; MEADOW VOLES; SIGMODON-HISPIDUS; ECOLOGICAL SCALE; PATCH-SIZE; LANDSCAPE AB We compared the density and spatial distribution of four small mammal species (Microtus ochrogaster, Peromyscus maniculatus, Sigmodon hispidus, and P. leucopus) along with general measures of an old field plant community across two successional phases (1984-1986 and 1994-1996) of an experimental study of fragmentation in eastern Kansas. During the early phase the plant community was characterized by little spatial or temporal variance across patch size, consistent with spatially neutral models of succession. In contrast? there was a strong, species-specific effect of patch size on small mammal species distribution and abundance. The lack of variance in vegetation structure across patch size during the early seres suggests that small mammal distributions were responding in large part to features of the system other than variance in vegetation structure and composition across patch size. As succession proceeded, the colonization of the system by woody plant species precipitated a series of patch size effects on plant community composition. Differential habitat selection by small mammals at the patch scale tracked these changes in plant distribution. For example, M. ochrogaster and S. hispidus shifted their distributions away from less fragmented patches toward smaller patches, where retarded plant succession had maintained an earlier sere. P. leucopus successfully colonized and maintained high densities only on large patches, where plant succession had progressed most rapidly toward a woody-species-dominated community. Our results highlight the role of landscape structure in long-term community dynamics and indicate that some of the complexity observed in successional systems may result from the structure and composition of the landscape mosaic. In general, our results suggest that to fully understand long-term change within communities, influence of landscape structure on patterns of heterogeneity in both vegetation and consumer dynamics must be understood. Moreover, the long-term and landscape-scale perspectives afforded by our study provide insight into community dynamics that might otherwise be missed. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Systemat & Ecol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33133 USA. RP Schweiger, EW (reprint author), US EPA, Med Continent Ecol Div, NHEERL, 8EPR-EP,999 18th St,Suite 500, Denver, CO 80202 USA. OI Diffendorfer, James/0000-0003-1093-6948 NR 157 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 34 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 70 IS 3 BP 383 EP 400 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0383:TIOHFP]2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340JJ UT WOS:000088529100002 ER PT J AU Compton, JE Boone, RD AF Compton, JE Boone, RD TI Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in New England forests SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon; cultivation; delta(15)N natural abundance; land-use history; light fraction organic matter; nitrification; nitrogen mineralization; pastures; phosphorus; reforestation; vegetation effects; woodlots ID LAND-USE HISTORY; NATURAL N-15 ABUNDANCE; ORGANIC-MATTER; LIGHT-FRACTION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; SAND PLAIN; OLD FIELDS; MINERALIZATION; SUCCESSION AB Abandonment and reforestation of agricultural lands has been a major influence on the landscape of eastern North America. Cultivation and soil amendments can dramatically alter soil nutrient pools and cycling, yet few studies have examined the longterm (>50 yr) influence of pasturing and cultivation on soil processes in the forests that develop after abandonment. Twelve forested sites at Harvard Forest in central New England were compared 90-120 yr after abandonment from agricultural use. We measured soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P); light fraction C, N. and delta(15)N; microbial chloroform-N; net N mineralization and nitrification; nitrification potential, and culturable nitrifiers on sites with differing land-use history and vegetation. The sites had similar soil series and topography but were arrayed along a soil disturbance gradient from permanent woodlots (selective logging but no mineral soil disturbance) to formerly pastured sites (clearcut and grazed but no deep [>10 cm] soil disturbance) to formerly cultivated sites (cleared-with-plow horizon 15-20 cm thick). Mineral soil C (0-15 cm soil depth) was very similar among all sites, but the forest floor C was lower in the cultivated sites than in the woodlots of both stand types. Mineral soil in cultivated sites contained 800 kg N/ha and 300 kg P/ha more than woodlots, a relative increase of 39% for N and 52% for P. The cultivated soils had lower C:N and C:P ratios, largely driven by higher soil N and P. The light fraction appeared to be more sensitive to prior land use than the bulk soil organic matter. The C content and C:N ratio of light fraction were lower in cultivated soils, which suggests that input and/or turnover of organic matter pools of relatively recent origin remain altered for a century after abandonment. Similar delta(15)N for the light and heavy fraction organic matter pools in cultivated soils suggests that cultivation accelerates the mineralization of humus N, increasing the proportion of N available for plant uptake, resulting in a convergence of the light and heavy fractions. The N pool in the woodlot soils may have been subject to preferential losses of small amounts of (14)N over a longer time period, resulting in a more pronounced divergence between the light fraction (reflecting recent plant inputs) and the mineral-associated heavy fraction (more recalcitrant). Nitrification was strongly influenced by land-use history, with highest rates in formerly cultivated sites. In contrast, soil net N mineralization and chloroform-N were more strongly influenced by present vegetation. Nitrifying bacteria were relatively abundant in all pastured and cultivated sites: however, only the cultivated hardwood sites, with lowest C:N ratios (16-18), had substantial net nitrification. Historical manure inputs may explain the more rapid soil net nitrification rates, by decreasing soil C:N ratios and thus reducing nitrate immobilization in the mineral soil of cultivated sites. Regionally, 65% of the land area was pastured, and a proportion of the nutrients obtained from grazing was transferred to the cultivated croplands, which comprise less than or equal to 15% of the land area. Pastures generally had intermediate nutrient ratios and N transformations but were often more similar to woodlots, which suggests that plowing and amendments, rather than forest clearance, have the greatest impact on soil organic matter and nutrients. The influence of land-use history on soil N and P and nitrification rates was more dramatic in hardwood sites, which indicates that characteristics of the recovering vegetation and/or changes in plant community composition associated with prior land use are important factors in the rate of recovery. Our findings lead to the surprising conclusion that 19th century agricultural practices decreased forest floor nutrient content and ratios, and increased nitrifier populations and net nitrate production for approximately a century after abandonment. Consideration of site history clearly deserves more attention in the design of field experiments, and in our understanding of patterns of element distributions and transformations in dynamic forested landscapes. C1 Harvard Univ, Petersham, MA 01366 USA. RP Compton, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM jcompton@mail.cor.epa.gov NR 96 TC 246 Z9 256 U1 13 U2 135 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 81 IS 8 BP 2314 EP 2330 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 346UF UT WOS:000088888900023 ER PT J AU Bocchinfuso, WP Lindzey, JK Hewitt, SC Clark, JA Myers, PH Cooper, R Korach, KS AF Bocchinfuso, WP Lindzey, JK Hewitt, SC Clark, JA Myers, PH Cooper, R Korach, KS TI Induction of mammary gland development in estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUSE MAMMARY; TARGETED DISRUPTION; PROLACTIN GENE; GROWTH-HORMONE; CYCLIN D1; WILD-TYPE; ER-ALPHA; PROGESTERONE; PITUITARY; BETA AB Mammary glands from the estrogen receptor-a! knockout (alpha ERKO) mouse do not undergo ductal morphogenesis or alveolar development. Disrupted ER alpha signaling may result in reduced estrogen-responsive gene products in the mammary gland or reduced mammotropic hormones that contribute to the alpha ERKO mammary phenotype. We report that circulating PRL is reduced in the female alpha ERKO mouse. Implantation of an age-matched, heterozygous ER alpha pituitary isograft under the renal capsule of 25-day-old or 12-week-old alpha ERKO mice increased circulating PRL and progesterone levels, and induced mammary gland development. Grafted alpha ERKO mice also possessed hypertrophied corpora lutea demonstrating that PRL is luteotropic in the alpha ERKO ovary. By contrast, ovariectomy at the time of pituitary grafting prevented mammary gland development in alpha ERKO mice despite elevated PRL levels. Hormone replacement using pellet implants demonstrated that pharmacological doses of estradiol induced limited mammary ductal elongation, and estradiol in combination with progesterone stimulated lobuloalveolar development. PRL alone or in combination with progesterone or estradiol did not induce alpha ERKO mammary growth. Estradiol and progesterone are required for the structural development of the alpha EBKO mammary gland, and PRL contributes to this development by inducing ovarian progesterone levels. Therefore, the manifestation of the alpha ERKO mammary phenotype appears due to the lack of direct estrogen action at the mammary gland and an indirect contributory role of estrogen signaling at the hypothalamic/pituitary axis. C1 NIEHS, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Receptor Biol Sect, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Comparat Med Branch, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Korach, KS (reprint author), NIEHS, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Receptor Biol Sect, NIH, POB 12233,MD B302, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM korach@niehs.nih.gov OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X NR 63 TC 134 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 5 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD AUG PY 2000 VL 141 IS 8 BP 2982 EP 2994 DI 10.1210/en.141.8.2982 PG 13 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 337WP UT WOS:000088386300034 PM 10919287 ER PT J AU Martin, JF White, ML Reyes, E Kemp, GP Mashriqui, H Day, JW AF Martin, JF White, ML Reyes, E Kemp, GP Mashriqui, H Day, JW TI Evaluation of coastal management plans with a spatial model: Mississippi delta, Louisiana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE landscape model; river delta; habitat change; land loss ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; SEA-LEVEL RISE; RIVER DELTA; WETLAND LOSS; NILE DELTA; MARSH LOSS; DYNAMICS; PLAIN; ECOSYSTEMS; VEGETATION AB A landscape spatial model that operates with a cellular grid was utilized to evaluate proposed management plans in the Barataria and Terrebonne basins of the Mississippi River delta. By explicitly incorporating system processes and relationships, models of this type can identify both short- and long-term impacts of proposed plans across space and offer a solution to the spatial and temporal isolation that plagues many environmental management decisions. Four management proposals, which included a river diversion, levee plans, and a hydraulic retention scenario, were analyzed with regard to reducing land loss, a pervasive problem in many of the world's deltas. The model simulated 30 years of habitat change for each plan and "no action plans" in each basin were used as a baseline of comparison for the management plans. By restoring natural deltaic functions and increasing wetland elevations, the river diversion proved to be an effective method to reduce land loss in these environments. Habitat changes during the hydraulic retention scenario highlighted the use of the model in recognizing distant spatial impacts of management plans. Simulations of levee plans illustrated limitations of the model and produced ambiguous results, suggesting areas for future model refinement. The river diversion and hydraulic retention scenarios demonstrate that spatial landscape models are tools capable of predicting landscape responses to regional management plans. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US EPA, Reg 5, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Coastal Energy & Environm Resources, Special Programs, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Martin, JF (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Coastal Ecol Inst, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Reyes, Enrique/G-3561-2010 OI Reyes, Enrique/0000-0002-7486-1474 NR 36 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 26 IS 2 BP 117 EP 129 DI 10.1007/s002670010075 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 329RP UT WOS:000087921900001 ER PT J AU Iino, F Imagawa, T Gullett, BK AF Iino, F Imagawa, T Gullett, BK TI Dechlorination controlled polychlorinated dibenzofuran isomer patterns from municipal waste incinerators SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS; FLY-ASH; AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; CHLORINATED BENZENES; PARA-DIOXINS; P-DIOXINS; PHENOLS; MECHANISMS; COMBUSTION; PCDD/PCDF AB The ability to predict polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) isomer patterns from municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) enables an understanding of PCDF formation that may lead to preventive measures. This work develops a model for the pattern prediction, assuming that the chromatograph peak ratios relative to the total four heptachloro-dibenzofuran (H7CDF) isomers are determined by position-specific dechlorination kinetics from an octachloro-dibenzofuran (08CDF) parent to H7CDFs and that these probabilities can subsequently predict the relative concentrations of lower chlorinated isomers. Agreement of PCDF isomer patterns between the model and sampled data from eight MWIs is consistent with formation of tetrachloro-dibenzofurans to H7CDFs by dechlorination from an 08CDF parent. The application of the analogous theory to predict isomer patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) did not provide any significant results, which implies that the formation mechanism of PCDDs is controlled by other factors such as condensation of precursors and further chlorination. This method can be a fundamental basis to develop a prediction model for total PCDFs emission and toxic equivalent values. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Inst Resources & Environm, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058569, Japan. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 15 BP 3143 EP 3147 DI 10.1021/es9913131 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 340XF UT WOS:000088561100028 ER PT J AU Ferretti, JA Calesso, DF Hermon, TR AF Ferretti, JA Calesso, DF Hermon, TR TI Evaluation of methods to remove ammonia interference in marine sediment toxicity tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ammonia; toxicity; sediment; pore water; Ampelisca abdita ID AMPHIPOD; WATER; RIVER AB Ammonia naturally accumulates to high concentrations in nonsurficial marine sediments. II can also interfere and confound interpretation of toxicity from persistent anthropogenic chemicals in tests with laboratory amphipods. Renewal of overlying water has become a standardized procedure to decrease pore-water ammonia. Our objective was to propose an alternative technique for decreasing pore-water ammonia concentrations. Sediment samples with ammonia concentrations of 70 and 155 mg/L were purged of toxic concentrations in pore-water ammonia using the existing procedure of performing two renewals of overlying water per day. A thin-layer technique. which involved increasing the sediment surface area during the purging period, decreased the ammonia concentration by as much as 4.5-fold faster than the conventional purging protocol. Minimal decreases in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and total organic carbon were found among all the purging techniques. Toxicity tests with the marine amphipod Ampelisca abdita suggest that minimizing the time required to purge a sediment of ammonia is critical in maintaining the integrity of the sample. The thin-layer purging technique appears to be an effective method of decreasing pore-water ammonia concentrations in sediments before laboratory toxicity testing with amphipods. C1 US EPA, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. Environm Careers Org, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ferretti, JA (reprint author), US EPA, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 8 BP 1935 EP 1941 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1935:EOMTRA>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 339UL UT WOS:000088496200001 ER PT J AU Tietge, JE Ankley, GT DeFoe, DL Holcombe, GW Jensen, KM AF Tietge, JE Ankley, GT DeFoe, DL Holcombe, GW Jensen, KM TI Effects of water quality on development of Xenopus laevis: A frog embryo teratogenesis assay - Xenopus assessment of surface water associated with malformations in native anurans SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Xenopus; developmental toxicity; frog embryo teratogenesis assay; Xenopus; surface waters; malformations ID DEFORMITIES; TOXICITY; MODELS AB The purpose of this work was to determine if surface water from a site in Minnesota, USA, with malformed anurans was able to elicit adverse developmental effects in the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX) and to isolate and identify the factors responsible for the effects. In the standard FETAX test, 25 organisms are placed in a 10-ml volume of solution that is renewed daily. The organisms are assessed for abnormal development and the test is terminated at 96 h. Under these conditions, the site water adversely affected craniofacial development, gastrointestinal development, and growth. However, these effects were eliminated by each of several different treatments, including diluting the surface-water sample with the standard testing solution, adding dry salts directly to the surface water, testing the organisms in larger volumes of sire water, and evaporating site water to increase the concentration of total dissolved solids. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the low ion concentrations found in this particular sire water were responsible for the developmental effects observed in FETAX. This hypothesis was strengthened further when a reconstituted water, made with deionized water and reagent-grade sails to mimic the content of the site water, affected survival, growth, and development similarly to the surface water. In addition, substantial ammonia accumulation in the FETAX tests was documented. These data suggest that the inherent variability in water quality of field-collected samples is important and could result in artifactual developmental effects when using FETAX. As such, the developmental toxicity observed in these FETAX studies is probably not relevant to malformations observed in native anuran species. To obviate this type of problem, the volumes used in the FETAX protocol should be increased for better organism performance and to reduce the possibility of ammonia toxicity. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Tietge, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 8 BP 2114 EP 2121 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2114:EOWQOD>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 339UL UT WOS:000088496200022 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ Muller, T Calderon, RL Craun, GF AF Frost, FJ Muller, T Calderon, RL Craun, GF TI A serological survey of college students for antibody to Cryptosporidium before and after the introduction of a new water filtration plant SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID DISEASE AB In April 1997, a large city in the northeastern United States changed their drinking water treatment practices. The city, which previously provided only chlorination for their surface water sources added filtration in addition to chlorination. To assess whether Cryptosporidium infections rates declined following filtration, we tested serological responses to 15/17-kDa and 27-kDa Cryptosporidium antigens among 107 community college students 1 month before and 225 students 5 months after filtration. Results suggest that levels of Cryptosporidium infections did not decline following water filtration. However, seasonal changes in other exposures may have confounded the findings. Swimming in a lake, stream or public pool and drinking untreated water from a lake or stream predicted a more intense response to one or both markers. Residence in the city, not drinking city tap water or drinking bottled water, gender, travel or exposure to pets, young pets, diapers or a household child in day care were not found to be predictive of more or less intense serological responses for either the 15/17-kDa and 27-kDa antigen. C1 SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Gunther F Craun & Associates, Staunton, VA 24401 USA. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), SW Ctr Managed Care Res, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 125 IS 1 BP 87 EP 92 DI 10.1017/S0950268899004148 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 368GH UT WOS:000090109000012 PM 11057963 ER PT J AU Simon, TW AF Simon, TW TI In defense of risk assessment: A reply to the environmental justice movement's critique SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The environmental justice movement believes risk assessment is undemocratic. The movement believes risk assessment is a way of trading human health for profit and a means of legitimizing exposure to toxic chemicals. The movement considers risk assessment an evil industry and a tool developed by those who ash to oppress racial and ethnic minorities. These beliefs are wrong and the environmental justice movement is a Luddite enterprise. Risk assessment is a fundamentally democratic process and enables all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, income or social status, to enjoy the benefits of technology and also suffer its drawbacks within a framework of equality and democracy. C1 US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Simon, TW (reprint author), US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Reg 4,61 Forsyth St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 555 EP 560 DI 10.1080/10807030008951329 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356BQ UT WOS:000089424500005 ER PT J AU Stahl, RG Orme-Zavaleta, J Austin, K Berry, W Clark, JR Cormier, S Fisher, W Garber, J Hoke, R Jackson, L Kreamer, GL Muska, C Sierszen, ME AF Stahl, RG Orme-Zavaleta, J Austin, K Berry, W Clark, JR Cormier, S Fisher, W Garber, J Hoke, R Jackson, L Kreamer, GL Muska, C Sierszen, ME TI Ecological indicators in risk assessment: Workshop summary SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological indicators; ecological risk assessment; ecological risk management; workshop AB Ecological indicators can be defined as relatively simple measurements that relay scientific information about complex ecosystems. Such indicators are used to characterize risk in ecological risk assessment (ERA) and to mark progress toward resource management goals. In late 1997, scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and from the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) held a workshop to explore opportunities for collaborative research and scientific exchange on the development and application of ecological indicators. Several scientific challenges were identified as they relate to problem formulation, exposure and effects assessment, and risk characterization. Chief among these were a better understanding of multiple stressors (both chemical and non-chemical), characterization of reference sites and natural variability, extrapolation of measures to ecologically relevant scales, development of comprehensive, ecosystem-based models that incorporate multiple stressors and receptors, and a consistent system for evaluating ecological indicators. C1 DABT DuPont Remediat, Wilmington, DE 19805 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, AED, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. ExxonMobile Biomed Sci Inc, Baytown, TX 77521 USA. US EPA, NERL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, Newark, DE 19714 USA. US EPA, MED, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Stahl, RG (reprint author), DABT DuPont Remediat, Barley Mill Plaza 27,Route 141 & Lancaster Pike, Wilmington, DE 19805 USA. EM ralph.g.stahl-jr@usa.dupont.com RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 15 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 6 IS 4 BP 671 EP 677 DI 10.1080/10807030008951333 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 356BQ UT WOS:000089424500009 ER PT J AU Larned, ST Santos, SR AF Larned, ST Santos, SR TI Light- and nutrient-limited periphyton in low order streams of Oahu, Hawaii SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Hawaii; light; nitrogen; nutrients; periphyton; phosphorus; spate; stream ID COSTA-RICAN STREAM; RAIN-FOREST CATCHMENT; CENTRAL AMAZON BASIN; TROPICAL STREAMS; PRAIRIE STREAM; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; LIMITATION; ECOSYSTEMS; ALGAE AB To date, most studies of light- and nutrient-limited primary productivity in forested streams have been carried out in deciduous forests of temperate, continental regions. Conceptual models of light and nutrient limitation have been developed from these studies, but their restricted geographic range reduces the generality of such models. Unlike temperate continental streams, streams on tropical high islands are characterized by flashy, unpredictable discharge and riparian canopies that do not vary seasonally. These contrasting conditions suggest that patterns of light and nutrient limitation in tropical streams may differ from those in temperate streams. The effects of light, and nitrogen and phosphorus availability on periphyton accrual (measured as chlorophyll a per unit area) were investigated using field experiments in 4 low-order streams on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Levels of chlorophyll a in partially-shaded stream pools were significantly greater than in heavily-shaded pools, and nutrient-enrichment increased the level of chlorophyll a in partially-shaded pools but not in heavily-shaded pools. In each stream, phosphate enrichment resulted in an increase in the level of chlorophyll a, but nitrate enrichment had no effect. Spates following rainstorms occur frequently in these streams, and may increase periphyton productivity by increasing the flux of nutrients to algal cells. However, differences in inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations measured during spates and baseflow were small, and during some spates, concentrations of these two nutrients declined relative to baseflow concentrations. These observations suggest that phosphorus limitation was not alleviated by spates. C1 Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Sci Biol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Larned, ST (reprint author), US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Santos, Scott/A-7472-2009 NR 49 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 432 IS 1-3 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1023/A:1004074004416 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 354UM UT WOS:000089348100010 ER PT J AU Jaques, PA Kim, CS AF Jaques, PA Kim, CS TI Measurement of total lung deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy men and women SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN RESPIRATORY-TRACT; REGIONAL DEPOSITION; AEROSOL DEPOSITION; ADULTS; VARIABILITY; SIZE; SEX AB Ultrafine particles (< 0.10 mu m in diameter) are present in great number in polluted urban air, thus posing a potential health risk. In this study, the total deposition fraction (TDF) of ultrafine aerosols with a narrow size distribution (number median diameter NMD = 0.04- 0.1 mu m and geometric standard deviation sigma(g) = similar to 1.3) was measured in a group of young healthy adults (11 men and 11 women). TDF was obtained with 6 different breathing patterns: tidal volume (V-t) of 500 ml at respiratory flow rates (Q) of 150 and 250 ml/s; V-t = 750 ml at Q of 250 and 375 ml/s; and V-t = 1 L at Q of 250 and 500 ml/s. Aerosols were monitored continuously by a modified condensation nuclei counter while subjects were inhaling them with prescribed breathing patterns. For a given breathing pattern, TDF increased as particle size decreased, regardless of the breathing pattern used. For example, with V-t = 500 ml and Q = 250 ml/s, TDF (mean +/- SD) was 0.26 +/- .04, 0.30 +/- .05, 0.35 +/- .05, and 0.44 +/- .07 for NMD = 0.10, 0.08, 0.06, and 0.04 mu m, respectively. For a given NMD, TDF increased with an increase in V-t and a decrease in Q. TDF was greater for women than men at NMD = 0.04 mu m within all breathing patterns used (p < .05), but the difference was smaller or negligible for larger sized particles. The results suggest that the TDF of ultrafine particles increases with a decrease of particle size and with breathing patterns of longer respiratory time, a pattern that is consistent with diffusion deposition of ultrafine particles. The results also suggest that there is a differential lung dose of ultrafine particles and thus there may be a differential health risk for men versus women. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-58B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Jaques, Peter/0000-0002-4714-4082 NR 25 TC 153 Z9 154 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 12 IS 8 BP 715 EP 731 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 342XB UT WOS:000088670300004 PM 10880153 ER PT J AU Vinegar, A Jepson, GW Cisneros, M Rubenstein, R Brock, WJ AF Vinegar, A Jepson, GW Cisneros, M Rubenstein, R Brock, WJ TI Setting safe acute exposure limits for halon replacement chemicals using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; UNCERTAINTY; ANESTHETICS; SENSITIVITY; VARIABILITY; BLOOD AB Most proposed replacements for Halon 1301 as a fire suppressant are halogenated hydrocarbons. The acute toxic endpoint of concern for these agents is cardiac sensitization. An approach is described that links the cardiac endpoint as assessed in dogs to a target arterial concentration in humans. Linkage was made using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Monte Carlo simulations, which account for population variability, were used to establish safe exposure times at different exposure concentrations for Halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane), CF3I (trifluoroiodomethane), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFC-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane). Application of the modeling technique described here not only makes use of the conservative cardiac sensitization endpoint, but also uses an understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the chemical agents to better establish standards for safe exposure. The combined application of cardiac sensitization data and physiologically based modeling provides a quantitative approach, which can facilitate the selection and effective use of halon replacement candidates. C1 ManTech Environm Technol Inc, AFRL, HEST, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. Great Lakes Chem Corp, W Lafayette, IN USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. DuPont Co, Haskell Lab Toxicol & Ind Med, Newark, DE USA. RP Vinegar, A (reprint author), ManTech Environm Technol Inc, POB 31009, Dayton, OH 45437 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 12 IS 8 BP 751 EP 763 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 342XB UT WOS:000088670300006 PM 10880155 ER PT J AU Yu, ML Guo, YLL Hsu, CC Rogan, WJ AF Yu, ML Guo, YLL Hsu, CC Rogan, WJ TI Menstruation and reproduction in women with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) poisoning: long-term follow-up interviews of the women from the Taiwan Yucheng cohort SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated dibenzofurans; polychlorobiphenyl compounds; rice oil; infant mortality ID EXPOSURE; PCDFS; OIL AB Background In 1979 in Taiwan, about 2000 people were poisoned by cooking oil contaminated with heat-degraded polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Victims developed chloracne and other symptoms; the illness is called Yucheng (oil disease). The chemicals persist in the victims' bodies and some are toxic to the female reproductive system in experimental animals. Methods In 1993-1994, we identified the living Yucheng women and neighbourhood controls and interviewed them about their reproductive experience. Of the 596 living Yucheng women aged 30-59 years, we found 368, and interviewed 356. We identified 329 controls, and interviewed 312. Results Of the Yucheng women, 16% reported abnormal menstrual bleeding compared to 8% (P < 0.05) of control women; 4.2% versus 1.7% reported a stillbirth since 1979 (P = 0.068). Other characteristics of the menses, fertility, frequency of intercourse, and age at menopause appeared unaffected. More of the Yucheng women reported that one of their offspring had died during childhood (10.2% versus 6.1%, P < 0.05), and that they had decided to limit childbearing because of health problems (7% versus 2%, P = 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that high level PCB/polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) exposure has some effect on female endocrine and reproductive function. C1 Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Tainan 70428, Taiwan. Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Tainan, Taiwan. Tainan City Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Tainan, Taiwan. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Guo, YLL (reprint author), Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, 138 Sheng Li Rd, Tainan 70428, Taiwan. RI Rogan, Walter/I-6034-2012; OI Rogan, Walter/0000-0002-9302-0160; GUO, Yue Leon/0000-0002-8530-4809 NR 16 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 672 EP 677 DI 10.1093/ije/29.4.672 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 349WW UT WOS:000089069400010 PM 10922344 ER PT J AU de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Whitford, WG Neale, A Tallent-Hallsel, N Herrick, JE Havstad, KM AF de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Whitford, WG Neale, A Tallent-Hallsel, N Herrick, JE Havstad, KM TI Indicators of Great Basin rangeland health SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE bare patch size; vegetation cover; forb; grass; shrub; resilience; resistance; relative preference index; sagebrush ID DESERTIFICATION AB Early-warning indicators of rangeland health can be used to estimate the functional integrity of a site and may allow sustainable management of desert rangelands. The utility of several vegetation canopy-based indicators of range land health at 32 Great Basin rangeland locations was investigated. The indicators were originally developed in rangelands of the Chihuahuan Desert. Soil resources are lost through wind and water-driven erosion mainly from areas unprotected by plant canopies (i.e. bare soil). Study sites in Idaho had the smallest bare patches, followed by sites in Oregon. The more arid Great Basin Sagebrush Zone sites in Utah had the largest bare patches. Several vegetational indicators including percent cover by vegetation, percent cover by life-form, percent cover by sagebrush, and percent cover by resilient species were negatively related to mean bare patch size and are potential indicators of Great Basin rangeland condition. Plant community composition and the range of bare patch sizes were different at sites in the three locations in Idaho, Oregon and Utah. Therefore, expected indicator values are location specific and should not be extrapolated to other locations. The condition of study sites were often ranked differently by different indicators. Therefore, the condition of rangeland sites should be evaluated using several indicators. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, NMSU, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP de Soyza, AG (reprint author), Environm Res & Wildlife Dev Agcy, Terr Environm Res Ctr, POB 45553, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. EM adesoyza@erwda.gov.ae NR 15 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 289 EP 304 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0645 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 359DB UT WOS:000089595300001 ER PT J AU Field, MS Pinsky, PF AF Field, MS Pinsky, PF TI A two-region nonequilibrium model for solute transport in solution conduits in karstic aquifers SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE karstic aquifers; solution conduits; nonequilibrium modeling; velocity; longitudinal dispersion ID SORBING POROUS-MEDIA; LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION; STORAGE MODEL; MASS-TRANSFER; FLOW; FRACTURE; EXCHANGE AB A two-region nonequilibrium model was used to calibrate initial solute-transport parameter estimates generated from tracer-breakthrough curves (TBCs) developed from tracer tests conducted in uni-axial solution conduits in karstic aquifers. Two-region nonequilibrium models account for partitioning of solute into mobile- and immobile-fluid regions to produce a more representative model fit to the strong tails associated with TBCs than do equilibrium models. The nonequilibrium model resulted in an increase in average flow velocities and a decrease in longitudinal dispersion coefficients over comparable estimates using an equilibrium model. Increases in velocity and decreases in dispersion were obtained at the expense of including parameters that describe solute partitioning and mass transfer rate for the mobile- and immobile-fluid regions. In addition, nonidentifiable sorption and mass transfer parameters for the immobile-fluid regions could only be described in terms of upper and lower bounds using readily determined identifiable ratios representing solute partitioning and system constraints based on known physical properties. The identifiable ratios and system constraints serve to minimize model nonuniqueness and renders the nonidentification problem trivial. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, NIH, Rockville, MD USA. RP Field, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Field, Malcolm/0000-0002-8350-417X NR 55 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 329 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00099-1 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 350YD UT WOS:000089128500006 ER PT J AU Cho, JS Wilson, JT Beck, FP AF Cho, JS Wilson, JT Beck, FP TI Measuring vertical profiles of hydraulic conductivity with in situ direct-push methods SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SLUG TEST AB U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) staff developed a held procedure to measure hydraulic conductivity using a direct-push system to obtain vertical profiles of hydraulic conductivity. Vertical profiles were obtained using an in situ held device-composed of a Geoprobe direct-push drive, threaded steel pipes with an open-slotted section, and a drive point at the bottom-PVC tubing, and a peristaltic pump. Simple mathematical formulas were derived for estimating hydraulic conductivity from the field measurements. The field procedure and mathematical formulas were applied in an unconfined sand aquifer. A vertical profile of hydraulic conductivity at a measurement location was plotted with the value obtained from a conventional slug test from a nearby monitoring well. The hydraulic conductivity in the middle of the aquifer was found to be an order of magnitude higher than that at the water table depth. The conductivity from the slug test at the monitoring well was half of the maximum value in the profile. The in situ direct-push method provided valuable information on site characterization in a short time, with minimal disturbance and without installing additional wells. C1 Environm Strategies & Applicat Inc, Remediat Ctr, Middlesex, NJ 08873 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Cho, JS (reprint author), Environm Strategies & Applicat Inc, Remediat Ctr, 495 Union Ave,Ste 1D, Middlesex, NJ 08873 USA. NR 4 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 2000 VL 126 IS 8 BP 775 EP 777 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:8(775) PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337YM UT WOS:000088391100013 ER PT J AU Eatough, DJ Grant, LD AF Eatough, DJ Grant, LD TI Welcome to a special issue from the specialty conference on PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, RTP Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Eatough, DJ (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 1286 EP 1286 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 350DP UT WOS:000089085700001 PM 28086061 ER PT J AU Ott, W Wallace, L Mage, D AF Ott, W Wallace, L Mage, D TI Predicting particulate (PM10) personal exposure distributions using a random component superposition statistical model SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; INDOOR-OUTDOOR RELATIONSHIPS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NEW-JERSEY; MANGANESE EXPOSURES; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; BREATH LEVELS; AIR; POLLUTANTS; RESIDENTS AB This paper presents a new statistical model designed to extend our understanding from prior personal exposure field measurements of urban populations to other cities where ambient monitoring data, but no personal expo sure measurements, exist. The model partitions personal exposure into two distinct components: ambient concentration and nonambient concentration. It is assumed the ambient and nonambient concentration components are uncorrelated and add together; therefore, the model is called a random component superposition (RCS) model. The 24-hr ambient outdoor concentration is multiplied by a dimensionless "attenuation factor" between 0 and 1 to account for deposition of particles as the ambient air infiltrates indoors. The RCS model is applied to field PM10 measurement. data from three large-scale personal exposure field studies: THEES (Total Human Environmental Exposure Study) in Phillipsburg, NJ; PTEAM (Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) in Riverside, CA; and the Ethyl Corporation study in Toronto, Canada. Because indoor sources and activities (smoking, cooking, cleaning, the personal cloud, etc.) may be similar in similar populations, it was hypothesized that the statistical distribution of nonambient personal exposure is invariant across cities. Using a fixed 24-hr attenuation factor as a first approximation derived from regression analysis for the respondents, the distributions of nonambient PM10 personal exposures were obtained for each city. Although the mean ambient PM10 concentrations in the three cities varied from 27.9 mu g/m(3) in Toronto to 60.9 mu g/m(3) in Philligsburg to 94.1 mu g/m(3) in Riverside, the mean nonambient components of personal exposures were found to be closer: 52.6 mu g/m(3) in Toronto; 52.4 mu g/m(3) in Phillipsbug; and 59.2 mu g/m(3) in Riverside. The three frequency distributions of the nonambient components of exposure also were similar in shape, giving support to the hypothesis that nonambient concentrations are similar across different cities and populations. These results indicate that, if the ambient concentrations were completely controlled and set to zero in all three cities, the median of the remaining personal exposures to PM10 would range from 32.0 mu g/m(3) (Toronto) to 34.4 mu g/m(3) (Phillipsburg) to 48.8 mu g/m(3) (Riverside). The highest-exposed 30% of the population in the three cities would still be exposed to 24-hr average PM10 concentrations of 47-74 mu g/m(3); the highest 20% would be exposed to concentrations of 56-92 mu g/m(3); the highest 10% to concentrations of 88-131 mu g/m(3); and the highest: 5% to 133-175 mu g/m(3), due only to indoor sources and activities. The distribution for the difference between personal exposures and indoor concentrations, or the "personal cloud," also was similar in the three cities, with a mean of 30-35 mu g/m(3), suggesting that the personal cloud accounts for more than half of the nonambient component of PM10 personal exposure in the three cities. Using only the ambient measurements in Toronto, the nonambient data from THEES in Phillipsburg was used to predict the entire personal exposure distribution in Toronto. The PM10 exposure distribution predicted by the model showed reasonable agreement with the PM10 personal exposure distribution measured in Toronto. These initial results suggest that the RCS model may be a powerful tool for predicting personal exposure distributions and statistics in other cities where only ambient particle data are available. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Reston, VA USA. Temple Univ, Inst Survey Res, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. RP Ott, W (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Sequoia Hall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 43 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 16 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 1390 EP 1406 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 350DP UT WOS:000089085700011 PM 11002601 ER PT J AU Brown, JE Clayton, MJ Harris, DB King, FG AF Brown, JE Clayton, MJ Harris, DB King, FG TI Comparison of the particle size distribution of heavy-duty diesel exhaust using a dilution tailpipe sampler and an in-plume sampler during on-road operation SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off AB Originally constructed to develop gaseous emission factors for heavy-duty diesel trucks, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) On-Road Diesel Emissions Characterization Facility has been modified to incorporate particle measurement instrumentation. An electrical low-pressure impactor designed to continuously measure and record size distribution data was used to monitor the particle size distribution of heavy-duty diesel truck exhaust. For this study, which involved a high-mileage (900,000 mi) truck running at full load, samples were collected by two different methods. One sample was obtained directly from the exhaust stack using an adaptation of the University of Minnesota's air-ejector-based mini-dilution sampler. The second sample was pulled from the plume just above the enclosed trailer, at a point similar to 11 m from the exhaust discharge. Typical dilution ratios of about 300:1 were obtained for both the dilution and plume sampling systems. Hundreds of particle size distributions were obtained at each sampling location. These were compared both selectively and cumulatively to evaluate the performance of the dilution system in simulating real-world exhaust plumes. The data show that, in its current residence-time configuration, the dilution system imposes a statistically significant bias toward smaller particles, with substantially more nanoparticles being collected than from the plume sample. C1 ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Brown, JE (reprint author), ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Inc, POB 14109, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 1407 EP 1416 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 350DP UT WOS:000089085700012 PM 11002602 ER PT J AU Musante, CJ Martonen, TB AF Musante, CJ Martonen, TB TI Computer simulations of particle deposition in the developing human lung SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off ID CHILDREN; AGE AB An age-dependent theoretical model has been developed to predict PM dosimetry in children's lungs. Computer codes have been written that describe the dimensions of individual airways and the geometry of branching airway networks within developing lungs. Breathing parameters have also been formulated as functions of subject age. Our computer simulations suggest that particle size, age, and activity level markedly affect deposition patterns of inhaled air pollutants. For example, the predicted lung deposition fraction is 38% in an adult but is nearly twice as high (73%) in a 7-month-old for 2-mu m particles inhaled during heavy breathing. Tracheobronchial (TB) and pulmonary (or alveolated airways, P) deposition patterns may also be calculated using the model. Due to different clearance processes in the TB and P airways (i.e., mucociliary transport and macrophage action, respectively), the determination of compartmental dose is important for PM risk assessment analyses. Furthermore, the results of such simulations may aid in the setting of regulatory standards for air pollutants, as the data provide a scientific basis for estimating dose delivered to a designated sensitive subpopulation (children). C1 US EPA, Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Musante, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Mail Drop 74 ETD NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 1426 EP 1432 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 350DP UT WOS:000089085700014 PM 11002604 ER PT J AU Linak, WP Miller, CA AF Linak, WP Miller, CA TI Comparison of particle size distributions and elemental partitioning from the combustion of pulverized coal and residual fuel oil SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Amer Lung Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Brigham Young Univ, Calif Air Resources Board, Elect Power Res Inst, Engine Manufacturers Assoc, Hlth Effects Inst, A&WMA, Nevada Sect, US DOE, Fed Energy Technol Lab, US DOE, Nat Petr Technol Off ID SWIRL FLAME INCINERATOR; CHAR FRAGMENTATION; AIR-POLLUTION; FLY-ASH; EMISSIONS; NICKEL; SPECIATION; MECHANISMS; BOILER AB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) research examining the characteristics of primary PM generated by the combustion of fossil fuels is being conducted in efforts to help determine mechanisms controlling associated adverse health effects. Transition metals are of particular interest, due to the results of studies that have shown cardiopulmonary damage associated with exposure to these elements and their presence in coal and residual fuel oils. Further, elemental speciation may influence this toxicity, as some species are significantly more water-soluble, and potentially more bio-available, than others. This paper presents results of experimental efforts in which three coals and a residual fuel oil were combusted in three different systems simulating process and utility boilers. Particle size distributions (PSDs) were determined using atmospheric and low-pressure impaction as well as electrical mobility, time-of-flight, and light scattering techniques. Size-classified PM samples from this study are also being utilized by colleagues for animal instillation experiments. Experimental results on the mass and compositions of particles between 0.03 and >20 mu m in aerodynamic diameter show that PM from the combustion of these fuels produces distinctive bimodal and trimodal PSDs, with a fine mode dominated by vaporization, nucleation, and growth processes. Depending on the fuel and combustion equipment, the coarse mode is composed primarily of unburned carbon char and associated inherent trace elements (fuel oil) and fragments of inorganic (largely calcium-alumino-silicate) fly ash including trace elements (coal). The three coals also produced a central mode between 0.8- and 2.0-mu m aerodynamic diameter. However, the origins of these particles are less clear because vapor-to-particle growth processes are unlikely to produce particles this large. Possible mechanisms include the liberation of micron-scale mineral inclusions during char fragmentation and burnout and indicates that refractory transition metals can contribute to PM <2.5 mu m without passing through a vapor phase. When burned most efficiently the residual fuel oil produces a PSD composed almost exclusively of an ultrafine mode (similar to 0.1 mu m). The transition metals associated with these emissions are composed of water-soluble metal sulfates. In contrast, the transition metals associated with coal combustion are not significantly enriched in PM <2.5 mu m and are significantly less soluble, likely because of their association with the mineral constituents. These results may have implications regarding health effects associated with exposure to these particles. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch MD 65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Air Pollut Technol Branch MD 65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011 NR 48 TC 93 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 13 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 50 IS 8 BP 1532 EP 1544 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 350DP UT WOS:000089085700022 PM 11002612 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Arihood, L Bayless, R AF Sidle, WC Arihood, L Bayless, R TI Isotope hydrology dynamics of riverine wetlands in the Kankakee Watershed, Indiana SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE isotope; ground water hydrology; wetland; Indiana ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; STABLE ISOTOPES; NATURAL-WATERS; NITROGEN; AQUIFER; RATIOS; EXCHANGE; SULFATE; SYSTEMS AB Wetland restoration activities may disturb shallow ground-water flow dynamics. There may be unintentional sources of water flowing into a constructed wetland that could compromise the long-term viability of a wetland function. Measurement of naturally-occurring isotopes in the hydrosphere can provide an indication of provenance, flow paths or components, and residence times or ages of wetland ground-water flow systems. Hydraulic head measurements may not provide sufficient detail of shallow flow disturbances and can be complemented by analyzing isotopes in waters flowing through the wetland. Two north-central Indiana wetlands in the Kankakee watershed are being studied to determine the adequacy of wetland restoration activities. The native LaSalle wetland and the restored Hog Marsh wetland have contrasting ground-water flow regimes. The conservative water isotopes O-18, H-2, and H-3, and selected solute isotopes C-13, C-14, N-15, S-34, Sr-87 and Pb206-208, demonstrate the complexity of groundwater now in Hog Marsh compared to the established flow regime at the LaSalle wetland. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Res Div, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 69 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 771 EP 790 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04305.x PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 344BM UT WOS:000088737800008 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Jones, KB AF Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV Jones, KB TI A geography of ecosystem vulnerability SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GIS; land-cover change; population modeling; roads ID LAND-USE; INTERPOLATION; ECOLOGY; QUALITY; COVER AB Land-cover change and the subsequent potential loss of natural resources due to conversion to anthropogenic use is regarded as one of the more pervasive environmental threats. Population and road data were used to generate interpolated surfaces of land demand across a large region, the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. The land demand surfaces were evaluated against land-cover change, as estimated using temporal decline in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In general, the interpolated surfaces exhibited a plateau along the eastern seaboard that sank to a valley in the center of the study area, and then rose again to a plateau in the west that was of overall lower height than the plateau on the eastern seaboard. The spatial pattern of land-cover change showed the same general pattern as the interpolated surfaces of land demand. Correlations were significant regardless of variations used to generate the interpolated surfaces. The results suggest that human activity is the principal agent of land-cover change at regional scales in this region, and that natural resources that change as land cover changes (e.g., water, habitat) are exposed to a gradient of vulnerability that increases from west to east. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 33 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 15 IS 6 BP 495 EP 504 DI 10.1023/A:1008176120891 PG 10 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 331UN UT WOS:000088037200001 ER PT J AU Albertini, RJ Anderson, D Douglas, GR Hagmar, L Hemminki, K Merlo, F Natarajan, AT Norppa, H Shuker, DEG Tice, R Waters, MD Aitio, A AF Albertini, RJ Anderson, D Douglas, GR Hagmar, L Hemminki, K Merlo, F Natarajan, AT Norppa, H Shuker, DEG Tice, R Waters, MD Aitio, A TI IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE biomarkers; biomonitoring; genotoxic carcinogens; human populations; guideline; WHO ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES; IN-SITU-HYBRIDIZATION; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS ASSAY; BLOCKED HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; INCREASED CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; RESISTANT MUTANT FREQUENCY; ANEUPLOIDY-INDUCING AGENTS; EXPOSED GREENHOUSE WORKERS; P-32 POSTLABELING ASSAY AB The purpose of these guidelines is to provide concise guidance on the planning, performing and interpretation of studies to monitor groups or individuals exposed to genotoxic agents. Most human carcinogens are genotoxic but not all genotoxic agents have been shown to be carcinogenic in humans. Although the main interest in these studies is due to the association of genotoxicity with carcinogenicity, there is also an inherent interest in monitoring human genotoxicity independently of cancer as an endpoint. The most often studied genotoxicity endpoints have been selected for inclusion in this document and they are structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations assessed using cytogenetic methods (classical chromosomal aberration analysis (CA), fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), micronuclei (MN)); DNA damage (adducts, strand breaks, crosslinking, alkali-labile sites) assessed using bio-chemical/electrophoretic assays or sister chromatid exchanges (SCE); protein adducts; and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mutations. The document does not consider germ cells or gene mutation assays other than HPRT or markers of oxidative stress, which have been applied on a more limited scale. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Leicester, MRC, Toxicol Unit, Biomonitoring & Mol Interact Sect, Leicester, Leics, England. Univ Vermont, Genet Toxicol Lab, Burlington, VT USA. TNO BIBRA Int Ltd, Surrey, England. Dept Hlth & Welf, Environm Hlth Directorate, Bur Chem Hazards, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Lund Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Med, Lund, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Novum, Dept Biosci, Huddinge, Sweden. NCI, Genoa, Italy. Leiden Univ, Dept Radiat Genet & Chem Mutagenesis, Leiden, Netherlands. Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Dept Ind Hyg & Toxicol, Lab Mol & Cellular Toxicol, Helsinki, Finland. Integrated Lab Syst Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WHO, Programme Chem Safety, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Aitio, A (reprint author), Univ Leicester, MRC, Toxicol Unit, Biomonitoring & Mol Interact Sect, Leicester, Leics, England. OI Anderson, Diana/0000-0001-9673-0398 NR 227 TC 469 Z9 497 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 463 IS 2 BP 111 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00049-1 PG 62 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 339WH UT WOS:000088500500001 PM 10913908 ER PT J AU Rygiewicz, PT Martin, KJ Tuininga, AR AF Rygiewicz, PT Martin, KJ Tuininga, AR TI Morphotype community structure of ectomycorrhizas on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) seedlings grown under elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE community structure; diversity; elevated atmospheric CO2; elevated atmospheric temperature; morphotypes ID MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; QUERCUS-ALBA; BIODIVERSITY; PINE; PLANTS; SOIL; POPULATIONS; ECOSYSTEMS; DIVERSITY AB Mycorrhizas alter the acquisition of carbon and nutrients, thereby affecting numerous plant and ecosystem processes. It is important, therefore, to determine how mycorrhizal populations will change under possible future climate conditions. Individual and interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and atmospheric temperature were assessed in a 2 x 2 factorial design [ambient and elevated (200 ppm above ambient) CO2 concentrations, and ambient and elevated (4 degrees C above ambient) temperatures]. In June 1993, 2-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. France) seedlings were planted in 12 environment-tracking chambers (n = 3) containing reconstructed, low-nitrogen, native for est soil. Climate treatments were imposed shortly thereafter, and the seedlings grew until June 1997. Soil cores were taken twice per year during the exposure period. We present findings on changes in the community structure of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips, categorized into morphotypes using gross morphological traits. A diverse and stable community of morphotypes (a total of 40) was encountered; no more than 30 of which were seen at any sampling time. In the first sample, there were only 15 morphotypes found in the 12 chambers. Morphotype numbers increased during the first half of the experiment, remaining fairly constant thereafter. Near the end of the exposure, elevated-temperature treatments maintained more morphotypes than ambient treatments. However, overall, absolute measures (number of ECM tips) were affected primarily by CO2 treatment, whereas proportional measures (e.g., Simpson's index) were affected primarily by temperature. While some morphotypes were negatively affected seasonally by higher temperatures (putative Rhizopogon group), others (Cenococcum) seemed to thrive. Underlying the dominant patterns of change in diversity, driven by the Rhizopogon group, subdominant populations responded slightly differently. Community diversity through time tended to increase at a greater rate for all subdominant populations compared with the rate when dominant populations were included. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Rygiewicz, PT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Martin, Kendall/0000-0003-4833-4301 NR 55 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 27 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 124 IS 2 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1007/s004420000385 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 345PJ UT WOS:000088824100019 PM 28308191 ER PT J AU Schey, KL Patat, S Chignell, CF Datillo, M Wang, RH Roberts, JE AF Schey, KL Patat, S Chignell, CF Datillo, M Wang, RH Roberts, JE TI Photooxidation of lens alpha-crystallin by hypericin (active ingredient in St John's Wort) SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL AFFECTIVE-DISORDER; APOPTOSIS; EXTRACT; GROWTH AB Hypericin is the active ingredient in the over the counter antidepressant medication St. John's Wort. Hypericin produces singlet oxygen and other excited state intermediates that indicate it should be a very efficient phototoxic agent in the eye. Furthermore it absorbs in the UV and visible range, which means it can potentially damage both the lens and the retina. Lens a-crystallin, isolated from calf lenses, was irradiated in the presence of hypericin (5 x 10(-5) M, 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate, pH 7.0) and in the presence and absence of light (>300 nm, 24 mW/cm(2)). Hypericin-induced photosensitized photopolymerization as assessed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Further analysis of the oxidative changes occurring in cw-crystallin using mass spectrometry showed specific oxidation of methionine, tryptophan and histidine residues, which increased with irradiation time. Hypericin did not damage the lens protein in the dark. Damage to cu-crystallin could undermine the integrity of the lens directly by protein denaturation and indirectly by disturbing chaperone function. Therefore, in the presence of light, hypericin can induce changes in lens protein that could lead to the formation of cataracts. Appropriate precautions should be taken to protect the eye from intense sunlight while on this antidepressant medication. C1 Fordham Univ, New York, NY 10023 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Cell & Mol Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Roberts, JE (reprint author), Fordham Univ, Lincoln Ctr Campus,Room 813,113 W 60th St, New York, NY 10023 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY-10722] NR 28 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 72 IS 2 BP 200 EP 203 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0200:POLCBH>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 344YV UT WOS:000088789400008 PM 10946573 ER PT J AU Dunson, DB AF Dunson, DB TI Assessing overall risk in reproductive experiments SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE dominant lethal assay; early loss; multiple imputation; reproductive toxicity; teratology ID DOMINANT LETHAL ASSAY; DOSE-RESPONSE MODELS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; TERATOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS AB Toxicologists are often interested in assessing the joint effect of an exposure on multiple reproductive endpoints, including early loss, fetal death, and malformation. Exposures that occur prior to mating or extremely early in development can adversely affect the number of implantation sites or fetuses that form within each dam and may even prevent pregnancy. A simple approach fur assessing overall adverse effects in such studies is to consider fetuses or implants that fail to develop due to exposure as missing data. The missing data can be imputed, and standard methods for the analysis of quantal response data can then be used for quantitative risk assessment or testing. In this article, a new bias-corrected imputation procedure is proposed and evaluated. The procedure is straightforward to implement in standard statistical packages and has excellent operating characteristics when used in combination with a marginal model fit with generalized estimating equations. The methods are applied to data from a reproductive toxicity study of Nitrofurazone conducted by the National Toxicology Program. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Dunson, DB (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Biostat Branch, MD A3-03,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 429 EP 437 DI 10.1111/0272-4332.204042 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 361VL UT WOS:000089744900003 PM 11051068 ER PT J AU Portier, CJ Sherman, CD Kopp-Schneider, A AF Portier, CJ Sherman, CD Kopp-Schneider, A TI Multistage, stochastic models of the cancer process: A general theory for calculating tumor incidence SO STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID CARCINOGENESIS AB The use of complicated models of the cancer process has been limited by the need to have a mathematical framework allowing for a general expansion of the theory of carcinogenesis while maintaining numerically tractable results. A system of ordinary differential equations is derived for calculating tumor incidence in multistage models of carcinogenesis. The resulting system of equations is applicable to nonhomogenous processes (i.e. ones in which the rates change with time, age, etc.). In addition, a solution is given for the case of instantaneous initiation. These formulae can easily be coupled with physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models to link biomarkers of exposure to cancer risks. An example is presented. C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Dept Math, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. German Canc Res Ctr, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Portier, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Portier, Christopher/A-3160-2010 OI Portier, Christopher/0000-0002-0954-0279 NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1436-3240 J9 STOCH ENV RES RISK A JI Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 173 EP 179 DI 10.1007/PL00009780 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA 350HC UT WOS:000089094100003 ER PT J AU George, SE Nelson, GM Swank, AE Brooks, LR Bailey, K George, M DeAngelo, A AF George, SE Nelson, GM Swank, AE Brooks, LR Bailey, K George, M DeAngelo, A TI The disinfection by-products dichloro-, dibromo-, and bromochloroacetic acid impact intestinal microflora and metabolism in Fischer 344 rats upon exposure in drinking water SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE disinfection by-products; intestinal microflora; bioactivation; nitroreductase; azoreductase; dechlorinase; intestinal metabolism; dichloroacetic acid; dibromoacetic acid; bromochloroacetic acid; bromochloroacetic acid ID 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE GENOTOXICITY; ANTIGENOTOXIC PROPERTIES; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MUTAGENIC URINE; FECAL FLORA; AZO DYES; IN-VIVO AB Human consumption of chlorinated drinking water has been linked epidemiologically to bladder, kidney, and rectal cancers. The disinfection by-product (DBP) dichloroacetic acid is a hepatocarcinogen in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the DBPs dichlorobromochloro-, and dibromoacetic acids (DCA, BCA, DBA) on intestinal microbial populations and their metabolism, with emphasis on enzymes involved in the bioactivation of procarcinogens and promutagens. One-month-old male Fischer 344 rats were provided water ad libitum containing 1 gn DCA, BCA, or DBA for up to 5 weeks. At 1, 3, and 5 weeks of treatment, beta-glucuronidase (GLR), beta-galactosidase (GAL), beta-glucosidase (GLU), nitroreductase (NR), azoreductase (AR), and dechlorinase (DC) activities were determined in cecal and small and large intestinal homogenates. After 5 weeks of treatment, intestinal populations were enumerated on selective media. Cecal GAL (DCA, BCA, DBA) and GLR (DCA, DBA) activities were reduced after 1 and 3 weeks of treatment and GAL activity was elevated at 5 weeks (BCA). Large intestinal GAL (DCA, BCA) and GLU (DCA, BCA, DBA) activities were elevated after 5 weeks of treatment. Week 5 cecal AR (DCA, BCA, DBA), NR (DCA), and DC (DCA, DBA) activities were reduced. Even though some significant changes in intestinal populations were observed, use of selective media was not sensitive enough to explain fluctuations in enzyme activity. Haloacetic acids in the drinking water alter intestinal metabolism, which could influence bioactivation of promutagens and procarcinogens in the drinking water. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC USA. RP George, SE (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 56 IS 2 BP 282 EP 289 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.2.282 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 343GP UT WOS:000088693600007 PM 10910985 ER PT J AU Das, PC McElroy, WK Cooper, RL AF Das, PC McElroy, WK Cooper, RL TI Differential modulation of catecholamines by chlorotriazine herbicides in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in vitro SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chlorotriazines; atrazine; simazine; cyanazine; PC12 cell line; dopamine; norepinephrine ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC AREA; TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE GENE; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT; TREATED FEMALE RATS; NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; CYCLIC-AMP; MESSENGER-RNAS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY AB Epidemiological, wildlife, and laboratory studies have pointed to the possible adverse health effects of chlorotriazine herbicide (i.e., atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine) exposure. However, the cellular mechanism(s) of action of these compounds remains unknown. Recently, it was reported by Cooper et al. (2000, Toxicol. Sci. 53, 297-307) that atrazine disrupts ovarian function by altering hypothalamic catecholamine concentrations and subsequently the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion by the pituitary. In this study, we examined the effect of three chlorotriazines on catecholamine metabolism in vitro using PC12 cells. Intracellular norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations and spontaneous NE release were measured following treatment with different concentrations of atrazine, simazine (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mu M) and cyanazine (0, 25, 50, 100, and 400 mu M) for 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h. Atrazine and simazine significantly decreased intracellular DA concentration in a concentration-dependent manner. Intracellular NE concentration was also significantly decreased by 100 and 200 mu M atrazine and 200 mu M simazine. Similarly, there was a dose-dependent inhibition of NE release with 100 and 200 mu M concentrations of both compounds. Although 100 and 400 mu M cyanazine increased intracellular NE concentration, 50, 100, and 400 mu M cyanazine significantly increased NE release at 24 and 36 h. In contrast, intracellular DA concentration was decreased by cyanazine, but only at 400 mu M. The GABA(A)-receptor agonist, muscimol (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mu M) had no effect on either the release or on intracellular catecholamine concentrations from 6 through 24 h of treatment. Cell viability was somewhat lower in the groups exposed to 100 and 200 mu M atrazine and simazine. However, the reduction in viability was significant only in the highest dose of afrazine used (200 mu M) at 24 h. Cyanazine did not have an effect on the viability at any of the doses tested, and the cells were functional, even up to 48 h of exposure. These data indicate that both atrazine and simazine inhibit the cellular synthesis of DA mediated by the tyrosine hydroxylase (Tn), and NE mediated by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DPH), and, as a result, there is a partial or significant inhibition of NE release. Cyanazine, on the other hand, stimulated the synthesis of intracellular NE, and not DA. Thus, chlorotriazine compounds presumably act at the enzymatic steps or sites of CA biosynthesis to modulate monoaminergic activity in PC12 cells. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Reprod Toxicol Div, Endocrinol Branch, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 56 IS 2 BP 324 EP 331 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.2.324 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 343GP UT WOS:000088693600012 PM 10910990 ER PT J AU Lambright, C Ostby, J Bobseine, K Wilson, V Hotchkiss, AK Mann, PC Gray, LE AF Lambright, C Ostby, J Bobseine, K Wilson, V Hotchkiss, AK Mann, PC Gray, LE TI Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of linuron: An antiandrogenic herbicide that produces reproductive malformations in male rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE androgen binding; flutamide; linuron; reproductive malformations; androgen receptor (AR) antagonists ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; VINCLOZOLIN; DIFFERENTIATION AB Antiandrogenic chemicals alter sex differentiation by several different mechanisms. Some, like flutamide, procymidone, or vinclozolin compete with androgens for the androgen receptor (AR), inhibit AR-DNA binding, and alter androgen-dependent gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Finasteride and some phthalate esters demasculinize male rats by inhibiting fetal androgen synthesis. Linuron, which is a weak competitive inhibitor of AR binding (reported Ri of 100 mu M), alters sexual differentiation in an antiandrogenic manner. However, the pattern of malformations more closely resembles that produced by the phthalate esters than by vinclozolin treatment. The present study was designed to determine if linuron acted as an AR antagonist in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, we (1) confirmed the affinity of linuron for the rat AR, and found (2) that linuron binds human AR (hAR), and (3) acts as an hAR antagonist. Linuron competed with an androgen for rat prostatic AR (EC50 = 100-300 mu M) and human AR (hAR) in a COS cell-binding assay (EC50 = 20 mu M). Linuron inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-hAR induced gene expression in CV-I and MDA-MB-453-KB2 cells (EC50 = 10 mu M) at concentrations that were not cytotoxic. In short-term in vivo studies, linuron treatment reduced testosterone- and DHT-dependent tissue weights in the Hershberger assay (oral 100 mg/kg/d for 7 days, using castrateimmature-testosterone propionate-treated male rats; an assay used for decades to screen for AR agonists and antagonists) and altered the expression of androgen-regulated ventral prostate genes (oral 100 mg/kg/d for 4 days). Histological effects of in utero exposure to linuron (100 mg/kg/d, day 14-18) or DBP (500 mg/kg/d, day 14 to postnatal day 3) on the testes and epididymides also are shown here. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that linuron is an AR antagonist both in vivo and in vitro, but it remains to be determined if linuron alters sexual differentiation by additional mechanisms of action. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, NHEERL, RTD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, US EPA, Cooperat Training Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Expt Pathol Labs Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, NHEERL, RTD, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 156 Z9 163 U1 2 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 56 IS 2 BP 389 EP 399 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.2.389 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 343GP UT WOS:000088693600020 PM 10910998 ER PT J AU Mihopoulos, PG Sayles, GD Suidan, MT Shah, J Bishop, DF AF Mihopoulos, PG Sayles, GD Suidan, MT Shah, J Bishop, DF TI Vapor phase treatment of PCE in a soil column by lab-scale anaerobic bioventing SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tetrachloroethylene; dechlorination; anaerobic bioventing ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; VINYL-CHLORIDE; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TRANSFORMATIONS; HYDROGEN; BIOTRANSFORMATION; HYDROCARBONS AB Microbial destruction of highly chlorinated organic compounds must be initiated by anaerobic followed by aerobic dechlorination. In-situ dechlorination of vadose zone soil contaminated with these compounds requires, among other factors, the establishment of highly reductive anaerobic conditions in the unsaturated subsurface. Such conditions may be established by delivering appropriate gas mixtures to the subsurface, i.e., "anaerobic bioventing". The gas must include an electron donor. This study was conducted as a feasibility study for anaerobic bioventing, using tetrachloroethene (PCE) as a test contaminant and H-2 as the electron donor. Using a soil column inoculated with anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria, to simulate the vadose zone, experimental results showed that by passing a gas composed of 1% H-2 and >0.1% CO2 in N-2, methanogenic conditions were established and that PCE (fed as a vapor in the gas stream) was rapidly converted with terminal products vinyl chloride (VC) and trans-dichloroethene (trans-DCE). PCE half life in the column was 7 min, while parameter estimation yielded a first order PCE degradation rate k(PCE), of 0.098 min(-1). Intermediate products detected but not accumulated in the column were trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE). The high dechlorination rates observed for PCE make anaerobic bioventing an attractive method that can potentially be integrated in an in-situ remediation process to treat contaminated soils in the unsaturated zone. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Mihopoulos, PG (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 34 IS 12 BP 3231 EP 3237 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00023-3 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 329VL UT WOS:000087929100017 ER PT J AU Leibowitz, SG Loehle, C Li, BL Preston, EM AF Leibowitz, SG Loehle, C Li, BL Preston, EM TI Modeling landscape functions and effects: a network approach SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE cumulative impacts; wetland assessment; source/sink ecosystems; landscape valuation; network connectivity ID STREAM WATER-QUALITY; CUMULATIVE IMPACTS; HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE; RIPARIAN WETLANDS; EMBODIED ENERGY; DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEMS; SYSTEMS; FLOWS; COVER AB Landscape functions, including sediment and nutrient trapping, pollutant degradation, and flood control, are often adversely affected by human activities. Tools are needed for assessing the effects of human activities at the landscape scale. An approach is presented that addresses this goal. Spatially-explicit ecosystem units and their connections are used to define a transport network. A linear transport model is a tractable approach to landscape analysis for assessment purposes. The ability of each unit to provide ecosystem goods and services is considered explicitly in terms of its place in the network. Based on this simple model, landscape-level effects of impacts to the functioning of a. given ecosystem unit can be calculated. Effects of changes in network structure (due to changes in the flow regime) can also be assessed. The model allows several useful concepts to be defined, including change in buffer capacity, free capacity, an ordinal ranking of the relative importance of ecosystem units to overall landscape functioning, and differentiation of cumulative versus synergistic effects. Utility functions for valuation of landscape function are also defined. The framework developed here should provide a foundation for the development of analytic tools that can be applied to assessment and permitting activities. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement, Naperville, IL 60540 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Leibowitz, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 54 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 30 PY 2000 VL 132 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 94 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00306-9 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 348NC UT WOS:000088990000008 ER PT J AU Conklin, C Edwards, J AF Conklin, C Edwards, J TI Selection of protective action guides for nuclear incidents SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE protective action guides; nuclear incidents; evacuation; sheltering in-place AB In 1991 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its revised Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents. The protective action guides contained in the manual represent EPA's formal recommendations to Federal, State, and local emergency response officials for protecting public health and safety during a nuclear incident. These guides are expressed in terms of the projected dose at which action(s) should be taken to reduce or eliminate that dose. In determining the appropriate values for the protective action guides, the Agency considered the following four principles: (1) acute health effects should be avoided, (2) the risk of delayed health effects should be minimized, (3) the values should not be higher than justified by a cost-benefit analysis, and (4) the risk to health from implementing the protective action should not be greater than the risk from the dose avoided. This paper examines each of these principles and their application in the selection of the evacuation and sheltering protective action guides for the early, or immediate, phase of a nuclear incident. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Ctr Risk Modeling & Emergency Response, Off Radiat & Indoor Air 6602J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Conklin, C (reprint author), US EPA, Ctr Risk Modeling & Emergency Response, Off Radiat & Indoor Air 6602J, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASPEN LAW & BUSINESS DIV ASPEN PUBLISHERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 1185 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10036 USA SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JUL 28 PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 131 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00176-X PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323XF UT WOS:000087589700003 PM 10838239 ER PT J AU Shafey, O Mehler, L Baum, L AF Shafey, O Mehler, L Baum, L TI Illnesses associated with use of automatic insecticide dispenser units - Selected states and United States, 1986-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 492-495, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Florida Dept Hlth & Rehabil Serv, Bur Environm Epidemiol, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. Calif Dept Pesticide Regulat, Sacramento, CA USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Pesticide & Surveillance Sect, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Washington, DC USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shafey, O (reprint author), Florida Dept Hlth & Rehabil Serv, Bur Environm Epidemiol, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 26 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 4 BP 432 EP 434 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 335QB UT WOS:000088254200011 ER PT J AU Selgrade, MK AF Selgrade, MK TI Air pollution and respiratory disease: extrapolating from animal models to human health effects SO IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Respiratory Immunology CY OCT 10-13, 1999 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO SP Lovelace Resp Res Inst DE air pollution; allergy; lung; risk assessment ID CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ALLERGIC RESPONSES; RISK ASSESSMENTS; INDOOR AIR; PARTICLES; SENSITIZATION; PARTICULATE; ASTHMA; MICE C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Selgrade, MK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0162-3109 J9 IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY JI Immunopharmacology PD JUL 25 PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 319 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00232-0 PG 6 WC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Immunology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 353QU UT WOS:000089287600019 PM 10960676 ER PT J AU Poiger, T Richardson, SD Baughman, GL AF Poiger, T Richardson, SD Baughman, GL TI Analysis of anionic metallized azo and formazan dyes by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE dyes; metal complexes ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MUNICIPAL WASTE-WATER; REACTIVE DYES; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; SPECTRA; DYESTUFFS; FOOD AB Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry was applied to the separation of several anionic dyes containing copper(II), chromium(III), or cobalt(III) as part of the dye molecule. The dyes were separated using a 110 cmX50 mu m uncoated fused-silica capillary and a 5 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 9) containing 40% acetonitrile. Excellent separation efficiencies (N = 500 000 plates/column) and low detection limits of 20-50 pg (selected ion monitoring, S/N = 10) were achieved. Mass spectra were acquired at different cone voltages. At low cone voltages (low collision energies), sensitivity was maximized and the mass spectra contained only signals of the (multiply charged) molecular ions and low levels of sodium ion and proton adducts. At higher cone voltages, the 2:1 (ligand:metal) chromium and cobalt dyes showed losses of one of the two dye ligands, accompanied by a reduction of the metal. The copper dyes showed signals due to loss of SO2 and SO3- but no release of metal. Azo cleavage, otherwise typical of azo dyes, was not observed with the metallized dyes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Poiger, T (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Fruit Growing Hort & Viticulture, POB 185, CH-8820 Wadenswil, Switzerland. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 21 PY 2000 VL 886 IS 1-2 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00483-0 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 334ME UT WOS:000088189600024 PM 10950293 ER PT J AU Poiger, T Richardson, SD Baughman, GL AF Poiger, T Richardson, SD Baughman, GL TI Identification of reactive dyes in spent dyebaths and wastewater by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE water analysis; environmental analysis; dyes; vinylsulfones; chlorotriazines; triazines ID SULFONATED AZO DYES; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; ACID DYES; WATER; IONIZATION; DYESTUFFS; SPECTRA AB Capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection and mass spectrometry combined with solid-phase extraction were employed for the identification of reactive vinylsulfone and chlorotriazine dyes and their hydrolysis products in spent dyebaths and raw and treated wastewater. Recoveries of dyes from treated wastewater as their tetrabutylammonium ion-pairs using C-18 reversed-phase cartridges ranged from 81 to 121%. Detection limits in sewage effluent of the different dyes and hydrolysis products ranged from 23 to 42 mu g/l. The method was successfully applied to the detection of the hydrolysis products of five reactive dyes in influents and effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving dyehouse effluents. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Poiger, T (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Fruit Growing Hort & Viticulture, POB 185, CH-8820 Wadenswil, Switzerland. NR 38 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 21 PY 2000 VL 886 IS 1-2 BP 271 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00482-9 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 334ME UT WOS:000088189600025 PM 10950294 ER PT J AU Sondhi, R Lin, YS Alvarez, F AF Sondhi, R Lin, YS Alvarez, F TI Crossflow filtration of chromium hydroxide suspension by ceramic membranes: fouling and its minimization by backpulsing SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crossflow filtration; backpulsing; wastewater treatment; ceramic membranes; fouling ID WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; BINARY PROTEIN MIXTURES; FLOW MICROFILTRATION; CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION; REVERSE FILTRATION; ULTRAFILTRATION; REMOVAL; RECOVERY AB Crossflow filtration experiments with Cr(OH)(3) suspension as synthetic electroplating wastewater were performed in turbulent flow regime on a pilot filter unit, equipped with a backpulse device. using porous alumina ceramic membranes of various pore sizes (0.2-5.0 mu m) All membranes are fouled during filtration. Except for the 5.0 mu m pore membrane, the fouling process could not be described by a model considering only one of the pore blocking, pore constriction and cake formation fouling mechanisms reported in literature. However, a model considering all the three fouling mechanisms provides an improved description or the fouling process. Filtration experiments with and without backpulsing show that backpulsing is effective in reducing the fouling phenomenon resulting in up to five-fold increase in steady state permeate flux and 100% flux recovery. The permeate flux increases with increasing transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity, both in the presence and absence of backpulsing. The membrane cleaning time during backpulse decreases with increasing backpulse amplitude and membrane pore size. However, feed concentration, pulse duration and interval do not have a significant effect. Filtration experiments with various backpulse conditions were conducted to identify the optimum forward and reverse filtration times that yield the maximum steady state permeate flux. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lin, YS (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, 629 Rhodes Hall,ML 171, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RI Lin, Jerry/F-1235-2010 OI Lin, Jerry/0000-0001-5905-8336 NR 25 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD JUL 20 PY 2000 VL 174 IS 1 BP 111 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00384-7 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 326ET UT WOS:000087720300010 ER PT J AU Archibald, RB Feldman, DH Hayford, MD Pasurka, CA AF Archibald, RB Feldman, DH Hayford, MD Pasurka, CA TI Effective rates of protection and the Fordney-McCumber and Smoot-Hawley Tariff Acts: comment and revised estimates SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article AB This paper provides corrected calculations of the effective rate of protection for a wide disaggregation of US industries under the two important interwar tariff regimes. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Econ, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Loyola Univ, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Feldman, DH (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Econ, POB 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RI Pasurka, Carl/H-8996-2016 OI Pasurka, Carl/0000-0001-9846-1507 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD JUL 15 PY 2000 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1223 EP 1226 PG 4 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 332HA UT WOS:000088067200014 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Brown, SK AF Urbansky, ET Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA Brown, SK TI Perchlorate uptake by salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) in the Las Vegas Wash riparian ecosystem SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE perchlorate; salt cedar; tamarix; riparian ecosystem; drinking water; IC; ESI-MS; eradication ID DRINKING-WATER AB Perchlorate ion (ClO4-) has been identified in samples of dormant salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) growing in the Las Vegas Wash. Perchlorate is an oxidant, but its reduction is kinetically hindered. Concern over thyroid effects caused the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to add perchlorate to the drinking water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). Beginning in 2001, utilities will look for perchlorate under the Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule (UCMR). In wood samples acquired from the same plant growing in a contaminated stream, perchlorate concentrations were found as follows: 5-6 mu g g(-1) in dry twigs extending above the water and 300 mu g g(-1) in stalks immersed in the stream. Perchlorate was leached from samples of wood, and the resulting solutions were analyzed by ion chromatography after clean-up. The identification was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry after complexation of perchlorate with decyltrimethylammonium cation. Because salt cedar is regarded as an invasive species, there: are large scale programs aimed at eliminating it. However, this work suggests that salt cedar might play a role in the ecological distribution of perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Consequently, a thorough investigation of the fate and transport of perchlorate in tamarisks is required to assess the effects that eradication might have on perchlorate-tainted riparian ecosystems, such as the Las Vegas Wash. This is especially important since water from the wash enters Lake Mead and the Colorado River and has the potential to affect the potable water source of tells of millions of people as well as irrigation water used on a variety of crops, including much of the lettuce produced in the USA. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 51 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 10 PY 2000 VL 256 IS 2-3 BP 227 EP 232 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00489-7 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 332GE UT WOS:000088065200014 PM 10902849 ER PT J AU Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ AF Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ TI Performance evaluation of a method for the determination of bromate in drinking water by ion chromatography (EPA Method 317.0) and validation of EPA Method 324.0 SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Ion Chromatography Symposium (IICS 99) CY SEP 12-15, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA DE water analysis; validation; bromate ID POSTCOLUMN AB The potential carcinogenic nature of bromate has prompted global regulatory agencies, and industrial and academic institutions to publish several methods for the analysis of bromate in both drinking and bottled waters. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reported two methods capable of detecting bromate at or below the promulgated maximum contaminant level of 10.0 mu g/l. These methods are EPA Method 300.1 and 317.0. Method 300.1 has been promulgated by EPA for compliance monitoring of bromate under Stage 1 of the Disinfectants /Disinfection By-Products Rule. Due to its sensitivity, selectivity and simplicity, Method 317.0 has been drafted and evaluated for potential use as a future compliance monitoring method. This manuscript describes the performance evaluation work with Method 317.0 and efforts completed at EPA's Technical Support Center that improved the sensitivity of Method 317.0, leading to the development of EPA Method 324.0 (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IT Corp, Technol Applicat Grp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wagner, HP (reprint author), IT Corp, Technol Applicat Grp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 7 PY 2000 VL 884 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01277-7 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 330AJ UT WOS:000087940400023 PM 10917439 ER PT J AU Zendzian, RP AF Zendzian, RP TI Dermal absorption of pesticides in the rat SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE dermal absorption; pesticides; rat AB The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) of the Environmental Protection Agency has developed a standard protocol for evaluating the dermal penetration of pesticides in the rat. This protocol was formalized in 1994 as a guideline for Dermal Absorption Studies of Pesticides. To date, in excess of 263 studies on the dermal absorption of over 160 pesticide chemicals have been submitted to OPP as part of the pesticide registration and risk assessment processes. The majority of these studies has been performed according to the OPP standard protocol in the rat. These studies constitute the largest database in existence on the dermal absorption of a wide variety of chemicals using a standard protocol. From this standard protocol it is possible to describe, quantitatively with dose and time, the entrance of a chemical into and penetration through the mammalian epidermis into the systemic circulation, its concentration in blood and in the body, and its excretion in urine and feces. This article describes the experimental design of the standard protocol and presents examples of the types of pesticides studied: pesticides that are neither volatile nor damage the skin (the most common type), volatile pesticides, and pesticides that damage the skin. Examples are selected to illustrate differences in the pattern of dermal uptake and subsequent absorption into the systemic compartment among and within the three classes. C1 US EPA, Div Hlth Effects 7509C, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Zendzian, RP (reprint author), US EPA, Div Hlth Effects 7509C, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 5 U2 7 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 61 IS 4 BP 473 EP 483 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0473:DAOPIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358KC UT WOS:000089556400006 PM 10976676 ER PT J AU Su, WY Jaskot, RH Richards, J Abramson, SR Woessner, JF Yu, WH Dreher, KL AF Su, WY Jaskot, RH Richards, J Abramson, SR Woessner, JF Yu, WH Dreher, KL TI Induction of pulmonary matrilysin expression by combustion and ambient air particles SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Thoracic-Society CY APR 24-29, 1998 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Thorac Soc DE matrix metalloproteinase; particulate matter ID MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE EXPRESSION; HUMAN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES; IV COLLAGENASE; TISSUE INHIBITOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; LUNG INJURY; INFLAMMATION; ACTIVATION; POLLUTION; MACROPHAGES AB The molecular mechanism(s) by which chemically complex air pollution particles mediate their adverse health effects is not known. We have examined the ability of combustion and ambient air particles to induce pulmonary matrilysin expression due to the well-documented role of matrix metalloproteinases in tissue injury and repair responses. Rats were exposed to saline, residual oil fly ash (2.5 mg/rat), or ambient air particles (2.5 mg/rat) via intratracheal instillation and examined 3-72 h after exposure. Saline-exposed animals had low levels of matrilysin mRNA, whereas the animals exposed to either complex particle showed an early induction of pulmonary matrilysin gene expression as well as of the 19-kDa activated form of matrilysin. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization analyses identified the alveolar macrophages and monocytes as primary sources of air pollution particle-induced matrilysin expression. Matrilysin gene induction and protein activation by combustion and ambient air particles correlated with the early histopathological changes produced by these particles. These results demonstrate the ability of combustion and ambient air particles to induce pulmonary matrilysin expression and suggest a role for this matrix metalloproteinase in the initiation of lung injury produced by these particles. C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Integrated Toxicol Program, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Miami, FL 33136 USA. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 279 IS 1 BP L152 EP L160 PG 9 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 333HN UT WOS:000088125000020 PM 10893214 ER PT J AU Jaspers, I Samet, JM Erzurum, S Reed, W AF Jaspers, I Samet, JM Erzurum, S Reed, W TI Vanadium-induced kappa B-dependent transcription depends upon peroxide-induced activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GERMINAL CENTER KINASE; SIGNALING PATHWAYS; OXIDANT STRESS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; IONIZING-RADIATION; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; OXIDATIVE STRESS AB Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and subsequent proinflammatory gene expression in human airway epithelial cells can be evoked by oxidative stress. In this study we examined signal transduction pathways activated by vanadyl sulfate (V-IV)-induced oxidative stress in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Both nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B and enhanced kappa B-dependent transcription induced by V-IV were inhibited by overexpression of catalase, but not Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), indicating that peroxides rather than superoxides initiated signaling. Catalase selectively blocked the response to V-IV because it inhibited neither NF-kappa B translocation nor kappa B-dependent transcription evoked by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The V-IV-induced kappa B-dependent transcription was dependent upon activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase because overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of the p38 MAPK pathway inhibited V-IV-induced kappa B-dependent transcription. This inhibition was not due to suppression of NF-kappa B nuclear translocation because NF-kappa B DNA binding was unaffected by the inhibition of p38 activity. Overexpression of catalase, but not Cu,Zn-SOD, inhibited p38 activation, indicating that peroxides activated p38. Catalase failed to block V-IV-induced increases in phosphotyrosine levels, suggesting that the catalase-sensitive signaling components were independent of V-IV-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, The data demonstrate that V-IV-induced oxidative stress activates at least two distinct pathways, NF-kappa B nuclear translocation and p38-dependent transactivation of NF-kappa B, both of which are required to fully activate kappa B-dependent transcription. Moreover, V-IV-induced oxidative stress activated these pathways in bronchial epithelial cells by upstream signaling cascades that were distinct at some level from those used by the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Cleveland Clin, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Jaspers, I (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung, CB 7310,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 55 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 95 EP 102 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA 335RN UT WOS:000088258700014 PM 10873158 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET AF Urbansky, ET TI Disinfection byproducts in drinking water SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID MUTAGENICITY C1 US EPA, Water Supply & Resource Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Water Supply & Resource Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 13 BP 439A EP 440A DI 10.1021/ac0028651 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 329YW UT WOS:000087936900002 PM 10905281 ER PT J AU Barnes, JA Smoak, IW AF Barnes, JA Smoak, IW TI Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is elevated in embryonic mouse heart and induced following hypoglycemic stress SO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY LA English DT Article DE stress proteins; mouse embryo; heart; hypoglycemia ID CHAIN BINDING-PROTEIN; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; SHOCK PROTEINS; MALFOLDED PROTEINS; CELL-SURFACE; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; GRP94; GLYCOPROTEIN; RAT AB This study investigates the distribution and heart levels of glucose regulated protein (GRP) 78 during normal development and in response to hypoglycemia in the mouse. Results demonstrate that GRP78 is strongly expressed with in the heart, neural tube, gut endoderm, somites, and surface ectoderm of mouse embryos during early organogenesis, and GRP78 staining remains prominent in the heart from gestational days 9.5 through 13.5. Cardiac myocytes are the primary site of GRP78 expression within the heart. GRP78 levels are highest in the heart during early organogenesis and levels decrease significantly by the fetal period. GRP78 expression is increased after 24 h of hypoglycemia in the early organogenesis-stage heart. Considering the tissue specific pattern of GRP expression and changes during development of the heart, GRPs may play significant roles in the normal differentiation and development of cardiac tissue. GRP induction may also be involved in hypoglycemia-induced cardiac dysmorphogenesis. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. US EPA, Natl Res Council Fellowship Program, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Smoak, IW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat Physiol Sci & Radiol, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 50 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-2061 J9 ANAT EMBRYOL JI Anat. Embryol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 202 IS 1 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1007/s004290000090 PG 8 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology GA 334JD UT WOS:000088182600008 PM 10926097 ER PT J AU Schmieder, P Tapper, M Linnum, A Denny, J Kolanczyk, R Johnson, R AF Schmieder, P Tapper, M Linnum, A Denny, J Kolanczyk, R Johnson, R TI Optimization of a precision-cut trout liver tissue slice assay as a screen for vitellogenin induction: comparison of slice incubation techniques SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental estrogens; Oncorhynchus mykiss; fish metabolism; in vitro liver slice assay ID DYNAMIC ORGAN-CULTURE; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; IN-VITRO; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; ESTROGENIC POTENCY; RAT; HEPATOCYTES; PHARMACOLOGY AB An in vitro male rainbow trout liver slice assay has been developed for long-term incubation of precision-cut slices for the detection of vitellogenin (VTG) protein induction in response to xenobiotic chemicals. The assay was optimized to allow 72 h of incubation of slices to maximize detection of VTG, while maintaining slice viability. Two methods of incubation frequently used with rat liver slices were compared: (1) slices were submerged in media (11 degrees C) and cultured ill 12-well plates (PL) with continuous shaking; or (2) slices were floated onto titanium screens, placed into glass vials, and held under dynamic organ culture (DOC) conditions (11 degrees C). Slices (200 mu m) in modified L-15 media were exposed to 1.0 mu M 17 beta-estradiol (E2) or diethylstilbestrol (DES). Protein from media and slice was sampled for Western blot analysis, using a polyclonal antibody to detect appearance of VTG protein. Maximum VTG was seen at 73 h, with detectable protein at 24 and 48 h in slices and media following PL incubation. In contrast, slices incubated in DOC showed little detectable VTG above background levels after 72 h. This difference was not attributable to protein loss to vial or plate surfaces. Standard viability assays did not reveal any differences between slices incubated in PL or DOC. However, histopathological examination revealed earlier and more severe vacuolization in slices incubated in DOG. Significantly more E2 uptake and conversion to water-soluble metabolites was noted in FL, compared with DOC, as well as more production of VTG in response to DES and E2 correlated with less histologic change. The in vitro assay described allows tissue-level assessment of estrogenicity in aquatic organisms, and will be useful for assessing not only comparative species receptor binding and transactivation, bat also the role of tissue-specific;activation factors in the estrogenic response of fish. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Schmieder, P (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 49 IS 4 BP 251 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00087-9 PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 325FB UT WOS:000087664700003 ER PT J AU Chamberlain, I Adams, K Le, S AF Chamberlain, I Adams, K Le, S TI ICP-MS determination of trace elements in fish SO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article AB In 1996, USEPA Region 10 began a study of contaminants in fish collected from the Columbia River Basin. The study included analysis of a suite of parameters including total recoverable metals. Part of this project entailed the investigation of several options for the digestion and analysis of fish tissue samples. This article provides a comparison of the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) determination of 17 elements in fish tissue with and without the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the digestion. Omitting the addition of HCl, a reagent required in EPA Method 200.3 (1) and the basis for the digestion procedure reduced the isobaric molecular interferences in a difficult, carbon-rich matrix. This allowed determination of 17 elements of interest simultaneously by ICP-MS, enhancing sample throughput without compromising sensitivity, data quality, or accuracy. Sample preparation protocols are included. C1 US EPA, Manchester Environm Lab, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. RP Chamberlain, I (reprint author), US EPA, Manchester Environm Lab, Reg 11,7411 Beach Dr E, Port Orchard, WA 98366 USA. NR 4 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERKIN-ELMER CORP PI NORWALK PA 761 MAIN AVE, NORWALK, CT 06859-0105 USA SN 0195-5373 J9 ATOM SPECTROSC JI Atom. Spectrosc. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 21 IS 4 BP 118 EP 122 PG 5 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 352HA UT WOS:000089208300001 ER PT J AU Fuentes, JD Lerdau, M Atkinson, R Baldocchi, D Bottenheim, JW Ciccioli, P Lamb, B Geron, C Gu, L Guenther, A Sharkey, TD Stockwell, W AF Fuentes, JD Lerdau, M Atkinson, R Baldocchi, D Bottenheim, JW Ciccioli, P Lamb, B Geron, C Gu, L Guenther, A Sharkey, TD Stockwell, W TI Biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric boundary layer: A review SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RELAXED EDDY-ACCUMULATION; METHYL VINYL KETONE; OH RADICAL FORMATION; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ISOPRENE EMISSION RATE; BARK BEETLE ATTACK; NO3 RADICALS; DECIDUOUS FOREST AB Nonmethane hydrocarbons are ubiquitous trace atmospheric constituents yet they control the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. Both anthropogenic and biogenic processes contribute to the release of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. In this manuscript, the state of the science concerning biosynthesis, transport, and chemical transformation of hydrocarbons emitted by the terrestrial biosphere is reviewed. In particular, the focus is on isoprene, monoterpenes, and oxygenated hydrocarbons. The generated science during the last 10 years is reviewed to explain and quantify hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation and to discern impacts of biogenic hydrocarbons on local and regional atmospheric chemistry. Furthermore, the physiological and environmental processes controlling biosynthesis and production of hydrocarbon compounds are reported on. Many advances have been made on measurement and modeling approaches developed to quantify hydrocarbon emissions from leaves and forest ecosystems. A synthesis of the atmospheric chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons and their role in the formation of oxidants and aerosols is presented. The integration of biogenic hydrocarbon kinetics and atmospheric physics into mathematical modeling systems is examined to assess the contribution of biogenic hydrocarbons to the formation of oxidants and aerosols, thereby allowing us to study their impacts on the earth's climate system and to develop strategies to reduce oxidant precursors in affected regions. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Air Pollut Res Ctr, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Environm Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. Inst Inquinamento Atmosfer, Rome, Italy. Washington State Univ, Dept Environm & Civil Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Fuentes, JD (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Lerdau, Manuel/E-7320-2011; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014; Sharkey, Thomas/B-4032-2009; OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Lerdau, Manuel/0000-0003-1864-0834; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738; Sharkey, Thomas/0000-0002-4423-3223; Stockwell, William/0000-0002-7509-6575 NR 235 TC 355 Z9 361 U1 4 U2 89 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1537 EP 1575 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1537:BHITAB>2.3.CO;2 PG 39 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 329BY UT WOS:000087887300004 ER PT J AU Fennell, TR MacNeela, JP Morris, RW Watson, M Thompson, CL Bell, DA AF Fennell, TR MacNeela, JP Morris, RW Watson, M Thompson, CL Bell, DA TI Hemoglobin adducts from acrylonitrile and ethylene oxide in cigarette smokers: Effects of glutathione S-transferase T1-null and M1-null genotypes SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES; 2-CYANOETHYLENE OXIDE; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; CYTOCHROME-P450 2E1; MOLECULAR DOSIMETRY; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; BLADDER-CANCER; M1 GSTM1; WORKERS; METABOLISM AB Acrylonitrile (ACN) is used to manufacture plastics and fibers. It is carcinogenic in rats and is found in cigarette smoke. Ethylene oxide (EO) is a metabolite of ethylene, also found in cigarette smoke, and is carcinogenic in rodents. Both ACN and EO undergo conjugation with glutathione, The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and hemoglobin adducts derived from ACN and EO and to investigate whether null genotypes for glutathione transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1) alter the internal dose of these agents. The hemoglobin adducts N-(2-cyanoethyl)valine (CEVal), which is formed from ACN, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HEVal), which is formed from EO, and GST genotypes were determined in blood samples obtained from 16 nonsmokers and 32 smokers tone to two packs/day), Smoking information was obtained by questionnaire, and plasma cotinine levels were determined by immunoassay, Glutathione transferase null genotypes (GSTM1 and GSTT1 were determined by PCR, Both CEVal and HEVal levels increased with increased cigarette smoking dose (both self-reported and cotinine-based), CEVal and HEVal levels mere also correlated, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes had little effect on CEVal concentrations. GSTM1 null genotypes had no significant impact on HEVal. However, HEVal levels mere significantly elevated in GSTT1-null individuals when normalized to smoking status or cotinine levels. The ratio of HEVal:CEVal was also elevated in GSTT1-null smokers (1.50 +/- 0.57 versus 0.88 +/- 0.24; P = 0.0002). The lack of a functional GSTT1 is estimated to increase the internal dose of EO derived from cigarette smoke by 50-70%. C1 Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Analyt Sci Inc, Durham, NC 27713 USA. RP Fennell, TR (reprint author), Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, POB 12137,6 Davis Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Fennell, Tim/D-9936-2013 NR 63 TC 51 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 9 IS 7 BP 705 EP 712 PG 8 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 334ZQ UT WOS:000088217100012 PM 10919741 ER PT J AU Kentula, ME AF Kentula, ME TI Perspectives on setting success criteria for wetland restoration SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Goal Setting and Success Criteria for Coastal Habitat Restoration CY JAN 13-15, 1998 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA DE wetlands; restoration; success criteria; monitoring; compensatory mitigation ID FRESH-WATER WETLANDS; HYDROGEOMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; UNITED-STATES; SALT MARSHES; MITIGATION; OREGON; BAY; DEGRADATION; VEGETATION AB The task of determining the success of wetland restoration has long been challenging and sometimes contentious because success is an imprecise term that means different things in different situations and to different people. Compliance success is determined by evaluating compliance with the terms of an agreement, e.g. a contract or permit, whereas functional success is determined by evaluating whether the ecological functions of the system have been restored. Compliance and functional success have historically focused on the individual project (the site being restored); we are only beginning to consider another important factor, the success of restoration at the landscape scale. Landscape success is a measure of how restoration (or management, in general) has contributed to the ecological integrity of the region or landscape and to achievement of goals such as the maintenance of biodiversity. The utility of all definitions of success is ultimately constrained by the current status of the science of restoration ecology and by our ability to use that information to make sound management decisions and to establish measurable success criteria. Measurements of vegetation are most commonly used in evaluations of restoration projects, with less frequent analysis of soils, fauna, and hydrologic characteristics. Although particular characteristics of projects, such as vegetative cover and production, can resemble those in similar naturally occurring wetlands, overall functional equivalency has not been demonstrated. However, ongoing research is providing information on what can and cannot be accomplished, valuable insights on how to correct mistakes, and new approaches to defining success. The challenge is how to recognize and deal with the uncertainty, given that projects are ecologically young and that our knowledge of the process of restoration is evolving. One way to deal with the uncertainty is to use scientific principles of hypothesis testing, and model building in an adaptive management framework. In this way, options can be systematically evaluated and needs for corrective actions identified when a project is not progressing toward goals. By taking such an approach we call improve our ability to reliably restore wetlands while contributing to our understanding of the basic structure and function of ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Kentula, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 69 TC 82 Z9 89 U1 9 U2 96 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 15 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 209 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00076-8 PG 11 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 340RW UT WOS:000088549600005 ER PT J AU Hopenhayn-Rich, C Browning, SR Hertz-Picciotto, I Ferreccio, C Peralta, C Gibb, H AF Hopenhayn-Rich, C Browning, SR Hertz-Picciotto, I Ferreccio, C Peralta, C Gibb, H TI Chronic arsenic exposure and risk of infant mortality in two areas of Chile SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE arsenic; Chile; drinking water; infant mortality; neonatal death; reproductive effect; stillbirth ID DRINKING-WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS; NORTHERN SWEDEN; SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; CANCER MORTALITY; BIRTH-WEIGHT; SMELTER; BLADDER; DISEASE; LUNG AB Chronic arsenic exposure has been associated with a range of neurologic, vascular, dermatologic, and carcinogenic effects. However, limited research has been directed at the association of arsenic exposure and human reproductive health outcomes. The principal aim of this study was to investigate the trends in infant mortality between two geographic locations in Chile: Antofagasta, which has a well-documented history of arsenic exposure from naturally contaminated water, and Valparaiso, a comparable low-exposure city. The arsenic concentration in Antofagasta's public drinking water supply rose substantially in 1958 with the introduction of a new water source, and remained elevated until 1970. We used a retrospective study design to examine time and location patterns in infant mortality between 1950 and 1996, using univariate statistics, graphical techniques, and Poisson regression analysis. Results of the study document the general declines in late fetal and infant mortality over the study period in both locations. The data also indicate an elevation of the late fetal, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates for Antofagasta, relative to Vaparaiso, for specific time periods, which generally coincide with tbe period of highest arsenic concentration in the drinking water of Antofagasta. Poisson regression analysis yielded an elevated and significant association between arsenic exposure and late fetal mortality [rate ratio (RR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-1.9], neonatal mortality (RR = 1.53; CI, 1.4-1.7), and postneonatal mortality (RR = 1.26; CI, 1.2-1.3) after adjustment for location and calendar time. The findings from this investigation may support a role for arsenic exposure in increasing the risk of late fetal and infant mortality. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Prevent Med & Environm Hlth, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, GREDIS, Santiago, Chile. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hopenhayn-Rich, C (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Prevent Med & Environm Hlth, 1141 Red Mile Rd,Suite 201, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NR 68 TC 136 Z9 140 U1 0 U2 9 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 108 IS 7 BP 667 EP 673 DI 10.2307/3434889 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 340JQ UT WOS:000088529700040 PM 10903622 ER PT J AU Bradley, MP Landy, RB AF Bradley, MP Landy, RB TI The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID PROGRAM C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Bradley, MP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1023/A:1006415828556 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900001 ER PT J AU Bradley, MP Brown, BS Hale, SS Kutz, FW Landy, RB Shedlock, R Mangold, R Morris, A Galloway, W Rosen, JS Pepino, R Wiersma, B AF Bradley, MP Brown, BS Hale, SS Kutz, FW Landy, RB Shedlock, R Mangold, R Morris, A Galloway, W Rosen, JS Pepino, R Wiersma, B TI Summary of the MAIA Working Conference SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Bradley, MP (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Ctr Environm Sci, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft Meade, MD 20755 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 15 EP 29 DI 10.1023/A:1006440930373 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900002 ER PT J AU Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Paulsen, SG Urquhart, NS Rosenbaum, BJ AF Herlihy, AT Larsen, DP Paulsen, SG Urquhart, NS Rosenbaum, BJ TI Designing a spatially balanced, randomized site selection process for regional stream surveys: The EMAP Mid-Atlantic Pilot Study SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND ID CHEMISTRY; TRENDS AB In 1993, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as part of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), initiated a sample survey of streams in the mid-Atlantic. A major objective of the survey was to quantify ecological condition in wadeable streams across the region. To accomplish this goal, we selected 615 stream sites using a randomized sampling design with some restrictions. The design utilized the digitized stream network taken from 1:100,000-scale USGS topographic maps as the sample frame. Using a GIS, first- through third-order (wadeable) stream segments in the sample frame were randomly laid out in a line and sampled at fixed intervals after a random start. We used a variable probability approach so that roughly equal numbers of first-, second-, and third-order stream sites would appear in the sample. The sample design allows inference from the sample data to the status of the entire 230,400 km of wadeable stream length in the mid-Atlantic study area. Of this mapped stream length, 10% was not in the target population because no stream channel existed (4%), the stream channel was dry (5%), or the stream was not wadeable (1%). We were unable to collect field data from another 10% of the mapped stream length due to lack of access (mostly landowner denials). Thus, the field data we collected at 509 sites allows inference to the ecological condition for 184,600 km of the mapped stream length in the region. C1 Oregon State Univ, US EPA, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Herlihy, AT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, US EPA, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 19 TC 104 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 95 EP 113 DI 10.1023/A:1006482025347 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900007 ER PT J AU Paul, JF Kiddon, JA Strobel, CJ Melzian, BD Latimer, JS Cobb, DJ Campbell, DE Brown, BS AF Paul, JF Kiddon, JA Strobel, CJ Melzian, BD Latimer, JS Cobb, DJ Campbell, DE Brown, BS TI Condition of the Mid-Atlantic Estuaries: Production of a state of the environment report SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has released a report entitled Condition of the Mid-Atlantic Estuaries. That report summarizes the findings of several studies conducted by federal and state agencies and academic institutions in Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Estuary, and the coastal bays of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, and simultaneously addresses two distinct audiences: environmental managers and the general public. This paper documents the process of preparing the Estuaries Report, emphasizing the lessons learned in merging information from a wide-variety of sources and in reporting the results to multiple audiences. The major difficulties in preparing the report included: 1) choosing a format and topics that adequately addressed both environmental managers and the public, 2) resolving spatial and temporal disparities in the assembled data sets, and 3) establishing threshold values that distinguished between acceptable and unacceptable conditions in indicators. Our solutions to these challenges and alternatives are discussed. We conclude that a small team of knowledgeable scientists can effectively merge the information of diverse sources into a document that is useful to both environmental managers and the interested public. However, considerable interaction between the team and other scientists was necessary to resolve ambiguities and assure relevancy and accuracy. These findings support the proposition that the vast sources of existing environmental information can be easily and effectively used to assess the ecological condition across large regions. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Paul, JF (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 115 EP 129 DI 10.1023/A:1006450627164 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900008 ER PT J AU Hale, SS Bahner, LH Paul, JF AF Hale, SS Bahner, LH Paul, JF TI Finding common ground in managing data used for regional environmental assessments SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND AB Evaluating the overall environmental health of a region invariably involves using databases from multiple organizations. Several approaches to deal with the related technological and sociological issues have been used by various programs. Flexible data systems are required to deal with rapid changes in technology, the social and political climate for sharing and integrating data, and expectations of diverse users. Here we describe how the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program and the Chesapeake Bay Program manage their data for regional studies. These programs, which encompass areas of different geographic scales but face similar issues, have adopted some solutions in common, but also have tried some unique solutions suited to their needs. Understanding the tribulations and successes of these programs may help others attempting similar assessments. Both these programs have embraced distributed data systems that are managed by the organizations owning them. Both use common guidelines and policies that assure consistency and quality of data and information. These principles and tools comprise a flexible, sustainable approach that meets modern challenges of data management. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Hale, SS (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 143 EP 157 DI 10.1023/A:1006410912143 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900010 ER PT J AU Jones, KB Neale, AC Nash, MS Riitters, KH Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV van Remortel, RD AF Jones, KB Neale, AC Nash, MS Riitters, KH Wickham, JD O'Neill, RV van Remortel, RD TI Landscape correlates of breeding bird richness across the United States mid-Atlantic region SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND ID LAND-USE CHANGE; SCALE; FRAGMENTATION; HABITATS; EXTINCTION; DYNAMICS; MULTIPLE; IMPACTS; PATTERN; PROGRAM AB Using a new set of landscape indicator data generated by the U.S.EPA, and a comprehensive breeding bird database from the National Breeding Bird Survey, we evaluated associations between breeding bird richness and landscape characteristics across the entire mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We evaluated how these relationships varied among different groupings (guilds) of birds based on functional, structural, and compositional aspects of individual species demographics. Forest edge was by far the most important landscape attribute affecting the richness of the lumped specialist and generalist guilds; specialist species richness was negatively associated with forest edge and generalist richness was positively associated with forest edge. Landscape variables (indicators) explained a greater proportion of specialist species richness than the generalist guild (46% and 31%, respectively). The lower value in generalists may reflect finer-scale distributions of open habitat that go undetected by the Landsat satellite, open habitats created by roads (the areas from which breeding bird data are obtained), and the lumping of a wide variety of species into the generalist category. A further breakdown of species into 16 guilds showed considerable variation in the response of breeding birds to landscape conditions; forest obligate species had the strongest association with landscape indicators measured in this study (55% of the total variation explained) and forest generalists and open ground nesters the lowest (17% of the total variation explained). The variable response of guild species richness to landscape pattern suggests that one must consider species' demographics when assessing the consequences of landscape change on breeding birds. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Jones, KB (reprint author), US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 47 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 159 EP 174 DI 10.1023/A:1006415029890 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900011 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, EE Canfield, TJ Kutz, FW AF Jorgensen, EE Canfield, TJ Kutz, FW TI Restored riparian buffers as tools for ecosystem restoration in the MAIA; Processes, endpoints, and measures of success for water, soil, flora, and fauna SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND ID STREAM AB Riparian buffer restorations are used as management tools to produce favorable water quality impacts, moreover among the many benefits riparian buffers may provide, their application as instruments for water quality restoration rests on a relatively firm foundation of research. However, the extent to which buffers can restore riparian ecosystems; their functionality and species composition, are essentially unknown. In light of the foregoing, two broad areas of research are indicated. First, data are needed to document the relative effectiveness of riparian buffers that differ according to width, length, and plant species composition. These questions, of managing buffer dimension and species composition for functionality, are of central importance even when attenuation of nutrient and sediment loads alone are considered. Second, where ecosystem restoration is the goal, effects to in-stream and terrestrial riparian biota need to be considered. Relatedly, the effects of the restoration on the landscape need to be considered. Particularly, at what rate do the effects of the riparian buffer on in-stream water quality, biota, and habitat diminish downstream from restored sites? Answers to these important questions are needed, for streams and watersheds of different size and for areas of differing soil type within watersheds. U.S. EPA-NRMRL has initiated as research project that will document the potential for buffers to restore riparian ecosystems; focusing on water quality effects, but also, importantly, documenting effects on biota. While substantial riparian buffer management initiatives are already underway, the extent of landscapes that influence riparian ecosystems in the eastern United States is large; leaving ample opportunity for this suggested research to provide improved buffer designs in the future. The ultimate goal of research projects developed under this paradigm of ecosystem restoration is to develop data that are needed to implement riparian buffer restorations in the mid-Atlantic and elsewhere, especially the eastern United States. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Jorgensen, EE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 199 EP 210 DI 10.1023/A:1006491702574 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900014 ER PT J AU Strobel, CJ Paul, JF Hughes, MM Buffum, HW Brown, BS Summers, JK AF Strobel, CJ Paul, JF Hughes, MM Buffum, HW Brown, BS Summers, JK TI Using information on spatial variability of small estuaries in designing large-scale estuarine monitoring programs SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND AB In the early 1990s, EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) documented the ecological condition of the overall population of small estuaries along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. However, the Program did not provide detailed information on the condition of individual estuaries less than 260 km(2) in surface area, a group of estuaries of concern to environmental managers. To address the needs of environmental managers, when EMAP returned to the region in summer 1997, it included a study of the spatial variability of ecological indicators within individual small estuaries. At 127 probability-based sites in 10 estuaries, EMAP measured a variety of parameters of water quality and sediments, including dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients, grain size of sediments, contaminants in sediments, and community structures of benthic macroinvertebrates. From this information the ecological condition (e.g., percent area with DO concentrations below 5mg L-1) for each estuary, along with 90% confidence interval, was determined. The width of the confidence interval was then recalculated for sample sizes ranging from two stations to the total number of stations sampled in that estuary. Confidence interval widths were then plotted against sample size. These plots can be useful in designing future regional monitoring programs with a goal of describing conditions in individual systems as well as broad geographic regions. Results illustrate that beyond five stations per estuary, the reduction in the width of the confidence interval with increasing sampling intensity is relatively small; however, individual program managers need to determine "how small is small enough." C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Strobel, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.1023/A:1006408306208 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900016 ER PT J AU Walker, HA Latimer, JS Dettmann, EH AF Walker, HA Latimer, JS Dettmann, EH TI Assessing the effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors in the Potomac Estuary: Implications for long-term monitoring SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND ID CHESAPEAKE BAY ANOXIA; HISTORICAL TRENDS; WATER-QUALITY; UNITED-STATES; EUTROPHICATION; RESPONSES; GENESIS; IMPACT; RIVER; MODEL AB Ecological conditions in the Potomac Estuary are affected by a variety of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Natural climatic factors combined with anthropogenic activities affect fluxes of material through Potomac River watersheds and cause changes in ecological conditions in the Potomac Estuary. A basic premise of this ongoing study is that effects of anthropogenic and natural stressors can be distinguished. The investigation involves: 1) analysis of existing data using time series methods, 2) retrospective modeling to link the response of estuarine water quality to changes in stressors, and 3) new measurements on sediment cores from the Potomac Estuary. Estuarine effects being considered include changes in the distribution and abundance of chlorophyll a, diatoms, dinoflagellates, ostracods, submerged aquatic vegetation, benthic fauna, dissolved oxygen, and foraminifera. Since current conditions may be due to the accumulation of effects over many years, our research considers variability and changes during the past century in the context of long-term changes during the past 500 years. The availability of large data sets from the past century, long-term information on variability in precipitation from tree ring data from the past 300 years, and paleoecological studies by other investigators in the Potomac Estuary and main stem of Chesapeake Bay make the Potomac Estuary an ideal place to develop methods to distinguish between effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors in estuaries, in the context of a varying, and perhaps changing, climate. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Walker, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Latimer, James/C-1632-2009 OI Latimer, James/0000-0002-6722-520X NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 237 EP 251 DI 10.1023/A:1006412423047 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323YE UT WOS:000087591900017 ER PT J AU Reddy, CM Heraty, LJ Holt, BD Sturchio, NC Eglinton, TI Drenzek, NJ Xu, L Lake, JL Maruya, KA AF Reddy, CM Heraty, LJ Holt, BD Sturchio, NC Eglinton, TI Drenzek, NJ Xu, L Lake, JL Maruya, KA TI Stable chlorine isotopic compositions of aroclors and aroclor-contaminated sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CARBON; DECHLORINATION AB An exploratory investigation was conducted to evaluate if stable chlorine isotopic ratios of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could be useful in studying the processes that determine their transport and fate in the environment First, we determined the variability of delta(37)Cl in the source materials for PCBs. Second, we determined if the delta(37)Cl values of contaminated environmental samples fell outside the range in source variability. The isotopic variability among the source materials (Aroclors) was rather small; delta(37)- Cl values ranged from -3.37 to -2.11% (mean and standard deviation, -2.78 +/- 0.39%, n = 12). There was no correlation between the delta(37)Cl values and percentages of chlorine in the mixtures. We also found very similar values in several Clophen mixtures and one Phenoclor. The delta(37)Cl values in the total PCBs isolated from Aroclor-contaminated sediments from the Hudson River, New Bedford Harbor, and Turtle River Estuary ranged from -4.54 to -2.25% (n = 19). While most of the delta(37)Cl values were within 2 standard deviations of the mean Aroclor value (our assumed estimate for overall source variability), two of the PCB contaminated sediment samples from New Bedford Harbor did appear to be isotopically distinct. The PCBs in these sediments had lower amounts of less chlorinated congeners (when compared to the source material) and were likely isotopically affected by alteration processes that preferentially removed these congeners. Compound specific measurements of two congeners in Aroclor 1268 suggest that there are no large congener-specific differences in the stable chlorine isotope ratios in Aroclors. This study shows that the delta(37)Cl Values of PCBs may be a potentially useful diagnostic tool in studying the transport and fate of PCBs and indicates that additional research is warranted. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Effects Res Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. RP Reddy, CM (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 16 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 13 BP 2866 EP 2870 DI 10.1021/es9908220 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 330RC UT WOS:000087974200046 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Foss, SS AF Lewis, MA Foss, SS TI A caridean grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio Holthius) as an indicator of sediment quality in Florida coastal areas affected by point and nonpoint source contamination SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grass shrimp; sediments; pore water; toxicity; Florida ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; FUEL-OIL; EMBRYOS; TESTS; EXTRACTION; WATER AB Grass shrimp are one of the more widely distributed estuarine benthic organisms along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts, but they were used infrequently in contaminated sediment assessments. Early-life stages of caridean grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio (Holthius), were used in this baseline survey as indicators of sediment pore water quality for several Florida coastal areas affected by nonpoint and point sources of contamination. Static toxicity tests were conducted using 24 well culture plates assessing embryo and larval survival after 12 days exposure to pore water (interstitial water). Acute toxicity was observed in 28% of pore waters (15 of 53 samples) suggesting that sediment contamination was not widespread in the study area based on the response of this species. When toxicity was observed, grass shrimp pore water toxicity test was usually a more sensitive indicator of contamination than solid-phase tests conducted with the epibenthic invertebrate, Mysidopsis bahia. P. pugio embryos were more sensitive than larval form and response of different brood stocks usually were similar (P > 0.05) when exposed to same pore waters. Based on all considerations, this early-life stage toxicity test shows promise being useful detecting pore water toxicity. This conclusion is based on availability of a test methodology which requires minimal space and effort, and the test species widespread geographical distribution. However, there are several remaining research needs, including the important issue of its sensitivity relative to that for other pore water test species as well as for species used in solid-phase toxicity tests. (C) 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & ENvironm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & ENvironm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1520-4081 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL JI Environ. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 15 IS 3 BP 234 EP 242 DI 10.1002/1522-7278(2000)15:3<234::AID-TOX8>3.0.CO;2-E PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology; Water Resources GA 326ZV UT WOS:000087767900008 ER PT J AU Schmieder, PK Aptula, AO Routledge, EJ Sumpter, JP Mekenyan, OG AF Schmieder, PK Aptula, AO Routledge, EJ Sumpter, JP Mekenyan, OG TI Estrogenicity of alkylphenolic compounds: A 3-D structure-activity evaluation of gene activation SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE estrogen receptor; conformational flexibility; alkylphenol; endocrine disruption; structure-activity relationship ID RECEPTOR-BINDING-AFFINITY; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; POLYCHLORINATED HYDROXYBIPHENYLS; LIGAND FLEXIBILITY; CONFORMATIONS; ORIENTATION; CHEMICALS; SYSTEM; MODEL AB A structure-activity relationship evaluation of alkylphenol activation of a human estrogen receptor (hER) reporter gene construct was done using the Common Reactivity Pattern approach. Energetically reasonable conformer distributions for selected steric and electronic chemical descriptors were presented and analyzed. Comparisons of descriptor distributions across active and nonactive chemicals allowed determination of a common reactivity pattern for hER activation. Chemicals capable of hER binding and gene transcription have high density of O-C{sp(3)} distances, from 6.2 to 6.5 Angstrom; maximum distances between atoms in the molecule, ranging from 9.9 to 10.1 Angstrom; and a population density on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital for O-atoms from 0.09 to 0.12 AU. Alkylphenols that were nonactive in the recombinant yeast cell assay lacked these stereoelectronic requirements, presumably precluding receptor occupancy or necessary estrogen response element interaction. Derived reactivity patterns were successfully coded into decision trees used to screen additional alkylphenols for potential hER activation. Successful structure-activity relationship modeling and prediction of gene activation for 26 of 29 alkylphenols is an additional step in the elucidation of chemical steric and electronic three-dimensional parameters that predict which xenobiotics are likely to be estrogenic and demonstrates a valuable tool for screening and prioritization of chemicals for further testing. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Bourgas, Lab Math Chem, Bourgas, Bulgaria. Brunel Univ, Dept Biol & Biochem, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, Middx, England. RP Schmieder, PK (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. OI Routledge, Edwin/0000-0001-7695-364X NR 34 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1727 EP 1740 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1727:EOACAD>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 325KK UT WOS:000087674600005 ER PT J AU Holland, DM De Oliveira, V Cox, LH Smith, RL AF Holland, DM De Oliveira, V Cox, LH Smith, RL TI Estimation of regional trends in sulfur dioxide over the eastern United States SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE regional trend; generalized additive models; kriging; Markov Chain Monte Carlo ID MAXIMUM; OZONE AB Emission reductions were mandated in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 with the expectation of concomitant reductions in ambient concentrations of atmospherically-transported pollutants, To evaluate the effectiveness of the legislated emission reductions using monitoring data, this paper proposes a two-stage approach for the estimation of regional trends and their standard errors. In the first stage, a generalized additive model (GAM) is fitted to airborne sulfur dioxide (SO2) data at each of 35 sites in the eastern United States to estimate the form and magnitude of the site specific trend (defined as percent total change) from 1989 to 1995. This analysis is designed to adjust the SO2 data for the influences of meteorology and season. In the second stage, the estimated trends are treated as samples with site-dependent measurement error from a Gaussian random field with a stationary covariance function. Kriging methodology is adapted to construct spatially-smoothed estimates of the true trend for three large regions in the eastern U.S. Finally, a Bayesian analysis with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is used to obtain regional trend estimates and their standard errors, which take account of the estimation of the unknown covariance parameters as well as the stochastic variation of the random fields. Both spatial estimation techniques produced similar results in terms of regional trend and standard error. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Simon Bolivar, Dept Computo Cient & Estadist, Caracas, Venezuela. Univ N Carolina, Dept Stat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Holland, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 BP 373 EP 393 DI 10.1002/1099-095X(200007/08)11:4<373::AID-ENV419>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 344ML UT WOS:000088763100001 ER PT J AU Buck, GM Vena, JE Schisterman, EF Dmochowski, J Mendola, P Sever, LE Fitzgerald, E Kostyniak, P Greizerstein, H Olson, J AF Buck, GM Vena, JE Schisterman, EF Dmochowski, J Mendola, P Sever, LE Fitzgerald, E Kostyniak, P Greizerstein, H Olson, J TI Parental consumption of contaminated sport fish from Lake Ontario and predicted fecundability SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE angler; fecundability; fish consumption; polychlorinated biphenyls; pregnancy; reproduction; toxicity ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; TIME-TO-PREGNANCY; LONG-TERM RECALL; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; OVULATORY INFERTILITY; PESTICIDE EXPOSURE; ANGLER COHORT; HUMAN HEALTH; BODY-MASS; QUESTIONNAIRE AB Wildlife studies suggest that consumption of contaminated fish from the Great Lakes may expose humans to polychlorinated biphenyls and persistent chlorinated pesticides. To assess whether, time to pregnancy or fecundability is affected, we conducted a telephone survey in 1993 with female members of the New York State Angler Cohort Study who were considering pregnancy between 1991 and 1994 (N = 2,445). Among the 1,234 (50%) women who became pregnant, 895 (73%) had a known time to pregnancy. Upon enrollment into the cohort in 1991, both partners reported duration and frequency of Lake Ontario spore fish consumption. We estimated lifetime exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls from recent consumption and used a discrete time analog of Cox proportional hazards analysis to estimate conditional fecundability ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for fish consumption among couples with complete exposure data who discontinued birth control to become pregnant (N = 575). Maternal consumption of fish for 3-6 years was associated with reduced fecundability (fecundability ratio = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.59-0.91), as was more than a monthly fish meal in 1991 (fecundability ratio = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.54-0.98). Our findings suggest that maternal but not paternal consumption of contaminated fish may reduce fecundability among couples attempting pregnancy. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Div Biostat, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Bur Environm & Occupat Epidemiol, New York State Dept Hlth, Buffalo, NY USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Clin Lab Sci, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. RP Buck, GM (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, 270 Farber Hall,3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. RI Fitzgerald, Edward/F-4087-2010; OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844; Schisterman, Enrique/0000-0003-3757-641X; Buck Louis, Germaine/0000-0002-1774-4490 FU NCCIH NIH HHS [H75/ATH298328] NR 51 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 12 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 BP 388 EP 393 DI 10.1097/00001648-200007000-00005 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600005 PM 10874544 ER PT J AU Allen, R Conomos, M Powers, M AF Allen, R Conomos, M Powers, M TI GIS & TRI: Integration for disease prevention SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 390 BP S118 EP S118 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600276 ER PT J AU Gonzales, M Rosalba, R AF Gonzales, M Rosalba, R TI Air pollution health effects studies under Border XXI SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 691 BP S146 EP S146 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600390 ER PT J AU Gonzales, M Neas, L Mukerjee, S Ozkaynak, H AF Gonzales, M Neas, L Mukerjee, S Ozkaynak, H TI Children's respiratory health and exposure to particulate matter and co-pollutants in El Paso, TX SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 675 BP S143 EP S143 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600379 ER PT J AU Hilborn, E Frost, F Muller, T Calderon, R AF Hilborn, E Frost, F Muller, T Calderon, R TI Environmental risk factors for presence of Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in human serum SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 502 BP S130 EP S130 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600325 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Nuckols, J AF Mendola, P Nuckols, J TI Integrating engineering, earth & health sciences for exposure assesment in environmental epidemiology: Efforts & needs across Pan America SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 748 BP S159 EP S159 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600440 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Philen, R AF Mendola, P Philen, R TI Pesticide exposure and adverse health effects in young children along the US-Mexico border SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Gamlin, Jennifer/G-7808-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 695 BP S147 EP S147 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600394 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Walsh, D Hern, S Gonzales, M Hilborn, E Needham, L Barr, D Robertson, G Rhoney, S Royster, M Carty, C AF Mendola, P Walsh, D Hern, S Gonzales, M Hilborn, E Needham, L Barr, D Robertson, G Rhoney, S Royster, M Carty, C TI Initial investigation of symptomatic preschool children in an agricultural community SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Carty, Cara/B-8683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 609 BP S134 EP S134 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600341 ER PT J AU Murphy, PA Craun, G Amy, G Krasner, S Dundorf, S AF Murphy, PA Craun, G Amy, G Krasner, S Dundorf, S TI Enhanced evaluation of disinfectant by-product exposures for the re-analysis of cancer risks in previously conducted epidemiologic studies SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 450 BP S129 EP S129 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600323 ER PT J AU Murphy, PA Rice, G Rheingans, R Cohen, J Teuschler, L Lipscomb, J Clark, R Miltner, R Boutin, B Brown, M Harvey, T AF Murphy, PA Rice, G Rheingans, R Cohen, J Teuschler, L Lipscomb, J Clark, R Miltner, R Boutin, B Brown, M Harvey, T TI Identifying, valuing, and comparing risks and benefits of public drinking water treatment practices: Novel application of the quality adjusted life year(QALY)metric in an environmental health setting. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 347 BP S108 EP S108 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600238 ER PT J AU Selevan, S AF Selevan, S TI Wrap up - Where do we go from here? A US federal perspective SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 743 BP S157 EP S157 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600435 ER PT J AU Selevan, S Kimmel, CA Mendola, P AF Selevan, S Kimmel, CA Mendola, P TI Identifying critical windows of exposure for children's health. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 163 BP S72 EP S72 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600092 ER PT J AU Zenick, H AF Zenick, H TI Border XXI and the Environmental Health Work Group SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 MA 718 BP S152 EP S152 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 326CD UT WOS:000087713600414 ER PT J AU Murrell, MC Hollibaugh, JT AF Murrell, MC Hollibaugh, JT TI Distribution and composition of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in northern San Francisco Bay during low flow conditions SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dissolved organic carbon; carbohydrates; amino-acids; humic substances; San Francisco Bay ID FREE AMINO-ACIDS; NATURAL FLUORESCENCE; BACTERIAL PRODUCTION; WATER COLUMN; MATTER; RIVER; CALIFORNIA; ESTUARIES; SEAWATER; TRANSPORT AB Dissolved and particulate organic matter were studied in northern San Francisco Bay estuary on seven dates from April to October 1996 when flow from the Sacramento and San Joaquin river Delta was declining. Measurements were made at three to 11 stations (usually eight) along the salinity gradient from the Sacramento River to the Central Bay. Dissolved constituents included monosaccharides (MONO), total carbohydrates (TCHO), dissolved primary amines (DPA), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the fluorescence of humic substances (HF). Particulate constituents included bulk suspended particulate matter (SPM), chlorophyll a (CHL), particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON). April was distinct from subsequent months due to very high DOC and MONO concentrations and somewhat elevated TCHO, DPA and HF concentrations. DOG, MONO, TCHO and HF concentrations generally decreased with increasing salinity suggesting an upper estuarine source of these constituents. In contrast, DPA had a bimodal distribution suggesting both upper and lower estuarine sources. There was evidence of a persistent, additional source of organic matter near Suisun Bay that was high in DOC and HF, but low in DPA. It was speculated that this material originated from one or more of the following: (a) the San Joaquin River, (b) exchange with the shoals and intertidal reaches of Suisun Bay, and (c) flux of DOC from particulate organic matter (POM). The particulate organic constituents, POC and PON, strongly correlated with SPM but not with CHL, suggesting that sediments were relatively important and phytoplankton were relatively unimportant contributors to POM pools. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Murrell, MC (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 60 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 51 IS 1 BP 75 EP 90 DI 10.1006/ecss.2000.0639 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 348NA UT WOS:000088989800006 ER PT J AU Suhre, FB AF Suhre, FB TI Variability in pesticides residues - the US experience SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article DE pesticides; exposure; dietary; variability; US EPA; FQPA AB The evolution of US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) process for estimating potential health risks from pesticide residues in or on food is examined in light of changes in US Legislation and the variability of residue data and assumptions used to estimate dietary exposure. In the 86 years since enactment of the Insecticide Act, pesticide laws have become progressively more health-based. Passage of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) requires EPA to place particular emphasis on assessing potential risk from pesticides to inf ants and children. Primary factors affecting the actual pesticide residues in food include frequency of application, percentage of crop treated, and the interval from treatment to harvest. Primary factors affecting the estimated pesticide residues in food include the source of the residue data, calculation techniques for non-detected residues, and the availability of data reflecting post-harvest treatments. Risk assessors must thoroughly consider these factors when assessing dietary risk to pesticides. Risk managers will need to consider these factors as a means of mitigating dietary risk from pesticides. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Suhre, FB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 17 IS 7 BP 497 EP 501 DI 10.1080/026520300412384 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 340WG UT WOS:000088558500004 PM 10983571 ER PT J AU Suhre, FB AF Suhre, FB TI Pesticide residues and acute risk assessment - the US EPA approach SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article DE pesticides; exposure; dietary; acute; US EPA AB The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) assesses acute dietary exposure to pesticide residues using a tiered approach, proceeding from conservative to more refined assumptions as the risk management situation requires. Toxicity and food residue data used by EPA in assessing acute dietary risk are obtained from studies submitted by chemical companies in support of pesticide registration and tolerance setting. The primary source of food consumption data used by EPA in acute dietary risk assessments is the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1989-1991. C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Suhre, FB (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 17 IS 7 BP 569 EP 573 DI 10.1080/026520300412474 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 340WG UT WOS:000088558500013 PM 10983580 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Brown, SL Schroeder, PE Birdsey, RA AF Phillips, DL Brown, SL Schroeder, PE Birdsey, RA TI Toward error analysis of large-scale forest carbon budgets SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE carbon budget; carbon flux; error analysis; forest; forest inventory; South-eastern USA; wood volume AB Quantification of forest carbon sources and sinks is an important part of national inventories of net greenhouse gas emissions. Several such forest carbon budgets have been constructed, but little effort has been made to analyse the sources of error and how these errors propagate to determine the overall uncertainty of projected carbon fluxes. We performed an error analysis for estimates of tree volume and volume change determined by repeated measurements of permanent sample plots for the South-eastern United States as a step toward assessing errors in the carbon budget constructed by the USDA Forest Service. Error components recognized were: sampling error for sample plot selection; measurement error for tree height and diameter; and regression error for tree volume. Most of the propagated error in volume and volume change estimation was due to sampling error. Error estimates depended on the size of the area examined (single state to region) and the degree to which tree growth and recruit-ment balanced mortality and harvesting. Approximate regional 95% confidence intervals were 3 455 073 000 +/- 39 606 000 (1.1%) m(3) for current growing-stock volume, and 10 616 000 +/- 4210 000 (39.7%) m(3) years(-1) for growing-stock volume change. These methods should be useful in further analysis of the sources of error and overall uncertainty in national efforts to quantify carbon fluxes associated with forests and land cover dynamics. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Winrock Int, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Radnor, PA 19087 USA. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 24 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 305 EP 313 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00197.x PG 9 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 349PT UT WOS:000089055400004 ER PT J AU Ross, RR Vieux, BE AF Ross, RR Vieux, BE TI A probabilistic method for estimating monitoring point density for containment system leak detection SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article AB The use of physical and hydraulic containment systems for the isolation of contaminated ground water and aquifer materials associated with hazardous waste sites has increased during the last decade, The existing methodologies for monitoring and evaluating leakage from hazardous waste containment systems rely primarily on limited hydraulic head data. The number of hydraulic head monitoring points available at most sites employing physical containment systems may be insufficient to identify significant leaks from the systems. A probabilistic approach for evaluating the performance of containment systems, based on estimations of apparent leakage rates, Is used to introduce a methodology for determining the minimum number of monitoring points necessary to Identify the hydraulic signature of leakage from a containment system. The probabilistic method is based on the principles of geometric probability, The method is demonstrated using three-dimensional ground water flow modeling results of leakage through a vertical barrier. The results indicate that the monitoring point spacing used at many hazardous waste sites likely is inadequate to detect the hydraulic signatures of all but the largest leaks. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Civil Engn & Environm Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Ross, RR (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. OI Vieux, Baxter/0000-0001-8814-4380 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00246.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 356RQ UT WOS:000089456900013 ER PT J AU Wiester, MJ Winsett, DW Richards, JH Jackson, MC Crissman, KM Costa, DL AF Wiester, MJ Winsett, DW Richards, JH Jackson, MC Crissman, KM Costa, DL TI Ozone adaptation in mice and its association with ascorbic acid in the lung SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMBIENT-TEMPERATURE; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; EXPOSURE; RAT; TOXICITY; PROTEIN; HUMANS; ACCUMULATION; NONSMOKERS AB We have previously shown that ozone (O-3) adaptation occurred in rats after daily exposure to an "urban-type" concentration. The adaptation was positively associated with an excess of ascorbic acid (AA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), suggest ing that AA may play a role in the adaptation mechanism. This relationship was not seen at higher and more toxic exposures. The present work exposed mice to low and high levels of O-3 to see if the adaptation-AA relationship is common among rodent species. Male CD-1 mice were studied during repeated 6-h/day exposures to 0.0 or 0.25 ppm O-3 for 10 days and 10 days of recovery in air (experiment 1) and to 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm O-3 for 5 days (experiment 2). Approximately 20 h after each daily exposure, groups of mice Mere randomly selected from each concentration type and examined for patterns of response. They were anesthetized (urethane, ip), incubated, and the lungs were lavaged with 37 degrees C saline. BALF was assayed for cells, cell differential protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, lysozymes, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, uric acid, glutathione, and AA. Body weight and total lung capacity were also measured. Mice from experiment 1 (10/exposure) were tested for adaptation on day 12 by challenging them with 1.0 ppm O-3 for 6 h and collecting BALF 20 h later. In experiment 2, adaptation was assessed by evaluating the attenuation in response to continued exposure. There was only minimal response to the daily O-3 exposures in experiment 1 except for AA, which was significantly increased in BALF by day 3 and remained elevated well into the recovery period. The O-3-preexposed mice demonstrated adaptation when compared to their O-3-naive counterparts. Daily exposure to 1.0 ppm O-3 in experiment 2 caused weight loss and changes in BALF consistent with toxicity, and neither adaptation nor an excess quantity of AA was seen. The findings in mice were in agreement with those seen in rats and suggest that there may be a common O-3 adaptation mechanism among rodents that involves the regulation of AA in lung lining fluid. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wiester, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 12 IS 7 BP 577 EP 590 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 331DH UT WOS:000088001700001 PM 10880145 ER PT J AU Chen, BY Utgikar, VP Harmon, SM Tabak, HH Bishop, DF Govind, R AF Chen, BY Utgikar, VP Harmon, SM Tabak, HH Bishop, DF Govind, R TI Studies on biosorption of zinc(II) and copper(II) on Desulfovibrio desulfuricans SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA PU21; REDUCTION; BIOMASS; CADMIUM; LEAD AB The objectives of these studies are to determine the equilibrium concentration and kinetics of metal sorption on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) isolates. Adsorption establishes the net reversible cellular metal uptake and is related to SRB metal toxicity and the effects of environmental factors. Results from biosorption equilibria and kinetics of copper(II) and zinc(II) ions on Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and the effects of adsorption of these metals on SRB are discussed. Adsorption studies were conducted using stationary phase cells with equilibrium uptake at 24 h and pHs in the range of 4-7. Equilibrium adsorption in milligram of metal/g dry cell for copper(II) of 2.03 (pH 4.0) and 16.7 (pH 5.0) and zinc(II) of 6.40 (pH 5.5), 13.8 (pH 6.0), 39.2 (pH 6.2) and 49.6 (pH 6.6) was measured experimentally. Negligible biosorption of copper and zinc was found below pH 4.0, with metal sorption increasing within a limited range of pH mainly due to the neutral and/or deprotonated state of binding ligands on cell walls. Competition of metal ions during biosorption was investigated by conducting sorption experiments with Zn(II) using potassium phosphate buffer (KP) and deionized/distilled water. Zn(II) sorption capacity was lower in KP buffer than deionized water due to competition from potassium ions. Scanning Electron Microscope micrographs indicated that metal biosorption on SRB may be related to the production of extracellular polymeric substance (e.g., polysaccharide). Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM tabak.henry@epamail.epa.gov NR 26 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 46 IS 1 SI SI BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00054-8 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357NW UT WOS:000089508600003 ER PT J AU Utgikar, V Chen, BY Tabak, HH Bishop, DF Govind, R AF Utgikar, V Chen, BY Tabak, HH Bishop, DF Govind, R TI Treatment of acid mine drainage: I. Equilibrium biosorption of zinc and copper on non-viable activated sludge SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METAL BIOSORPTION; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA PU21; SULFATE REDUCTION; TOXIC METALS; BIOMASS; REMOVAL; CADMIUM; CELLS; ADSORPTION; BACTERIA AB Biosorption is potentially attractive technology for treatment of acid mine drainage for separation/recovery of metal ions and mitigation of their toxicity to sulfate reducing bacteria. This study describes the equilibrium biosorption of Zn(II) and Cu(II) by nonviable activated sludge in a packed column adsorber. The Zn(II) uptake capacity of unconditioned sludge (not subjected to processing other than drying) was found to decrease in repeated adsorption-desorption cycles, declining by a factor greater than 20 from cycle 1 to cycle 6, Equilibrium uptake of metals by dried sludge conditioned by exposure to deionized water at a pH corresponding to that of the feed solution showed a strong pH dependence and was modeled using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Equilibrium metal uptakes from solutions containing single metal ion were 2.5 mg g(dry biomass)(-1) and 3.4 mg g(dry biomass)(-1) for Zn(II), and 1.9 mg g(dry biomass)(-1) and 5.9 mg g(dry biomass)(-1) for Cu(II) at pH 3.0 and 3.8, respectively. Equilibrium uptakes from binary mixtures were 30% lower than single component solution uptakes for both metals, indicating some competition between the two metals. No hysteresis was detected between adsorption and desorption equilibria. Anion concentration and pH measurements indicated that simultaneous sorption of metal cation and sulfate anion was probably occurring at pH 3.0, while proton exchange predominated at pH 3.8. Results of the study point to the usefulness of non-viable activated sludge as a biosorbent for recovery/separation of metal ions from acid mine drainages. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 49 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 46 IS 1 SI SI BP 19 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00053-6 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 357NW UT WOS:000089508600004 ER PT J AU Tafuri, AN AF Tafuri, AN TI Locating leaks with acoustic technology SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Many water distribution systems in this country are almost 100 years old. About 26 percent of piping in these systems is made of unlined cast iron or steel and is in poor condition. Many methods that locate leaks in these pipes are time-consuming, costly disruptive to operations, and unreliable at finding small leaks. This article presents the results of research conducted at the US Environmental Protection Agency's Urban Watershed Research Facility in Edison, N.J. The project sought ways to use acoustic technology to pinpoint leaks as small as 0.1 gph (0.1 mL/s) in petroleum pipelines, a regulatory requirement for those lines. Because all experiments were conducted using water and on pipelines of size and material similar to those found in many water distribution systems, results also apply to these pipelines. Although leaks of 0.1 gph (0.1 mL/s) are unusually small to search for in water distribution systems, researchers were able to locate small leaks within 1 ft (0.3 m), which is comparable to the best practice of commercially available leak-pinpointing technology for water distribution systems. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Tafuri, AN (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 2890 Woodbridge Ave,MS-104, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 92 IS 7 BP 57 EP 66 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VE UT WOS:000168835900011 ER PT J AU Edwards, M Jacobs, S Taylor, RJ AF Edwards, M Jacobs, S Taylor, RJ TI The blue water phenomenon SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MICROBIOLOGICALLY INDUCED CORROSION; COPPER CORROSION; PLUMBING SYSTEM; PIPES AB Extensive effort has been expended by utilities, consultants, and scientists to better understand factors causing outbreaks of blue water, a rare problem that occurs in relatively high pH drinking water. This work synthesizes information about initiation factors, remedial measures, and theories. Although chlorine is an effective remedial measure, little is known for certain about factors that initiate or propagate blue water. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. CSIRO, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Edwards, M (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Edwards, Marc/J-3557-2012 NR 31 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 92 IS 7 BP 72 EP 82 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VE UT WOS:000168835900013 ER PT J AU Guan, X Martonen, TB AF Guan, X Martonen, TB TI Flow transition in bends and applications to airways SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAMINAR ENTRANCE FLOW; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; CURVED TUBES; HUMAN-LUNG; AEROSOLS; DIFFUSION; MODELS; PIPE; BIFURCATIONS; IMPACTION AB The transitional character of fluid flow in a bend has been studied using a computational fluid dynamics software package, FIDAP. In particular, we have addressed factors affecting the developing lengths of velocity patterns. Axial velocities, secondary currents, and isovelocity contours were selected to characterize developing Rows. The findings established that developing lengths are functions of Dean numbers. The results of this work can be used to model transport processes for developing flows in curved tubes such as are components of, for example, aerosol instrumentation, industrial processes or respiratory systems. For demonstration purposes simulations were performed for curved airways within human lungs. The Horsfield et al. (1971, J. Appl. Physiol. 31, 207-217) and Horsfield(1991, In The Lung: Scientific Foundations, (Edited by Crystal, R. G., West, J. B., Barnes, P. J., Cherniack, N. S. and Weibel, E. R.), Vol. I, pp. 721-727. Raven Press, New York) lung morphologies were used to describe airway shapes and dimensions. For sedentary breathing conditions, airways are regions of developing flow which indicates that models in the literature assuming developed flow conditions are not appropriate. The findings have important implications to inhalation toxicology and aerosol therapy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Div Pulm Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 EI 1879-1964 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 31 IS 7 BP 833 EP 847 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(99)00559-5 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 317RP UT WOS:000087241000006 ER PT J AU Bahler, D Stone, B AF Bahler, D Stone, B TI Symbolic, neural, and Bayesian machine learning models for predicting carcinogenicity of chemical compounds SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mathematical Chemistry CY MAY, 1999 CL DULUTH, MINNESOTA ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; CLASSIFICATION; MUTAGENICITY; SYSTEMS AB Experimental programs have been underway for several years to determine the environmental effects of chemical compounds, mixtures, and the like. Among these programs is the National Toxicology Program (NTP) on rodent carcinogenicity. Because these experiments are costly and time-consuming, the rate at which test articles (i.e., chemicals) can be tested is limited. The ability to predict the outcome of the analysis at various points in the process would facilitate informed decisions about the allocation of testing resources. To assist human experts in organizing an empirical testing regime, and to try to shed light on mechanisms of toxicity, we constructed toxicity models using various machine learning and data mining methods, both existing and those of our own devising. These models took the form of decision trees, rule sets, neural networks, rules extracted from trained neural networks, and Bayesian classifiers. As a training set, we used recent results from rodent carcinogenicity bioassays conducted by the NTP on 226 test articles. We performed 10-way cross-validation on each of our models to approximate their expected error rates on unseen data. The data set consists of physical-chemical parameters of test articles, alerting chemical substructures, salmonella mutagenicity assay results, subchronic histopathology data, and information on route, strain, and sex/species for 744 individual experiments. These results contribute to the ongoing process of evaluating and interpreting the data collected from chemical toxicity studies. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Shippensburg Univ, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Shippensburg, PA 17257 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bahler, D (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 40 IS 4 BP 906 EP 914 DI 10.1021/ci990116i PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 338LM UT WOS:000088421300004 PM 10955517 ER PT J AU Eilat, E Zinger, H Nyska, A Mozes, E AF Eilat, E Zinger, H Nyska, A Mozes, E TI Prevention of systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease in (NZBxNZW)F1 mice by treating with CDR1-and CDR3-based peptides of a pathogenic autoantibody SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SLE-like models; (NZBxNZW)F1 mice; CDR-based peptide; immunomodulation; disease prevention ID MURINE LUPUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASE; DNA; INHIBITION; INDUCTION; IDIOTYPE AB Two peptides based on the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of a pathogenic murine anti-DNA antibody were employed in an attempt to prevent the spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like disease of (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. Female mice, at the age of 2 months, were injected with tither the CDR1- or the CDR3-based peptides (pCDR1, pCDR3) subcutaneously or intravenously in aqueous solution for a total of 8-10 treatments. A reduction was observed in the total and pathogenic IpG2a and IgG3 anti-DNA antibody titers in the CDR-treated groups. Treatment reduced the number of mice that developed proteinuria and immune complex deposits in their kidneys. The severity of renal pathology was significantly reduced in the pCDR3 (P < 0.02) and pCDR1 (P less than or equal to 0.05) treated mice. Thus, both CDR-based peptides administered in aqueous solution were capable of preventing the SLE-like disease in (NZBxNZW)F1 mice, although the beneficial effects of pCDR3 appeared to be more pronounced than those of pCDR1 in the treated mice. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Immunol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Mozes, E (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Immunol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NR 22 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0271-9142 J9 J CLIN IMMUNOL JI J. Clin. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 20 IS 4 BP 268 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1006663519132 PG 11 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 338WR UT WOS:000088446700005 PM 10939714 ER PT J AU Huling, SG Arnold, RG Sierka, RA Jones, PK Fine, DD AF Huling, SG Arnold, RG Sierka, RA Jones, PK Fine, DD TI Contaminant adsorption and oxidation via Fenton reaction SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID TERT-BUTYLDIMETHYLSILYL DERIVATIVES; GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; CHEMICAL OXIDATION; HYDROXYL RADICALS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RATE CONSTANTS; DEGRADATION; SOILS; PHENOLS AB A ground-water treatment process is described in which contaminants are adsorbed onto granulated activated carbon (GAC) containing fixed iron oxide. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is amended to the GAC suspension and reacts with the iron, forming hydroxyl radicals ((OH)-O-.). The radicals react with and oxidize sorbed and soluble contaminants regenerating the carbon surface. Laboratory results are presented in which 2-chloro-phenol (2CP) was first adsorbed to GAC and subsequently oxidized via the Fenton-driven mechanism. Transformation of 2CP was indicated by the formation of carboxylic acids and Cl(-)release. The treatment efficiency of 2CP, defined as the molar ratio of Cl(-)released to H2O2 consumed, increased with increasing amounts of iron oxide and 2CP on the GAG. The extent of 2CP oxidation increased with H2O2 concentration. Lower treatment efficiency was evident at the highest H2O2 concentration utilized (2.1 M) and was attributed to increased (OH)-O-. scavenging by H2O2. Aggressive oxidation procedures used in sequential adsorption/oxidation cycles did not alter the GAC surface to a degree that significantly interfered with subsequent 2CP adsorption reactions. Although process feasibility has not yet been established beyond bench-scale, experimental results illustrate the potential utility of the adsorption/oxidation process in aboveground systems or permeable reactive barriers for the treatment of contaminated ground water. C1 US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt & Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. ManTech Environm Res Serv Corp, Ada, OK USA. RP Huling, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt & Res Lab, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 23 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 18 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 2000 VL 126 IS 7 BP 595 EP 600 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:7(595) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 324DY UT WOS:000087607600002 ER PT J AU Argueta, C Yoder, S Holtzman, AE Aronson, TW Glover, N Berlin, OGW Stelma, GN Froman, S Tomasek, P AF Argueta, C Yoder, S Holtzman, AE Aronson, TW Glover, N Berlin, OGW Stelma, GN Froman, S Tomasek, P TI Isolation and identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria from foods as possible exposure sources SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PROCESSING RESPIRATORY SPECIMENS; AVIUM COMPLEX; POTABLE WATER; AIDS PATIENTS; INFECTION; PCR; C-18-CARBOXYPROPYLBETAINE; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB A variety of foods collected from local supermarkets and produce stands were examined as possible sources of nontuberculous mycobacterial exposure. Food samples were combined with sterile ultrapure water and manually shaken. To remove large particles, the suspensions were filtered through a sterile strainer, centrifuged, and the supernatants were discarded. The food pellets were stored at -75 degrees C. The pellets were treated with either oxalic acid or sodium hydroxide-sodium citrate solutions to reduce contamination by nonmycobacterial organisms. Decontaminated pellets were cultured on both Middlebrook 7H10C agar and Middlebrook 7H10C agar with supplemental malachite green. Plates were observed for growth at 2 and 8 weeks. Isolates demonstrating acid-fastness were identified to species using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were recovered from 25 of 121 foods. Six different species of NTM were isolated, the most predominant being Mycobacterium avium. C1 Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Educ & Res Inst, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. Calif State Univ Northridge, Dept Biol, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Argueta, C (reprint author), Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Educ & Res Inst, 14445 Olive View Dr, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 63 IS 7 BP 930 EP 933 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 333YL UT WOS:000088158300015 PM 10914663 ER PT J AU Eatough, DJ Grant, LD AF Eatough, DJ Grant, LD TI Welcome to a special issue from the specialty conference on PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, RTP Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Eatough, DJ (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1074 EP 1074 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 339RP UT WOS:000088491900001 ER PT J AU Huffman, GP Huggins, FE Shah, N Huggins, R Linak, WP Miller, CA Pugmire, RJ Meuzelaar, HLC Seehra, MS Manivannan, A AF Huffman, GP Huggins, FE Shah, N Huggins, R Linak, WP Miller, CA Pugmire, RJ Meuzelaar, HLC Seehra, MS Manivannan, A TI Characterization of fine particulate matter produced by combustion of residual fuel oil SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regularoty Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc ID STRUCTURE SPECTROSCOPY; XAFS SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; COAL; SPECIATION; OXIDATION; CHROMIUM; SULFUR; ASH AB Combustion experiments were carried out on four different residual fuel oils in a 732-kW boiler. PM emission samples were separated aerodynamically by a cyclone into fractions that were nominally less than and greater than 2.5 mu m in diameter. However, examination of several of the samples by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) revealed that part of the PM,, fraction consists of carbonaceous cenospheres and vesicular particles that range up to 10 mu m in diameter. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy data were obtained at the S, V, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, and As K-edges and at the Pb L-edge. Deconvolution of the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) region of the S spectra established that the dominant molecular forms of S present were sulfate (26-84% of total S) and thiophene (13-39% of total S). Sulfate was greater in the PM2.5 samples than in the PM2.5+ samples. Inorganic sulfides and elemental sulfur were present in lower percentages. The Ni XANES spectra from all of the samples agreed fairly well with that of NiSO4, while most of the V spectra closely resembled that of vanadyl sulfate (VO.SO4.xH(2)O). The other metals investigated (i.e., Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb) also were present predominantly as sulfates. Arsenic was present as an arsenate (As+5). X-ray diffraction patterns of the PM2.5 fraction exhibit sharp lines due to sulfate compounds (Zn, V, Ni, Ca, etc.) superimposed on broad peaks due to amorphous carbons. AII of the samples contain a significant organic component, with the loss on ignition (LOI) ranging from 64 to 87% for the PM2.5 fraction and from 88 to 97% for the PM2.5+ fraction. Based on C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, the carbon is predominantly condensed in graphitic structures. Aliphatic structure was detected in only one Of seven samples examined. C1 Univ Kentucky, Consortium Fossil Fuel Liquefact Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Chem & Fuels Engn, Salt Lake City, UT USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Phys, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Huffman, GP (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Consortium Fossil Fuel Liquefact Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RI Huggins, Frank/A-8861-2009; Miller, Andrew/C-5777-2011; Manivannan, Ayyakkannu/A-2227-2012 OI Manivannan, Ayyakkannu/0000-0003-0676-7918 NR 18 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 21 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1106 EP 1114 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 339RP UT WOS:000088491900005 PM 10939204 ER PT J AU Howard-Reed, C Rea, AW Zufall, MJ Burke, JM Williams, RW Suggs, JC Sheldon, LS Walsh, D Kwok, R AF Howard-Reed, C Rea, AW Zufall, MJ Burke, JM Williams, RW Suggs, JC Sheldon, LS Walsh, D Kwok, R TI Use of a continuous nephelometer to measure personal exposure to particles during the US Environmental Protection Agency Baltimore and Fresno panel studies SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regularoty Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; INDOOR; CALIFORNIA; COMMUNITY; AEROSOL; WINTER AB In population exposure studies, personal exposure to PM is typically measured as a 12- to 24-hr integrated mass concentration. To better understand short-term variation in personal PM exposure, continuous (1-min averaging time) nephelometers were worn by 15 participants as part of two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) longitudinal PM exposure studies conducted in Baltimore County, MD, and Fresno, CA. Participants also wore inertial impactor samplers (24-hr integrated filter samples) and recorded their daily activities in 15-min intervals. In Baltimore, the nephelometers correlated well (R-2 = 0.66) with the PM2.5 impactors. Time-series plots of personal nephelometer data showed each participant's PM exposure to consist of a series of peaks of relatively short duration. Activities corresponding to a significant instrument response included cooking, outdoor activities, transportation, laundry, cleaning, shopping, gardening, moving between microenvironments, and removing/putting on the instrument. On average, 63-66% of the daily PM exposure occurred indoors at home (about 2/3 of which occurred during waking hours), primarily due to the large amount of time spent in that location (an average of 72-77%). Although not a reference method for measuring mass concentration, the nephelometer did help identify PM sources and the relative contribution of those sources to an individual's personal exposure. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Ctr 555, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Howard-Reed, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Natl Ctr 555, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Reed, 0./B-5695-2009 NR 25 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 7 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1125 EP 1132 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 339RP UT WOS:000088491900007 PM 10939206 ER PT J AU Wilson, WE Mage, DT Grant, LD AF Wilson, WE Mage, DT Grant, LD TI Estimating separately personal exposure to ambient and nonambient particulate matter for epidemiology and risk assessment: Why and how SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regularoty Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc ID MANGANESE EXPOSURES; PARTICLES; INDOOR; OUTDOOR; POLLUTANTS; CALIFORNIA; AEROSOLS; TORONTO; CANADA; WINTER AB This paper discusses the legal and scientific reasons for separating personal exposure to PM into ambient and nonambient components. It then demonstrates by several examples how well-established models and data typically obtained in exposure field studies can be used to estimate both individual and community average exposure to ambient-generated PM (ambient PM outdoors plus ambient PM that has infiltrated indoors), indoor-generated PM, and personal activity PM. Ambient concentrations are not highly correlated with personal exposure to nonambient PM or total PM but are highly correlated with personal exposure to ambient-generated PM. Therefore, ambient concentrations may be used in epidemiology as an appropriate surrogate for personal exposure to ambient-generated PM. Suggestions are offered as to how exposure to ambient-generated PM may be obtained and used in epidemiology and risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wilson, WE (reprint author), US EPA, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 59 TC 102 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 9 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1167 EP 1183 PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 339RP UT WOS:000088491900011 PM 10939210 ER PT J AU Klemm, RJ Mason, RM Heilig, CM Neas, LM Dockery, DW AF Klemm, RJ Mason, RM Heilig, CM Neas, LM Dockery, DW TI Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? Data reconstruction and replication of analyses SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regularoty Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc AB In 1996, Schwartz, Dockery: and Neas(1) reported that daily mortality was more strongly associated with concentrations of PM2.5 than with concentrations of larger particles (coarse mass [CM]) in six U.S. cities ("original paper"/"original analyses"). Because of the public policy implications of the findings and the uniqueness of the concentration data, we undertook a reanalysis of these results. This paper presents results of the reconstruction of these data and replication of the original analyses using the reconstructed data. The original investigators provided particulate air pollution data for this paper. Daily weather and daily counts of total and cause-specific deaths were reconstructed from original public records. The reconstructed particulate air pollution and weather data were consistent with the summaries presented in the original paper. Daily counts of deaths in the reconstructed data set were lower than in the original paper because of restrictions on residence and place of death. The reconstruction process identified an administrative change in county codes that led to higher numbers of deaths in St. Louis. Despite these differences in daily counts of deaths, the estimated effects of particulate air pollution from the reconstructed dataset, using analytic methods as described in the original paper, produced combined effect estimates essentially equivalent to the originally published results. For example, the estimated association of a 10 mu g/m(3) increase in 2-day mean particulate air pollution on total mortality was 1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-1.7%, t = 6.53) for PM2.5 based on the reconstructed dataset, compared to the originally reported association of 1.5% (95% CI 1.1-1.9%, t = 7.41). For coarse particles, the estimated association from the reconstructed dataset was 0.4% (95% CI -0.2-0.9%, t = 1.43) compared to the originally reported association of 0.4% (95% CI -0.1-1.0%, t = 1.48). These results from the reconstructed data suggest that the original results reported by Schwartz, Dockery, and Neas(1) were essentially replicated. C1 Klemm Anal Grp Inc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Klemm, RJ (reprint author), Klemm Anal Grp Inc, 1785 Massachusetts Ave NW,5th Floor, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI Heilig, Charles/C-2753-2008; Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012 OI Heilig, Charles/0000-0003-1075-1310; NR 8 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 4 U2 18 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1215 EP 1222 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 339RP UT WOS:000088491900015 PM 10939214 ER PT J AU Segal, RA Martonen, TB Kim, CS AF Segal, RA Martonen, TB Kim, CS TI Comparison of computer simulations of total lung deposition to human subject data in healthy test subjects SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A&WMA Speciality Conference on Particulate Matter and Health - The Scientific Basis for Regularoty Decision-Making (PM2000) CY JAN 25-28, 2000 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc ID INHALED PARTICLES; MORPHOLOGY; REST AB A mathematical model was used to predict the deposition fractions (DF) of PM within human lungs. Simulations using this computer model were previously validated with human subject data and were used as a control case. Human intersubject variation was accounted for by scaling the base lung morphology dimensions based on measured functional residual capacity (FRC) values. Simulations were performed for both controlled breathing (tidal volumes [V-tau] of 500 and 1000 mL, respiratory times [T] from 2 to 8 sec) and spontaneous breathing conditions. Particle sizes ranged from 1 to 5 mu m. The deposition predicted from the computer model compared favorably with the experimental data. Far example, when V-tau = 1000 mi, and T = 2 sec, the error was 1.5%. The errors were slightly higher for smaller tidal volumes. Because the computer model is deterministic (i.e., derived from first principles of physics), the model can be used to predict deposition fractions for a range of situations (i.e., for different ventilatory parameters and particle sizes) for which data are not available. Now that the model has been validated, it may be applied to risk assessment efforts to estimate the inhalation hazards of airborne pollutants. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Math, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, ETD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, HSD, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Segal, RA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Math, Box 8205, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1262 EP 1268 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 339RP UT WOS:000088491900019 PM 10939218 ER PT J AU Clark, RM AF Clark, RM TI Engineers, engineering, and the monument syndrome SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 126 IS 4 BP 178 EP 179 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:4(178) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 324YW UT WOS:000087650400002 ER PT J AU Boswell, CE AF Boswell, CE TI Fast and efficient volatile compound analysis by purge-and-trap GC-MS SO LC GC NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article AB In recent years, environmental applications chemists have suggested reconfiguring purge-and-trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems used in the analysis of volatile organic compounds to improve their chromatographic resolution. The inlet split-narrow-bore column (0.20 mm and 0.25 mm)-direct MS interface configuration has replaced the direct injection-wide-bore column (0.53 mm)-jet separator configuration for many applications because it offers superior chromatography. Although narrow-bore column CC-MS systems provide improved efficiency or number of theoretical plates compared with wide-bore column CC-MS systems, many narrow-bore systems offer only marginal time savings. The author configured a purge-and-trap CC-MS system that simultaneously improved chromatographic resolution and reduced analysis time. Using an inlet split-narrow-bore column-direct MS interface configuration, he was able to reduce GC run times to 17.50 min while improving the chromatographic resolution of early and closely eluted compounds. C1 US EPA, Natl Air & Radiat Environm Lab, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, Montgomery, AL 36115 USA. RP Boswell, CE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Air & Radiat Environm Lab, Off Radiat & Indoor Air, 540 S Morris Ave, Montgomery, AL 36115 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1527-5949 J9 LC GC N AM JI LC GC N. AM. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 18 IS 7 BP 726 EP + PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 335UK UT WOS:000088263000007 ER PT J AU Steevens, JA Benson, WH AF Steevens, JA Benson, WH TI Interactions of chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury: a mechanistic approach to assess chemical mixtures SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th international Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 10) CY APR 25-29, 1999 CL COLL WILLIAM & MARY, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA HO COLL WILLIAM & MARY DE chlorpyrifos; methyl mercury; Hyalella azteca; acetylcholinesterase; interaction ID CHLORIDE AB The mechanism of interaction between chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, and methyl mercury was assessed utilizing the amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Previous studies have demonstrated that chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury interact additively with survival as the endpoint. In addition, exposure to chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury increased the accumulation and decreased the elimination of methyl mercury. To further examine the mechanism responsible for these interactions, the in vivo and in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was assessed following exposure to methyl mercury and chlorpyrifos. In vivo, methyl mercury antagonized the effects of chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Additional studies demonstrated that methyl mercury did not affect the in vitro bioactivation of chlorpyrifos or the subsequent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. Chemical-chemical interactions were examined utilizing chromatographic techniques and suggested the formation of a chlorpyrifos-methyl mercury complex. The formation of this complex may result in increased accumulation of methyl mercury, apparent additive toxicity, and protection against chlorpyrifos-mediated acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Benson, WH (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUL-DEC PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1-5 BP 113 EP 117 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00051-9 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 376ZG UT WOS:000165486700020 PM 11460676 ER PT J AU Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS AF Lewis, MA Weber, DE Stanley, RS TI Wetland plant seedlings as indicators of near-coastal sediment quality: interspecific variation SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th international Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 10) CY APR 25-29, 1999 CL COLL WILLIAM & MARY, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA HO COLL WILLIAM & MARY DE phytotoxicity; interspecific sensitivity; estuarine sediments AB The toxicities of whole sediments collected from an urbanized Florida bayou-estuary were determined for the epibenthic mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, and the infaunaI amphipod, Ampelisca abdita. In addition, the phytotoxicities of the same sediments were evaluated using rooted macrophytes, Scirpus robustus Pursh and Spartina alterniflora Loisel. The results of the 24 bioassays conducted for 7-28 days, were compared for interspecific differences. Toxicity to the benthic invertebrate species was predicted to be likely in all cases, based on comparison to effects-based sediment quality assessment guidelines. However, acute toxicity was uncommon and occurred at only one of the six sampling stations. In contrast, several sediments were either significantly phytostimulatory or phytoinhibitory (P<0.05) relative to a reference estuarine sediment. The results show the importance of considering interspecific variation and phytoassessment in contaminated sediment evaluations. Phytoassessment, the focus of this research, provided useful information that would have been missing if only the animal test species were used. For this reason, the phytotoxicity data base needs to be increased to better evaluate the relevance of most current contaminated sediment evaluations for coastal areas and also to determine the realism of proposed numerical sediment quality assessment guidelines and criteria. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Lewis, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUL-DEC PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1-5 BP 535 EP 540 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00121-5 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 376ZG UT WOS:000165486700083 PM 11460746 ER PT J AU Tan, WY Chen, CS AF Tan, WY Chen, CS TI Assessing effects of changing environment by a multiple pathway model of carcinogenesis SO MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING LA English DT Article DE changing environment; incidence function; multiple pathway model; one-stage model; survival function; two-stage model ID ONCOGENES; TUMOR; MYC; TRANSFORMATION; ANIMALS; CELLS; RAS AB To assess impacts of changing environment, in this paper we propose a multiple branching model of carcinogenesis and use the model to demonstrate how the changing environment would affect the incidence and the survival function of cancer tumors. It is shown through some computer simulation that if there are initiation and promotion on the two-stage pathway, then the effects of changing environment seem to be negligible. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Memphis State Univ, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Tan, WY (reprint author), Memphis State Univ, Dept Math Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM waitan@memphis.edu; chao.chen@epamail.epa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-7177 J9 MATH COMPUT MODEL JI Math. Comput. Model. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 229 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0895-7177(00)00131-X PG 22 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 339VE UT WOS:000088497900017 ER PT J AU Bickham, JW Sandhu, S Hebert, PDN Chikhi, L Athwal, R AF Bickham, JW Sandhu, S Hebert, PDN Chikhi, L Athwal, R TI Effects of chemical contaminants an genetic diversity in natural populations: implications for biomonitoring and ecotoxicology SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chemical contaminants; genetic diversity; natural population; evolutionary toxicology ID STELLER SEA LIONS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MUTATION-RATE; BROWN BULLHEAD; GREAT-LAKES; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; TUMOR FREQUENCIES; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; DROSOPHILA; EVOLUTION AB The conservation of genetic diversity has emerged as one of the central issues in conservation biology. Although researchers in the areas of evolutionary biology, population management, and conservation biology routinely investigate genetic variability in natural populations, only a handful of studies have addressed the effects of chemical contamination on population genetics. Chemical contamination can cause population reduction by the effects of somatic and heritable mutations, as well as non-genetic modes of toxicity. Stochastic processes in small populations, increased mutation load, and the phenomenon of mutational meltdown are compounding factors that cause reduced fitness and accelerate the process of population extirpation. Although the original damage caused by chemical contaminants is at the molecular level, there are emergent effects at the level of populations, such as the loss of genetic diversity, that are not predictable based solely on knowledge of the mechanism of toxicity of the chemical contaminants. Therefore, the study of evolutionary toxicology, which encompasses the population-genetic effects of environmental contaminants, should be an important focus of ecotoxicology. This paper reviews the issues surrounding the genetic effects of pollution, summarizes the technical approaches that can be used to address these issues, and provides examples of studies that have addressed some of them. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Zool, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England. Temple Univ, FELS Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA. RP Bickham, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Hebert, Paul/C-4161-2013; OI Hebert, Paul/0000-0002-3081-6700; Chikhi, Lounes/0000-0002-1140-0718 NR 88 TC 209 Z9 220 U1 6 U2 65 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 463 IS 1 BP 33 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00004-1 PG 19 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 326GH UT WOS:000087724100003 PM 10838208 ER PT J AU Geller, AM Bushnell, PJ Rice, DC AF Geller, AM Bushnell, PJ Rice, DC TI Behavioral and electrophysiological estimates of visual thresholds in awake rats treated with 3,3 ',4,4 ',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PCB; perinatal exposure; visual threshold; flash-evoked potential; rat; signal detection ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; HEARING-LOSS; ADULT-RATS; SYSTEM; INHIBITION; CONGENERS; PCB-126; CORTEX AB Visual thresholds for luminance increments were obtained behaviorally and electrophysiologically from rats exposed to a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) during development. Male Long-Evans rats exposed to 0, 0.25, or 1.0 mu g/kg/day of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) through gestation and weaning were trained as adults to perform a signal detection task. Estimates of threshold were derived from psychometric functions for each animal relating the proportion of hits to signal intensity. Thresholds derived under three luminance conditions did not differ significantly among the PCB-treated groups. After behavioral testing was completed, flash-evoked potentials were recorded from dark-adapted awake animals. Peak amplitudes increased linearly over approximately 3 log units of intensity. Extrapolations to 0 amplitude along the linear portion of the amplitude-log intensity functions produced estimates of absolute threshold of -5.44 to -5.53 log cd/m(2)-s. Waveforms recorded from awake animals had a large late negative component that was absent in previously reported anesthetized preparations. Developmental exposure to PCB 126 had no significant effect on absolute threshold or peak amplitudes and latencies. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science, Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Geller, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 22 IS 4 BP 521 EP 531 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(00)00067-2 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 350RX UT WOS:000089115900004 PM 10974590 ER PT J AU Levin, ED Rezvani, AH Christopher, NC Glasgow, HB Deamer-Melia, NJ Burkholder, JM Moser, VC Jensen, K AF Levin, ED Rezvani, AH Christopher, NC Glasgow, HB Deamer-Melia, NJ Burkholder, JM Moser, VC Jensen, K TI Rapid neurobehavioral analysis of Pfiesteria piscicida effects in juvenile and adult rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pfiesteria piscicida; radial-arm maze; activity; functional observational battery; FOB ID TOXIC ESTUARINE DINOFLAGELLATE; EXPOSURE; BATTERY AB The estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida is known to kill fish and has been associated with neurocognitive deficits in humans. We have developed a rat model to demonstrate that exposure to Pfiesteria causes significant learning impairments. This has been repeatedly seen as a choice accuracy impairment during radial-arm maze learning, Pfiesteria-induced effects were also seen in a locomotor activity test in the figure-8 apparatus. The current studies used the short-term radial-arm maze acquisition, the figure-8 activity test, and the functional observational battery (FOB) to assess Pfiesteria-induced neurobehavioral effects in adult and juvenile rats. In study 1, the neurobehavioral potency of three different Pfiesteria cultures (Pf 113, Pf 728, and Pf Vandermere) was assessed. Ninety-six (12 per group) adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of Pfiesteria taken from aquarium-cultured Pfiesteria (35,600 or 106,800 Pfiesteria cells per kilogram of rat body weight). One control group (N = 12) was injected with saline and one (N = 12) with aquarium water not containing Pfisteria. All three of the Pfiesteria samples (p < 0.05) impaired choice accuracy over the first six sessions of training. At the time of the radial-arm maze choice accuracy impairment, no overt Pfiesteria-related effects were seen using an FOE, indicating that the Pfiesteria-induced choice accuracy deficit was not due to generalized debilitation. In the figure-8 apparatus, Pfiesteria treatment caused a significant decrease in mean locomotor activity. In study 2, the neurobehavioral effects of the Pf 728 sample type were assessed in juvenile rats. Twenty-four day-old male and female rats were injected with 35,600 or 106,800 Pf-728 Pfiesteria cells per kilogram of rat body weight. As with adult females, the juvenile rats showed a significant impairment in radial-arm maze choice accuracy. No changes in locomotor activity or the FOE were detected in the juvenile rats. Furthermore, there were no differences between male and female rats in the Pfiesteria-induced choice accuracy impairment. Pfiesteria effects on choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze in rats constitute a critical component of the model of Pfiesteria toxicity, because the hallmark of Pfiesteria toxicity in humans is cognitive dysfunction. Our finding that analysis of the first six sessions of radial-arm maze testing is sufficient for determining the effect means that this test will be useful as a rapid screen for identifying the critical neurotoxin(s) of Pfiesteria in future studies. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27710 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Levin, ED (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 22 IS 4 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(00)00080-5 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 350RX UT WOS:000089115900005 PM 10974591 ER PT J AU Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Johnson, MG AF Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Johnson, MG TI Elevated CO2 and conifer roots: effects on growth, life span and turnover SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Review DE conifer; roots; CO2; life span; root turnover; root growth; minirhizotron ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; PONDEROSA PINE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; FINE ROOTS; MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION; LONGLEAF PINE; SCOTS PINE; MINIRHIZOTRON TECHNIQUE; BIOMASS ALLOCATION AB Elevated CO2 increases root growth and fine (diam. less than or equal to 2 mm) root growth across a range of species and experimental conditions. However, there is no clear evidence that elevated CO2 changes the proportion of C allocated to root biomass, measured as either the root : shoot ratio or the fine root : needle ratio. Elevated CO2 tends to increase mycorrhizal infection, colonization and the amount of extramatrical hyphae, supporting their key role in aiding the plant to more intensively exploit soil resources, providing a route for increased C sequestration. Only two studies have determined the effects of elevated CO2 on conifer fine-root life span, and there is no clear trend. Elevated CO2 increases the absolute fine-root turnover rates; however, the standing crop root biomass is also greater, and the effect of elevated CO2 on relative turnover rates (turnover : biomass) ranges from an increase to a decrease. At the ecosystem level these changes could lead to increased C storage in roots. Increased fine-root production coupled with increased absolute turnover rates could also lead to increases in soil organic C as greater amounts of fine roots die and decompose. Although CO2 Can stimulate fine-root growth, it is not known if this stimulation persists over time. Modeling studies suggest that a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration initially increases biomass, but this stimulation declines with the response to elevated CO2 because increases in assimilation are not matched by increases in nutrient supply. C1 US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Tingey, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Western Ecol Div, 200 SW 35th, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 75 TC 95 Z9 110 U1 4 U2 20 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 147 IS 1 BP 87 EP 103 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00684.x PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 341EK UT WOS:000088577900008 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Yang, YL AF Gordon, CJ Yang, YL TI Chlorpyrifos-induced hypothermia and vasodilation in the tail of the rat: Blockade by scopolamine SO PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE AB Organophosphate pesticides such as chlorpyrifos reduce core temperature (T-c) in laboratory rodents. The mechanism(s) responsible for the chlorpyrifos-induced hypothermia are not well known. This study assessed the role of a key effector for thermoregulation in the rat, vasomotor control of heat loss from the tail, and its possible cholinergic control during chlorpyrifos-induced hypothermia. T-c and motor activity were monitored by telemetry in female Long-Evans rats maintained at an ambient temperature (T-a) of 25 degrees. Tail skin temperature (T-sk(t)) was measured hourly. Rats were dosed with chlorpyrifos (0 or 25 mg/kg orally). Two hr later the rats were dosed with saline or scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Two hr after chlorpyrifos treatment there was a marked elevation in T-sk(t) concomitant with a 0.5 degrees reduction in T-c. Scopolamine administered to control rats led to a marked elevation in T-c with little change in T-sk(t). Rats treated with chlorpyrifos and administered scopolamine underwent a marked vasoconstriction and elevation in T-c. Vasodilation of the tail is an important thermoeffector to reduce T-c during the acute stages of chlorpyrifos exposure. The blockade of the response by scopolamine suggests that the hypothermic and vasodilatory response to chlorpyrifos is mediated via a cholinergic muscarinic pathway in the CNS. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0901-9928 J9 PHARMACOL TOXICOL JI Pharmacol. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 87 IS 1 BP 6 EP 10 DI 10.1111/j.0901-9928.2000.870102.x PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 345ZC UT WOS:000088844500002 PM 10987209 ER PT J AU Moorman, WJ Ahlers, HW Chapin, RE Daston, GP Foster, PMD Kavlock, RJ Morawetz, JS Schnorr, TM Schrader, SM AF Moorman, WJ Ahlers, HW Chapin, RE Daston, GP Foster, PMD Kavlock, RJ Morawetz, JS Schnorr, TM Schrader, SM TI Prioritization of NTP reproductive toxicants for field studies SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prioritization; reproductive toxicants; NTP; RACE; NOES; HSDB AB Population studies that evaluate human reproductive impairment are time consuming, expensive, logistically difficult, and with limited resources must be prioritized to effectively prevent the adverse health effects in humans. Interactions among health scientists, unions, and industry can serve to identify populations exposed to potential hazards and develop strategies to evaluate and apply appropriate controls. This report describes a systematic method for prioritizing chemicals that may need human reproductive health field studies. Rodent reproductive toxicants identified from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding (RACB) protocol were prioritized on the basis of potency of toxic effect and population at risk. This model for prioritization links NTP findings with data fi om the National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) and the Hazardous Substance Data Base (HSDB) or the High Production Volume Chemical Database (HPVC) to prioritize chemicals for their potential impact on worker populations. The chemicals with the highest priority for field study were: dibutyl phthalate, boric acid, tricresyl phosphate, and N,N-dimethylformamide. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Miami Valley Labs, Cincinnati, OH USA. Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ICWU, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Moorman, WJ (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 15 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 293 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00089-7 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA 340TH UT WOS:000088550700002 PM 10908832 ER PT J AU Ruth, M Davidsdottir, B Laitner, S AF Ruth, M Davidsdottir, B Laitner, S TI Using climate change policies for US pulp and paper industry efficiency SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Ruth, M (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 83 IS 7 BP 43 EP 47 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 333MR UT WOS:000088134300006 ER PT J AU George, MH Moore, T Kilburn, S Olson, GR DeAngelo, AB AF George, MH Moore, T Kilburn, S Olson, GR DeAngelo, AB TI Carcinogenicity of chloral hydrate administered in drinking water to the male F344/N rat and male B6C3F(1), mouse SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chloral hydrate; drinking water; disinfection byproducts; hepatocarcinogenicity ID DICHLOROACETIC ACID; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; STRAND BREAKS; LIVER INVIVO; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; METABOLISM; INDUCTION; MICE; MICRONUCLEUS; PROLIFERATION AB Male B6C3F(1) mice and male F344/N rats were exposed to chloral hydrate (chloral) in the drinking water for 2 years. Rats: Measured chloral hydrate drinking water concentrations for the study were 0.12 g/L, 0.58 g/L, and 2.51 g/L chloral hydrate that yielded time-weighted mean daily doses (MDDs) of 7.4, 37.4, and 162.6 mg/kg per day. Water consumptions, survival, body weights, and organ weights were not altered in any of the chloral hydrate treatments. Life-time exposures to chloral hydrate failed to increase the prevalence (percentage of animals with a tumor) or the multiplicity (tumors/animal) of hepatocellular neoplasia. Chloral hydrate did not increase the prevalence of neoplasia at any other organ site. Mice: Measured chloral hydrate drinking water concentrations for the study were 0.12 g/L, 0.58 g/L, and 1.28 g/L that gave MDDs of 13.5, 65.0, and 146.6 mg/kg per day. Water consumptions, survival, body and organ weights, were not altered from the control values by any of the chloral hydrate treatments. Enhanced neoplasia was observed only in the liver. Prevalence and multiplicity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) were increased only for the high-dose group (84.4%; 0.72 HC/animal; p less than or equal to 0.05). Values of 54.3%; 0.72 HC/animal and 59%; 1.03 HC/animal were observed for the 13.5- and 65.0-mg/kg per day treatment groups. Prevalence and multiplicity for the control group were 54.8%; 0.74 HC/animal. Hepatoadenoma (HA) prevalence and multiplicity were significantly increased (p less than or equal to 0.05) at all chloral hydrate concentrations: 43.5%; 0.65 HA/animal, 51.3%; 0.95 HA/animal and 50%; 0.72 HA/animal at 13.5, 65.0, and 146.6 mg/kg per day chloral hydrate compared to 21.4%; 0.21 HA/animal in the untreated group. Altered foci of cells were evident in all doses tested in the mouse, but no significant differences were observed over the control values. Hepatocellular necrosis was minimal and did not exceed that seen in untreated rats and mice. Chloral hydrate exposure did not alter serum chemistry and hepatocyte proliferation in rats and mice or increase hepatic palmitoyl CoA oxidase in mice at any of the time periods monitored. It was concluded that chloral hydrate was carcinogenic (hepatocellular neoplasia) in the male mouse, but not in the rat, following a lifetime exposure in the drinking water. Based upon the increased HA and combined tumors at all chloral hydrate doses tested, a no observed adverse effect level was not determined. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeAngelo, AB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 58 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI MT ROYAL PA 19 MANTUA RD, MT ROYAL, NJ 08061 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 610 EP 618 DI 10.1177/019262330002800415 PG 9 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 338QW UT WOS:000088431600015 PM 10930049 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Richards, JH Carter, JD Madden, MC AF Ghio, AJ Richards, JH Carter, JD Madden, MC TI Accumulation of iron in the rat lung after tracheal instillation of diesel particles SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; ferritin; lung disease; tumor necrosis factor; inflammatory protein ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ACTIVITY IN-VITRO; EXHAUST PARTICLES; POLLUTION PARTICLE; GENE-EXPRESSION; ASCORBIC-ACID; GUINEA-PIGS; KAPPA-B; EXPOSURE; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Oxidant generation catalyzed by metals has been postulated to account for a lung injury following exposure to air pollution particles. In particles that are predominantly carbonaceous, it is difficult to implicate such an oxidative stress as the responsible mechanism, since concentrations of metals can be extremely low. Comparable to these air pollution particles, mineral oxide particles can include only minute amounts of metal, but lung injury following their exposure can be associated with an accumulation of endogenous iron from the host and an oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) effects an accumulation of biologically active iron in the rat lung, with both oxidative stress and a lung injury resulting. Characterization of the DEP confirmed a high concentration of carbon, whereas metals were low in quantity. The concentration of total lavage iron in animals instilled with saline was low, but this concentration increased with exposure to DEP. Non-heme iron in lung tissue was similarly elevated after instillation of the diesel product. Particle instillation was associated with a decrease in lavage ascorbate concentration supporting an oxidative stress. Relative to saline exposure, DEP resulted in elevated lavage concentrations of the inflammatory mediators macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor. Finally, an injury after particle instillation was evident with increased neutrophils and an elevation of lavage protein and lactic dehydrogenase. We conclude that DEP exposure effected an accumulation of iron in the rat lung. This accrual of iron was associated with an oxidative stress, release of oxidant-sensitive mediators, and a neutrophilic lung injury. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI MT ROYAL PA 19 MANTUA RD, MT ROYAL, NJ 08061 USA SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 619 EP 627 DI 10.1177/019262330002800416 PG 9 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA 338QW UT WOS:000088431600016 PM 10930050 ER PT J AU Costa, D Gordon, T AF Costa, D Gordon, T TI Mary O. Amdur SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, ETO NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27511 USA. NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Med, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987 USA. RP Gordon, T (reprint author), US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, ETO NHEERL, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27511 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 5 EP 7 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.5 PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 330BL UT WOS:000087942900004 ER PT J AU McKinney, JD Richard, A Waller, C Newman, MC Gerberick, F AF McKinney, JD Richard, A Waller, C Newman, MC Gerberick, F TI The practice of structure activity relationships (SAR) in toxicology SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE structure-activity relationships (SAR); SAR science; elements; models; prediction systems; issues in toxicology ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; IDENTIFYING CONTACT ALLERGENS; MOLECULAR-FIELD ANALYSIS; EXPERT-SYSTEM RULEBASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN SENSITIZATION; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHEMICALS AB Both qualitative and quantitative modeling methods relating chemical structure to biological activity, called structure-activity relationship analyses or SAR, are applied to the prediction and characterization of chemical toxicity. This minireview will discuss some generic issues and modeling approaches that are tailored to problems in toxicology. Different approaches to, and some facets and limitations of the practice and science of, SAR as they pertain to current toxicology analyses, and the basic elements of SAR and SAR-model development and prediction systems are discussed. Other topics include application of 3-D SAR to understanding of the propensity of chemicals to cause endocrine disruption, and the use of models to analyze biological activity of metal ions in toxicology. An example of integration of knowledge pertaining to mechanisms into an expert system for prediction of skin sensitization to chemicals is also discussed. This minireview will consider the utility of modeling approaches as one component for better integration of physicochemical and biological properties into risk assessment, and also consider the potential for both environmental and human health effects of chemicals and their interactions. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Sphinx Pharmaceut Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP McKinney, JD (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, 111 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 67 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 8 EP 17 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.8 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 330BL UT WOS:000087942900005 PM 10869449 ER PT J AU Bordelon, NR Donnelly, KC King, LC Wolf, DC Reeves, WR George, SE AF Bordelon, NR Donnelly, KC King, LC Wolf, DC Reeves, WR George, SE TI Bioavailability of the genotoxic components in coal tar contaminated soils in Fischer 344 rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE bioavailability; P-32-postlabeling; coal tar; DNA adducts; genotoxicity; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; soil ingestion; coal tar; contaminated soil ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; GAS PLANT RESIDUE; DNA-ADDUCTS; MOUSE LUNG; IN-VITRO; BENZOPYRENE; SENSITIVITY; SEPARATION; SEDIMENTS; INGESTION AB The effect of chemical aging on the bioavailability and subsequent genotoxicity of coal tar (CT)-contaminated soils was evaluated in a 17-day feeding study using Fischer 344 male rats. Rats consumed a control diet or diets amended with soil, 0.35% CT, or soil freshly prepared or aged for 9 months with 0.35% CT. Mild treatment-related microscopic lesions in liver tissue and elevated enzyme levels in serum were detected in all CT treatment groups. The P-32-postlabeling assay was employed to determine DNA adduct formation in treated animals. All CT treatment groups induced DNA adducts in both the liver and lung. Adduct levels were 3-fold higher in lung DNA compared to hepatic DNA. After correcting adduct levels for total ingested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in adduct levels was observed in both CT/soil treatment groups compared to CT control in liver and lung DNA. Adduct profiles of P-32-postlabeled hepatic and lung DNA displayed several nonpolar DNA adducts that comigrated with PAH-adducted calf thymus DNA standards as determined through both thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), These results suggest that soil, but not aging of contaminants in soil, decreases the bioavailability of genotoxic components in CT, as evidenced by DNA adduct analysis. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Enivronm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bordelon, NR (reprint author), NIEHS, Mail Drop B3-07,POB 12233,111 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42ES04917-10] NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.37 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 330BL UT WOS:000087942900008 PM 10869452 ER PT J AU Wang, XF Santostefano, MJ DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS AF Wang, XF Santostefano, MJ DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS TI Extrapolation of a PBPK model for dioxins across dosage regimen, gender, strain, and species SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; pharmacokinetics; species extrapolation; risk assessment ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; AH RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; HEPATIC SEQUESTRATION; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; MECHANISTIC MODEL AB A physiologically based pharmacodynamic (PBPK) model for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was developed based on pharmacokinetic data from acute oral exposures of TCDD to female Sprague-Dawley rats (Wang et al., 1997, Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol 147, 151-168). In the present study, the utility of this model to predict the disposition of TCDD in male and female Sprague-Dawley and female Wistar rats exposed to TCDD through different dosage regimens was examined. The ability of the model to predict the disposition of 2-iodo-3,7,8-trichloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (ITrCDD) in mice (Leung, er al,, 1990, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 103, 399-410) was also examined. The ability of the model to predict across routes of exposure was assessed with intravenous injection data (5.6 mu g/kg bw) (Li ct al,, 1995, Fundam, Appl, Toxicol, 27, 70-76) in female rats. Analysis across gender extrapolations used data for male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed intravenously to 9.25 mu g TCDD/kg bw (Weber et al., 1993, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol, 21, 523-534), The analysis of across-dosage regimen and stains of rats extrapolations were assessed using data from rats exposed to TCDD through a loading/maintenance dosage regimen (Krowke et al., 1989, Arch, Toxicol. 63, 356-360). The physiological differences between gender, strain, and species were taken into account when fitting the PBPK model to these data sets. The results demonstrate that the PBPK model for TCDD developed for female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by acute oral dosing accurately predicts the disposition of TCDD, for different gender and strain of rats across varying dosage regimens, as well as in a strain of mice, Minimal changes in fitted parameters were required to provide accurate predictions of these data sets. This study provides further confirmation of the potential use of physiological modeling in understanding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Wang, XF (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, MD-74,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM xwang@innaphase.com; mjs89195@glaxowellcome.com; devito.mike@epamail.epa.gov FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 F32 ES05701-01A] NR 49 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 49 EP 60 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.49 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 330BL UT WOS:000087942900009 PM 10869453 ER PT J AU Gardner, SY Lehmann, JR Costa, DL AF Gardner, SY Lehmann, JR Costa, DL TI Oil fly ash-induced elevation of plasma fibrinogen levels in rats SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE particle; air pollution; lung; plasma fibrinogen; plasma viscosity; coagulation; particulate matter; residual oil fly ash; Mt. Saint Helen's volcanic ash; alveolitis; coagulation ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION; HEMOSTATIC FACTORS; TRANSITION-METALS; DAILY MORTALITY; VISCOSITY AB Particulate matter air pollution (PM) has been associated with morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke in humans. It has been hypothesized that alveolar inflammation, resulting from exposure to PM, may induce a state of blood hypercoagulability, triggering cardiovascular events in susceptible individuals. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated acute lung injury with alveolar inflammation in rats following exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA), an emission source particulate. In addition, increased mortality has been documented following exposure to ROFA in rats with preexistent cardiopulmonary disease. ROFA's toxicity derives from its soluble metal content, which appears also to drive the toxicity of ambient PM. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that exposure of rats to a toxic PM, like ROFA, would adversely alter hemostatic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors thought to be involved in human epidemiologic findings. Sixty-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation (IT) to varying doses (0.3, 1.7, or 8.3 mg/kg) of ROFA, 8.3 mg/kg Mt. Saint Helen's volcanic ash (MSH, control particle), or 0.3 mi saline (SAL, control). At 24 h post-IT, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), plasma fibrinogen (PF), plasma viscosity (PV), and complete blood count (CBC) were performed on venous blood samples. No differences from control were detected in APTT and PT in ROFA-exposed rats; however, ROFA exposure did result in elevated PF, at 8.3 mg/kg only. In addition, PV values were elevated in both ROFA and MSH-exposed rats relative to SAL-control rats, but not significantly. Although no changes were detected in APTT and PT, alteration of important hematologic parameters (notably fibrinogen) through PM induction of an inflammatory response may serve as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in susceptible individuals. C1 Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gardner, SY (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 52 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.175 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 330BL UT WOS:000087942900022 PM 10869466 ER PT J AU Easterling, MR Evans, MV Kenyon, EM AF Easterling, MR Evans, MV Kenyon, EM TI Comparative analysis of software for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: Simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analysis SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE PBPK modeling; sensitivity analysis; simulation software ID GAS UPTAKE INHALATION AB Historically, a number of different software packages running on a variety of hardware platforms have been used for model simulation. SimuSolv found wide use because of its broad capabilities, including optimization, statistical analysis, and formalized sensitivity analysis as well as the capacity to incorporate user-supplied subroutines. However in the early 1990s, SimuSolv development ceased and a final version was released in 1999. Thus SimuSolv will not be developed for newer platforms and operating systems. In this article, we compare and contrast the use of SimuSolv and Matlab (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model implementation with respect to parameter estimation (optimization) and sensitivity analysis using a PBPK model for trichloroethylene (TCE). In both packages, it is possible to code PBPK models, run simulations, estimate parameters, and do sensitivity analysis. The hey difference is the additional programming required in Matlab. Since Matlab does not have built-in estimation and sensitivity routines, it was necessary to write them for the Matlab TCE model. Additionally, Matlab handles flow control differently from SimuSolv, so the model code is written in a different order than for SimuSolv. In spite of the additional coding requirements, Matlab is a well-supported and mathematically oriented simulation software package that is clearly suitable for application to PBPK modeling. All of the modeling tasks done in SimuSolv could also be done readily in Matlab. Most of the comparisons made to SimuSolv also carry over to ACSL-Tox, however ACSL-Tox calculates some sensitivity coefficients very differently from the way they are defined in SimuSolv. Future development of art interpreter for Matlab would make modeling, sensitivity analysis, and parameter estimation less programming-intensive. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Kenyon, EM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PKB MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JUL-SEP PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 203 EP 229 PG 27 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 350JV UT WOS:000089098300004 ER PT J AU Medina, VF Larson, SL Bergstedt, AE McCutcheon, SC AF Medina, VF Larson, SL Bergstedt, AE McCutcheon, SC TI Phyto-removal of trinitrotoluene from water with batch kinetic studies SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phyto-remediation; trinitrotoluene; groundwater contamination; Myriophyllum aquaticum; parrotfeather; munitions ID PLANT; TNT; DISPOSITION; PRODUCTS AB A series of batch reactor studies were conducted to obtain kinetic data for optimizing phyto-treatment of water contaminated with trinitrotoluene (TNT). A plant screening study indicated that stonewort and parrotfeather were the most effective among the plants tested; parrotfeather being chosen for further testing because it is heartier and easier to cultivate than stonewort. Treatment was reproducible under similar conditions, and sequential formation and breakdown of aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) and diaminonitrotoluene (DANT) were observed in the aqueous phase. TNT removal rates increased with increased plant density. and removal kinetics increased with increasing temperature up to 34 degrees C. Michaelis-Menton kinetics applied to the phyto-removal of TNT. At concentrations less than 5.5 mg/l TNT, a pseudo-first-order approximation of the Michealis-Menton equation was used with acceptable deviation. Prior exposure to TNT did not appear to have a significant effect on phyto-transformation rates, suggesting that the mechanisms for removal were not induced. Small concentrations of ADNT were found in the plant material, however, TNT was not detected. The results indicated that optimized reactors for the phyto-treatment of contaminated wastewater and groundwater are feasible, increasing degradation rates and decreasing reactor volumes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Richland, WA 99335 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Medina, VF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 2710 Univ Dr, Richland, WA 99335 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2713 EP 2722 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00021-X PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 321CD UT WOS:000087436600010 ER PT J AU Jacobs, S Edwards, M AF Jacobs, S Edwards, M TI Sulfide scale catalysis of copper corrosion SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE copper; corrosion; sulfides; drinking water ID CU-NI ALLOYS; POLLUTED SEAWATER; NICKEL-ALLOYS; ACCELERATED CORROSION; SEA-WATER; MECHANISM; FLOW AB The presence of soluble sulfides in a low alkalinity simulated drinking water increased copper pipe corrosion rates by more than one order of magnitude at pH 6.5 and more than two orders of magnitude at pH 9.2. Sulfides caused formation of a thick, black porous scale layer on pipes that did not significantly reduce pipe corrosion rates even after 9 months of exposure. In fact, both the anodic and cathodic reactions were catalyzed when sulfide containing scale was smeared onto a new copper pipe surface. Sulfide scales have a unique ability to accelerate copper corrosion even at pH > 9.0, with potentially devastating consequences for copper tube performance in potable water applications. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Civil Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Indian Programs Off, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Edwards, M (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Civil Engn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Edwards, Marc/J-3557-2012 NR 34 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 2000 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2798 EP 2808 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00025-7 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 321CD UT WOS:000087436600022 ER PT J AU Finkelstein, PL Ellestad, TG Clarke, JF Meyers, TP Schwede, DB Hebert, EO Neal, JA AF Finkelstein, PL Ellestad, TG Clarke, JF Meyers, TP Schwede, DB Hebert, EO Neal, JA TI Ozone and sulfur dioxide dry deposition to forests: Observations and model evaluation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DECIDUOUS FOREST; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; NITROGEN-OXIDES; PINE FOREST; SPRUCE; O-3; VEGETATION; VELOCITIES; EXCHANGE; SURFACES AB Fluxes and deposition velocities of O-3 and SO2 were measured over both a deciduous and a mixed coniferous-deciduous forest for full growing seasons. Fluxes and deposition velocities of O-3 were measured over a coniferous forest for a month. Mean deposition velocities of 0.35 to 0.48 cm/s for O-3 and 0.6 to 0.72 cm/s for SO2 were observed during the growing seasons of 1997 and 1998. Weekly averages of O-3 deposition velocity ranged from 0.25 cm/s at the beginning and end of the season to 1.25 cm/s in late June. SO2 had a smaller seasonal variation, from 0.75 to 1.5 cm/s between the beginning and peak of the season. Because O-3 concentrations are higher, the flux of O-3 to forests is considerably greater than the flux of SO2. Daytime deposition velocities are very similar at each site, from 0.75 to 0.79 cm/s for O-3, and from 1.01 to 1.04 cm/s for SO2. Diurnal cycles for both gases are discussed, as are the impact of some weather events. The peak time for O-3 deposition velocity is in midmorning, while it is near midday for SO2. Surface wetness is usually associated with a small increase in deposition velocity, but for some rain events a major increase was noted. Minimum deposition velocities usually occur at night and increase slowly in the predawn hours before light. Comparisons are made between observations of deposition velocity and predictions made with the Meyers multilayer deposition velocity model. While the model is, on average, unbiased for O-3, it tends to underpredict the higher deposition velocity values. The model is slightly biased low (underpredicts) for SO2 deposition velocity. The strengths of the model are noted, as are opportunities for improvement. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Environm Sci & Engn Inc, Gainesville, FL 32607 USA. RP US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM finkelstein.peter@epamail.epa.gov RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 41 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 27 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D12 BP 15365 EP 15377 DI 10.1029/2000JD900185 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 328HP UT WOS:000087844900018 ER PT J AU Curtis, LR Hemmer, MJ Courtney, LA AF Curtis, LR Hemmer, MJ Courtney, LA TI Dieldrin induces cytosolic [H-3]7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding but not multidrug resistance proteins in rainbow trout liver SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID P-GLYCOPROTEIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; PYRUVATE-CARBOXYLASE; C-14 DIELDRIN; CROSS-REACTS; GENE; TRANSPORT; DISPOSITION; RECEPTOR; TISSUES AB Previously it was demonstrated that biliary excretion of a single dose of [C-14]dieldrin or [H-3]7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was stimulated up to 700% and 300%, respectively, in rainbow trout fed 0.3-0.4 mg dieldrin/kg/d for 9-12 wk. This was not explained by increased activities of hepatic microsomal xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes or increased amounts of any six cytochrome P-450 isozymes quantitated by Western blots. It was hypothesized that stimulated excretion was explained by induction of (1) cytosolic binding proteins that facilitated intracellular trafficking of DMBA to sites of metabolism, or (2) ATP-dependent proteins that transport xenobiotic metabolites from liver to bile. Binding of 15 and 60 nmol [H-3]DMBA/mg protein increased about 200% in hepatic cytosol from dieldrin-fed fish. A 50-fold molar excess of unlabeled DMBA reduced binding of 15 nmol [H-3]DMBA/mg protein (nonspecific binding) by the same amount in cytosol from control and dieldrin-fed fish, indicating that dieldrin induced specific binding. Liver sections from control and dieldrin-fed fish were treated with multidrug resistance (MDR) protein monoclonal antibodies C494, C219, and ISB-1, and polyclonal antibody MDR Ab-1. There were no marked differences in optical densities of immunohistochemical staining near bile canaliculi of control and dieldrin-fed fish. Induction of xenobiotic binding capacity in cytosol of dieldrin-fed rainbow trout at least partially explained altered DMBA disposition in fish pretreated with this cyclodiene insecticide. C1 E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. RP Curtis, LR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R15 ES08817, R01 ES05543] NR 27 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1528-7394 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD JUN 23 PY 2000 VL 60 IS 4 BP 275 EP 289 DI 10.1080/00984100050027824 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 327VR UT WOS:000087815200004 PM 10914692 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Urbansky, ET Kelty, CA AF Magnuson, ML Urbansky, ET Kelty, CA TI Microscale extraction of perchlorate in drinking water with low level detection by electrospray-mass spectrometry SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE microscale extraction; perchlorate; drinking water; low level detection; electrospray-mass spectrometry AB Improper treatment and disposal of perchlorate can be an environmental hazard in regions where solid rocket motors are used, tested, or stored. The solubility and mobility of perchlorate lends itself to ground water contamination, and some of these sources are used for drinking water. Perchlorate in drinking water has been determined at sub-mu g l(-1) levels by extraction of the ion-pair formed between the perchlorate ion and a cationic surfactant with electrospray-mass spectrometry detection. Confidence in the selective quantification of the perchlorate ion is increased through both the use of the mass based detection as well as the selectivity of the ion pair. This study investigates several extraction solvents and experimental work-up procedures in order to achieve high sample throughput. The method detection limit for perchlorate based on 3.14 sigma(n-1) of seven replicate injections was 300 ng l(-1) (parts-per-trillion) for methylene chloride extraction and 270 ng l(-1) for methyl isobutyl ketone extraction. Extraction with methylene chloride produces linear calibration curves, enabling standard addition to be used to quantify perchlorate in drinking water. Perchlorate determination of a contaminated water compared favorably with results determined by ion chromatography. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev,Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 18 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD JUN 21 PY 2000 VL 52 IS 2 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(00)00342-8 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 325HN UT WOS:000087670300014 PM 18967987 ER PT J AU Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ AF Wagner, HP Pepich, BV Hautman, DP Munch, DJ TI Eliminating the chlorite interference in US Environmental Protection Agency Method 317.0 permits analysis of trace bromate levels in all drinking water matrices SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE water analysis; chlorite; inorganic anions; inorganic cations; iron; bromate ID POTASSIUM BROMATE; CARCINOGENICITY; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB A post-column reagent (PCR) method for bromate analysis in drinking water with a method detection limit (MDL) and method reporting limit (MRL) of 0.1 and 0.5 mu g/l, respectively, has been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for future publication as EPA Method 317.0. The PCR method provides comparable results to the EPA's Selective Anion Concentration (SAC) method used to support the laboratory analysis of information Collection Rule (ICR) low-level bromate samples and offers a simple, rugged, direct injection method with potential to be utilized as a compliance monitoring technique for all inorganic Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products (D/DBPs). It has superior sensitivity for bromate compared to EPA Method 300.1, which was promulgated as the compliance monitoring method for bromate under Stage 1 of the D/DBP rule. This paper addresses elimination of the chlorite interference that was previously reported in finished waters from public water systems (PWSs) that employ chlorine dioxide as the disinfectant. An evaluation of Method 317.0 for the analysis of bromate in commercial bottled waters is also reported. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IT Corp, Technol Applicat Grp, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Off Ground Water & Drinking Water, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Wagner, HP (reprint author), IT Corp, Technol Applicat Grp, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 16 PY 2000 VL 882 IS 1-2 BP 309 EP 319 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00306-X PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 327HU UT WOS:000087789100028 PM 10895953 ER PT J AU Ford, RG Sparks, DL AF Ford, RG Sparks, DL TI The nature of Zn precipitates formed in the presence of pyrophyllite SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROTALCITE-LIKE COMPOUNDS; LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES; X-RAY-ABSORPTION; ALUMINUM; SORPTION; NI; AL; MONTMORILLONITE; CLAY; DISSOLUTION AB The partitioning of Zn to the pyrophyllite surface was studied as a function of surface loading for periods up to 4 months. Examination of the reaction products using X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) indicated the formation of a Zn precipitate at each surface loading. Comparison of the local structure of the surface precipitates to the structure of various hydroxide- and carbonate-bearing phases indicates the formation of a Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH). The solubility of Zn following aging in pyrophyllite systems indicated that the initial Zn-Al LDH precipitates transformed to a more stable form. Increased Zn stability in these experimental systems may be attributed to an increase in LDH crystallinity (Ostwald ripening) or incorporation of Si within the LDH interlayer leading to transformation to a phyllosilicate-like phase. Our results support formation of an LDH precipitate as a precursor to Zn fixation in soils abundant in aluminosilicate minerals. These results augment recent findings that transition metals may form layered hydroxide and phyllosilicate-like precipitates during sorption to clay minerals. Acknowledgment of this process as a potential metal sequestration mechanism in certain soil types is important to assessment of contaminant attenuation. Development of a more comprehensive database of solubilities for these surface precipitates will facilitate more reliable estimates. C1 Univ Delaware, Coll Agr Sci, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Ford, RG (reprint author), US EPA, Robert S Kerr Environm Res Ctr, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RI Ford, Robert/N-4634-2014 OI Ford, Robert/0000-0002-9465-2282 NR 46 TC 105 Z9 116 U1 9 U2 42 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2479 EP 2483 DI 10.1021/es991330q PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 325MA UT WOS:000087678300016 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Willingham, WT Parrish, LP McFarland, BH AF Hill, BH Willingham, WT Parrish, LP McFarland, BH TI Periphyton community responses to elevated metal concentrations in a Rocky Mountain stream SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biomass; chlorophyll; metals; periphyton; Rocky Mountains ID HEAVY-METALS; AQUATIC MICROCOSMS; ARKANSAS RIVER; WATER-QUALITY; MINE DRAINAGE; DIVERSITY; DIATOMS; ZINC; METABOLISM; POLLUTION AB The effects of elevated metals on stream periphyton in the Eagle River, a mining impacted river in central Colorado, were assessed in 1991 and 1992 using assemblage information (taxa richness, community similarity) and non-taxonomic measures (biomass, chlorophyll a, autotrophic index). The number of periphyton genera collected ranged from 2 at a site adjacent to abandoned mining operations to 21 at a downstream site, but was not significantly correlated with dissolved metals concentrations. Fragilaria and Achnanthes were the dominant genera at all sites, with Fragilaria dominating the less impacted sites and Achnanthes dominating at the more impacted sites. Taxonomic similarity was greatest among those sites receiving the greatest inputs of metals from mining operations, where the coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.87 to 0.99. Cluster analyses revealed significant differences among sites adjacent to the mine and either the upstream or downstream sites. Chlorophyll a content of periphyton and the autotrophic index in both years showed significant downstream decreases associated with increasing dissolved metals concentrations. Overall, the periphyton community data were able to separate metal contaminated sites from reference or less impacted sites, and responded in predictable ways to increasing metal concentrations of Eagle River water. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Reg 8 Water Management Div, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 57 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 428 IS 1-3 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1023/A:1004028318542 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 341FK UT WOS:000088580200010 ER PT J AU Senay, GB Ward, AD Lyon, JG Fausey, NR Nokes, SE Brown, LC AF Senay, GB Ward, AD Lyon, JG Fausey, NR Nokes, SE Brown, LC TI The relations between spectral data and water in a crop production environment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE; STRESS; LEAVES; VEGETATION AB The results of a correlation study between high spatial resolution (1 m) Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) data and reference data with particular emphasis to soil-plant water parameters are presented. Digital images of the Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) research site in south central Ohio were acquired using MSS mounted on an aircraft. Gravimetric soil water, plant water, and plant residue information relating to MSS data were collected in April, July, August, and September, 1994. It was found that the correlation between MSS data and soil water was changed by the presence of crop residue versus bare soil. The combined water estimates From the soil and plant enhanced the correlation structure between MSS parameters and soil-plant water variables. It was also shown that when using soil water content data below the 0.5-2.0 cm soil depth, the correlation with MSS parameters decreased. C1 US EPA, SAIC, PAI, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ohio State Univ, Food Agr & Biol Engn Dept, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Senay, GB (reprint author), US EPA, SAIC, PAI, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN 15 PY 2000 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1897 EP 1910 DI 10.1080/014311600209805 PG 14 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 316PA UT WOS:000087175100008 ER PT J AU Moudgal, CJ Lipscomb, JC Bruce, RM AF Moudgal, CJ Lipscomb, JC Bruce, RM TI Potential health effects of drinking water disinfection by-products using quantitative structure toxicity relationship SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DBPs; QSTR; developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; RATS; CARCINOGENICITY AB Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are produced as a result of disinfecting water using various treatment methods, Over the years, chlorine has remained the most popular disinfecting agent due to its ability to kill pathogens. However, in 1974, it was discovered that the superchlorination of drinking water resulted in the production of chloroform and other trihalomethanes. Since then hundreds of additional DBPs have been identified, including haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles with very little or no toxicological data available, thus necessitating the use of additional methods for hazard estimation. Quantitative Structure Toxicity Relationship (QSTR) is one such method and utilizes a computer-based technology to predict the toxicity of a chemical solely from its molecular attributes. The current research was conducted utilizing the TOPKAT (R)/QSTR software package which is comprised of robust, cross-validated QSTR models for assessing mutagenicity, rodent carcinogenicity (female/male; rat/mouse), developmental toxicity, skin sensitization, lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), fathead minnow LC(50), rat oral LD(50) and Daphia magna EC(50). A total of 252 DBPs were analyzed for the likelihood that they would produce tumors and developmental effects using the carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity submodels of TOPKAT (R). The model predictions were evaluated to identify generalizations between the functional groups (e.g. alcohols,acids, etc.) and specific toxic endpoints. Developmental toxicity was identified as an endpoint common to the majority of aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic halogenated and non-halogenated ketones, and aliphatic haloacetonitriles. In the case of the carcinogenicity submodels, most aliphatic aldehydes were identified as carcinogens only in the female mouse submodel. The majority of the aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids were identified as carcinogens in the female rat submodel. All other functional groups examined were largely predicted as non-carcinogens in all the cancer submodels (i.e. male/female rats and mice). The QSTR results should aid in the prioritization for evaluation of toxic endpoints in the absence of in vivo bioassays. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Moudgal, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 39 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUN 8 PY 2000 VL 147 IS 2 BP 109 EP 131 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00188-8 PG 23 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 327KE UT WOS:000087792400005 PM 10874158 ER PT J AU Ward, MDW Madison, SL Andrews, DL Sailstad, DM Gavett, SH Selgrade, MJK AF Ward, MDW Madison, SL Andrews, DL Sailstad, DM Gavett, SH Selgrade, MJK TI Comparison of respiratory responses to Metarhizium anisopliae extract using two different sensitization protocols SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biopesticide; Metarhizium anisopliae; allergic airways ID ALLERGIC AIRWAY RESPONSES; DETERGENT ENZYMES; GUINEA-PIGS; IGE; INTRATRACHEAL; LYMPHOCYTES; MICE; IL-4; INTERLEUKIN-5; EXPOSURE AB Metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus, is a prototypic microbial pesticide licensed for indoor control of cockroaches, a major source of allergens. We have previously demonstrated allergy and asthma-like responses in BALB/c mice intraperitoneally (IP) sensitized in the presence of adjuvant and intratracheally (IT) challenged with the soluble factors from M. anisopliae crude antigen (MACA) (Ward et al., 1998, 2000). This protocol has been used frequently to establish animal models of allergenicity. However, the sensitization protocol is artificial and not representative of an environmental exposure. Concern has been raised that this protocol might produce allergic responses that would not occur under normal environmental exposure conditions. The objective of this study was to compare responses in mice to MACA by two exposure protocols: (1) exclusive respiratory exposures without adjuvant (representative of environmental exposures) and (2) intraperitoneal sensitization in the presence of adjuvant followed by IT challenge (the traditional approach). The intratracheal protocol consisted of four IT exposures of 10 mu g MACA in 50 mu l HBSS each over a 4-week period. A vehicle control group of mice was exposed IT to HBSS. The intraperitoneal protocol consisted of IP sensitization with 25 mu g MACA in 0.2 ml of 1.3% alhydrogel (aluminum hydroxide) followed 14 days later with an IT challenge (10 mu g MACA/50 mu l HBSS). Airway reactivity responsiveness to methacholine was assessed, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were obtained, and the lungs were fixed for histopathology at 1, 3, and 8 days Following the last MACA IT challenge. Both groups exhibited immune and pulmonary responses typical of allergic asthma. In general, local responses in the lung, including inflammatory responses (eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages), BALF IgE, and functional responses to methacholine were greater in the IT sensitized group compared to the IP sensitized group, whereas the systemic IgE response was greater in the IP sensitized group. The BALF IL-5 cytokine levels were elevated before and throughout the eosinophil influx. IL-4 was detected in the BALF of IP sensitized, but not IT sensitized mice. Histopathologic changes in the two groups were similar in nature but more severe in the IT mice. The results suggest that the IP sensitization protocol does not induce the level of respiratory responsiveness that results from sensitization by a physiologically relevant route of exposure. Thus total serum IgE levels, which were greater following IP sensitization, may not be the best indicator of allergen potency, at least with respect to respiratory responses. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ward, MDW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 86 TW Alexander Dr,MD 92, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUN 8 PY 2000 VL 147 IS 2 BP 133 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00191-8 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 327KE UT WOS:000087792400006 PM 10874159 ER PT J AU Kamel, F Boyes, WK Gladen, BC Rowland, AS Alavanja, MCR Blair, A Sandler, DP AF Kamel, F Boyes, WK Gladen, BC Rowland, AS Alavanja, MCR Blair, A Sandler, DP TI Retinal degeneration in licensed pesticide applicators SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE retinal degeneration; fungicides; insecticides; organochlorines; carbamates; organophosphates; application methods ID AGRICULTURAL HEALTH; CARBON-DISULFIDE; VISUAL-SYSTEM; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; WORKERS; COHORT; RATS AB Background Retinal degeneration is the lending cause of visual impairment in older adults, but little is known about its relationship to neurotoxic exposures. Methods The Agricultural Health Study is a cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators from Iowa and North Carolina. We used cross-sectional data from self administered questionnaires given at enrollment in 1994-1996 to compare pesticide use in 154 applicators who reported retinal degeneration and 17,804 controls. Results Retinal degeneration was associated with fungicide use (odds ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-2.6). This relationship was seen in subgroups defined by state, demographic characteristics, or medical history, as well as in the entire group. Risk increased with cumulative days of fungicide use (P for trend = 0.011) and was greater when application methods involving greater personal exposure were used. Retinal degeneration was also related to use of organochlorine or carbamate insecticides, but these associations were less consistent. Since nearly all applicators used organophosphate insecticides and herbicides, these exposures could not be effectively evaluated Conclusions These results suggest that exposure to some fungicides and insecticides may increase risk of retinal degeneration. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Kamel, F (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, POB 12233,MD A3-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Kamel, Freya/0000-0001-5052-6615; Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 NR 20 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 618 EP 628 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(200006)37:6<618::AID-AJIM6>3.0.CO;2-E PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 310EA UT WOS:000086812500006 PM 10797505 ER PT J AU Spann, MF Blondell, JM Hunting, KL AF Spann, MF Blondell, JM Hunting, KL TI Acute hazards to young children from residential pesticide exposures SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB Objectives. This study assessed acute hazards to young children from pesticides toxic enough to require child-resistant packaging. Methods. The names of pesticides meeting acute toxicity criteria were ascertained from the Environmental Protection Agency. Poison Control Center reports identified children younger than 6 years who were exposed to these pesticides. Toxicity category, medical outcome, sex, and age were examined. Results. A higher proportion of children with exposure to the more toxic products had serious medical outcomes. Children 2 years and younger were the predominant age group exposed. Conclusions. Protective measures-substituting less lethal pesticides, reducing the concentration of the active ingredients, and improving packaging and storage-are recommended. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Spann, MF (reprint author), US EPA, 7509C,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2000 VL 90 IS 6 BP 971 EP 973 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.6.971 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 319HQ UT WOS:000087335800026 PM 10846518 ER PT J AU Eaton, RW AF Eaton, RW TI trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase-aldolase as a biocatalyst SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARBON BOND FORMATION; NAPHTHALENE; BACTERIA AB The hydratase-aldolase-catalyzed conversion of trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate to salicylaldehyde and pyruvate is an intermediate reaction in the conversion of naphthalene to salicylate by bacteria. Here, a variety of aromatic aldehydes and some nonaromatic aldehydes together with pyruvate have been shown to be substrates for aldol condensations catalyzed by this enzyme in extracts of the recombinant strain Escherichia coli JM109(pRE701). Some of the products of these reactions were also compared as substrates in the opposite (hydration-aldol cleavage) reaction. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, NHEERL, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. RP Eaton, RW (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, NHEERL, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 6 BP 2668 EP 2672 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.6.2668-2672.2000 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 319TP UT WOS:000087358700056 PM 10831455 ER PT J AU Vesper, SJ Dearborn, DG Elidemir, O Haugland, RA AF Vesper, SJ Dearborn, DG Elidemir, O Haugland, RA TI Quantification of siderophore and hemolysin from Stachybotrys chartarum strains, including a strain isolated from the lung of a child with pulmonary hemorrhage and hemosiderosis SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IRON; DNA; INFECTION; INFANTS; FUNGI; TOXIN; ATRA AB A strain of Stachybotrys chartarum was recently isolated from the lung of a pulmonary hemorrhage and hemosiderosis (PH) patient in Texas (designated the Houston strain). This is the first time that S. chartarum has been isolated from the lung of a PH patient. In this study, the Houston strain and 10 strains of S. chartarum isolated from case (n = 5) or control (n = 5) homes in Cleveland were analyzed for hemolytic activity, siderophore production, and relatedness as measured by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. C1 US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Pediat Pulm Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Environm Res Lab, 26 W M L King Dr,ML 314, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 23 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 6 BP 2678 EP 2681 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.6.2678-2681.2000 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 319TP UT WOS:000087358700058 PM 10831457 ER PT J AU Stanton, ME AF Stanton, ME TI Multiple memory systems, development and conditioning SO BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Pavlovian-Society CY OCT 30-NOV 01, 1998 CL DUSSELDORF, GERMANY SP Pavlovian Soc DE eyeblink conditioning; development; memory; cognition; cerebellum; amygdala; hippocampus ID NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; CONFIGURAL ASSOCIATION THEORY; FORNIX TRANSECTIONS DISRUPT; LATENT INHIBITION; HIPPOCAMPAL-FORMATION; INTERSTIMULUS-INTERVAL; RAT; ONTOGENY; STIMULUS; FEAR AB A century of behavioral and neurobiological research suggests that Pavlovian conditioning involves three component memory systems: sensorimotor, affective and cognitive. In classical eyeblink conditioning, there is evidence that these three memory systems involve, respectively, the cerebellum, amygdala and hippocampus. This article reviews developmental research on eyeblink conditioning in rodents that is beginning to characterize ontogenetic dissociations and interactions among these memory systems. This research shows that the functional development of the affective system (conditioned fear response) precedes that of the sensorimotor system (conditioned eyeblink reflex). Modulation of these two systems by cognitive processes also seems to emerge at different points in ontogeny. Implications for cognitive development and research on multiple memory systems are discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, US EPA, Dept Psychol, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Stanton, ME (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, US EPA, Dept Psychol, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM stanton.mark@epamail.epa.gov NR 79 TC 109 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-4328 J9 BEHAV BRAIN RES JI Behav. Brain Res. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 110 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 25 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0166-4328(99)00182-5 PG 13 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 315UM UT WOS:000087131400004 PM 10802301 ER PT J AU Polasky, S Camm, JD Solow, AR Csuti, B White, D Ding, RG AF Polasky, S Camm, JD Solow, AR Csuti, B White, D Ding, RG TI Choosing reserve networks with incomplete species information SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE reserve selection; incomplete information; species distributions ID NEW-SOUTH-WALES; SELECTION; CONSERVATION; ALGORITHMS; DISTRIBUTIONS; EXAMPLE; OREGON AB Existing method for selecting reserve networks require data on the presence or absence of species at various sites. This information, however, is virtually always incomplete. In this paper, we analyze methods for choosing priority conservation areas when there is incomplete information about species distributions. We formulate a probabilistic model and find the reserve network that represents the greatest expected number of species. We compare the reserve network chosen using this approach with reserve networks chosen when the data is treated as if presence/absence information is known and traditional approaches are used. We find that the selection of sites differs when using probabilistic data to maximize the expected number of species represented versus using the traditional approaches. The broad geographic pattern of which sites are chosen remains similar across these different methods but some significant differences in site selection emerge when probabilities of species occurrences are not near 0 or 1. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Quantitat Anal & Operat Management, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR 97221 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Polasky, S (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 31 TC 127 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 94 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00171-8 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 307WD UT WOS:000086676400001 ER PT J AU Tanner, DK Brazner, JC Brady, VJ AF Tanner, DK Brazner, JC Brady, VJ TI Factors influencing carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of fish from a Lake Superior coastal wetland SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID N-P STOICHIOMETRY; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; NUTRIENT; ZOOPLANKTON; ECOSYSTEMS; HERBIVORES; GROWTH; STREAM AB The narrow fish nutrient ranges (C, 42.8-48.4%; N, 9.6-12.7%; P, 1.91-2.74%) in this study suggest that overall mean values are adequate for quantifying movement of C, N, or P as part of fish-mediated nutrient transport. We measured C, N, and P in 20 species of Lake Superior coastal wetland fish to better understand variability in fish elemental content caused by differences in species, habitat, season, life stage, or size. Fish were sampled within Bark Bay slough and at its inlet/outlet to Bark Bay, Lake Superior, from May to November 1995. Elemental content averaged across all fish (n = 192) was 45.1% for C, 11.3% for N, and 2.45% for P. We did find significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) among nine tested species. However, less than one third of the analyses were significant for effects of location or date of capture or fish length on fish nutrient content and nutrient ratios. Regressions of N:P ratios against growth rate indices and, separately, fineness ratios were significant, suggesting that growth rate and body shape are important factors driving N:P ratios in fish. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Tanner, DK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 57 IS 6 BP 1243 EP 1251 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-6-1243 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 325YC UT WOS:000087703800014 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Tietge, JE Holcombe, GW DeFoe, DL Diamond, SA Jensen, KM Degitz, SJ AF Ankley, GT Tietge, JE Holcombe, GW DeFoe, DL Diamond, SA Jensen, KM Degitz, SJ TI Effects of laboratory ultraviolet radiation and natural sunlight on survival and development of Rana pipiens SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID UV-B; SOLAR; AMBIENT; OZONE; ACIDIFICATION; DEFORMITIES; AMPHIBIANS; ANURANS; WATERS; EGGS AB Changes in solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation have been proposed as a possible factor contributing to seeming increases in hind-limb malformations in anuran amphibians in North America. One purpose of this study was to reproduce results from an earlier experiment (G.T. Ankley, J.E. Tietge, D.L. DeFoe, K.M. Jensen, G.W. Holcombe, E.J. Durhan, and S.A. Diamond. 1998. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 2530-2542) in which Rana pipiens (northern leopard frog) developed hind-limb ectromelia and ectrodactyly when exposed to an artificial source of UV radiation in the laboratory. Additionally, we sought to assess the effects of natural sunlight on survival and development in this species. Animals exposed to UV radiation in the laboratory from stage 25-26 (just prior to hind-limb development) through forelimb emergence exhibited a dose-dependent elevation of hind-limb dysmorphogenesis. The observed malformations usually were bilateral and typically symmetrical, and consisted primarily of missing and reduced digits. Exposure of animals at this life stage to full intensity natural sunlight caused significant mortality, while exposure to screened sunlight (ca. 50-60% of ambient) resulted in an elevated incidence of abnormal hind limb pathology (ectromelia, ectrodactyly) identical to that observed in organisms exposed to UV radiation in the laboratory. Owing to uncertainties in dose extrapolation, for example, in the context of animal behavior, the potential significance of our results in terms of explaining adverse effects in amphibians from the field is as yet unclear. C1 US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div Duluth, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, Midcontinent Ecol Div Duluth, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 33 TC 55 Z9 62 U1 11 U2 25 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 78 IS 6 BP 1092 EP 1100 DI 10.1139/cjz-78-6-1092 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 327JL UT WOS:000087790700023 ER PT J AU Millikan, R Pittman, G Tse, CK Savitz, DA Newman, B Bell, D AF Millikan, R Pittman, G Tse, CK Savitz, DA Newman, B Bell, D TI Glutathione S-transferases M1, T1, and P1 and breast cancer SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS; RISK; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GSTM1; ASSOCIATION; GSTT1; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENOTYPES; FREQUENCY AB We examined associations for glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1), T1 (GSTT1), and P1 (GSTP1) genotypes and breast cancer in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study in North Carolina. Odds ratios mere close to the null value for each GST locus among African-American women (278 cases and 271 controls) and white women (410 cases and 392 controls), as well as pre- and postmenopausal women. For women with a history of breast cancer in one or more first-degree relatives, odds ratios were 2.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-4.2) for GSTM1 null and 1.9 (0.8-4.6) for GSTT1 null genotypes, Among women with a family history, age at diagnosis was significantly earlier for those with the GSTM1 null genotype, We did not observe strong evidence for modification of odds ratios for smoking according to GST genotypes, There was no evidence for combined effects of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes, and there were no combined effects for GST genotypes and the catechol O-methyltransferase genotype, We conclude that GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes do not play a strong role in susceptibility to breast cancer. However, the role of GST genotypes in age at onset and risk of breast cancer among women with a family history merits further investigation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Genet Risk Grp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia. RP Millikan, R (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [P50-CA58223, R21-CA66201]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01-ES07128] NR 31 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 BP 567 EP 573 PG 7 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 324RC UT WOS:000087634300006 PM 10868690 ER PT J AU Lan, Q He, XZ Costa, DJ Tian, LW Rothman, N Hu, GZ Mumford, JL AF Lan, Q He, XZ Costa, DJ Tian, LW Rothman, N Hu, GZ Mumford, JL TI Indoor coal combustion emissions, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes, and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Xuan Wei, China SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID TRANSFERASE SUPERGENE FAMILY; BLADDER-CANCER; M1 GSTM1; GLUTATHIONE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; COUNTY AB The lung cancer mortality rate in Xuan Wei County, China is among the highest in the country and has been associated with exposure to indoor smoky coal emissions that contain high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, This risk may be modified by variation in metabolism genes, including GSTM1, which encodes an enzyme known to detoxify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. To investigate the relationship between GST genotypes and lung cancer risk in Xuan Wei County, we analyzed GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes in a population-based case-control study. A total of 122 lung cancer patients and 122 controls, individually matched by age, sex, and home fuel type, were studied. Compared to subjects who used less than 130 tons of smoky coal during their lifetime, heavier users (greater than or equal to 130 tons) had a 2.4-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.3-4.4) increased risk of lung cancer. The GSTM1-null genotype was associated with a 2.3-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.3-4.2) increased risk of lung cancer. Furthermore, there was some evidence that smoky coal use was more strongly associated with lung cancer risk among GSTM1-null versus GSTM1-positive individuals. In contrast, the GSTT1 genotype was not significantly associated with lung cancer risk. Our data suggest that the GSTM1-null genotype may enhance susceptibility to air pollution from indoor coal combustion emissions. C1 NIH, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Beijing 100050, Peoples R China. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Biomar Int, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Lan, Q (reprint author), NIH, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NCI, MSC 7240,6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 8109, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Tian, Linwei/A-9736-2009 OI Tian, Linwei/0000-0002-4739-1534 NR 22 TC 106 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 BP 605 EP 608 PG 4 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 324RC UT WOS:000087634300012 PM 10868696 ER PT J AU Boley, SE Anderson, EE French, JE Donehower, LA Walker, DB Recio, L AF Boley, SE Anderson, EE French, JE Donehower, LA Walker, DB Recio, L TI Loss of p53 in benzene-induced thymic lymphomas in p53+/- mice: Evidence of chromosomal recombination SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WILD-TYPE P53; P53-DEFICIENT MICE; INDUCED TUMORIGENESIS; A LOCUS; HETEROZYGOSITY; TUMORS; GENE; MUTATIONS; CANCER; DELETION AB The purpose of this study was to examine the role of chromosomal recombination in mediating p53 loss in benzene-induced thymic lymphomas in C57BL/6-Trp53 haploinsufficient (N5) mice (p53+/- mice). We characterized loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 11 using seven microsatellite markers in 27 benzene-induced and 6 spontaneous thymic lymphomas, Eleven patterns of LOH were found between the induced and spontaneous tumors,,vith only one pattern being in common between the tumor groups. Nearly 90% (24 of 27) of benzene-induced tumors exhibited loss of the functional p53 allele locus, and 83% (20 of 24) of these tumors retained two copies of the disrupted p53 allele, The results indicate that benzene induces a high frequency of LOH on chromosome 11 in p53+/- mice, likely mediated by aberrant chromosomal recombination. C1 Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Div Mol Virol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Recio, L (reprint author), Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, 6 Davis Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 25 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 60 IS 11 BP 2831 EP 2835 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 321BH UT WOS:000087434700018 PM 10850423 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Davis, C Padgett, WT Adams, L Yacopucci, M King, LC AF Nesnow, S Davis, C Padgett, WT Adams, L Yacopucci, M King, LC TI 8,9-Dihydroxy-8,9-dihydrodibenzo[a,l]pyrene is a potent morphological cell-transforming agent in C3H10T(1)/(2)Cl8 mouse embryo fibroblasts in the absence of detectable stable covalent DNA adducts SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HUMAN CYTOCHROME-P450 1A1; RAS ONCOGENE MUTATIONS; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; C3H10T1/2CL8 CELLS; DIBENZOPYRENE-DNA ADDUCTS; STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; CYP1B1; SKIN AB The comparative genotoxic effects of racemic trans-8,9-dihydroxy-8,9-dihydrodibenzo[a,l]pyrene (trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol), the metabolic K-region dihydrodiol of dibenzo[a,l] pyrene (DB[a,l]P) (dibenzo[def,p]chrysene) and DB[a,l]P in transformable mouse embryo C3H10T1/2C18 (C3H10T1/2) fibroblasts was investigated. The C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo morphological cell-transforming activities of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assayed using concentration-response studies. At concentrations of 33 nM and above both trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol and DB[a,l]P produced significant (and similar) numbers of type II and III foci per dish and numbers of dishes with type II and II foci, Concomitant cytotoxicity studies revealed a reduction in colony survival of similar to 25% up to 198 nM for both PAHs, DNA adducts of trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol and DB[a,l]P in C3H10T1/2 cells were analyzed by a P-32-post-labeling TLC/HPLC method. No adducts were observed in the DNA of C3H10T1/2 cells treated with trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol at concentrations that induced morphological cell transformation, Under the same exposure and chromatographic conditions, DNA adducts of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine derived from the fjord region anti-DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide and syn-DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide were observed in the DNA of DB[a,l]P-treated cells. These results indicate that trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol has intrinsic genotoxic activity equal to that of DB[a,l]P, based on morphological cell transformation of mouse embryo fibroblasts, The activity of trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol is apparently not associated with the formation of observable stable covalent DNA adducts, These results suggest that under appropriate conditions, trans-DB[a,l]P-8,9-diol may serve as an intermediate in the genotoxicity of DB[a,l]P. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD JUN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1253 EP 1257 DI 10.1093/carcin/21.6.1253 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 327XE UT WOS:000087819100026 PM 10837018 ER PT J AU Shafer, TJ AF Shafer, TJ TI Methylmercury effects on ion channels and electrical activity in neurons: Future directions SO CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE methylmercury; ion channels; electrophysiology; neurotoxicity; development ID PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA PC12 CELLS; SEYCHELLES CHILD-DEVELOPMENT; ORGANOTYPIC SLICE CULTURES; ROOT GANGLION NEURONS; IN-VITRO; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; CALCIUM CHANNELS; METHYL MERCURY; MEMBRANE EXCITABILITY AB Methylmercury (CH3Hg+) is a potent neurotoxicant in humans and laboratory animals, and both epidemiological and laboratory data suggest that the developing nervous system is more susceptible to CH3Hg+ neurotoxicity than is the adult nervous system. While it is recognized that the developing nervous system is more susceptible to CH3Hg+ neurotoxicity compared to the adult nervous system, it is presently not clear what level of exposure, if any, is without effect on the developing human nervous system. A better understanding of mechanisms of action of CH3Hg+ for developmental neurotoxicity would be useful in defining risks associated with CH3Hg+ exposure. While alterations in a variety of processes may contribute to the neurotoxicity of CH3Hg+, changes in ion channel function and electrical activity in neuronal cells is a consistent observation following acute exposure in a variety of preparations. Additional research, however, is needed to clarify the relationship between alterations in neuronal electrophysiological function and developmental neurotoxicity of CH3Hg+. This article suggests several issues to be considered in order to address the relationship between in vitro acute effects of CH3Hg+ on ion channels and electrophysiological function in neurons and developmental neurotoxicity. Future studies need: 1) to examine effects on ion channel function and neuronal electrophysiology following subacute and chronic in vitvo exposure to CH3Hg+; 2) to utilize model systems which consider developmental changes in neuronal function; 3) to consider direct vs. indirect effects of CH3Hg+; 4) to compare in vitro to ex vivo and in vivo effect; 5) to utilize in vitro dose levels which reflect in vivo exposure, and 6) to consider interactions between CH3Hg+ and other potential neurotoxicants found in environmental mixtures. Ultimately, it may be possible to develop biologically-based dose-response models of CH3Hg+ neurotoxicity which will be useful in assessing the risks of developmental neurotoxicity of this metal. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Shafer, TJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol Div MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 77 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PI NOISY-LE-GRAND PA PROF R WEGMANN RESIDENCE HAUSSMANN 1 AVENUE DU PAVE NEUF, 93160 NOISY-LE-GRAND, FRANCE SN 0145-5680 J9 CELL MOL BIOL JI Cell. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 4 BP 855 EP 864 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 324QW UT WOS:000087633700015 PM 10875446 ER PT J AU Purkerson-Parker, SL Fieber, LA Rein, KS Podona, T Baden, DG AF Purkerson-Parker, SL Fieber, LA Rein, KS Podona, T Baden, DG TI Brevetoxin derivatives that inhibit toxin activity SO CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brevetoxins; brevetoxin antagonists; marine neurotoxins; sodium channel ID SENSITIVE SODIUM-CHANNELS; RAT-BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES; LIPID BILAYERS; BINDING; NERVE AB Background: The brevetoxins are marine neurotoxins that interfere with the normal functions of the voltage-gated Na+ channel. We have identified two brevetoxin derivatives that do not exhibit pharmacological properties typical of the brevetoxins and that function as brevetoxin antagonists. Results: PbTx-3 and benzoyl-PbTx-3 elicited Na+ channel openings during steady-state depolarizations; however, two PbTx-3 derivatives retained their ability to bind to the receptor, but did not elicit Na+ channel openings. alpha-Naphthoyl-PbTx-3 acted as a PbTx-3 antagonist but did not affect Na+ channels that were not exposed to PbTx-3. beta-Naphthoyl-PbTx-3 reduced openings of Na+ channels that were not exposed to PbTx-3. Conclusions: Some modifications to the brevetoxin molecule do not alter either the binding properties or the activity of these toxins. Larger modifications to the K-ring sidechain do not interfere with binding but have profound effects on their pharmacological properties. This implies a critical function for the K-ring sidechain of the native toxin. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Chem, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Univ N Carolina Curriculum Toxicol, US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, NIEHS Marine & Freshwater Biomed Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ N Carolina, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Rein, KS (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Chem, Miami, FL 33199 USA. OI Fieber, Lynne/0000-0002-7717-2260 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05785, ES05853] NR 24 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1074-5521 J9 CHEM BIOL JI Chem. Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 7 IS 6 BP 385 EP 393 DI 10.1016/S1074-5521(00)00119-8 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 325NT UT WOS:000087683100004 PM 10873835 ER PT J AU Hassan, SM AF Hassan, SM TI Reduction of halogenated hydrocarbons in aqueous media: I. Involvement of sulfur in iron catalysis SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION AB Experiments were carried out to investigate the reduction of tri- and tetra-chloroethene with iron in aqueous solutions. Results indicate (i) dependence of the dehalogenation capacity of the iron on its sulfur content and (ii) that ethyne was the primary dehalogenated hydrocarbon for both compounds. A reaction mechanism based on in situ formation of ferrous sulfide as the catalyst and its reaction with the halocompounds in the presence of hydrogen has been postulated. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Technol Applicat Inc, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Hassan, SM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Lab Environm Anal, Miller Plant Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Hassan, Sayed/0000-0003-4713-0892 NR 20 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 12 BP 1357 EP 1363 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00271-4 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 298UR UT WOS:000086158000009 PM 10789975 ER PT J AU Reynolds, KM Jensen, M Andreasen, J Goodman, I AF Reynolds, KM Jensen, M Andreasen, J Goodman, I TI Knowledge-based assessment of watershed condition SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Scientific Conference on The Application of Scientific Knowledge to Decisionmaking in Managing forest Ecosystems CY MAY 03-07, 1999 CL ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA SP IUFRO Working Party, Knowledge & Informat Management, USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Forest Resources Syst Inst DE watershed analysis; watershed assessment; ecosystem management; decision support; NetWeaver ID FUZZY-LOGIC; PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AB The USDA Forest Service and Environmental Protection Agency have cooperatively developed a knowledge base for assessment and monitoring of ecological states and processes in sixth-code watersheds. The knowledge base provides a formal logical specification for evaluating watershed processes, patterns, general effects of human influence, and specific effects on salmon habitat. The knowledge base was designed in the NetWeaver knowledge base development system and evaluated in the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system. EMDS is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological landscape analysis at any geographic scale. The system integrates geographic information system and knowledge base system technologies to provide an analytical tool for environmental assessment and monitoring. The basic objective of EMDS is to improve the quality and completeness of environmental assessments and the efficiency with which they are performed. This paper presents an overview of the NetWeaver and EMDS systems, describes the general structure of the knowledge base for watershed assessment, and presents a small example of its use for evaluating erosion processes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Reynolds, KM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Reynolds, Keith/B-3327-2009; OI Reynolds, Keith/0000-0002-5286-4754 NR 39 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1-3 BP 315 EP 333 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00090-9 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 331FT UT WOS:000088008200018 ER PT J AU Domingo, JWS Harmon, S Bennett, J AF Domingo, JWS Harmon, S Bennett, J TI Survival of Salmonella species in river water SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONCULTURABLE STATE; STARVATION-SURVIVAL; ENTERIC BACTERIA; MICROBIAL-CELLS; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; IN-SITU; IDENTIFICATION; ENVIRONMENT; SEAWATER AB The survival of four Salmonella strains in river water microcosms was monitored by culturing techniques, direct counts, whale-cell hybridization, scanning electron microscopy, and resuscitation techniques via the direct viable count method and flow cytometry. Plate counts of bacteria resuspended in filtered and untreated river water decreased several orders of magnitude within the first week of incubation, while they did not decrease as rapidly in autoclaved water. In situ hybridization studies suggested a rapid decrease in ribosomal content, as determined by the drastic decrease in the number of detectable cells after 72 h. In contrast, direct counts remained relatively constant during 45 days in all microcosoms. Although the culturable counts of two bacterial strains in filtered water after 31 days represented approximately 0.001% of the total counts, direct viable counts and resuscitation studies with a dilution series suggested that the number of viable bacteria was at least four orders of magnitude higher. Additionally, notable changes in forward scatter and in nucleic acid content were observed only after 4 h of nutrient amendments by flow cytometry. However, cells from the resuscitation experiments did not grow on solid media unless cell-free supernatant from viable cultures was added during the resuscitation period. The results in this study suggest the presence of a not immediately culturable status in Salmonella. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Domingo, JWS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 6 BP 409 EP 417 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 317LD UT WOS:000087226100011 ER PT J AU Dale, VH Haeuber, RA AF Dale, VH Haeuber, RA TI Perspectives on land use SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dale, VH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Dale, Virginia/B-6023-2009 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 671 EP 672 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0671:POLU]2.0.CO;2 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 322JN UT WOS:000087506600002 ER PT J AU Popp, JH Hyatt, DE Hoag, D AF Popp, JH Hyatt, DE Hoag, D TI Modeling environmental condition with indices: a case study of sustainability and soil resources SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT INDEX Workshop on Environmental Indicatiors and Indices CY JUL 10-14, 1998 CL ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIA SP INDEX DE ecological assessments; environmental condition; environmental indicator; indices; resource management; soil quality; sustainability ID EROSION; PRODUCTIVITY; ECONOMICS; QUALITY AB The authors present a framework that illustrates how a resource quality index can be used to examine policy relevant questions regarding environmental condition, the management of a resource as a production output, and sustainability. The framework demonstrates that heterogeneous endowments of a resource can change over time in different ways. By evaluating these changes using substitution, reversibility and uncertainty criteria, we can suggest four general guidelines for managing an environmental resource in a single production process. This framework was applied in a case study to three soil types (stable, neutral and susceptible) used in agricultural production in the Midwestern United States. By evaluating the economic and environmental impacts of managing soil quality under different sustainability and profit objectives, we uncovered policy relevant information including: which soils need to be preserved; when public intervention is needed to attain sustainability; and what perceptions of sustainability may be worth pursuing at all. The accuracy of these insights is highly dependent upon the reliability of the assessment of resource quality. An index was useful in this resource assessment because it could adapt to many of the complexities of environmental condition. We offer three lessons in refining resource indicators so that they may be used in the framework to better achieve optimal resource management and a greater understanding of what sustainability really means. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Agr Econ & Agribusiness, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US EPA, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Popp, JH (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Agr Econ & Agribusiness, 221 Agr Bldg, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 130 IS 1-3 BP 131 EP 143 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00201-5 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339UD UT WOS:000088495500013 ER PT J AU Laitner, JA AF Laitner, JA TI Energy efficiency: rebounding to a sound analytical perspective SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE elasticities; macroeconomic perspectives; energy policies ID ECONOMIC-GROWTH AB Recent controversy suggests that energy efficiency policies used to reduce carbon emissions might actually increase overall energy consumption. The result would be an unintended increase in carbon emissions. This paper examines the underlying issues of this so-called "rebound effect" from both a historical perspective and through the results of a recent macroeconomic analysis completed for the United States. Depending on the assumptions of income and price elasticities, as well as the supply/demand interactions within a macroeconomic model, the rebound effect might reduce overall savings by about 2-3% compared to a pure engineering analysis. In other words, an economy-wide, cost-effective engineering savings of 30% might turn out to be only a 29% savings from a macroeconomic perspective. Despite the impact of a rebound effect, the net result of energy efficiency policies can be a highly positive one. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Laitner, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Atmospher Programs, 501 3rd St NW,4th Floor,MS-6201J, Washington, DC 20001 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD JUN PY 2000 VL 28 IS 6-7 BP 471 EP 475 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 315BX UT WOS:000087093700012 ER PT J AU Pinsky, PF AF Pinsky, PF TI Assessment of risk from long term exposure to waterborne pathogens SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE pathogen dose-response curve; model uncertainty; Poisson distribution; population risks ID DRINKING-WATER; IMMUNOLOGIC CONTROL; TYPHOID FEVER; VOLUNTEERS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA; VIRUSES; MODEL AB Disease due to waterborne pathogens, whether in outbreak or endemic form, continues to be a problem in both the developing and the developed world. Control of waterborne disease requires accurate assessment of the pathogen dose-response relation and of likely patterns of exposure. Heretofore, risk assessment of pathogen exposure has been done on the basis of several standard biologically plausible dose-response models. In this paper, the problem of estimating the long-term risk from waterborne pathogens is put into a rigorous mathematical and statistical framework. The implications of the biologic assumptions embedded in the dose-response models (e.g., heterogeneity in susceptibility) are fully considered, as are the likely patterns of long-term exposure (e.g., temporal correlations within individuals and heterogeneity of mean exposures). Two types of long-term risk are described, risk per person-time and risk per individual where the latter is the risk of infection at least once. The effects on these risks of heterogeneity in individuals' susceptibilities and mean exposures and of temporal correlations of exposures are described, both theoretically and empirically using a sample of experimental data sets. Because different models with equal plausibility may give very different results in the low-dose range but fit the experimental data equally well, we apply the model uncertainty algorithm of Buckland et al. (1997) on example data sets. Finally, the computational aspects of the general problem, which are often challenging, are discussed along with the conditions under which simplifying approximations may be utilized. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC USA. RP Pinsky, PF (reprint author), NCI, EPN 330, 6130 Execut Blvd MSC 7354, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 7 IS 2 BP 155 EP 175 DI 10.1023/A:1009627012258 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 324EL UT WOS:000087608800003 ER PT J AU Brilis, GM Gerlach, CL van Waasbergen, RJ AF Brilis, GM Gerlach, CL van Waasbergen, RJ TI Remote sensing tools assist in environmental forensics. Part I: Traditional methods SO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; photogrammetry; environmental enforcement; aerial photography; topographic mapping; environmental investigation AB This is part one of a two-part discussion, in which we will provide an overview of the use of aerial photography, topographic mapping and photogrammetry in environmental enforcement actions. The visualization of spatial relationships of natural and man-made features can focus the scope of environmental investigation, and provide a simple, yet quantitative, historical record of changes in conditions on a site. Aerial photography has been used in environmental remote sensing since the early part of the 20th century. Aerial photos are valuable tools for environmental assessment because they provide objective, detailed documentation of surface conditions at a specific time. Furthermore, they can generally be obtained even in cases where access on the ground is denied to investigators. From aerial photos, precise quantitative information can be collected using photogrammetry. Such measurement and positional data can be produced in digital format for input into a Geographic information System (GIS) for computerized analysis and display. Other information derived from aerial photographs requires specialized photointerpretive skills and experience. These include the recognition of vegetation mortality, oil-spill damage, and the ecological quality of water bodies. The location, extent and historical change of hazardous waste sites can be documented on topographic maps. These maps are often created from aerial photographs, and display the extent and location of real-world features by symbolizing them. The major advantage of maps over aerial photos is that maps can show things that are not visible from the air, while omitting unnecessary and distracting information. Because maps are derived products, they may contain bias in content and presentation, and they must be backed up by careful documentation and quality assurance protocols. (C) 2000 AEHS. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Appl Environm Data Serv, Arlington, TX 76013 USA. RP Brilis, GM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 5 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1527-5922 J9 ENVIRON FORENSICS JI Environ. Forensics PD JUN PY 2000 VL 1 IS 2 BP 63 EP 67 DI 10.1006/enfo.2000.0009 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 379XD UT WOS:000165667700002 ER PT J AU Rice, DC AF Rice, DC TI Parallels between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and behavioral deficits produced by neurotoxic exposure in monkeys SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE ADHD; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; behavioral impairment; delayed alternation; discrimination reversal task; fixed interval schedule; lead; monkey model; PCBs ID LOW-LEVEL LEAD; NONSPATIAL DISCRIMINATION REVERSAL; SCHOOL-AGE-CHILDREN; DELAYED ALTERNATION; DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; PCB MIXTURE; PERFORMANCE; IMPAIRMENT; ADOLESCENTS AB Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disability that affects between 3 and 7% of children, with a significant number of individuals continuing to be affected into adolescence and adulthood. ADHD is characterized in part by an inability to organize complex sequences of behavior, to persist in the face of distracting stimuli, and to respond appropriately to the consequences of past behavior. There are some parallels between the features of ADHD and the behavior of monkeys exposed developmentally to lead or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as evidenced by research from our laboratory. Both lead and PCB exposure produce deficits on discrimination reversal and spatial delayed alternation performance; treated monkeys exhibit deficits in their ability to change an already established response strategy and inhibit inappropriate responses. Monkeys exposed developmentally to lead or PCBs also perform differently from control monkeys on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement, which requires the temporal organization of behavior using only internal cues. Whereas the etiology of ADHD is multifactorial, the possibility that neurotoxic agents in the environment contribute to the incidence of ADHD warrants attention. C1 US EPA, NCEA, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rice, DC (reprint author), US EPA, NCEA, Off Res & Dev, MC 8623 D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 26 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 405 EP 408 DI 10.2307/3454528 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400007 PM 10852836 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA AF Tilson, HA TI New horizons: Future directions in neurotoxicology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE future directions; neurotoxicology; neurotoxicology risk assessment guidelines AB Neurotoxicology is a relatively young discipline that has undergone significant growth during the last 25 years. During the late 1970s and 1980s, numerous national and international conferences and meetings were devoted to the topic of neurotoxicology, the formation of societies or specialty sections related to neurotoxicology, and the establishment of two independent peer-reviewed journals devoted to neurotoxicology. This decade was also associated with a rapid increase in our knowledge of chemical effects on the structure and function of the nervous system. During the 1990s, regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency accepted neurotoxicology as a crucial end point and neurotoxicity testing and risk assessment guidelines were published. Neurotoxicology has also been accepted at the international level as evidenced by environmental criteria documents published by the International Programme on Chemical Safety and testing guidelines by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. In recent years, there has been increased concern that the etiology of some neurodegenerative diseases may be associated with exposure to neurotoxic agents and that subpopulations of humans such as children and the elderly may be differentially sensitive to neurotoxic exposure. In the future, mechanistic information derived from basic research will be used in the identification and characterization of chemicals with neurotoxic potential. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 439 EP 441 DI 10.2307/3454534 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400013 PM 10852842 ER PT J AU Selevan, SG Kimmel, CA Mendola, P AF Selevan, SG Kimmel, CA Mendola, P TI Identifying critical windows of exposure for children's health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children's health; developmental disorders; developmental toxicity; environmental health; risk assessment; teratogen; windows of vulnerability ID MATERNAL SMOKING; BIRTH-WEIGHT; CHILDHOOD; PREGNANCY; RETARDATION; ASSOCIATION; CANCERS; GROWTH; WOMEN; LEAD AB Several authors have considered the importance of exposure timing and how this affects the outcomes observed, but no one has systematically compiled preconceptional, prenatal, and postnatal developmental exposures and subsequent outcomes. Efforts were undertaken to examine the information available and to evaluate implications for risk assessment for several areas: ai respiratory and immune systems, b) reproductive system. c) nervous system, di cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and general growth, and e) cancer. Major conclusions from a workshop on "Critical Windows of Exposure for Children's Health" included ai broad windows of sensitivity can be identified for many systems but detailed information is limited; b) cross-species comparisons of dose to target tissue and better data on the exposure-dose-outcome continuum are needed; ci increased interaction among scientific disciplines can further understanding by using laboratory animal results in designing epidemiological studies and human data to suggest specific laboratory studies on mechanisms and agent-target interactions; and d) thus far, only limited attention has been given to peripubertal/adolescent exposures, adult consequences of developmental exposures, and genome-environment interactions. More specific information on developmental windows will improve risk assessment by identifying the most sensitive window(si for evaluation of dose-response relationships and exposure, evaluation of biological plausibility of research findings in humans, and comparison of data across species. In public health and risk management, information on critical windows may help identify especially susceptible subgroups for specific interventions. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Selevan, SG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 NR 45 TC 199 Z9 210 U1 2 U2 14 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 451 EP 455 DI 10.2307/3454536 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400015 PM 10852844 ER PT J AU Holladay, SD Smialowicz, RJ AF Holladay, SD Smialowicz, RJ TI Development of the murine and human immune system: Differential effects of immunotoxicants depend on time of exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE autoimmune disease; developmental immunotoxicity; diethylstilbestrol; immune development; TCDD; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; prenatal; therapeutic immunosuppressant ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; RENAL-TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM-CELLS; VERSUS-HOST DISEASE; ZINC-DEPRIVED MICE; MATURE T-CELLS; CYCLOSPORINE-A; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; INUTERO EXPOSURE; AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASE AB Fetal and early postnatal life represent critical periods in Vertebrate immune system development. Disruption of such development by perinatal immunotoxic chemical exposure has been widely described in experimental animal models. The resultant inhibited postnatal immune responses in such animals are often more dramatic and persistent than those after exposure during adult life. Further, recent reports suggest that prenatal exposure to immunotoxicants may exacerbate postnatal aberrant immune responses (e.g., hypersensitivity disorders and autoimmune disease) in genetically predisposed rodents. Limited information is available regarding the possibility of inhibited postnatal immune capacity in humans as a result of developmental immunotoxicant exposure. The multifactorial nature of hypersensitivity and autoimmune responses will further complicate the elucidation of possible relationships between chemical exposure during ontogeny of the human immune system and immune-mediated disease later in life. Taken together, however, the available animal data suggest the potential for altered postnatal immune function in humans exposed to immunotoxicants (e.g., environmental chemicals and therapeutic agents) during fetal and/or early postnatal life. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Environm Res Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Holladay, SD (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Phase 2,Southgate Dr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 190 TC 174 Z9 179 U1 6 U2 13 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 463 EP 473 DI 10.2307/3454538 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400017 PM 10852846 ER PT J AU Hubal, EAC Sheldon, LS Burke, JM McCurdy, TR Barry, MR Rigas, ML Zartarian, VG Freeman, NCG AF Hubal, EAC Sheldon, LS Burke, JM McCurdy, TR Barry, MR Rigas, ML Zartarian, VG Freeman, NCG TI Children's exposure assessment: A review of factors influencing children's exposure, and the data available to characterize and assess that exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE activity patterns; aggregate exposure; children; environmental exposure; exposure assessment; susceptible populations ID IN-HAND MANIPULATION; BLOOD LEAD LEVELS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; SOIL INGESTION; RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE; GENDER DIFFERENCES; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; TRACER ELEMENTS; CHROMIUM WASTE AB We review the factors influencing children's exposure to environmental contaminants and the data available to characterize and assess that exposure. Children's activity pattern data requirements are demonstrated in the context of the algorithms used to estimate exposure by inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion. Currently, data on children's exposures and activities are insufficient to adequately assess multimedia exposures to environmental contaminants. As a result, regulators use a series of default assumptions and exposure factors when conducting exposure assessments. Data to reduce uncertainty in the assumptions and exposure estimates are needed to ensure chemicals are regulated appropriately to protect children's health. To improve the database, advancement in the following general areas of research is required: identification of appropriate age/developmental benchmarks For categorizing children in exposure assessment; development and improvement of methods for monitoring children's exposures and activities; collection of activity pattern data for children (especially young children) required to assess exposure by all routes; collection of data on concentrations of environmental contaminants, biomarkers, and transfer coefficients that can be used as inputs to aggregate exposure models. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ USA. RP Hubal, EAC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 103 TC 154 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 24 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 6 BP 475 EP 486 DI 10.2307/3454607 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326EN UT WOS:000087719900018 ER PT J AU Dietert, RR Etzel, RA Chen, D Halonen, M Holladay, SD Jarabek, AM Landreth, K Peden, DB Pinkerton, K Smialowicz, RJ Zoetis, T AF Dietert, RR Etzel, RA Chen, D Halonen, M Holladay, SD Jarabek, AM Landreth, K Peden, DB Pinkerton, K Smialowicz, RJ Zoetis, T TI Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: Immune and respiratory systems work group summary SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children's health; developmental exposure; developmental immunotoxicity; respiratory toxicity; risk assessment; windows of vulnerability ID DEVELOPMENTAL LEAD-EXPOSURE; STACHYBOTRYS-ATRA; MATERNAL SMOKING; PERINATAL EXPOSURE; PASSIVE SMOKING; NASAL PASSAGES; F344 RAT; T-CELL; RESPONSES; MICE AB Fetuses, infants, and juveniles (preadults) should not be considered simply "small adults" when it comes to toxicological risk. We present specific examples of developmental toxicants that are more toxic to children than to adults, focusing on effects on the immune and respiratory systems. We describe differences in both the pharmacokinetics of the developing immune and respiratory systems as well as changes in target organ sensitivities to toxicants. Differential windows of vulnerability during development are identified in the context of available animal models. We provide specific approaches to directly investigate differential windows of vulnerability. These approaches are based on fundamental developmental biology and the existence of discrete developmental processes within the immune and respiratory systems. The processes are likely to influence differential developmental susceptibility to toxicants, resulting in lifelong toxicological changes. We also provide a template for comparative research. Finally, we discuss the application of these data to risk assessment. C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Inst Comparat & Environm Toxicol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Epidemiol & Risk Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Arizona, Arizona Hlth Sci Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. W Virginia Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, MBR Canc Ctr, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anat Physiol & Cell Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Dietert, RR (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, C5135 Vet Med Ctr,Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 67 TC 159 Z9 166 U1 2 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 483 EP 490 DI 10.2307/3454540 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400019 PM 10852848 ER PT J AU Lemasters, GK Perreault, SD Hales, BF Hatch, M Hirshfield, AN Hughes, CL Kimmel, GL Lamb, JC Pryor, JL Rubin, C Seed, JG AF Lemasters, GK Perreault, SD Hales, BF Hatch, M Hirshfield, AN Hughes, CL Kimmel, GL Lamb, JC Pryor, JL Rubin, C Seed, JG TI Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: Reproductive health in children and adolescents work group summary SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children; fetal; gametes; gonads; reproduction; sexual development; urogenital system ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; MAMMARY TUMORIGENESIS; TESTICULAR TOXICITY; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; MULTICOLOR FISH; UNITED-STATES; ENDOCRINE; SPERM; RAT AB This work group report addresses the central question: What are the critical windows during development (preconception through puberty) when exposure to xenobiotics may have the greatest adverse impact on subsequent reproductive health? The reproductive system develops in stages, with sex-specific organogenesis occurring prenatally and further maturational events occurring in the perinatal period and at puberty. Complex endocrine signals as well as other regulatory factors (genetics, growth factors) are involved at all stages. Evidence from animal models and human studies indicates that many specific events can be perturbed by a variety of toxicants, with endocrine-mediated mechanisms being the more widely studied. Prioritized research needs include basic studies on the cellular-molecular and endocrine regulation of sexual differentiation and development; increased efforts regarding potential adverse effects on development in females, including breast development; expanded animal studies on different classes of chemicals, comparing responses during development (prenatal and postnatal) with responses in adults; and, more extensive explorations regarding the reproductive biology and toxicology of puberty in humans. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC USA. Blasland Bouck & Lee Inc, Reston, VA USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Perreault, SD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 505 EP 509 DI 10.2307/3454542 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400021 PM 10852850 ER PT J AU Zartarian, VG Ozkaynak, H Burke, JM Zufall, MJ Rigas, ML Furtaw, EJ AF Zartarian, VG Ozkaynak, H Burke, JM Zufall, MJ Rigas, ML Furtaw, EJ TI A modeling framework for estimating children's residential exposure and dose to chlorpyrifos via dermal residue contact and nondietary ingestion SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE aggregate exposure; children; chlorpyrifos; exposure model; dermal; Food Quality Protection Act; nondietary ingestion; pesticides ID PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS; POTENTIAL EXPOSURE; DIAZINON; ABSORPTION; SURFACES; FIELD AB To help address the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996;, a physically based probabilistic model has been developed to quantify and analyze dermal and nondietary ingestion exposure and dose to pesticides. The Residential Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model for Pesticides (Residential-SHEDS) simulates the exposures and doses of children contacting residues on surfaces in treated residences and on turf in treated residential yards. The simulations combine sequential time-location-activity information from children's diaries with microlevel videotaped activity data, probability distributions of measured surface residues and exposure factors, and pharmacokinetic rate constants. Model outputs include individual profiles and population statistics for daily dermal loading, mass in the blood compartment, ingested residue via nondietary objects, and mass of eliminated metabolite, as well as contributions from various routes, pathways, and media. To illustrate the capabilities of the model framework, we applied Residential-SHEDS to estimate children's residential exposure and dose to chlorpyrifos for 12 exposure scenarios: 2 age groups (0-4 and 5-9 years); 2 indoor pesticide application methods (broadcast and crack and crevice); and 3 postindoor application time periods (< 1, 1-7, and 8-30 days). Independent residential turf applications (liquid or granular) were included in each of these scenarios. Despite the current data limitations and model assumptions, the case study predicts exposure and dose estimates that compare well to measurements in the published literature, and provides insights to the relative importance of exposure scenarios and pathways. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Zartarian, VG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr 555, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 51 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 10 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 6 BP 505 EP 514 DI 10.2307/3454611 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326EN UT WOS:000087719900022 PM 10856023 ER PT J AU Rice, D Barone, S AF Rice, D Barone, S TI Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: Evidence from humans and animal models SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE abnormal neurological development; apoptosis; behavioral testing methodology; delayed neurotoxicity; differentiation; migration; myelination; neurobiological substrates of function; neuronal plasticity; neurotrophic factor; primate; rodent ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; LEVEL LEAD-EXPOSURE; VISUAL RECOGNITION MEMORY; FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; SCHEDULE-CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR; ENDOGENOUS OPIOID SYSTEMS; PRIMATE CEREBRAL-CORTEX; GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; RAT-BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AB Vulnerable periods during the development of the nervous system are sensitive to environmental insults because they are dependent on the temporal and regional emergence of critical developmental processes (i.e., proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination, and apoptosis). Evidence from numerous sources demonstrates that neural development extends from the embryonic period through adolescence. In general, the sequence of events is comparable among species, although the time scales are considerably different. Developmental exposure of animals or humans to numerous agents (e.g., X-ray irradiation, methylazoxymethanol, ethanol, lead, methyl mercury, or chlorpyrifos) demonstrates that interference with one or more of these developmental processes can lead to developmental neurotoxicity. Different behavioral domains (e.g., sensory, motor, and various cognitive functions) are subserved by different brain areas. Although there are important differences between the rodent and human brain, analogous structures can be identified. Moreover, the ontogeny of specific behaviors can be used to draw inferences regarding the maturation of specific brain structures or neural circuits in rodents and primates, including humans. Furthermore, Various clinical disorders in humans (e.g., schizophrenia, dyslexia, epilepsy, and autism) may also be the result of interference with normal ontogeny of developmental processes in the nervous system. Of critical concern is the possibility that developmental exposure to neurotoxicants may result in an acceleration of age-related decline in function. This concern is compounded by the fact that developmental neurotoxicity that results in small effects can have a profound societal impact when amortized across the entire population and across the life span of humans. C1 US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP US EPA, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM barone.slan@epa.gov NR 401 TC 1135 Z9 1165 U1 37 U2 270 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 511 EP 533 DI 10.2307/3454543 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400022 PM 10852851 ER PT J AU Adams, J Barone, S LaMantia, A Philen, R Rice, DC Spear, L Susser, E AF Adams, J Barone, S LaMantia, A Philen, R Rice, DC Spear, L Susser, E TI Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: Neurobehavioral work group summary SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE abnormal neurological development; behavioral teratology; behavioral testing methodology; delayed neurotoxicity; developmental disorders; developmental neurotoxicology; environmental health; neurobiological substrates of function; neuronal plasticity ID RETINOIC ACID EXPOSURE; LEVEL LEAD-EXPOSURE; ANIMAL DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; PRENATAL COCAINE EXPOSURE; SPANNING 3 DECADES; RAT-BRAIN; QUANTITATIVE COMPARABILITY; RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS; MENTAL-RETARDATION AB This paper summarizes the deliberations of a work group charged with addressing specific questions relevant to risk estimation in developmental neurotoxicology. We focused on eight questions. a) Does it make sense to think about discrete windows of vulnerability in the development of the nervous system? If it does, which time periods are of greatest importance? b) Are there cascades of developmental disorders in the nervous system? For example, are there critical points that determine the course of development that can lead to differences in vulnerabilities at later times! c) Can information on critical windows suggest the most susceptible subgroups of children (i.e., age groups, socioeconomic status, geographic areas, race, etc.)! di What are the gaps in existing data for the nervous system or end points of exposure to it! e) What are the best ways to examine exposure-response relationships and estimate exposures in vulnerable life stages! f) What other exposures that affect development at certain ages may interact with exposures of concern! g) How well do laboratory animal data predict human response! h) How can all of this information be used to improve risk assessment and public health (risk management)? In addressing these questions, we provide a brief overview of brain development from conception through adolescence and emphasize vulnerability to toxic insult throughout this period. Methodological issues focus on major Variables that influence exposure or its detection through disruptions of behavior, neuroanatomy, or neurochemical end points. Supportive evidence from studies of major neurotoxicants is provided. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, Boston, MA 02125 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth Effects Environm Res Lab, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Branch, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Mol Physiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hazards Epidemiol Sect, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. SUNY Binghamton, Ctr Dev Psychobiol, Dept Psychol, Binghamton, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY USA. RP Adams, J (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125 USA. NR 98 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 535 EP 544 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400023 PM 10852852 ER PT J AU Barr, M DeSesso, JM Lau, CS Osmond, C Ozanne, SE Sadler, TW Simmons, RA Sonawane, BR AF Barr, M DeSesso, JM Lau, CS Osmond, C Ozanne, SE Sadler, TW Simmons, RA Sonawane, BR TI Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: Cardiovascular and endocrine work group summary SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE developmental toxicity; endocrine; heart; teratogen ID RATS AB The work group on cardiovascular and endocrine effects was asked to review the current state of knowledge about children's windows of vulnerability to developmental toxicants and to recommend how that information may be used to improve risk assessment and public health. We considered differences between structural defects, where periods of vulnerability are rather well defined, and functional defects, where periods of vulnerability are quite elusive. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Pediat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Obstet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Mitretek Syst, Mclean, VA USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Southampton Gen Hosp, Environm Epidemiol Unit, MRC, Southampton SO9 4XY, Hants, England. Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, Cambridge, England. Univ N Carolina, UNC Birth Defects Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Neonatol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Effects Idenificat & Characterizat Grp, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Barr, M (reprint author), Univ Michigan Hosp, Teratol Univ, TC1924,Box 0318, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 569 EP 571 DI 10.2307/3454548 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400027 PM 10852856 ER PT J AU Olshan, AF Anderson, L Roman, E Fear, N Wolff, M Whyatt, R Vu, V Diwan, BA Potischman, N AF Olshan, AF Anderson, L Roman, E Fear, N Wolff, M Whyatt, R Vu, V Diwan, BA Potischman, N TI Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: Cancer work group summary SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE adult; child; environmental; neoplasm ID ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; RETINOBLASTOMA; MUTATION; ORIGIN; GENE; RISK AB We considered whether there are discrete windows of vulnerability in the development of cancer and which time periods may be of the greatest importance. Cancer was considered broadly. including cancers in childhood as well as adult cancers that may have an in utero or childhood origin. We concluded that there was evidence from animal and epidemiologic studies for causal relationships for preconceptional, in utero, and childhood exposures and cancer occurrence in children and adults. However, the evidence is incomplete and all relevant critical windows may not have been identified. The comprehensive evaluation of the relative importance of specific time windows of exposure is limited. Improvements in the design of epidemiologic studies and additional animal studies of mechanisms are warranted. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NCI, Comparat Carcinogenesis Lab, Frederick, MD USA. Univ Leeds, Inst Epidemiol, Leukaemia Res Fund, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Environm Hlth Sci, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Sci, New York, NY USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Olshan, AF (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Fear, Nicola/A-1917-2012 NR 16 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 108 SU 3 BP 595 EP 597 DI 10.2307/3454550 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 326RK UT WOS:000087748400029 PM 10852858 ER PT J AU Curran, MA AF Curran, MA TI Life Cycle Assessment: An international experience SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying relevant inputs and outputs of the defined system and evaluating their potential impacts. This article outlines the four components that comprise LCA (goal definition, inventory, impact assessment and interpretation) and addresses various applications of LCA within industry and government. Included are references to several resources that may be used to better understand and apply LCA, such as books, journals, software programs and internet websites. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Curran, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. OI Curran, Mary Ann/0000-0001-8565-9928 NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1002/ep.670190204 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337NR UT WOS:000088368600003 ER PT J AU Pennington, DW Norris, G Hoagland, T Bare, JC AF Pennington, DW Norris, G Hoagland, T Bare, JC TI Environmental comparison metrics for life cycle impact assessment and process design SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID MODEL AB Metrics (potentials, potency factors, equivalency factors or characterization factors) are available to support the environmental comparison of alternatives in application domains like process design and product life-cycle assessment (LCA). These metrics typically provide relative insights into the implicit concern associated with chemicals, emissions and resource consumption in the context of human health, ecological health and resource depletion. The approaches used to derive the metrics range in their Site-specificity, complexity, comprehensiveness, sophistication and uncertainty. It is therefore often necessary to consider the use of more than one approach within the context of a given impact category to help support a decision. In this paper we outline some of the strengths and weaknesses of available approaches in the commonly considered categories of global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric ozone (smog) creation, eutrophication/nutrification, acidification, toxicological impacts and resource depletion. C1 US EPA, Syst Anal Branch, Sustainable Technol Div, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Sylvatica Inc, N Berwick, ME USA. RP Pennington, DW (reprint author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, GECOS, Dept Genie Rural, Lab Gest Ecosyst, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1002/ep.670190206 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337NR UT WOS:000088368600005 ER PT J AU Stone, KR AF Stone, KR TI Accounting for engineering trade-offs in corporate and public decision-making SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB From experience in developing and testing pollution prevention tools ranging from the opportunity assessment methodology to life cycle assessment and impact assessment, the Systems Analysis Branch (SAB) of the EPA's National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) has acquired a long record of lessons learned in applying these approaches for real world applications. Many of these lessons illustrate several limitations exhibited by each of these P2 approaches. For example, the pollution prevention opportunity assessment (PPOA), perhaps the most intuitive and simplest P2 tool available, is very good at identifying ways to improve operating practices, but the SAB has found several deficiencies in the PPOA's ability to support the procurement of new equipment, products and substitute materials. Life cycle assessment, by contrast, resolves most of those deficiencies by providing a far more comprehensive picture than PPOA, but it is very complex and more expensive by at least an order of magnitude than the PPOA. Further, while each methodological approach provides information on environmental burdens, neither provides any insights on the inevitable trade-offs that occur in performance and cost resulting from a decision. The failure to account for these trade-offs early in the assessment may result in a decision that inadvertently creates negative impacts in performance, cost and environments. The purpose of this article is to propose a new perspective to account for the trade-offs inherent from making a change. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Stone, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 124 EP 129 DI 10.1002/ep.670190211 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337NR UT WOS:000088368600010 ER PT J AU Curran, MA AF Curran, MA TI Life-cycle assessment: Viewing environmental protection outside the box SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Curran, MA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP S2 EP S3 DI 10.1002/ep.670190202 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337NR UT WOS:000088368600001 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Touati, A Lee, CW AF Gullett, BK Touati, A Lee, CW TI Formation of chlorinated dioxins and furans in a hazardous-waste-firing industrial boiler SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLY-ASH; MUNICIPAL WASTE; PCDF FORMATION; SULFUR; INCINERATION; COMBUSTION; PCDD/PCDF AB This research examined the potential for emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) from industrial boilers that cofire hazardous waste. PCDD/F emissions were sampled from a 732 kW (2.5 x 10(6) Btu/ h), 3-pass, firetube boiler using #2 fuel oil cofired with 2,4-dichlorophenol or 1,2-dichlorobenzene and a copper naphthenate mixture. PCDD/F levels were significantly elevated when improved combustion conditions (reduced carbon monoxide, increased carbon dioxide) followed periods of flame wall-impingement and soot formation/deposition on the boiler tubes. Boiler tube deposits became a sink and source for PCDD/F reactants (copper and chlorine) and PCDD/F, resulting in continued formation and emissions long after waste cofiring ceased. The role of deposits in PCDD/F formation makes emissions dependent on current as well as previous firing conditions, resulting in uncertainty regarding prediction of emissions based solely on the type and rate of cofired hazardous waste. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab MD 65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab MD 65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2069 EP 2074 DI 10.1021/es991196+ PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320GX UT WOS:000087394400014 ER PT J AU Lankey, RL McMichael, FC AF Lankey, RL McMichael, FC TI Life-cycle methods for comparing primary and rechargeable batteries SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used to improve the environmental performance of products throughout their life cycle. With ongoing discussions about system boundaries, appropriate data, and model limitations, LCA methods are in a constant state of evolution. This paper presents the use of a hybrid LCA approach to product environmental assessment in which two methods of analysis are combined to present the total environmental impact for two battery systems. A quantitative model for product assessment has been developed at Carnegie Mellon. The model is based on economic input-output life-cycle analysis (EIO-LCA) and has been explained in previous works. The EIO-LCA tool allows a user to quantify the direct and indirect relationships among industry sectors and the associated environmental burdens through the materials extraction and manufacturing phases. However, to study environmental effects over a product's entire life, use and end-of-life impacts must also be quantified. This is accomplished using the LCA approach in which an emissions and energy inventory is compiled and the environmental impacts are quantified. In this paper, the above hybrid LCA approach is applied to comparing the total environmental impacts of primary and rechargeable batteries. The primary (non-rechargeable) batteries mainly used in electronic products are zinc-alkaline batteries, and the most widely used consumer rechargeable batteries are nickel-cadmium. It is generally accepted that rechargeable batteries offer environmental advantages over primary batteries. We find that materials use, energy use, and emissions can be quantified over the entire product lifecycle to quantitatively show that resource use and emissions are substantially lower if a rechargeable battery can be substituted for a primary battery. However, consumer use patterns will affect the relative environmental benefits of rechargeable batteries. Noting the effect of consumer behavior also determines where uncertainties in the analysis may lie, since behavior is difficult to predict. Recycling batteries will also have associated emissions and energy use. Even accounting for the additional resource consumption and emissions for rechargeable batteries in the use and recycling phases of life, rechargeable batteries will still consume less resources over the entire life cycle when used in applications as a substitute for primary batteries. The assessment methods can also be applied to electronic products in addition to components such as batteries. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Lankey, RL (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM lankey.rebecca@epa.gov NR 19 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2299 EP 2304 DI 10.1021/es990526n PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 320GX UT WOS:000087394400049 ER PT J AU Sondhi, R Lin, YS Zhu, W Alvarez, F AF Sondhi, R Lin, YS Zhu, W Alvarez, F TI Cross-flow filtration of synthetic electroplating wastewater by ceramic membranes using high frequency backpulsing SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wastewater treatment; microfiltration; backpulse; ceramic membranes; fouling ID CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION; MICROFILTRATION; ULTRAFILTRATION AB Cross-flow microfiltration (MF) was investigated as a viable option for separating colloidal particles from electroplating wastewater. Filtration experiments with Cr(OH)(3) suspension as synthetic electroplating wastewater were performed on a pilot filter unit-equipped with a backpulse device using porous alumina ceramic membranes of various pore sizes (0.2-5.0 mu m). The membranes were characterized by nitrogen and dean water permeation. In filtration with Cr(OH)(3) suspension, water permeate flux decreases with decreasing membrane pore size and increasing solute concentration in suspension. All membranes are fouled in filtration primarily due to the cake formation. With backpulse in operation, a constant water permeate flux can be maintained using membranes with pore size smaller or larger than the size of solid aggregates in the suspension. The rejection coefficient of suspended solid is about 100% for the smaller pole membranes but drops to only 70% for the larger pore membrane. The backpulse is not effective in maintaining a constant water permeate nux for filtration using membranes of pore size close to the suspension aggregate size due to entrapment of fine aggregates in the membrane pores. The fouled membranes could be completely regenerated by a chemical rinsing method with NaOH and HNO3 solutions. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Lin, YS (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45219 USA. RI Lin, Jerry/F-1235-2010 OI Lin, Jerry/0000-0001-5905-8336 NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 6 BP 699 EP 712 DI 10.1080/09593332108618086 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 323VF UT WOS:000087585100012 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Hall, RK Husby, P Herlihy, AT Dunne, M AF Hill, BH Hall, RK Husby, P Herlihy, AT Dunne, M TI Interregional comparisons of sediment microbial respiration in streams SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EMAP; microbial respiration; probability-based sampling; regional scale; streams ID BENTHIC COMMUNITY METABOLISM; MID-ATLANTIC REGION; MOUNTAIN STREAM; ECOSYSTEMS; PHOSPHORUS; RIVER; TEMPERATURE; NITROGEN; METALS; SYSTEM AB 1. The rate of microbial respiration on fine-grained stream sediments was measured at 371 first to fourth-order streams in the Central Appalachian region (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia), Southern Rocky Mountains (Colorado), and California's Central Valley in 1994 and 1995. 2. Study streams were randomly selected from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) River Reach File (RF3) using the sample design developed by USEPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). 3. Respiration rate ranged from 0 to 0.621 g O(2) g(-1) AFDM h(-1) in Central Appalachian streams, 0-0.254 g O(2) g(-1) AFDM h(-1) in Rocky Mountain streams, and 0-0.436 g O(2) g(-1) AFDM h(-1) in Central Valley streams. 4. Respiration was significantly lower in Southern Rocky Mountain streams and in cold water streams (< 15 degrees C) of the Central Appalachians. 5. Within a defined index period, respiration was not significantly different between years, and was significantly correlated with stream temperature and chemistry (DOC, total N, total P, K, Cl, and alkalinity). 6. The uniformity of respiration estimates among the three study regions suggests that sediment microbial respiration may be collected at any number of scales above the site-level for reliable prediction of respiration patterns at larger spatial scales. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Reg 9, Water Div WTR2, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. US EPA, Reg 9 Lab PMD2, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Bay Delta Unit, Stockton, CA 95205 USA. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM hill.brian@epa.gov RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 42 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 2 BP 213 EP 222 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00555.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 328RR UT WOS:000087864300003 ER PT J AU Neas, LM AF Neas, LM TI Fine particulate matter and cardiovascular disease SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Air Quality - Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter CY DEC 01-04, 1998 CL MCLEAN, VIRGINIA SP Univ N Dakota, Energy & Environm Res Ctr, EERC Ctr Air Toxic Metals, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res & Quality Assurance, US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab DE particulate matter; cardiovascular disease; co-pollutants ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY; PULMONARY IMMUNE CELLS; AIR-POLLUTION; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILS; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; TRANSITION-METALS; C-FIBERS; MORTALITY; LUNG AB The 1996 EPA Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter relied in large part upon epidemiologic studies of the short-term (acute) effects of inhalable particulate matter (PM) exposures on all-cause mortality and hospitalizations with very limited experimental evidence from toxicology or clinical studies. Recent research has identified several plausible biological mechanisms for both the initial pulmonary injury and the consequent systemic effects. Current epidemiologic research interests include the component(s) of PM which are responsible for the initial pulmonary injury, the effects of co-pollutants such as ozone, and the pathophysiological mechanisms for PM-induced acute health effects. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Neas, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Epidemiol & Biomarkers Branch, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Neas, Lucas/J-9378-2012 NR 69 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 65 BP 55 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00076-4 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 326AF UT WOS:000087709000006 ER PT J AU Tucker, WG AF Tucker, WG TI An overview of PM2.5 sources and control strategies SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Air Quality - Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter CY DEC 01-04, 1998 CL MCLEAN, VIRGINIA SP Univ N Dakota, Energy & Environm Res Ctr, EERC Ctr Air Toxic Metals, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res & Quality Assurance, US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab DE ambient PM; indoor PM; control strategies; prevention ID TRACE-ELEMENTS; PARTICLE-SIZE; FLY-ASH; COMBUSTION; INCINERATION; WASTE AB The new national ambient air quality standard for particulate matter is summarized, with emphasis on fine particles, or particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mu m (PM2.5). Sources of ambient and indoor PM2.5 are summarized, followed by an overview of control strategies for both primary (directly emitted) particles and gaseous precursors of ambient particles. The role of future findings on the health effects of particles of different sizes or compositions is noted, as is the potential importance of controlling indoor exposures for susceptible people. EPA risk management research on sources and control options is summarized. The cost-effectiveness of prevention and control technologies for PM2.5 has not been well researched and documented. Optimum control strategies will likely include a variety of control options. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tucker, WG (reprint author), James Madison Univ, Coll Integrated Sci & Technol, MSC 4102, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. NR 31 TC 32 Z9 48 U1 8 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 65 BP 379 EP 392 DI 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00105-8 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 326AF UT WOS:000087709000026 ER PT J AU Bullock, OR AF Bullock, OR TI Current methods and research strategies for modeling atmospheric mercury SO FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Air Quality - Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter CY DEC 01-04, 1998 CL MCLEAN, VA SP Univ N Dakota, Energy & Environm Res Ctr, EERC Ctr Air Toxic Metals, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Res & Quality Assurance, US DOE, Natl Energy Technol Lab DE atmospheric pathway; mercury; mercury contamination; ecosystems ID TRACE-METALS; AIR; TRANSPORT; CHEMISTRY; EXCHANGE; VAPOR; WATER; DEPOSITION; EMISSIONS; NETWORK AB The atmospheric pathway of the global mercury cycle is known to be the primary source of mercury contamination to most threatened aquatic ecosystems. Current efforts toward numerical modeling of atmospheric mercury are hindered by an incomplete understanding of emissions, atmospheric transformations, and deposition processes. While much effort has been made to quantify the total mass flux of mercury to the atmosphere from various natural and anthropogenic sources, discrimination of the chemical and physical forms of these emissions is just beginning in response to early modeling exercises showing this discrimination to be critical for accurate modeling estimates of the sources responsible for observed mercury deposition. A similar discrimination of ambient concentrations of mercury throughout the atmosphere is needed in order to develop a clear understanding of atmospheric transformation processes, both chemical and physical, which govern the length scale of atmospheric mercury transport and patterns of its deposition in both wet and dry processes. In this paper, current atmospheric mercury modeling techniques and the information obtained from them are described. A strategy for future field research and numerical model development is proposed which is intended to allow a confident identification of the sources of atmospheric mercury responsible for observed contamination of aquatic ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, NOAA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Bullock, OR (reprint author), US EPA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, NOAA, Mail Drop 80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bro@hpcc.epa.gov NR 39 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3820 J9 FUEL PROCESS TECHNOL JI Fuel Process. Technol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 65 BP 459 EP 471 DI 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00110-1 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 326AF UT WOS:000087709000031 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM Ding, DL Padich, R Taylor, M Henderson, D AF Crofton, KM Ding, DL Padich, R Taylor, M Henderson, D TI Hearing loss following exposure during development to polychlorinated biphenyls: A cochlear site of action SO HEARING RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyl; ototoxicity; hair cell loss; apical hair cell ID THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; AUDITORY FUNCTION; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; PCB CONGENERS; RAT; THYROXINE; AROCLOR-1254; RECEPTOR; ABNORMALITIES AB Maternal exposure to polyhalogenated hydrocarbons results in early postnatal hypothyroxenemia and a low-frequency hearing loss in adult offspring (Goldey et al., 1995a. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 135, 67-76; Herr et al., 1996. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 33, 120-128). The purpose of the present work was to determine whether the site-of-action of this auditory impairment was within the cochlea. Primiparous Long-Evans rats were given daily oral doses of corn oil (control) or 8 mg/kg of the commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (A1254) from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21. Auditory thresholds for 1-, 4-, 16-, and 40-kHz tones were assessed using reflex modification audiometry in young adult offspring on postnatal days (PND) 92-110. Approximately 6 weeks after auditory assessments, a subset of animals (n=4 per group) were killed for histological assessment of the cochlea. Surface preparations of the organ of Corti were prepared from one cochlea per animal and modiolar sections were prepared from the opposite cochlea. Consistent with previous findings, auditory thresholds for 1-kHz tones were elevated by approximately 25 dB in the A1254-exposed animals. Thresholds for all higher frequencies were not different compared to controls. Surface preparations of the organ of Corti revealed a mild to moderate loss of outer hair cells in the upper-middle and apical turns. Inner hair cells were not affected. Modiolar sections failed to reveal alterations in any other cochlear structures. There was also no apparent loss of ganglion cells. These data clearly link the loss of low-frequency hearing caused by exposure during development to A1254 to a loss of outer hair cells in the organ of Corti. The mechanism that underlies this developmental ototoxicity remains to be determined. These data provide the first evidence of a structural deficit in the nervous system of adult animals exposed to PCBs during development. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Communicat Disorders & Sci, Hearing Res Labs, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 54 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-5955 J9 HEARING RES JI Hear. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 144 IS 1-2 BP 196 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00062-9 PG 9 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 320YK UT WOS:000087428000019 PM 10831878 ER PT J AU Menzie, C Burke, AM Grasso, D Harnois, M Magee, B McDonald, D Montgomery, C Nichols, A Pignatello, J Price, B Price, R Rose, J Shatkin, JA Smets, B Smith, J Svirsky, S AF Menzie, C Burke, AM Grasso, D Harnois, M Magee, B McDonald, D Montgomery, C Nichols, A Pignatello, J Price, B Price, R Rose, J Shatkin, JA Smets, B Smith, J Svirsky, S CA New England Environm Acceptable TI An approach for incorporating information on chemical availability in soils into risk assessment and risk-based decision making SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE soil; bioavailability; human health; ecological risk; organics; metals ID ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; DERMAL UPTAKE; BIOAVAILABILITY; HYDROCARBONS; LEAD; ABSORPTION; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION AB A regional workgroup comprised of individuals from regulatory agencies, universities, and consulting companies was formed to develop an approach for incorporating information on chemical availability in soils into risk assessment and risk-based decision making. The approach consists of the following decision framework for including information on chemical availability: (1) Determine the usefulness of incorporating information on bioavailability; (2) Identify information needs from a conceptual model of exposure for the site and from exposure pathways judged critical to the assessment; (3) Identify soil factors that affect bioavailability; (4) Determine the type or form of information (measures and/or models) that can be used within the risk assessment and risk management process; (5) Select methods (measures and/or models) based on the 'weight: of evidence" or strength of the bioavailability information they will provide and how that information will be used for risk assessment and risk-based decision making; (6) Incorporate information into the risk assessment and risk-based decision making. These factors can be integrated into existing risk-based approaches for site management such as Superfund, state approaches, and the ASTM Risk Based Corrective Action Process (RBCA). Consistent with risk assessment guidance, an assessment of chemical availability in soils must consider current as well as reasonably foreseeable conditions. The approach recognizes that information on chemical availability is contextual and depends on the receptor and pathway. Further, the value of information depends on how well it is accepted and/or validated for use in regulatory decision making. The workgroup identified four principles for selecting methods (measures and/or models) for obtaining information on chemical availability and for evaluating information on chemical availability for use in risk assessments: (1) soil-chemical relevance, (2) pathway relevance, (3) receptor relevance, and (4) acceptance of the method. C1 Menzie Cura & Associates Inc, Chelmsford, MA 01824 USA. US EPA, Boston, MA USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA. Massachusetts Dept Environm Protect, Boston, MA USA. Ogden Environm Inc, Westford, MA USA. US EPA, Lexington, MA USA. CR Montgomery & Associates Inc, Arlington, MA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. Appl Sci & Anal Inc, Portland, ME USA. Oak Creek Inc, Gorham, ME USA. RP Menzie, C (reprint author), Menzie Cura & Associates Inc, Chelmsford, MA 01824 USA. RI Grasso, Domenico/D-9314-2011 NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 8 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 6 IS 3 BP 479 EP 510 DI 10.1080/10807030091124581 PG 32 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 336KW UT WOS:000088301300008 ER PT J AU Cancel, AM Lobdell, D Mendola, P Perreault, SD AF Cancel, AM Lobdell, D Mendola, P Perreault, SD TI Objective evaluation of hyperactivated motility in rat spermatozoa using computer-assisted sperm analysis SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE computer-assisted sperm analysis; hyperactivation; rat; spermatozoa ID CAPACITATING HUMAN SPERMATOZOA; IN-VITRO; FERTILIZATION; INVITRO; KINEMATICS; MOVEMENT; MOTION AB The aim of this study was to use computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) to examine changes in motion parameters of rat spermatozoa incubated under culture conditions that support IVF. Rat cauda epididymal spermatozoa were evaluated in six replicate experiments, at 0 and 4h of incubation, CASA was conducted at 60 Hz on digital 1s tracks (similar to 100 spermatozoa/rat). Mean values of CASA parameters that describe the vigour of spermatozoa [curvilinear velocity (VCL), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF)] increased, while those indicating progressiveness [straight line velocity (VSL), linearity (LIN) and straightness (STR)] decreased between 0 and 4 h, Visual inspection of sperm tracks after 4 h of incubation revealed classical hyperactivation patterns. Bivariate models were evaluated to objectively define the subpopulation of hyperactivated (HA) spermatozoa, Of all models considered, ALH and LIN, VCL and LIN, BCF and LIN, VCL and BCF, and VCL and ALE showed significant changes in the percentage of EFA spermatozoa after the 4 h incubation period. The efficacy of detecting HA spermatozoa was evaluated using sperm tracks that were visually classified as HA or progressive. VCL and LIN provided the most accurate prediction of HA spermatozoa, It was concluded that analysis of CASA data using bivariate models could be used to detect and monitor hyperactivation in rat spermatozoa. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Toxicol Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Prevent & Social Med, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Perreault, SD (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 6 BP 1322 EP 1328 DI 10.1093/humrep/15.6.1322 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 323EA UT WOS:000087550800022 PM 10831563 ER PT J AU Serre, SD Silcox, GD AF Serre, SD Silcox, GD TI Adsorption of elemental mercury on the residual carbon in coal fly ash SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POWER-PLANTS AB The injection of large quantities of pulverized activated carbon is one method used to remove elemental mercury (Hg-0) from flue gas streams. The purpose of this project was to determine whether the unburned carbon that remains in coal fly ash could be used as an inexpensive and effective replacement for activated carbon. Bench-scale tests were conducted at conditions representative of those found in the flue gas trains of coal-fired power plants and municipal waste incinerators. The temperatures and concentrations ranged from 121 to 177 degrees C and from 0.019 to 11.7 mg of Hg/m(3). Two types of data were obtained: equilibrium data suitable for obtaining adsorption isotherms and breakthrough data suitable for obtaining adsorption kinetics. Adsorbed-phase concentrations were as high as 600 ppm. Forward adsorption rate constants were approximate to 0.06-2.3 m(3)/g/s for particle sizes and carbon contents ranging from 59 to 206 mu m and from 2% to 36%. Mathematical models were developed to simulate the capture of Hg-0 in flue gas ducts and in baghouses. The results of the simulations indicate that a negligible amount of Hg-0 can be adsorbed by a dilute suspension of fly ash. The best option for controlling Hg-0 emissions using fly ash appears to be injection in pulses prior to a baghouse. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Chem & Fuels Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Serre, SD (reprint author), US EPA, ORD, NRMRL, APPCD,APTB, 86 TW Alexander Dr,MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 103 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 31 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1723 EP 1730 DI 10.1021/ie990680i PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 323MF UT WOS:000087568600021 ER PT J AU Silbajoris, R Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Jaskot, R Dreher, KL Brighten, LE AF Silbajoris, R Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Jaskot, R Dreher, KL Brighten, LE TI In vivo and in vitro correlation of pulmonary map kinase activation following metallic exposure SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; OIL FLY-ASH; INHALABLE PARTICLES; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; OXIDANT GENERATION; DAILY MORTALITY; PM10 POLLUTION; UTAH VALLEY AB Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a particulate pollutant produced in the combustion of fuel oil. Exposure to ROFA is associated with adverse respiratory effects in humans, induces lung inflammation in animals, and induces inflammatory mediator expression in cultured human airway epithelial cells (HAEC). ROFA has a high content of transition metals, including vanadium, a potent tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor that we have previously shown to disregulate phosphotyrosine metabolism and activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades in HAEC. In order to study MAPK activation in response to in vivo metal exposure, we used immunohistochemical methods to detect levels of phosphorylated protein tyrosines (P-Tyr) and the MAPKs ERK1/2, JNK, and P38 in lung sections from rats intratracheally exposed to ROFA. After a 1-h exposure to 500 mu g ROFA, rat lungs showed no histological changes and no significant increases in immunostaining for either P-Tyr or phospho-(P-) MAPKs compared to saline-instilled controls. At 4 h of exposure, there was mild and variable inflammation in the lung, which was accompanied by an increase in specific immunostaining for P-Tyr and P-MAPKs in airway and alveolar epithelial cells and resident macrophages. By 24 h of exposure, there was a pronounced inflammatory response to ROFA instillation and a marked increase in levels of P-Tyr and P-MAPKs present within the alveolar epithelium and in the inflammatory cells, while the airway epithelium showed a continued increase in the expression of P-ERK1/2. By comparison, HAEC cultures exposed to 100 mu g/ml ROFA for 20 min resulted in marked increases in P-Tyr and P-MAPKs, which persisted after 24 h of exposure. P-Tyr levels continued to accumulate for up to 24 h in HAEC exposed to ROFA. These results demonstrate in vivo activation in cell signaling pathways in response to pulmonary exposure to particulate matter, and support the relevance of in vitro studies in the identification of mechanisms of lung injury induced by pollutant inhalation. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Environm Med & Lung Biol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, CB 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 6 BP 453 EP 468 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 328HN UT WOS:000087844800001 PM 10880139 ER PT J AU Calderon-Garciduenas, L Mora-Tiscareno, A Chung, CJ Valencia, G Fordham, LA Garcia, R Osnaya, N Romero, L Acuna, H Villarreal-Calderon, A Devlin, RB Koren, HS AF Calderon-Garciduenas, L Mora-Tiscareno, A Chung, CJ Valencia, G Fordham, LA Garcia, R Osnaya, N Romero, L Acuna, H Villarreal-Calderon, A Devlin, RB Koren, HS TI Exposure to air pollution is associated with lung hyperinflation in healthy children and adolescents in Southwest Mexico City: A pilot study SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOWER RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; INHALABLE PARTICLES; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; METROPOLITAN-AREA; CHEST RADIOGRAPH; OZONE ABSORPTION; INFANT-MORTALITY; PARTICULATE; DISEASE AB Air pollution produces adverse health effects. The consequences of lifelong daily exposures to atmospheric pollutants upon the respiratory apparatus of healthy children are of considerable clinical importance. We investigated the association between exposure to a highly polluted urban environment with a complex mixture of air pollutants-ozone and particulate matter the predominant ones-and chest x-ray abnormalities in 59 healthy Mexican children who are lifelong residents of Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC), with a negative history of tobacco exposure and respiratory illnesses. Their clinical results and x-ray findings were compared to those of 19 Mexican control children. residents of a low-pollution area, with a similar negative history of tobacco exposure and respiratory illnesses. Ozone concentrations in SWMMC exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for O-3: 0.08 ppm as 1-h maximal concentration, not to be Exceeded more than 4 times a year, on 71% of days in 1986 and 95% in 1997, with values as high as 0.48 ppm. Ozone maximal peaks are usually recorded between 2 and 5 pm coinciding with children's outdoor physical activities. Children in the control group reported no upper or lower respiratory symptomatology. Every SWMMC child complained of upper and/or lower respiratory symptoms, including epistaxis, nasal dryness and crusting, cough, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort Children aged 7-13 yr had the most symptomatology, while 5- to 6-year olds and adolescents with the lowest number of statistically significant outdoor exposure hours had less respiratory symptoms. Bilateral symmetric mild lung hyperinflation was significantly associated with exposure to the SWMMC atmosphere (p = .0004). Chronic and sustained inhalation of a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone and particulate matter (PM), is associated with lung hyperinflation, suggestive of small airway disease, in a population of clinically healthy children and adolescents. Small airways are a target of air pollutants in SWMMC children, with ozone and PM being most likely responsible, based on experimental animal, controlled-chamber, and epidemiological data available. Our main concern is the potential likelihood for the development of chronic lung disease in this highly exposed population. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Radiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Inst Nacl Pediat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Calderon-Garciduenas, L (reprint author), US EPA, MD 58D, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 84 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 6 BP 537 EP 561 PG 25 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 328HN UT WOS:000087844800005 PM 10880143 ER PT J AU Rigas, ML Catlin, SN Ben-Jebria, A Ultman, JS AF Rigas, ML Catlin, SN Ben-Jebria, A Ultman, JS TI Ozone uptake in the intact human respiratory tract: relationship between inhaled dose and actual dose SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; breath-by-breath uptake; fractional absorption; exercise ID LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION; EFFECTS MODELS; ABSORPTION; EXPOSURE; EXERCISE; LUNG; FLOW AB Inhaled concentration (C), minute volume (MV), and exposure duration (T) are factors that may affect the uptake of ozone (O-3) within the respiratory tract. Ten healthy adult nonsmokers participated in four sessions, inhaling 0.2 or 0.4 ppm O-3 through an oral mask while exercising continuously to elicit a MV of 20 l/min for 60 min or 40 l/min for 30 min. In each session, fractional absorption (FA) was determined on a breath-by-breath basis as the ratio of O-3 uptake to the inhaled O-3 dose. The mean +/- SD value of FA for all breaths was 0.86 +/- 0.06. Although C, MV, and T all had statistically significant effects on FA (P < 0.0001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.026, respectively), the magnitudes of these effects were small compared with intersubject variability. For an average subject, a 0.05 change in FA would require that C change by 1.3 ppm, MV change by 46 l/min, or T change by 1.7 h. It is concluded that inhaled dose is a reasonable surrogate for the actual dose delivered to a particular subject during O-3 exposures of <2 h, but it is not a reasonable surrogate when comparisons are made between individuals. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Fenske Lab 106, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Math Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Ultman, JS (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Fenske Lab 106, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR-10732]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES-06075] NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 88 IS 6 BP 2015 EP 2022 PG 8 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 324CA UT WOS:000087603200012 PM 10846013 ER PT J AU Longest, PW Kleinstreuer, C Kinsey, JS AF Longest, PW Kleinstreuer, C Kinsey, JS TI Turbulent three-dimensional air flow and trace gas distribution in an inhalation test chamber SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Summer Meeting of the Fluids Engineering Division of the ASME CY JUN, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP American Soc Mech Engineers ID MODEL AB Steady incompressible turbulent air flow and transient carbon monoxide transport in an empty Rochester-style human exposure chamber have been numerically simulated and compared with experimental data sets. The system consisted of an inlet duct with a continuous carbon monoxide point source, 45- and 90-degree bends, a round diffuser, a round-to-square transition, a rectangular diffuser, the test chamber, a perforated floor, and again transition pieces from the chamber to an outlet duct. Such a configuration induced highly nonuniform vortical flow patterns in the chamber test area where a pollutant concentration is required to be constant at breathing level for safe and accurate inhalation studies. Presented are validated momentum and mass transfer results for this large-scale system with the main goals of determining the development of tracer gas (CO) distributions in the chamber and analyzing the contributions to CO-mixing. Numerical simulations were conducted employing a k-epsilon model and the latest available RNG k-epsilon model for air and CO-mixing. Both models predict similar velocity fields and are in good agreement with measured steady and transient CO-concentrations. It was found that secondary flows in the inlet section and strong vortical flow in the chamber with perforated flooring contributed to effective mixing of the trace gas at breathing levels. Specifically, in the height range of 1.4 m 0.05) at the end of the study. Results from this study may be used in managing oyster fisheries on natural or artificial reefs. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Volety, AK (reprint author), Florida Gulf Coast Univ, 10501 FGCU Blvd S, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. EM avolety@fgcu.edu NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 341 EP 347 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 342GC UT WOS:000088636000053 ER PT J AU Larned, ST AF Larned, ST TI Dynamics of coarse riparian detritus in a Hawaiian stream ecosystem: a comparison of drought and post-drought conditions SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE detritus; discharge; drought; El Nino; fruit; Hawaii; litter processing; stream ID ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN STREAMS; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HEADWATER STREAMS; EL-NINO; LEAF-LITTER; TROPICAL STREAMS; STANDING CROP; LOW-GRADIENT; COMMUNITIES AB Input standing crop, and export of coarse (>4 mm(2)) particulate organic matter (CPOM) was measured in Kaiwiki Stream, a forested stream on the Island of Hawaii. The study was conducted during and after a severe drought associated with the 1997-1998 El Nino/Southern Oscillation event. During the drought, stream discharge was reduced by similar to 70% and no spates occurred. Hawaiian streams draining windward mountain slopes normally experience >20 spates per year. During the drought, the mean rate of CPOM export was 8% of the mean input rate; following the drought, the export rate increased to 40% of input. Rates of marked leaf transport within the study area increased 30- to 50-fold following the drought, and rates of stem transport increased 10- to 30-fold. Lower rates of CPOM export and transport during the drought suggested that retention and potential availability to detritivores were increased compared to the post-drought period. Differences in CPOM standing crops during and after the drought were not significant however, and the difference in turnover times was small, suggesting that the quantity of detrital food did not change substantially. Results of litter bag experiments indicated that detritivores had little effect on leaf processing. Although detritus was mainly composed of leaves and stems in Kaiwiki Stream, these items are not important food resources for macroscopic detritivores. In contrast, detritivores in the stream frequently fed on detrital fruit. Year-round availability and seasonally high input rates raised the possibility that detrital fruit is an important food resource in Hawaiian streams. CPOM input during the drought was dominated by direct litterfall from the riparian forest, with lower rates of input from upstream reaches and lateral movement from the forest floor. CPOM input increased significantly when normal discharge resumed. Rates of input to the study area from upstream reaches equaled direct litterfall, but rates of lateral input remained low. Although leaf input decreased following the drought, CPOM input increased because of increased fruit, stem, and flower inputs. Input of detrital fruit to the stream was continuous and, at peak fruiting periods, input rates and standing crops equaled or exceeded all other forms of detritus. C1 Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Larned, ST (reprint author), US EPA, Coastal Ecol Branch, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 58 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 5 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 215 EP 234 DI 10.2307/1468066 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 333AJ UT WOS:000088106300002 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Becker, P Killough, P Padnos, B AF Gordon, CJ Becker, P Killough, P Padnos, B TI Behavioral determination of the preferred foot pad temperature of the mouse SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavioral temperature regulation; thermal dysthesia; core temperature ID MICE AB Most thermoregulatory research in rodents focuses on air temperature (T-air) and its effects on convective, radiative, and evaporative heat loss. On the other hand, the foot pad temperature (T-fp), which is influenced by conductive heat exchange with the floor, is also thought to be important in driving behavioral and autonomic thermoeffectors. In this study the role of T-fp and T-air on behavioral thermoregulation was assessed by constructing an automated system which measured the selected floor temperature (T-f(s)) of mice placed on a copper floor with a temperature gradient. Drawing air through slots in the floor allowed T-air to be kept nearly constant. The frequency distribution of T-f(s) of female CD-1 mice was measured over 2 h periods in the gradient T-air at of 25-40 degrees C. Mean T-f(s) was similar to 34.5 degrees C and the mode ranged from 33 to 37 degrees C at T-air of 30-35 degrees C. Mean T-f(s) decreased at a T-air of 40 degrees C. There was a paradoxical reduction in T-f(s) at T-air of 25 and 27.5 degrees C. The measurement of T-f(s) as a function of T-air allows one to discern the role of T-fp on thermoregulatory control. Moreover, it can be used to assess peripheral neuropathies resulting from exposure to neurotoxicants. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 211 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00025-X PG 9 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 289UY UT WOS:000085641400003 ER PT J AU Bury, RB Nebeker, AV Adams, MJ AF Bury, RB Nebeker, AV Adams, MJ TI Response of hatchling and yearling turtles to thermal gradients: comparison of Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turtles; thermoregulation; age differences; species differences; Cheldyra serpentina; Trachemys scripta; selected temperature ID BASKING BEHAVIOR; PSEUDEMYS-SCRIPTA; SNAPPING TURTLES; TEMPERATURE; THERMOREGULATION; PREFERENCE; SEX AB In laboratory tests, young Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta altered their distribution in the presence of a temperature gradient, Selection of temperatures in the gradient for hatchlings and yearlings showed that body temperatures (T(b)s) of C. serpentina were lower than T. scripta,but the difference was insignificant. Relatively low TbS could allow greater activity range and reduced metabolic maintenance cost for C. serpentina, which seldom leaves water. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Bury, RB (reprint author), USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 221 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00027-3 PG 5 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA 289UY UT WOS:000085641400004 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Adolescent development and rapid social change: Perspectives from Eastern Europe. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 OAO Corp, US EPA, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), OAO Corp, US EPA, Las Vegas, NV USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD JUN 1 PY 2000 VL 125 IS 10 BP 174 EP 174 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 321QF UT WOS:000087465600203 ER PT J AU Andrews, CW Bennett, L Yu, LX AF Andrews, CW Bennett, L Yu, LX TI Predicting human oral bioavailability of a compound: Development of a novel quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship SO PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bioavailability; quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship; Lipinski's Rule of Five ID DRUGS AB Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship (QSBR) model for drug discovery and development. Methods. A database of drugs with human oral bioavailability was assembled in electronic form with structure in SMILES format. Using that database, a stepwise regression procedure was used to link oral bioavailability in humans and substructural fragments in drugs. The regression model was compared with Lipinski's Rule of Five. Results. The human oral bioavailability database contains 591 compounds. A regression model employing 85 descriptors was built to predict the human oral bioavailability of a compound based on its molecular structure. Compared to Lipinski's Rule of Five, the false negative predictions were reduced from 5% to 3% while the false positive predictions decreased from 78% to 53%. A set of substructural descriptors was identified to show which fragments tend to increase/ decrease human oral bioavailability. Conclusions. A novel quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship (QSBR) was developed. Despite a large degree of experimental error, the model was reasonably predictive and stood up to crossvalidation. When compared to Lipinski's Rule of Five, the QSBR model was able to reduce false positive predictions. C1 Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Yu, LX (reprint author), US FDA, Div Prod Qual Res, 5600 Fishers Lane,HFD-941,NLRC 2400B, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. EM yul@cder.fda.gov NR 9 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0724-8741 J9 PHARM RES-DORDR JI Pharm. Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 17 IS 6 BP 639 EP 644 DI 10.1023/A:1007556711109 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 342VF UT WOS:000088665300001 PM 10955834 ER PT J AU Rusch, GM Garrett, R Tobin, P Falke, E Lu, PY AF Rusch, GM Garrett, R Tobin, P Falke, E Lu, PY TI The development of acute exposure guideline levels for hazardous substances SO PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th Annual Symposium on Loss Prevention CY MAR 05-09, 2000 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA ID HISTORY AB The primary purpose of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC/AEGL) is to develop guideline levels for short-term exposures to airborne concentrations for approximately 400 to 500 high priority, acutely hazardous substances within the next ten years. These Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) are needed for a wide range of planning, response, and prevention applications. The NAC/AEGL Committee seeks to develop the most scientifically credible, acute (short-term) exposure guideline levels possible within the constraints of data availability, resources and time. This includes a comprehensive effort in data gathering, data evaluation and data summarization; fostering the participation of a large cross-section of the relevant scientific community; and the adoption of procedures and methods that facilitate consensus-building for AEGL values within the Committee. The NAC/AEGL Committee is currently comprised of representatives of federal, state and local agencies, private industry and other organizations in the private sector that will derive programmatic or operational benefits form the existence of the AEGL values. AEGL values are determined for three different health effect end-points. These values are intended for the general public where they are applicable to emergency (accidental) situation. Threshold exposure values are developed for a minimum of 4 exposure periods (30 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours). In certain instances, AEGL values for a 10-minute exposure period also will be developed. Each threshold value is distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects, as initially conceived by the AIHA ERP Committee, subsequently defined in the NAS' National Research Council Report, Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances, published by the National Academy of Sciences in 1993, and further refined by the NAC/AEGL Committee. To date, the committee has reviewed over 80 chemicals. C1 Honeywell Inc, Morristown, NJ 07962 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Toxicol & Risk Anal, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Rusch, GM (reprint author), Honeywell Inc, 101 Columbia Rd, Morristown, NJ 07962 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 1066-8527 J9 PROCESS SAF PROG JI Process Saf. Prog. PD SUM PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 98 EP 102 DI 10.1002/prs.680190209 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 326DB UT WOS:000087716500016 ER PT J AU Fenner-Crisp, PA AF Fenner-Crisp, PA TI FQPA science issues: Common mechanism of toxicity and cumulative risk assessment SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT FQPA: A Challenge for Science Policy and Pesticide Regulation Meeting CY MAR 23-24, 1999 CL FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Fenner-Crisp, PA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 308 EP 310 DI 10.1006/rtph.2000.1397 PG 3 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 346DJ UT WOS:000088855200008 PM 10915590 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Roggli, VL Kennedy, TP Piantadosi, CA AF Ghio, AJ Roggli, VL Kennedy, TP Piantadosi, CA TI Calcium oxalate and iron accumulation in sarcoidosis SO SARCOIDOSIS VASCULITIS AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES LA English DT Article DE fungi; granuloma; macrophages; ferritin; free radicals; iron; calcium oxalate ID IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; OXALIC-ACID; FERRITIN; TRANSFERRIN; IDENTIFICATION; LACTOFERRIN; EXPRESSION; DEPOSITION AB Background: In many patients with sarcoidosis, the granulomas contain inclusion bodies within giant cells. Many giant cells contain crystalline oxalate that chemically coordinates iron on the surface of the crystal. If this iron is incompletely coordinated and capable of redox cycling, then oxalate might contribute to granuloma formation in the lung. Methods: Using human tissues, isolated alveolar macrophages and respiratory epithelial cells, we measured the ability of calcium oxalate to sequester iron, stimulate cytokine release and cause granuloma formation. We then studied the effects of in vivo oxalate instillation on pulmonary granuloma formation over 3 to 6 months in rats. Results: Calcium oxalate present in human sarcoid granulomas sequesters significant amounts of iron and ferritin. In alveolar macrophage cultures, oxalate accumulates iron and stimulates ferritin production and giant cell formation. In cultured respiratory epithelial cells, calcium oxalate increases the release of two interleukins (IL), IL-8 and IL-6, involved in granuloma formation by 8 to 10 fold within 24 hours. Intratracheal instillation of calcium oxalate crystals into the lungs of rats is associated with pulmonary iron and ferritin accumulation and organic carbonyl formation consistent with sustained oxidative stress. These exposures were accompanied by influx of alveolar macrophages, giant cell formation, and a granulomatous response in the lung. Conclusions: These results support an association between calcium oxalate deposition in the lung, iron mediated oxidative stress and formation of some of the granulomas of sarcoidosis. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Carolinas Med Ctr, Charlotte, NC 28232 USA. US EPA, Human Studies Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Piantadosi, CA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, POB 3315, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 61 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CASA EDITRICE MATTIOLI PI FIDENZA PARMA PA VIA CODURO 1-B, 43036 FIDENZA PARMA, ITALY SN 1124-0490 J9 SARCOIDOSIS VASC DIF JI Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 17 IS 2 BP 140 EP 150 PG 11 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 329VP UT WOS:000087929400005 PM 10957762 ER PT J AU Cross, CL Waser, PM AF Cross, CL Waser, PM TI Estimating population size in the banner-tailed kangaroo rat SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID DESERT RODENT COMMUNITY; DIPODOMYS-SPECTABILIS; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION; LONG-TERM; PHILOPATRY; GRASSLAND; RECAPTURE; DISPERSAL; MOUNDS AB Mark-recapture population estimates from censuses of banner-tailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) at two study sites in southeastern Arizona were compared to results of direct enumeration. We wished to assess the validity of direct enumeration for this species, and to compare the ease of use and concordance of this approach to determining population sim with various closed-population estimators from program CAPTURE. Probabilities of capture of kangaroo rats were high at both study sires. Estimates based on trapping at mounds were all highly correlated with direct enumeration estimates after 3 nights of trapping. Adding a fourth night's trapping changed population estimates little for adults, but increased the estimated number of juveniles. In contrast, estimates based on a trapping grid substantially underestimated the number of animals known to be alive, suggesting that trapping on a grid is an inefficient means of assessing population size for these rodents. Saturation trapping around inhabited mounds is the preferred method for this species, and direct enumeration, a 2-night Lincoln-Petersen index, or even a quick count of active mounds provide precise indices of population size. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Cross, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Landscape Ecol Branch, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NR 38 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 EI 1943-6262 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 2 BP 176 EP 183 DI 10.2307/3672459 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338DD UT WOS:000088402100012 ER PT J AU Tapper, MA Sheedy, BR Hammermeister, DE Schmieder, PK AF Tapper, MA Sheedy, BR Hammermeister, DE Schmieder, PK TI Depletion of cellular protein thiols as an indicator of arylation in isolated trout hepatocytes exposed to 1,4-benzoquinone SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE glutathione; 1,4-hydroquinone; redox cycling; Oncorhynchus mykiss; monobromobimane ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES; RAINBOW-TROUT; OXIDATIVE-STRESS; ACUTE TOXICITY; CYTO-TOXICITY; MOLECULAR MECHANISMS; REDUCED GLUTATHIONE; HEPATIC MICROSOMES; SULFHYDRYL-GROUPS AB A method to measure protein thiols (PrSH), reduced and oxidized, was adapted to determine PrSH depletion in isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes exposed to arylating agent 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ). Toxicant analysis revealed rapid conversion of BQ to 1,4-hydroquinone (HQ) upon addition to hepatocytes. Hepatocytes exposed to 200 mu M BQ+HQ showed 80% decline in glutathione (GSH) (1 h), 30% loss of PrSH (6 h), and no loss of viability (24 h). Recoverable oxidized PrSH was detected only after 24 h (200 mu M BQ+HQ). Exposure to 600 mu M BQ+HQ caused rapid (10 min) loss of > 90% GSH and > 60% PrSH, with eventual cell death. Half of the PrSH depletion at 6 h observed in hepatocytes exposed to 600 mu M BQ+HQ was recoverable by reduction with dithiothreitol. Following the loss of GSH in hepatocytes exposed to 600 mu M BQ+HQ, cellular PrSH were susceptible to direct arylation and oxidation. Rainbow trout hepatocytes, which contained 10-fold less GSH than rat cells, had a GSH:PrSH ratio of 1:82 compared with rat ratios of 1:2 to 1:6. The methods reported are useful for further study and discrimination of reactive modes of action needed for prediction of aquatic organism susceptibility to these types of toxicants. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Schmieder, PK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 55 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 55 IS 2 BP 327 EP 334 DI 10.1093/toxsci/55.2.327 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 319JT UT WOS:000087338300012 PM 10828264 ER PT J AU Geron, C Guenther, A Sharkey, T Arnts, RR AF Geron, C Guenther, A Sharkey, T Arnts, RR TI Temporal variability in basal isoprene emission factor SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogenic volatile organic compound; heating degree days; leaf temperature; photosynthetically active radiation; Quercus alba ID UNITED-STATES; DECIDUOUS FOREST; MODEL; FLUXES; LEAVES; TEMPERATURE; SYNTHASE; LIGHT AB Seasonal variability in basal isoprene emission factor (mu g C g(-1) h(-1) or nmol m(-2) s(-1), leaf temperature at 30 degrees C and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) was studied during the 1998 growing season at Duke Forest in the North Carolina Piedmont. Emissions from eight upper-canopy white oak (Quercus alba L,.) leaves were measured periodically from the onset of isoprene emission on Day of Year (DOY) 119 (April 29) to leaf senescence in late October (DOY 299). Emissions from four leaves were measured under basal conditions with a controlled-environment cuvette system equipped with 10-ml gas-tight syringes and a reduction gas detector. Emissions from the other four leaves were measured under ambient conditions with the same system. Emission rates from the four leaves measured under ambient conditions were adjusted to basal conditions based on the PAR and leaf temperature algorithms of Guenther et al. (1993). The seasonal onset of isoprene emission was in agreement with previous studies where cumulative degree days from the date of the last spring frost were used to estimate bud break, leaf expansion, and increase in basal emission factor (EF). Between DOY 141 (May 21) and 240 (August 28), mean meteorological conditions 6 to 18 h prior to the EF measurements (ambient PAR and temperature) explained up to 78% of the variability in mean basal EF between measurement periods. Summertime mean isoprene emission potential was reached on DOY 141 (May 21) and was maintained until DOY 240 (August 28), when isoprene emission began to decline monotonically as leaf senescence approached. The mean value for leaves measured under ambient conditions and adjusted to basal conditions for DOY 141-240 was 75.6 mu g C g(-1) h(-1) (74.2-79.1), whereas the mean value for leaves measured under basal conditions was 72.9 mu g C g(-1) h(-1) (64.7-88.9). Between DOY 141 and 240, daily mean isoprene EFs varied from 54 to 96 mu g C g(-1) h(-1) (27 to 49 nmol m(-2) s(-1)). In agreement with previous work at this and other sites, basal isoprene emission rates of fully exposed leaves at the crown apex of this tree were about 20% higher than those of the selected leaves. The length of the period prior to measurement of isoprene emission, during which meteorology was correlated with basal EF, appeared to be related to the timing and periodicity of meteorological change, and probably explains quantitative differences in the length of this period among studies. The empirical equation that we derived for this effect explained variability in midday EFs at the study site, but its general applicability remains to be tested. Strong diurnal changes in EF (as high as a factor of 2) are implied in this study, and should be examined further. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Geron, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Sharkey, Thomas/B-4032-2009 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Sharkey, Thomas/0000-0002-4423-3223 NR 18 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 7 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 12 BP 799 EP 805 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 334RY UT WOS:000088200500003 ER PT J AU Urbansky, ET Freeman, DM Elovitz, MS AF Urbansky, ET Freeman, DM Elovitz, MS TI Ozone-scavenging reagents suitable for use in the quantitative determination of aldehydes as the O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) oximes by GC-ECD SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ozone-scavenging reagent; ozonation byproduct analysis; pentafluorobenzyloxylamine; aldehyde ID INDIGO METHOD; WATER AB Previously, we reported interference due to several ozone-scavenging reagents (OSRs) in the quantitation of aldehydes using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxylamine (PFBOA) in the analysis of ozonated waters. Scavenging ozone is essential if ozonation byproduct concentrations are to be fixed in time, which is required in a study of formation as a function of time; otherwise, additional redox reactions can rake place prior to analysis. We have since determined that triphenylphosphine and indigo-5,5',7-trisulfonate can be satisfactory OSRs. Both PPh3 and indigo-5,5',7-trisulfonate react rapidly with ozone, i.e., within 10 s. Triphenylphosphine is insoluble in water and must be dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent (e.g., benzene) that can be dispersed into the sample. When PFBOA is added directly, several minutes must elapse to completely scavenge the ozone, making this approach unsatisfactory. Procedures for using these OSRs are described, and quantitative results are explained. Although PPh3 and indigo-5,5',7-trisulfonate produce deviations relative to controls devoid of OSRs, the biases are precise and therefore readily corrected for by subjecting calibration standards and analyte-fortified (spiked) samples to the same analytical procedure. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Urbansky, ET (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2610 EP 2613 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00171-8 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 313VF UT WOS:000087019300026 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Roose, DL Yzerman, VT AF Sidle, WC Roose, DL Yzerman, VT TI Isotope evaluation of nitrate attenuation in restored and native riparian zones in the Kankakee watershed, Indiana SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE nitrate; isotope; riparian zone; Kankakee watershed; Indiana ID NATURAL-WATERS; GROUND-WATER; UNSATURATED ZONE; COASTAL-PLAIN; SANDY AQUIFER; NITROGEN; DENITRIFICATION; FOREST; N-15; O-18 AB Isotopic analyses of oxygen and hydrogen of water (delta(18)O and delta D) and nitrogen and oxygen of nitrate (delta(15)N and delta(18)O) are used in conjunction with conventional water chemistry and hydrologic measurements to investigate water flow and nitrogen cycling mechanisms through two riparian zones adjacent to upland agricultural fields. Within the Kankakee watershed of northwestern Indiana, a native riverine wetland was compared to a constructed riverine wetland to assess the wetland restoration in terms of water how and nitrate attenuation mechanisms and efficiency. Conditions in the constructed wetland are controlled by a system of individual cells separated by dikes and levees and into which water is periodically pumped, while the native wetland occupies an area of remnant river meanders or oxbows. Analyses of samples taken from well transects across both wetlands suggest that water flow across the constructed wetland has been greatly altered. Nitrate cycling characteristics show significant differences between the two wetlands and particularly, nitrate attenuation efficiency is greatly reduced in the constructed wetland. C1 US EPA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. Groundwater Res Co, Harrison, OH 45030 USA. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA, Isotope Hydrol Lab, 5995 Ctr Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA. NR 55 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 333 EP 345 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0333:IEONAI]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 326RG UT WOS:000087748100010 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM AF DeMarini, DM TI Influence of DNA repair on mutation spectra in Salmonella SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; DNA repair; mutation spectra ID FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS; BASE SUBSTITUTIONS; GENETIC TOXICITY; AFLATOXIN B-1; TYPHIMURIUM; LACI; BENZOPYRENE; INDUCTION; ADDUCTS; 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE AB This paper reviews the influence of DNA repair on spontaneous and mutagen-induced mutation spectra at the base-substitution (hisG46) and -1 frameshift (hisD3052) alleles present in strains of the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay. At the frameshift allele (mostly a CGCGCGCG target), Delta uvrB influences the frequency of spontaneous hotspot mutations (-CG), duplications, and deletions, and it also shifts the sites of deletions and duplications. Cells with pKM101 + Delta uvrB spontaneously produce complex frameshifts (frameshifts with an adjacent base substitution). The spontaneous frequency of 1-base insertions or concerted (templated) mutations is unaffected by DNA repair, and neither mutation is inducible by mutagens. Glu-P-1, 1-nitropyrene (1NP), and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) induce only hotspot mutations and are unaffected by pKM101, whereas benzo(a)pyrene and 4-aminobiphenyl induce only hotspot in pKM101(-), and hotspot plus complex in pKM101(+). At the base-substitution allele (mostly a CC/GG target), the Delta uvrB allele increases spontaneous transitions in the absence of pKM101 and increases transversions in its presence. The frequency of suppressor mutations is decreased 4 x by Delta uvrB, but increased 7.5 x by pKM101. Both repair factors cause a shift in the proportion of mutations to the second position of the CC/GG target. With UV light and gamma-rays, the Delta uvrB allele increases the proportion of transitions relative to transversions. pKM101 is required for mutagenesis by Glu-P-1 and 4-AB, and the types and positions of the substitutions are not altered by the addition of the Delta uvrB allele. Changes in DNA repair appear to cause more changes in spontaneous than in mutagen-induced mutation spectra at both alleles. There is a high correlation (r(2) = 0.8) between a mutagen's ability to induce complex frameshifts and its relative base-substitution/frameshift mutagenic potency. A mutagen induces the same primary class of base substitution in TA100 (Delta uvrB, pKM101) as it does in Escherichia coli, mammalian cells, or rodents as well as in the p53 gene of human tumors associated with exposure to that mutagen. Thus, a mutagen induces the same primary class of base substitution in most organisms, reflecting the conserved nature of DNA replication and repair processes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68,86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD MAY 30 PY 2000 VL 450 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 5 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00013-0 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 323DL UT WOS:000087549500002 PM 10838131 ER PT J AU Tebes-Stevens, CL Valocchi, AJ AF Tebes-Stevens, CL Valocchi, AJ TI Calculation of reaction parameter sensitivity coefficients in multicomponent subsurface transport models SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE sensitivity analysis; groundwater; contaminant transport; mathematical modeling; operator splitting; sorption; biodegradation ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; SPLIT-OPERATOR; DISSOLUTION REACTIONS; NUMERICAL-MODELS; POROUS-MEDIA; SYSTEMS; ADSORPTION; DEGRADATION; UNCERTAINTY; COMPONENTS AB A significant source of uncertainty in multicomponent transport models is due to reaction parameter estimation error. In this paper, two codes are developed to compute reaction parameter sensitivity coefficients, which provide a quantitative measure of the impact of this uncertainty. One of the codes solves the full coupled system of sensitivity equations, while the other applies the operator splitting approach to decouple the sensitivity equations for each chemical component. CPU time comparisons demonstrate that operator splitting significantly reduces the simulation time for solving both the state and sensitivity equations. These comparisons also confirm that solution of the sensitivity equations is more efficient than a traditional direct perturbation sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity calculations for an example transport problem with cobalt and nitrilotriacetate (NTA) are used to gain insight into the relative significance of reaction processes and to rank individual reaction parameters in terms of importance. In this example, speciation reactions cause an indirect linking of the NTA biodegradation and the cobalt sorption reactions, making the NTA concentration nearly as sensitive to the sorption parameters as to the degradation parameters. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Civil Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Tebes-Stevens, CL (reprint author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 57 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD MAY 20 PY 2000 VL 23 IS 6 BP 591 EP 611 DI 10.1016/S0309-1708(99)00054-8 PG 21 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 302UJ UT WOS:000086383800003 ER PT J AU Hostetler, SW Bartlein, PJ Clark, PU Small, EE Solomon, AM AF Hostetler, SW Bartlein, PJ Clark, PU Small, EE Solomon, AM TI Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; LAST DEGLACIATION; MODEL REGCM2; PLAINS AB Eleven thousand years ago, large lakes existed in central and eastern North America along the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The large-scale North American climate at this time has been simulated with atmospheric general circulation models(1,2), but these relatively coarse global models do not resolve potentially important features of the mesoscale circulation that arise from interactions among the atmosphere, ice sheet, and proglacial lakes. Here we present simulations of the climate of central and eastern North America 11,000 years ago with a high-resolution, regional climate model nested within a general circulation model. The simulated climate is in general agreement with that inferred from palaeoecological evidence. Our experiments indicate that through mesoscale atmospheric feedbacks, the annual delivery of moisture to the Laurentide Ice Sheet was diminished at times of a large, cold Lake Agassiz relative to periods of lower lake stands. The resulting changes in the mass balance of the ice sheet may have contributed to fluctuations of the ice margin, thus affecting the routing of fresh water to the North Atlantic Ocean. A retreating ice margin during periods of high lake level may have opened an outlet for discharge of Lake Agassiz into the North Atlantic. A subsequent advance of the ice margin due to greater moisture delivery associated with a low lake level could have dammed the outlet, thereby reducing discharge to the North Atlantic. These variations may have been decisive in causing the Younger Dryas cold event(3,4). C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. New Mexico Tech, Dept Earth Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hostetler, SW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI small, eric/B-4939-2011; Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685 NR 29 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 5 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 18 PY 2000 VL 405 IS 6784 BP 334 EP 337 DI 10.1038/35012581 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 314YT UT WOS:000087085700043 ER PT J AU Pierce, J Carter, S Orlando, D Hortman, P Risko, T Powell, KE AF Pierce, J Carter, S Orlando, D Hortman, P Risko, T Powell, KE CA CDC TI Corporate action to reduce air pollution - Atlanta, Georgia, 1998-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 153-156, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Georgia Power Co, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Air Pesticides & Tox Management Div, Reg Off 4, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 17 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 19 BP 2519 EP 2520 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 312VL UT WOS:000086964600014 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA AF Magnuson, ML Kelty, CA TI Microextraction of nine haloacetic acids in drinking water at microgram per liter levels with electrospray-mass spectrometry of stable association complexes SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BROMIDE ION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DERIVATIZATION; CHLORINATION; SPECIATION AB Haloacetic acids are disinfection byproducts of the chlorination of drinking water. This paper presents the analysis of all nine chloro and bromohaloacetic acids (HAA9) at the submicrogram per liter level by microextraction with detection by electrospray-mass spectrometry. The haloacetic acids are extracted from acidified mater through a microscale liquid-liquid extraction. Perfluoroheptanoic acid is added to the ex-tracts, and the haloacetic acids are detected with electrospray-mass spectrometry. Confidence in the selective quantification of the haloacetic acids is achieved by observing the stable association complexes that are formed between the haloacetic acids and perfluoroheptanoic acid. The method detection limits for the haloacetic acids are less than 1 mu g L-1, depending on the haloacetic acid. Standard addition is used to quantify the haloacetic acids in several water matrixes. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Water Supply & Water Resources Div, Treatment Technol Evaluat Branch, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 10 BP 2308 EP 2312 DI 10.1021/ac991469j PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 314TD UT WOS:000087072900019 ER PT J AU Yan, LB Stucki, JW AF Yan, LB Stucki, JW TI Structural perturbations in the solid-water interface of redox transformed nontronite SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hydration; Si-O bond; H-O-H bending; interlayer water; solid-water interface; nontronite; layer silicate; infrared spectroscopy; redox; reduction; oxidation; structural Fe ID FE-57 MOSSBAUER-SPECTROSCOPY; OH STRETCHING REGION; IRON OXIDATION-STATE; SWELLING PRESSURE; DIOCTAHEDRAL SMECTITES; INFRARED-SPECTRA; INTERLAYER WATER; MONTMORILLONITE LAYERS; REFINED RELATIONSHIPS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AB Redox reactions of structural Fe affect many surface and colloidal properties of Fe-containing smectites in natural environments and many industrial systems, but few studies have examined the clay-water interface under oxidizing and reducing conditions. Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the effects of structural Fe oxidation state and hydration on layer Si-O stretching vibrations in Na-nontronite. Aqueous gels of unaltered, reduced, and reoxidized smectites were equilibrated at different swelling pressures, Pi, and water contents, m(w)/m(c), using a miniature pressure-membrane apparatus. One part of each gel was used for the gravimetric determination of m(w)/m(c); the other was transferred to an attenuated total reflectance cell in the FTIR spectrometer, where the spectrum of the gel was measured. The frequencies of four component peaks of Si-O stretching, nu(Si-O) in nontronite layers and of the H-O-H bending, vad-H, in the interlayer water were determined by using a curve-fitting technique. Reduction of structural Fe shifted the Si-O vibration to lower frequency and desensitized the Si-O vibration to the hydration state. A linear relation was found between nu(Si-O) and nu(H-O-H) for nontronite in each of its various oxidation states. These observations were interpreted to mean that structural Fe oxidation state has a significant impact on interfacial processes of the aqueous colloid system of Fe-rich phyllosilicates. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Yan, LB (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 960 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM yan.laibin@epa.gov NR 68 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 225 IS 2 BP 429 EP 439 DI 10.1006/jcis.2000.6794 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 313EX UT WOS:000086988300022 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI American poverty in a new era of reform. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 OAO Corp, US EPA, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), OAO Corp, US EPA, Las Vegas, NV USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 125 IS 9 BP 116 EP 116 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 312YR UT WOS:000086972000196 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Mahaffey, KR Pederson, D AF Gulson, BL Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Mahaffey, KR Pederson, D TI Limited seasonality effects on blood lead for a small cohort of female adults and children SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE lead; blood; isotopes; seasons; female adults; children ID UMBILICAL-CORD BLOOD; PREGNANT-WOMEN; MOBILIZATION; LEVEL; DETERMINANTS; SKELETON; CITY AB Many blood lead surveys, especially during the 1970s and 1980s have shown variations of up to 35% in blood lead concentration, with higher values in summer over winter. We have monitored 13 adult females and seven children for periods from 348 to 1337 days as non-pregnant controls in a longitudinal study of mobilization of lead from the maternal skeletal during pregnancy and lactation. Samples of blood, 6-day duplicate diet and environmental samples were analyzed by high-precision thermal ionization mass spectrometry for lead isotope ratios and lead concentrations. There was no statistically significant difference between seasons for brood lead concentrations and dietary intake although there were small differences in the isotopic composition for blood. One explanation for the lack of a seasonal effect in blood lead of our cohort may be the absence of climatic extremes in Sydney. The minimal effects from seasonality observed in this cohort make this an especially useful cohort within which to study effects that could be obscured by seasonal factors. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. CSIRO, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Canberra, Fac Informat Sci & Engn, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Grad Sch Environm, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 253 IS 1-3 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00424-1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 318ZU UT WOS:000087315200010 PM 10843336 ER PT J AU Lambert, AL Dong, WM Selgrade, MJK Gilmour, MI AF Lambert, AL Dong, WM Selgrade, MJK Gilmour, MI TI Enhanced allergic sensitization by residual oil fly ash particles is mediated by soluble metal constituents SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; metals; adjuvant; asthma; immediate bronchoconstriction; IL-5; IL-6; IL-10; IL-13; TNF-alpha; IgE; eosinophils ID PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; EMERGENCY ROOM VISITS; HOUSE-DUST MITE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; IN-VIVO; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; IGE PRODUCTION; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION AB Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) air pollutants and exacerbation of asthma symptoms. We have shown in a Brown Norway (BN) rat model of house dust mite (HDM) allergy that preexposure to residual oil By ash (ROFA) particles enhanced the sensitization phase such that the secondary immune response and associated lung injury were increased after allergen challenge. To determine whether the metals present in ROFA mediated this effect, BN rats were intratracheally instilled with either ROFA (1000 mu g) or acidified saline + NiSO4 (105.12 mu g), VSO4 (98.2 mu g), FeSO4 (58.49 mu g), or a mixture (Mix) of each metal. HDM-specific IgE was higher in the serum of the ROFA, Ni, V, and Mix groups than in the HDM group after challenge, and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction responses were increased in the Ni group. Lymphocyte proliferation to antigen was increased in the ROFA, Ni, and V groups compared to controls. Total protein and eosinophil peroxidase levels were elevated in the Fe group, and eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were increased in the ROFA and Fe groups compared to HDM control. IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA expression was also increased in the lung tissue of all metal and ROFA-treated groups, while BALF IL-10 was elevated in the Fe and Mix groups, and IL-6 and TNF-alpha were elevated in the metal and ROFA-treated groups compared to controls. These results suggest that ROFA's metallic constituents mediate enhancement of sensitization to HDM and that pulmonary inflammation may play a role in this adjuvant effect. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 63 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY 15 PY 2000 VL 165 IS 1 BP 84 EP 93 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.8932 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 348RU UT WOS:000089000900008 PM 10814556 ER PT J AU Ping, PP Murphy, E AF Ping, PP Murphy, E TI Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in preconditioning - A detrimental factor or a protective kinase? SO CIRCULATION RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material DE cardioprotection; kinases; signal transduction C1 Univ Louisville, Dept Med, Div Cardiol & Physiol & Biophys, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Jewish Hosp, Heart & Lung Inst, Louisville, KY USA. RP Ping, PP (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Dept Med, Div Cardiol & Physiol & Biophys, 570 S Preston St,1st Floor N,Room 122, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. NR 19 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7330 J9 CIRC RES JI Circ.Res. PD MAY 12 PY 2000 VL 86 IS 9 BP 921 EP 922 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Hematology GA 317RY UT WOS:000087241800004 PM 10807861 ER PT J AU Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ AF Inglefield, JR Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ TI An IP3 receptor-sensitive Ca2+ store mediates disturbances in intracellular Ca2+ upon exposure to Aroclor 1254 and ortho-substituted PCBs SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 947 BP A1476 EP A1476 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400976 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, R King, LJ Kohan, MJ Wirsiy, YG Kirlin, WG AF Rodriguez, R King, LJ Kohan, MJ Wirsiy, YG Kirlin, WG TI Maternal exposure to benzo[a]pyrene alters T lymphocyte development in mouse offspring end forms DNA-adducts in fetal immune cells. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Cent Caribe, Sch Med, Bayamon, PR 00960 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAY 11 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 8 MA 263 BP A1356 EP A1356 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 313NH UT WOS:000087005400295 ER PT J AU Trenham, PC Shaffer, HB Koenig, WD Stromberg, MR AF Trenham, PC Shaffer, HB Koenig, WD Stromberg, MR TI Life history and demographic variation in the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID FROG RANA-SYLVATICA; LARVAL DENSITY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; OPACUM; TALPOIDEUM; AGE; AMPHIBIANS; MACULATUM; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY AB In December 1991, we initiated a long-term study of the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) at a breeding pond in Monterey County, California. Because of habitat loss, this species is a candidate for federal endangered species status, but many basic features of its life history and demography have not been studied in detail. During the first seven years of this study, we captured, measured, individually marked, and released 657 breeding adults and 1895 newly metamorphosed juveniles at the drift fence encircling this pond. We also used skeletochronology to investigate age structure in cohorts of breeding adults. Numbers of breeding adults varied by more than a factor of four among years, and annual juvenile production ranged from 121-775 metamorphs, Contrary to the results of related studies, total juvenile production was positively related to the total biomass of breeding females. Both skeletochronology and mark-recapture data indicate that most individuals do not reach sexual maturity until 4-5 years of age, and, although individual longevity can exceed 10 years, less than 50% of individuals returned to breed a second time. These results suggest that this breeding population was a reproductive sink during the period of this study and that isolated breeding ponds may be insufficient for the long-term maintenance of viable populations of A. californiense. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Hasting Nat Hist Reservat, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 USA. RP Trenham, PC (reprint author), US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Lab, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RI Koenig, Walter/A-5509-2009; OI Koenig, Walter/0000-0001-6207-1427 NR 48 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 8 PY 2000 IS 2 BP 365 EP 377 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0365:LHADVI]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 314KU UT WOS:000087055600003 ER PT J AU Neff, R Chang, HJ Knight, CG Najjar, RG Yarnal, B Walker, HA AF Neff, R Chang, HJ Knight, CG Najjar, RG Yarnal, B Walker, HA TI Impact of climate variation and change on Mid-Atlantic Region hydrology and water resources SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE climate impact assessment; climate variation; climate change; hydrology; water resources; Mid-Atlantic Region; climate models ID SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN; CHESAPEAKE BAY; PRECIPITATION CHANGES; STREAMFLOW; DISCHARGE; GENESIS; MODEL AB The sensitivity of hydrology and water resources to climate variation and climate change is assessed for the Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) of the United States. Observed streamflow, groundwater, and water-quality data are shown to vary in association with climate variation; Projections of future streamflow, groundwater, and water quality are made using models determined from these associations and are applied to 2 transient general circulation model (GCM) scenarios. Regional streamflow increases in one scenario, but decreases in the other; both scenarios result in changes in the seasonality of peak flows. Response of groundwater to climate change depends on the GCM scenario used. Canadian Climate Center (CCC) scenarios suggest recharge will occur earlier in the year, and that seasonal fluctuations in groundwater levels will be less extreme. Hadley Center scenarios suggest recharge will occur earlier in the medium term, but later in the long term, with seasonal fluctuations in general being more extreme. Both scenarios show that nutrient loads can be expected to increase in winter and spring because of the expected increase in streamflow. Projected decreases in streamflow and associated nutrient fluxes in July and August could ameliorate problems associated with estuarine stratification and eutrophication in late summer. These projections demonstrate that future hydrology and water resources will be influenced by climate change, but that uncertainty in accurately projecting that influence will continue until model scenarios improve. C1 Penn State Univ, Ctr Integrated Reg Assessment, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Neff, R (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Ctr Integrated Reg Assessment, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 42 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 9 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 207 EP 218 DI 10.3354/cr014207 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 326ZD UT WOS:000087766400007 ER PT J AU Najjar, RG Walker, HA Anderson, PJ Barron, EJ Bord, RJ Gibson, JR Kennedy, VS Knight, CG Megonigal, JP O'Connor, RE Polsky, CD Psuty, NP Richards, BA Sorenson, LG Steele, EM Swanson, RS AF Najjar, RG Walker, HA Anderson, PJ Barron, EJ Bord, RJ Gibson, JR Kennedy, VS Knight, CG Megonigal, JP O'Connor, RE Polsky, CD Psuty, NP Richards, BA Sorenson, LG Steele, EM Swanson, RS TI The potential impacts of climate change on the mid-Atlantic coastal region SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE climate change impacts; coastal regions; sea-level rise ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CHESAPEAKE BAY ANOXIA; UNITED-STATES; SALT MARSHES; SEA-LEVEL; PRECIPITATION CHANGES; SULFATE AEROSOLS; FRESH-WATER; RIVER BASIN; LAND LOSS AB This paper assesses the potential impacts of climate change on the mid-Atlantic coastal (MAC) region of the United States. In order of increasing uncertainty, it is projected that sea level, temperature and streamflow will increase in the MAC region in response to higher levels of atmospheric CO2. A case study for Delaware based on digital elevation models suggests that, by the end of the 21st century, 1.6% of its land area and 21% of its wetlands will be lost to an encroaching sea. Sea-level rise will also result in higher storm surges, causing 100 yr floods to occur 3 or 4 times more frequently by the end of the 21st century. Increased accretion in coastal wetlands, however, which may occur in response to increases in CO2, temperature, and streamflow, could mitigate some of the flooding effect of sea-level rise. Warming alone will result in northward displacements of some mobile estuarine species and will exacerbate the already low summer oxygen levels in mid-Atlantic estuaries because of increased oxygen demand and decreased oxygen solubility. Streamflow increases could substantially degrade water quality, with significant negative consequences for submerged aquatic vegetation and birds. Though climate change may have some positive impacts on the MAC region, such as increased coastal tourism due to warming and some ecological benefits from less-frequent harsh winters, most impacts are expected to be negative. Policies designed to minimize adverse ecological impacts of human activities on coastal ecosystems in the mid-Atlantic, such as decreases in nutrient loading of watersheds, could help mitigate some of the risks associated with future climate variability and change in this region. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Environm Resources Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Environm Resources Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Inst Environm, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Sociol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Polit Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Delaware Ctr Inland Bays, Lewes, DE 19969 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Najjar, RG (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Kennedy, Victor/D-5854-2012 NR 75 TC 110 Z9 111 U1 15 U2 79 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 219 EP 233 DI 10.3354/cr014219 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 326ZD UT WOS:000087766400008 ER PT J AU Rogers, CE McCarty, JP AF Rogers, CE McCarty, JP TI Climate change and ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Region SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ecosystems; societal values; climate change; Mid-Atlantic regional assessment; ecological ID UNITED-STATES; SCALE; RANGES AB This paper discusses the current status of forested, wetland, freshwater and coastal ecosystems; the combined impacts of habitat alteration, pollution and non-native invasive species on those systems; how climatic changes could interact with existing stresses; potential management strategies, and crucial research gaps. Changes in climate and climate variability would significantly affect natural ecosystems, and may pose additional threats to the already-stressed ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR). Fragmentation of the MAR's forests may hinder the migration of some species. Urban development and wetland losses leave the MAR's rivers and streams and near-shore areas vulnerable to damages if the frequency and intensity of storms increase. Inputs of sediments, nutrients and toxic chemicals to streams, lakes and estuaries might increase if precipitation increases. Accelerated sea-level rise could accelerate the loss of coastal wetlands. Estuaries are sensitive to changes in temperature, salinity and nutrient loads, and could be adversely affected by projected climatic changes. Populations of rare, native species could decline, while problems with non-native invasive species, such as kudzu and gypsy moths, might increase. The best strategies to protect ecosystems from climatic changes may be those that reduce other stresses, thus increasing resilience to a variety of stresses. Societal priorities for ecosystem protection need to be articulated, and research is needed into the values of ecosystems, ecosystem functioning, human impacts, long-term ecological monitoring, and management options to provide a basis for selecting effective measures. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Rogers, CE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM rogers.catriona@epa.gov RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 58 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 33 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIM RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 235 EP 244 DI 10.3354/cr014235 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 326ZD UT WOS:000087766400009 ER PT J AU Yarnal, B Kalkstein, LS Scheraga, JD AF Yarnal, B Kalkstein, LS Scheraga, JD TI Interactions of climate with organisms, ecosystems, and human societies - CR Special 7 - Editors Preface SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Inst Environm, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Delaware, Ctr Climat Res, Dept Geog, Newark, DE 19716 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Yarnal, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP U4 EP U4 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 326ZD UT WOS:000087766400001 ER PT J AU Coiro, LL Poucher, SL Miller, DC AF Coiro, LL Poucher, SL Miller, DC TI Hypoxic effects on growth of Palaemonetes vulgaris larvae and other species: Using constant exposure data to estimate cyclic exposure response SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cyclic exposure; Dyspanopeus sayi; growth; hypoxia; marsh grass shrimp; Palaemonetes vulgaris; Paralichthys dentatus; say mud crab; summer flounder ID DISSOLVED-OXYGEN AB First stage larval marsh grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris, were exposed to patterns of diurnal, semidiurnal, and constant hypoxia to evaluate effects on growth and to determine if there was a consistent relationship between exposures. A comparison of growth with cyclic exposures versus constant low dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations equivalent to the minima of the cycles showed the cyclic exposures resulted in less growth impairment than constant low-D.O. exposures, when compared to saturated controls. The mean extent of growth impairment of cyclic hypoxia was, however, almost 1.5 times more than would be estimated using an arithmetic time-weighted-average of the hypoxic portion of the cycle. Additional testing with other life stages and species resulted in similar patterns of response. Based on this relationship, an adjusted time-weighted-average could be used to estimate field related responses to cyclic dissolved oxygen from laboratory-derived constant exposure data. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Newport, RI 02840 USA. RP Coiro, LL (reprint author), US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD MAY 2 PY 2000 VL 247 IS 2 BP 243 EP 255 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00151-9 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 302FD UT WOS:000086354300009 ER PT J AU Tong, YY Lighthart, B AF Tong, YY Lighthart, B TI The annual bacterial particle concentration and size distribution in the ambient atmosphere in a rural area of the Willamette valley, Oregon SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Airborne bacterial samples were collected using wet cyclone and cascade impact samplers 2 to 3 times a week at 2 agricultural sites in the mid-Willamette River valley, near Corvallis, OR during 1997, The concentrations of total (TB), culturable (CB), and particulate-associated culturable (PACB) bacteria in the ambient atmosphere were measured using epifluorescence microscopic and culture methods. All three categories of airborne bacteria were found to have major concentration peaks in the summer (e.g., from June to September), especially in July and August. This may reflect the greater summer flux of bacteria from agricultural sources and activities and dry/dusty soil conditions. The PACE had several smaller peaks scattered in the winter and autumn, Size analysis of the PACE showed that the summer PACE peak was composed primarily of larger bacterial particles, whereas the smaller peaks in other seasons were composed primarily of smaller bacterial particles that occur during rainfall or storms events. The concentrations of TB and CB were positively correlated with temperature and solar radiation, but negatively with relative humidity. This is thought to reflect the contributions of agricultural activities and solar ground-heating effects outweighing the biologically damaging( lethal effects of solar radiation, high temperature, and dry conditions. It was shown that the count median diameter (CMD) of the PACE varied during the year with no obvious seasonal pattern. The ratios of CB to PACE and CB to TB concentrations in the atmosphere were greater in the summer than in the other seasons, while the TB to PACE ratio was the greatest in the spring. These observations could be interpreted as follows: more culturable bacteria, compared with the total, were aggregated in clumps or rafted on plant/soil debris in the summer, while single or relatively fewer culturable bacteria were associated with the particles in other seasons. This may be caused by the newly exposed bacterial particles with a high proportion of culturable bacteria, short transport time interval from aerosolization to deposition in the sampler, and/or more resistant bacterial populations in/on the summer-time sources. Spring airborne bacterial populations may be more sensitive to, and/or extensively exposed to, environmental stresses (starvation, sunlight, etc.) and aerosolization, thus fewer culturable bacteria per particle might be expected. A seasonal microstructure illustration of airborne bacteria particles is proposed that may be useful for the interpretation of aerobiological data, the investigation of health or ecological effect, and the detection of the 3 categories of airborne bacteria defined herein. C1 Inst Microbiol & Epidemiol, Beijing 100071, Peoples R China. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), Microbial Aerosol Res Lab, 10975 Doll Rd, Monmonth, OR 97361 USA. NR 16 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 32 IS 5 BP 393 EP 403 DI 10.1080/027868200303533 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 307UJ UT WOS:000086672300001 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Richards, JH Crissman, KM Bobb, HH Yang, FM AF Ghio, AJ Carter, JD Richards, JH Crissman, KM Bobb, HH Yang, FM TI Diminished injury in hypotransferrinemic mice after exposure to a metal-rich particle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ferritin; lactoferrin; transferrin; iron; oxidants ID AIR-POLLUTION PARTICLE; IRON-BINDING PROTEINS; RADICAL FORMATION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; LAVAGE FLUID; HUMAN-PLASMA; RAT LUNG; KAPPA-B; TRANSFERRIN AB Using the hypotransferrinemic (Hp) mouse model, we studied the effect of altered iron homeostasis on the defense of the lung against a catalytically active metal. The homozygotic (hpx/hpx) Hp mice had greatly diminished concentrations of both serum and lavage fluid transferrin relative to wild-type mice and heterozygotes. Fifty micrograms of a particle containing abundant concentrations of metals (a residual oil fly ash) was instilled into wild-type mice and heterozygotic and homozygotic Hp animals. There was an oxidative stress associated with particle exposure as manifested by decreased lavage fluid concentrations of ascorbate. However, rather than an increase in lung injury, diminished transferrin concentrations in homozygotic Hp mice were associated with decreased indexes of damage, including concentrations of relevant cytokines, inflammatory cell influx, lavage fluid protein, and lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase. Comparable to other organs in the homozygotic Hp mouse, siderosis of the lung was evident, with elevated concentrations of lavage fluid and tissue iron. Consequent to these increased concentrations of iron, proteins to store and transport iron, ferritin, and lactoferrin, respectively, were increased when assayed by immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the lack of transferrin in Hp mice did not predispose the animals to lung injury after exposure to a particle abundant in metals. Rather, these mice demonstrated a diminished injury that was associated with an increase in the metal storage and transport proteins. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA, HSD, MD58D,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 278 IS 5 BP L1051 EP L1061 PG 11 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA 313HL UT WOS:000086994200024 PM 10781438 ER PT J AU Folmar, LC Hemmer, M Hemmer, R Bowman, C Kroll, K Denslow, ND AF Folmar, LC Hemmer, M Hemmer, R Bowman, C Kroll, K Denslow, ND TI Comparative estrogenicity of estradiol, ethynyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol in an in vivo, male sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), vitellogenin bioassay SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish; vitellogenin; mRNA; estradiol; ethynylestradiol; diethylstilbestrol ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT; RAINBOW-TROUT; TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS; ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES; BINDING-PROTEINS; MESSENGER-RNA; RECEPTOR; ENVIRONMENT; CHEMICALS; INDUCTION AB An in vivo bioassay for vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis was developed to screen individual chemicals or mixtures of chemicals for potentially estrogenic effects in a marine teleost model. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantitate VTG synthesis in male sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) exposed to five concentrations of the natural estrogen (17 beta-estradiol), a synthetic, steroidal pharmaceutical estrogen (17 alpha-ethynyl estradiol), or a synthetic, non-steroidal, pharmaceutical estrogen (diethylstilbestrol) for 16 days. At an exposure concentration of 20 ng/l, only diethystilbestrol elicited a vitellogenic response. At all test concentrations greater than 100 ng/l, VTG appeared in the plasma in a dose-dependent manner for the three estrogen treatments. Liver VTG mRNA measurements were also made, exhibiting no clear correlations between quantities, nor temporal appearance of the message and mature protein were apparent. This assay is short-term relatively inexpensive, shows a direct response, and easily quantitated. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Folmar, LC (reprint author), US EPA, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 42 TC 123 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00076-4 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 318FK UT WOS:000087273100007 ER PT J AU Wiener, JG Shields, PJ AF Wiener, JG Shields, PJ TI Mercury in the Sudbury River (Massachusetts, USA): pollution history and a synthesis of recent research SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; CANADIAN SHIELD LAKES; METHYL MERCURY; GAVIA-IMMER; METHYLMERCURY; WISCONSIN; EXPOSURE; FISH; ACIDIFICATION; SEDIMENTS AB We review the transport, fate, and bioavailability of mercury in the Sudbury River, topics addressed in the following five papers. Mercury entered the river from an industrial complex (site) that operated from 1917 to 1978. Rates of mercury accumulation in sediment cores from two reservoirs just downstream from the site decreased soon after industrial operations ended and have decreased further since capping of contaminated soils at the site in 1991. The reservoirs contained the most contaminated sediments (some exceeding 50 mu g Hg.g dry weight(-1)) and were depositional sinks for total mercury. Methyl mercury concentrations in biota did not parallel concentrations of total mercury in the sediments to which organisms were exposed, experimentally or as residents. Contaminated wetlands within the floodplain about 25 km downstream from the site produced and exported methyl mercury from inorganic mercury that had originated from the site. Natural burial processes have gradually decreased the quantity of sedimentary mercury available for methylation within the reservoirs, whereas mercury in the lesser contaminated wetlands farther downstream has remained more available for transport, methylation, and entry into food webs. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. US EPA, Boston, MA 02203 USA. RP Wiener, JG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. NR 44 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 5 U2 18 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 57 IS 5 BP 1053 EP 1061 DI 10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1053 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 318FL UT WOS:000087273200017 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Wikstrom, E AF Gullett, BK Wikstrom, E TI Mono- to tri-chlorinated dibenzodioxin (CDD) and dibenzofuran (CDF) congeners/homologues as indicators of CDD and CDF emissions from municipal waste and waste/coal combustion SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants-Dioxin '98 CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN ID FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR AB Total homologue concentrations and select congener concentrations from amongst the mono- to tri-chlorinated dibenzodioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs) are used to model both Total (mono- to octa-) CDD + CDF emissions and the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) of the 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted emissions. Analysis of emission data from two facilities indicates that use of total homologue concentrations shows limited, facility-specific correlations with Total CDDs/CDFs and TEQ. Concentrations of select mono- to tri-CDD/CDF congeners show promising correlation with CDD/CDF TEQ across facilities, suggesting that these compounds can act as TEQ indicators. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Umea Univ, Inst Environm Chem, S-90182 Umea, Sweden. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div, MD-65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 9-11 BP 1015 EP 1019 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00347-1 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 288MA UT WOS:000085565500015 PM 10739040 ER PT J AU van Leeuwen, FXR Feeley, M Schrenk, D Larsen, JC Farland, W Younes, M AF van Leeuwen, FXR Feeley, M Schrenk, D Larsen, JC Farland, W Younes, M TI Dioxins: WHO's tolerable daily intake (TDI) revisited SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants-Dioxin '98 CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; EXPOSURE; RAT AB In December 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 10 pg/kg b.w. (body weight) for TCDD, based on liver toxicity, reproductive effects and immunotoxicity in experimental animals, and making use of kinetic data in humans and experimental animals. Since then new epidemiological and toxicological data have emerged, in particular with respect to neurodevelopmental and endocrine effects of dioxin. Therefore, the European Centre for Environment and Health of the World Health Organization (WHO-ECEH) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) jointly organized a consultation on the "Assessment of the health risk of dioxins, re-evaluation of the TDI", May 1998, Geneva, Switzerland. The participants discussed the health risks for infants, cancer and non-cancer endpoints in humans and animals, mechanistic aspects, kinetic behaviour, modelling, exposure, and the applicability of the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concept. For the health risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds, the WHO Consultation focused on the most sensitive effects that are considered adverse (hormonal, reproductive and developmental effects) seen at low doses in animal studies (rats and monkeys). Human daily intakes corresponding with body burdens similar to those associated with adverse effects in animals could be estimated to be in the range of 14-37 pg/kg b.w./day, To arrive at a TDI expressed as TEQ, a composite uncertainty factor of 10 was recommended. By applying this uncertainty factor a TDI range of 1-4 pg TEQs/kg body weight was established. An extensive executive summary of the results of this WHO Consultation with all the underlying background documents will be published in Food Additives and Contaminants (in press). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 WHO, European Ctr Environm & Hlth, Bilthoven Div, NL-3730 AA De Bilt, Netherlands. Hlth Canada, Bur Chem Safety, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Univ Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. Danish Vet & Food Adm, Inst Food Safety & Toxicol, DK-2860 Soborg, Denmark. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. RP van Leeuwen, FXR (reprint author), WHO, European Ctr Environm & Hlth, Bilthoven Div, POB 10, NL-3730 AA De Bilt, Netherlands. NR 13 TC 197 Z9 198 U1 2 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 9-11 BP 1095 EP 1101 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00358-6 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 288MA UT WOS:000085565500026 PM 10739051 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Ledbetter, AD Starcher, BC Evansky, PA Harewood, A Winsett, DW Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Jackson, MC Ledbetter, AD Starcher, BC Evansky, PA Harewood, A Winsett, DW Costa, DL TI The combination of elastase and sulfur dioxide exposure causes COPD-like lesions in the rat SO CHEST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Thomas L Petty 42nd Annual Aspen Lung conference - Mechanisms of COPD CY JUN 02-05, 1999 CL ASPEN, COLORADO SP Glaxo Wellcome Inc ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT; LUNG; INFLAMMATION; EMPHYSEMA; MODEL C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas Hlth Ctr, Tyler, TX 75710 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD MAY PY 2000 VL 117 IS 5 SU 1 BP 299S EP 302S DI 10.1378/chest.117.5_suppl_1.299S-a PG 4 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 316PY UT WOS:000087178200046 PM 10843962 ER PT J AU Orie, NGM AF Orie, NGM TI The Dutch hypothesis SO CHEST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Texas Hlth Ctr, Tyler, TX 75710 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Durham, NC USA. RP Orie, NGM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, MD-82, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD MAY PY 2000 VL 117 IS 5 SU 1 BP 299S EP 299S DI 10.1378/chest.117.5_suppl_1.299S PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 316PY UT WOS:000087178200045 ER PT J AU Dykstra, CR Hays, JL Daniel, FB Simon, MM AF Dykstra, CR Hays, JL Daniel, FB Simon, MM TI Nest site selection and productivity of suburban Red-shouldered Hawks in southern Ohio SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Buteo lineatus; nest site selection; productivity; Red-shouldered Hawk; suburban; urban ID FOREST AB We measured nest site selection and productivity of suburban-nesting Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) in southwestern Ohio and rural-nesting Red-shouldered Hawks in south-central Ohio. At both the suburban and the rural locations, nest sites had greater canopy height and overall tree basal area than paired random plots, and were located closer to water than were paired random plots. Nest trees also had greater diameter and height than random plot-center trees. Reproductive rates at suburban and rural sites were similar, averaging 2.6-3.1 nestlings per successful nest. Results indicated that suburban-nesting Red-shouldered Hawks were very similar to rural-nesting hawks in both nest site selection and productivity, suggesting that Red-shouldered Hawks were habituated to their suburban environs. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RAPTOR Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45231 USA. RP Dykstra, CR (reprint author), 7715 Mitchell Pk Dr, Cleves, OH 45002 USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 8 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2000 VL 102 IS 2 BP 401 EP 408 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0401:NSSAPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 315VF UT WOS:000087133100019 ER PT J AU Robbins, BD Bell, SS AF Robbins, BD Bell, SS TI Dynamics of a subtidal seagrass landscape: Seasonal and annual change in relation to water depth SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landscape dynamics; landscape heterogeneity; seagrass species transition; seagrass succession ID HALODULE-WRIGHTII; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; SYRINGODIUM-FILIFORME; AQUATIC VEGETATION; AERIAL-PHOTOGRAPHY; CYMODOCEA-NODOSA; NORTH-CAROLINA; ZOSTERA-MARINA; GIS; PATTERNS AB The spatial heterogeneity of a subtidal marine landscape and the areal extent of both monospecific and mixed patches of seagrass species were studied in Tamps Bay, Florida, USA. Specifically, we examined the temporal dynamics of seagrass distribution and its relationship to water depth and the serial replacement of one species by another. The similar to 5-ha landscape was mapped at l-m intervals in the spring and fall of 1994 and 1995. The landscape consisted of monospecific and mixed patches of seagrass (47%) and bare sediment (53%). Halodule wrightii was the most abundant seagrass (similar to 74%), while Thalassia testudinum was second most common (20%), and mixed patches of H. wrightii and T. testudinum composed the remaining 6%. There was an overall increase in seagrass of 14% from spring 1994 to fall 1995. The majority of change occurred along the margins of existing seagrass patches (i.e., H. wrightii invading bare sediment). Typically, "new" patches were the result of the transition of one seagrass species to another (e.g., H. wrightii replacing T. testudinum). Water depth over the landscape ranged from 30 to 100 cm, and although seasonal differences in the distribution of seagrass species were detected, water depth in this landscape was not an adequate predictor of the observed distributional patterns of either seagrass species at any season. Temporal transitions of one seagrass species to another, or to/from bare sediment, did nor fit previously published models of seagrass succession. Instead, H. wrightii, the competitive "inferior," often replaced T. testudinum as the dominant seagrass, suggesting that factors other than competition may have a controlling influence in this landscape. We suspect that hydrodynamics (e.g., seasonal storm events) may be an organizing force in maintaining the landscape's heterogeneity. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Robbins, BD (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Coastal Ecol Branch, 2111 SE Marine Sci Ctr Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 58 TC 71 Z9 82 U1 4 U2 31 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1193 EP 1205 DI 10.2307/177201 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XQ UT WOS:000086795100002 ER PT J AU Lin, Z Puls, RW AF Lin, Z Puls, RW TI Adsorption, desorption and oxidation of arsenic affected by clay minerals and aging process SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; natural attenuation; remediation ID GOETHITE; MASSACHUSETTS; GEOCHEMISTRY; FERRIHYDRITE; DIFFUSION; KINETICS; ZINC AB Adsorption/desorption and oxidation/reduction of arsenic at clay surfaces are very important to the natural attenuation of arsenic in the subsurface environment. Although numerous studies have concluded that iron oxides have high affinities for the adsorption of As(V), very little experimental work has addressed the arsenic attenuation capacities of different clay minerals and aging process affecting the transformation of arsenic. The abundance of day minerals in a variety of geochemical environments and their influence on adsorption of contaminants suggests a need for more experimental work to characterize the adsorption desorption, and oxidation of arsenic on clay minerals. In this investigation three types of clay mineral were studied: the 1:1 layer clays [halloysite (IN), sedimentary M-kaolinite, and weathered EPK-kaolinite]; the 2:1 layer clays [illite (MT) and illite/montmorillonite (MT)]; the 2:1:1 layer clay [chlorite (CA)]. The halloysite and the chlorite had much greater As(V) adsorption (25-35 folds) than the other clay minerals. The clay minerals had lower As(III) adsorption than As(V) adsorption, and the adsorption was affected by pH. Desorption of arsenic from the clay minerals was significantly influenced by the aging process. The quantities of extractable As(III) and As(V) decreased with increasing aging time. The results demonstrated that oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurred on the clay surfaces, whereas reduction of As(V) to As(III) was not found in any of the clay minerals studied. The oxidation of As(III) was affected by the types of clay and aging time. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Lin, Z (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management & Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 27 TC 160 Z9 173 U1 5 U2 61 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 39 IS 7 BP 753 EP 759 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 323BY UT WOS:000087546000006 ER PT J AU Scott, CS Cogliano, VJ AF Scott, CS Cogliano, VJ TI Trichloroethylene health risks - State of the science SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scott, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Mail Code 8623D, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 159 EP 160 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000001 PM 10928830 ER PT J AU Wartenberg, D Reyner, D Scott, CS AF Wartenberg, D Reyner, D Scott, CS TI Trichloroethylene and cancer: Epidemiologic evidence SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE cancer; degreasers; dry cleaning; epidemiology; PERC; solvents; TCE; TCOH; tetrachloroethylene; trichloroethylene ID RENAL-CELL CARCINOMA; PRIMARY LIVER-CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL RISK-FACTORS; NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; DRY-CLEANING WORKERS; CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY; DRINKING-WATER CONTAMINATION; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; UNITED-STATES AB Trichloroethylene is an organic chemical that has been used in dry cleaning, for metal degreasing, and as a solvent for oils and resins. It has been shown to cause liver and kidney cancer in experimental animals. This article reviews over 80 published papers and letters on the cancer epidemiology of people exposed to trichloroethylene. Evidence of excess cancer incidence among occupational cohorts with the most rigorous exposure assessment is found for kidney cancer (relative risk [RR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.1-2.7), liver cancer (RR = 1.9, 95% Cl 1.0-3.4). and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR = 1.5. 95% Cl 0.4-2.3) as well as for cervical cancer. Hodgkin's disease, and multiple myeloma. However, since few studies isolate trichloroethylene exposure, results are likely confounded by exposure to other solvents and other risk factors. Although we believe that solvent exposure causes cancer in humans and that trichloroethylene likely is one of the active agents, we recommend further study to better specify the specific agents that confer this risk and to estimate the magnitude of that risk. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, EOHSI, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wartenberg, D (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, EOHSI, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05022] NR 117 TC 135 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 23 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 161 EP 176 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000002 PM 10807550 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Fisher, JW Lipscomb, JC Parker, JC AF Lash, LH Fisher, JW Lipscomb, JC Parker, JC TI Metabolism of trichloroethylene SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE conjugate beta-lyase; cysteine glutathione; cytochrome P450; glutathione S-transferases; metabolism; sex dependence; species dependence; tissue dependence; trichloroethylene ID CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; GLUTAMINE TRANSAMINASE-K; GLUTATHIONE S-CONJUGATE; BASAL-LATERAL MEMBRANE; MERCAPTURIC ACID PATHWAY; RABBIT LIVER-MICROSOMES; RAT-KIDNEY CYTOSOL; BENZYL-L-CYSTEINE; CHLORAL HYDRATE; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID AB A major focus in the study of metabolism and disposition of trichloroethylene (TCE) is to identify metabolites that can be used reliably to assess flux through the various pathways of TCE metabolism and to identify those metabolites that are causally associated with toxic responses. Another important issue involves delineation of sex- and species-dependent differences in biotransformation pathways. Defining these differences can play an important role in the utility of laboratory animal data for understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TCE in humans. Sex-, species-, and strain-dependent differences in absorption and distribution of TCE may play some role in explaining differences in metabolism and Susceptibility to toxicity from TCE exposure. The majority of differences in susceptibility, however,. are likely due to sex-, species-, and strain-dependent differences in activities of the various enzymes that can metabolize TCE and its subsequent metabolites. An additional factor that plays a role in human health risk assessment for TCE is the high degree of variability in the activity of certain enzymes. TCE undergoes metabolism by two major pathways, cytochrome P450 (P450)-dependent oxidation and conjugation with glutathione (GSH). Key P450-derived metabolites of TCE that have been associated with specific target organs, such as the liver and lungs, include chloral hydrate, trichloroacetate, and dichloroacetate. Metabolites derived from the GSH conjugate of TCE, in contrast, have been associated with the kidney as a target organ. Specifically, metabolism of the cysteine conjugate of TCE by the cysteine conjugate P-lyase generates a reactive metabolite that is nephrotoxic and may be nephrocarcinogenic. Although the P450 pathway is a higher activity and higher affinity pathway than the GSH conjugation pathway, one should not automatically conclude that the latter pathway is only important at very high doses. A synthesis of this information is then presented to assess how experimental data, from either animals or from in vitro studies, can be extrapolated to humans for risk assessment. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Armstrong Lab, Div Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 NR 167 TC 170 Z9 186 U1 4 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 177 EP 200 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000003 PM 10807551 ER PT J AU Pastino, GM Yap, WY Carroquino, M AF Pastino, GM Yap, WY Carroquino, M TI Human variability and susceptibility to trichloroethylene SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE children; gender differences; human variability; susceptibility; trichloroethylene ID S-TRANSFERASE-THETA; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY; AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FACILITY; RENAL-CELL CANCER; LUNG-CANCER; RAT-LIVER; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; CHLORAL HYDRATE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AB Although humans vary in their response to chemicals, comprehensive measures of susceptibility have generally not been incorporated into human risk assessment. The U.S. EPA dose-response-based risk assessments for cancer and the RfD/RfC (reference dose-reference concentration) approach for noncancer risk assessments are assumed to protect vulnerable human subgroups. However, these approaches generally rely on default assumptions and do not consider the specific biological basis for potential susceptibility to a given toxicant. In an effort to focus mere explicitly on this issue, this article addresses biological factors that may affect human variability and susceptibility to trichloroethylene (TCE), a widely used halogenated industrial solvent. In response to Executive Order 13045. which requires federal agencies to make protection of children a high priority in implementing their policies and to take special risks to children into account when developing standards, this article examines factors that may affect risk of exposure to TCE in children. The influence of genetics, sex, altered health state, coexposure to alcohol, and enzyme induction on TCE toxicity are also examined. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Pastino, GM (reprint author), Schering Plough Res Inst, 144 Route 94,POB 32, Lafayette, NJ 07848 USA. NR 181 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 201 EP 214 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000004 PM 10807552 ER PT J AU Moore, MM Harrington-Brock, K AF Moore, MM Harrington-Brock, K TI Mutagenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites: Implications for the risk assessment of trichloroethylene SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; metabolites of trichloroethylene; mutagenicity; risk assessment; trichloroethylene ID MOUSE LYMPHOMA-CELLS; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; UNSCHEDULED DNA-SYNTHESIS; THYMIDINE KINASE LOCUS; SINGLE-STRAND BREAKS; CHLORAL HYDRATE; DICHLOROACETIC-ACID; SUSPECTED ANEUGENS; LIVER-TUMORS; ANEUPLOIDY INDUCTION AB This article addresses the evidence that trichloroethylene (TCE) or its metabolites might mediate tumor formation via a mutagenic mode of action. We review and draw conclusions from the published mutagenicity and genotoxicity information for TCE and its metabolites, chloral hydrate (CH). dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trichloroethanol, S-(1.2-dichlorovinyl)L-cysteine (DCVC), and S-(1.2-dichlorovinyl) glutathione (DCVG). The new U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed Cancer Risk Assessment Guidelines provide for an assessment of the key events involved in the development of specific tumors. Consistent with this thinking, we provide a new and general strategy for interpreting genotoxicity data that goes beyond a simple determination that the chemical is or is not genotoxic. For TCE, we conclude that the weight of the evidence argues that chemically induced mutation is unlikely to be a key event in the induction of human tumors that might be caused by TCE itself (as the parent compound) and its metabolites, CH, DCA, and TCA. This conclusion derives primarily from the fact that these chemicals require very high doses to be genotoxic. There is not enough information to draw any conclusions for trichloroethanol and the two trichloroethylene conjugates, DCVC and DCVG. There is some evidence that DCVC is a more potent mutagen than CH, DCA, or TCA. Unfortunately, definitive conclusions as to whether TCE will induce tumors in humans via a mutagenic mode! of action cannot be drawn from the available information. More research, including the development and use of new techniques, is required before it is possible to make a definitive assessment as to whether chemically induced mutation is a key event in any human tumors resulting from exposure to TCE. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD 68,86 Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 69 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 215 EP 223 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000005 PM 10807553 ER PT J AU Lash, LH Parker, JC Scott, CS AF Lash, LH Parker, JC Scott, CS TI Modes of action of trichloroethylene for kidney tumorigenesis SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE alpha(2u)-globulin; cell proliferation; cysteine conjugate beta-lyase; genotoxicity; kidney; oxidative stress; peroxisome proliferation; renal cancer; trichloroethylene ID RENAL-CELL CANCER; CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS; DROPLET ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN NEPHROPATHY; HEPATIC PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION; SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; UNSCHEDULED DNA-SYNTHESIS; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; HIPPEL-LINDAU-DISEASE; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS AB This article focuses on the various models for kidney toxicity due to trichloroethylene (TCE) and its glutathione-dependent metabolites, in particular S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. Areas of controversy regarding the relative importance of metabolic pathways, species differences in toxic responses, rates of generation of reactive metabolites, and dose-dependent phenomena are highlighted. The first section briefly reviews information on the incidence and risk factors of kidney cancer in the general U.S. population. Epidemiological data on incidence of kidney cancer in male workers exposed occupationally to TCE are also summarized. This is contrasted with cancer bioassay data from laboratory animals, that highlights sex and species differences and. consequently, the difficulties in making risk assessments for humans based on animal data. The major section of the article considers proposed modes of action for TCE or its metabolites in kidney, including peroxisome proliferation, alpha(2u)-globulin nephropathy, genotoxicity, and acute and chronic toxicity mechanisms. The latter comprise oxidative stress, alterations in calcium ion homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein alkylation, cellular repair processes, and alterations in gene expression and cell proliferation. Finally, the status of risk assessment for TCE based on the kidneys as a target organ and remaining questions and research needs are discussed. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lash, LH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 540 E Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. OI Lash, Lawrence/0000-0003-3239-4481 NR 209 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 225 EP 240 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000006 PM 10807554 ER PT J AU Boyes, WK Bushnell, PJ Crofton, KM Evans, M Simmons, JE AF Boyes, WK Bushnell, PJ Crofton, KM Evans, M Simmons, JE TI Neurotoxic and pharmacokinetic responses to trichloroethylene as a function of exposure scenario SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE behavior; Haber's Rule; hearing; physiologically based pharmacokinetic model; trichloroethylene; vision ID SENSORY-EVOKED-POTENTIALS; FREQUENCY HEARING-LOSS; INHALED TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; RATS; MODEL; METABOLITES; HUMANS AB Strategies are needed for assessing the risks of exposures to airborne toxicants that vary over concentrations and durations. The goal of this project was to describe the relationship between the concentration and duration of exposure to inhaled trichloroethylene (TCE), a representative volatile organic chemical, tissue dose as predicted by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, and neurotoxicity. Three measures of neurotoxicity were studied: hearing loss, signal detection behavior, and visual function. The null hypothesis was that exposure scenarios having an equivalent product of concentration and duration would produce equal toxic effects, according to the classic linear form of Haber's Rule (Cx t = k), where C represents the concentration, t,the time (duration) of exposure, and k,a constant toxic effect. All experiments used adult male, Long-Evans rats. Acute and repeated exposure to TCE increased hearing thresholds, and acute exposure to TCE impaired signal detection behaviour and visual function. Examination of all three measures of neurotoxicity showed that if Haber's Rule were used to predict outcomes across exposure durations, the risk would be overestimated when extrapolating from shorter to longer duration exposures, and underestimated when extrapolating from longer to shorter duration exposures. For the acute effects of TCE on behavior and visual function, the estimated concentration of TCE in blood at the time of testing correlated well with outcomes, whereas cumulative exposure, measured as the area under the blood TCE concentration curve, did not. We conclude that models incorporating dosimetry can account for differing exposure scenarios and will therefore improve risk assessments over models considering only parameters of external exposure. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Boyes, WK (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 45 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 317 EP 322 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000013 PM 10807561 ER PT J AU Barton, HA Clewell, HJ AF Barton, HA Clewell, HJ TI Evaluating noncancer effects of trichloroethylene: Dosimetry, mode of action, and risk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE benchmark dose; chloral; developmental toxicity; dose-response assessment; kidney toxicity; liver toxicity; neurotoxicity; PBPK modeling; trichloroacetate; trichloroethylene ID DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; CONTAMINATED WELL WATER; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; B6C3F1 MICE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; CHRONIC EXPOSURE AB Alternatives for developing chronic exposure limits for noncancer effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) were evaluated. These alternatives were organized within a framework for dose-response assessment-exposure:dosimetry (pharmacokinetics):mode of action (pharmacodynamics): response. This framework provides a consistent structure within which to make scientific judgments about available information, its interpretation, and use. These judgments occur in the selection of critical studies, internal dose metrics, pharmacokinetic models, approaches for interspecies extrapolation of pharmacodynamics, and uncertainty factors. Potentially limiting end points included developmental eye malformations, liver effects, immunotoxicity, and kidney toxicity from oral exposure and neurological, liver, and kidney effects by inhalation. Each end point was evaluated quantitatively using several methods. Default analyses used the traditional no-observed adverse effect level divided by uncertainty factors and the benchmark dose divided by uncertainty factors methods. Subsequently, mode-of-action and pharmacokinetic information were incorporated: Internal dose metrics were estimated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for TCE and its major metabolites. This approach was notably useful with neurological and kidney toxicities. The human PBPK model provided estimates of human exposure doses for the internal dose metrics. Pharmacodynamic data or default assumptions were used for interspecies extrapolation. For liver and neurological effects, humans appear no more sensitive than rodents when internal dose metrics were considered. Therefore, the interspecies uncertainty factor was reduced, illustrating that uncertainty factors are a semiquantitative approach fitting into the organizational framework. Incorporation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can result in values that differ significantly from those obtained with the default methods. C1 ICF Consulting, KS Crump Grp Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. ICF Consulting, KS Crump Grp Inc, Ruston, LA USA. RP Barton, HA (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, Pharmacokinet Branch, MD-74,86 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 113 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 323 EP 334 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000014 PM 10807562 ER PT J AU Chen, CW AF Chen, CW TI Biologically based dose-response model for liver tumors induced by trichloroethylene SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE DCA; dose-response model; liver tumor; TCA; TCE ID DICHLOROACETIC ACID; CARCINOGENESIS; BLADDER; CANCER; TRICHLOROACETATE; MOUSE AB The existing extensive laboratory data on trichloroethylene (TCE) and its two metabolites, dichloroacetic (DCA) and trichloroacetic (TCA), are used to explore the relationship among these three compounds. Under the hypothesis that these compounds induce liver turners in mice through promotion of preexisting initiated cells, it is demonstrated that DCA alone could be responsible for all the response of carcinomas in liver of B6CF(1) mice. The focus of this paper is on how a plausible biological assumption could impact on low-lose risk estimates, rather than on the risk estimate per se. The findings suggest that low-dose risk estimates to humans would be overestimated unless the different background rates between mice and humans are properly accounted for. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Chen, CW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Ariel Rios Bldg,1200 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM chen.chao@epa.gov NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 335 EP 342 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000015 PM 10807563 ER PT J AU Wu, C Schaum, J AF Wu, C Schaum, J TI Exposure assessment of trichloroethylene SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE exposure assessment; TCE; trichloroethylene ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DRINKING-WATER; INDOOR; AIR AB This article reviews exposure information available for trichloroethylene (TCE) and assesses the magnitude of human exposure. The primary sources releasing TCE into the environment are metal cleaning and degreasing operations. Releases occur into all media but mostly into the air due to its volatility. It is also moderately soluble in water and can leach from soils into groundwater. TCE has commonly been found in ambient air, surface water, and groundwaters. The 1998 air levels in mu g/m(3) across 115 monitors can be summarized as follows: range - 0.01-3.9, mean = 0.88. A California survey of large water utilities in 1984 found a median concentration of 3.0 mu g/L. General population exposure to TCE occurs primarily by inhalation and water ingestion. Typical average daily intakes have been estimated as 11-33 mu g/day for inhalation and 2-20 mu g/day for ingestion. A small portion of the population is expected to have elevated exposures as a result of one or more of these pathways: inhalation exposures to workers involved in degreasing operations, ingestion and in ha ration exposures occurring in homes with private wells located near disposal/contamination sites, and inhalation exposures to consumers using TCE products in areas of poor ventilation. More current and more extensive data on TCE levels in indoor air, water, and soil are needed to better characterize the distribution of background exposures in the general population and elevated exposures in special subpopulations. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, ORD, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wu, C (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment 8623D, ORD, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM wu.chieh@epa.gov NR 28 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 4 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 108 SU 2 BP 359 EP 363 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 316CC UT WOS:000087149000017 PM 10807565 ER PT J AU Peterson, SA Urquhart, NS AF Peterson, SA Urquhart, NS TI Estimating trophic state proportions of a regional lake population: Are larger samples always better? SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE confidence intervals; estimate precision; northeast lakes; probability sampling; total phosphorus; trophic status ID WATER AB During the summers of 1991-1994, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampled 344 lakes throughout the northeastern United States using a proportional stratified sampling design based on lake size. Approximately one-quarter of the 344 lakes were sampled each year (4 years) for total phosphorus to determine the proportion (and associated 95% confidence intervals) of the northeast lake population greater than or equal to 1 ha (11,076 +/- 1,699 lakes) that was in oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic, or heupereutropic (4 classes) condition according to the total phosphorus criteria of the North America Lake Manegement Society. Estimates for the second, third, and fourth yr were developed as cumulative of the previous yr samples and the current yr samples for the northeast as a whole and for each of its three ecoregions (4 regions). New confidence intervals were computed for each cumulative yr condition estimate. This produced a total (4 years x 4 classes x 4 regions) of 64 cumulative yr tropic condition estimates. Confidence intervals for 21% of these estimates did not shorten with increased sample size. This phenomena raised questions about the accuracy of estimates based on cumulative sampling procedures. We explain why and how the phenomenon comes about with both straight random and proportional random sampling. Further, we present an example of the effects this phenomenon has on lake tropic state condition estimates in the northeastern United States. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Peterson, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1 BP 71 EP 89 DI 10.1023/A:1006298230353 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 295QX UT WOS:000085980300005 ER PT J AU Mage, DT Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Kross, B Rowland, A Blair, A AF Mage, DT Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McDonnell, CJ Kross, B Rowland, A Blair, A TI A model for predicting the frequency of high pesticide exposure events in the agricultural health study SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pesticides; pesticide poisoning; accidental exposures; farmers; exposure assessment ID COHORT; INJURY AB The frequency of self-reported high pesticide exposure events (HPEE) has been recorded in the NCI/EPA/NIEHS Agricultural Health Study (AHS). Fourteen percent (14%) of the enrolled applicators responding reported "an incident or experience while using any pesticide which caused an unusually high exposure." These data show, as expected, that the probability of a report of an HPEE increases with the cumulative number of days of pesticide application reported by the applicator. We have developed a three-parameter model that predicts the risk odds ratio (OR) of an HPEE as a function of the number of days that pesticides are applied. These events are costly in terms of resulting health-care visits, lost time from work, and potential risk for cancer and other chronic diseases. We propose that failure to carefully follow all the pesticide manufacturer's label requirements, inexperience, and random events (i.e., breaking hose) are the three factors responsible for the events observed. Special precautions for new or infrequent users of pesticides are indicated. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. SRA Technol Inc, Falls Church, VA USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Mage, DT (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-52, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-33048, N01-CP-33047, N01-CP-21905] NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 83 IS 1 BP 67 EP 71 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.4032 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 313PG UT WOS:000087007600007 PM 10845783 ER PT J AU Purvis, CR McCrillis, RC AF Purvis, CR McCrillis, RC TI Fine particulate matter (PM) and organic speciation of fireplace emissions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WOOD AB This paper presents a summary of fireplace particle size and organic speciation data gathered to date in an ongoing project. Tests are being conducted in a residential wood combustion (RWC) laboratory on three factory-built fireplaces. RWC wood smoke particles <10 mu m (PM10) consist primarily of a mixture of organic compounds that have condensed into droplets; therefore, the size distribution and total mass are influenced by temperature of the sample during its collection. During the series 1 tests (15 tests), the dilution tunnel used to cool and dilute the stack gases gave an average mixed gas temperature of 47.3 degrees C and an average dilution ratio of 4.3. Averages for the PM2.5 (particles <2.5 mu m) and PM10 fractions were 74 and 84%, respectively. For the series 2 tests, the dilution tunnel was modified, reducing the average mixed gas temperatures to 33.8 degrees C and increasing the average dilution ratio to 11.0 in tests completed to date. PM2.5 and PM10 fractions were 83 and 91%, respectively. Since typical winter time mixed gas temperatures would usually be less than 10 degrees C, these size fraction results (even from the series 2 tests) probably represent the lower bound; the PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions might be higher at typical winter temperatures. The particles collected on the first stage (cutpoint approximate to 11.7 mu m) were light gray and appeared to include inorganic ash. Particles collected on the remainder of the stages were black and appeared to be condensed organics because there was noticeable lateral bleeding of the collected materials into the filter substrate. Total particulate emission rates ranged from 10.3 to 58.4 g/h; corresponding emission factors ranged from 3.3 to 14.9 g/kg of dry wood burned. A wide range of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8270 semivolatile organic compounds were found in the emissions; of the 17 target compounds quantified, major constituents are phenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol and naphthalene. C1 US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD 63, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Purvis, CR (reprint author), US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD 63, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 9 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1653 EP 1658 DI 10.1021/es981006f PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XL UT WOS:000086794500022 ER PT J AU Garrison, AW Nzengung, VA Avants, JK Ellington, JJ Jones, WJ Rennels, D Wolfe, NL AF Garrison, AW Nzengung, VA Avants, JK Ellington, JJ Jones, WJ Rennels, D Wolfe, NL TI Phytodegradation of p,p '-DDT and the enantiomers of o,p '-DDT SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIOTRANSFORMATION; DEGRADATION; TRANSFORMATION; PESTICIDES; SEDIMENTS; REDUCTION; RESIDUES; RATIOS AB The reductive dechlorination of p,p'- and o,p'-DDT at the mu g/mL level in the presence of the aquatic plant Elodea (Elodea canadensis) and the terrestrial plant kudzu (Pueraria thunbergiana) is described; studies included analysis of the enantiomers of chiral o,p'-DDT and its chiral degradation product, o,p'-DDD, to determine whether the reaction was enantioselective. The degradation process was followed by GC using a gamma-cyclodextrin-based chiral phase. The half-lives for degradation of both o,p'- and p,p'-DDT by Elodea and kudzu ranged from 1 to 3 days, apparently depending on growth conditions of the plants. The only products identified were o,p'- and p,p'-DDD; no DDE or DDA were detected. Phytodegradation experiments using Elodea and carbon-14 labeled p,p'-DDT indicated that up to 22% of DDT analogues were covalently bound within the plant. DDT degradation by Elodea was only about 40% slower after gamma irradiation at 300 krads, indicating the major process not to be dependent upon live microbes. Dead Elodea was shown to maintain reductive activity at about the same rate as fresh plants. The reactions with Elodea and kudzu were not enantioselective in the formation of o,p'-DDD from o,p'-DDT. Reductive dehalogenation of o,p'-DDT by a partially purified extract of Elodea, by the porphyrin hematin, and by human hemoglobin was also shown to be nonenantioselective, with reaction rates similar to that for the whole plant. This evidence suggests that the phytodegradation process may be catalyzed by an achiral enzyme cofactor or other achiral biomolecule. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Garrison, AW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 39 TC 69 Z9 82 U1 7 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 9 BP 1663 EP 1670 DI 10.1021/es990265h PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 309XL UT WOS:000086794500024 ER PT J AU Diamond, SA Mount, DR Burkhard, LP Ankley, GT Makynen, EA Leonard, EN AF Diamond, SA Mount, DR Burkhard, LP Ankley, GT Makynen, EA Leonard, EN TI Effect of irradiance spectra on the photoinduced toxicity of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; phototoxicity; pyrene; fluoranthene; anthracene ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL; NATURAL-WATERS; PHOTOTOXICITY; ANTHRACENE; SEDIMENTS; SUNLIGHT; DUCKWEED; SKIN AB Photoinduced toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is dependent on the concentration of compounds present and the dose of light received. Of the light present, only those wavelengths absorbed by the compound have the potential to initiate the photochemical events underlying phototoxicity. This suggests that variation in light spectra present in natural waters, arising from variation in dissolved organic carbon composition, is an important determinant of phototoxicity risk in specific, PAH-contaminated waterbodies. To quantify the effect of environmentally realistic variation in light spectra on toxicity, brine shrimp (Artemia salina) assays were conducted under various light spectra and with three PAHs (pyrene, fluoranthene, and anthracene) of known phototoxicity potential. In these spectral assays, the total ultraviolet light present was equivalent; only the spectral characteristics varied. Based on the absorbance spectra of these PAHs, it was predicted that toxicity, quantified using immobilization as the endpoint, would vary significantly among light spectra in pyrene assays, but not in anthracene assays, and that variation in toxicity in fluoranthene assays would be intermediate. The results supported these assumptions. In the pyrene exposures, the glass filter time to 50% population immobilization (IT50) (39.5 min) was 117% longer than the KCr Biter IT50 (18.2 min). In the fluoranthene exposures, the glass filter IT50 (49.5 min) was 27% longer than the KCr filter IT50 (39.1 min). In the anthracene exposures, the glass filter IT50 (62.2 min) was not statistically different from the KCr filter IT50 (63.8 min). Comparison of these results with the results of assays conducted under neutral-density filters (that change intensity but not spectral distribution) demonstrate that multiplying spectral intensity by wavelength-specific absorbance accurately predicts relative photoinduced toxicity among the experimental treatments. These results indicate that quantifying the spectral characteristics of PAH-contaminated aquatic environments may he an important component of risk assessment at these sites. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Diamond, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 31 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 18 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 5 BP 1389 EP 1396 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1389:EOISOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 307DC UT WOS:000086637300022 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP Lukasewycz, MT AF Burkhard, LP Lukasewycz, MT TI Some bioaccumulation factors and biota-sediment accumulation factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake trout SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioaccumulation factors; biota-sediment accumulation factors ID PCBS; PAHS; SUPERIOR AB Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene/triphenylene were calculated using the tissue data of Zabik et al. for Salvelinus namaycush siscowet with a 20.5% lipid content, the water data of Baker and Eisenreich, and the sediment data of Baker and Eisenreich for the Lake Superior ecosystem. Log BAFs, both lipid normalized and based on the freely dissolved concentration of the chemical in the water, of 1.95, 3.22, 4.72, 4.73, and 3.61 were calculated for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene/triphenylene, respectively. The BSAFs for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene/triphenylene were 0.00011, 0.00016, 0.0071, 0.0054, and 0.00033, respectively. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Burkhard, LP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 14 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 5 BP 1427 EP 1429 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1427:SBFABS>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 307DC UT WOS:000086637300027 ER PT J AU Murphy, PA Harvey, T Rice, G AF Murphy, PA Harvey, T Rice, G TI Common measures of disease burden, risk trade-offs, and improved environmental health decision-making SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Harvey, T (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MS-117,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAY PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3 BP 368 EP 369 DI 10.1097/00001648-200005000-00034 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 306KV UT WOS:000086596600035 PM 10784266 ER PT J AU Easterling, MR Ellner, SP AF Easterling, MR Ellner, SP TI Dormancy strategies in a random environment: Comparing structured and unstructured models SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE copepod; dormancy strategies; evolutionarily stable strategy; moment closure; structured population model ID ESS GERMINATION STRATEGIES; VARYING ENVIRONMENTS; DELAYED GERMINATION; EGG BANK; DESERT ANNUALS; SEED-BANK; DIAPAUSE; AGE; DISPERSAL; DYNAMICS AB Hatching strategies are studied in a model of population dynamics in a random environment. The strategies are the fraction of dormant eggs that hatch each year, A projection matrix with random elements describes the population dynamics. The model extends the density-independent model of Dan Cohen and the density-dependent model of Stephen Ellner by adding structure to the egg bank, such that a fraction of the dormant eggs are buried and unavailable for hatching each year. Differences between the structured and unstructured models are analysed by deriving a small variance approximation for the population's long-term growth rate and relating the growth rate to the egg bank structure and the environmental parameters. Tuljapurkar and Istock (1993) claimed that structured and unstructured models give very different predictions, especially when dormancy is high. We show that Tuljapurkar and Istock's conclusions are the result of the particular dormancy type in their model, in which the maximum duration of dormancy is 2 years, rather than the addition of population structure. Using parameters estimated from field and experimental studies of the freshwater copepod Diaptomus sanguineus in Bullhead Pond, RI, the density-dependent model correctly predicts that the population should maintain a long-term pool of diapausing eggs, whereas the density-independent model makes the incorrect prediction that all eggs should hatch at their first opportunity. If the per capita burial and emergence rates are low, as may be the case for many plant populations, the ESS optimal hatching strategy is nearly that of an unstructured model with the mortality of non-hatchers increased by the burial rate. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Biomath Grad Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Easterling, MR (reprint author), US EPA, Pharmacokinet Branch, MD-74, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LTD PI TUCSON PA UNIV ARIZONA, 321 BIOSCIENCES WEST, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA SN 1522-0613 J9 EVOL ECOL RES JI Evol. Ecol. Res. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 2 IS 4 BP 387 EP 407 PG 21 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 319UY UT WOS:000087362300002 ER PT J AU Bertram, FJ Kolowich, JB AF Bertram, FJ Kolowich, JB TI A study of methyl bromide emissions from automobiles burning leaded gasoline using standardized vehicle testing procedures SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB This study measured CH3Br emissions directly from vehicular exhaust while operating under standardized dynamometer conditions, and generated response curves to see if the bromine content of the fuel could be correlated to and used as a predictor for tailpipe emissions. Four lead and bromine fuel concentrations were run in two non-catalyst automobiles using the standard Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle and exhaust samples were analyzed for CH3Br using Gas Chromatography - Electron Capture Detection (GC-ECD). Total FTP exhaust emissions of CH3Br produced a range of average values from below detection to 26 mg (kg fuel burned)(-1). Total FTP Emission Rates were plotted and response curves demonstrated that fuel bromine content was indeed predictive of CH3Br emission rates. Overall average CH3Br mass emission factor was 2.4% (2.1 - 2.7%) which was lower than previous work. Emission results of this study were found to be about 10-fold lower than indirect methods. C1 US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Off Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Bertram, FJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Vehicle & Fuel Emiss Lab, Off Mobile Sources, 2000 Traverwood Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Bertram, Frank/B-5933-2017 OI Bertram, Frank/0000-0003-2753-7628 NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 9 BP 1423 EP 1426 DI 10.1029/1999GL011008 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 309BX UT WOS:000086748600047 ER PT J AU Soukup, JM Ghio, AJ Becker, S AF Soukup, JM Ghio, AJ Becker, S TI Soluble components of Utah Valley particulate pollution alter alveolar macrophage function in vivo and in vitro SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLY-ASH PARTICLES; AIR-POLLUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; PM10 POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; HEALTH; GENERATION; MORTALITY; DISEASE; INJURY AB Water-soluble extracts of Utah Valley dust (UVD) have been found to cause inflammatory injury of the lung in both humans and rodents. The degree of lung damage found correlated with the metal content in the extracts. In the present study, extracts of a set of UVD PM10 filters collected over a 3-yr span, varying in total metal content with yr 1 = yr 3 > yr 2, were used to assess effects on human alveolar macrophage (AM) function. The phagocytic activity and oxidative response of AM was investigated 24 h after segmental instillation of UVD, or after overnight in vitro culture of the extracts with AM. Using flow cytometry analysis, AM phagocytosis of fluorescently (FITC)-labeled Saccharomyces cerevisiae war inhibited following instillation of UVD1 (61%) but not by)yr 2 and 3. Neither baseline oxidant activity nor phorbol ester-induced oxidant generation was affected by the dust extracts in vivo. Overnight culture of AM with UVD1 resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of AM phagocytizing particles (30%), while no significant effect on this function was found with the other two extracts. Furthermore, only UVD1 caused an immediate oxidative response in AM, although both UVD1 and UVD3 inhibited oxidant activity in AM when the cells were incubated with the extracts overnight. The detrimental effects on AM host defenses could be due to apoptosis, which was evident in cells exposed to the UVD1 and to a much lesser extent with AM exposed to yr 2 and 3. The component(s) responsible for the toxic effects on AM in vitro were removed by pretreatment of the UVD extracts with a polycation chelating resin, chelex-100. Hort ev er, since yr 1 and 3 are similar in their soluble metal content, but differ in their effects on AM phagocytosis, ii is possible that the metals may not be the culprit in effects of particulate matter on AM host defense. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Facil, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Human Studies Facil, 4th Floor,CB 7315,104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 25 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 BP 401 EP 414 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 318QK UT WOS:000087256600002 PM 10880136 ER PT J AU Nates, SF McKenney, CL AF Nates, SF McKenney, CL TI Growth and variations in lipid class and fatty acid composition during larval development of the stone crab, Menippe adina Williams and Felder, 1986 SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Menippe adina; stone crab; larval development; growth; lipids; fatty acids ID ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION C,N,H; DECAPOD CRUSTACEAN LARVAE; PANDALUS-BOREALIS LARVAE; HYAS-ARANEUS DECAPODA; RHITHROPANOPEUS-HARRISII; TRIACYLGLYCEROL CONTENT; SESARMA-CURACAOENSE; HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; MAJIDAE; STARVATION AB Larval development in decapod crustaceans is marked by variable growth patterns and changes in weight and biochemical composition. Larvae of the stone crab, Menippe adina, were mass-reared under laboratory conditions (28 degrees C; 20 parts per thousand S) from hatching to the megalopa stage. Growth in M. adina is exponential throughout the larval stages (y = 10.395e(01592x), R-2 = 0.98). Dry weight increased by 16-fold from the first to fifth zoeal stage (ZI-ZV), and by day 22 the average weight for megalopae was 272.5+/-48.6 mu g. Iatroscan lipid class analysis revealed that polar lipids (>64%) and neutral lipids, of which steryl esters (>20%) were dominant, represent the major lipid classes in larvae at every stage. Free fatty acids and free sterols were present in small amounts, but there was no trace of diacylglycerols. Triacylglycerols represented on average 3% of total lipids. Total lipids of zoeae and megalopae contained substantial concentrations of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), eicosapentaenoic (20:5 omega 3), oleic (18:1 omega 9) and arachidonic (20:4 omega 6). Proximate biochemical composition revealed conspicuous variations during metamorphosis that appear cyclic in nature. C1 Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Nates, SF (reprint author), Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NR 59 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 12 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 37 IS 2 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1080/07924259.2000.9652414 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA 319RY UT WOS:000087357000007 ER PT J AU Royster, MO Lobdell, DT Mendola, P Perreault, SD Selevan, SG Rothmann, SA Robbins, WA AF Royster, MO Lobdell, DT Mendola, P Perreault, SD Selevan, SG Rothmann, SA Robbins, WA TI Evaluation of a container for collection and shipment of semen with potential uses in population-based, clinical, and occupational settings SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE male reproductive health; human sperm analysis; sperm sample ID QUALITY; SPERM; MEN AB Large, population-based studies of semen quality are encumbered by the logistics and expense of obtaining semen samples from men who live in a variety of locations. A prototype semen collection and transportation kit, the TRANSEM100(TM), can be distributed to study participants and then directly shipped to a central laboratory for analysis. This study was designed to evaluate the ability of mate volunteers to correctly use the kit. Thirty volunteers aged 20 to 44 years with no history of diabetes, recent chemotherapy, fertility problems, or vasectomy were recruited through a newspaper advertisement, interviewed to obtain demographic information, and instructed on the use of the kit. Twenty-six of the initial subjects provided at least 1 semen specimen using the kit and returned the specimens by overnight delivery to the laboratory for analysis, 25 completed a follow-up interview on the use of the collection kit, and 20 submitted a second semen sample using the same method. The average volunteer was white, 27.8 years old, and held at least a college degree. Forty percent of the volunteers were married. In general, participants correctly followed the instructions for collecting, packaging, and shipping the semen samples. Volunteers were instructed to collect samples after at least 2, but no more than 7 days of abstinence. For the first and second samples submitted, participants collected semen samples after an average of 3.3 and 3.9 days of abstinence, respectively. Seventeen (65%) of the samples from the first sampling period and 16 (80%) of the samples from the second period were received in the laboratory the day after they had been collected. In summary, the TRANSEM100(TM) may prove to be useful for collecting human semen in field studies. Further testing of this method is warranted to evaluate preservation of sample quality and use of the kit by men among diverse socioeconomic groups. C1 US EPA, Human Studies Facil, HSD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Sch Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. US EPA, RTD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Fertil Solut Inc, Cleveland, OH USA. US EPA, NCEA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Mendola, P (reprint author), US EPA, Human Studies Facil, HSD, NHEERL, MD-58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 NR 15 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 3 BP 478 EP 484 PG 7 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 313XX UT WOS:000087025900018 PM 10819457 ER PT J AU Hester, JD Lindquist, HDA Bobst, AM Schaefer, FW AF Hester, JD Lindquist, HDA Bobst, AM Schaefer, FW TI Fluorescent in situ detection of Encephalitozoon hellem spores with a 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled ribosomal RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AIDS; environmental water concentrate; epifluorescence microscopy; FISH; fluorescent in situ hybridization; human-pathogenic; microsporidia; rRNA; species-specific; waterborne ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI INFECTION; HUMAN-PATHOGENIC MICROSPORIDIA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIOSIS; TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; VITTAFORMA-CORNEAE; PCR AMPLIFICATION AB A fluorescent in situ hybridization assay has been developed for the detection of the human-pathogenic microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem in water samples using epifluorescence microscopy. The assay employs a 19-nucleotide species-specific 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide probe, HEL878F, designed to be complementary to the nucleic acid sequence 878-896, a highly variable segment of the 16S ribosomal RNA of E, hellem spores. The specificity of this probe for its ribosomal RNA target site was confirmed using RNA degradation, ribosomal RNA target site competition, and nucleotide base mismatch control probe assays. Furthermore, the specificity of the HEL878F oligonucleotide probe for E. hellem spores was established when it was evaluated on spores from all three species of the genus Encephalitozoon that had been seeded in reagent water and environmental water concentrates. The specificity of the HEL878F oligonucleotide probe was further corroborated when tested on algae, bacteria, and protozoa commonly found in environmental water. The study demonstrates the applicability of a fluorescent in situ hybridization assay using a species-specific fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of E. hellem spores in water samples. C1 US EPA, Biohazard Assessment Res Branch, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Schaefer, FW (reprint author), US EPA, Biohazard Assessment Res Branch, Microbiol & Chem Exposure Assessment Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 50 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 47 IS 3 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00051.x PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 319QP UT WOS:000087353100015 PM 10847348 ER PT J AU Schaub, SA Oshiro, RK AF Schaub, SA Oshiro, RK TI Public health concerns about caliciviruses as waterborne contaminants SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Human Caliciviruses CY MAR 29-31, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US EPA, US FDA, Natl Inst Infect Dis Japan, Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm Protect, NIAID, Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Task Force Child Survival & Dev, USA Med Res & Mat Command, WHO, Merck Res Labs, SmithKline Beecham Biol, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Natl Ctr Infect Dis ID DRINKING-WATER AB Caliciviruses are disseminated by the fecal-oral route and are found in contaminated surface and ground waters. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is interested in preventing calicivirus contamination in treated waters used for consumption, and these viruses are on the EPA's "contaminant candidate list" for regulatory consideration in drinking waters. These viruses also present a health threat for recreation and shellfish-growing waters. However, before EPA can make regulatory decisions regarding caliciviruses, significant information and technology needs must be established, including analytical methods for sampling, identifying, and quantifying the viruses; applicability of surrogates to determine their presence; efficacy of water and wastewater treatment or disinfection; waterborne occurrence levels and distribution; dose response; and the viruses' effect(s) on health, Future drinking-water regulations may need to ensure that treatments are adequate to remove caliciviruses from source waters. For recreation and shellfish-growing waters, surrogate indicators and health criteria may need to be based upon establishing risks of exposure to caliciviruses. C1 US EPA, Off Water 4304, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schaub, SA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Water 4304, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 181 SU 2 BP S374 EP S380 DI 10.1086/315580 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 321DH UT WOS:000087439400020 PM 10804151 ER PT J AU Faulkner, BR Guitjens, JC AF Faulkner, BR Guitjens, JC TI Field-scale observations of arsenic and boron in soil irrigated with drainwater SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION; MINERALS AB Addition of a strong acid to irrigation water could enhance sorption of boron and arsenic in a Lahontan Valley field. Approximately 90 soil samples, taken from a field irrigated with mildly brackish drainage water (TDS approximate to 1,250 mg L-1), were analyzed for soluble constituents. When the pH of the saturated soil paste was between 7.2 and 8.8, dissolved arsenic and boron concentrations increased, possibly indicating decreased sorption on oxyhydroxide precipitates of manganese and aluminum, and goethite, inferred from equilibrium aqueous speciation modeling. In the pH range of 7.2-8.8, linear regression models indicate a unit decrease in pH may result in a log[B] reduction of 1.18 and a log[total As] reduction of 1.58, when the concentrations are expressed in mg L-1. Geochemical modeling indicates that a reduction in pH in the observed range should not solubilize carbonates that could counteract acidity increase. Addition of HCl or H2SO4 to reduce soil, water pH may be an effective way to minimize deep percolation of boron and arsenic. C1 Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Faulkner, BR (reprint author), US EPA, Nat Risk Mgmt Res Lab, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 126 IS 3 BP 186 EP 189 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2000)126:3(186) PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 317TY UT WOS:000087244100007 ER PT J AU Hewitt, JA AF Hewitt, JA TI A discrete/continuous choice approach to residential water demand under block rate pricing: Reply SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Hewitt, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 76 IS 2 BP 324 EP 331 DI 10.2307/3147233 PG 8 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 342JY UT WOS:000088642500012 ER PT J AU Eldridge, PM Morse, JW AF Eldridge, PM Morse, JW TI A diagenetic model for sediment-seagrass interactions SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE modeling; sediment; seagrass ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; HALODULE-WRIGHTII; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; SUBTROPICAL LAGOON; GROWTH; NITROGEN; SULFIDE; LIGHT AB The objective of this modeling effort was to better understand the dynamic relationship between seagrass beds and their sedimentary environment using a diagenetic model. The model was developed and optimized for sediments in the Laguna Madre, Texas, which is one of the world's largest (similar to 140 km long) negative estuaries with close to 85% of the basin floor covered with seagrass beds. Although high levels of organic matter decomposition occur in the near-surface sediments, the model was unable to produce enough metabolism to satisfy dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) profiles from organic matter oxidation alone. Carbon isotope analyses of DIC verified that carbonate mineral dissolution contributes more than 50% of DIC added to porewaters during early diagenesis and is especially important below similar to 5 cm. In comparison to unvegetated areas, a common characteristic of seagrass bed sediments was their low sulfide concentrations in the seagrass rootzone. Model simulations indicate that rootzone fluxes of O-2 are essential to maintaining non-toxic levels of sulfide and consequently promote healthy conditions for seagrass growth. Further, the model simulations suggest that the position of maximum organic matter metabolism relative to the position of the seagrass rootzone can be used to predict several properties of seagrass sediment geochemistry. These predictions include the comparative role of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, the sulfide to ammonium ratio, and the presence or absences of sulfides in the rootzone. In summary, the results of this model clearly demonstrate a dynamic interaction between seagrasses and diagenetic processes in the underlying sediments. The primary impact of these interactions is to lower sedimentary sulfide concentrations below toxic levels for seagrasses. Such interactions not only modify the sedimentary record but also play an important role influencing the health and productivity of seagrasses. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, WED, CEB, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Eldridge, PM (reprint author), US EPA, WED, CEB, 2111 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Wood, Chris/I-5638-2012 NR 28 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 70 IS 1-3 BP 89 EP 103 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00018-9 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 322XG UT WOS:000087534100008 ER PT J AU Prpic-Majic, D Bobic, J Simic, D House, DE Otto, DA Jurasovic, J Pizent, A AF Prpic-Majic, D Bobic, J Simic, D House, DE Otto, DA Jurasovic, J Pizent, A TI Lead absorption and psychological function in Zagreb (Croatia) school children SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE school children; low lead level exposure; psychological function; iron deficiency; parent education ID IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; PORT-PIRIE COHORT; AGE 2 YEARS; BLOOD LEAD; DENTIN LEAD; NEUROBEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT; PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENT; TEST-PERFORMANCE AB A cross-sectional study was performed on 275 pupils from the third and fourth grade of three elementary schools (three urban areas with different traffic conditions) in Zagreb. Lead exposure was environmental, mostly through leaded gasoline. The difference in traffic density around the schools was consistent with biological indicators of lead absorption. The aim of the study was to clarify the relationship between characteristic biological indicators of lead absorption including indicators of hematological status with some psychological functions. Lead absorption in pupils was relatively low (moan blood lead: 70.8 +/- 17.88 mu g/L). Pupils' socio-economic status was evaluated by parents' education. The results obtained indicate that gender and school were associated with both biological and psychological variables. After adjusting for age, parental education, and gender, lead appears to have no association with cognitive or psyche-motor measures. The nonstandardized regression coefficients for blood lead-as a measure of the size of lead effect on VIQ, NIQ, and IQ-were -0.016, -0.031, and -0.025, respectively, all nonsignificant. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effect Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Prpic-Majic, D (reprint author), Inst Med Res & Occupat Hlth, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. RI Bobic, Jasminka/B-3655-2014; Simic, Diana/A-5206-2013 OI Simic, Diana/0000-0002-6721-7250 NR 78 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 347 EP 356 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00079-3 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 321RZ UT WOS:000087469600004 PM 10840178 ER PT J AU Neubert, MG Blumenshine, SC Duplisea, DE Jonsson, T Rashleigh, B AF Neubert, MG Blumenshine, SC Duplisea, DE Jonsson, T Rashleigh, B TI Body size and food web structure: testing the equiprobability assumption of the cascade model SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE food webs; body size; cascade model; contingency tables; kernel smoothing ID PROBABILITY DENSITY; STOCHASTIC-THEORY; PREY; PATTERNS; PREDATOR; COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEMS; STABILITY; PARTICLES; DYNAMICS AB The cascade model successfuly predicts many patterns in reported food webs. A key assumption of this model is the existence of a predetermined trophic hierarchy; prey are always lower in the hierarchy than their predators. At least three studies have suggested that, in animal food webs, this hierarchy can be explained to a large extent by body size relationships. A second assumption of the standard cascade model is that trophic links not prohibited by the hierarchy occur with equal probability. Using nonparametric contingency table analyses, we tested this "equiprobability hypothesis" in 16 published animal food webs for which the adult body masses of the species had been estimated. We found that when the hierarchy was based on body size, the equiprobability hypothesis was rejected in favor of an alternative, "predator-dominance" hypothesis wherein the probability of a trophic link varies with the identity of the predator. Another alternative to equiprobabilty is that the probability of a trophic link depends upon the ratio of the body sizes of the two species. Using nonparametric regression and liklihood ratio tests, we show that a size-ratio based model represents a significant improvement over the cascade model. These results suggest that models with heterogeneous predation probabilities will fit food web data better than the homogeneous cascade model. They also suggest a new way to bridge the gap between static and dynamic food web models. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Arkansas State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, State Univ, AR 72467 USA. CEFAS Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England. Linkoping Univ, Dept Biol, S-58183 Linkoping, Sweden. US EPA, Ecosyst Assessment Branch, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, MS 34, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM mneubert@whoi.edu RI Jonsson, Tomas/G-1787-2013 OI Jonsson, Tomas/0000-0002-5234-9576 NR 69 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 EI 1432-1939 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAY PY 2000 VL 123 IS 2 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1007/s004420051011 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 321LW UT WOS:000087457800012 PM 28308729 ER PT J AU Driscoll, KE Costa, DL Hatch, G Henderson, R Oberdorster, G Salem, H Schlesinger, RB AF Driscoll, KE Costa, DL Hatch, G Henderson, R Oberdorster, G Salem, H Schlesinger, RB TI Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: Uses and limitations SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE intratracheal instillation; inhalation; toxicant exposure ID MACROPHAGE FIBRONECTIN RELEASE; CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE; EARLY DAMAGE INDICATORS; PULMONARY RESPONSE; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; LUNG INJURY; INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; DETERGENT ENZYMES; METAL-SALTS; GUINEA-PIGS AB The evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity from airborne materials frequently involves exposure of animals via inhalation. This provides a natural route of entry into the host and, as such, is the preferred method for the introduction of toxicants into the lungs. However, for various reasons, this technique cannot always be used, and the direct instillation of a test material into the lungs via the trachea has been employed in many studies as an alternative exposure procedure. Intratracheal instillation has become sufficiently widely used that the Inhalation Speciality Section of the Society of Toxicology elected to develop this document to summarize some key issues concerning the use of this exposure procedure. Although there are distinct differences in the distribution, clearance, and retention of materials when administered by instillation compared to inhalation, the former can be a useful and cost-effective procedure for addressing specific questions regarding the respiratory toxicity of chemicals, as long as certain caveats are clearly understood and certain guidelines are carefully followed. C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM USA. Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Med, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. USA SBCCOM, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA. RP Schlesinger, RB (reprint author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, 57 Old Forge Rd, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. EM schlesinger@env.med.nyu.edu NR 57 TC 285 Z9 289 U1 4 U2 19 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1 BP 24 EP 35 DI 10.1093/toxsci/55.1.24 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 310FH UT WOS:000086815500004 PM 10788556 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ LeBlanc, GA Ostby, JS Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ LeBlanc, GA Ostby, JS Gray, LE TI Characterization of the period of sensitivity of fetal male sexual development to vinclozolin SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE vinclozolin; antiandrogen; androgen receptor; male reproductive development; critical period; levator ani; hypospadias; anogenital distance ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE; TESTICULAR DESCENT; ANTIANDROGEN FLUTAMIDE; 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; UROGENITAL TRACT; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; MAMMARY-GLAND; IN-UTERO AB Vinclozolin is a fungicide whose metabolites are androgen receptor (AR) antagonists. Previous work in our laboratory showed that perinatal administration of vinclozolin to rats results in malformations of the external genitalia, permanent nipples, reduced anogenital distance (AGD), and reduced seminal vesicle, ventral prostate, and epididymal weights. The objectives of this study were to determine the most sensitive period of fetal development to antiandrogenic effects of vinclozolin and to identify a dosing regime that would induce malformations in all of the male offspring. Pregnant rats were dosed with 400 mg vinclozolin/kg/day on either GD 12-13, GD 14-15, GD 16-17, GD 18-19, or GD 20-21, or with corn oil (2.5 ml/kg) from GD 12 through GD 21 (Experiment 1). All 2-day periods in which significant effects were produced were included in an extended dosing period, GD 14 through GD 19, in which pregnant rats were dosed with 200 or 400 mg vinclozolin/kg (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, significant effects of vinclozolin were observed in rats dosed on gestation days (GD) 14-15, GD 16-17, and GD 18-19, while the most significant effects were observed in rats treated on GD 16-17. These effects include reduced AGD; presence of areolas, nipples, and malformations of the phallus; and reduced levator ani/bulbocavernosus weight. In contrast, ventral prostate weight was reduced only in the GD 18-19 group. The expanded dosing regime (Experiment 2) increased the percentage of male offspring with genital malformations (> 92%), and retained nipples (100%), further reduced the weight of the ventral prostate, and reduced the weight of the seminal vesicles. In addition, malformations were more severe and included vaginal pouch and ectopic/undescended testes. The latter was induced only in the 400 mg/kg group. These data indicate that the reproductive system of the fetal male rat is most sensitive to antiandrogenic effects of vinclozolin on GD 16 and 17, although effects are more severe and 100% of male offspring are affected with administration of vinclozolin from GD 14 through GD 19. C1 US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, Endocrinol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD 72, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gray.earl@epa.gov NR 59 TC 97 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 55 IS 1 BP 152 EP 161 DI 10.1093/toxsci/55.1.152 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 310FH UT WOS:000086815500018 PM 10788570 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MC Ledbetter, AD Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Winsett, DW Richards, JR Crissman, KM Hatch, GE Costa, DL AF Kodavanti, UP Schladweiler, MC Ledbetter, AD Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Winsett, DW Richards, JR Crissman, KM Hatch, GE Costa, DL TI The spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of human cardiovascular disease: Evidence of exacerbated cardiopulmonary injury and oxidative stress from inhaled emission particulate matter SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OIL FLY-ASH; CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE; AIRWAY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION; FIBRONECTIN EXPRESSION; ANTIOXIDANT STATUS; NORMOTENSIVE RATS; LEUKOCYTE COUNTS; GENE-EXPRESSION; WISTAR-KYOTO AB Cardiovascular disease is considered a probable risk factor of particulate matter (PM)-related mortality and morbidity. It was hypothesized that rats with hereditary systemic hypertension and underlying cardiac disease would be more susceptible than healthy normotensive rats to pulmonary injury from inhaled residual oil fly ash (ROFA) PM. Eight spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and eight normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (12-13 weeks old) were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters on Day -10 for measurement of electrocardiographic (ECG) waveforms. These and other nonimplanted rats were exposed to filtered air or ROFA (containing leachable toxic levels of metals) on Day 0 by nose-only inhalation (ROFA, 15 mg/m(3) x 6 h/day x 3 days). ECGs were monitored during both exposure and nonexposure periods. At 0 or 18 h post-ROFA exposure, rats were assessed for airway hyperreactivity, pulmonary and cardiac histological lesions, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of lung injury, oxidative stress, and cytokine gene expression. Comparisons were made in two areas: (1) underlying cardiopulmonary complications of control SH rats in comparison to control WKY rats; and (2) ROFA-induced cardiopulmonary injury/inflammation and oxidative burden. With respect to the first area, control air-exposed SH rats had higher lung and left ventricular weights when compared to age-matched WKY rats. SH rats had hyporeactive airways to acetylcholine challenge. Lung histology revealed the presence of activated macrophages, neutrophils, and hemorrhage in control SH rats. Consistently, levels of BALE protein, macrophages, neutrophils, and red blood cells were also higher in SH rats. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive material in the PALE of air-exposed SH rats was significantly higher than that of WKY rats. Lung inflammation and lesions were mirrored in the higher basal levels of pulmonary cytokine mRNA expression. Cardiomyopathy and monocytic cell infiltration were apparent in the left ventricle of SH rats, along with increased cytokine expression. ECG demonstrated a depressed ST segment area in SH rats. With regard to the second area of comparison (ROFA-exposed rats), pulmonary histology indicated a slightly exacerbated pulmonary lesions including inflammatory response to ROFA in SH rats compared to WKY rats and ROFA-induced increases in BALF protein and albumin were significantly higher in SH rats than in WKY rats. In addition, ROFA caused an increase in PALE red blood cells in SH rats, indicating increased hemorrhage in the alveolar parenchyma. The number of alveolar macrophages increased more dramatically in SH rats following ROFA exposure, whereas neutrophils increased similarly in both strains. Despite greater pulmonary injury in SH rats, ROFA-induced increases in BALE GSH, ascorbate, and uric acid were attenuated when compared to WKY rats. ROFA inhalation exposure was associated with similar increases in pulmonary mRNA expression of IL-6, cellular fibronectin, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (relative to that of beta-actin) in both rat strains. The expression of MIP-2 was increased in WKY but attenuated in SH rats. Thus, SH rats have underlying cardiac and pulmonary complications. When exposed to ROFA, SH rats exhibited exacerbated pulmonary injury, an attenuated antioxidant response, and acute depression in ST segment area of ECC, which is consistent with a greater susceptibility to adverse health effects of fugitive combustion PM. This study shows that the SH rat is a potentially useful model of genetically determined susceptibility with pulmonary and cardiovascular complications. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 67 TC 110 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY 1 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 3 BP 250 EP 263 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.8899 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 313UP UT WOS:000087017900002 PM 10799335 ER PT J AU Jones-Lepp, T Gerlach, CL Cooter, EJ AF Jones-Lepp, T Gerlach, CL Cooter, EJ TI The power of analytical methods for measuring suspected endocrine disrupting compounds: a pilot field study SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disrupting compounds; field screening methods; hormonally active agents ID WILDLIFE AB International awareness of the potential hazards posed by endocrine disrupting compounds has led to several programs to optimize the selection, sampling, and analysis of a wide variety of media. The interpretation of analytical results and any subsequent regulatory changes can only be as reliable as the weakest link in the protocol. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently engaged in a multi-disciplinary project to ensure that the analytical methods used are sufficient for the task. The Neuse River in North Carolina was chosen for a pilot study because of its geographic scale, contaminant spectrum, and potential for human and ecological exposure. Methods are being developed or modified for the study. Samples taken in 1998 are being analyzed to determine contaminant levels, compare analytical method results, build a working database, and observe any correlation among analyte groups. Samples include water, sediment, soil, fish, clams, mammals, and certain agricultural crops. This ambitious research project is a concerted effort of the EPA Office of Research and Development and the United States Geological Survey. It combines technological innovation, biological interpretation, and data analysis to strengthen the analytical protocol used to measure trace contaminants in various environmental matrices. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Jones-Lepp, T (reprint author), US EPA, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD MAY PY 2000 VL 19 IS 5 BP 286 EP 291 DI 10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00218-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 309CR UT WOS:000086750500006 ER PT J AU Carleton, JN Grizzard, TJ Godrej, AN Post, HE Lampe, L Kenel, PP AF Carleton, JN Grizzard, TJ Godrej, AN Post, HE Lampe, L Kenel, PP TI Performance of a constructed wetlands in treating urban stormwater runoff SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE urban runoff; nonpoint source pollution; constructed wetlands ID METALS AB An investigation was conducted on the pollutant removal performance of a constructed wetlands treating stormwater runoff from a residential townhome complex in northern Virginia. Constituent event mean concentrations for 33 runoff events between April 1996 and May 1997 were measured based on flow-weighted composite samples collected at the facility's inlet and outlet. With the results from a limited number of grab samples representing ungauged overland drainage from an adjacent wooded area, estimated removals were positive for most constituents and typically exceeded those obtained at a nearby companion wetland study site, consistent with expectations based on the relative ratios of wetland area to drainage area at the two sites. Median load removals of all constituents were greater for a subset of 22 storms that had inflow volumes less than the maximum volume of the marsh. Orthophosphate phosphorus and ammonia removals were significantly better during spring of 1996 than spring of 1997. Lysimeter data suggest a possible explanation for this, which is development of anaerobic conditions in the shallow sediments in 1997. Outlet concentrations of oxidized nitrogen were consistently lower in base flow than in storm samples, suggesting that removal of this constituent occurred primarily between, rather than during, storm events. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Lab, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Black & Veatch Consulting Engineers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Carleton, JN (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 7507C, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RI Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 22 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 28 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 2000 VL 72 IS 3 BP 295 EP 304 DI 10.2175/106143000X137518 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 487FJ UT WOS:000171862700007 ER PT J AU Jankowski-Hennig, MA Clegg, MS Daston, GP Rogers, JM Keen, CL AF Jankowski-Hennig, MA Clegg, MS Daston, GP Rogers, JM Keen, CL TI Zinc-deficient rat embryos have increased caspase 3-like activity and apoptosis SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE zinc; deficiency; apoptosis; cell death; caspase 3; embryo; development; pregnancy ID CELL-DEATH; INTRACELLULAR ZINC; DNA FRAGMENTATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; GENE-EXPRESSION; TRACE-ELEMENTS; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; NEURONAL DEATH; BONE-MARROW; SHORT-TERM AB Caspase activity is a hallmark of apoptosis. Given that maternal zinc (Zn) deficiency results in apoptosis in the rat embryo, we assessed caspase activity in Zn-deficient embryos. Mid-gestation rat embryos were collected from dams fed either a Zn-deficient (0.5 mu g Zn/g) diet ad libitum, or a Zn-adequate (25 mu g Zn/g) diet ad libitum or pair fed to dams fed the Zn-deficient diet. Embryos from dams fed the Zn-adequate diet had a normal level of cell death, while embryos from the dams fed the Zn-deficient diet had either increased or normal levels of cell death. Zn-deficient embryos displaying increased cell death had increased caspase activity. Embryos with normal levels of cell death, regardless of maternal diet, had similar caspase activities. Thus, Zn-deficiency-induced apoptosis in vivo is associated with increased caspase activity, (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Miami Valley Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45239 USA. US EPA, Dev Biol Branch, Reprod Toxicol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Keen, CL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD01743]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK35747] NR 69 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD APR 29 PY 2000 VL 271 IS 1 BP 250 EP 256 DI 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2608 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 310ZX UT WOS:000086860600040 PM 10777711 ER PT J AU Gullison, RE Rice, RE Blundell, AG AF Gullison, RE Rice, RE Blundell, AG TI 'Marketing' species conservation SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Washington, DC 20037 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Gullison, RE (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NR 5 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD APR 27 PY 2000 VL 404 IS 6781 BP 923 EP 924 DI 10.1038/35010151 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 309HG UT WOS:000086762000021 PM 10801103 ER PT J AU Patterson, RM Stachlewitz, R Germolec, D AF Patterson, RM Stachlewitz, R Germolec, D TI Induction of apoptosis in TCDD-induced endotoxin hypersensitivity SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Inotek Inc, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 SU S BP A1088 EP A1088 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 307FQ UT WOS:000086643101036 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Padnos, BK AF Gordon, CJ Padnos, BK TI Prolonged elevation in blood pressure in the unrestrained rat exposed to chlorpyrifos SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE organophosphate pesticide; blood pressure; heart rate; pulse pressure; body temperature; motor activity; Anticholinesterase ID ORAL CHLORPYRIFOS; ACUTE CARBAMATE; HYPOTHERMIA; INHIBITION; MECHANISMS; RELEASE; BRAIN AB Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are likely to alter the regulation of blood pressure (BP) because (i) BP control centers in the brain stem utilize cholinergic synapses and (ii) the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by OP's causes cholinergic stimulation in the CNS. This study used radiotelemetric techniques to monitor systolic (S), diastolic (D), mean (M) BP, pulse pressure (systolic-diastolic), heart rate (HR), core temperature (T-c), and motor activity in male Long-Evans rats treated with the OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CHP) at doses of 0, 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg (p.o.) at 15:00 h 10 and 25 mg/kg CHP led to parallel elevations in S-BP, M-BP, and D-BP within 2 h after dosing. BP increased 15-20 mm-Hg above controls and increases persisted throughout the night and into the next day. HR decreased slightly in rats administered 15 bur not 10 mg/kg CHP. T-c was reduced by treatment with 25 mg/kg CHP and then increased above controls the next day. Motor activity was reduced by treatment with 25 but not 10 mg/kg CHP. Pulse pressure was elevated by 2-4 mmHg for 40 h after exposure to 10 and 25 mg/kg CHP. The increase in BP without an increase in HR suggests that CI-IP increases total peripheral resistance and may alter the baroreflex control of BP. Cholinergic stimulation of the CNS may explain the initial effects of CHP on BP; however, the persistent elevation suggests an involvement of neurohumoral presser pathways. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD APR 20 PY 2000 VL 146 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00158-X PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 316LG UT WOS:000087168000001 PM 10773358 ER PT J AU Tonnesen, GS Dennis, RL AF Tonnesen, GS Dennis, RL TI Analysis of radical propagation efficiency to assess ozone sensitivity to hydrocarbons and NOx 1. Local indicators of instantaneous odd oxygen production sensitivity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ACID DEPOSITION MODEL; CHEMICAL AMPLIFIER; PEROXY-RADICALS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; STATE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; AMPLIFICATION; MECHANISMS; CHEMISTRY AB We used a simple trajectory model and a three-dimensional grid model to evaluate several indicators that can be used to predict the sensitivity of odd oxygen production (P(O-x)) to changes in emissions of anthropogenic nonmethane hydrocarbons (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2). To perform the evaluation, we augmented the model to include new diagnostic outputs such as rates of P(O-x), rates of conversion of NOx to unreactive nitrogen, and radical chain length. We used the new diagnostic outputs to explain the model-predicted sensitivity of P(O-x) to changes in VOC and NOx emissions. We found that the ozone ridgeline, which distinguishes between NOx-limited and radical-limited conditions, is determined by a ridgeline of maximum OH chain length. We examined the radical propagation reactions which affect OH chain length, and we developed four indicators related to radical propagation efficiency: I(HC,NO2) which approximates the fraction of OH that reacts with hydrocarbons; I(NO,RO2) which approximates the fraction of HO2 that reacts with NO; the ratio of [O-3]/[NOx] which affects the balance between radical initiation and propagation; and [HO2] which is the dominant term in P(H2O2)/P(HNO3). Each of these indicators distinguishes conditions in which instantaneous P(O-x) is primarily sensitive to either NOx emissions reductions or VOC emissions reductions. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Coll Engn, Ctr Environm Res & Technol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tonnesen, GS (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Coll Engn, Ctr Environm Res & Technol, Mail Code 022, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM tonnesen@cert.ucr.edu; rdennis@hpcc.epa.gov NR 37 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 16 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D7 BP 9213 EP 9225 DI 10.1029/1999JD900371 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 306FJ UT WOS:000086586400025 ER PT J AU Tonnesen, GS Dennis, RL AF Tonnesen, GS Dennis, RL TI Analysis of radical propagation efficiency to assess ozone sensitivity to hydrocarbons and NOx 2. Long-lived species as indicators of ozone concentration sensitivity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ACID DEPOSITION MODEL AB We used an analysis of radical propagation efficiency and OH chain length in a simple trajectory model to propose combinations of long-lived species that distinguish conditions in which O-3 concentration ([O-3]) is NOx-limited and radical-limited. We further examined these indicators in a three-dimensional grid model. We proposed several new indicators including [H2O2]/([O-3] + [NO2]), [O-3]/[NOx], and a measure using the OH rate constant weighted concentrations of NO2 and hydrocarbons. Our analysis also supports the use of several indicators previously proposed by other researchers, including [O-3]/[HNO3] and [H2O2]/[HNO3]. We found that [HCHO]/[NO2] was more useful than the previously proposed [HCHO]/[NOy]. We found that the indicators easily distinguished extremely NOx-, limited or extremely radical-limited regimes but did not reliably distinguish conditions closer to the transition between these two regimes. We propose that a combined analysis using photochemical model simulations and a large set of indicators of both [O-3] sensitivity and local odd oxygen production (P(O-x)) sensitivity to VOC and NOx provides the most complete and useful description of [O-3] sensitivity. Time series of the indicators, at least from midmorning to late afternoon, provide useful information about the evolution of [O-3] Sensitivity during the day. Values of the indicators change depending on the [O-3] level due in part to the effects of miscellaneous OH and HO2 termination reactions and to the effects of the composition of the HC mixture on P(O-x). Further evaluation of these indicators using modeling studies, measurements, and test cases with NOx or VOC emissions changes are needed to determine how reliably they distinguish NOx- and radical-limited conditions. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Coll Engn, Ctr Environm Res & Technol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Tonnesen, GS (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Coll Engn, Ctr Environm Res & Technol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM tonnesen@cert.ucr.edu; rdennis@hpcc.epa.gov NR 19 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 16 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D7 BP 9227 EP 9241 DI 10.1029/1999JD900372 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 306FJ UT WOS:000086586400026 ER PT J AU Matheussen, B Kirschbaum, RL Goodman, IA O'Donnell, GM Lettenmaier, DP AF Matheussen, B Kirschbaum, RL Goodman, IA O'Donnell, GM Lettenmaier, DP TI Effects of land cover change on streamflow in the interior Columbia River Basin (USA and Canada) SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE vegetation change; streamflow; evapotranspiration; snow processes ID REGIONAL-SCALE HYDROLOGY; VIC-2L MODEL; WATER YIELD; TRANSPIRATION; HARVEST; RUNOFF; OREGON; FLOW AB An analysis of the hydrological effects of vegetation changes in the Columbia River basin over the last century was performed using two land cover scenarios. The first was a reconstruction of historical land cover vegetation, c. 1900, as estimated by the federal Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP), The second was current land cover as estimated from remote sensing data for 1990. Simulations were performed using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrological model, applied at one-quarter degree spatial resolution (approximately 500 km(2) grid cell area) using hydrometeorological data for a 10 year period starting in 1979, and the 1900 and current vegetation scenarios. The model represents surface hydrological fluxes and state variables, including snow accumulation and ablation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and runoff production. Simulated daily hydrographs of naturalized streamflow (reservoir effects removed) were aggregated to monthly totals and compared for nine selected sub-basins. The results show that, hydrologically, the most important vegetation-related change has been a general tendency towards decreased vegetation maturity in the forested areas of the basin. This general trend represents a balance between the effects of logging and fire suppression. In those areas where forest maturity has been reduced as a result of logging, wintertime maximum snow accumulations, and hence snow available for runoff during the spring melt season, have tended to increase, and evapotranspiration has decreased. The reverse has occurred in areas where fire suppression has tended to increase vegetation maturity, although the logging effect appears to dominate for most of the sub-basins evaluated. Predicted streamflow changes were largest in the Mica and Corralin sub-basins in the northern and eastern headwaters region; in the Priest Rapids sub-basin, which drains the east slopes of the Cascade Mountains; and in the Ice Harbor sub-basin, which receives flows primarily from the Salmon and Clearwater Rivers of Idaho and western Montana. For these sub-basins, annual average increases in runoff ranged from 4.2 to 10.7% and decreases in evapotranspiration ranged from 3.1 to 12.1%. In comparison with previous studies of individual, smaller sized watersheds, the modelling approach used in this study provides predictions of hydrological fluxes that are spatially continuous throughout the interior Columbia River basin. It thus provides a broad-scale framework for assessing the vulnerability of watersheds to altered streamflow regimes attributable to changes in land cover that occur over large geographical areas and long time-frames. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Land Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Lettenmaier, DP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RI lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011 OI lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327 NR 42 TC 115 Z9 123 U1 7 U2 61 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 5 BP 867 EP 885 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000415)14:5<867::AID-HYP975>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 25 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 310TR UT WOS:000086843900003 ER PT J AU Inglefield, JR Shafer, TJ AF Inglefield, JR Shafer, TJ TI Perturbation by the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 of GABA(A) receptor-mediated calcium and chloride responses during maturation in vitro of rat neocortical cells SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Toxicology CY MAR 14-18, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Soc Toxicol DE polychlorinated biphenyl; cortex; development; neurotoxicity; fura-2; MEQ ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; LIVING BRAIN-SLICES; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; IN-VITRO; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; INTRACELLULAR CHLORIDE; RYANODINE RECEPTORS; COPLANAR PCBS AB GABA(A) receptors are targets of highly chlorinated environmental chemicals and have important roles in developing neurons. As such, we examined effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on GABA(A) receptor responses in primary cultures of rat neocortical cells using fluorescence imaging techniques. Between days in vitro (DIV) 5 and 8, the effect of GABA(A) receptor stimulation switched from excitatory (Ca2+ entry following a Cl- efflux; DIV less than or equal to 6) to inhibitory (Cl- influx without a Ca2+ rise; DIV greater than or equal to 7), GABA(A)-receptor-stimulated increases in [Ca2+](i) were diminished in a concentration-dependent (1-20 mu M) manner following 1 h of exposure to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (A1254), with significant reductions at concentrations as low as 2 mu M. A1254 (1-20 mu M) also led to concentration-dependent increases in basal [Ca2+](i), irrespective of DIV. A1254 (10 and 20 mu M) significantly increased basal Ca-i(2+); the Ca-i(2+) was elevated to 426 +/- 39 nM by 20 mu M A1254 but this concentration was not cytotoxic at 1 h, In addition, the mixture, A1254, as well as ortho- and non-ortho-chlorinated PCB congeners (IUPAC Nos. 4, 15, 126, and 138; 5-10 mu M) individually decreased GABA(A)-stimulated Ca-i(2+) responses and this tended not to depend on increases in basal Ca-i(2+). In cultures DIV 7 and older, A1254 (20 mu M) also impaired inhibitory GABA(A) responses as evidenced by an similar to 50% reduction of GABA(A)-siimulated Cl- influx (from similar to 6 to 8 mM net accumulation in controls). The results demonstrate that: (1) GABA(A) receptor increases in Ca-i(2+) and Cl-i(-) are inhibited by 2-20 mu M A1254, regardless of whether the responses are at excitatory or inhibitory stages of development; (2) Ca-i(2+) homeostasis in cortical cells is disrupted by 10 mu M A1254; yet (3) disruption of excitatory GABA(A) responses by A1254 or PCB congeners does not necessarily depend on impaired Ca2+ homeostasis. These novel observations suggest that GABA(A) receptor responses are a sensitive target for PCB effects in the rat developing nervous system. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Inglefield, JR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 61 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 2 BP 184 EP 195 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.8898 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 309XF UT WOS:000086794000009 PM 10764632 ER PT J AU Ghosh, B Wood, CR Held, GA Abbott, BD Lau, C AF Ghosh, B Wood, CR Held, GA Abbott, BD Lau, C TI Glucocorticoid receptor regulation in the rat embryo: A potential site for developmental toxicity? SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glucocorticoid receptor; development; regulation; dexamethasone ID PROTEIN-PROTEIN-INTERACTION; FACTOR-KAPPA-B; CLEFT-PALATE; GENE-EXPRESSION; PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE; MESSENGER-RNA; CHICK-EMBRYO; MATERNAL CORTICOSTERONE; CELLULAR-DEVELOPMENT; HORMONAL-REGULATION AB Glucocorticoids play a key role in controlling numerous cellular processes during embryogenesis and fetal development. Excess glucocorticoids during development have been linked to dysmorphogenesis and/or intrauterine growth impairment in rodents. The actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by interaction with their receptors. Negative feedback regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is important for limiting cellular sensitivity to the hormones. Hence, acute exposure of the adult rat to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) reduced both GR mRNA and protein in a variety of tissues that include hippocampus and liver, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Reduction in GR mRNA and protein were observable when DEX was given repeatedly at doses as low as 0.05 mg/kg. In the control whole rat embryo, GR mRNA was low but measurable at as early as gestational day (GD) 10, but underwent rapid ontogenetic increase in the ensuring days. In contrast to the adult, neither GR mRNA nor protein in the whole rat embryo was affected by acute or repeated DEX administration to pregnant rats on GD10-13, even at doses as high as 0.8 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained in embryonic palate and liver, tissues known to be glucocorticoid targets. These data suggest that GR autoregulation does not occur during organogenesis in the rat. Accordingly, hormonal elevations from stress or chemical insults can be transduced unrestrictedly, ultimately leading to aberrant cell function and development. The unique mode of GR regulation seen in the embryonic cells may provide a potential common mechanism for developmental perturbation and toxicity for a variety of insults. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Reprod Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Ghosh, B (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 71 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR 15 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 2 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.8904 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 309XF UT WOS:000086794000013 PM 10764636 ER PT J AU Raub, JA Mathieu-Nolf, M Hampson, NB Thom, SR AF Raub, JA Mathieu-Nolf, M Hampson, NB Thom, SR TI Carbon monoxide poisoning - a public health perspective SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE carbon monoxide; carboxyhemoglobin; air pollution; poisoning; indoor; health effects; hyperbaric oxygen ID BRAIN LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; HYPERBARIC-OXYGEN; NORMOBARIC OXYGEN; EXPOSURE DURATION; VASCULAR INJURY; RAT-BRAIN; INTOXICATION; GLUCOSE; CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN AB Carbon monoxide (CO) may be the cause of more than one-half of the fatal poisonings reported in many countries; Fatal cases also are grossly under-reported or misdiagnosed by medical professionals. Therefore, the precise number of individuals who have suffered from CO intoxication is not known. The health effects associated with exposure to CO range from the more subtle cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects at low concentrations to unconsciousness and death after acute or chronic exposure to higher concentrations of CO. The morbidity and mortality resulting from the latter exposures are described briefly to complete the picture of CO exposure in present-day society. The symptoms, signs, and prognosis of acute CO poisoning correlate poorly with the level of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) measured at the time of hospital admission. however, because CO poisoning is a diagnosis frequently overlooked, the importance of measuring COHb in suspicious settings cannot be overstated. The early symptoms (headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, confusion, disorientation, and visual disturbances) also have to be emphasized, especially if they recur with a regular periodicity or in the same environment. Complications occur frequently in CO poisoning. Immediate death is most likely cardiac in origin because myocardial tissues are most sensitive to the hypoxic effects of CO. Severe poisoning results in marked hypotension. lethal arrhythmias, and electrocardiographic changes. Pulmonary edema may occur. Neurological manifestation of acute CO poisoning includes disorientation, confusion, and coma. Perhaps the most insidious effect of CO poisoning is the development of delayed neuropsychiatric impairment within 2-28 days after poisoning and the slow resolution of neurobehavioral consequences. Carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy results in high risk for the mother by increasing the short-term complication rate and for the fetus by causing fetal death, developmental disorders, and chronic cerebral lesions. In conclusion, CO poisoning occurs frequently; has severe consequences, including immediate death; involves complications and late sequelae: and often is overlooked. Efforts in prevention and in public and medical education should be encouraged. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Ctr Antipoisons, F-59037 Lille, France. Virginia Mason Med Ctr, Pulm & Crit Care Med Sect, Seattle, WA 98111 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Emergency Med, Inst Environm Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Raub, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 117 TC 230 Z9 249 U1 7 U2 56 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD APR 7 PY 2000 VL 145 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00217-6 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 309WP UT WOS:000086792500001 PM 10771127 ER PT J AU Hovingh, P Klemm, DJ AF Hovingh, P Klemm, DJ TI Erpobdella lahontana (Annelida : Hirudinea : Arhynchobdellida : Erpobdellidae), a new species of freshwater leech from North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article ID GENUS AB new species of a leech, Erpobdella lahontana, is described from the Lahontan Basin in California and Nevada of the western United States. This species has four pairs of eyes, the preatrial loops of male paired ducts extend to ganglion XI, and the male and female gonopores are located in furrows of the annuli, separated by five annuli. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecol Exposure Res Div, Ecosyst Res Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Hovingh, P (reprint author), 721 2nd Ave, Salt Lake City, UT 84103 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD APR 6 PY 2000 VL 113 IS 1 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 303MK UT WOS:000086425500018 ER PT J AU Meyer, MT Bumgarner, JE Varns, JL Daughtridge, JV Thurman, EM Hostetler, KA AF Meyer, MT Bumgarner, JE Varns, JL Daughtridge, JV Thurman, EM Hostetler, KA TI Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; tetracycline; radioimmunoassay; liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry; confined animal feeding operation ID CHLORTETRACYCLINE AB Approximately one-half of the 50 000 000 lb of antibiotics produced in the USA are used in agriculture. Because of the intensive use of antibiotics in the management of confined livestock operations, the potential exists for the transport of these compounds and their metabolites into our nation's water resources. A commercially available radioimmunoassay method, developed as a screen for tetracycline antibiotics in serum, urine, milk, and tissue, was adapted to analyze water samples at a detection level of approximately 1.0 ppb and a semiquantitative analytical range of 1-20 ppb. Liquid waste samples were obtained from 13 hog lagoons in three states and 52 surface- and ground-water samples were obtained primarily from areas associated with intensive swine and poultry production in seven states. These samples were screened for the tetracycline antibiotics by using the modified radioimmunoassay screening method. The radioimmunoassay tests yielded positive results for tetracycline antibiotics in samples from all 13 of the hog lagoons. Dilutions of 10-100-fold of the hog lagoon samples indicated that tetracycline antibiotic concentrations ranged from approximately 5 to several hundred parts per billion in liquid hog lagoon waste. Of the 52 surface- and ground-water samples collected all but two tested negative and these two samples contained tetracycline antibiotic concentrations less than 1 ppb. A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was used to confirm the radioimmunoassay results in 9 samples and also to identify the tetracycline antibiotics to which the radioimmunoassay test was responding. The new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method with online solid-phase extraction and a detection level of 0.5 mu g/l confirmed the presence of chlorotetracycline in the hog lagoon samples and in one of the surface-water samples. The concentrations calculated from the radioimmunoassay were a factor of 1-5 times less than those calculated by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry concentrations for chlorotetracycline. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Geol Survey, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP Meyer, MT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011; OI Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985 NR 10 TC 80 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD APR 5 PY 2000 VL 248 IS 2-3 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 305TE UT WOS:000086555700012 PM 10805238 ER EF